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16177868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20American%20blizzard%20of%202008 | North American blizzard of 2008 | The North American blizzard of 2008 was a winter storm that struck most of southern and eastern North America from March 6 to March 10, 2008. The storm was most notable for a major winter storm event from Arkansas to Quebec. It also produced severe weather across the east coast of the United States with heavy rain, damaging winds and tornadoes, causing locally significant damage. The hardest hit areas by the wintry weather were from the Ohio Valley to southern Quebec where up to a half a meter of snow fell locally including the major cities of Columbus, Ohio, Cleveland, Ohio, and Ottawa, Ontario. For many areas across portions of the central United States, Ontario and Quebec, it was the worst winter storm in the past several years. The blizzard and its aftermath caused at least 17 deaths across four US states and three Canadian provinces, while hundreds others were injured mostly in weather-related accidents and tornadoes.
Meteorological synopsis and event
March 6
During the day, a low pressure system developed across Texas and rain gradually turned into snow in parts of Oklahoma and northern Texas giving locally a few inches of snow particularly just east of Oklahoma City. Across southern Texas, an EF1 tornado touched down near the Corpus Christi region.
March 7
From Texas north and east through Ohio, heavy snow fell. According to The Weather Channel and the National Weather Service, Dallas and Fort Worth received anywhere from to . Sherman, Texas received , while Collinsville, TX got . Cincinnati, Ohio received which broke the daily snowfall record for March 7. The Memphis metropolitan area received anywhere from in Lakeland, Tennessee to at the NWS office in East Memphis, with the Memphis International Airport picking up , its heaviest snowfall in 20 years. In Arkansas, some areas received locally up to of snow.
In Florida, several tornadoes hit the Jacksonville area, as well as in parts of Georgia. The Storm Prediction Center said one person was injured and two were killed. In total, 17 tornadoes were reported during the outbreak across the two states including duplicated reports and at least thirteen were confirmed including five EF1's and three EF2's.
Tornadoes confirmed
March 8–9
As of 9 am, Cincinnati had received of snow. Louisville, Kentucky reported of snow, while Columbus, Ohio got . Several Ohio locations reported thundersnow early Saturday morning. Parts of Indiana, Kentucky and Ohio were under Blizzard Warnings.
As the snow wound down Saturday night, snowfall totals were over for parts of central Ohio, with most areas of Ohio reporting over . Port Columbus reported total snowfall of , the most ever recorded for central Ohio. Large sections of Ohio including the Dayton and Cincinnati areas were under snow emergencies. fell across Mississippi with over of snow in parts of Kentucky (including Louisville) and Tennessee. Residents reported in Leitchfield, KY that snow accumulated to , with at most in rural areas. For portions of Middle Tennessee, it was the worst snowstorm since 2003. Humphreys and Perry Counties along the Tennessee River both exceeded of snow while portions of the Nashville area received ; its biggest snowfall since March 19, 1996, where fell. A large area of Tennessee affected by the winter storm were hit by several strong and deadly tornadoes just over one month earlier on February 5.
In southern Ontario, some areas especially near the Niagara Peninsula received in excess of of snow. Some areas in southeastern Ontario and southern Quebec saw in excess of of snow with Ottawa receiving the highest amount with . Several areas across Ontario reported thundersnow with locally ice pellets and freezing rain closer to the Highway 401 corridor The storm also affected much of Atlantic Canada and New England with extensive freezing rain across most of New Brunswick although northern sections of the province received from in Campbellton. Heavy snow fell on some areas that already had close-to-record-breaking amounts of snow for that winter.
Parts of Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island and most of the Interstate 95 corridor along the Eastern Seaboard of the United States from the Carolinas to Maine also saw heavy rain while strong winds also accompanied the precipitation particularly along the eastern US where the winds were also accompanied by damaging wind causing localized damage to mostly trees, power lines and some structures including in the Philadelphia and Washington D.C. regions. About of rain fell over Saint John, New Brunswick causing localized street and basement flooding. The system departed the continent and over the Atlantic Ocean on March 10 and crossed just west of the British Isles causing strong winds across Ireland, the United Kingdom and parts of western Europe.
Impact
Incidents
At Port Columbus International Airport, an airplane skidded off the runway after landing, but nobody was injured. In Cambridge, Ontario, 6 people were injured after a smoking canopy collapsed due to the snow. In Quebec, due to the heavy weight of the snow and/or the damaging wind gusts, several structures collapsed or were damaged in the Mauricie, Centre-du-Québec and Quebec City regions as well as in eastern Ontario although there were no injuries. A few days later during the aftermath of the snowstorm in Morin-Heights, Quebec, the heavy snow cover was responsible for a roof collapse at a factory that killed 3 people. A fourth person died on March 16 from a collapsed house in Shawinigan, north of Trois-Rivières, while saving three family members.
Several schools in the Montreal area, mostly from its largest school board the Commission scolaire de Montréal, were closed later in the week in order to clear snow from the roofs due to concerns about possible collapses of the structures forcing the evacuation of thousands of elementary school students into nearby arenas, community centers or churches. In Chelsea, Quebec, two elementary schools were also evacuated after a custodian worker discovered cracks on a ceiling and a malfunctioned sliding door possibly due to the weight of the snow. Students were moved into a village church. The four high schools of the Commission Scolaire des Draveurs, the Cégep de l'Outaouais and the Université du Québec en Outaouais in Gatineau as well as Rockland District High School in Rockland and Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School in Ottawa were shut down for a few days for precautionary reasons and for roof snow removal operations. Numerous other structures were also evacuated throughout the week including parts of the Pratt & Whitney plant in Longueuil for similar reasons. Three other homes, one in the Westboro area of Ottawa, one in La Pêche and the other in the Beauce region, also had their roofs collapsed or split because of the snow. At Ottawa's Dow's Lake, an historical landmark used by army and reservists was damaged beyond repair forcing it to be torn down.
Event/school cancellations
The University of Cincinnati's men's basketball team were unable to depart from Cincinnati from its game against Connecticut which forced its postponement. Many sporting events across the Buckeye State were canceled. The University of Louisville also canceled classes on Saturday as did Ryerson University, and several colleges in Toronto also on Saturday and Quebec City's Université Laval on Sunday. All major school districts in the Columbus area were closed until Monday as did several schools in Quebec while school in Ontario were closed because of the annual March week break.
Power outages
About 87,000 Hydro-Québec customers lost power during the peak of the storm with the Quebec City region being the hardest hit area in Quebec, where winds were gusting in excess of 100 km/h with the highest being 133 km/h. 4 000 customers in New Brunswick, 2500 in Prince Edward Island and 5000 in Nova Scotia were without power because of the winds and heavy ice. In the US, 2,000 lost power in Vermont due to the winter storm while 80,000 customers in Pennsylvania and 100,000 customers in New Jersey also lost electricity due to the severe weather and high winds.
Flight and travel disruptions
Hundreds of flights in and out of Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (400 flights) in Montreal, Pearson International Airport in Toronto and Macdonald-Cartier International Airport in Ottawa where canceled. The snowstorm hit during the end of the March school break week in Quebec and the start of it in Ontario. Due to a larger number of travelers, the storm caused a major backlog at all airports where numerous passengers were stranded and cots were also distributed to passengers at the Ottawa Airport. At the same airport, nearly 300 passengers were stranded inside two Air Cubana planes for 12 hours without water and food and disabled bathrooms before returning to the plane's initial destination in Montreal. Some of the passengers had even called for emergency vehicles due to the conditions inside the plane In addition to cancelled flights in Canada, 250 flights were canceled from Cleveland's Hopkins International Airport and was shut down for most of Saturday. About 90 percent of the flights from Port Columbus International Airport were canceled as well as several other flights elsewhere across the Midwest.
In many cities, ground transportation was also disrupted. In Ottawa, the O-Train Trillium Line was shut down for most of the day and there was significantly reduced service on local, cross-town and Transitway routes. Via Rail train service was also reduced including canceled trips during the peak of the storm on March 8 as did several off-town bus trips. The Line 3 Scarborough in the Toronto region was also completely shut down on Saturday while TTC service and GO Transit were heavily slowed down.
Road closures
In Quebec, several major highways were closed including Highway 175 between Quebec City and Saguenay as well as Autoroutes 15, 20, 30 and 40 north and east of Montreal. Several other highways in eastern Quebec including Highways 132 and 138 in the Bas-Saint-Laurent and Charlevoix regions east of Quebec City In Ontario portions of Highway 17, 400 and 401 were shut down.
In the Quebec City region, about 80 vehicles were stuck and abandoned across a secondary highway due to blowing snow and high snow drifts. East of Montreal, a 20-car pile-up west of Lavaltrie injured 10 people. Numerous other motorists while been stuck on highways were also forced to abandon their vehicles, particularly on Highways 15 and 30 north of Laval and between Brossard and Varennes
About 900 accidents were reported in Ontario provincial highways by Ontario Provincial Police including 450 across Eastern Ontario, while the Toronto Police Service reported over 1700 collisions during the weekend. In the Niagara region, a tour bus carrying 17 people tipped over into a ditch although there was no known word on any injuries in this incident. In Ohio, according to the State Highway Patrol, nearly 2 000 crashes occurred throughout the state, including one fatal one and 190 others which resulted in injuries.
Fatalities
In addition to the two roof collapse incidents that killed 4 in Quebec on March 12 and March 16, the storm was responsible for at least 4 fatalities in Ohio from heart-related issues from snow-shoveling. 5 people, including two in New York, one in Ohio, one in Tennessee and one in Ontario were killed as a result of traffic accidents. 2 people were killed by a tornado in Florida as severe weather hit many areas of the coastal states from Florida to New Jersey. An 8-year-old boy in New Brunswick was killed after the storm as a result of the collapse of a snow tunnel. In Ontario, one man died from hypothermia after being stuck in the snow two days after the storm in Stormont, Dundas and Glengary County
Gallery
See also
Global storm activity of 2008
Tornadoes of 2008
References
External links
Winter storm gallery from NBC 4 Columbus
Winter Storm Gallery (courtesy of the Ottawa Citizen)
Storm Gallery courtesy of Cyberpresse.ca
Storm/snow images galleries courtesy of CTV
Storm amounts from NWS Wilimington, OH
Storm amounts from NWS Cleveland, OH
Snowfall map from NWS Detroit
Storm amounts Map from NWS Louisville
Snow map from NWS Indianapolis
Snow and ice amounts from NWS Jackson, KY
Storms amounts from NWS Paducah, KY
Snow amounts from NWS Memphis
Storm summary from NWS Birmingham
Storm Summary from NWS Jackson, MS
Winter storm summary from NWS Little Rock
Snowfall map from NWS Tulsa, OK
Environment Canada/CRIACC Summary
Blizzards in the United States
Blizzards in Canada
2008 meteorology
2008 natural disasters in the United States
F2 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 2008
Tornadoes in Florida
Tornadoes in Texas
Natural disasters in Ohio
Natural disasters in Indiana
Natural disasters in Kentucky
Natural disasters in Tennessee
Natural disasters in Arkansas
Natural disasters in New York (state)
Natural disasters in Ontario
Natural disasters in Quebec
Natural disasters in New Brunswick
Natural disasters in Texas
2008 in Florida
2008 in Quebec
2008 in Texas
Articles containing video clips
March 2008 events in North America
2008 disasters in Canada |
12953850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20Middleton%20%28horse%29 | Bay Middleton (horse) | Bay Middleton (1833 – 17 November 1857) was an undefeated Thoroughbred racehorse whose victories included two British Classic Races. He was twice the Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland.
Breeding
Bay Middleton's breeding was superb. His sire, Sultan, ran from age two to eight, winning the July Stakes, the Trial Stakes (Newmarket) twice, and came second in the Derby. At stud, he was leading sire from 1832 to 1837, during which time he sired Glencoe, Achmet, Ibrahim, Augustus, Galata, Green Mantle and Destiny. Selim, was not only beautiful, but won several races including Newmarket's Oatlands twice.
Bay Middleton's dam, Cobweb, was referred to as the "Queen of racing mares." She was undefeated on the turf, winning the Oaks and the 1000 Guineas. Cobweb was a granddaughter of the great mare, Web, who also produced the Derby winner Middleton, the influential Trampoline (1825, also dam of the 2000 Guineas winner Glencoe), and Cobweb's dam Filagree (1815). Bay Middleton was Cobweb's seventh foal.
Filagree went on to produce two 1000 Guineas winners: Charlotte West and Clementina. Clementina was also a successful broodmare, and from her descends the filly Jest, the St. Leger Stakes winner Black Jester, Royal Palace, 2000 Guineas and Grand Prix de Paris winner Paradox, and the broodmare La Troienne. Filagree also produced two 2000 Guineas winning sons, Riddlesworth and Achment (1834); six winners of the Riddlesworth Stakes, and the stallion Young Emilius (1828, by Emilius), who was sold to France where he got Prix du Jockey Club winner Amalfi and Fitz-Emilius.
Conformation
Bay Middleton had, as his name suggests, a bay coat, which was mottled and darkened as he aged, and three white coronary bands. He had a good shoulder, well laid back, and strong hindquarters and gaskins, but the 16 hands and 1½ inches high colt also had weak loins and a very short back. Like his grandsire, Selim, he had a beautiful head and arching neck.
Racing record
Bay Middleton was a difficult horse to ride, and Lord Jersey had to beg the great jockey James Robinson (who had ridden five Derby winners) to try him. Their first ride did not go well, as Bay Middleton broke his martingale and bolted. However, Robinson continued to ride the horse throughout his one-season career, in 1836.
In his first race, the Riddlesworth Stakes (Newmarket Craven) he defeated five other horses in the "commonest of canters. " He was in good company that day, beating Mendicant, the 1000 Guineas winner Destiny (by Sultan), and Magician (by Zinganee). Bay Middleton won his second race with walk over, for £150, before taking the 2000 Guineas (Newmarket), defeated Elis and four others at a speed which was is debated to have been a new record. He then won the Epsom Derby by two lengths, to beat 21 horses including Gladiator, Slane, and Venison. His next race was in the Buckhurst Stakes at Ascot, where he won in a canter.
At the Grand Duke Michael Stakes, 21 horses withdrew to leave only Bay Middleton and St. Leger winner Elis. Bay Middleton pulled ahead, being hit once with the whip—the single time it was used in his career—to win by a length. The colt finished his race career with a match at Newmarket Houghton against Muezzin for 300 guineas. Despite carrying the greater weight, he won "with ridiculous ease."
Following this race, he was sold to Lord George Bentinck for 4000 guineas, who wished to run the colt in the Ascot Gold Cup. However, this dream was never realized as Bay Middleton had physical problems with one of his forelegs, attributed to either the tendons or to a broken bone in his hoof. So he was retired and sent to stud.
Stud record
Due to his fine bloodlines and excellent track record, Bay Middleton covered some very good quality mares. However, his get were average, and he was considered a failure at stud. Despite this fact, he managed to make to be the Leading Sire for two years: 1844 (48 winners) and 1849 (28 winners). He also got four classic winners, in The Flying Dutchman, The Hermit, Andover, and Aphrodite, but many of his get had a tendency to roar, and he also seemed to pass on club-footedness to his offspring (possibly due to the Soothsayer blood in his veins).
Bay Middleton stood at the brand-new Bentinck's stud, first for a fee of 30 guineas, which would drop during his breeding career to 10 guineas, before it reached 50 guineas at the end of his career. His ownership also changed during this time, as he was sold to E.L. Mostyn after Bentinck died in 1848. He died himself after an illness on 17 November 1857, and was buried near his stall door.
His important progeny included:
All Round My Hat: 1842 filly out of 1837 One Thousand Guineas winner Chapeau d'Espagne, was a good runner.
Andover: 1851 bay colt, out of a Defence mare. Won the Derby from King Tom and 2000 Guineas winner The Hermit. Sired nothing of note.
Aphrodite: 1848 filly, from Venus by Sir Hercules, won the 1000 Guineas, the Champagne Stakes and the Park Hill Stakes. Second in the Doncaster St. Leger, dead-heated in the July Stakes at Newmarket and lost in the run-off. Dam of Siderolite (winner of the Ascot Gold Vase and the Goodwood Cup) and Argonaut (winner of the 1865 City and Suburban Handicap at Epsom).
Aristides: 1840 colt, out of a Lottery mare, and a good racehorse.
Autocrat: 1851 colt, out of an Emilius mare, won the New Stakes at Ascot. Daughters included Queen Elizabeth (1859, dam to Plebeian, who would defeat Galopin)
Barbatus: 1850 colt out of a Landercost mare, ran third in the 1853 2000 Guineas.
Bay Missy: 1842 filly out of a Young Phantom mare, second dam of Ascot Gold Cup winner Scottish Chief
Bouquet: 1856 out of a Melbourne mare, granddam of Ascot Stakes winner Chrypre.
Bridal: 1839 filly out of a Whalebone mare, dam to Troussau (1849, winner of the Gimcrack Stakes), Fichu (1866, winner of the Stewards' Cup), and Special License.
Cowl: 1842 colt, out of Crucifix, won the 1844 Buckenham Stakes, the 1845 Ascot Produce Stakes, and ran third in the Emperor's Plate. Dislocated both hind pasterns and was retired to stud, where he was fairly successful. His get include Mme. Eglantine, who produced the runners Rosicrucian, The Palmer, and Morna, and the broodmares Monaca (dam to Stewards' Cup winner Monico), Chaplet (dam to Ascot Gold Cup winner Morion, and Winkfield), Jocosa (dam to Woodcote Stakes winner Sabella), and Frivola. Also a daughter of Cowl was Morgan La Faye, who was dam of the Epsom Oaks winner, Marie Stuart.
Ellen Middleton: 1846 filly out of Myrrha (by Malek), second in the Champagne Stakes to The Flying Dutchman, won 1848 Sapling Stakes (York), the Yorkshire Oaks, and second in the 1849 Doncaster Park Hill Stakes to Oaks winner Lady Evelyn. Dam of the Derby winner Wild Dayrell (1852, winner of the Ebor St. Leger, the Queen's Vase at Ascot, and the Stockbridge Stewards' Cup; sire of Buccaneer, The Rake, and Wild Oats).
Ennui: 1843 filly, out of Blue Devils (by Velocipede), won the 300 sovereign sweepstakes at the 1847 Goodwood. Dam of Goodwood Cup winner Saunterer, Loiterer, Lady Rodem (dam to Liddington), Bravery (dam of Ascot Gold Cup winning filly, Rupee, and Salamanca, dam of St. Leger winner Pero Gomez).
Gaper: 1840 colt, defeated Derby-winner Cotherstone in the Criterion at Newmarket, third in the Gratwicke Stakes, won the Bickerstaffe Stakes at Liverpool. Went on to sire field hunters.
Gaze: 1842 filly, sister to Gaper. Never raced, but produced American Eclipse, an undefeated racehorse.
Honeycomb: 1846 colt out of Beeswax, ran 4th in the 1849 Derby and St. Leger, both to The Flying Dutchman, second in the 2000 Guineas, 2nd in the Ebor St. Leger at York.
Messalina: 1840 filly, produced the filly Slapdash (1855). Slapdash, dam of Fervacques (Grand Prix de Paris), Saltarelle (Prix du Jockey Club), Salteador (Prix Daru, Prix Lupin, others) and sire Saxifrage.
Nun Appleton: 1845 filly out a Malek mare, dam of Attraction (1861, winner of sixteen races), and Julie (1856, dam of Beaufort Cup and Cesarewitch winner, Julius and Royal Hunt Cup winner Julius Caesar). Second dam of Stewards Cup winner, Sister Helen and Grand National Steeplechase, winner Voluptuary.
Princess Alice: 1843 filly out of a Velocipede mare, won Doncaster's Champagne Stakes and the Nassau Stakes.
Pug: 1845 filly, third in the Somersetshire Stakes at Bath.
Rose of Cashmere: 1842 filly, won the Nursery Stakes, dam of Eccleston (1851, by Touchstone) and Wild Rose.
Rushlight: 1841 filly out of a Lamplighter mare, second dam of Melbourne Cup and Victoria Derby winner Lantern.
Sunflower: 1847 filly, dam of St. Leger winner, Sunbeam, Gimcrack Stakes winner, Rainbow, Mayflower (fifth dam of Celt), and Crocus (fifth dam of Gay Crusader (Triple Crown winner); third dam of Galeottia (1000 Guineas winner) and ancestress of Grand National winners Royal Mail and Well to Do).
The Devil to Pay: 1841, won the Gorhambury Stakes handicap, second in the 1844 Two Thousand Guineas, third in 1845 Goodwood.
The Flying Dutchman: 1846 brown colt, out of a Sandbeck mare, by far his best foal. He won all but one race, including two classic races (the Derby and the St. Leger), as well as the July Stakes at Newmarket, the Champagne Stakes at Doncaster, the Bickerstaffe Stakes at Liverpool, the Belvoir Stakes, the Emperor of Russia's Plate (substitute Ascot Gold Cup) and a famous 1000 guineas match against Voltigeur. He was second in the Leading Sires list for three years, and his get include Brown Duchess, Ellington (winner of the Derby), Flying Duchess (dam of Galopin, sire of St. Simon), and Dollar (sire of Upas and Androclès).
The Hermit: 1851 brown colt, from Jenny Lind by Touchstone. Won his first start—the 2000 Guineas—was third in the Derby and won the Ascot Gold Vase (beating Rataplan). Was sold to Australia, where he sired Ave Maria (a good racemare and dam of stakes winner, Reginald).
Unnamed mare (1839): out of Nitocris (by Whisker), second dam of Fisherman (GB) (1853, twice winner of the Ascot Gold Cup), third dam of Gemma di Vergy.
Pedigree
Sire line tree
Bay Middleton
Bramble
Farintosh
Gaper
Bay Momus
Pastoral
Collingwood
Cowl
The Confessor
Cock-a-Hoop
The Friar
The Grand Inquisitor
Capucine
Joy
Gabbler
Planet
Aster
The Flying Dutchman
Ellington
Delight
Fly-By-Night
Peter Wilkens
The Quack
Benvolio
Flying Pieman
Old England
New Holland
Ignoramus
Purston
Sir Watkin
Bide-a-Wee
Amsterdam
Duneany
Glenbuck
The Rover
Cape Flyaway
Good Hope
Tom Bowline
Make Haste
Winton
Young Dutchman
Ellerton
Romulus
Walloon
Dollar
Dami
Il Maestro
Salvanos
Androcles
Cambyse
Saint Cyr
Pastisson
Salvator
Elzevir
Ossian
Fountainebleau
Phlegathon
Jouancy
Patriarche
Gettatore
Lutin
Beau Page
Thieusies
Greenback
Prologue
Vin Sec
Vignemale
Gil Peres
Merlin
Caudeyran
Louis D'Or
Saumur
Clamart
Cimier
Garrick
Oranzeb
Marzio
Onorio
Ulpiano
Martin Pecheur
Sansonnet
Courlis
Coq
The Condor
Tancarville
Cloridano
Souci
Upas
Omnium II
Elf
Ivoire
Acheron
Massina
Atleta
Ranquel
Bocage
Ob
Dauphin
Hero
Hareng
Cerbere
Tourmalet
Guillame Le Taciturne
Dutch Skater
Insulaire
Thomery
Burgomaster
Dutch Roller
Sherbrooke
Yellow
Daphnis
Dandolo
Accumulator
Massinissa
Jarnac
Old Tom
St. Aubyn
Hesperus
Sir Birtram
Diomedes
Parawhenua
Kakupo
Barbatus
Vanderdecken
Andover
Craymond
Harmonium
Post Haste
Walkington
The Hermit
Freetrader
Milton
Anton
See also
List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses
References
External links
Thoroughbred Bloodlines: Bay Middleton
Thoroughbred Heritage: Bay Middleton
Thoroughbred database.
1833 racehorse births
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Epsom Derby winners
Undefeated racehorses
Thoroughbred family 1-s
Byerley Turk sire line
2000 Guineas winners |
1348700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity%20culture | Celebrity culture | Celebrity culture is a high-volume exposure to celebrities' personal lives on a global scale. It is inherently tied to consumer interests where celebrities transform their fame to become product brands.
Whereas a culture can usually be physically identified, and its group characteristics easily observed, celebrity culture exists solely as a collection of individuals' desires for increased celebrity viewing. Celebrities themselves do not form a cohesive and identifiable group with which they identify themselves, but are rather found across a spectrum of activities and communities including acting, politics, fashion, sports and music. This "culture" is created when there is common knowledge within a society that people are interested in celebrities and are willing to alter their own lives to take part in celebrities' lives. The "culture" is first defined by factors outside of celebrities themselves and then augmented by celebrities' involvement within that publicly constructed culture. Celebrity culture has become a part of everyday society and functions as a form of entertainment. Today, everyday citizens play an important role in the perpetuation of celebrity culture by constantly checking the whereabouts of celebrities, their friends, the trends within celebrity culture, and the general lives of celebrity via media. Celebrity culture is now reflected in social norms and values because of the extreme citizen involvement. Today, as it is now used as entertainment, celebrity culture is viewed as a form of "escapism" from reality and a means of preoccupation for everyday people.
History
Celebrity culture in the United States began in the late nineteenth century as the nouveaux riches sought personal publicity in the society columns and magazines of the day. While philanthropists, politicians, and other public figures were the best-known New Yorkers in the 1870s, by the 1890s, the new elite were people celebrated for their gossip value. Film historian Richard Schickel cites the beginning of the modern celebrity system to the period between 1895 and 1920. In the 1930s and '40s, the modern culture of celebrity was fashioned through the columns of Walter Winchell, America's "most celebrated gossip writer".
Promotion from celebrities
There have been multiple phases in the popularity of celebrity culture. Some examples include the broadcasting of television programs where human beings could reach wider audiences and individuals could be given rise to fame. As different technologies were released, the manipulation of audiences changed, and the reaches of celebrity culture has greatly expanded. Entrepreneurial individuals began to recognize the financial value in purposefully promoting certain individuals, and thus a consumer approach to celebrities as brands emerged. A culture began to take shape as consumers accepted celebrities as a part of society. This acceptance along with shrewd marketing perpetuates celebrity culture with its constantly shifting customs and beliefs.
Celebrity culture can be viewed as synonymous with celebrity industry, where celebrities are treated as products to be sold. Celebrity culture differs from consumer culture in that celebrity culture is a single aspect of consumer culture. Celebrity culture could not exist without consumer culture, as people are consistently buying magazines, apps for celebrities, and other celebrity-related merchandise. Consumers' choices are thus influenced by celebrities' choices. By following celebrities, consumers are invited to take part in the collective society created by the existence of celebrity culture, unknowingly perpetuated by the consumers themselves. Participants of the celebrity culture phenomenon also include the celebrities themselves, being aware they can brand themselves and achieve financial gains through their own fame and status, apart from the foundation of their celebrity pre-branding.
"To people who have grown tired of self-government, the belief in kings and queens and fairy tales seems easier and more comfortable than the practice of politics," wrote Lewis Lapham in his book, The Wish For Kings. This notion is the basis for the naturally occurring relationship between "regular" men and women, and those on a pedestal.
The famous religious books of the world's faiths are replete with examples of individuals who are well known by the general public. Some of the pharaohs of ancient Egypt set in motion devices to ensure their own fame for centuries to come.
Celebrity culture, once restricted to royalty and biblical/mythical figures, has pervaded many sectors of society including business, publishing, and even academia (the scilebrities). With every scientific advance names have become attached to discoveries. Especially for large contributions to humanity, the contributor is usually regarded honourably. Mass media has increased the exposure and power of celebrity. A trend has developed that celebrity carries with it increasingly more social capital than in earlier times. Each nation or cultural community (linguistic, ethnic, religious) has its own independent celebrity system, but this is becoming less the case due to globalization (see J-pop or K-pop).
Perpetuation of celebrity culture
According to Oliver Dreissens, celebrity's social and cultural prominence can be traced back to the success of the mass media. The various forms of mass media allowed for the spread of new images and branding of celebrities. Especially with the inclusion of televisions in the average home, there became more of a familiarity with the people or celebrities now "in our homes". Media surrounding celebrities has heavily influenced not only celebrity culture but the general social environment in our lives. Celebrities are known to not only influence what we buy but many other things such as body image, career aspirations and politics. Richard Dyer has stated that celebrity culture is bound up with the condition of global capitalism in which "individuals are seen to determine society". Newer technologies, such as cable television and 24/7 coverage, have made today's celebrities manufactured for mass consumption, as opposed to the celebrities of the thirties and the fifties who were more self-made. 24/7 coverage pushed for more programming and people to fill the extra time. With this evolved more shows and celebrities who partook in the additional screen time. Reality television has been a large part of fostering a new celebrity culture that is more interchangeable and recognizable. Cable television and social media sites such as YouTube, have made "overnight" sensations which have perpetuated today's perception of celebrity culture. Celebrities such as Justin Bieber, who rose to immense fame after being discovered on YouTube, are argued to elicit emotional ties and self-reflexiveness that invoke a seemingly personal connection. This can be seen with some fans, especially female fans, feeling like they have a certain ownership or connection over a celebrity. At the same time, the love-hate relationship that many popular media (e.g. British tabloid newspapers) foster between the public and celebrities, whom they admire, envy and also despise, helps to generate continuing interest in celebrity news, and ironically, to promote the cult of celebrity.
Celebrity and political culture
Celebrities and politics have interacted in mainly one of two ways. The first way is celebrity politicians, which crosses an elected office of government with celebritization. The second way is with political activism, a newly popular method which avoids directly participating in government itself.
Celebrity politicians
Celebrity politicians can be divided into two categories: celebrities that go to the government and hold an elected office and politicians that become celebrities.
Celebrities that have held a government office are not uncommon. Donald Trump is an example of one. A businessman and real estate dealer who has licensed his name to properties and other brands, Trump gained national fame when he starred in the television show "The Apprentice" in 2004 and again during the 2012 presidential election by implying that then-presidential candidate Barack Obama was not a natural-born United States citizen. He then successfully ran for the United States presidency in 2016. Ronald Reagan is another example. He was a career actor that appeared in 53 films over two decades. He first became governor of California in 1966 and then became president of the United States in 1980.
Politicians have also become celebrities naturally or by copying celebrity traits. The Democratic group "The Squad" is an example. Consisting of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ilhan Omar, Ayanna Pressley, and Rashida Talib are four Democrat representatives that formed after the 2018 midterm elections, when Ocasio-Cortez posted a picture of the four seated together on Instagram, playing off of the colloquial term 'squad goals.' They have become well known for their outspoken nature in social media and their clashes against other politicians, such as Donald Trump and Nancy Pelosi.
There has recently been an intersection of celebrity and political culture. This is a result of the large platform given to celebrities; as Jane Johnson, a reporter for the popular British celebrity publication Closer observed, the gossip surrounding celebrities is a nationally unifying factor among all social groups. This unification and large platform provided by celebrities has been a point of interest for political leaders and groups to gain further reach within various campaigns. Young adults have had historically lower voter turnout than any other voting age group. Knowing this, politicians and public figures draw from the cultural resources curated by celebrities by mimicking the popular, accessible public persona given off by today's celebrities. As noted by the author Frank Furedi, "Politicians self consciously attempt to either acquire a celebrity image or to associate themselves with individuals who possess this status." This can be seen with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau who has become somewhat of a celebrity because of the perception of being personable and supporting progressive, liberal policies. Another example of this was Katy Perry campaigning and performing for Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election.
Celebrities and political issues
Celebrities have used their actions to highlight political issues. Jane Fonda has tried to promote awareness of climate change through being arrested for civil disobedience. With the rise of social media, celebrities have been able to express their opinions on controversial topics to get immediate feedback from their fans. Some celebrities have endorsed political candidates, such as Dave Chappelle endorsing 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang.
Some celebrities chose to refrain from using their status in this way. Michael Jordan allegedly said, "Republicans buy sneakers, too." when turning down a politician looking for an endorsement.
Celebrity Disillusionment
Although celebrity status is widely sought by many people, celebrities are often displeased by their status. Overall, there is a general correlation between success and unhappiness. A study done in 2008 notes that CEOs are depressed at more than double the rate of the public at large, suggesting that this is not a phenomenon exclusive to celebrities. Research suggests that people tend to focus more on objective success (ie: status, wealth, reputation) as benchmarks for success, rather than subjective success (ie: self-worth, relationships, moral introspection), and as a result become disillusioned with the success they do have. However, celebrities in particular face specific circumstances that cause them to be displeased by their success.
Paparazzi is often a problem for celebrities, where celebrities have become increasingly objectified and worshipped by fans (see: Celebrity Worship Syndrome), especially in the digital age through social and mass media. This happens because constant exposure to and coverage of these figures leads people to believe that celebrities are their social intimates, who they want to admire, gossip about, or copy habits from. A 2009 study which anonymously interviewed a number of celebrities revealed it was a common sentiment that excess paparazzi causes a loss of personal life, lack of anonymity, and feeling of constantly being watched. This causes them to compensate by forming separate identities, one an image offered to the public, and one reserved for moments of privacy and intimacy.
Another problem is celebrity marriage. There is research that suggests child celebrities have poor emotional health in adulthood, and often turn to drug abuse. A culture of superficiality in Hollywood, where celebrity status is ranked by an "A-list" or "B-list" hierarchy also contributes to celebrity disillusionment with success. Sometimes people who achieved celebrity status come to regret it, for example Bart Spring in 't Veld, who came to loathe the reality TV celebrity culture which Big Brother, of which he was the first winner in the world, instigated.
Celebrity gossip
Celebrity gossip has become an integral part of American culture, acting as not only a form of entertainment, but a form of social involvement and social order. Gossip allows people to connect and interact with one another, providing a sense of community within society. Through gossip, people are able to affirm their values and ideas by hearing about celebrity struggle via tabloids and other forms of media. The information given to people to consume and discuss allows for civic engagement on a global scale as there is material to talk about with others that is generally known through gossip.
Vehicles
In the US, celebrity culture is created and disseminated by television talk shows such as Entertainment Tonight, where actors and music stars promote their latest films and albums, and by many celebrity magazines such as People, Us, and Star.
Celebrification
In the field of cultural studies, the term celebrification refers to the transformation of a ordinary person or thing into a celebrity. It is the process by which one without celebrityhood obtains celebrityhood. Often, the media plays a key role in celebrification by drawing public attention, which can be positive or negative, but nonetheless contributes to the development of the celebrity persona. Further public engagement often contributes to the sense of familiarity and interest in celebrities.
Microcelebrity
In the field of media studies, microcelebrity is the state of being well known to a niche group of people. It also refers to a self-representation technique whereby people present themselves as public personas, create strategic affective ties with audience members, and view followers as fans.
The term was first coined by Theresa Senft in her work on Camgirls (2008).
Social media
Celebrity culture is a constantly changing topic that grows as technology does. Different platforms are being implemented: Instagram, Snapchat, and Facebook, all of which provide a new outlet for celebrities to express their thoughts. Twitter is constantly changing celebrity views and provides an unmonitored and unfiltered space for opinions to be shared. It provides a platform for celebrities to re-share ideas and safely shares theirs. It also allows for people to comment, making it engaging to fans and followers. Instagram is also growing and continues to be a popular outlet for celebrities, as it provides an outlet for purely pictures. Many of these pictures also include other people who are famous, boosting their image and reaching different fan bases. Lastly, Facebook is still a commonly used platform that many celebrities use, especially older demographics. Many older generations prefer Facebook because it is easy to navigate and people can share and write posts that are of importance to them.
Twitter
Twitter allowed a higher frequency of interaction with people, thus increasing intimacy and the perception of culture. Twitter users could now directly interact with celebrities with the expectation of a public response.
Instagram
Through Instagram's unique format another layer of celebrity culture was added, allowing celebrities to further their intimacy with followers by sharing selected photos and videos with their audience. With each additional platform a celebrity uses to promote themselves, a wider view is created thus enhancing the perception of culture. Instagram also recently changed the layout to try to help celebrities become more noticed. They use an algorithm that determines what pictures are at the top of a person's feed and what pictures are at the bottom and are harder to find. Trends of celebrities found on Instagram have a massive cultural impact as the platform allows for people to see and imitate celebrities via clothing, speech, or humor allowing them to indirectly engage with celebrity culture. Today, Instagram can be used as a platform for marketing as celebrities can be paid huge sums of money for product placement or usage in their posts.
YouTube
Recently, YouTube has also become a large part of the growth of social media. On this site, there are YouTube influencers (also known as YouTubers) that have become to be a new group of celebrities. These influencers may post videos about their daily life in vlogs, beauty, playing videogames, and many other genres. They have become so popular in recent years because viewers see them as more relatable than movie stars or other groups of celebrities. Since they are exposed to very personal videos, fans are able to form a strong bond with these influencers.
Tantrums
Some celebrities are known for "throwing tantrums" to get their way. They are also known for getting in debates with their friends, who are also celebrities, in order to amp up the drama and let their names be seen. When an individual is in the public eye, it changes how they act and their behavior. Usually it encourages people to act in extremes, whether that be extremely good or extremely bad. Most of the time, publicity only goes to celebrities who are going against the social norm, and doing something different. People are more interested in reading about something crazy a celebrity did, rather than them going out and having a respectful lunch.
Complaints
A common complaint of modern celebrity culture is that the public, instead of seeking virtues or talents in celebrities, seek those who are the most willing to break ethical boundaries, or those who are most aggressive in self-promotion. In other words, infamy has replaced fame. The social role of the town drunk, the court jester, or the sexually indiscreet are not new, but arguably, the glorification of these individuals is. Society selects celebrities that provide the most entertainment and news stories as the most notorious.
Explanations
One possible explanation of this trend is that an artificial importance has been created in order to promote a product or a service, rather than to record a purely biographical event. As more new products are launched in a world market that is constantly expanding, the need for more celebrities has become an industry in itself.
Another explanation, used by Chuck Palahniuk, is that this exaggeration of modern celebrity culture is created out of a need for drama and spectacle. In the book Haunted, he describes the pattern of creating a celebrity as a god-like figure, and once this image is created, the desire to destroy it and shame the individual in the most extreme ways possible. Tabloid magazines are the prototype example of this theory.
Posthumous fame
Some creators such as poets, artists, musicians, and inventors are little-known and little-appreciated during their lives but are feted as brilliant innovators after their deaths. A desire to achieve this type of posthumous fame may have motivated Alan Abel, Adam Rich, and Pauly Shore to stage their deaths. In some cases, after historians uncover a creator's role in developing some cultural or technical process, the contributions of these little-known individuals become more widely known.
Sometimes a false death mention can cause a person to rethink their legacy. Alfred Nobel founded the Nobel Prizes after an erroneous obituary labeled him a "merchant of death" due to his invention and selling of dynamite.
People who were far more famous after their deaths than during their lifetime (and often were completely or relatively unknown) include painter Bob Ross; Greek philosopher Socrates; scientist Galileo Galilei; Romantic poet John Keats; painter Vincent van Gogh; poet and novelist Edgar Allan Poe; singers Eva Cassidy and Nick Drake; comedian Bill Hicks; writer Emily Dickinson; artist Edith Holden, whose 1906 diary was a best-seller when published posthumously in 1977; writer Franz Kafka; singer Jeff Buckley; diarist Anne Frank; philosopher Søren Kierkegaard; writer John Kennedy Toole (who posthumously won a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 12 years after his death); author Stieg Larsson (who died with his Millennium novels unpublished); musician, artist and poet Rozz Williams; and William Webb Ellis, the alleged inventor of Rugby football.
Herostratus, a young Greek man arsoned the Temple of Artemis (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) in 356 BC to immortalize his name. Although authorities at the time tried to erase him from history and punished people with the death penalty for even merely mentioning his name, he succeeded in achieving lasting fame, as his name is well known today.
See also
References
Schickel, Richard. Intimate Strangers: The Culture of Celebrity. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1985.
"Celebrity Culture." Dictionary of American History. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 5 May. 2016 <.
http://www.euromonitor.com/celebrity-power-and-its-influence-on-global-consumer-behaviour/report
Celebrity |
33268859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluid%20vacuum%20theory | Superfluid vacuum theory | Superfluid vacuum theory (SVT), sometimes known as the BEC vacuum theory, is an approach in theoretical physics and quantum mechanics where the fundamental physical vacuum (non-removable background) is considered as a superfluid or as a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC).
The microscopic structure of this physical vacuum is currently unknown and is a subject of intensive studies in SVT. An ultimate goal of this research is to develop scientific models that unify quantum mechanics (which describes three of the four known fundamental interactions) with gravity, making SVT a candidate for the theory of quantum gravity and describes all known interactions in the Universe, at both microscopic and astronomic scales, as different manifestations of the same entity, superfluid vacuum.
History
The concept of a luminiferous aether as a medium sustaining electromagnetic waves was discarded after the advent of the special theory of relativity, as the presence of the concept alongside special relativity results in several contradictions; in particular, aether having a definite velocity at each spacetime point will exhibit a preferred direction. This conflicts with the relativistic requirement that all directions within a light cone are equivalent.
However, as early as in 1951 P.A.M. Dirac published two papers where he pointed out that we should take into account quantum fluctuations in the flow of the aether.
His arguments involve the application of the uncertainty principle to the velocity of aether at any spacetime point, implying that the velocity will not be a well-defined quantity. In fact, it will be distributed over various possible values. At best, one could represent the aether by a wave function representing the perfect vacuum state for which all aether velocities are equally probable.
Inspired by Dirac's ideas, K. P. Sinha, C. Sivaram and E. C. G. Sudarshan published in 1975 a series of papers that suggested a new model for the aether according to which it is a superfluid state of fermion and anti-fermion pairs, describable by a macroscopic wave function.
They noted that particle-like small fluctuations of superfluid background obey the Lorentz symmetry, even if the superfluid itself is non-relativistic.
Nevertheless, they decided to treat the superfluid as the relativistic matter – by putting it into the stress–energy tensor of the Einstein field equations.
This did not allow them to describe the relativistic gravity as a small fluctuation of the superfluid vacuum, as subsequent authors have noted .
Since then, several theories have been proposed within the SVT framework. They differ in how the structure and properties of the background superfluid must look.
In absence of observational data which would rule out some of them, these theories are being pursued independently.
Relation to other concepts and theories
Lorentz and Galilean symmetries
According to the approach, the background superfluid is assumed to be essentially non-relativistic whereas the Lorentz symmetry is not an exact symmetry of Nature but rather the approximate description valid only for small fluctuations.
An observer who resides inside such vacuum and is capable of creating or measuring the small fluctuations would observe them as relativistic objects – unless their energy and momentum are sufficiently high to make the Lorentz-breaking corrections detectable.
If the energies and momenta are below the excitation threshold then the superfluid background behaves like the ideal fluid, therefore, the Michelson–Morley-type experiments would observe no drag force from such aether.
Further, in the theory of relativity the Galilean symmetry (pertinent to our macroscopic non-relativistic world) arises as the approximate one – when particles' velocities are small compared to speed of light in vacuum.
In SVT one does not need to go through Lorentz symmetry to obtain the Galilean one – the dispersion relations of most non-relativistic superfluids are known to obey the non-relativistic behavior at large momenta.
To summarize, the fluctuations of vacuum superfluid behave like relativistic objects at "small" momenta (a.k.a. the "phononic limit")
and like non-relativistic ones
at large momenta.
The yet unknown nontrivial physics is believed to be located somewhere between these two regimes.
Relativistic quantum field theory
In the relativistic quantum field theory the physical vacuum is also assumed to be some sort of non-trivial medium to which one can associate certain energy.
This is because the concept of absolutely empty space (or "mathematical vacuum") contradicts the postulates of quantum mechanics.
According to QFT, even in absence of real particles the background is always filled by pairs of creating and annihilating virtual particles.
However, a direct attempt to describe such medium leads to the so-called ultraviolet divergences.
In some QFT models, such as quantum electrodynamics, these problems can be "solved" using the renormalization technique, namely, replacing the diverging physical values by their experimentally measured values.
In other theories, such as the quantum general relativity, this trick does not work, and reliable perturbation theory cannot be constructed.
According to SVT, this is because in the high-energy ("ultraviolet") regime the Lorentz symmetry starts failing so dependent theories cannot be regarded valid for all scales of energies and momenta.
Correspondingly, while the Lorentz-symmetric quantum field models are obviously a good approximation below the vacuum-energy threshold, in its close vicinity the relativistic description becomes more and more "effective" and less and less natural since one will need to adjust the expressions for the covariant field-theoretical actions by hand.
Curved spacetime
According to general relativity, gravitational interaction is described in terms of spacetime curvature using the mathematical formalism of differential geometry.
This was supported by numerous experiments and observations in the regime of low energies. However, the attempts to quantize general relativity led to various severe problems, therefore, the microscopic structure of gravity is still ill-defined.
There may be a fundamental reason for this—the degrees of freedom of general relativity are based on what may be only approximate and effective. The question of whether general relativity is an effective theory has been raised for a long time.
According to SVT, the curved spacetime arises as the small-amplitude collective excitation mode of the non-relativistic background condensate.
The mathematical description of this is similar to fluid-gravity analogy which is being used also in the analog gravity models.
Thus, relativistic gravity is essentially a long-wavelength theory of the collective modes whose amplitude is small compared to the background one.
Outside this requirement the curved-space description of gravity in terms of the Riemannian geometry becomes incomplete or ill-defined.
Cosmological constant
The notion of the cosmological constant makes sense in a relativistic theory only, therefore, within the SVT framework this constant can refer at most to the energy of small fluctuations of the vacuum above a background value, but not to the energy of the vacuum itself. Thus, in SVT this constant does not have any fundamental physical meaning, and related problems such as the vacuum catastrophe, simply do not occur in the first place.
Gravitational waves and gravitons
According to general relativity, the conventional gravitational wave is:
the small fluctuation of curved spacetime which
has been separated from its source and propagates independently.
Superfluid vacuum theory brings into question the possibility that a relativistic object possessing both of these properties exists in nature.
Indeed, according to the approach, the curved spacetime itself is the small collective excitation of the superfluid background, therefore, the property (1) means that the graviton would be in fact the "small fluctuation of the small fluctuation", which does not look like a physically robust concept (as if somebody tried to introduce small fluctuations inside a phonon, for instance).
As a result, it may be not just a coincidence that in general relativity the gravitational field alone has no well-defined stress–energy tensor, only the pseudotensor one.
Therefore, the property (2) cannot be completely justified in a theory with exact Lorentz symmetry which the general relativity is.
Though, SVT does not a priori forbid an existence of the non-localized wave-like excitations of the superfluid background which might be responsible for the astrophysical phenomena which are currently being attributed to gravitational waves, such as the Hulse–Taylor binary. However, such excitations cannot be correctly described within the framework of a fully relativistic theory.
Mass generation and Higgs boson
The Higgs boson is the spin-0 particle that has been introduced in electroweak theory to give mass to the weak bosons. The origin of mass of the Higgs boson itself is not explained by electroweak theory. Instead, this mass is introduced as a free parameter by means of the Higgs potential, which thus makes it yet another free parameter of the Standard Model. Within the framework of the Standard Model (or its extensions) the theoretical estimates of this parameter's value are possible only indirectly and results differ from each other significantly. Thus, the usage of the Higgs boson (or any other elementary particle with predefined mass) alone is not the most fundamental solution of the mass generation problem but only its reformulation ad infinitum.
Another known issue of the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model is the wrong sign of mass term in the (unbroken) Higgs sector for
energies above the symmetry-breaking scale.
While SVT does not explicitly forbid the existence of the electroweak Higgs particle, it has its own idea of the fundamental mass generation mechanism – elementary particles acquire mass due to the interaction with the vacuum condensate, similarly to the gap generation mechanism in superconductors or superfluids.
Although this idea is not entirely new, one could recall the relativistic Coleman-Weinberg approach,
SVT gives the meaning to the symmetry-breaking relativistic scalar field as describing small fluctuations of background superfluid which can be interpreted as an elementary particle only under certain conditions. In general, one allows two scenarios to happen:
Higgs boson exists: in this case SVT provides the mass generation mechanism which underlies the electroweak one and explains the origin of mass of the Higgs boson itself;
Higgs boson does not exist: then the weak bosons acquire mass by directly interacting with the vacuum condensate.
Thus, the Higgs boson, even if it exists, would be a by-product of the fundamental mass generation phenomenon rather than its cause.
Also, some versions of SVT favor a wave equation based on the logarithmic potential rather than on the quartic one. The former potential has not only the Mexican-hat shape, necessary for the spontaneous symmetry breaking, but also some other features which make it more suitable for the vacuum's description.
Logarithmic BEC vacuum theory
In this model the physical vacuum is conjectured to be strongly-correlated quantum Bose liquid whose ground-state wavefunction is described by the logarithmic Schrödinger equation. It was shown that the relativistic gravitational interaction arises as the small-amplitude collective excitation mode whereas relativistic elementary particles can be described by the particle-like modes in the limit of low energies and momenta.
The essential difference of this theory from others is that in the logarithmic superfluid the maximal velocity of fluctuations is constant in the leading (classical) order.
This allows to fully recover the relativity postulates in the "phononic" (linearized) limit.
The proposed theory has many observational consequences.
They are based on the fact that at high energies and momenta the behavior of the particle-like modes eventually becomes distinct from the relativistic one – they can reach the speed of light limit at finite energy.
Among other predicted effects is the superluminal propagation and vacuum Cherenkov radiation.
Theory advocates the mass generation mechanism which is supposed to replace or alter the electroweak Higgs one.
It was shown that masses of elementary particles can arise as a result of interaction with the superfluid vacuum, similarly to the gap generation mechanism in superconductors. For instance, the photon propagating in the average interstellar vacuum acquires a tiny mass which is estimated to be about 10−35 electronvolt.
One can also derive an effective potential for the Higgs sector which is different from the one used in the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model, yet it yields the mass generation and it is free of the imaginary-mass problem appearing in the conventional Higgs potential.
See also
Analog gravity
Acoustic metric
Casimir vacuum
Dilatonic quantum gravity
Hawking radiation
Induced gravity
Logarithmic Schrödinger equation
Hořava–Lifshitz gravity
Sonic black hole
Vacuum energy
Hydrodynamic quantum analogs
Fluid solution
Vacuum solution (general relativity)
Notes
References
Theoretical physics
Physics beyond the Standard Model
Superfluidity
Theories of gravity |
15601335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Cincinnati%20Bengals%20season | 2008 Cincinnati Bengals season | The 2008 Cincinnati Bengals season was the franchise's 39th season in the National Football League (NFL), the 41st overall, and the 6th under head coach Marvin Lewis. The team finished the season with 4 wins, 11 losses, and 1 tie, and missing out of the playoffs for the 3rd consecutive year.
Offseason
Coaching changes
This season marked head coach Marvin Lewis's sixth year with the Bengals. His offensive coordinator, Bob Bratkowski, remained with the team, but his defensive coordinator from 2007 to 2008, Chuck Bresnahan, was not retained. He was replaced by Mike Zimmer and Jeff FitzGerald replaced Ricky Hunley as linebacker coach.
Season theme
Typically Lewis has had a theme for the upcoming season for the team to rally around. For the 2008 season it was "Now"
Departures
Madieu Williams, Safety signed with the Minnesota Vikings.
Justin Smith, Defensive end signed with the San Francisco 49ers.
Landon Johnson, Linebacker signed with the Carolina Panthers.
Willie Anderson, the long time Offensive Lineman was released and signed by the division rival Baltimore Ravens.
Rudi Johnson was released and signed by the Detroit Lions.
Ahmad Brooks, Linebacker, who was allegedly involved in an assault for punching a woman in the face late April, was released before the season began.
David Pollack, who was injured during his second season in the NFL with the Bengals and suffered paralysis, declined to return to football and officially retired.
Chris Henry was released from the team on the same day a press release in the local paper announced his alleged involvement in an assault occurring within Cincinnati. A few weeks after Marvin Lewis made the public declaration that Henry would never play for the Bengals again he was re-signed. He was ineligible to play the first 4 regular season games as punishment for his involvement with criminal charges against him which were dropped before his reinstatement.
Odell Thurman, a linebacker suspended for two consecutive years, was declared eligible to return to the NFL. He was then waived in May when Lewis cited that they had not seen enough of Odell to evaluate him properly. Less than a month later Odell was indefinitely suspended from the NFL for violating their substance abuse policy.
Signings
Ben Utecht, a tight end previously with the Indianapolis Colts
Antwan Odom, a defensive end previously with the Tennessee Titans
Doug Gabriel, a wide receiver previously with the Oakland Raiders. He was released from the Bengals on May 29, 2008.
NFL Draft
The Bengals gained an additional four picks for compensation of losing certain players.
Roster
Schedule
Preseason
Regular season
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Standings
Regular season results
Week 1: at Baltimore Ravens
Starter, Dexter Jackson, was inactive due to injury.
The Bengals began their 2008 campaign on the road against their AFC North foe, the Baltimore Ravens. In the first quarter, Cincinnati trailed early as Ravens WR Mark Clayton turned a double reverse play into a 42-yard TD run. In the second quarter, the Bengals continued to struggle as kicker Matt Stover gave Baltimore a 21-yard field goal. Cincinnati would reply as kicker Shayne Graham nailed a 43-yard field goal. However, in the third quarter, the Bengals continued to show their dismal defense as Ravens QB Joe Flacco got a 38-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, the Bengals tried to rally as CB Johnathan Joseph returned a fumble 65 yards for a touchdown. However, Baltimore's defense stiffened and held on for the win.
With the loss, Cincinnati began their season at 0–1. It became the team's first regular season opening loss since 2004.
Week 2: vs. Tennessee Titans
Starter Dexter Jackson was inactive for the game due to injury.
Hoping to rebound from their divisional road loss to the Ravens, the Bengals played their Week 2 home opener against the Tennessee Titans. At the beginning of the game the winds were marked at and picked up intensity as the game continued, with gusts to hurricane force at times due to the passage of the remnants of Hurricane Ike. After a scoreless first quarter, Cincinnati trailed as Titans RB LenDale White got a 1-yard TD run. The Bengals would respond with RB Chris Perry getting his first career TD on a 13-yard run. However, Tennessee would begin its domination with QB Kerry Collins completing an 11-yard TD pass to WR Justin Gage. In the third quarter, Cincinnati continued to struggle as kicker Rob Bironas nailed a 34-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, the Titans sealed the win with LB Keith Bulluck blocking and recovering a punt within Cincy's endzone for a touchdown.
During the game, the wind was such a factor that it aided the Titan's punter who, with a quick 1-step drop, kicked a punt travelling 70 yards past scrimmage before hitting the ground. It appeared to contribute to difficulties with short passes and long snaps.
With the loss, the Bengals fell to 0–2. It became the team's first 0-2 start since 2003.
Week 3: at New York Giants
Starters Ben Utecht, Johnathan Joseph, & Dexter Jackson, were inactive for the game due to injuries.
Trying to snap their two-game losing skid, the Bengals flew to Giants Stadium for a Week 3 matchup with the defending Super Bowl champions, the New York Giants. In the first quarter, Cincinnati scratched first with kicker Shayne Graham getting a 22-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Giants responded with RB Brandon Jacobs getting a 1-yard TD run. The Bengals would strike back with RB Chris Perry getting a 25-yard TD run. New York tied the game with kicker John Carney getting a 24-yard field goal, yet Cincinnati would close out the half with Graham's 30-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, the Giants would tie the game with Carney kicking a 46-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, New York would take the lead with Carney's 26-yard field goal. The Bengals would reclaim its lead with QB Carson Palmer completing a 17-yard TD pass to WR T.J. Houshmandzadeh. The Giants responded with QB Eli Manning completing a 4-yard TD pass to TE Kevin Boss, yet Cincinnati tied the game with Graham's 21-yard field goal. However, in overtime, New York came out on top as Carney nailing the game-winning 22-yard field goal.
With the loss, the Bengals fell to 0–3 as they prepared to face the Cleveland Browns the next game who were also 0–3. This was the team's first 0-3 start since 2003.
Week 4: vs. Cleveland Browns
Still searching for their first win, the Bengals went home for a Week 4 AFC North duel with the Cleveland Browns in Round 1 of 2008's Battle of Ohio. With QB Carson Palmer out with a sore right elbow, back-up QB Ryan Fitzpatrick was named the starter.
In the first quarter, Cincinnati trailed early as Browns kicker Phil Dawson got a 25-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Bengals took the lead with kicker Shayne Graham getting a 42-yard and a 45-yard field goal. After a scoreless third quarter, Cleveland regained the lead in the fourth quarter with QB Derek Anderson completing a 4-yard TD pass to WR Braylon Edwards, along with RB Jamal Lewis getting a 1-yard TD run. Cincinnati would respond with Fitzpatrick completing a 4-yard TD pass to WR Chad Ocho Cinco, yet the Browns pulled away with Dawson nailing a 29-yard field goal.
With yet another loss, the Bengals fell to 0–4 for the first time since 2002, while the Browns improved to 1–3.
Week 5: at Dallas Cowboys
Still searching for their first win, the Bengals flew to Texas Stadium for a Week 5 interconference duel with the Dallas Cowboys. In the first quarter, Cincinnati trailed early as Cowboys kicker Nick Folk got a 30-yard field goal, along with RB Felix Jones getting a 33-yard TD run. In the second quarter, Dallas increased its lead as QB Tony Romo completed a 4-yard TD pass to TE Jason Witten. The Bengals would end the half with kicker Shayne Graham getting a 41-yard and a 31-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, Cincinnati tried to rally as QB Carson Palmer completed an 18-yard TD pass to WR T. J. Houshmandzadeh. In the fourth quarter, the Bengals got closer as Graham got a 40-yard field goal, yet the Cowboys answered with Romo completing a 57-yard TD pass to WR Terrell Owens. Cincinnati tried to come back as Palmer completed a 10-yard TD pass to Houshmandzadeh (with a failed 2-point conversion), but Dallas pulled away with Romo completing a 15-yard TD pass to WR Patrick Crayton.
With the loss, the Bengals fell to 0–5.
Week 6: at New York Jets
Still looking for their first win, the Bengals flew to The Meadowlands for a Week 6 duel with the throwback-clad New York Jets. With QB Carson Palmer out again nursing an injured elbow, QB Ryan Fitzpatrick was again named the starter.
In the first quarter, Cincinnati pounced first as strong safety Chinedum Ndukwe returned a fumble 15 yards for a touchdown. The Jets responded with QB Brett Favre completing a 2-yard TD pass to RB Thomas Jones. In the second quarter, New York took the lead as kicker Jay Feely got a 38-yard field goal, while Jones got a 7-yard TD run. The Bengals closed out the half with Fitzpatrick getting a 1-yard TD run.
In the third quarter, the Jets began to pull away as Feely got a 43-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, New York sealed the win as Jones got a 1-yard TD run (with a failed 2-point conversion).
With the loss, Cincinnati fell to 0–6 and it became their first 0–6 start as well as 6-game losing streak since 2002.
Week 7: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers
Still searching for their first win of the season, the Bengals went home for a Week 7 AFC North duel with the Pittsburgh Steelers. With Carson Palmer still out with a sore elbow, QB Ryan Fitzpatrick was given the start.
In the first quarter, Cincinnati trailed early as Steelers QB Ben Roethlisberger completed a 2-yard TD pass to RB Mewelde Moore, along with kicker Jeff Reed getting a 21-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Bengals answered with Fitzpatrick completing a 5-yard TD pass to WR Chad Ocho Cinco. In the third quarter, Pittsburgh responded with Moore getting a 13-yard TD run. Cincinnati would respond with kicker Dave Rayner nailing a 26-yard field goal. However, in the fourth quarter, the Steelers pulled away with Roethlisberger completing a 50-yard TD pass to WR Nate Washington, Moore getting a 2-yard TD run, and QB Byron Leftwich completing a 16-yard TD pass to WR Hines Ward. Earlier in the game, Ward destroyed Bengals linebacker Keith Rivers with a vicious then-legal hit, breaking Rivers' jaw. NFL rules were changed after the season to make similar hits illegal in the future.
With the loss, Cincinnati dropped to 0–7. The team's first such start since 2002.
Week 8: at Houston Texans
Still trying to acquire their first win of the season, the Bengals flew to Reliant Stadium for a Week 8 duel with the Houston Texans. In the first quarter, Cincinnati's struggles continued as Texans WR Jacoby Jones returned a punt 73 yards for a touchdown. The Bengals responded with kicker Shayne Graham getting a 43-yard field goal. In the second quarter, Houston increased its lead as QB Matt Schaub completed a 6-yard TD pass to WR David Anderson. Cincinnati closed out the half with Graham nailing a 32-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, the Texans began to pull away as Schaub completed a 7-yard and a 39-yard TD pass to WR Kevin Walter. In the fourth quarter, Houston sealed the win with RB Steve Slaton getting a 20-yard TD run.
With yet another loss, the Bengals would fall to 0–8 and start a season with such a record for the first time since 1994.
Week 9: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars
Still looking for their first win of the season, the Bengals went home, donned their alternate uniforms, and played a Week 9 duel with the Jacksonville Jaguars. In the first quarter, Cincinnati clawed first as QB Ryan Fitzpatrick completed a 2-yard TD pass to WR Chad Ocho Cinco. In the second quarter, the Bengals increased their lead as Fitzpatrick hooked up with Ocho Cinco again on a 10-yard TD pass. The Jaguars would end the half on kicker Josh Scobee's 52-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, Cincinnati continued its hot streak as RB Cedric Benson got a 7-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, Jacksonville began to rally as Scobee nailed a 26-yard field goal, FB Montell Owens returned the fumbled kickoff 18 yards for a touchdown, and RB Maurice Jones-Drew got a 1-yard TD pass. Fortunately, the Bengals' defense prevented the Jaguars from getting the 2-point conversion, allowing Cincinnati to finally get its first win of the season.
With the win, not only did the Bengals go into their bye week at 1–8, the win also made the Lions the only winless NFL team (the same Lions that would go 0–16).
Week 11: vs. Philadelphia Eagles
Coming off their bye week, the Bengals stayed at home for a Week 11 interconference duel with the Philadelphia Eagles. After a scoreless first quarter, Cincinnati pounced as kicker Shayne Graham got a 20-yard field goal. The Eagles responded as kicker David Akers got a 42-yard field goal. The Bengals would close out the half as QB Ryan Fitzpatrick completed a 26-yard TD pass to WR T.J. Houshmandzadeh.
In the third quarter, Cincinnati increased their lead as Graham got a 41-yard field goal. Philadelphia answered with QB Donovan McNabb completing a 4-yard TD pass to TE L.J. Smith. In the fourth quarter, the Eagles tied the game with Aker nailing a 27-yard field goal. In overtime, both teams had opportunities for game-winning scores, yet both defenses kept them down.
With the tie, the Bengals improved to 1–8–1.
This was the first game to end in a tie in the NFL since 2002, when the Atlanta Falcons played the Pittsburgh Steelers to a 34–34 tie. At the post-game press conference, Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb famously stated that he didn't know games could end tied. A minor controversy arose from this, claiming that the Eagles could have changed their overtime strategy had McNabb known about ties.
Week 12: at Pittsburgh Steelers
Coming off their tie with the Eagles, the Bengals flew to Heinz Field for a Week 12 AFC North rematch with the Pittsburgh Steelers on Thursday Night Football. Prior to the game, it was announced that due to arriving at a team meeting 45 minutes late and arguing with head coach Marvin Lewis, WR Chad Ocho Cinco was deactivated for the game.
In the first quarter, Cincinnati struck first as QB Ryan Fitzpatrick completed a 10-yard TD pass to WR Glenn Holt. In the second quarter, the Steelers took the lead as QB Ben Roethlisberger completed a 3-yard TD pass to TE Heath Miller, along with kicker Jeff Reed getting a 37-yard field goal. In the third quarter, Pittsburgh increased its lead as Reed made a 38-yard field goal, along with RB Gary Russell getting a 2-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, the Bengals tried to rally as kicker Shayne Graham nailed a 26-yard field goal. However, the Steelers pulled away with Roethlisberger's 8-yard TD run.
With the loss, Cincinnati fell to 1–9–1. It was also the Bengals' 332nd loss since the originating of the AFC-NFC format in 1970, temporarily tying them with the New York Jets for the most all-time losses among AFC teams.
Week 13: vs. Baltimore Ravens
Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Steelers, the Bengals went home for a Week 13 AFC North rematch with the Baltimore Ravens. In the first quarter, Cincinnati trailed early as Ravens kicker Matt Stover made a 27-yard field goal. In the second quarter, Baltimore increased its lead as Stover got a 21-yard field goal, along with QB Joe Flacco completing a 4-yard TD pass to TE Todd Heap. The Bengals would close out the half as kicker Shayne Graham nailed a 21-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, the Ravens pulled away as WR Mark Clayton completed a 32-yard TD pass to WR Derrick Mason and caught a 70-yard TD pass from Flacco. In the fourth quarter, Baltimore pulled away as safety Jim Leonhard returned an interception 35 yards for a touchdown.
With the loss, not only did Cincinnati fall to 1–10–1. They surpassed their 2007 loss total and were swept by the Ravens for the first time since 2002.
Week 14: at Indianapolis Colts
Trying to rebound from back-to-back divisional losses, the Bengals flew to Lucas Oil Stadium for a Week 14 duel with the Indianapolis Colts. In the first quarter, Cincinnati trailed as Colts RB Dominic Rhodes got a 17-yard TD run. The Bengals would answer in the second quarter as kicker Shayne Graham nailed a 19-yard field goal, but Indianapolis answered right back with QB Peyton Manning completing a 5-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Marvin Harrison. Manning would help the Colts pull away in the third quarter with a 2-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Anthony Gonzalez and a 4-yard touchdown pass to TE Dallas Clark. Indianapolis would seal the game in the fourth quarter as CB Kelvin Hayden returned an interception 85 yards for a touchdown.
With the loss, Cincinnati fell to 1–11–1.
Week 15 vs. Redskins
Week 16: at Cleveland Browns
Coming off their home win over the Redskins, the Bengals flew to Cleveland Browns Stadium for Round 2 of 2008's Battle of Ohio with the Cleveland Browns. Cincinnati would get the lead in the first quarter as cornerback Leon Hall returned an interception 50 yards for a touchdown which was his first interception of the year. Hall also intercepted two other passes giving him 3 total in the game. RB Cedric Benson carried the ball for a career-high 38 times for a career-high 171 yards. The Bengals would then add onto their lead in the second quarter as quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick completed a 20-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Chris Henry. From there on out, the defense prevented Cleveland from getting any kind of momentum.
With the win, the Bengals improved to 3–11–1.
Week 17: vs. Kansas City Chiefs
Coming off their divisional road win over the Browns, the Bengals went home, donned their alternate uniforms again, and closed out their season with a Week 17 duel with the Kansas City Chiefs. Cincinnati would get the first punch in the first quarter as kicker Shayne Graham got a 38-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Bengals would increase their lead as running back Cedric Benson got a 2-yard touchdown run, followed by Graham's 30-yard field goal. After a scoreless third quarter, Cincinnati wrapped up its dominating day with Graham's 43-yard field goal. The Chiefs would respond with quarterback Tyler Thigpen completing a 5-yard touchdown pass to tight end Tony Gonzalez (with a failed 2-point conversion).
With the win, the Bengals finished their season at 4–11–1.
Notes
References
External links
""Now" by Geoff Hobson on May 21, 2008"
Cincinnati Bengals seasons
Cin
Cincin |
1142560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20von%20Winkelried | Arnold von Winkelried | Arnold von Winkelried or Arnold Winkelried is a legendary hero of Swiss history.
According to 16th-century Swiss historiography, Winkelried's sacrifice brought about the victory of the Old Swiss Confederacy in the Battle of Sempach (1386) over the army of the Habsburg Duke Leopold III of Austria.
The legend
According to legend, the Swiss initially could not break the close ranks of the Habsburg pikemen. Winkelried cried: "I will open a passage into the line; protect, dear countrymen and confederates, my wife and children..." He then threw himself upon the Austrian pikes, taking some of them down with his body. This broke up the Austrian front, and made an opening through which the Swiss could attack.
As phrased in the Halbsuterlied printed in the 1530s by Aegidius Tschudi and Wernher Steiner:
Two other verses describe the order of battle of the Austrian side.
According to this testimony, the knights dismounted, presumably because they were forced to fight from the lower ground, and they cut off their shoe-tips for better mobility. Even though they would have had a sufficient force of mercenaries to engage the outnumbered Swiss, the nobility wanted to engage the enemy on their own, because they were concerned that the mercenaries would make such short work of the peasants that they themselves would not see any action at all, which would have been to their dishonour:
This is given by means of explanation as to how the breaking of the first rank of pikes by Winkelried could lead to immediate disaster for the Austrian side, as the leaders of the army were fighting in the van.
Haller (Schweizerschlachten, 1828) reports that in the early 19th century, a pierced mail shirt identified as that worn by Winkelried in the battle was preserved in Stans. Haller also reports a folk tradition according to which Winkelried was found still alive after the battle, and only died of his wounds on the way home in a boat on Lake Sempach.
Historicity
The historicity of Winkelried and his deed has been taken for granted in 19th-century historiography, but in the 20th century it was commonly deconstructed as pure legend. Since the late 20th century, scholarship is again inclined to consider its historicity as plausible, even though no positive proof can be given to substantiate it.
The earliest record of the deed is in the Zürcher Chronik, a manuscript compiled in the 1480s based on older sources. The hero in this account is unnamed, identified just as ein getrüwer man under den Eidgenozen (a faithful man among the Eidgenossen ("confederates")).
In the chronicle of Diebold Schilling of Berne (c. 1480), in the picture of the battle of Sempach there is a warrior pierced with spears falling to the ground, which may possibly be meant to be Winkelried. In the chronicle of Diebold Schilling of Lucerne (1511), though in the text no allusion is made to any such incident, there is a similar picture of a man who has accomplished Winkelried's feat, though he is dressed in the colours of Lucerne.
The name of Winkelried first appears in the 16th century. The hero is still nameless in De Helvetiae origine by Rudolph Gwalther (1538), but Aegidius Tschudi (1536) has "a man of Unterwalden, of the Winkelried family," this being expanded in the final recension of the chronicle (1564) into "a man of Unterwalden, Arnold von Winckelried by name, a brave knight,". He is entered (in the same book, on the authority of the "Anniversary Book" of Stans, now lost) on the list of those who fell at Sempach at the head of the Nidwalden (or Stans) men as "Herr Arnold von Winckelriet, Ritter," this being in the first draft "Arnold Winckelriet."
Some recensions of the Sempacherlied, which originally dates to about the time of the Burgundian Wars in the 1470s, do mention Winkelried, but these sections are mostly considered additions from the early 16th century, as in the additions by H. Berlinger of Basel to Etterlin's chronicle (made between 1531 and 1545), or the version in Werner Steiner's chronicle (1532). Also from the 16th century is evidence from lists of those who fell at Sempach; the "Anniversary Book" of Emmetten in Unterwalden (drawn up in 1560) has "der Winkelriedt" at the head of the Nidwalden men. A book by Horolanus, a pastor at Lucerne (about 1563), has "Erni Winckelried" some way down the list of Unterwalden men.
It thus appears that the legend may have originated by the 1430s, or at the latest the 1470s, that is within 50 or at the most 90 years of the battle, but the name of "Winkelried" was not associated with the hero before the 1530s or perhaps the 1520s, i.e. the time of the Swiss Reformation, more than 130 years after the battle.
The history of the Winkelried family of Stans has been minutely worked out from the original documents by Hermann von Liebenau in 1854. According to his research, they were a knightly family when we first hear of them about 1250, though towards the end of the 14th century they seem to have been but simple men without the honours of knighthood, and not always using their prefix "von." Liebenau was the first to draw attention to one Erni Winkelried who signed as a witness on a document dated 1 May 1367.
This is the only candidate on record for a possible identification of Winkelried with a historical character.
Liebenau supposes that because this Erni signed as the last of five witnesses, after one Hans Winkelried, he was presumably still a young man at this time, which would make him of mature age at the date of the battle.
He further reasons that the fact that this Erni is absent from record during the 1370s, while Hans is repeatedly seen as a witness, might indicate that during this time the young Erni was abroad in foreign service.
The same name Erni Winkelried however resurfaces on a document dated 29 September 1389, after the battle.
Liebenauer again notes how the Erni Winkelried of 1389 signs as the last of the three in his party, which again indicates that he was the youngest among them. Furthermore, an Arnold Winkelried is again attested as landamman of Unterwalden in 1417, it is clear that there were at least two people with this name, perhaps father and eldest son. The older Erni would then have been born around 1350, and the younger around 1370.
As for the plausibility of Winkelried's deed, the single-handed breaking of a line of pikes to open a breach, which is then exploited to turn the course of the battle, a parallel is adduced by Liebenau is that of one Johann Stühlinger, a ministerialis in the service of Regensburg, who in a 1332 battle against Berne and Solothurn broke through the ranks of the enemy with his warhorse, creating just such an opening, which was exploited to the cost of 400 men on the Bernese side.
The pikes (spiesse) of the Austrian knights in historical paintings are commonly depicted as the long pole weapons of the 15th-century pike square, but this is an anachronism. The pikes of the late 14th century would still have been considerably shorter. As according to the testimony of the Sempacherlied, the Austrian nobility insisted on fighting against the underestimated Swiss in the front rank, it would have been sufficient to break into just the van of the Austrian army to kill Leopold and other leaders of the army, which would have ended the battle immediately.
Significance
Similar to William Tell, the figure of Winkelried was an important symbol during the formation of the Swiss federal state, and an icon of Swiss independence during World War II. Napoleon referred to Winkelried as “the Swiss Decius immortalized” at Sempach.
Arnold Winkelried is also mentioned in Nature (1836) by Ralph Waldo Emerson and in The Maine Woods (1864) by Henry David Thoreau.
The Sempacherlied of ca. 1836, one of the expressions of Swiss patriotism during the period of Restoration, is dedicated to the heroism of Winkelried. The Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges uses his name, among many other known Swiss, as a paradigm of the Swiss spirit in one of his late poems: "Los Conjurados" (The Conspirators), which also gives its name to the book.
There is a philosophy called "Winkelriedism", which name is taken from the hero's name. It is based on an individual giving himself up idealistically and sacrificially to the enemy for the betterment of others. Juliusz Słowacki created this way of thinking in his dramatic poem "Kordian", where the titular character decides to kill the Tsar of Russia to take Poland's suffering on himself, easing a breakthrough to freedom for his nation. Słowacki considered Poland the "Winkelried of Nations".
References
Lienert, Meinrad. Schweizer Sagen und Heldengeschichten Stuttgart, 1915.
This contains a detailed discussion of arguments concerning the identity and exploits of von Winkelried.
Borges, Jorge Luis: Los Conjurados (The Conspirators), in Spanish. Alianza Editorial, 1985.
14th-century Swiss people
Folk saints
Historiography of Switzerland
People from Stans
People whose existence is disputed
Swiss folklore
Swiss nobility
Arnold |
3080101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%20in%20baseball | 1927 in baseball |
Headline Event of the Year
Murderers' Row lead New York Yankees to World Series victory.
Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs.
Champions
World Series: New York Yankees over Pittsburgh Pirates (4–0)
Negro World Series: Chicago American Giants over Bacharach Giants (5–3–1)
Awards
League Award
Lou Gehrig (AL)
Paul Waner (NL)
Statistical leaders
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Negro leagues final standings
Negro National League final standings
Chicago won the first half, Birmingham won the second half.
Chicago beat Birmingham 4 games to 0 games in a play-off.
Eastern Colored League final standings
†Homestead was not in the league, but these games counted in the standings.
Atlantic City won both first and second halves.
Events
January
January 27 – Accused of having fixed a game between the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Indians during the season, Ty Cobb and Tris Speaker are forced to resign from their respective teams by baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis. Cobb will be assigned to the Philadelphia Athletics by Detroit, while Speaker will sign as a free agent with the Washington Senators.
January 31 – Tris Speaker makes his debut with the Washington Senators.
February
February 8 – Ty Cobb joins the Philadelphia Athletics.
February 9 – The Cincinnati Reds trade center fielder Edd Roush to the New York Giants in exchange by first baseman George Kelly.
March
April
April 12 :
U.S. President Calvin Coolidge throws out the first ball in Washington, D.C. as the Washington Senators lost to the Boston Red Sox, 6–2.
Future Hall of famer Lloyd Waner makes his major league debut at left field for the Pittsburgh Pirates. His younger brother, Paul, is at right field in the Pirates' 2–1 victory over the Cincinnati Reds.
April 15 – Babe Ruth hits a solo home run against Howard Ehmke of the Philadelphia Athletics in the first inning. It is Babe's first of the year. The New York Yankees win, 6–3.
May
May 3 :
Jesse and Virgil Barnes became the first brothers in Major League Baseball history to pitch against each other. Virgil prevailed, as the New York Giants defeated Jesse and the Brooklyn Robins, 7–6.
The Pittsburgh Pirates scored a run in the eighth inning and two in the ninth to come from behind and defeat the St. Louis Cardinals 11–10, moving into a tie for first place in the National League.
May 7 – Lou Gehrig christened the new right field pavilion at Chicago's Comiskey Park by parking a ninth inning grand slam, as the New York Yankees beat the Chicago White Sox 8–0.
May 10 – In Detroit, it's Ty Cobb Day and more than 30,000 pay to see the Detroit Tigers legend in his first appearance at Navin Field in a Philadelphia Athletics uniform. With Eddie Collins on base in the first inning, Cobb drives a double into the overflow crowd to send home Collins for the first run of the game, though the Athletics would eventually beat the Tigers 6–3.
May 11 – For the second day in a row, a baseball legend faces his former team for the first time in his career, when Rogers Hornsby leads the New York Giants to a 10–1 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals at the Polo Grounds. Hornsby hits a home run and collects five runs batted in.
May 14 – In his first game against his former team, Philadelphia Athletics center fielder Tris Speaker is held hitless by Indians pitcher George Uhle in four at-bats.
May 16 – At Sportsman's Park, 40-year-old Ty Cobb hits a home run in the seventh inning of the Philadelphia Athletics' 10–8 victory over the St. Louis Browns. Cobb, who as a Detroit Tiger had hit one home run in at age 18 and another in at age 19, becomes the first player in Major League history to hit a home run before his 20th birthday and after his 40th birthday.
May 22 – The New York Yankees are in high spirits on the road as they beat the host Cleveland Indians at League Park, 7–2, with Babe Ruth hitting his 10th home run of the young season. Ruth's homer is described as a popup that goes over the fence. The Yankees, who wear Indian headdresses during the game, now lead the American League by four and a half games.
May 30 – In the first game of a doubleheader, Chicago Cubs shortstop Jimmy Cooney turns the sixth unassisted triple play in Major League history during the fourth inning of a 5–4 loss to the Pittsburgh Pirates.
May 31 – For the first time in Major League history, an unassisted triple play is turned on consecutive days. This time the trick was turned by Detroit Tigers first baseman Johnny Neun, for the seventh time in major league history, during a 1–0 win over the Cleveland Indians.
Babe Ruth homers for the fourth consecutive game in the fifth inning of the nightcap in Shibe Park. Ruth, who hits his 15th blast against Jack Quinn and his 16th off Howard Ehmke, finishes the month of May with 12 round-trippers. The Yankees lose the opener, 10–3, as the Athletics' Jimmie Foxx hits the first of his 524 major league career home run, which it comes off Yankees pitcher Urban Shocker.
June
June 8 - Tony Lazzeri produces the first regular-season three home run game in New York Yankees history to help savage an 11-inning, 12–11 victory over the Chicago White Sox at Yankee Stadium. Lazzeri drives in five runs from his three homers, the last two with his third, which caps a five-run rally to tie the game in the ninth inning.
June 11 – At League Park, Babe Ruth hits his 19th and 20th home runs of the season against Cleveland Indians left-hander Garland Buckeye. The Yankees win, 6–4.
June 12 – For the second day in a row, the Brooklyn Robins defeat the Pittsburgh Pirates by a score of 11–10.
June 16 – The Chicago Cubs defeat the visiting Philadelphia Phillies, 7–2, to complete a twelve-game winning streak to move within a game of first place in the National League.
July
July 4 – In a doubleheader, the New York Yankees beat the visiting Washington Senators 12–1 and 21–1, prompting Senators first baseman Joe Judge to say, "Those fellows not only beat you but they tear your heart out. I wish the season was over."
July 5 – The Boston Red Sox defeat the Philadelphia Athletics at Fenway Park, 6–5, to end a fifteen-game losing streak.
July 9 – Detroit Tigers first baseman Johnny Neun steals five bases in a 14–4 victory over the New York Yankees at Navin Field.
July 13 – Johnny Neun of the Detroit Tigers steals home in both games of a doubleheader with the Washington Senators at Navin Field. Detroit won both games, 7–3 and 13–9.
July 24 – Babe Ruth hits his 31st home run of the season and his first of 1927 at Comiskey Park. Ruth now has homered in every American League ballpark. The homer, off pitcher Tommy Thomas, breaks a 12-day drought for the Bambino. The Yanks win the game, 3–2.
August
August 16 – At Comiskey Park, Babe Ruth hits a home run against Chicago White Sox pitcher Tommy Thomas. The New York Yankees win the game, 8–1. It is Ruth's 37th of the season, but he trails Lou Gehrig, who has 38.
September
September 3 :
The New York Yankees are shut out for the only time all season by Lefty Grove and the Philadelphia Athletics.
Tied for first place, the Pittsburgh Pirates sweep a two-game series from the St. Louis Cardinals. They maintain sole possession of first place for the remainder of the season.
September 4 – At Shibe Park in Philadelphia, Babe Ruth hits his 400th career home run and his 44th of the year. The landmark homer comes against Rube Walberg in a 12–2 Yankees win.
September 5 – The Boston Red Sox beat the New York Yankees 12–11 in eighteen innings.
September 6 – Babe Ruth and the Yankees come to Fenway Park for a doubleheader. In game 1, Ruth hits his 45th and 46th home runs of the year against Tony Welzer, and the Yankees win, 14–2. One of Ruth's round-trippers clears the center-field fence and is reputedly the longest ever hit at Fenway. In game 2, the Red Sox win, 5–2, despite Ruth's 47th home run, hit against Jack Russell.
September 7 – Babe Ruth follows up on his three-homer day at Fenway Park with two more. Against Danny MacFayden, Ruth hits his 48th and later cracks number 49 against Slim Harriss. The Yankees win, 12–10, and Ruth now has 8 home runs at Fenway Park.
September 11 – Back At Yankee Stadium, Babe Ruth continues his home run barrage. He hits number 50, this one against Milt Gaston of the Browns; the Yankees lose nonetheless, 6–2.
September 13 – A big day for the Yankees and Babe Ruth. In a doubleheader against the Indians, Ruth hits his 51st home run against Willis Hudlin and his 52nd off Joe Shaute. The Yankees win both games by the score of 5–3 and clinch the AL pennant in their 139th game of the season. In addition, Waite Hoyt wins his 20th game.
September 18 – At Yankee Stadium, New York sweeps the Chicago White Sox in a doubleheader, 2–1 and 5–1. In the nightcap, against pitcher Ted Lyons, Babe Ruth hits his 54th home run of the year. Besides, Lou Gehrig weighs in with his third grand slam of 1927.
September 22 – At Yankee Stadium, Babe Ruth homers against Detroit Tigers pitcher Ken Holloway for his 56th of the season. Earl Combs hits three consecutive triples, as the Yankees win, 8–7.
September 27 – Babe Ruth hit a grand slam against Lefty Grove of the Philadelphia Athletics. it is Ruth's 57th home run of the season. The Yankees win, 7–4.
September 29 – Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees hits two homers to tie his own record of 59 home runs as the Yankees beat the Washington Senators, 15–4.
September 30 – With the score tied 2–2 in the eighth inning, and a runner on third, Babe Ruth hits his 60th home run of the season off Washington Senators pitcher Tom Zachary for a Yankees 4–2 victory. Ruth's 60-HR season-record would not be broken for 34 years.
October
October 2 – Harry Heilmann goes seven-for-nine with a walk in a double header on the final day of the season, as he won his fourth American League batting championship – and led both leagues – with a .398 average. One more hit during the season would have raised his average to .400 for the second time in his career, as Heilmann had hit .403 in 1923.
October 5 – Two errors by the Pittsburgh Pirates lead to three unearned runs as the New York Yankees take game one of the 1927 World Series, 5–4.
October 6 – Once again, sloppy play by the Pittsburgh Pirates helps the Yankees cruise to a game two victory as they score runs on an error, wild pitch and hit batsman.
October 7 – A three-run home run by Babe Ruth caps off a six-run seventh inning as the Yankees cruise to an 8–1 victory in game three of the World Series.
October 8 – The New York Yankees defeat the Pittsburgh Pirates, 4–3, in Game 4 of the World Series, to win their second World Championship, four games to none. This was the first sweep by an American League team over the rival National League. Babe Ruth's fifth-inning home run gives the Yankees a 3–1 lead, but Pittsburgh ties the game later. In the top of the ninth inning, Earle Combs walks, Mark Koenig hits a bunt single, and Ruth walks to fill the bases. Two outs later, a wild pitch rolls far enough away for Combs to score the winning run.
November
November 28 – Billy Evans quits as American League umpire to become business manager of the Cleveland Indians, following the purchase of the club by a group headed by Alva Bradley, to become the first general manager in major league history. Evans, who worked as an AL umpire from 1906 to 1927, became, at age 22, the youngest umpire in major league history, and later became the youngest to officiate in the World Series at age 25.
December
December 2 – The Detroit Tigers send outfielder Heinie Manush along with first baseman Lu Blue to the St. Louis Browns in exchange for shortstop Chick Galloway, outfielder Harry Rice and pitcher Elam Vangilder. Manush, who batted .298 for Detroit in the regular season, will explode in with the Browns, batting .378 with 104 runs, 90 extra bases, 108 RBI, and a league-leading 241 hits.
Births
January
January 1 – Marion Hosbein
January 1 – Carl Scheib
January 3 – Chris Van Cuyk
January 8 – Jim Busby
January 16 – Maybelle Blair
January 21 – Danny O'Connell
January 26 – Bob Nieman
January 28 – Carlos Bernier
January 28 – Margaret Holgerson
February
February 2 – Doris Sams
February 2 – Fred Waters
February 6 – Smoky Burgess
February 7 – Joe Lonnett
February 7 – Al Richter
February 13 – Jim Brideweser
February 15 – Buddy Hicks
February 18 – Luis Arroyo
February 18 – Herm Wehmeier
March
March 9 – Jackie Jensen
March 16 – Clint Courtney
March 19 – Richie Ashburn
March 20 – Earlene Risinger
March 20 – Jim Willis
March 21 – Bernie Creger
March 21 – Owen Friend
March 22 – Paul Stuffel
March 23 – Johnny Logan
March 27 – Dick Rozek
April
April 2 – Billy Pierce
April 3 – Janet Jamieson
April 4 – Don Hasenmayer
April 6 – Jim Romano
April 8 – Charlie Maxwell
April 11 – Jack Faszholz
April 14 – Don Mueller
April 24 – Frank Lucchesi
April 26 – Granny Hamner
April 26 – Bob Zick
May
May 1 – Betty Luna
May 4 – Hal Hudson
May 9 – Ray Katt
May 9 – Audrey Haine
May 13 – Dusty Rhodes
May 17 – Jim McDonald
May 18 – Esther Lyman
May 19 – Bill Antonello
May 21 – El Tappe
May 24 – Milt Jordan
May 26 – Dutch Romberger
May 26 – Elizabeth Wicken
June
June 15 – Ben Flowers
June 18 – Irv Medlinger
June 21 – Jackie Collum
June 28 – Dick Lane
June 28 – Ellen Tronnier
July
July 7 – Hal Keller
July 7 – Sammy White
July 10 - Paul Pryor
July 12 – Jack Harshman
July 13 – Rubén Gómez
July 19 – Billy Gardner
July 21 – Dick Smith
July 23 – Virgil Jester
July 24 – Preston Ward
July 26 – Bill Miller
July 30 – Virginia Bell
July 31 – Al Aber
July 31 – Billy Shantz
August
August 3 – Dick Welteroth
August 5 – Rocky Krsnich
August 7 – Rocky Bridges
August 7 – Art Houtteman
August 8 – Johnny Temple
August 10 – Bob Chakales
August 12 – Charlie White
August 18 – Roger Bowman
August 25 – Jim Suchecki
August 30 – Gordon Goldsberry
September
September 1 – Cloyd Boyer
September 1 – Tom Burgess
September 1 – Bob DiPietro
September 2 – Milo Hamilton
September 10 – Brandy Davis
September 13 – Jenny Romatowski
September 14 – Jim Fanning
September 14 – Dave Hillman
September 15 – Duke Simpson
September 19 – Bill Sarni
September 21 – Jim Clark
September 22 – Tommy Lasorda
September 26 – Kathryn Vonderau
September 27 – Genevieve George
September 27 – Tom Kirk
September 30 – Ben Taylor
October
October 3 – Bill Harrington
October 4 – Bob Kelly
October 5 – Al Heist
October 6 – Bethany Goldsmith
October 12 – Mary Butcher
October 12 – Doc Daugherty
October 12 – Peggy Fenton
October 15 – Bill Henry
October 17 – Johnny Klippstein
October 18 – Marv Rotblatt
October 24 – Jim Greengrass
October 24 – Cal Hogue
October 20 – Emilio Cueche
October 30 – Joe Adcock
November
November 1 – Vic Power
November 2 – Davey Williams
November 3 – Fred Richards
November 4 – Carl Sawatski
November 5 – Putsy Caballero
November 7 – Hiroshi Yamauchi
November 12 – Harry Hanebrink
November 17 – Dick Weik
November 21 – Norene Arnold
November 26 – Pete Taylor
November 27 – Frank Quinn
November 28 – Carlos Paula
November 29 – Vin Scully
December
December 6 – Tommy Brown
December 7 – Dick Donovan
December 11 – Johnny Gray
December 21 – Jack Daniels
December 23 – Tony Roig
December 25 – Nellie Fox
December 26 – Stu Miller
December 26 – Danny Schell
December 27 – Audrey Wagner
Deaths
January
January 3 – Ham Avery, 72, who at age 20 and 21 umpired in nine games in the first professional league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players in 1874 and 1875, and later became a successful Cincinnati lawyer.
January 13 – Bob Ingersoll, 44, pitcher for the 1914 Cincinnati Reds.
January 27 – Drummond Brown, 41, pitcher from 1912 to 1914 for the National League Boston Braves and the Kansas City Packers of the Federal League.
February
February 11 – Bobby Rothermel, 56, infielder who played with the 1899 Baltimore Orioles.
February 13 – Vive Lindaman, 49, pitcher for the Boston Doves/Beaneaters of the National League from 1906 to 1909.
February 17 – Harry Little, 76, outfielder/second baseman for the St. Louis Brown Stockings and Louisville Grays of the National League during the 1877 season.
February 19 – Katsy Keifer, 35, pitcher for the 1914 Indianapolis Hoosiers of the Federal League.
February 21 – Ike Rockenfield, 50, second baseman for the St. Louis Browns of the American League in the 1905 and 1906 seasons.
February 24 – Charlie Bennett, 72, star catcher whose career was ended when a train accident cost him his legs.
March
March 4 – Horace Wilson, 84, American professor of English at Tokyo University during the modernization of Japan after the Meiji Restoration, who is credited with introducing baseball to Japan in either 1872 or 1873.
March 6 – John Tilley, 72, left fielder for the Cleveland Blues, Toledo BlueStockings and St. Paul WhiteCaps in parts of two seasons spanning 1882–1884.
March 16 – Jake Wells, 63, catcher and left fielder for the 1888 Detroit Wolverines and the 1890 St. Louis Browns.
March 27 – Joe Start, 84, prominent first baseman of the 1860s and 1870s.
April
April 1 – Ben Harris, 37, pitcher for the Kansas City Packers of the Federal League from 1914 to 1915.
April 2 – Mike Lynch, 46, pitcher for the Pittsburgh PIrates and New York Giants from 1904 through 1907.
April 7 – Billy Alvord, 63, third baseman for five seasons from 1885 to 1893.
April 7 – Ray Miller, 39, pitcher for the Cleveland Indians and the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1917.
April 13 – Kirtley Baker, 57, National League pitcher for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, Baltimore Orioles and Washington Senators in parts of five seasons spanning 1890–1899.
April 13 – Tommy Johns, 75, left fielder for the Baltimore Marylands of the National Association during the 1873 season.
April 18 – Pop Smith, 70, infielder for 12 seasons from 1880 to 1891.
April 26 – Bill Gannon, 54, outfielder for the Chicago Orphans of the National League in 1901.
May
May 3 – Otto Schomberg, 62, first baseman and right fielder for the 1886 Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the American Association and the 1887-88 Indianapolis Hoosiers of the National League.
May 16 – Pat Murphy, 70, backup catcher who played from 1887 through 1890 for the New York Giants of the National League.
May 18 – Patrick O'Loughlin, 67, Irish outfielder who appeared in one game for the 1883 Baltimore Orioles of the American Association.
May 26 – Herm Merritt, 26, shortstop for the 1921 Detroit Tigers of the American League.
June
June 7 – Pat Griffin, 34, pitcher for the 1914 Cincinnati Reds of the National League.
June 13 – Jim Johnstone, 54, Irish-born umpire who worked 1,736 games in American League (1902), National League (1903–1912) and "outlaw" Federal league (1915), and the 1906 and 1909 World Series; inventor of the face mask used by home-plate umpires for much of the 20th century.
June 18 – Jack Harper, 33, pitcher for the 1915 Philadelphia Athletics.
August
August 6 – Chick Pedroes, 57, Cuban outfielder in two games for the 1902 Chicago Cubs of the National League.
August 8 – Billy Gilbert, 51, second baseman for four different teams from 1901 through 1909, and member of the 1905 New York Giants World Champion team.
August 16 – Jerry Denny, 68, third baseman for seven National League teams in 13 seasons spanning 1881–94.
August 22 – Mike Shea, 60, pitcher in two games for the 1887 Cincinnati Red Stockings of the American Association.
August 25 – Harry Cheek, 48, backup catcher for the 1910 Philadelphia Phillies of the National League.
September
September 6 – Lave Cross, 61, third baseman and catcher for over 20 seasons, captain of the 1902 and 1905 AL champion Philadelphia Athletics, and one of the first ten players to collect 2,500 hits.
September 27 – Ben Hunt, 38, pitched for the Red Sox and Cardinals in the early 1910s.
September 30 – Hank Morrison, 61, pitcher for the 1887 Indianapolis Hoosiers of the National League.
October
October 4 – John Richter, 54, third baseman for the 1898 Louisville Colonels of the National League.
October 11 – Mike Corcoran, 69, pitcher in one game for the 1884 Chicago White Stockings of the National League.
October 14 – Ed Hughes, 47, pitcher for the Boston Americans of the American League in the 1905 and 1906 seasons.
October 22 – Ross Youngs, 30, Hall of Fame right fielder who hit a career .322 batting average for the New York Giants over 10 seasons from 1917 to 1926, which included four National League pennants and two World Series championships in 1921 and 1922.
October 25 – Tom Brown, 67, outfielder who played from 1892 through 1898 for nine teams in four different leagues, collecting 1951 hits in 1788 games, while managing two seasons for the 1897–1898 Washington Senators, and umpiring three full seasons.
November
November 7 – Ed Clark, 64, pitcher for the 1886 Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association,
November 8 – Phil Bedgood, 29, pitcher from 1922 to 1923 for the Cleveland Indians of the American League.
November 22 – John McGlone, 66, third baseman for the 1886 Washington Senators of the National League and the 1887-88 Cleveland Blues of the American Association.
November 30 – Jimmy Wood, 84, player/manager for the Chicago White Stockings, Troy Haymakers, Brooklyn Eckfords and Philadelphia White Stockings from 1871 to 1873, who hit .333 in 102 games and posted a 105–99 managerial record.
December
December 1 – Danny Shay, 51, shortstop for the Cleveland Blues, St. Louis Cardinals and New York Giants in parts of four seasons spanning 1901–07.
December 1 – Germany Smith, 64, shortstop who played from 1884 through 1898 for seven different teams, most notably for the Brooklyn Grays/Bridegrooms during seven seasons.
December 17 – Bill Gilbert, 59, pitcher for the 1892 Baltimore Orioles of the National League.
December 24 – Al Myers, 64, second baseman who played from 1894 to 1891 for five teams, most prominently with the Washington Nationals of the National League.
December 31 – Jack Sharrott, 58, pitcher/outfielder who posted a 20–17 record with a 3.12 ERA and a .237 batting average for the New York Giants and Philadelphia Phillies from 1890 to 1893. |
9423231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20submarine%20U-66%20%281940%29 | German submarine U-66 (1940) | German submarine U-66 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 20 March 1940 at the AG Weser yard at Bremen, launched on 10 October and commissioned on 2 January 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Richard Zapp as part of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla.
Design
German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. U-66 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . U-66 was fitted with six torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a SK C/30 as well as a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.
Service history
After her transfer from a training organization to front line service in May 1941, until her sinking in May 1944, U-66 conducted nine combat patrols, sinking 33 merchant ships, for a total of , and damaged two British motor torpedo boats. She was a member of four wolfpacks.
U-66 was the seventh most successful U-boat in World War II.
On 6 May 1944, during her ninth patrol, she was sunk west of the Cape Verde Islands by depth charges, ramming and gunfire from Grumman TBF Avenger and Grumman F4F Wildcat aircraft of the US escort carrier and by the destroyer escort .
Patrols
First
On 13 May 1940, three days after the start of the invasion of France, U-66 departed her homeport of Kiel under the command of Richard Zapp, a future Knight's Cross recipient, on her first patrol. After about 10 days she rounded the northern coast of Britain and made her way into the mid-Atlantic Ocean. After another 20 days, U-66 headed for her new base at Lorient, on the French Atlantic coast (one of the first to do so) and where the U-boat was based for the rest of her career.
Second
After refitting and refueling, U-66 set off to the Cape Verde islands. Following an uneventful six-day voyage, she came upon convoy SL-78, a convoy designated to give supplies to Allied African countries. The convoy had been attacked just recently by and , one of which (U-123) was in her flotilla. U-66 sank George J. Goulandris and Kalypso Vergotti, two Greek merchantmen of 4,345 and , respectively, west of the Canary Islands. She extended her tonnage sunk with the torpedoing of Saint Anselm on the next day, which was a British steam merchant ship of 5,614 GRT. More than two weeks later, she sank Holmside, a 3,433 GRT straggler from the convoy OG-67 northeast of the Cape Verde Islands. The remainder of the patrol was unsuccessful; she returned to Lorient in about a month.
Third
On 28 August, U-66 left Lorient for north-eastern South America. The patrol was mostly uneventful, but the boat found the Panamanian steam tanker I.C. White (), off the eastern coast of Brazil on 24 September. After a two-day chase, U-66 hit the tanker with one torpedo. U-66 continued the remainder of the patrol without any further incident and returned to Lorient on 9 November.
Fourth
U-66s fourth sortie was part of Operation Drumbeat, a German attempt to hinder American convoys off the east coast of the United States. U-66, leaving on 25 December 1941 and in compliance with orders, positioned herself off Cape Hatteras on 15 January 1942 and started to hunt for a target. She found the 6,635 GRT American steam tanker Allan Jackson three days later and sank her with two torpedoes north-east of Diamond Shoals, North Carolina. The next day she sank a Canadian passenger liner, , with two stern-launched torpedoes, killing 246 passengers and crew. Another five died in a lifeboat before 71 survivors were rescued five days later by . Three days later with two stern-launched torpedoes she hit Olympic, a Panamanian steam tanker which broke in two after one minute. Two days after that, Empire Gem and Venore (an British motor tanker and an American steam merchant ship, the latter following the former), were both sunk by U-66. Empire Gem was hit amidships and aft by two torpedoes, while Venore, 20 miles behind, had only one torpedo hit that set her boilers on fire. U-66 then continued eastward back to Lorient, where she arrived on 10 February.
Fifth
On 21 March, U-66 left for what proved to be her most successful patrol, resulting in 43,956 gross metric tons sunk and 12,502 gross metric tons damaged in the Caribbean Sea. 24 days after departure she sank Korthion, a Greek steam merchantman just south of Barbados with one torpedo hit amidships. Two days later, the boat sank Amsterdam, a Dutch steam tanker, which split in two after being hit by two torpedoes, one amidships, and one in the engine room. Most of the survivors were picked up near Port of Spain, (Trinidad) by Ivan, a Yugoslavian steam merchant vessel. The next day U-66 attacked Heinrich von Riedemann, an 11,020 GRT Panamanian motor tanker. The first torpedo severely damaged the steering control of her port engine and ruptured a tank of oil, making much of it leak out. 20 minutes after the first hit, just after the starboard engine was stopped, the ship was abandoned when the crew took to the lifeboats. An hour later U-66 hit her with a second torpedo, setting her afire. It extinguished itself within 25 minutes. 50 minutes later the submarine hit her with a third torpedo, which set the ship afire again. She remained that way for about 70 minutes before she finally sank. Nine days later U-66 sank the US Alcoa Partner with a torpedo and a shot from her deck gun.
Sixth
After her fifth patrol, Richard Zapp left U-66 to take command of the 3rd U-boat Flotilla. This meant that Kapitänleutnant Friedrich Markworth was in charge. The submarine started her sixth patrol with the sinking of Triglav, a Yugoslavian steamer, after depositing a sick crew-member in Spain. After a couple of weeks, U-66 ran across the 4,942 GRT Brazilian merchant ship Tamandaré, sinking her with a torpedo hit in her stern. The survivors were picked up by the . Two days after the attack on Tamandaré, U-66 sank Weirbank, a British merchantman on 28 July 1942, with the second of two torpedoes launched at her. Four days after her previous sinking, two mines from U-66 severely damaged two British motor torpedo boats that had left on a patrol from Port Castries, St. Lucia. Those two mines had been laid, along with four others, on 20 July. U-66 subsequently sank the 766 GRT Polish Rozewie on 6 August and the American Topa Topa on the 29th. The next day she sank both the Panamanian Sir Huon and the American West Lashaway in separate attacks. A raft with survivors from West Lashaway was sighted by three aircraft on 18 September; , one of the escorts of a small convoy went to investigate. Deciding that the raft could be a disguised U-boat, Vimy opened fire, luckily with no result. The raft's sail was hastily cut down, upon which the British destroyer rescued 17 people.
U-66 also sank the Winamac on 31 August and the Swedish Peiping on 9 September. She returned to Lorient on 29 September.
Seventh (aborted)
On 9 November 1942, U-66 left Lorient on what should have been her seventh war patrol. Soon after departure, leaks were encountered, and she decided to return. On 10 November, the day before she returned, a British Wellington bomber, equipped with a Leigh Light, spotted her and dropped four depth charges. The U-boat escaped without serious damage.
Seventh
U-66 left Lorient on 6 January 1943 for what was officially her seventh patrol. On 20 January, the ship landed an espionage agent on the coast of Mauritania, but the agent and two crewmen were immediately captured. Her first sinking came with the attack on the 113 GRT French Joseph Elise on 1 February. On the 27th, U-66 attacked the 4,312 GRT British coal merchant ship St. Margaret in mid-Atlantic near Bermuda, sinking her with one torpedo and, after several misses, a shell. Several survivors were captured and taken to the prison camp Marlag und Milag Nord. U-66 then returned to port, arriving on 24 March 1943.
Eighth
U-66s eighth patrol started after a quick refit on 7 April 1943 when she left Lorient. At 148 days, it was to be her longest. She first sank the 10,173 GRT American Esso Gettysburg, which was carrying crude oil, on 10 June after unsuccessfully attempting to attack several other American tankers. On 2 July, she successfully sank the 10,195 GRT Bloody Marsh (this ship was on her maiden voyage), with a torpedo. The last ship encountered on the patrol was the 10,172 GRT Cherry Valley, also American, which she sank on 22 July. U-66 then returned to Lorient.
Ninth
On 16 January 1944, U-66 left Lorient for what would be her last patrol and the last command of Oberleutnant zur See Gerhard Seehausen (posthumously promoted to Kapitänleutnant). A month and ten days after departure, U-66 sighted Silvermaple, a 5,313 GRT British motor merchant in the convoy ST-12. She was sunk after one torpedo hit. Four days later, the boat came upon the French 5,202 GRT St. Louis, which she sank with two torpedoes off Accra, Ghana. The ship broke into three parts, which sank in less than 50 seconds. Four days after the sinking of St. Louis, on 5 March 1944 'U-66 sank the 4,964 GRT British John Holt with two torpedoes, and took the Captain, Master Cecil Gordon Hime MN, and a passenger, Mr Elliott - an agent of the Holt Shipping Company, as prisoners of war (POW). These men were later lost with the U-boat. Nearly three weeks after the sinking of John Holt, the U-boat came across the 4,257 GRT British Matadian, which she torpedoed and sank. After the attack, U-66 was forced to bottom out in the mud as British patrol craft engaged her. U-66 was supposed to be resupplied by , but this boat, a Milchkuh supply submarine, was sunk on 26 April.
Sinking
On 1 May 1944, U-66 came under attack by American ships from an antisubmarine hunter-killer group formed around . Three Fido homing torpedoes were dropped near the boat, and numerous aircraft from Block Island, along with smaller craft, were designated to hunt for her. On the morning of 6 May, the destroyer escort found the submarine. After an exchange of gunfire and torpedoes, Buckley, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Brent Abel, rammed the submarine.
With the two vessels stuck fast, a party of Germans, under the command of U-66s first officer, Klaus Herbig, attempted to climb onto the American escort's forecastle to create a diversion while Seehausen and the remainder of the U-boat's crew worked to free the boat. As American sailors saw the boarding party climbing on deck, hand-to-hand fighting broke out in which a number of Germans were killed or wounded before the U-boat was able to make good its escape. Five armed Germans remained on deck of the destroyer but they were quickly overpowered and taken prisoner. Buckleys 3-inch gun was unleashed on the U-boat as the Americans chased after her, but U-66 then turned and rammed Buckley near her engine room, damaging the ship's starboard screw. Soon afterward, U-66 was scuttled on Seehausen's orders to prevent her secret equipment from being captured. Buckley then began rescue operations, which lasted three hours.
U-66 was lost at position with 24 dead and 36 survivors, all of whom were captured by Buckley. Seehausen was not among the survivors, who were later transferred to Block Island. For his act of ramming U-66, Brent Abel received the Navy Cross.
Wolfpacks
U-66 took part in four wolfpacks, namely:
West (24 May – 5 June 1941)
Rochen (27 January – 1 March 1943)
Tümmler (1 – 17 March 1943)
Aufnahme (5 – 10 May 1943)
Summary of raiding history
See also
List of successful U-boats
The Enemy Below
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
uboataces.com webpage with insignia for U-66
YouTube video: USS Buckley vs U-66 during the Battle of the Atlantic
1944: May 6: Sinking of U-66 - National Museum of Naval History
German Type IX submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1941
Maritime incidents in May 1944
U-boats sunk in 1944
U-boats sunk by US warships
U-boats sunk by US aircraft
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
1940 ships
Ships built in Bremen (state) |
22750311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Bladin | Frank Bladin | Air Vice-Marshal Francis Masson Bladin, (26 August 1898 – 2 February 1978) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Born in rural Victoria, he graduated from the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in 1920. Bladin transferred from the Army to the Air Force in 1923, and learned to fly at RAAF Point Cook, Victoria. He held training appointments before taking command of No. 1 Squadron in 1934. Quiet but authoritative, he was nicknamed "Dad" in tribute to the concern he displayed for the welfare of his personnel.
Ranked wing commander at the outbreak of World War II, by September 1941 Bladin had been raised to temporary air commodore. He became Air Officer Commanding North-Western Area in March 1942, following the first Japanese air raids on Darwin, Northern Territory. Personally leading sorties against enemy territory, he earned the United States Silver Star for gallantry. In July 1943, Bladin was posted to No. 38 Group RAF in Europe, where he was mentioned in despatches. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire the same year.
Promoted to acting air vice-marshal in 1946, Bladin was among the coterie of senior officers who helped shape the post-war RAAF. His roles in the late 1940s and early 1950s included chief of staff of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan, Air Officer Commanding Eastern Area (later RAAF Air Command), and Air Member for Personnel. Appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1950, he retired to his country property in 1953, but remained active in veterans' affairs.
Early life and career
Francis Masson Bladin was born on 26 August 1898 in Korumburra, Victoria, the youngest son of engineer Frederick Bladin and his wife Ellen. Educated to junior public level at Melbourne High School, Frank sought to join the Australian Imperial Force during World War I. His parents refused their permission, and he instead entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in 1917. Graduating in 1920, Bladin served for the next two years in the Australian Army, including sixteen months seconded to the Royal Field Artillery in Britain.
In January 1923 Bladin transferred to the recently established Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as a flying officer. He undertook pilot training at Point Cook, Victoria, where he was among five former Army lieutenants on the inaugural RAAF flying course—all of whom had left their original service in part because of poor career prospects in the post-war army. One of Bladin's other classmates on the course was a 1919 graduate of the Royal Australian Naval College, Sub-Lieutenant Joe Hewitt. During 1925–26, Bladin was in charge of running Citizens Air Force (reserve) pilots' courses at No. 1 Flying Training School, Point Cook. Having been promoted to flight lieutenant, he married Patricia Magennis at Yass, New South Wales, on 20 December 1927; the couple had a son and two daughters.
Bladin was posted to Britain in 1929 to attend RAF Staff College, Andover, and wrote an article on Empire air defence in 1931 for Royal Air Force Quarterly, one of the few published pieces of work on air power produced by RAAF officers in the pre-war years. Promoted to squadron leader, he took over as commanding officer of No. 1 Squadron from Squadron Leader Frank Lukis in April 1934. Bladin found that the unit, flying Westland Wapitis and Hawker Demons out of RAAF Station Laverton in Victoria, "had not operated under field conditions away from its brick hangars and concrete tarmac since its inception some eight years previous". He proceeded to change this, deploying the squadron 300 miles away to Cootamundra in rural New South Wales, where he "borrowed a portion of a sheep station from a friend so that the pilots could carry out their bombing practice" over a two-week period commencing in late November 1935.
After completing his tenure with No. 1 Squadron in December 1935, Bladin was appointed Officer Commanding Cadet Squadron at No. 1 Flying Training School. He modelled the squadron's training course on that of Duntroon, foreshadowing instruction at the Air Force's own cadet institute, RAAF College, which would be established in 1947. On 12 March 1937, he was promoted to wing commander.
World War II
Bladin's first posting following the outbreak of World War II was as Director of Operations and Intelligence at RAAF Headquarters, Melbourne, in March 1940. Promoted to group captain in June, he became Air Officer Commanding (AOC) Southern Area in August 1941 and was raised to acting air commodore the following month. By 1 January 1942, Bladin was serving as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Operations), charged with readying air bases and putting into effect plans for the Empire Air Training Scheme. He took over as AOC North-Western Area (NWA) on 25 March that year.
Based in Darwin, Bladin's role as AOC NWA was to conduct the air defence of Torres Strait, the Northern Territory, and north Western Australia. He also had to restore morale following the bombing of Darwin on 19 February 1942 and deal with the threat of imminent invasion, tasks complicated by the poor state of local communications, transport and early warning systems. Initiating combat training for all RAAF ground crew, Bladin constructed secondary airfields so he could disperse his forces. He became, in the words of historian Alan Stephens, "the RAAF's outstanding area commander of the war", and earned distinction as the first Australian decorated by the United States in the Pacific theatre of operations when he was awarded the Silver Star for gallantry. The cited action took place in June when Bladin personally led a raid by US B-17 Flying Fortresses on Celebes in the Dutch East Indies. As well as destroying machines on the ground and damaging infrastructure, the Allied bombers managed to evade an attack by nine Japanese fighters during their return to base. Bladin's award was recommended in September, and promulgated in the Australian Gazette on 23 November 1944.
By December 1942, Bladin's strength in NWA consisted of seven RAAF squadrons operating mainly Bristol Beaufighter and P-40 Kittyhawk fighters, Lockheed Hudson light bombers, and A-31 Vengeance dive bombers. These were soon augmented by one squadron each of Dutch East Indies B-25 Mitchell medium bombers and US B-24 Liberator heavy bombers. As Japanese air raids continued into 1943, Bladin placed his bombers inland, and his fighters close to the coast where they could intercept the raiders. Appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1943, he stepped up offensive strikes against island bases and shipping in the Timor and Arafura Seas as the Allies took the fight to the Japanese. He often employed his own judgement in the selection of targets, as detailed directives from superior headquarters were not always forthcoming. On 27 February, acting on intercepted radio transmissions, he launched a pre-emptive raid on Penfui airfield, near Koepang on Timor, which destroyed or damaged twenty-two Japanese bombers that had been destined to make a major raid on Darwin.
To help protect northern Australia from ongoing air attack, three squadrons of Spitfire fighters were transferred from the United Kingdom in late 1942, becoming operational in March 1943 as No. 1 Fighter Wing. A major engagement over Darwin on 2 May resulted in eight Spitfires crashing and several others making forced landings, for the destruction of one Japanese bomber and five fighters. An adverse communiqué concerning the action was issued from General Douglas MacArthur's headquarters and was picked up by Australian newspapers, which reported the Spitfires' "heavy losses" and caused resentment in NWA. Bladin complained to his superior, Air Vice-Marshal Bill Bostock, that the "alarmist tendency of the press and radio references was having a bad effect on the combat pilots". He also ordered an immediate Beaufighter strike led by Wing Commander Charles Read against Penfui airfield, on the assumption that this was where the Japanese raiders were based; four aircraft were destroyed on the ground.
On 17 June 1943, under the command of Group Captain Clive Caldwell, No. 1 Fighter Wing recorded NWA's most successful interception to date, claiming fourteen Japanese raiders destroyed and ten damaged, for the loss of two Spitfires. The 380th Bombardment Group USAAF, consisting of four squadrons of Liberators, came under Bladin's control the same month, enhancing NWA's strategic strike capability. When Bladin handed over North-Western Area to Air Vice-Marshal Adrian Cole in July 1943, the latter reported that his new command was "well organised, keen and in good shape".
Posted to England as senior air staff officer (SASO) of No. 38 Group RAF, Bladin was closely involved in training aircrew and planning airborne operations for Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of France. He flew a mission on D-Day, 6 June 1944, to deliver glider-borne troops to Normandy, and was mentioned in despatches two days later. Completing his RAF service on the staff of the Second Tactical Air Force in France, Bladin returned to Australia to become Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in October 1944. On two occasions in June 1945, he was considered for the position of AOC RAAF Command, the Air Force's main operational formation in the South West Pacific. Bladin would have replaced Bostock, who was facing disciplinary action for refusing to comply with directives from the Air Board, the RAAF's controlling body, but in the end the Australian government made no change to command arrangements.
Post-war career
The RAF had planned to deploy an airborne formation, No. 238 (Airborne Assault) Group, to the Pacific theatre and requested Bladin be released from his duties as Deputy Chief of the Air Staff to assume its command, but this was cancelled with the end of hostilities in August 1945. His next posting was to Kure, Japan, in January 1946, as chief of staff to Lieutenant General John Northcott, commander of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF). Northcott reportedly chose Bladin not only for his operational command and staff experience in the RAAF and the RAF during World War II, but for his pedigree as a Duntroon graduate rather than having a purely Air Force background. Promoted acting air vice-marshal on 1 March 1946, Bladin handed over to another Duntroon graduate, Air Vice-Marshal John McCauley, in June 1947. After returning to Australia, Bladin was to figure prominently, along with such figures as McCauley, Air Commodore Hewitt and Air Commodore Frederick Scherger, in shaping the post-war Air Force.
Bladin's next command was Eastern Area, which would evolve over the years into Home Command, Operational Command and, finally, Air Command. His acting rank of air vice-marshal was made substantive on 1 October 1948. As AOC Eastern Area, Bladin was instrumental in organising the acquisition of a new site for his then-headquarters at Bradfield Park on Sydney's North Shore, namely the former Lapstone Hotel at Glenbrook in the Blue Mountains. Subsequently known as Headquarters Operational Command, later Headquarters Air Command, the site was purchased in mid-1949, and became operational at the end of the year. As well as commanding a view of the surrounding countryside, the property was within of the City of Penrith and of RAAF Station Richmond, and incorporated a disused railway tunnel that offered, according to government correspondence, "complete protection from Atom Bomb attack".
Bladin became Air Member for Personnel (AMP) on 24 November 1948; this position gave him a seat on the Air Board, which consisted of the RAAF's most senior officers and was chaired by the Chief of the Air Staff. He succeeded Hewitt, and worked to consolidate the innovations in Air Force education and training that the latter had initiated. RAAF Staff College opened in June 1949 at Point Cook, providing an advanced defence course aimed at squadron leaders and wing commanders; international facilities were also utilised to further officers' education. In October, Bladin became involved in the push for a training scheme to offer apprenticeships to clerical and supply staff, which was established two years later. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the King's Birthday Honours announced in June 1950.
In 1951, inspired by a similar initiative in state education, Bladin sponsored a move to have RAAF education officers augment their degree qualifications with formal teaching credentials. Over the following year, in response to increased demands for aircrew to meet Australia's commitments to the Malayan Emergency and the Korean War, pilot training was broken out from a single all-encompassing course at No. 1 Flying Training School (No. 1 FTS) in Point Cook, Victoria, into separate courses at the newly formed No. 1 Initial Flying Training School at Archerfield, Queensland, No. 1 Basic Flying Training School at Uranquinty, New South Wales, and No. 1 Applied Flying Training School (re-formed from No. 1 FTS) at Point Cook.
Later life
Bladin retired from the Air Force on 15 October 1953, and was succeeded as AMP by Air Vice-Marshal Val Hancock. Shortly after leaving the Air Force, Bladin donated an eponymous trophy for the service's best-performing Avro Lincoln unit in bombing and aerial gunnery competition. He ran a grazing property, which he named Adastra, at Yass, just north of the Australian Capital Territory. Between 1951 and 1954, and again from 1956 to 1969, he also served as treasurer of the Returned Sailors', Soldiers' and Airmen's Imperial League of Australia, which became the Returned Services League in 1965. In the early 1960s he helped raise funds for building the Anzac Memorial Chapel of St Paul at his old college, Duntroon. Bladin died in Melbourne on 2 February 1978, survived by his three children. His wife, who was involved in the support of veterans' families and other community work, had died earlier. Accorded an Air Force funeral at the Church of Our Lady of Good Counsel in Deepdene, Bladin was buried at Springvale, Victoria.
Notes
References
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1898 births
1978 deaths
Military personnel from Victoria (state)
Australian Army officers
Australian aviators
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
People from Korumburra
Foreign recipients of the Silver Star
Royal Australian Air Force air marshals
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
Burials in Victoria (state)
People educated at Melbourne High School |
7196901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum%20of%20Vancouver | Museum of Vancouver | The Museum of Vancouver (MOV) (formerly the Vancouver Museum and prior to that the Centennial Museum) is a civic history museum located in Vanier Park, Vancouver, British Columbia. The MOV is the largest civic museum in Canada and the oldest museum in Vancouver. The museum was founded in 1894 and went through a number of iterations before being rebranded as the Museum of Vancouver in 2009. It creates Vancouver-focused exhibitions and programs that encourage conversations about what was, is, and can be Vancouver. It shares an entrance and foyer with the H. R. MacMillan Space Centre but the MOV is much larger and occupies the vast majority of the space in the building complex where both organisations sit as well as separate collections storage facilities in another building.
History
The museum was founded by the Art, Historical, and Scientific Association of Vancouver (AHSA), which formed on April 17, 1894, with the objective of cultivating "a taste for the beauties and refinements in life." Shortly after its inaugural meeting the AHSA opened its first temporary exhibition ('Paintings and Curiosities') in rented premises on the top floor of the Dunn Building on Granville Street, Vancouver. This exhibition triggered a series of donations to the new museum's collections which were mostly natural history or ethnographic in origin. The first recorded donation to the collection was of taxidermy - a stuffed Trumpeter Swan which was donated by Mr Sydney Williams in 1895. Regular purchasing of artefacts for the collections of the AHSA began in 1898 and acquisitions were eclectic and multi-disciplinary reflecting the interests of the decision-makers rather than any strategic approach to collecting.
As the collection grew the question was raised as to a permanent place to display it and following discussions with the Vancouver City Council agreement was reached on August 26, 1903 that title to the museum collection would pass to the Council in exchange for the provision of suitable and convenient premises where they could be displayed. It was agreed at the same time that the new museum would be located on the top floor of the new Carnegie Library. The museum opened at this location on April 19, 1905.
Between 1915 and 1925 the museum and the AHSA attempted to establish in Stanley Park a reconstructed First Nations village built around a series of major totem and house poles that had been acquired by the AHSA. This project ultimately failed but it did result in the current display of totem poles in Stanley Park which remain one of the most photographed tourist attractions in Vancouver.
In 1930 the museum sponsored an extensive series of archaeological excavations of the Marpole Midden which was one of the most important archaeological sites on the Pacific Northwest Coast but was also an unceded ancestral territory of the Musqueam First Nation and was where the village of c̓əsnaʔəm (Musqueam Marpole Village Site) had been located. The outcome of this has been dealt with in the award-winning exhibition c̓əsnaʔəm, the city before the city, a joint project between the Musqueam Indian Band, the Museum of Vancouver and the Museum of Anthropology.
In 1957 the public library which shared the Carnegie building with the museum moved to a new dedicated building in Burrard Street tripling the available storage and display space for the museum and in 1959 the museum was incorporated into the City Council and became a city department under the control of a Civic Museum Board. A report was commissioned on the future of the museum (the Heinrich Report of 1965) and this recommended the building of a new museum on the south shore of False Creek near the Burrard Bridge. Federal and provincial money was made available for the 1967 Confederation Centennial celebrations and the current building was constructed which opened to the public in October 1968. From the opening of the new museum building to 1981, the museum was branded as Centennial Museum; before reverting its name back to Vancouver Museum.
In 1972 the city council relinquished its control of the museum and a joint Museum and Planetarium Association was formed as a descendant of the original AHSA which founded the museum. In 1977 the museum was designated a Category A cultural institution by the federal government and named in the Cultural Property Export and Import Act.
In 2009, the museum was re-branded as the Museum of Vancouver, in an attempt to reflect its changed focus to Vancouver rather than the lower mainland region of British Columbia as originally set out in its objectives and reaffirmed in 1977.
Building
The building is located at 1100 Chestnut Street in Vanier Park, in the neighbourhood of Kitsilano in Vancouver, BC. The museum is situated at the south end of Vanier Park, with the park acting as a connecting greenspace between the Vancouver Maritime Museum, Bard on the Beach, the Vancouver Archives, and the Vancouver Academy of Music.
The building was constructed in 1967 to a design by the architect Gerald Hamilton who had studied at Leeds University before moving to Vancouver in 1950. Hamilton was a practitioner of the New Formalism school of architecture and its most visible proponent in Vancouver at the time.
Originally, the building was planned to only house a museum, but a generous gift by the lumber magnate H.R. MacMillan allowed the architect to incorporate a planetarium into the design. As a result, the distinctive roof was added, designed to reflect the shape of a woven basket hat made by Northwest Coast First Nations people. This decision has created ongoing confusion over the identity of the building as many people associate it mistakenly as only a planetarium whereas the vast majority of the building space is occupied by the galleries of the Museum of Vancouver and the planetarium part was renamed the H.R. MacMillan Space Centre in the late 1990s.
The building was officially dedicated on May 20, 1967 and the ceremony was attended by Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra, who was the granddaughter of Queen Mary and King George V and also a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II.
Alex Bozikovic remarks that the building closesly resembles the John Nugent Studio designed by Saskatchewan architect Clifford Wiens built six years earlier. The building is considered iconic by Vancouverites and is one of the most immediately recognisable buildings in Vancouver. It was nicknamed 'the Taj Mahal on the creek' when first built and is characterised by its sweeping conical shape and reflecting pools crossed by curved pedestrian bridges.
Collection
The museum has a large collection of objects which reflect to a large extent the interests of the donors and of the curators who made decisions on acquisitions over the years in a similar way to many museums that were established in this way. The collection is nationally significant but much of it remains in storage due to a lack of exhibition space.
The collection includes the First Nations and Oriental artefacts that were collected by Mary Lipsett who established along with her husband the Lipsett Indian Museum which opened in a former aquarium in the PNE grounds in 1941. This collection was said to be the finest in Canada when reported on by the Vancouver Sun in 1948 and Mary Lipsett was well-respected for her positive relationship with the First Nations and was honoured with the Kwawlewith name 'Ha-wini-po-la-o-gua', which means “a matriarch to whom many come for good counsel.” She donated the entire collection to the then Vancouver Museum and it remains in storage there.
Particular strengths in the MOV collection include:
Ethnology
One of the most significant Pacific Northwest Coast First Nations collections in Canada with assemblages such as:
Argillite carvings
Small wooden carvings (mini totem poles, figures)
Monumental wooden sculptures (totem poles, house posts)
Baskets (extensive including Nuu-chah-nuith and Coast Salish)
Objects carved by Charles Edenshaw including the Edenshaw Casket
Glass slides painted by Frederick Alexcee
Basket and bracelet collected by George Vancouver on his first voyage to the Pacific Northwest
Selected masks, boxes, bowls, canoes, carvings, regalia
Pauline Johnson's performance costume
Human seated figure bowls and other anthropomorphic or zoomorphic carvings in stone
Asian antiquities
These include collections such as:
Chinese art objects dating from the Shang dynasty (16th-11th century BCE) to the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) including a comprehensive ceramics collection from the Han dynasty (206 BCE- 220 CE) to the Qing dynasty (1644-1911; a comprehensive coin collection; ivory carvings, jade carvings, lacquer objects, snuff bottles, textiles, and armour, largely form the Qing dynasty (1644-1911)
Japanese objects dating from the Muromachi period (1392-1572) to the Meiji period (1868-1912 ) including woodblock prints, ceramics, ivory carvings, textiles, armour, swords, sword accessories, Buddhist and Shinto objects and dolls (20th century). The sword guard collection of over 400 items is the finest public collection in Canada.
Indian, Nepalese and Tibetan stone, wood and bronze sculpture, textiles and paintings from the 16th to 20th century.
Thai bronze Buddhist statues, Buddhist scriptures, textiles and ceramics dating from the 12th to the 20th century.
Vietnamese and Cambodian ceramics.
Egyptian antiquities
These include:
Ancient Egyptian collection, especially mummified boy (previously nicknamed 'Diana') discovered one mile from the Valley of the Kings near Luxor in 1915. The mummy wrappings are inscribed "Penechates, son of Hatres" and it probably dates from the 1st to the 3rd century CE
Mummified crocodiles, hawk and cats
Material excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie who was a member of the Vancouver Museum Board in 1934
History of Vancouver
These include objects such as:
Furnishings and memorabilia related to important individuals, civic events, functions and structures
Edwardian household furnishings and accessories, including an excellent collection of locally-made stained glass
Street furniture, including signs, street lamps, mailboxes and building fragments from Vancouver
Material related to Chinatown and the Chinese community, especially the Yip Family Collection from the Wing Sang Building
Tools, equipment and furnishings related to Vancouver shops, businesses and industries
Women’s clothing shoes and accessories worn and/or made in Vancouver, c. 1870-1980
Toys, dolls and children’s clothing used in Vancouver, c. 1890-1980
Objects used in the communication of sounds and images in Vancouver, c. 1890-1970
Paintings by early Vancouver artists 1900s-1930s
Objects related to major events: Habitat 76, EXPO 86, 1990 Gay Games, 2010 Olympic Games
Objects related to Rogers Sugar Refinery
Uniforms, accessories, badges, ephemera, etc. related to public transit from BCER to Translink
An extensive collection of neon signs
Galleries
The museum has a number of permanent galleries that cover the entire history of Vancouver in an experience which includes sound and film. In addition to the historical permanent galleries, permanent galleries at the Museum of Vancouver include:
Neon Vancouver | Ugly Vancouver
1900s–1920s History Gallery: Gateway to the Pacific
1930s–1940s History Gallery: Boom, Bust, and War
1950s History Gallery: Vancouver in The Fifties
1960s–1970s History Gallery: You Say You Want A Revolution
While most of these galleries explore the history of Vancouver during its specified time period, the Neon Vancouver gallery features a collection of neon signs that were used in Vancouver from the 1950s to 1970s.
Along with its permanent galleries, the Museum of Vancouver typically hosts a number of temporary exhibitions. Three temporary exhibitions are presently held at the museum. The c̓əsnaʔəm, the city before the city exhibition was developed in partnership with the Musqueam Indian Band, with plans to remain at the museum from January 2015 to January 2021. The second exhibition, HAIDA NOW: A Visual Feast of Innovation and Tradition opened at the museum in March 2018, and will continue to be held there until June 2021. The museum's most recent exhibition, Acts of Resistance, opened on February 5, 2020 and runs until December 2020.
References
External links
History museums in British Columbia
Museums in Vancouver
Kitsilano |
27536291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt%20Suburban%20Line | Anhalt Suburban Line | The Anhalt suburban line () is a suburban railway in Berlin and Brandenburg. It originally ran from Potsdamer Ringbahnhof in Berlin over the Berlin–Halle railway (also called the Anhalter Bahn or Anhalt Railway). With the opening of the Berlin Nord-Süd Tunnel in 1939, this service was abandoned. Subsequently, the electric services ran to the south parallel with the long-distance tracks of the Anhalt Railway. Its terminus was at Berlin-Lichterfelde Ost until the 1940s. In 1943, it was extended to Lichterfelde Süd for electric trains and to Ludwigsfelde for steam trains. The construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 stopped services at the outskirts of Berlin. In 2005, a new Berlin-Lichterfelde Süd–Teltow Stadt S-Bahn line was opened.
History
The population of many towns and villages around Berlin grew significantly in the late 19th century. Lichterfelde (incorporated into Groß-Lichterfelde, meaning Greater Lichterfelde, from 1884) grew into a residential suburb from the 1870s. The number of commuter trains on the Anhalt Railway increased continually during the last decades of the 19th century. A convenient system of suburban fares was applied from 1891 on many lines into Berlin, among them on the Anhalt Railway to Groß Lichterfelde B. H. station (the acronym stood for Berlin and Halle; the station was called Groß Lichterfelde Ost from 1899). In 1893, a new Groß-Lichterfelde-Süd station was opened, which was not, however, included in the suburban fare zone until 1943. Lankwitz-Victoriastraße (now: Berlin-Lankwitz) station was opened in 1895.
Because of the increasing volume of trains, it was decided to build a separate suburban railways and to raise the line to Lankwitz above street level. The original plans envisaged that the suburban tracks would initially run to the east of the long-distance tracks. It was, however, finally decided to move it to the west of the long-distance tracks. One reason for this was to facilitate the planned extensions to the Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof (Anhalt station). That is why the suburban route did not start at this station but instead at the more westerly Potsdamer Ring- und Vorortbahnhof (Ring line and suburban station) of the Potsdamer station. On 1 December 1901, the operation of the Anhalt suburban line was commenced to Groß Lichterfelde Ost. The new suburban station of Papestraße was opened with the line; it has been called Südkreuz since 2006. 74 pairs of suburban trains a day now operated, more than double the number of the previous year.
Yorkstraße (now Yorckstraße) station opened on 1 May 1903.
Electrical operations
In 1903 electric operations was trialed for suburban trains between the Potsdamer Ring station and Lichterfelde Ost using a 550 volts DC system. After that the trains ran most of the day at 10-minute intervals. In 1929 the line was converted to the system adopted for the Berlin S-Bahn in 1924.
Groß-Lichterfelde-Ost station was placed on an embankment and upgraded in 1915. After the power supply of the line was greatly improved between 1936 and 1938, electrical operations commenced on the Dresden railway to Mahlow on 15 May 1939. This ended the previous mixed operation of steam and electric trains between Potsdamer Ring station and Priesterweg. On 9 October 1939, the suburban line was connected to the new Nord-Süd Tunnel by a ramp from Yorckstraße station and the connection from there to Potsdamer Ring station was abandoned.
Extension to Ludwigsfelde
Plans of the 1930s envisaged a series of major rail projects especially in southern Berlin, but these could only be partially realised due to the war. This included the extension of the S-Bahn to Trebbin, where a new S-Bahn depot was to be built. Separate suburban tracks were actually built to Ludwigsfelde station, which went into operation on 9 August 1943. This line ran on an embankment as far as Genshagener Heide and after that at ground level. In Ludwigsfelde a separate terminal station was built for the suburban line. New stations were opened in Birkengrund Nord (north) and Birkengrund Süd (south). These were initially intended for traffic to the Daimler aircraft engine factory, but were opened to the public a short time later. In 1944, the suburban trains ran between Lichterfelde Süd and Ludwigsfelde every 10 to 20 minutes in the peak hour and every 30 or 60 minutes during the day. The long-distance tracks were built on an embankment past Teltow station.
Towards the end of the Second World War, there was severe damage to the Anhalt Railway and the bridges over the Teltow Canal were blown up by German troops.
Development after the Second World War
After the war, traffic on the line was restored to operation a section at a time. Services were restored between Yorckstraße and Südende on 8 June 1945 and to Lichterfelde Süd on August 17, originally as a single track. The second track south of the Teltow Canal Bridge was taken back into operation on 18 July 1946; in contrast the S-Bahn line near the bridge still remains single-track. The southern part of the Nord-Süd tunnel was reopened in the summer of 1946, but traffic on the ramp between Anhalter Bahnhof and Yorckstraße only resumed on 15 August 1946.
In subsequent years, the effects of the division of Germany on the line became more and more noticeable. The suburban line to Großbeeren was still used until 1952. Electric S-Bahn operations between Lichterfelde Süd and Teltow were restored in 1951. Train services from the south ended in Teltow, where passengers had to switch to the S-Bahn to reach Berlin. The tracks of the suburban railway between Teltow and Ludwigsfelde were removed and have not been restored. After the Berlin Wall was built on 13 August 1961, the S-Bahn ceased operations south of Lichterfelde Süd.
Parts of the embankment of the suburban railway can still be seen between the Berlin city limits and the south of Großbeeren. Some other relics, such as the stairs to the suburban platform in Großbeeren, were removed during railway reconstruction after 1990.
Operation and closure after 1980
After a strike by West Berlin employees of the East German Railways in September 1980 the Anhalt suburban line continued operating, unlike some other lines. On 8 January 1984 it was closed down after its takeover by the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (Berlin Transportation Company), because the West Berlin Senate (government) did not consider the operation of the line as economically viable. North of Priesterweg the line continued to be used for trains on the Dresden railway to Lichtenrade.
As a result, plans were discussed for S-Bahn operations on the Anhalt line to be partly replaced by a guided bus system developed by Daimler-Benz. The Senate hoped to benefit from substantial Federal funding for the project. This project would have required the complete replacement of the railway by a concrete busway. Entrance and exit ramps would also have been necessary. Its construction required the total demolition of the railway infrastructure on the Anhalt line. The plan proved to be politically and technically unfeasible.
Reopening after 1990
After the reunification of Germany, the S-Bahn on the Anhalt Railway was restored in several stages. The section from Priesterweg to Lichterfelde Ost was restored on 28 May 1995 and the route to Lichterfelde Süd was reopened on 27 September 1998. Osdorfer Straße station was built between Lichterfelde Ost and Lichterfelde Süd.
The new Berlin-Lichterfelde Süd–Teltow Stadt railway was opened on 24 February 2005. This line was based on old plans. The idea of connecting the Stahnsdorf Cemetery Railway with the Anhalt S-Bahn line at Teltow dates back to the 1930s. The first earthworks were begun during the Second World War. The original plans for further construction to Stahnsdorf are not being pursued and the route is not being protected. Teltow Stadt station is near the centre of Teltow. The route planning from the 1930s was used in the new construction despite the delays. The S-Bahn line branches to the west from the Anhalt line at Berlin-Lichterfelde Süd station, shortly before the Berlin city limits.
Teltow station on the Anhalt line is now only served by regional services. The platforms of the suburban tracks were demolished after 2000 during the upgrade of the Anhalt line. The embankment of the suburban line to Großbeeren has been preserved, but it is no longer used. In the Birkengrund area trains operate over both the former long-distance tracks and the former suburban tracks.
In February 2014, the new Zugbeeinflussungssystem S-Bahn Berlin (Berlin S-Bahn train control system) was put into operation on the section between Yorckstraße and Lichterfelde Süd (and continuing to Teltow Stadt). This replaced the old system based on train stop equipment.
Passenger services
S-Bahn services operated as follows on the Anhalt suburban line after the completion of the North-South tunnel:
6 November 1939: Lichterfelde Ost–Berlin Friedrichstraße–Velten
9 August 1943: an extension was opened from Lichterfelde Ost to Lichterfelde Süd
1945: Lichterfelde Ost–Bernau bei Berlin
1951: Teltow (suburban line, Anhalter Railway)–Bernau.
13 August 1961: Lichterfelde Süd–Gesundbrunnen
References
Footnotes
Sources
Railway lines in Berlin
Railway lines opened in 1901
1901 establishments in Germany
Berlin S-Bahn lines
Buildings and structures in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
Buildings and structures in Tempelhof-Schöneberg
Buildings and structures in Steglitz-Zehlendorf |
277174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20John%20Philby | St John Philby | Harry St John Bridger Philby, CIE (3 April 1885 – 30 September 1960), also known as Jack Philby or Sheikh Abdullah (), was a British Arabist, adviser, explorer, writer, and a colonial intelligence officer who served as an advisor to King Abdulaziz ibn Saud, the founder of Saudi Arabia.
As he states in his autobiography, he "became something of a fanatic" and in 1908 "the first Socialist to join the Indian Civil Service". After studying Oriental languages at the University of Cambridge, he was posted to Lahore in the Punjab in 1908, acquiring fluency in Urdu, Punjabi, Baluchi, Persian and eventually Arabic. He converted to Islam in 1930 and later became an adviser to Ibn Saud, urging him to unite the Arabian Peninsula under Saudi rule, and helping him to negotiate with the United Kingdom and the United States when petroleum was discovered in 1938. His second marriage was to a Saudi Arabian woman, Rozy al-Abdul Aziz.
His only son by his first wife, Dora Johnston, was Kim Philby, who became known worldwide as a double agent for the Soviet Union who defected in 1963. Khaled Philby, one of his three sons with his second wife, is the former United Nations Resident Coordinator (equivalent to an ambassador) in, among others, Kuwait and Turkmenistan.
Early life
Born in Badulla in British Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), the son of a tea planter, he was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied oriental languages under Edward Granville Browne, and was a friend and classmate of Jawaharlal Nehru, who later became the first prime minister of independent India. Philby married Dora Johnston in September 1910, with his distant cousin Bernard Law Montgomery as best man. In addition to their son, Kim, born in 1912, they had three daughters: Diana, Helena and Patricia.
Arabist
In late 1915, Percy Cox recruited Philby as head of the finance branch of the British administration in Baghdad. The position included fixing compensation for property and business owners. The mission was to organise the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Turks and to protect the oil fields near Basra and the Shatt al Arab, which were a source of fuel for the Royal Navy. The revolt was organised with the promise of creating a unified Arab state, or Arab federation, from Aleppo, Syria, to Aden, Yemen. Gertrude Bell was his first controller and taught him the finer arts of espionage. In 1916 he became Revenue Commissioner for the British Occupied Territories.
In November 1917, Philby was sent to the interior of the Arabian Peninsula as head of a mission to Ibn Saud, the chieftain who professed Wahhabism, the movement within Sunni Islam, and a bitter enemy of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, who led the Hashemites and the Arab Revolt, who were both contenders for "King of the Arabs". Philby secretly began to favour Ibn Saud even though British policy supported Sherif Hussein. Philby completed a crossing from Riyadh to Jeddah by a "backdoor" route to demonstrate that Saud, not Hussein, was in control of the Arabian highlands.
In November 1918, Britain and France issued the Anglo-French Declaration to the Arabs, which promised self-determination. Philby felt there was a betrayal of that assurance, along with others made in the Balfour Declaration and the Sykes-Picot Agreement, of the promise of a single unified Arab nation. Philby argued that Ibn Saud was a "democrat" guiding his affairs "by mutual counsel", as laid out in the Quran, in contrast to George Curzon's support for Hussein. After the 1920 Iraqi revolt against the British, Philby was appointed Minister of Internal Security in Mandatory Iraq.
In November 1921, Philby was named chief head of the Secret Service in Mandatory Palestine, worked with T. E. Lawrence and met his American counterpart, Allen Dulles. In late 1922, Philby travelled to London for extensive meetings with parties involved in the Palestine question, included Winston Churchill, George V, Edward, Prince of Wales, Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Wickham Steed and Chaim Weizmann.
Adviser to Ibn Saud
Philby's view was that the interests of both the British and the Saud family would be best served by uniting the Arabian Peninsula under one government stretching from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf, with the Saudis supplanting the Hashemites as Islamic "Keepers of the Holy Places" and protecting shipping lanes along the Suez Canal–Aden–Mumbai (then Bombay) route.
Philby was forced to resign his post in 1924 over differences about allowing Jewish immigration to Palestine. He was found to have had unauthorised correspondence with Ibn Saud and to have sent confidential information, which carried with it the connotation of espionage. Shortly afterward, Ibn Saud began to call for the overthrow of the Hashemite dynasty, with Philby advising him on how far he could go in occupying Arabia without incurring the wrath of the British, the principal power in the Middle East. In 1925, Philby claimed that Ibn Saud had brought unprecedented order into Arabia.
Philby settled in Jeddah and became a partner in a trading company. Over the next few years, he became famous as an international writer and explorer. Philby personally mapped on camel back what is now the Saudi–Yemeni border on the Rub' al Khali. In his unique position, he became Ibn Saud's chief adviser in dealing with the British Empire and the other Western powers. He converted to Islam in 1930. In 1931, Philby invited Charles Richard Crane to Jeddah to facilitate exploration of the kingdom's subsoil oil. Crane was accompanied by noted historian George Antonius, who acted as translator.
In May 1932, Standard Oil of California (SoCal) sought out Philby in its quest to obtain an oil concession in Saudi Arabia, ultimately signing Philby as a paid adviser to SoCal. Philby, in turn, recognised that competition by foreign interests would get a better deal for the Saudi king, made contact with George Martin Lees, the chief geologist of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, to alert him to SoCal's interest in gaining oil exploration rights in Saudi Arabia. Anglo-Persian was one of five international partners in the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) through which it pursued its interest in the Saudi concession. In March 1933, IPC sent a representative, Stephen Longrigg, to join negotiations with the Saudi government in Jeddah. However, Philby's primary loyalty was to the Saudi king. Although he was being paid by SoCal, he kept the arrangement a secret from Longrigg. In May 1933, IPC instructed Longrigg to withdraw from Jeddah and to leave SoCal free to conclude negotiations with Saudi Arabia for a 60-year contract to obtain the exclusive concession for exploration and extraction of oil in the al-Hasa region along the Persian Gulf.
By 1934, in an effort to safeguard the port of Aden, Britain had no fewer than 1,400 "peace treaties" with the various tribal rulers of the hinterlands of what became Yemen. Philby undermined British influence in the region, however, by facilitating the entry of American commercial interests, followed by a political alliance between the US and the Saud dynasty.
In 1936, SoCal and Texaco pooled their assets together into what later became ARAMCO (Arabian–American Oil Company). The United States Department of State described ARAMCO as the richest commercial prize in the history of the planet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=USDOSMemoSaudiOilisPrize|title=Context of '1945: US State Department Official Calls Saudi Oil 'One of the Greatest Material Prizes in World History|access-date=10 February 2015|archive-date=20 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720093011/http://historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=USDOSMemoSaudiOilisPrize|url-status=dead}}</ref> Philby represented Saudi interests. In 1937 when the Spanish Civil War broke out, Philby arranged for his son, Kim Philby, to become a war correspondent for The Times.
Philby later began secret negotiations with Germany and Spain on Saudi Arabia's role in the event of a general European war. The discussions allowed neutral Saudi Arabia to sell oil to neutral Spain, which would then be transported to Germany. John Loftus, who worked in the United States Department of Justice Office of Special Investigations Nazi-hunting unit, claimed that Adolf Eichmann, on a mission to the Middle East, met with Philby "during the mid-1930s".
Philby Plan
Philby, then known as an anti-Zionist, outlined a plan to reach a compromise with Zionism, after consultation with Arab leaders, and it was reported in The New York Times in October 1929. The Philby Plan foresaw a shared confirmation of the Balfour Declaration and continued Jewish immigration into Palestine in exchange for a renunciation by Zionists of any desire to seek political dominance. Representation of the two groups would be based on respecting the numerical proportions between both groups. Judah Magnes, chancellor of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a member of Brit Shalom, reacted to the proposal positively, and suggested alterations in order to secure guarantees for the Jewish minority.
As related in his memoirs, David Ben Gurion, who would become Israel's first prime minister, met Philby on 18 May 1937 at the Athenaeum Club, London. Ben Gurion attempted to use Philby as an intermediary to reach an agreement between the Zionist Movement and King Ibn Saud. A few days after their meeting, Philby sent to Ben Gurion a draft treaty by which the Zionists would renounce the Balfour Declaration in exchange for being welcomed to the Middle East by an Arab Federation, headed by Ibn Saud. However, several clauses of the draft treaty were unacceptable to Ben Gurion. In particular, Philby had proposed that Palestine would be "open to the immigration of all those seeking to become its citizens, regardless of race and creed" and refused to mention specific Jewish immigration. To Ben Gurion, that would have defeated the whole aim of Zionism. Ben Gurion sent Philby a counterproposal based on what Ben Gurion regarded as the indispensable minimum Zionist aspirations to which Philby never replied.
Philby, previously a member of the Labour Party, fought a by-election held on 20 July 1939 for the parliamentary constituency of Hythe, Kent. He stood for the anti-Semitic British People's Party and declared "no cause whatever is worth the spilling of human blood" and the "protection of the small man against big business". He lost his deposit. Soon afterward, the Second World War began. He is recorded as having referred to Adolf Hitler as un homme très fin ("a most sophisticated man").
When he travelled to Bombay, he was arrested on 3 August 1940 under Defence Regulation 18B, deported to England and there briefly interned. Shortly after his release from custody, Philby recommended his son, Kim, to Valentine Vivian, MI6 deputy chief, who recruited him into the British secret service. When Harold B. Hoskins of the United States State Department visited Ibn Saud in August 1943, he asked if the king would be willing to have an intermediary meet with Chaim Weizmann. Ibn Saud angrily responded that he was insulted by the suggestion that he could be bribed for £20 million to accept resettlement of Arabs from Palestine. Hoskins reports the king said Weizmann told him the promise of payment would be "guaranteed by President Roosevelt". A month later Weizmann wrote in a letter to Sumner Welles: "It is conceived on big lines, large enough to satisfy the legitimate aspirations of both Arabs and Jews, and the strategic and economic interests of the United States;... properly managed, Mr. Philby's scheme offers an approach which should not be abandoned".
Suez Crisis
After Ibn Saud died in 1953, Philby openly criticised the successor, King Saud, by saying the royal family's morals were being picked up "in the gutters of the West". He was exiled to Lebanon in 1955. There, he wrote: the true basis of Arab hostility to Jewish immigration into Palestine is xenophobia, and instinctive perception that the vast majority of central and eastern European Jews, seeking admission... are not Semites at all.... Whatever political repercussions of their settlement may be, their advent is regarded as a menace to the Semitic culture of Arabia... the European Jew of today, with his secular outlook... is regarded as an unwelcome intruder within the gates of Arabia.
In Beirut, he reconciled with Kim, and they lived together for a time. The son was reemployed by MI6 as an outside informer on retainer. Philby helped further his son's career by introducing him to his extensive network of contacts in the Middle East, including Lebanese President Camille Chamoun. Both were sympathetic to Gamal Abdel Nasser during the Suez Crisis in August 1956. Between Jack's access to ARAMCO and Kim's access to British intelligence, there was little they did not know about Operation Musketeer, the French and British plan to capture the Suez Canal. The Soviets exposed the entire plan in the United Nations and threatened Britain and France with "long-range guided missiles equipped with atomic warheads".
In 1955, Philby returned to live in Riyadh. In 1960, on a visit to Kim in Beirut, he suddenly became ill and was rushed to hospital. "The man whose life had been so eventful and panoramic, so daring and theatrical, now lay unconscious. He awoke only for a moment and murmured to his son, 'I am so bored'. And then he expired". He is buried in the Muslim cemetery in the Basta district of Beirut. His tombstone reads, "Greatest of Arabian Explorers".
Academic interests
In collaboration with George Latimer Bates he took an interest in the birds of the Arabian region. In his travels, he collected specimens for Bates and several new species were described from his specimens. These included the Arabian woodpecker (Desertipicus (now Dendrocopos) dorae), a subspecies (no longer valid) of a scops owl (Otus scops pamelae) and Philby's partridge (Alectoris philbyi). His specimens are held in the British Museum. His specimen packages were sometimes used to transport sensitive documents, a skin of a desert fox included survey maps inside it. He contributed to Bates' uncompleted work on the birds of Arabia. The manuscript was later used by Richard Meinertzhagen who produced Birds of Arabia (1954) giving little credit to Bates.Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. 1939 Some Arabian Mammals Collected by Mr. H. St. J. B. Philby, C.I.E. Novitates Zoologicae, 41: 181–211.
In 1932, while searching for the lost city of Ubar, he was the first Westerner to visit and describe the Wabar craters.
Awards and legacy
In August 1917, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire. In 1920, he was awarded the Royal Geographical Society Founder's Medal for his two journeys in South Central Arabia.
A subspecies of Middle Eastern lizard, Uromastyx ornata philbyi, and a partridge, Alectoris philbyi, are named in his honour.
Some authors have summarised Philby as a British traitor and an anti-Semite.John Loftus & Mark Aarons, The Secret War Against the Jews 21, 24, 32, 38, 41–44 (1994) They suggest that Philby never forgave the British government for ending his civil service career for sexual misconduct. Once recruited by MI6, according to those authors, Philby used his intelligence assignment to take revenge on the British government. With the extensive contacts he acquired as a British agent, Philby continued to betray British policy and to resist all efforts at creating a Jewish homeland throughout his life. Philby disclosed classified British intelligence to Ibn Saud during wartime, secretly helped secure American oil concessions in Saudi Arabia, double-crossed British competitors, created economic partnerships allied against British interests and for those of Nazi Germany with the help of Allen Dulles (later CIA Director) and worked with Nazi intelligence to sabotage efforts at creating a Jewish homeland.
Philby's 1955 book Saudi Arabia contains the only known account of the 1931 Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish.
WorksThe Heart of Arabia: A Record of Travel & Exploration. (London: Constable) 1922.Arabia of the Wahhabis. (London: Constable) 1928.Arabia. (London: Ernest Benn) 1930.The Empty Quarter: being a description of the great south desert of Arabia known as Rub 'al Khali (London: Constable & Company Ltd) 1933. scanned bookHarun al Rashid (London: P. Davies) 1933. About Harun al-RashidRoutes in south-west Arabia [map]: From surveys made in 1936 (Methuen & Co Ltd) 1936.Sheba's daughters; being a record of travel in Southern Arabia (London: Methuen & Co Ltd) 1939.A Pilgrim in Arabia (London: The Golden Cockerel Press), [1943].The Background of Islam: being a sketch of Arabian history in pre-Islamic times (Alexandria: Whitehead Morris) 1947.Arabian Days, an autobiography (London: R. Hale) 1948.Arabian Highlands (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press) 1952. scanned bookArabian Jubilee (London: Hale) [1952]Sa′udi Arabia (London: Benn) 1955, New impression: Librairie du Liban, Beirut 1968The Land of Midian. (London: Ernest Bean Limited) 1957.Forty Years in the Wilderness (London: R. Hale) c1957.Arabian Oil Ventures (Washington: Middle East Institute) 1964.
See also
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power
Muhammad AsadKing of the SandsReferences
Sources
Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East, Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac, W.W. Norton (2008) pp 226–58.Princes of Darkness, Laurent Murawiec, Rowman and Littlefield (2005)Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press (2004)Arabian Jubilee, H. StJ. B. Philby, Robert Hale, (1952)Philby of Arabia, Elizabeth Monroe, Pitman Publishing (1973)The Secret War Against the Jews, John Loftus and Mark Aarons, St Martin's Press (1994)Arabia, the Gulf and the West Basic Books (1980)The House of Saud, David Holden and Richard Johns, Holt Rinehart and Winston (1981)The Philby Conspiracy, Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, Doubleday (1968)Saudi Arabia and the United States, 1931–2002 by Josh Pollack (2002)Mirage: Power, Politics, And the Hidden History of Arabian Oil'', by Aileen Keating, Prometheus Books (2005)
External links
Royal Geographical Society
saudiaramcoworld.com
Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony's College
1885 births
1960 deaths
20th-century explorers
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Converts to Islam
English Muslims
English ornithologists
People detained under Defence Regulation 18B
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
English explorers
English travel writers
Interwar-period spies
British orientalists
World War I spies for the United Kingdom
Explorers of Asia
Explorers of Arabia
British Arabists
People educated at Westminster School, London
20th-century British zoologists
Ibn Saud
Iram of the Pillars |
10610462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventureland%20%28New%20York%29 | Adventureland (New York) | Adventureland is an amusement park in East Farmingdale, New York, located on Route 110 (Broad Hollow Road). Adventureland has been Long Island's main amusement park since 1962. There are a total of twenty eight rides, two of which are roller coasters and three are water rides. Adventureland is opened seasonally: weekends in March, April, May, September and October and all days in the summer. Alvin Cohen and Herb Budin bought seven acres of property in 1962 and opened a restaurant, an arcade and mini golf. Along with the building, there were four rides brought to Long Island for entertainment. The original four rides were the Carousel, the Iron Horse train, Little Dipper Coaster, and boats. Willy Miller bought Adventureland from Alvin Cohen on September 15, 1977. Throughout the years, Willy Miller brought in new rides and expanded Adventureland's activities. In 1987, the park was sold to Tony Gentile and Peter Amoruso. In 1991, they began to add water rides to Adventureland. Adventureland celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2012 and 60th anniversary in 2022. The park is a popular attraction for children, schools and day camps on Long Island.
History
1962–1987
As Long Island became more populated and developed, family entertainment was desired and many "kiddielands" were popping up throughout. After Alvin Cohen and Herb Budin visited a trade show in Chicago, they acquired a site on Route 110 in Farmingdale, New York. They constructed a building which housed a restaurant and arcade, so the park could be open year-round. Along with the building, four rides opened outside: a carousel, Iron Horse train, Little Dipper coaster and boats. There was also a mini golf course. In 1962, the 1 million dollar park opened under the name of "Adventureland 110 Playland". As the park's success grew, the name was changed to "110 Adventureland". In 1965 the first major ride opened, a long Skyliner.
In the early 1970s, the park was extremely successful partially due to the closure of Steeplechase Park and Freedomland U.S.A. in 1964 and Palisades Park a few years later. Alvin Cohen was now the primary owner of the facility and he bought an additional behind the park for 1 million dollars. As early as the mid-1960s into the 1970s, the name "Adventurer's Inn" together with an image of a young boy who closely resembled "Peter Pan", adorned the nearly 25 ft sign right at the foot of Route 110 making it very easy for countless motorists passing by to take notice of. Over the next few seasons Cohen increased the ride count from 16 to 30. In 1973, three new thrill rides were built: the Toboggan (a compact roller coaster), the Amor Express (a high speed circular ride) and the Galaxy (a steel coaster). The next season brought on the Wave Swinger, a European-style spinning swings ride, one of the first of the kind in America. With the success of the Wave Swinger, Cohen decide to import more European rides, and in 1976 imported the Enterprise and Troika (both spinning rides). Cohen acquired these rides from Willy Miller, who owned a business importing European rides. Cohen saw Miller's interest in the park, and invited him to buy 110 Adventureland. Over the next two years they negotiated and finalized the sale on September 15, 1977.
In 1978, Miller bought several new rides, including an antique auto ride, which originally operated at the 1964 New York World's Fair and was designed by Arrow Development. In the first season under new management, profits increased 50%. Also, during this time Miller changed the name to just Adventureland. In 1979, Miller got a new Merry Go Round, a ride called Black Hole, and another ride called the Lost Continent. Then at the end of the 1982 season, Miller brought in the Looping Star, another European ride. Then, in 1983, Miller brought the UFO. Along with the UFO, Miller brought in six new rides replacing Enterprise and Troika. A new bumper car system and bumper boats were also added. In 1983, a ride called Gravitron replaced Black Hole; Miller also added a Bavarian Village with food outlets and stores. Over the next few years, brick walkways replaced blacktop, and the landscaping was done over. In 1986, the Lost Continent was changed into 1313 Cemetery Way, a haunted house ride. In 2010, 1313 Cemetery Way was replaced with a new ride, The Ghost House.
New ownership
In 1987 Miller sold the park to Tony Gentile and Peter Amoruso (partners since 1978). The Gentile family and Amoruso kept park operation as normal while taking a major expansion. In this new era, Gentile added a huge new Pirate Ship, a ride called Scorpion and a mini golf course named "Treasure Island."
As the 1990s dawned, customers of Adventureland wanted more water rides. Gentile and Amoruso opened Splish Splash (sold in the late 1990s to Palace Entertainment), a 6 million dollar water park. Then, in 1991, the Galaxy was replaced by Hurricane, a roller coaster. New rides were regular through the 1990s. In 1992, Super Raider, a climbing/fun house was opened. Then, the next year, the antique car ride was updated, the Scorpion ride was switched with Surf Dance, Tubs of Fun and Flying Clowns replaced older kiddie rides. Then, in 1995, the Balloon Wheel replaced the Big Wheel. In 1996, the Dragon Wagon replaced the Sooper Jet, a kiddie roller coaster. Then, in 1999, a double decker merry go round replaced the old merry go round. In 2000, a child roller coaster called the Lady Bug was built. In 2001, the mini golf course was replaced with Adventure Falls, a log flume water ride. Top Scan was introduced to the park in 2003, and the next year, Viking Voyage replaced the last original ride, the Kiddie Boats. Then, in 2004 a Spinning alligator water ride called Crocodile Run replaced the Bumper Boats. In 2006, a kiddie log flume called Little Dipper was added where the Top Scan used to be and the Frisbee was added where Surf Dance was. In 2007, they also added a "Glass House" (a.k.a. "Mirror House") to where some of their games were and also bought all of the outside games and updated them. Two years later, the ride Flying Puppies replaced Tubs of Fun. In 2010, a new Haunted House, imported from Europe, was added to the park in place of the former Haunted House.
50th anniversary and 2012–present
For the 50th anniversary, 2012, the train station was moved to the former area of the Glass House. The old train station became a Wi-Fi lounge/patio for people to eat and relax. The Super Raider was also retired and Pirate Island, a similar type of ride was added. In addition, the back ticket booth was remodeled. In 2013, the Free Whale and John Silver's tower did not return. They were replaced with Alfie's Express, a small "farm train" type kiddie ride and "Surf's Up", a moderate thrill kiddie ride, both manufactured by SBF rides. The Kiddie Swings were also replaced with a newer model, named "Alfie's Swings". Also in 2013, a stage was built across from the Bavarian Village Gift Shop and a charging station next to City Hall. Many locations throughout the park were updated with energy efficient LED lighting, most notably the train station. At the end of the 2013 season, the Flying Puppies and Tour De Paris were closed. On select night's throughout October, Adventureland was host to an exclusive fundraising event, called Nightmare on the Midway. The haunted Halloween event featured four haunted attractions, live actors and multiple scare zones. At the beginning of the 2014 season, two new attractions were opened: NYC race and the Teacups, both made by SBF. A VIP parking car port with solar panels was built in the back parking lot. The lights on Wave Swing were updated with LED technology. A second Charging station was opened near the pirate ship and rear entrance of the park. The new Turbulence coaster, which replaced the Hurricane, opened on May 22, 2015. A new thrill ride called Mystery Mansion replaced the Ghost House and the drop N' Twist in 2018.
Rides and attractions
Thrill rides
Family rides
Kiddie rides
Water rides
Games
Balloon Bust
Topspin
Frog Bog
Goblet Toss
Highstriker
Long Range Basketball
Ring Toss
Rising Water
Rope Climb
Short Range Basketball
Stinky Feet
Whac-A-Mole
Whopper Water
Attractions
Arcade
Former rides and attractions
Mini Golf Course (1962–1987)
Original Carousel (1962–1999)
Kiddie Boats (1962–2003)
Little Dipper Roller Coaster (1962–)
Jolly Caterpillar (1965–2001)
Skyliner (1965–1981)
Toboggan (1973–1979)
Galaxy (1973–1990)
Enterprise (1976–1983)
Troika (1976–1983)
The Lost Continent (1979–1986)
Trabant (-1980)
The Black Hole -Trabant/Cinema 180 Merger (1981–1983)
Looping Star (1982–2003)
Sooper Jet (1982–1996)
Cinema 180 (-1980)
Gravitron (1984-1990)
The UFO (1983–1986)
Bumper Boats (1983–2004)
Original Bumper Cars (1983–2017)
1313 Cemetery Way (1986–2010)
Scorpion (1987–1993)
Treasure Island Mini Golf (1987–2001)
The Hurricane (1991–2014)
Super Raider (1992–2012)
Surf Dance (1993–2006)
Tubs of Fun (1993–2009)
Dragon Wagon (1996–)
The Ladybug (2000–2019)
Top Scan (2003–2005)
Tour De Paris (2003–2013)
Crocodile Run (2004–2019)
Flying Puppies (2008–2013)
The Ghost House (2010–2018)
Big Wheel (–1995)
Free Whale (–2013)
John Silver's Tower (–2013)
Drop N Twist Tower (–2017)
Flower Jet(-1985)
Granny Bugs
Paratrooper
Moon Taxi
Tilt-A-Whirl
Skooters
Space Age
Parachute Drop
Recording Studio
Video Studio
Kinder Carousel
Satellites
Original Helicopters
Balloon Tower
Kiddie Carousel (2000-2021)
1001 Knights (1983-1984)
Accidents
Two unrelated deaths occurred within a week of each other in the summer of 2005. The first victim was an 18-year-old ride operator for the "Paul Bunyon" (Ladybug Coaster). The man was struck by the coaster car and died the next morning due to internal injuries. The second incident involved a 45-year-old woman on a ride called the "Top Scan" (which replaced the "Looping Star"). She was propelled from the spinning ride and crashed into a parked car in the parking lot. The ride was never used again at Adventureland.
In 2007, a 6-year-old boy lost his balance on the mechanical walkway on the "Super Raider" attraction and fell over, jamming his right hand between a wall and the walkway. While freeing himself, he partially severed his right hand.
In 2008, a prop of a skeleton unicycling on a tight rope fell on a 5-year-old girl. She was in the hospital for 3 days and then was released. The prop was never put back up after the incident.
In popular culture
The 2009 film Adventureland was based on writer and director Greg Mottola's experiences working there during his youth.
Notes
References
Official website
New York Amusement Park, by Jim Futrell
Amusement parks in New York (state)
1962 establishments in New York (state)
Babylon (town), New York
Amusement parks opened in 1962 |
8396446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno%20State%20Bulldogs%20football | Fresno State Bulldogs football | The Fresno State Bulldogs football team represents California State University, Fresno in NCAA Division I FBS college football as a member of the Mountain West Conference. The green "V" on the Bulldogs' helmets, uniforms, and playing field symbolizes California's Central Valley, specifically the San Joaquin Valley, the agricultural valley from which they draw their support.
History
Early history
Football was first played on the Fresno campus in 1921, and for its first year it played as an independent. The Bulldogs joined the California Coast Conference, which included several regional opponents the next year, and moved to the Northern California Athletic Conference of which it was among the charter schools in 1925. These early years laid the foundations of rivalries to come, with games against San Jose State and Pacific in the first year, and adding UC Davis, Nevada, and San Diego State in the following years of NCAC play. The NCAA began classifying schools into University Division and College Division groups in 1937, and the Bulldogs, along with the other major college schools in the conference, broke off into the California Collegiate Athletic Association in 1939, a conference it remained in until joining the Pacific Coast Athletic Association, later known as the Big West Conference, in 1969. Notable coaches during this period include Cecil Coleman, who during his five years at Fresno State had a .760 winning percentage. Coleman took the 1961 team to an undefeated season, capped by a 36–6 Mercy Bowl victory over Bowling Green State. Fresno State football experienced a stretch of seasons hovering around the .500 mark during the later 1960s and 70s. Yet despite also having a number of winning seasons, including two where the Bulldogs went undefeated, they only participated in two University Division bowl games before the 1980s.
The Sweeney eras (1976–1977, 1980–1996)
In 1976, Jim Sweeney took over a Bulldog squad that had had 8 winning seasons since its last bowl bid, and promptly took the 1977 squad to a 9–2 record in his second year as head coach. The Sweeney era bristled with confidence as the Bulldogs became, along with rival San Jose State, the class of the Big West, earning postseason bowl berths four times in the 1980s. Sweeney's 1985 squad is particularly memorable for Bulldog fans, as the team finished as the only unbeaten Division I-A team in the country, ranked 16th in the coaches poll. The 1985 squad did not, however, finish untied, after a 24–24 tie at home against the Rainbow clad Warriors of Hawaii. The lone blemish to a perfect season, coupled with the difficulty either team has had in winning in the other's home stadium, has led the Warriors and Bulldogs to contend for one of the WAC's fiercest rivalries.
The face of Fresno State football changed with the construction of Bulldog Stadium for the 1980 season. Before then, the Bulldogs played their home games in Fresno City College's Ratcliffe Stadium, which seated approximately 13,000 fans. The construction of a modern new on-campus stadium which held over 30,000 in attendance was an outstanding improvement for the Bulldogs, who saw drastic increases in attendance and alumni support. The new stadium brought with it a renewed success for the football team, as they enjoyed four Big West championships in the new stadium which took them to five California Bowl appearances against opponents from the Mid-American Conference. During the Sweeney era, the Bulldogs posted nine consecutive winning seasons, a run which included five double-digit win seasons. 1994, however, marked the beginning of three consecutive losing seasons which ended the Sweeney era and brought in Pat Hill, who had worked both in the NFL and colleges for the past several decades—including a stint as an assistant under Sweeney from 1984 to 1989.
Pat Hill era (1997–2011)
Under Hill, Fresno State continued the advances it had made during the Sweeney era. Soon after returning to Fresno, Hill declared that his Bulldogs would play "anybody, anywhere, anytime." He recalled that this was the same blueprint Bobby Bowden followed in turning Florida State into a powerhouse. To that end, Hill's Bulldogs frequently played particularly difficult non-conference schedules against elite, highly ranked teams. The Bulldogs have also been the only BCS non-AQ conference school to record three consecutive bowl victories over schools from BCS conferences.
In 1998, the Bulldogs, under Hill took on all comers and had a strong season led by WAC offensive player of the year Jaime Kimbrough.
In 2001, the Bulldogs, and quarterback David Carr, began their season with several upsets of ranked teams. The Bulldogs opened the season in Boulder against the Colorado Buffaloes, leaving with a 24–22 win over the eventual Big 12 champions. The next game of the 2001 season was at home against the Oregon State Beavers, the team that Sports Illustrated had been picked as its preseason No. 1. In an electric game at Bulldog Stadium, the Bulldogs outplayed the Beavers in a 44–24 rout. Fresno State then headed to Madison to take on the Wisconsin Badgers, winners of the Sun Bowl over UCLA the previous year. The Bulldogs also topped the Badgers by a score of 32–20. These victories, followed by wins over Tulsa, Louisiana Tech, and Colorado State led the Bulldogs to a ranking of No. 8 in the polls, the highest for a mid-major team since(BYU was ranked No. 5 in 1996), and earned the Bulldogs a degree of prestige not usually afforded a mid-major program. This changed abruptly, however, when the Boise State Broncos and Hawaii Rainbows upset the Bulldogs in Fresno and Honolulu respectively to smash the Bulldogs' hopes of playing in a BCS bowl. The defeats led the team instead the Silicon Valley Classic against Michigan State, a game which was taken by the Spartans by a score of 44–35. Nonetheless, the impressive performances of the regular season earned Fresno State its first number one overall NFL draft choice in David Carr, picked first by the expansion Houston Texans.
The 2002 squad, which had difficulty opening the season with a 1–3 record, finished strong to finish the regular season 8–5 and earning another bid to the Silicon Valley Classic against Georgia Tech. This resulted in a win for the Bulldogs, who beat the Yellow Jackets 30–21.
The 2003 squad earned a spot in the Silicon Valley Classic for the third year in a row, this time facing UCLA in San Jose. The Bulldogs defeated the Bruins 17–9.
The 2004 season began for the Bulldogs much as the 2001 season had, with surprising upsets over BCS opponents in their home stadiums. The Bulldogs opened the season at Husky Stadium against Washington, a team with high expectations in its second year with head coach Keith Gilbertson. The Bulldogs came away with the win by a score of 35–16. The second game was against the Big 12 champions, the Kansas State Wildcats, who had beaten the No. 1 ranked Oklahoma Sooners to finish the previous year. The Bulldogs walked out of Manhattan with an unexpected 45–21 win, again earning the squad national attention and a ranking in the polls. Again, similarly to the 2001 season, the Bulldogs unexpectedly lost to Louisiana Tech, followed by two more losses, including to newly cemented rival Boise State. However, the Bulldogs found their redemptive qualities pervading in five straight wins by 40 or more points, including a 70–14 home rout over rival Hawaii, to earn a bid to the MPC Computers Bowl. In the MPC Bowl, the Bulldogs won their third straight bowl victory against a BCS conference team, beating the Virginia Cavaliers 37–34 in overtime.
The 2005 season began with heady expectations which the Bulldogs largely lived up to for much of the season. The 2005 squad, after an early 3-point loss to Oregon in Eugene, rallied to win seven straight, including the first win at Hawaii since 1994, and a redemptive home victory over Boise State, traveled to the Los Angeles Coliseum to face the No. 1 ranked USC Trojans, bringing with them an 8–1 record, a ranking of No. 16, and senior leadership and depth at key positions. The match up against USC turned out to be one for the ages as Fresno State quarterback Paul Pinegar continually drew against USC quarterback Matt Leinart, and Fresno State running backs Wendel Mathis and Bryson Sumlin exchanged touchdown runs with eventual Heisman Trophy winner Reggie Bush. Despite taking a halftime lead and trading scores with the Trojans all night, at the end of regulation, USC's athleticism with Reggie Bush, the Bulldogs lost by a score of 42–50. The loss to the Trojans changed the character of the team, who proceeded to lose their next four games, including the Liberty Bowl against Tulsa.
The 2006 squad, weakened by key senior losses at quarterback, running back and on the defense, struggled with the schedule, opening the year 1–7 before winning three straight, only to close the season with the first loss to San Jose State since before the fall of the Soviet Union.
After a disappointing season in 2006, the 2007 Fresno State Bulldogs bounced back, finishing 9–4. They started strong against a weak Sacramento State team before losing a close game at Texas A&M in triple overtime. After another loss to Oregon, they won 8 of their final 10 games, including a victory over Georgia Tech in the Humanitarian Bowl.
On September 1, 2008, the Bulldogs opened their season with a 24–7 victory over Rutgers in a non-conference game. The Bulldogs would end the season with a 7–6 record, including a loss in the New Mexico Bowl against Colorado State.
The 2009 season begin with high hopes as Fresno State dominated its first opponent, UC Davis. However, the Bulldogs would go on to lose three straight games against Wisconsin, Boise State, and Cincinnati. The Bulldogs would rebound to win their next five games, before falling to rival Nevada. The Bulldogs would also go on to beat Illinois, in one of the more memorable college football games of the year. The Bulldogs scored a touchdown with only seconds left. Down by one point, the Bulldogs decided to go for two rather than kick a field goal to tie it up. With time expiring, Fresno State QB Ryan Colburn was forced to throw the ball into the end zone. The ball was deflected by an Illinois player, and caught by Fresno State offensive lineman Devan Cunningham who barreled his way into the end zone for a two-point conversion. The Bulldogs won 53–52. This miraculous play has been dubbed by many as the "remarkable deflection". The Bulldogs would end the season at 8–5 including a loss to Wyoming in the New Mexico Bowl. However, Ryan Mathews had one of his best seasons to date, rushing for 1,800 yards, and scoring 19 touchdowns. Ryan Mathews declared his eligibility for the NFL draft, and was selected 12th over-all by the San Diego Chargers.
Much like the 2009 season, the 2010 season saw its share of highs and lows. The Bulldogs would start the season off with a victory over Cincinnati. However, they'd go on to lose against the upper half of the WAC conference and finish the regular season at 8–3. The Bulldogs accepted an invite to face Northern Illinois in the Humanitarian Bowl. It marked the third straight year that Fresno State would face a fellow non-AQ program in a bowl game. The Bulldogs would lose the game to Northern Illinois adding to its disappointing bowl record against other non-AQ programs.
Tim DeRuyter era (2012–2016)
On December 5, 2011, after finishing the year 4–9, Fresno State announced that Pat Hill had been fired as the head coach of the football program. On December 14, 2011, Tim DeRuyter, defensive coordinator and interim head coach of Texas A&M was introduced as the new head coach. He led the Bulldogs to back-to-back conference championships in his first two years with Derek Carr playing as quarterback. DeRuyter was then given a five-year contract extension and Carr was drafted by the Oakland Raiders at 36th overall in 2014. With Carr gone, the Bulldogs would rotate through several quarterbacks and would finish with losing records the next two seasons. After opening the 2016 season with a 1–7 record, DeRuyter was fired.
Jeff Tedford era (2017–2019)
The Bulldogs announced it had hired former Cal head coach, former quarterback under Coach Jim Sweeney, former Bulldogs offensive coordinator, and Fresno State alumnus Jeff Tedford to be its next head coach beginning with the 2017 season. In his first season as Fresno State's head coach, Coach Tedford led the Bulldogs to a 10–4 season, including wins over rivals San Diego State and the No. 25 Boise State Broncos. They clinched the MW West Division, but would lose to Boise State 14–17 in the MW Championship game. Fresno State got an invite to participate in the 2017 Hawaii Bowl, to face the University of Houston Cougars. The Bulldogs would win their bowl game with a score of 33–27, ending a six-year bowl drought. Fresno State would the end the season at 10–4, making it one of the best turnarounds in college football. In 2018, Fresno State made back-to-back conference championship appearances, facing Boise State in a rematch of the previous championship game; this time defeating Boise State 19–16 in overtime. They faced the Arizona State Sun Devils in the 2018 Las Vegas Bowl, winning 20–31. Their victory over Arizona State gave Fresno State the first 12-win season in school history. The team suffered a setback in 2019, finishing 4–8 overall and 2–6 in conference play. On December 6, 2019, Tedford announced his resignation from Fresno State after 3 seasons for health reasons.
Kalen DeBoer era (2020–2021)
On December 17, 2019, former Fresno State offensive coordinator Kalen DeBoer, who had spent the 2019 season at Indiana, was hired as Tedford's replacement.
On September 18, 2021, the Bulldogs beat #13 UCLA Bruins 40–37. It is the second highest ranked opponent ever defeated by Fresno State.
On November 29, 2021, DeBoer left Fresno after 2 seasons for the head coaching job at Washington.
Tedford's return (2022-present)
Tedford was rehired on December 8, 2021 for the 2022 season. Under Tedford, the Bulldogs won another Mountain West championship and beat Washington State in the Jimmy Kimmel LA Bowl.
The Bulldogs' 2023 home opener against Eastern Washington was historically significant as the first FBS game with linear television coverage exclusively in Spanish, with UniMás televising the game in the Fresno and Bakersfield markets. English-language coverage was exclusively by streaming, with audio being a simulcast of Fresno State's (English) radio broadcast.
Conference affiliations
Independent (1921)
California Coast Conference (1922–1924)
Far Western Conference (1925–1940)
California Collegiate Athletic Association (1939–1950 and 1953–1968)
Big West Conference (1969–1991) (formerly Pacific Coast Athletic Association 1969–1987)
Western Athletic Conference (1992–2011)
Mountain West Conference (2012–present)
Championships
Conference championships
Fresno State has won 29 conference championships through the 2022 season.
† Co-champions
Division championships
† Co-champion
Bowl games
Head coaches
† Interim
Rivalries
Boise State
The Battle of the Milk Can
The Boise State-Fresno State rivalry originated in 1977. The Milk Can is awarded to each season's winner of the Battle of the Milk Can, a college football game between the Fresno State Bulldogs and the Boise State Broncos. The team who wins the Milk Can gets to keep it for a year. The trophy was created in 2005, but was not ready in time for the annual match in Fresno, which was won by the Bulldogs. It made its first appearance in 2006, when the victorious Broncos carried it off the field. The idea for a trophy as the prize for the newly arranged interstate rivalry was hatched by two separate dairy groups that decided to get involved with their local football programs. California (No. 1) and Idaho (No. 4) are two of the nation's leading dairy producers. The South Valley Dairy Group began raising money for Bulldog football in 2001; the Bronco Dairy Boosters began contributing to Boise State in 2005. Two dairymen and friends in these organizations, Dan Van Grouw of Meridian, Idaho (in the Boise metropolitan area) and Roger Fluegel of Visalia, California (in Fresno State's home of the San Joaquin Valley), put forward the idea of a traveling trophy and began the administrative process. There was positive feedback from the teams, coaches, and fans, but an "administrative changeover" kept the trophy off the field for the 2005 game, though the Bulldogs' 27–7 victory is the first listed on the can.
Hawaii
The rivalry with Hawaii has increased greatly in recent years, with both teams being the oldest members of the WAC contending regularly for the conference championship. Coaches from both schools have accused each side of various episodes of poor sportsmanship over the years, and both schools have some of the nation's rowdiest home fans. The rivalry has featured some lopsided results, including a 70–14 Fresno victory over Hawaii in 2004 and a 68–37 Warriors victory in 2006 over Fresno. In 2007, allegations that Fresno State fans were physically and verbally abused by hometown Hawaii fans circulated the internet and television media added to this rivalry. The game is no longer an annual affair; the two teams are no longer designated as annual opponents in the MW's post-2022 divisionless scheduling model.
San Diego State
The Battle for the Oil Can
The Fresno State-San Diego State rivalry, also known as the Battle for the Oil Can, is one of the Bulldogs' biggest rivalry games. This in-state rivalry dates back to 1923, with the Aztecs winning the initial meeting at home 12–2. Since then, the sides have met 51 more times, including every year from 1945 to 1979, when the two competed in the same conference or were independents. After not facing one another between 1979 and 1991, the schools resumed the annual series from 1992 to 1998, when both were members of the Western Athletic Conference. The two teams have met twice since then, in 2002 and 2011. With Fresno State joining the Mountain West Conference in 2012 and the addition of the divisional format, the Aztecs and the Bulldogs will compete on an annual basis once again. The two teams play for the Old Oil Can as a trophy. The name comes from a 1930s-era oil can hailing from Fresno that was found at a construction site at San Diego State. "The oil can likely came from a time when Aztec and Bulldog fans traveled to football games between the two schools via the old, twisting, precipitous Grapevine section of Highway 99 over Tejon Pass", said Jacquelyn K. Glasener, executive director of the Fresno State Alumni Association. "Cars in those days carried extra oil and water to be sure they could make it through difficult trips", added Jim Herrick, executive director of the San Diego State Alumni Association. Fresno State trails in the series 27–30–4.
San Jose State
The Battle for the Valley Trophy
The Fresno State–San Jose State football rivalry started in 1921 and is the Bulldog's oldest rival. San Jose State led the series from 1949 to 2001, but Fresno State tied it at 32 games each with a victory in 2002, and recaptured the lead in 2003. The Bulldogs have maintained the series lead since 2003, but have lost the past two games to the Spartans, including a 52–62 loss at Spartan Stadium (now CEFCU Stadium) on 11/29/2013. The Bulldogs and Spartans played the first football game of the series in 1921. The football rivalry took a one-year break in 2012 after conference realignment temporarily separated the two schools, with Fresno State moving to the Mountain West Conference while San Jose State remained in the Western Athletic Conference. It resumed as a conference rivalry in 2013 when San Jose State joined the MW, and the Spartans were designated as one of the Bulldogs' two permanent opponents in the MW's post-2022 divisionless scheduling model.
Nevada
The Sierra Showdown
The 'Sierra Showdown' is named after the Sierra Nevada mountain range that runs along the California-Nevada border and is near the home cities of both schools (Fresno, California and Reno, Nevada). As recent as November 2022 there was case made for the Nevada-Fresno State football game to add a Sierra Showdown Trophy Paul Loeffler, the voice of the Fresno State Bulldogs, suggested on Twitter that Nevada and Fresno State should play for the Sierra Showdown Trophy that is half silver (for the Silver State) and half gold (for the Golden State). Loeffler was quoted as saying ""You guys are on the eastern side of the Sierra. You're looking at the other side of the mountains that we're looking at from the western side. We have to go through or over that pass to play each other. We've been doing it forever. So why not make that mountain the symbol of this rivalry?" The Wolf Pack and Bulldogs have played each other 54 times. The series began in 1923 and has been played every season since 1998. The 54 matchups are more games than Nevada has played its main rival, UNLV (48 times). Nevada is the other of Fresno State's two protected rivalries in the MW's post-2022 divisionless scheduling model, meaning they continue to play every year. Fresno State leads the all-time series 32-22-1 as of 2022, including a 15–11 mark since the teams began playing regularly again in 1994.
Cal Poly
Battle for the Victory Bell
From 1956 to 1975, Cal Poly and the Bulldogs traded the "Victory Bell Trophy", which was donated to Cal Poly in 1952. The trophy, which weighed about 200 pounds, was ultimately retired due to repeated theft. The two programs didn't play each other from 1986 through 2009, but brought back matchups in 2010, 2013, 2021 and 2022. In the 46-game all-time series, Fresno State leads 34-10-2.
Louisiana Tech
Battle for the Bone
From 2001 to 2011, Louisiana Tech and Fresno State played annually as members of the Western Athletic Conference. The two schools both feature Bulldogs as their mascots, hence the name "Battle for the Bone" was coined by Fresno State's 2001 Homecoming Chair, Terrance Mayes. In 2012 Fresno State left the Western Athletic Conference and joined the Mountain West Conference, effectively ending the rivalry. In the 13-game all-time series, Fresno State leads 9-4.
Retired numbers
All-Americans
Jackie Fellows, HB- 1942 (LK-1st; MS-1st)
Davante Adams, WR- 2013 (AP-2nd)
National Award Winners
Sam Baugh Trophy
This honor is given by the Touchdown Club of Columbus, awarded annually to the nation's top collegiate passer.
Paul Warfield Trophy
This honor is awarded annually to the nation's top collegiate wide receiver.
All-time record vs. current Mountain West teams
Results as of the conclusion of the 2022 NCAA Division I FBS football season.
Future non-conference opponents
Announced schedules as of July 13, 2021.
References
External links
American football teams established in 1921
1921 establishments in California |
36945373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre%20in%20Azerbaijan | Theatre in Azerbaijan | Azerbaijani theatre () – is a theatrical art of the Azerbaijani people.
History
Sources of Azerbaijani theatrical art lie on ancient holidays and dances.
Elements of theatrical action are in many types of Azerbaijani people's creativity – in games (“gizlanpach” – hide and seek, “kosaldigach” – polo game), game songs (“kepenek” – butterfly, “banovsha” – violet), wedding traditions (“nishan” – engagement, “duvakhgalma” – taking bride's veil off, “toy” – wedding) and holidays (“Nowruz” – spring's coming, “kev-sej” – preparation for winter).
Collective male dance “yally”, performance of skomorokhs, kandirbazs (rope-walkers), mukhraduzds and mukhrabazs, spectacles of dervish and snake charmers are initial forms of theatrical spectacles. Broadly famed national scenes such as “Kosa-kosa”, “Garavelli”, “Shah Selim”, “Kechal pahlavan”(Bald-headed strong), “Jeyran khanim” (Mrs. Jeyran), “Maral oyunu” (Deer's game), “Kaftarkos” (Hyena), “Khan-khan” (Ruler and judge), “Tapdig choban” (Shepherd Tapdig) and “Tenbel gardash” (Lazy brother) were of great importance in formation of national Azerbaijani theatre. “Kilim arasi” (Out of carpet) puppet theatre, in spectacles of which ugly appearances of everyday life, social inequality and injustice were ridiculed, is an ancient type of Azerbaijani theatrical art.
Religious-mystic spectacles were widely spread in the Middle Ages. Dramatized “Shabih” tradition, which was generally held in sorrowful Muharram month, is one of spectacles like that.
Origination of the national Azerbaijani theatre - late 19th century, early 20th century
National Azerbaijani theatre was originated in the second half of the 19th century, on the basis of a comedy by Mirza Fatali Akhundov, the first Azerbaijani playwright, prominent thinker and philosopher of Azerbaijan.
The first professional spectacle in Azerbaijani language was displayed on March 23, 1873. Hasanbay Malikov-Zardabi, pedagogue of real school and Najafgulu bey Vazirov, student of the school were initiators of the spectacle. Students of the real school played “Vizier of Lankaran Khanate” play by M.F.Akhundov on the stage of Baku Public Assembly. The second spectacle – “Haji Gara” (Miser's adventures) - another comedy by M.F.Akhundov was displayed on the hall of Baku Public Assembly, on April 17, 1873. Organization of professional theatre and staging of spectacles in Baku was stopped after the first spectacles. Zardabi was busy with creation of “Akinchi” newspaper, and Najaf bey Vazirov went to Russia for education. Opening of real school in Shusha in 1881, and elementary female school in 1894, also opening of a musical school by musical critic Kharrat Gulu and involvement of young singers there aroused interest of local intelligentsia in theatre. So, amateurish spectacles were staged by young pedagogues in Shusha, during summer holidays. In the first years, the repertoire consisted of M.F.Akhundov's works.
“New education” newspaper wrote on August 17, 1884:
Number of theatre-lovers resulted in appearance of young playwrights. H.Vazirov, teacher of native language in Russo-Tatar School in Shusha city, actively participated in amateur circle of young pedagogues, in the 1890s. In 1892, amateurs staged “Marrying – not slaking the thirst” play by H.Vazirov. This spectacle was wrecked by fanatically incited believers and actors were made to escape through back door. Muslim priesthood, who considered literature and theatre an obscene work, began to impede display of spectacles. Ruling intelligentsia of Shusha, who began a battle with such reaction, organized new spectacles. In summer of 1984, the spectacles such as “Haji Gara”, “Monsieur Jordan the botanist and famous sorcerer dervish Mastali Shah” and “Bear, the winner of rubbers” were staged one after another by young pedagogues for charitable purposes. In 1895, those actors finally finished “Marrying – not slaking the thirst” play by H.Vazirov. Success of the spectacle was mentioned in “Terjuman” newspaper.
In 1896, a new “Broken nestle” tragedy by A.Hagverdiyev was displayed in Shusha. Author of the play was director of the spectacle. In 1904, amateurs realized staging of “Othello” by W.Shakespeare. H.Vazirov was translator and performer of Othello's peace.
By the end of the 19th century, spectacles in Azerbaijani language were staged in province cities such as Nukha, Ganja, Shamakhi, Nakhchivan and others. Followers of Akhundov's drama school, Najaf bey Vazirov, Hashim bey Vazirov, Nariman Narimanov, Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev, Jalil Mammadguluzadeh and Suleyman Sani Akhundov, were organizers of theatrical spectacles.
In 1888, a theatrical troupe was created in Baku by active participation of S.M.Ganizade and N.Narimanov. In 1897, the first professional collective – “Muslim Drama Troupe” – was established. Repertoire of pre-revolutionary theatre consisted of works of Azerbaijani playwrights (M.F.Akhundov, N.Vazirov, H.Vazirov, N.Narimanov, A.Hagverdiyev, J.Mammadguluzade and others), and also Russian (N.V.Gogol, I.S.Turgenev and L.N.Tolstoy) and western European classics (W.Shakespeare, Schiller and Molière). Azerbaijani theatre became the center of spreading of enlightenment and democracy ideas from its first years. Morals of feudal society, oppression and despotism of landlord-capitalistic system, obscurantism and religious fanaticism were unmasked in “Fakhraddin’s tragedy”, “From the rain to shower” plays by N.Vazirov, “Broken nestle”, “Miserable young boy”, “Agha Muhammad Shah Qajar” and “Sorceress Peri” plays by A.Hagverdiyev, “Ignorance” and “Nadir Shah” plays by N.Narimanov.
New theatrical troupes, so called “comradeships” appeared under the influence of the Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. A special troupe under “Tekamul” newspaper was created in oil-producing regions along with drama circles. Spectacles of the theatre were given in “Granvio” trade passage.
In 1908, a united drama troupe, uniting professional actors such as H.Arablinski, S.Ruhulla and A.Veli, was created under “Nijat” charity union. The troupe had a cloakroom and props. Besides that, the troupe displayed spectacles in Taghiyev Theatre and in other regions. Such spectacles as “Agha Muhammad Shah Qajar” by A.Hagverdiyev (1907), “Blacksmith Gave” by S.Sami (1908), “Robbers” (1907); “Deadmen” by J.Mammadguluzade (1916), “Othello” (1910), on which actor and director H.Arablinski had a great success and arts of who was penetrated by revolutionary and romantic inspiration, were significant events in the history of Azerbaijani theatre.
At that time such plays as “Gaveyi ahengar” (S.Sami), “Refugees” (Schiller), “Al-Mansur” (H.Heine), “Othello” (W.Shakespeare), “Willy-nilly doctor” (J.B.Molière), “The government inspector”, “Marriage” (N.V.Gogol), “The first wine-maker” (L.N.Tolstoy) and others.
In 1919, Azerbaijan State Theatre was created.
Development of Azerbaijani theatre in the Soviet period
All theatres in Azerbaijan were nationalized after establishment of the Soviet power and their repertoire was strictly controlled by authorities. Government united destroyed troupes, listed their actors to government service. National theatre acquired its further development due to financial support of the government. In 1920, a United State Theatre including Azerbaijani, Russian and Armenian drama and opera theatres was created. In 1922, Azerbaijani drama troupe was transformed into Academic Drama Theatre. In 1920, a Russian satire-agitation theatre, transformed into Baku Labor Theatre in 1923, was created. Miniatures, revues, parodies to actual socio-political and everyday life themes were staged in the theatre. Along with these, stage versions of classic literature (“The Overcoat” by N.V.Gogol, “The little house in Kolomna”, “The Tale of the Priest and of His Workman Balda” by A.S.Pushkin, “The Grand Inquisitor” by F.M.Dostoyevski, “The Mask”, “Pharmacist” by Chekhov and others) were included into its repertoire. In 1921, Azerbaijani satire-agitation theatre was created, on the basis of which Azerbaijani worker-peasant theatre of Baku transferred into Turkish Labor Theatre of Baku in 1927, was established in 1925.
In 1928-1930, Maxim Gorky Azerbaijan State Theatre of Young Spectators and in 1938, Azerbaijan State Theatre of Musical Comedy was established.
In 1922, M.F.Akhundov Azerbaijan State Theatre of Young Spectators of Tbilisi was created on the basis of Azerbaijani Theatre of Tbilisi and it existed until 1947. In 1928, Azerbaijani Theatre was organized in Irevan - it was the first theatre of other nation in Armenia.
Azerbaijani Musical Theatre
Popularity of theatre among nation and development of national Azerbaijani instruments favored formation of a new form of theatrical art – musical theatre. One-acted scenic images to poems such as “Leyli and Majnun” by Fuzûlî and “Farhad and Shirin” by Navai were displayed in 1897-1898, in Shusha and in 1901-1902, in Baku. On January 12, 1908 the first national “Leyli and Majnun” opera by Uzeyir Hajibeyov was staged in Baku. History of professional musical theatre of Azerbaijan was originated since that time. Initially, repertoire of Azerbaijani Musical Theatre consisted of works by U.Hajibeyov, who created “Leyli and Majnun”, “Shaikh Sanan”, “Rostam and Sohrab” “Shah Abbas and Khurshid Banu” operas, and also such musical comedies as “Husband and wife”, “If Not That One, Then This One” and “Arshin mal alan” musical comedies in 1908-1913. Soon, the repertoire of the musical theatre was enriched with new works by Z.Hajibeyov (“Ashiq Garib” opera” and “Fifty years old young” and “Married bachelor” musical comedies), “Shah Ismayil” opera by M.Magomayev, “Molla Jabi” and “Vurhavur” musical comedies by M.M.Kazimski, “Seyfalmulk” opera by M.Amirov and others.
References
Azerbaijani-language works |
22684473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000%20Chicago%20Blackhawks%20season | 1999–2000 Chicago Blackhawks season | The 1999–2000 Chicago Blackhawks season was the Chicago Blackhawks' 74th season of operation. Finishing 11th in the Western Conference, they did not qualify for the playoffs.
Offseason
Forward Doug Gilmour was named team captain.
Regular season
The Blackhawks tied the Atlanta Thrashers for the most short-handed goals allowed during the regular season, with 13. Captain Doug Gilmour was traded in March to the Buffalo Sabres. The team completed the season without a captain.
Final standings
Schedule and results
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|1||L||October 4, 1999||1–7 || align="left"| @ San Jose Sharks (1999–2000) ||0–1–0–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|2||L||October 6, 1999||4–5 || align="left"| @ Vancouver Canucks (1999–2000) ||0–2–0–0 ||
|- align="center"
|3||T||October 8, 1999||3–3 OT|| align="left"| Phoenix Coyotes (1999–2000) ||0–2–1–0 ||
|- align="center"
|4||T||October 10, 1999||3–3 OT|| align="left"| Nashville Predators (1999–2000) ||0–2–2–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|5||L||October 15, 1999||1–2 || align="left"| Toronto Maple Leafs (1999–2000) ||0–3–2–0 ||
|- align="center"
|6||T||October 16, 1999||3–3 OT|| align="left"| @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1999–2000) ||0–3–3–0 ||
|- align="center"
|7||T||October 21, 1999||5–5 OT|| align="left"| Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (1999–2000) ||0–3–4–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|8||L||October 23, 1999||0–1 || align="left"| Detroit Red Wings (1999–2000) ||0–4–4–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|9||W||October 27, 1999||1–0 || align="left"| @ Montreal Canadiens (1999–2000) ||1–4–4–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|10||W||October 29, 1999||4–2 || align="left"| @ Detroit Red Wings (1999–2000) ||2–4–4–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|11||L||October 30, 1999||1–3 || align="left"| Los Angeles Kings (1999–2000) ||2–5–4–0 ||
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FF6F6F"
|12||OTL||November 4, 1999||4–5 OT|| align="left"| Buffalo Sabres (1999–2000) ||2–5–4–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|13||W||November 5, 1999||3–1 || align="left"| @ Nashville Predators (1999–2000) ||3–5–4–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|14||L||November 7, 1999||1–3 || align="left"| New York Rangers (1999–2000) ||3–6–4–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|15||L||November 10, 1999||2–4 || align="left"| Nashville Predators (1999–2000) ||3–7–4–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|16||W||November 12, 1999||5–0 || align="left"| New York Islanders (1999–2000) ||4–7–4–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|17||L||November 14, 1999||3–6 || align="left"| Edmonton Oilers (1999–2000) ||4–8–4–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|18||L||November 16, 1999||2–3 || align="left"| @ Los Angeles Kings (1999–2000) ||4–9–4–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|19||L||November 19, 1999||2–4 || align="left"| @ Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (1999–2000) ||4–10–4–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|20||L||November 20, 1999||1–3 || align="left"| @ Phoenix Coyotes (1999–2000) ||4–11–4–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|21||W||November 24, 1999||3–2 || align="left"| @ Edmonton Oilers (1999–2000) ||5–11–4–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FF6F6F"
|22||OTL||November 25, 1999||1–2 OT|| align="left"| @ Calgary Flames (1999–2000) ||5–11–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|23||L||November 27, 1999||3–8 || align="left"| @ St. Louis Blues (1999–2000) ||5–12–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|24||L||November 30, 1999||1–2 || align="left"| @ Ottawa Senators (1999–2000) ||5–13–4–2 ||
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|25||L||December 3, 1999||4–7 || align="left"| Detroit Red Wings (1999–2000) ||5–14–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|26||W||December 4, 1999||9–3 || align="left"| @ Boston Bruins (1999–2000) ||6–14–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|27||W||December 6, 1999||5–1 || align="left"| Edmonton Oilers (1999–2000) ||7–14–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|28||L||December 9, 1999||0–4 || align="left"| New Jersey Devils (1999–2000) ||7–15–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|29||L||December 10, 1999||1–2 || align="left"| @ Buffalo Sabres (1999–2000) ||7–16–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|30||L||December 12, 1999||1–2 || align="left"| Calgary Flames (1999–2000) ||7–17–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|31||W||December 14, 1999||5–2 || align="left"| @ San Jose Sharks (1999–2000) ||8–17–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|32||L||December 17, 1999||0–2 || align="left"| @ Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (1999–2000) ||8–18–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|33||W||December 18, 1999||8–4 || align="left"| @ Los Angeles Kings (1999–2000) ||9–18–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|34||W||December 23, 1999||5–2 || align="left"| Dallas Stars (1999–2000) ||10–18–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|35||L||December 26, 1999||2–4 || align="left"| Pittsburgh Penguins (1999–2000) ||10–19–4–2 ||
|- align="center"
|36||T||December 27, 1999||2–2 OT|| align="left"| @ Washington Capitals (1999–2000) ||10–19–5–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|37||W||December 30, 1999||2–1 || align="left"| Florida Panthers (1999–2000) ||11–19–5–2 ||
|- align="center"
|38||T||December 31, 1999||4–4 OT|| align="left"| @ Detroit Red Wings (1999–2000) ||11–19–6–2 ||
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|39||L||January 2, 2000||1–4 || align="left"| San Jose Sharks (1999–2000) ||11–20–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|40||W||January 6, 2000||5–2 || align="left"| Calgary Flames (1999–2000) ||12–20–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|41||L||January 8, 2000||3–6 || align="left"| @ Nashville Predators (1999–2000) ||12–21–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|42||W||January 9, 2000||5–3 || align="left"| Colorado Avalanche (1999–2000) ||13–21–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|43||W||January 12, 2000||3–2 OT|| align="left"| Vancouver Canucks (1999–2000) ||14–21–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|44||W||January 13, 2000||5–3 || align="left"| @ Detroit Red Wings (1999–2000) ||15–21–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|45||L||January 15, 2000||1–3 || align="left"| @ Colorado Avalanche (1999–2000) ||15–22–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|46||W||January 17, 2000||5–4 OT|| align="left"| San Jose Sharks (1999–2000) ||16–22–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|47||L||January 19, 2000||1–4 || align="left"| @ New Jersey Devils (1999–2000) ||16–23–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|48||L||January 21, 2000||0–3 || align="left"| St. Louis Blues (1999–2000) ||16–24–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|49||L||January 23, 2000||2–3 || align="left"| Dallas Stars (1999–2000) ||16–25–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|50||W||January 27, 2000||6–4 || align="left"| Colorado Avalanche (1999–2000) ||17–25–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|51||W||January 30, 2000||3–1 || align="left"| @ Vancouver Canucks (1999–2000) ||18–25–6–2 ||
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|52||L||February 2, 2000||1–4 || align="left"| @ Edmonton Oilers (1999–2000) ||18–26–6–2 ||
|- align="center"
|53||T||February 3, 2000||5–5 OT|| align="left"| @ Calgary Flames (1999–2000) ||18–26–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|54||W||February 12, 2000||4–3 || align="left"| @ Atlanta Thrashers (1999–2000) ||19–26–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|55||L||February 14, 2000||3–4 || align="left"| Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (1999–2000) ||19–27–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|56||L||February 16, 2000||1–4 || align="left"| Los Angeles Kings (1999–2000) ||19–28–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|57||L||February 18, 2000||4–5 || align="left"| Washington Capitals (1999–2000) ||19–29–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|58||W||February 20, 2000||6–4 || align="left"| Detroit Red Wings (1999–2000) ||20–29–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|59||L||February 22, 2000||1–3 || align="left"| @ Philadelphia Flyers (1999–2000) ||20–30–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|60||L||February 23, 2000||2–4 || align="left"| Nashville Predators (1999–2000) ||20–31–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|61||W||February 25, 2000||4–3 OT|| align="left"| @ Dallas Stars (1999–2000) ||21–31–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|62||W||February 27, 2000||4–1 || align="left"| @ St. Louis Blues (1999–2000) ||22–31–7–2 ||
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|63||L||March 1, 2000||1–4 || align="left"| Montreal Canadiens (1999–2000) ||22–32–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|64||W||March 3, 2000||5–1 || align="left"| Tampa Bay Lightning (1999–2000) ||23–32–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|65||W||March 5, 2000||7–3 || align="left"| Phoenix Coyotes (1999–2000) ||24–32–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|66||L||March 7, 2000||1–3 || align="left"| @ Nashville Predators (1999–2000) ||24–33–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|67||L||March 8, 2000||1–4 || align="left"| @ Carolina Hurricanes (1999–2000) ||24–34–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|68||W||March 11, 2000||5–2 || align="left"| @ Florida Panthers (1999–2000) ||25–34–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|69||W||March 12, 2000||4–1 || align="left"| @ Tampa Bay Lightning (1999–2000) ||26–34–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|70||W||March 15, 2000||5–2 || align="left"| @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1999–2000) ||27–34–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|71||W||March 16, 2000||5–4 OT|| align="left"| Boston Bruins (1999–2000) ||28–34–7–2 ||
|- align="center"
|72||T||March 18, 2000||2–2 OT|| align="left"| Dallas Stars (1999–2000) ||28–34–8–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|73||W||March 21, 2000||3–0 || align="left"| @ Phoenix Coyotes (1999–2000) ||29–34–8–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|74||L||March 24, 2000||1–5 || align="left"| @ Dallas Stars (1999–2000) ||29–35–8–2 ||
|- align="center"
|75||T||March 26, 2000||1–1 OT|| align="left"| St. Louis Blues (1999–2000) ||29–35–9–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|76||L||March 27, 2000||1–3 || align="left"| @ Colorado Avalanche (1999–2000) ||29–36–9–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|77||W||March 30, 2000||4–0 || align="left"| Toronto Maple Leafs (1999–2000) ||30–36–9–2 ||
|-
|- align="center"
|78||T||April 1, 2000||2–2 OT|| align="left"| @ New York Islanders (1999–2000) ||30–36–10–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|79||L||April 2, 2000||2–3 || align="left"| Vancouver Canucks (1999–2000) ||30–37–10–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|80||W||April 5, 2000||5–2 || align="left"| Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (1999–2000) ||31–37–10–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|81||W||April 7, 2000||4–3 OT|| align="left"| @ St. Louis Blues (1999–2000) ||32–37–10–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|82||W||April 9, 2000||3–1 || align="left"| St. Louis Blues (1999–2000) ||33–37–10–2 ||
|-
|-
| Legend:
Player statistics
Scoring
Position abbreviations: C = Center; D = Defense; G = Goaltender; LW = Left wing; RW = Right wing
= Joined team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, signing) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Blackhawks only.
= Left team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, release) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Blackhawks only.
Goaltending
Awards and records
Awards
Milestones
Transactions
Draft picks
Chicago's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.
See also
1999–2000 NHL season
Notes
References
Chic
Chic
Chicago Blackhawks seasons
Chic
Chic |
53326393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitra%20Devi%20%28actress%29 | Sumitra Devi (actress) | Sumitra Devi (; 22 July 1923 – 28 August 1990) was an Indian actress who is recognised for her work in Hindi as well as Bengali cinema during the 1940s and 1950s. She is most remembered for her role in the 1952 Hindi film Mamta directed by Dada Gunjal. She was the recipient of BFJA Award for Best Actress for two times. She was one of the exquisite beauties of her time and has been regarded as the most beautiful woman of her time by veterans such as Pradeep Kumar and Uttam Kumar.
In 1943 she was summoned for an interview and look test in the office of New Theatres and was finally cast opposite K. L. Saigal in Hemchander Chander’s Meri Bahen (1944). During the making of this film she was offered to play the lead in Apurba Mitra’s Bengali film Sandhi (1944) which happened to be her debut film. The film achieved enormous success and won her the BFJA Award for Best Actress in 1945. In the late 1940s she established herself as a leading actress of Bollywood with roles in films such as Vasiyatnama (1945), Bhai Dooj (1947), Oonch Neech (1948) and Vijay Yatra (1948). She was adulated for her role as a single mother in Gunjal's Mamta (1952). Filmzack wrote, "She manipulated all her magnificent characteristics to vivify her role; her calmness, her softness, pain and pang and all were infused into one." She was further acclaimed for her role in films such as Deewana (1952), Ghungroo (1952), Mayurpankh (1954), Chor Bazaar (1954) Raj Yogi Bharthari (1954) and Jagte Raho (1956).
She sustained her career in Bengali cinema also with films such as Abhijog (1947), Pather Dabi (1947), Pratibad (1948), Joyjatra (1948), Swami (1949), Devi Chowdhurani (1949), Samar (1950), Dasyu Mohan (1955). She has been idolized for her role as the beautiful alcoholic wife of a landlord in Kartik Chattopadhyay's cult classic Saheb Bibi Golam (1956) which is an adaptation of Bimal Mitra's classic novel of the same name. Her portrayal of Bijali, a nautch girl with a bereaved heart in Haridas Bhattacharya’s National Award winning Bengali film Aandhare Alo (1957) acquired an overwhelmed critical response. She also garnered acclamation for her roles in Bengali films such as Ekdin Ratre (1956), Nilachaley Mahaprabhu (1957), Joutuk (1958) and Kinu Gowalar Gali (1964). In the late fifties, she was invited to the Asian Film Festival in China as a delegate from India.
Early life
Sumitra Devi was born in 1923 at Shiuri, in Birbhum, West Bengal. Her original name was Nilima Chattopadhyay. Her father Murali Chattopadhyay was an advocate. Her brother's name was Ranajit Chattopadhyay. She was brought up in Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Her family shifted to Calcutta after their house and estate in Muzaffarpur was demolished due to a major earthquake.
Career
During her teenage, she was immensely influenced by the beauty and stature of the veteran actresses like Chandrabati Devi and Kanan Devi and aspired to be an actress.
She decided to send an application letter along with a photograph of her own to the office of New Theatres. As her father was conservative, she decided to do it secretly and to make her plan fruitful, she sought the help of her younger brother Ranajit, who agreed to cooperate with her. Her letter was answered and she was summoned for an interview and look test. At the office of New Theatres, she was asked to read lines from Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay's Ganadevata and she mesmerized everyone present there with her beauty as well as her lucid, euphonic voice. She was chosen for the leading role opposite K. L. Saigal in New Theatres's Meri Bahen (1944). Nilima adopted her screen name Sumitra Devi.
Though Meri Bahen was supposed to be the debut film of Sumitra Devi, she finally made her debut with Apurba Mitra's Bengali film Sandhi (1944), which became a huge hit at the box office. There are different speculations regarding how she attained her role in Sandhi (1944). Anandalok wrote that she was stalled on her way to the shooting floor of Meri Bahen, by Apurba Mitra who offered her to act in his directorial venture. Cineplot claimed that it was actually Sumitra Devi herself who proposed Debaki Bose to act in his film and it was Bose who finally cast her in his nephew Apurba Mitra's directorial venture. According to the source, Bose wanted to enquire whether she had her father's consent to step into filmdom. She confessed that she did not have and her father was too conservative to provide his consent to this. As Bose was keen to cast her, he requested B. N. Sircar to persuade her father, Murali Chattopadhyay to give his consent. As B. N. Sircar was the son of Sir M. N. Sirkar, an eminent advocate and a close friend to Murali Chattopadhyay, he finally yielded to Sircar's imploration and reluctantly gave his consent. After the film released, she was applauded for her unlaboured acting skill as well as credited as having an "outstanding luminous screen presence". The film revolves around the oscillating relationship between a father and his son as the latter marries Rekha instead of marrying a girl whom his father chose for him. She portrays Rekha who takes initiative in the reunion of the father-son duo. The film won her the Bengal Film Journalists' Association - Best Actress Award in 1945. Meri Bahen (1944) achieved remarkable success upon release. It became the fourth highest-grossing film of the year. She, then appeared in Soumyen Mukhopadhyay's Hindi film Vasiyatnama (1945) which was originally an adaptation of veteran Bengali author Bamkim Chandra Chattopadhyay's famous novel Krishnakanter Will. In this film, she played the character of a beautiful widow who seduces the male protagonist, elopes with him and ultimately gets killed by him. She earned rave reviews for her enticing as well as doleful performance in the film. Filmstaan wrote, "She had that melancholia which she manipulated together with her beauty to vitalize the character of Rohini." Her next big turn was Satish Dasgupta and Digambar Chattopadhay's directorial venture Pather Dabi (1947) which was an adaptation of the renowned Bengali author Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel of the same name and also starred Debi Mukherjee in lead. She played Bharati. The film was a massive success at box office as its content dealt with the various aspects of contemporary Indian freedom movement. She attained positive review from critics for her performance in the film. She was again paired with Mukherjee in Sushil Majumdar's Abhijog (1947), which became another huge success at box office. Her next turn was Hemchandra Chandra's bilingual venture Oonch Neech (1948) whose Bengali version was released under the title Pratibad. The film achieved an enormous commercial success on both the national and regional front. She appeared in Niren Lahiri's bilingual film Vijay Yatra (1948) whose Bengali version was released under the title Joyjatra. Her next big turn was Satish Dasgupta's Devi Chowdhurani (1949) which was an adaptation of the renowned Bengali author Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's classic novel of the same name. She delineated the character of a Prafulla who is abandoned by her clink, gets kidnapped by some ruffians but manages to escape and hides herself in a lone forest where she meets a person who trains her as the leading figure of his gang of robbers. Indian columnist Rinki Bhattacharya appreciated her performance. The film was a major success at box office.
In 1950, she appeared in Nitin Bose's Hindi film Mashaal, which is based on Rajani, a famous Bengali novel by the veteran author Bankim Chandra Chottopadhyay. She played the character of Tarangini who is in love with the character of Samar, played by Ashok Kumar, but is compelled by her father to marry a wealthy landlord. The film achieved critical as well as commercial success. The year 1952 saw four of her Bollywood releases Deewana, Ghunghroo, Mamta, Raja Harischandra. Deewana and Ghunghroo received remarkable success at box office. Her other releases were Mayurpankh (1954), Chor Bazaar (1954), Jagte Raho (1956) and Delhi Darbar (1956), to name a few.
In 1955, she appeared in Ardhendu Mukhopadhyay's Bengali film Dasyu Mohan, which became a huge hit at the box office. In 1956, she appeared in Pinaki Mukhopadhyay's Bengali film Asabarna (1956) and Kartik Chattopadhyay's blockbuster Saheb Bibi Golam (1956), which is an adaptation of Bimal Mitra's classic novel of the same name. She plays the character of a beautiful, alcoholic wife of an aristocrat, who forms a loving yet platonic relationship with the protagonist Bhootnath. She has been most remembered for her role in this film. Director Kartik Chattopadhyay was keen to cast her in the role of the beautiful, eeyorish mistress of the junior landlord, but felt on edge at the same time as he thought that she might be repulsed by this role as it mirrored her conjugal life to some extent. He found his breath when Sumitra Devi gave her consent.
The film was released on 9 March 1956 and turned out as a massive hit at the box office. In 1957, she appeared in Kartik Chattopadhyay's another blockbuster Nilachaley Mahaprabhu. She was further adulated for her role as a nautch girl in Haridas Bhattacharya's National Award winning film Aandhare Alo (1957).
In 1958, she was paired with Uttam Kumar in Jiban Gangopadhgay's ambitious venture Joutuk. Sumitra Devi's reign began to slow down in the sixties. In 1964, she rendered the character of Draupadi in Chandrakant Gor's Hindi film Veer Bhimsen. In the same year, she appeared in O. C. Gangopadhyay's Kinu Gowalar Gali, where she played the character of a woman who is desperate to win back her husband's love for her.
Personal life
Sumitra Devi married actor Debi Mukherjee on 21 October 1946. On 1 December 1947, she gave birth to her son Bulbul and on 11 December 1947, Mukherjee passed away.
Trivia
Sumitra Devi was known for her exquisite beauty and subtle administration of seduction. It was said that she often cast her spell on the actors, directors, producers and journalists of her time. Her Dasyu Mohan co-actor Pradeep Kumar, who described her as an "instance of the perfect harmonization of beauty and glory", used to come to the set of the film even when he had no schedule of shooting and spend his time sitting by and watching her raptly. Uttam Kumar too, was spellbound before her on the set of Kartik Chattopadhyay's Saheb Bibi Golam. Raj Kapoor said: "Sumitra Devi doesn't need any reference; she is beautiful than anything else." Shammi Kapoor said: "She has the face that can arrest an unblinking gaze for long."
Filmography
Hindi Films
Bengali films
References
External links
Sumitra Devi on Facebook
Bengali actresses
Actresses from West Bengal
1923 births
1990 deaths
People from Birbhum district
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Bengali cinema
Indian film actresses
20th-century Indian actresses |
38124294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filming%20of%20James%20Bond%20in%20the%202000s | Filming of James Bond in the 2000s | Films made in the 2000s featuring the character of James Bond included Die Another Day, Casino Royale, and Quantum of Solace.
Die Another Day (2002)
Principal photography of Die Another Day began on 11 January 2002 at Pinewood studios. The film was shot primarily in the United Kingdom, Iceland, and Cádiz, Spain. Other locations included Pinewood Studios' historic 007 Stage, and scenes shot in Maui, Hawaii, in December 2001.
Laird Hamilton, Dave Kalama, and Darrick Doerner performed the pre-title surfing scene at the surf break known as Jaws in Peahi, Maui, while the shore shots were taken near Cádiz and Newquay, Cornwall. Scenes inside Graves' diamond mine were also filmed in Cornwall, at the Eden Project. The scenes involving the Cuban locations Havana and the fictional Isla Los Organos were filmed at La Caleta, Spain.
The scenes featuring Berry in a bikini were shot in Cádiz; the location was reportedly cold and windy, and footage has been released of Berry wrapped in thick towels between takes to avoid catching a chill. Berry was injured during filming when debris from a smoke grenade flew into her eye. The debris was removed in a 30-minute operation.
Gadgets and other props from every previous Bond film and stored in Eon Productions' archives appear in Q's warehouse in the London Underground. Examples include the jetpack in Thunderball and Rosa Klebb's poison-tipped shoe in From Russia with Love. Q mentions that the watch he issues Bond is "your 20th, I believe", a reference to Die Another Day being the 20th Eon-produced Bond film. In London, the Reform Club was used to shoot several places in the film, including the lobby at the Blades Club, MI6 Headquarters, Buckingham Palace, Green Park, and Westminster. Svalbard, Norway and Jökulsárlón, Iceland were used for the car chase on the ice with additional scenes filmed at Jostedalsbreen National Park, Norway and RAF Little Rissington, Gloucestershire.
The scene where Bond surfs the wave that Icarus created when Graves was trying to kill Bond was shot on the blue screen. The waves and all of the glaciers in the scene were digitally produced.
The hangar interior of the "US Air Base in South Korea", shown crowded with Chinook helicopters, was filmed at RAF Odiham in Hampshire, UK, as were the helicopter interior shots during the Switchblade sequence although this took place entirely on the ground with the sky background being added in post-production using blue screen techniques. Although in the plot the base is American, in reality all the aircraft and personnel in the shot are British. In the film, a Switchblade (one-man glider shaped like a fighter jet) is used by Bond and Jinx to enter North Korea undetected. The Switchblade was based on a workable model called "PHASST" (Programmable High Altitude Single Soldier Transport). Kinetic Aerospace Inc.'s lead designer, Jack McCornack was impressed by director Lee Tamahori's way of conducting the Switchblade scene and said, "It's brief, but realistic. The good guys get in unobserved, thanks to a fast cruise, good glide performance, and minimal radar signature. It's a wonderful promotion for the PHASST." Also, Graves' plane was a model that was controlled by a computer. When the plane flew through the Icarus beam, engineers cut the plane away piece by piece so that it looked like it was burning and falling apart.
The sex scene between Bond and Jinx—the first time onscreen in the series in which Bond is depicted actually having sex as opposed to a post-coital scenario—had to be trimmed for the American market. An early cut of Die Another Day featured a brief moment—seven seconds in length—in which Jinx is heard moaning strongly. The MPAA ordered that the scene be trimmed so that Die Another Day could get the expected PG-13 rating. The scene was cut as requested, earning the film a PG-13 rating for "action violence and sexuality."
Casino Royale (2006)
Principal photography for Casino Royale commenced on 3 January 2006 and concluded on 20 July 2006. The film was primarily shot at Barrandov Studios in Prague, with additional location shooting in the Bahamas, Italy and the United Kingdom. The shoot concluded at Pinewood Studios.
Initially, Michael G. Wilson confirmed that Casino Royale would either be filmed or take place in Prague and South Africa. However, Eon Productions encountered problems in securing film locations in South Africa. After no other locations became available, the producers had to reconsider their options. In September 2005, Martin Campbell and director of photography Phil Meheux were scouting Paradise Island in the Bahamas as a possible location for the film. On 6 October 2005, Martin Campbell confirmed that Casino Royale would film in the Bahamas and "maybe Italy". In addition to the extensive location filming, studio work including choreography and stunt coordination practice was performed at the Barrandov Studios in Prague and at Pinewood Studios where the film used several stages as well as the paddock tank and the historic 007 Stage. Further shooting in the UK was scheduled for Dunsfold Aerodrome in Surrey, the cricket pavilion at Eton College (although that particular scene was cut from the completed movie) and the Millbrook Vehicle Proving Ground in Bedfordshire.
After Prague, the production moved to the Bahamas. Several locations around New Providence were used for filming during February and March, particularly on Paradise Island. Footage set in Mbale, Uganda, was filmed at Black Park, a Country Park in Buckinghamshire, on 4 July 2006. Additional scenes took place at Albany House, an estate owned by golfers Ernie Els and Tiger Woods. The crew returned to the Czech Republic in April, and continued there, filming in Prague, Planá and Loket, before completing in the town of Karlovy Vary in May. A famous Czech spa, Karlovy Vary, in German known as the Karlsbad, was used as the exterior of the Casino Royale, with the Grandhotel Pupp serving as "Hotel Splendide". The main Italian location was Venice, where the majority of the film's ending is set. Other scenes in the latter half of the film were shot in late May and early June at the Villa del Balbianello on the shores of Lake Como. Further exterior shooting for the movie took place at properties such as the Villa la Gaeta, near the lakeside town of Menaggio.
A recreation of the Body Worlds exhibit provided a setting for one scene in the film. Among the Body Worlds plastinates featured in that scene were the Poker Playing Trio (which plays a key role in one scene) and Rearing Horse and Rider. The exhibition's developer and promoter, German anatomist Gunther von Hagens, also has a cameo appearance in the film, although only his trademark hat is actually visible on screen.
On 30 July 2006, a fire broke out at the 007 Stage. The damage was significant, but had no effect on the release of Casino Royale as the incident occurred one week after filming had been completed, and the sets were in the process of being dismantled. On 11 August 2006, Pinewood Studios confirmed that no attempt would be made to salvage the remains of the stage; instead it would be rebuilt from scratch.
Quantum of Solace (2008)
Quantum of Solace was shot in six countries. Second unit filming began in Italy at the Palio di Siena horse race on 16 August 2007: although at this point Forster was unsure how it would fit into the film. Some scenes were filmed also in Maratea and Craco, two small distinctive towns in Basilicata in southern Italy. Other places used for location shooting were Madrid in August 2007; Baja California, Mexico in early 2008, for shots of the aerial battle; Malcesine, Limone sul Garda and Tremosine in Italy during March, and at Talamone during the end of April. The main unit began on 3 January 2008, at Pinewood Studios. The 007 Stage was used for the fight in the art gallery, and an MI6 safehouse hidden within the city's cisterns, while other stages housed Bond's Bolivian hotel suite, and the MI6 headquarters. Interior and exterior airport scenes were filmed at Farnborough Airfield and the snowy closing scenes were filmed at the Bruneval Barracks in Aldershot.
Shooting in Panama City began on 7 February 2008 at Howard Air Force Base. The country doubled for Haiti and Bolivia, with the National Institute of Culture of Panama standing in for a hotel in the latter country. A sequence requiring several hundred extras was also shot at nearby Colón. Shooting in Panama was also carried out at Fort Sherman, a former US military base on the Colón coast. Forster was disappointed he could only shoot the boat chase in that harbour, as he had a more spectacular vision for the scene. Officials in the country worked with the locals to "minimise inconvenience" for the cast and crew, and in return hoped the city's exposure in the film would increase tourism. The crew was going to move to Cusco, Peru for ten days of filming on 2 March, but the location was cancelled for budget reasons. Twelve days of filming in Chile began on 24 March at Antofagasta. There was shooting in Cobija, the Paranal Observatory, and other locations in the Atacama Desert. Forster chose the desert and the observatory's ESO Hotel to represent Bond's rigid emotions, and being on the verge of committing a vengeful act as he confronts Greene in the film's climax.
While filming in Sierra Gorda, Chile, the local mayor, Carlos Lopez, staged a protest because he was angry at the filmmakers' portrayal of the Antofagasta region as part of Bolivia. He was arrested, detained briefly, and put on trial two days later. Eon dismissed his claim that they needed his permission to film in the area. Michael G. Wilson also explained Bolivia was appropriate to the plot, because of the country's history of water problems, and was surprised the two countries disliked each other a century after the War of the Pacific. In a poll by Chilean daily newspaper La Segunda, 75% of its readers disagreed with Lopez's actions, due to the negative image they felt it presented of Chile, and the controversy's potential to put off productions looking to film in the country in the future.
From 4–12 April, the main unit shot on Sienese rooftops. Shooting on the real rooftops turned out to be less expensive than building them at Pinewood. The next four weeks were scheduled for filming the car chase at Lake Garda and Carrara. On 19 April, an Aston Martin employee driving a DBS to the set crashed into the lake. He survived, and was fined £400 for reckless driving. Another accident occurred on 21 April, and two days later, two stuntmen were seriously injured, with one, Greek stuntman Aris Comninos, having to be put in intensive care. Filming of the scenes was temporarily halted so that Italian police could investigate the causes of the accidents. Stunt co-ordinator Gary Powell said the accidents were a testament to the realism of the action. Rumours of a "curse" spread among tabloid media, something which deeply offended Craig, who disliked that they compared Comninos' accident to something like his minor finger injury later on the shoot (also part of the "curse"). Comninos recovered safely from his injury.
Filming took place at the floating opera stage at Bregenz, Austria, from 28 April – 9 May 2008. The sequence, where Bond stalks the villains during a performance of Tosca, required 1500 extras. The production used a large model of an eye, which Forster felt fitted in the Bond style, and the opera itself has parallels to the film. A short driving sequence was filmed at the nearby Feldkirch, Vorarlberg. The crew returned to Italy from 13 to 17 May to shoot a (planned) car crash at the marble quarry in Carrara, and a recreation of the Palio di Siena at the Piazza del Campo in Siena. 1000 extras were hired for a scene where Bond emerges from the Fonte Gaia. Originally, he would have emerged from the city's cisterns at Siena Cathedral, but this was thought disrespectful. By June, the crew returned to Pinewood for four weeks, where new sets (including the interior of the hotel in the climax) were built. The wrap party was held on 21 June.
Reception table
References
James Bond in film
2000s in film
2000s in British cinema |
2224812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takao%20Omori | Takao Omori | is a Japanese professional wrestler, currently working for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), where he is a one-time Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion and seven-time World Tag Team Champion. He is also part of the All Japan Board of Directors. He has worked in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), Pro Wrestling Noah (Noah) and Pro Wrestling Zero1 (Zero1).
Professional wrestling career
All Japan Pro Wrestling (1992–2000)
After being trained by Animal Hamaguchi, Omori debuted in All Japan Pro Wrestling, initially languishing in the mid-card and only able to get some recognition in 1995, when he and Jun Akiyama captured the All Asia Tag Team Championship. In 1998, he and newcomer Yoshihiro Takayama formed the NO FEAR tag team. The team soon won both the All Asia Tag Team Championship and the World Tag Team Championship, becoming the first team to win both titles at the same time. When Mitsuharu Misawa formed Pro Wrestling Noah, they followed him and dyed their hair blond to match the change of environment.
Omori's first American venture was in the World Wrestling Federation, where he competed in the 1996 Royal Rumble. He was eliminated by the returning Jake Roberts.
Pro Wrestling Noah and other promotions (2000–2004)
For an undisclosed reason, Omori called for an early ending to his singles bout with Shinya Hashimoto in the middle of their singles match at Noah's Great Voyage 2000 event, which was the company's most important event up to that point. Because of this, Omori was immediately in Misawa's doghouse, and after the NO FEAR team broke up (so Takayama could pursue mixed martial arts matches) Omori was sent abroad to Harley Race's World League Wrestling promotion in the American Midwest, where he won the company's heavyweight title. During his excursion, Misawa continued to deny that Omori had been sent abroad by Noah, and Omori was not welcomed back to Noah when he returned from the excursion. As a result, Omori joined Fighting World of Japan Pro Wrestling, where he feuded with Riki Choshu, Genichiro Tenryu and Kensuke Sasaki.
Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max (2004–2008)
In 2004, he joined Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX, where he was one of the strong native competitors along with (fellow Hamaguchi Dojo classmate) Shinjiro Otani. He has feuded with old team mate Yoshihiro Takayama, resulting in many bloody battles and disqualifications. On March 8, 2007, he and Manabu Nakanishi lost the ZERO1-MAX Intercontinental Tag Team Championship to Yoshihiro Takayama and Kohei Sato. On March 31, 2007, he defeated Steve Corino for the AWA Superstars of Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship, becoming a three-time champion. Nearly seven months to the day Omori won the AWA World Heavyweight championship, he would lose the title to Masato Tanaka. On August 16, 2008 Omori announced that he was leaving ZERO1-MAX and taking a break from pro wrestling.
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2009–2010)
This break would not last long, as Omori appeared at a New Japan Pro-Wrestling show on March 15, 2009 to revive his team with Manabu Nakanishi. He also participated in the 2009 G1 Climax, pulling off two impressive victories in his first two matches by defeating both IWGP Heavyweight Champion Hiroshi Tanahashi and eventual tournament winner Togi Makabe. In January 2010 Omori announced his semi-retirement.
Freelancing (2010–2011)
Since semi-retiring, Omori had been wrestling select shows in various promotions, both mainstream and independent. In 2011, he has been wrestling semi-regularly with All Japan Pro Wrestling. Following the 2011 World's Strongest Tag Determination League, Omori appealed to Keiji Mutoh to officially join All Japan and Mutoh granted the request, officially rejoining All Japan.
Return to AJPW (2011–present)
Omori's first match back as an official member of the AJPW roster took place on December 25, 2011, teaming up with Manabu Soya and Seiya Sanada in a loss to Akebono, Keiji Mutoh, and Super Delfin. On March 20, 2012, Omori and Soya defeated Dark Cuervo and Dark Ozz for the World Tag Team Championship. After losing the title to Joe Doering and Seiya Sanada on May 20, Omori and Soya, known collectively as "Get Wild", regained the title on June 17. They vacated the title on October 30, in time for the 2012 World's Strongest Tag Determination League. On November 30, Get Wild won the tournament to regain the title. On December 11, Soya unsuccessfully challenged Masakatsu Funaki for the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship. As a result, Get Wild was forced to disband, despite still holding the World Tag Team Championship. Get Wild went on to lose the title to Burning (Go Shiozaki and Jun Akiyama) on March 17, 2013. Following Soya's resignation from AJPW, Omori revived his team with Akiyama, naming it "Wild Burning" in January 2014. On February 8, Wild Burning unsuccessfully challenged Evolution (Joe Doering and Suwama) for the World Tag Team Championship. On April 27, Omori won his first Champion Carnival, defeating Jun Akiyama in the finals. On June 15, Omori defeated Akiyama in a rematch to win the vacant Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship for the first time. On June 28, Omori became only the sixth "Quintuple Crown Champion" in All Japan history, when he and Akiyama defeated Joe Doering and Suwama to win the World Tag Team Championship. However, the next day, Omori lost the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship to Suwama, ending his reign at just 14 days. After successfully defending the World Tag Team Championship against Akebono and Yutaka Yoshie on October 22, Omori and Akiyama vacated the title the following day in time for the 2014 World's Strongest Tag Determination League. They regained the title by winning the tournament on December 6, defeating Go Shiozaki and Kento Miyahara in the finals. Wild Burning's second reign ended on March 22, 2015, when they were defeated by Akebono and Yutaka Yoshie. On January 1, 2016, Omori was appointed to the All Japan Board of Directors. On December 18, the reunited Get Wild defeated Jake Lee and Kento Miyahara in the finals to win the 2016 World's Strongest Tag Determination League.
Championships and accomplishments
All Japan Pro Wrestling
AJPW TV Six-Man Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Black Menso~re and Carbell Ito/ATM
All Asia Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Jun Akiyama (1), Yoshihiro Takayama (1) and Masao Inoue (1)
Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with Yoshihiro Takayama (1), Manabu Soya (3) and Jun Akiyama (3)
F-1 Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kannazuki1
Asunaro Tag Team Cup (1998) – with Jun Akiyama
Champion Carnival (2014)
January 2 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (1997, 2014, 2017)
World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2012, 2016) – with Manabu Soya
World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2014) – with Jun Akiyama
DDT Pro-Wrestling
GAY World Anal Championship (1 time)
European Wrestling Association
EWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
IWGP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Manabu Nakanishi
Interim IWGP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Manabu Nakanishi
Nikkan Sports
Best Tag Team Award (2012) with Manabu Soya
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 66 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2000
Pro Wrestling Noah
GHC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Yoshihiro Takayama
Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max
AWA World Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (3 times)2 – with Shiro Koshinaka (1), Shinjiro Otani (1), and Manabu Nakanishi (1)
NWA United National Heavyweight Championship (1 time)3
Tokyo Sports
Best Tag Team Award (2012) – with Manabu Soya
World League Wrestling
WLW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
1Championship not officially recognized by All Japan Pro Wrestling.
2Although the title still uses the NWA initials, it is not recognized or sanctioned by the National Wrestling Alliance since the promotion withdrew from the NWA in 2004.
3This title shouldn't be confused with the NWA United National Championship, a defunct NWA singles championship that is currently one of the three championships used to comprise the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship.
References
External links
Living people
Japanese male professional wrestlers
1969 births
IWGP Heavyweight Tag Team Champions
GHC Tag Team Champions
All Asia Tag Team Champions
World Tag Team Champions (AJPW)
Triple Crown Heavyweight Champions
F-1 Tag Team Champions
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers |
5229415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20La%20Salle%20University%20%E2%80%93%20Dasmari%C3%B1as | De La Salle University – Dasmariñas | De La Salle University–Dasmariñas (), also referred to by its acronym DLSU-D or La Salle–Dasma, is a private Roman Catholic, Lasallian co-educational secondary and higher education institution run by the De La Salle Brothers of the Philippine District of the Christian Brothers in Dasmariñas, Philippines. It is a member of De La Salle Philippines, a network of 16 Lasallian educational institutions.
DLSU-D, despite its name, is an autonomous university separate from the De La Salle University in Manila. Both universities are members of the De La Salle Philippines System. Also, approximately from it is the De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute, a separate De La Salle campus that specializes in medicine and allied health education which is often mistaken as part of DLSU-D due to the proximity of both campuses.
History
The university was established on July 18, 1977, as a private, nonsectarian tertiary school named General Emilio Aguinaldo College-Cavite and managed by the Yaman Lahi Foundation. In 1987, ownership and management were transferred to Frère (St.) Bénilde Romançon Educational Foundation Inc., a sister corporation of De La Salle University-Manila. It became a Catholic institution under the name De La Salle University-Emilio Aguinaldo College. In 1992, the name DLSU-EAC was changed to De La Salle University-Aguinaldo. In 1997, the institution's name was changed again. It is presently known as De La Salle University–Dasmariñas to avoid confusion with the Emilio Aguinaldo College Cavite campus.
Campus
East campus
The East campus is occupied by the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Communication, Science and Computer Studies, Tourism and Hospitality Management. The bookstore, different laboratories, chapel, museum, and the Aklatang Emilio Aguinaldo are also located here.
Magdalo Gate (Gate 1) - named after the Katipunan faction led by Emilio Aguinaldo, it serves as an entry-exit point for students, faculty, staff, and visitors going to the East Campus.
La Porteria - located near Magpuri Gate, houses the Student Welfare and Formation Office (SWAFO), and the Language Learning Center (LLC) on the second floor.
Julian Felipe Hall (JFH) - named after the composer of the Lupang Hinirang, it is the College of Liberal Arts building. It houses classrooms, and laboratories for Communication, Broadcast Journalism, Psychology, and Speech students. It also houses the Tanghalang Julian Felipe (theater) and the Bulwagang Jose Basa, which serves as the parliamentary hall and laboratory for the Political Science students.
Paulo Campos Hall (PCH) - named after DLSU-D's founder, it is the university's science building. Found here is the Chemical and Biological Research Laboratories, which serve as venues for scientific works and research-based activities. The laboratories allow students to study Biology, Biochemistry, Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Ecology, Physics, and Natural History.
Pantaleon Garcia Hall (PGH) - serves as the 267th Reserve Officers Training Corps headquarters
Mariano Alvarez Hall (MAH) - named after a Caviteño hero, it formerly housed the Information and Communications Technology Center and computer laboratories until the new Information and Communications Technology Center building was erected. It was also the former building of the College of Education and now houses the Buildings, Facilities, and Maintenance Office (BFMO).
College of Tourism and Hospitality Management (CTHM) - serves as the primary building of Hotel & Restaurant Management and Tourism students. It houses various laboratories and function rooms. This building replaced the two buildings, which are the Emiliano Riego de Dios Hall (ERH) and Olivia Salamanca Hall (OSH).
College of Science (COS) - has ten classrooms and houses the faculty rooms of Biological Sciences, Physical Sciences, Computer Studies, and Mathematics and Statistics departments, and Graduate Studies
Information and Communications Technology Center (ICTC) - serves as the new computer laboratory of the university after its completion.
Small Business Center (SBC) - a canteen on the first floor was replaced by National Bookstore while the Lasallian Community Development Center (an organization established for community service) is based on the second floor.
Severino Delas Alas Hall (SDH/Alumni Building) - a function building that also serves as the office of the De La Salle Alumni Association (DLSU-D Chapter). Houses two conference rooms, a multi-purpose function hall, and a 450-seater auditorium.
Botanical Garden - serves as a research center for Biology students, as well as recreation for the DLSU-D community.
Br. Gus Boquer FSC Cultural Heritage Complex
As part of DLSU-D's aim for cultural development, and maintaining its Spanish-period-inspired motif, the three structures in the Museum Complex were officially named the Br. Gus Boquer FSC Cultural Heritage Complex.
Aklatang Emilio Aguinaldo (AEA) - DLSU-D's library. It houses collections of books, periodicals, theses, and other reference materials. It was modeled after Emilio Aguinaldo's residential house at Kawit, Cavite. The first building was a scaled-down model, and featured only the facade. The new building is an exact model of the Aguinaldo shrine with the tower. It houses most of the collections and archives, and has discussion rooms, as well as the Executive Vice President's office (which will remain until the new Administration building is finished). The old building houses the Electronic Resource Services (the Internet nook), the Educational Media Services (which holds such media as videos, slides, presentations, and the like), as well as four viewing and conference rooms.
Museo De La Salle - Museo De La Salle is a museum dedicated to the preservation of certain aspects and material culture of the 19th-century Philippine ilustrado lifestyle. The Museo was built to contribute to cross-disciplinary learning and growth in the academic environment, and to provide a fine example of Philippine culture that is linked to its immediate community while being open to the outside world.
Its collection comprises antique family heirlooms such as furniture, decorative objects, fine and applied arts displayed in faithfully recreated rooms, donated by, or on long-term loan from collectors. Among the donors and lenders are Jose Ma. Ricardo A. Panlilio of the Santos-Joven Panlilio family of Bacolor, Pampanga; Brother Andrew Gonzalez, FSC, of the Arnedo-Gonzales family of Sulipan Apalit, Pampanga; Marie Theresa Lammoglia-Virata, Victorina Vizcarra Amaliñgan, the D.M. Guevara Foundation Inc., Paulino and Hetty Que, former National Commission for Culture and the Arts Chairman Jaime C. Laya and international jeweler Fe Sarmiento - Panlilio. The construction and design of the Museo, which was a collaboration between project leader Jose Ma. Panlilio and the architectural team of OBMapua and Partners led by architects Joel Lopez and Obi Mapua Jr. took years to finish in its aim to faithfully represent the lifestyle of the period.
Antonio and Victoria Cojuangco Memorial Chapel of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary - modeled after the facade of the parish church of Maragondon, Cavite, it was dedicated to the martyrs who were killed during World War II when they took refuge at the DLSU-Manila campus during Liberation. Houses the Campus Ministry Office.
West campus
Situated in the West campus, 600 meters away from the East campus, are the Colleges of Business Administration and Accountancy, Engineering, Architecture and Technology, the condominiums, dormitories, canteens, and the administration building.
University Food Square - an al fresco food court, where most of the members of the DLSU-D community gather to eat.
Lake Park - an open-air activity center, where most student events take place.
Ladislao Diwa Hall (LDH) - named after a hero of Biyak-na-Bato, this building holds the classrooms of the College of Education.
Felipe Calderon Hall (FCH) - It is currently used by the College of Education and the College of Criminal Justice Education.
Vito Belarmino Hall (VBH) - a former classroom building. It currently serves as the warehouses for both the staff and the student organizations.
Gregoria Montoya Hall (GMH) - named after a heroine during the Revolution, this is more known as the Administration building. It houses most administrators' offices. The Registrar's, the Accounting, the Purchasing, and Internal Audit offices are based here. In addition, most student organizations hold office in this building, namely: the University Student Council, the Heraldo Filipino (official student publication), the Council of Student Organizations, and the Performing Arts Group.
Candido Tirona Hall (CTH) - it was one of the oldest buildings in the university until the structure was renovated in 2012 to support the fast-growing population of the university and serve as a temporary building for the College of Engineering and Architecture Technology. It is the former building of the Accountancy Department of the College of Business Administration.
College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology (CEAT) Building - currently out of order or closed due to its structural instability. It was formerly named the College of Engineering and Technology Building (CET), was a newly built building finished in 2004 which replaced the Don Placido Campos Hall (DPH). One of the most modern buildings in DLSU-D, it used to serve as the primary building for Engineering and Architecture students until it was vacated in the second semester of 2011 due to its structural instability. Laboratories, function halls, offices, and classrooms were situated here.
Mariano Trias Hall (MTH) - formerly the CET building, now occupied by the College of Business Administration, specifically the Business Management department. But due to the structural instability of the College of Engineering and Architecture Technology building, the College of Business Administration is currently sharing this with the College of Engineering and Architecture Technology.
College of Business Administration - Graduate School of Business (CBA-GSB) Building - houses classrooms, laboratories, function rooms, and offices. It serves as the primary building of the College of Business Administration and Accountancy.
Track Oval - one of DLSU-D's sports facilities. It was renovated in 2012 and was finished in January 2013.
Grandstand - serves as seating for spectators. Also houses classrooms and the athletes' quarters.
Ugnayang La Salle (ULS) - formerly the Palaruang La Salle (meaning "The Playplace of La Salle"), it is the sports complex. It houses a three-court stadium, the offices of the Physical Education Department and the Sports Development Office (SDO) and an Olympic-sized pool adjacent to it. This is also where most of the university events are held.
High School Building - the infrastructure that houses the DLSU-D High School students. In 2016, in compliance to the K-12 curriculum, DLSU-D opened its doors for Senior High School students.
Magdiwang Gate (Gate 3) - named after Mariano Álvarez's faction of the Katipunan, it serves as an auxiliary entry for both pedestrians and motorists.
Other structures
Dormitories
Campus Gourmet and Hotel Rafael - laboratories for Hotel and Restaurant Management students.
National Book Store
Atsushi Herb House
University Events Center
Amphitheater
Affiliations
De La Salle University-Dasmariñas is a member of De La Salle Philippines, a network of 16 Lasallian institutions established in 2006. DLSP is the successor of the De La Salle University System, a similar organization.
The university also maintains linkages with local academic institutions namely: De La Salle-Santiago Zobel School, University of Baguio, University of Batangas, Central Luzon State University, industries ( Philippine Airlines, ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, Intel, Jollibee-Fast Food Career Dev't. Program) and government units Cultural Center of the Philippines, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, Senate of the Philippines, National Fisheries Biological Center for collaborative training and research, technical consultancy, and faculty and student exchange.
Research
DLSU-D established the University Research Office to manage the university's research activities and programs.
The office has funded and supported numerous faculty researches in the fields of science, education, liberal arts, and technology, among others.
Articles, excerpts, and abstracts from selected researches were compiled and published in the bi-annual journal SINAG. SINAG means "ray of light" in Filipino.
The office closely works with college deans and college publication committees in preparation for the first issues of the four(4) newly conceptualized refereed journals in 2007 which focus on the disciplines of the 7 colleges: Science & Technology Journal (COS, CLEAPS & CET), Journal of Humanities (CLA), Journal of Business (CBA & CIHM), and Journal of Education (COE).
Cavite Studies Center
The Cavite Studies Center pursues the DLSU-D's vision-mission of "undertaking research focusing on Cavite history and culture." It produces research outputs on the history of Cavite, the province, and to highlight its role in national history.
Student life
In A.Y. 2014–2015, 29,253 students were enrolled in the university's seven colleges.
Heraldo Filipino
The Heraldo Filipino (HF) is the official student newspaper of De La Salle University-Dasmariñas. It publishes news about on-campus events and issues concerning the Lasallian community.
HF can also refer to the student organization that produces publications (namely: magazines, books, booklets, etc.) and hosts events for the DLSU-D community.
Athletics
The Patriots is the official name of the DLSU-D Varsity teams. The name was adopted in 1997, a reference to the province's history during the uprising against the Spanish rule in the Philippines.
Basketball and volleyball are the school's main sports. Other varsity sports include track and field, taekwondo, judo, aikido, table tennis, badminton, chess and football.
DLSU-Dasmariñas is a longtime member of the National Capital Region Athletic Association (NCRAA) and is a charter member of the Universities and Colleges Athletic Association (UCAA) from its inception in 2002. The school is also a member of the Private Schools Athletic Association and the annual University Games (UNIGAMES) hosted mostly by provincial schools.
In October 2003, the school became the first institution from the Luzon area to host the UNIGAMES meet.
Its men's and women's volleyball teams have won several championships in the UCAA and NCRAA, as they have been at one time, the year's multiple times defending titlists. Their basketball playing style has given them marginal success that includes a runner-up finish in the UCAA against their former namesake Emilio Aguinaldo College in 2005.
Human Lasallian Star
The Lasallian "Signum Fidei" Sign of Faith Star is a 350-year-old international symbol of the Christian Brothers of the De La Salle Schools that represents their religious vocation of quality God-centered, Christian-values-based education in 1,500 Lasallian institutions with 70 Universities and Colleges that are globally established by Saint La Salle's Christian Brothers in 82 countries. The Signum Fidei Lasallian was inspired by the Nativity Christmas Star from Bethlehem that symbolized Saint La Salle's mission of Teaching Minds, Touching Hearts, and Transforming Lives of the very poor. The Lasallian mission was to give hope to the Last, Least, and the Lost of the most venerable youth in our society.
The Human Lasallian Signum Fidei Star first came to life on February 11, 2009, during the Lasallian Days Festival as a means to encourage all Lasallians to show their school spirit in an environment of camaraderie and shared ideals. Attended by over 10,000 administrators, students, and faculty, the first attempt to form the largest human star in the world was held at the DLSU-D oval and was witnessed by spectators from the top of the CBA building and the DLSU-D grandstand. The star spanned approximately 71 meters, and occupied a total area of 2,145 square meters.
DLSU-D attempted the feat again on January 26, 2010, this time at night. The event drew in 13,000 participants: students, faculty, administrators, and parents. Participants were given the glow sticks of green and white, the school colors of De La Salle. As night fell, the crowd assembled into a huge star twinkling brightly against the darkness. This moment of history was further heightened by the singing of the school hymn.
Another attempt was made on June 17, 2012 at DLSU-D Grandstand. Around 25,000 Lasallians and supporters of La Salle became part of the star and contributed to reaching the target of raising P2.5 million for the scholarship fund. The star formation was part of the closing ceremonies of the centennial celebration of the Lasallian presence in the Philippines. It also signalled the opening of the upcoming Jubilee celebration of DLSU-D’s 25th year as a Lasallian institution.
La Estrella Verde
La Estrella Verde (LEV) is the official Senior High School (SHS) student publication of De La Salle University–Dasmariñas. Founded and established in 2016, the publication serves as a medium (through print, online, and radio) for students to be aware of all current events and latest updates happening around the senior high school community.
Its name translates to "The Green Star."
ANIMOSAIC 2: Humans of St. La Salle
De La Salle University-Dasmariñas (DLSU-D) had broken records with its human formation of the Lasallian Signum Fidei Star and a coin mural of the school logo. To commemorate the 300th feast day of its founder, thousands of people held color-coded umbrellas to form the largest image of Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle at the DLSU-D Track Oval on Sunday, April 7, 2019. About 6,000 students, employees, and stakeholders of DLSU-D participated in the fundraising event dubbed "Animosaic 2: Humans of St La Salle." The fundraising event is dedicated to all the scholars and aspiring scholars of DLSU-D. Seeking to beat the record set by China after it formed a giant human smiley with 3,099 participants in 2016, Lasallians made their own bid for the record with some 6,000 Lasallians forming the image of Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, the university name as well as the #300LaSalle which signifies the 300th death anniversary of the Father Founder. The event is made more significant as it was celebrated with the Feast Day of St. La Salle. The event is also consistent with Lasallian institutions all around the world making their own human formations of the image of Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle as part of the Humans of St. La Salle initiative.
Notable alumni
Marian Rivera - actress
Arny Ross Roque - actress
Diether Ocampo - actor
Jodi Sta. Maria - actress
Roxanne Guinoo - actress
Miguel Tanfelix - actor
Mark Herras - actor, dancer
Sunshine Dizon - actress
Christian Bables - actor
Kuya Chico (Mark Jimel Gales) - radio personality
Honey Lacuna - Mayor of Manila
Casimiro Ynares III - Mayor of Antipolo City
References
External links
De La Salle University-Dasmariñas
Dasmariñas
Universities and colleges in Cavite
Educational institutions established in 1977
Education in Dasmariñas
1977 establishments in the Philippines
Association of Christian Universities and Colleges in Asia |
1115749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesch%E2%80%93Nyhan%20syndrome | Lesch–Nyhan syndrome | Lesch–Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a rare inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). This deficiency occurs due to mutations in the HPRT1 gene located on the X chromosome. LNS affects about 1 in 380,000 live births. The disorder was first recognized and clinically characterized by American medical student Michael Lesch and his mentor, pediatrician William Nyhan, at Johns Hopkins.
The HGPRT deficiency causes a build-up of uric acid in all body fluids. The combination of increased synthesis and decreased utilization of purines leads to high levels of uric acid production. This results in both high levels of uric acid in the blood and urine, associated with severe gout and kidney problems. Neurological signs include poor muscle control and moderate intellectual disability. These complications usually appear in the first year of life. Beginning in the second year of life, a particularly striking feature of LNS is self-mutilating behaviors, characterized by lip and finger biting. Neurological symptoms include facial grimacing, involuntary writhing, and repetitive movements of the arms and legs similar to those seen in Huntington's disease. The cause of the neurological abnormalities remains unknown. Because a lack of HGPRT causes the body to poorly utilize vitamin B12, some males may develop megaloblastic anemia.
LNS is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner; the gene mutation is usually carried by the mother and passed on to her son, although one-third of all cases arise de novo (from new mutations) and do not have a family history. LNS is present at birth in baby boys. Most, but not all, persons with this deficiency have severe mental and physical problems throughout life. Cases in females are very rare.
The symptoms caused by the buildup of uric acid (gout and kidney symptoms) respond well to treatment with medications such as allopurinol that reduce the levels of uric acid in the blood. The mental deficits and self-mutilating behavior do not respond well to treatment. There is no cure, but many affected people live to adulthood. Several new experimental treatments may alleviate symptoms.
Signs and symptoms
LNS is characterized by three major hallmarks: neurologic dysfunction, cognitive and behavioral disturbances including self-mutilation, and uric acid overproduction (hyperuricemia). Damage to the basal ganglia causes affected individuals to adopt a characteristic fencing stance due to the nature of the lesion. Some may also have macrocytic anemia due to the faulty DNA synthesis, most likely due to deficient purine synthesis that leads to a lag of cell division with respect to increases in cell mass. Virtually all patients are male; males experience delayed growth and puberty, and most develop shrunken testicles or testicular atrophy. Female carriers are at an increased risk for gouty arthritis but are usually otherwise unaffected.
Overproduction of uric acid
One of the first symptoms of the disease is the presence of sand-like crystals of uric acid in the diapers of the affected infant. Overproduction of uric acid may lead to the development of uric acid crystals or stones in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. Such crystals deposited in joints later in the disease may produce gout-like arthritis, with swelling and tenderness. The overproduction of uric acid is present at birth, but may not be recognized by routine clinical laboratory testing methods. The serum uric acid concentration is often normal, as the excess purines are promptly eliminated in the urine. The crystals usually appear as an orange grainy material, or they may coalesce to form either multiple tiny stones or distinct large stones that are difficult to pass. The stones, or calculi, usually cause hematuria (blood in the urine) and increase the risk of urinary tract infection. Some affected people have kidney damage due to such kidney stones. Stones may be the presenting feature of the disease, but can go undetected for months or even years.
Nervous system impairment
The periods before and surrounding birth are typically normal in individuals with LNS. The most common presenting features are abnormally decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) and developmental delay, which are evident by three to six months of age. Affected individuals are late in sitting up, while most never crawl or walk. Lack of speech is also a very common trait associated with LNS.
Irritability is most often noticed along with the first signs of nervous system impairment. Within the first few years of life, extrapyramidal involvement causes abnormal involuntary muscle contractions such as loss of motor control (dystonia), writhing motions (choreoathetosis), and arching of the spine (opisthotonus). Signs of pyramidal system involvement, including spasticity, overactive reflexes (hyperreflexia) and extensor plantar reflexes, also occur. The resemblance to athetoid cerebral palsy is apparent in the neurologic aspects of LNS. As a result, most individuals are initially diagnosed as having cerebral palsy. The motor disability is so extensive that most individuals never walk, and become lifelong wheelchair users.
Self-injuring behavior
Persons affected are cognitively impaired and have behavioral disturbances that emerge between two and three years of age. The uncontrollable self-injury associated with LNS also usually begins at three years of age. The self-injury begins with biting of the lips and tongue; as the disease progresses, affected individuals frequently develop finger biting and headbanging. The self-injury can increase during times of stress. Self-harm is a distinguishing characteristic of the disease and is apparent in 85% of affected males.
The majority of individuals are cognitively impaired, which is sometimes difficult to distinguish from other symptoms because of the behavioral disturbances and motor deficits associated with the syndrome. In many ways, the behaviors may be seen as a psychological extension of the compulsion to cause self-injury, and include rejecting desired treats or travel, repaying kindness with coldness or rage, failing to answer test questions correctly despite study and a desire to succeed, and provoking anger from caregivers when affection is desired.
Compulsive behaviors also occur, including aggressiveness, vomiting, spitting, and coprolalia (involuntary swearing). The development of this type of behavior is sometimes seen within the first year, or in early childhood, but others may not develop it until later in life.
LNS in females
While carrier females are generally an asymptomatic condition, they do experience an increase in uric acid excretion, and some may develop symptoms of hyperuricemia, and experience gout in their later years. Testing in this context has no clinical consequence, but it may reveal the possibility of transmitting the trait to male children. Women may also require testing if a male child develops LNS. In this instance, a negative test means the son's disease is the result of a new mutation, and the risk in siblings is not increased.
Females who carry one copy of the defective gene are carriers with a 50% chance of passing the disease on to their sons. In order for a female to be affected, she would need to have two copies of the mutated gene, one of which would be inherited from her father. Males affected with LNS do not usually have children due to the debilitating effects of the disease. It is possible for a female to inherit an X chromosome from her unaffected father, who carries a new mutation of the HGPRT gene. Under these circumstances, a girl could be born with LNS, and though there are a few reports of this happening, it is very rare. The overwhelming majority of patients with LNS are male.
Less severe forms
A less severe, related disease, partial HPRT deficiency, is known as Kelley–Seegmiller syndrome (Lesch–Nyhan syndrome involves total HPRT deficiency). Symptoms generally involve less neurological involvement but the disease still causes gout and kidney stones.
Genetics
LNS is due to mutations in the HPRT1 gene, so named because it codes for the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT or HGPRT, ). This enzyme is involved in the biochemical pathways the body uses to produce purines, one of the components of DNA and RNA. Defects of this enzyme lead to increased production of uric acid. Since the HPRT gene is located on the X chromosome, LNS is an X-linked inherited disease.
The father of an affected male will not be the carrier of the mutant allele, and will not have the disease. An obligate carrier would be a woman who has an affected son and one other affected relative in the maternal line.
If a woman is the first in her family with an affected son, Haldane's rule predicts a 2/3 chance that she is a carrier and a 1/3 chance that the son has a new germline mutation.
The risk to siblings of an affected individual depends upon the carrier status of the mother herself. A 50% chance is given to any female who is a carrier to transmit the HPRT1 mutation in each pregnancy. Sons who inherit the mutation will be affected while daughters who inherit the mutation are carriers. Therefore, with each pregnancy, a carrier female has a 25% chance of having a male that is affected, a 25% chance of having a female that is a carrier, and a 50% chance of having a normal male or female.
Males with LNS do not reproduce due to the characteristics of the disease. However, if a male with a less severe phenotype reproduces, all of his daughters are carriers, and none of his sons will be affected.
Pathophysiology
As in other X-linked diseases, males are affected because they only have one copy of the X chromosome. In Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, the defective gene is that for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), a participant in the 'recycling' of purine nucleotides. Female carriers have a second X chromosome, which contains a "normal" copy of HPRT, preventing the disease from developing, though they may have increased risk of hyperuricemia.
A large number of mutations of HPRT are known. Mutations that only mildly decrease the enzyme's function do not normally cause the severe form of LNS, but do produce a milder form of the disease which still features purine overproduction accompanied by susceptibility to gout and uric acid nephrolithiasis.
Formation of DNA (during cell division) requires nucleotides, molecules that are the building blocks for DNA. The purine bases (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidine bases (thymine and cytosine) are bound to deoxyribose and phosphate and incorporated as necessary. Normally, the nucleotides are synthesized de novo from amino acids and other precursors. A small part, however, is 'recycled' from degraded DNA of broken-down cells. This is termed the "salvage pathway".
HGPRT is the "salvage enzyme" for the purines: it channels hypoxanthine and guanine back into DNA synthesis. Failure of this enzyme has two results:
Cell breakdown products cannot be reused, and are therefore degraded. This gives rise to increased uric acid, a purine breakdown product.
The de novo pathway is stimulated due to an excess of PRPP (5-phospho-D-ribosyl-1-pyrophosphate or simply phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate).
It was previously unclear whether the neurological abnormalities in LNS were due to uric acid neurotoxicity or to a relative shortage in "new" purine nucleotides during essential synthesis steps. Genetic mutations affecting the enzymes of the de novo synthesis pathway may possibly contribute to the disease, although these are rare or unknown. Uric acid has been suggested as a possible cause of neurotoxicity but this is unproven.
Importantly, evidence suggests that one or more lesions in striatal dopaminergic pathways may be central to the neurological deficits, especially the choreoathetoid dyskinesia and self-mutilation. 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in rodents may be a useful animal model for the syndrome, although this is not proven.
However, the link between dopamine and purine synthesis is a nucleotide called guanosine triphosphate or 'GTP'. The first step of dopamine synthesis is GTP cyclohydrolase, and significantly a deficiency of this step produces a syndrome that has a neuropathology similar to LNS. Thus a lack of HGPRT may produce a nucleotide deficiency (specifically: GTP deficiency) disorder, resulting in dopamine deficiency.
Another animal model for LNS has been proposed to arise from oxidative damage, caused by the hyperuricemia accompanying LNS. This is based on the theory that uric acid is a powerful reducing agent and likely an important human antioxidant, in high concentration in blood. Thus, it has been suggested that free radicals, oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species may play some role in the neuropathology of LNS.
However, some evidence suggests against a role for uric acid in the neuropathology of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome:
Hyperuricemia associated with classic primary gout, which is caused by low uric acid renal clearance rather than uric acid overproduction, is not associated with neuropathology.
Hypouricemia occurs in a number of purine disorders, in particular xanthinuria. Despite having complete absence of blood uric acid, xanthinuria patients do not have any neuropathology, nor any other disease states – other than the kidney stones caused by accumulation of insoluble xanthine in lieu of uric acid.
Similarly, uric acid does not penetrate the blood–brain barrier well. However, oxidative stress due to uric acid is now thought to figure in metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and stroke, all syndromes associated with high uric acid levels. Similarly, Superoxide dismutase ( "SOD" ) and SOD-mimetics such as TEMPOL ameliorate the effects of hyperuricemia. Likewise, 6-hydroxydopamine (the putative animal model for Lesch–Nyhan's neuropathy) apparently acts as a neurotoxin by generation of reactive oxygen species. It may be that oxidative stress induced by some other oxypurine such as xanthine causes the disease.
Diagnosis
When an affected individual has fully developed the three clinical elements of uric acid overproduction, neurologic dysfunction, and cognitive and behavioral disturbances, diagnosis of LNS is easily made. Diagnosis is less easy in the early stages, when the three features are not yet obvious. Signs of self-injurious behavior (SIB), results of pedigree analysis and novel molecular biology with genetic testing (called as Diagnostic triad for LNS), often confirms the diagnosis. Suspicion often comes about when the developmental delay of the individual is associated with hyperuricemia. Otherwise, the diagnosis should be alleged when developmental delay is associated with kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) or blood in the urine (hematuria), caused by uric acid stones. For the most part, Lesch–Nyhan syndrome is first suspected when self-inflicted injury behavior develops. However, self-injurious behaviors occur in other conditions, including nonspecific intellectual disability, autism, Rett syndrome, Cornelia de Lange syndrome, Tourette syndrome, familial dysautonomia, choreoacanthocytosis, sensory neuropathy including hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1, and several psychiatric conditions. Of these, only individuals with Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, de Lange syndrome, and familial dysautonomia recurrently display loss of tissue as a consequence. Biting the fingers and lips is a definitive feature of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome; in other syndromes associated with self-injury, the behaviors usually consist of head banging and nonspecific self-mutilation, but not biting of the cheeks, lips and fingers. Lesch–Nyhan syndrome ought to be clearly considered only when self-injurious behavior takes place in conjunction with hyperuricemia and neurological dysfunction.
Diagnostic approach
The urate to creatinine (breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle) concentration ratio in urine is elevated. This is a good indicator of acid overproduction. For children under ten years of age with LNS, a urate to creatinine ratio above two is typically found. Twenty-four-hour urate excretion of more than 20 mg/kg is also typical but is not diagnostic. Hyperuricemia (serum uric acid concentration of >8 mg/dL) is often present but not reliable enough for diagnosis. Activity of the HGPRT enzyme in cells from any type of tissue (e.g., blood, cultured fibroblasts, or lymphoblasts) that is less than 1.5% of normal enzyme activity confirms the diagnosis of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. Molecular genetic studies of the HPRT gene mutations may confirm diagnosis, and are particularly helpful for subsequent 'carrier testing' in at-risk females such as close family relatives on the female side.
Testing
The use of biochemical testing for the detection of carriers is technically demanding and not often used. Biochemical analyses that have been performed on hair bulbs from at risk women have had a small number of both false positive and false negative outcomes. If only a suspected carrier female is available for mutation testing, it may be appropriate to grow her lymphocytes in 6-thioguanine (a purine analogue), which allows only HGPRT-deficient cells to survive. A mutant frequency of 0.5–5.0 × 10−2 is found in carrier females, while a non-carrier female has a frequency of 1–20 × 10−6. This frequency is usually diagnostic by itself.
Molecular genetic testing is the most effective method of testing, as HPRT1 is the only gene known to be associated with LNS. Individuals who display the full Lesch–Nyhan phenotype all have mutations in the HPRT1 gene. Sequence analysis of mRNA is available clinically and can be utilized in order to detect HPRT1 mutations in males affected with Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. Techniques such as RT-PCR, multiplex genomic PCR, and sequence analysis (cDNA and genomic DNA), used for the diagnosis of genetic diseases, are performed on a research basis. If RT-PCR tests result in cDNA showing the absence of an entire exon or exons, then multiplex genomic PCR testing is performed. Multiplex genomic PCR testing amplifies the nine exons of the HPRT1 gene as eight PCR products. If the exon in question is deleted, the corresponding band will be missing from the multiplex PCR. However, if the exon is present, the exon is sequenced to identify the mutation, therefore causing exclusion of the exon from cDNA. If no cDNA is created by RT-PCR, then multiplex PCR is performed on the notion that most or all of the gene is obliterated.
Treatment
Treatment for LNS is symptomatic. Gout can be treated with allopurinol to control excessive amounts of uric acid. Kidney stones may be treated with lithotripsy, a technique for breaking up kidney stones using shock waves or laser beams. There is no standard treatment for the neurological symptoms of LNS. Some may be relieved with the drugs carbidopa/levodopa, diazepam, phenobarbital, or haloperidol.
It is essential that the overproduction of uric acid be controlled in order to reduce the risk of nephropathy, nephrolithiasis, and gouty arthritis. The drug allopurinol is utilized to stop the conversion of oxypurines into uric acid, and prevent the development of subsequent arthritic tophi (produced after having chronic gout), kidney stones, and nephropathy, the resulting kidney disease. Allopurinol is taken orally, at a typical dose of 3–20 mg/kg per day. The dose is then adjusted to bring the uric acid level down into the normal range (<3 mg/dL). Most affected individuals can be treated with allopurinol all through life.
No medication is effective in controlling the extrapyramidal motor features of the disease. Spasticity, however, can be reduced by the administration of baclofen or benzodiazepines.
There has previously been no effective method of treatment for the neurobehavioral aspects of the disease. Even children treated from birth with allopurinol develop behavioral and neurologic problems, despite never having had high serum concentrations of uric acid. Self-injurious and other behaviors are best managed by a combination of medical, physical, and behavioral interventions. The self-mutilation is often reduced by using restraints. Sixty percent of individuals have their teeth extracted in order to avoid self-injury, which families have found to be an effective management technique. Because stress increases self-injury, behavioral management through aversive techniques (which would normally reduce self-injury) actually increases self-injury in individuals with LNS. Nearly all affected individuals need restraints to prevent self-injury, and are restrained more than 75% of the time. This is often at their own request, and occasionally involves restraints that would appear to be ineffective, as they do not physically prevent biting. Families report that affected individuals are more at ease when restrained.
The Matheny Medical and Educational Center in Peapack, NJ, has six Lesch–Nyhan syndrome patients, believed to be the largest concentration of LNS cases in one location, and is recognized as the leading source of information on care issues.
Treatment for LNS patients, according to Gary E. Eddey, MD, medical director, should include: 1) Judicious use of protective devices; 2) Utilization of a behavioral technique commonly referred to as 'selective ignoring' with redirection of activities; and 3) Occasional use of medications.
An article in the August 13, 2007 issue of The New Yorker magazine, written by Richard Preston, discusses "deep-brain stimulation" as a possible treatment. It has been performed on a few patients with Lesch–Nyhan syndrome by Dr. Takaomi Taira in Tokyo and by a group in France led by Dr. Philippe Coubes. Some patients experienced a decrease in spastic self-injurious symptoms. The technique was developed for treating people with Parkinson's disease, according to Preston, over 20 years ago. The treatment involves invasive surgery to place wires that carry a continuous electric current into a specific region of the brain.
An encouraging advance in the treatment of the neurobehavioural aspects of LNS was the publication in the October, 2006 issue of Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease of an experimental therapy giving oral S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe).
This drug is a nucleotide precursor that provides a readily absorbed purine, which is known to be transported across the blood–brain barrier. Administration of SAMe to adult LNS patients was shown to provide improvement in neurobehavioural and other neurological attributes. The drug is available without prescription and has been widely used for depression, but its use for treating LNS should be undertaken only under strict medical supervision, as side effects are known.
Prognosis
The prognosis for individuals with severe LNS is poor. Death is usually due to kidney failure or complications from hypotonia, in the first or second decade of life. Less severe forms have better prognosis.
History
Michael Lesch was a medical student at Johns Hopkins and William Nyhan, a pediatrician and biochemical geneticist, was his mentor when the two identified LNS and its associated hyperuricemia in two affected brothers, ages 4 and 8. Lesch and Nyhan published their findings in 1964. Within three years, the metabolic cause was identified by J. Edwin Seegmiller and his colleagues at the NIH.
References
External links
GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
Inborn errors of purine-pyrimidine metabolism
Rare syndromes
Syndromes affecting blood
Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Syndromes affecting the kidneys |
2575024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20Brands | Energy Brands | Energy Brands, also doing business as Glacéau, is a privately owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company based in Whitestone, Queens, New York, that manufactures and distributes various lines of drinks marketed as enhanced water. Founded in May 1996 by J. Darius Bikoff with an electrolyte enhanced line of water called Smartwater, Energy Brands initially distributed its products to health food stores and independent retailers in the New York area. Adding Fruitwater and VitaminWater to its line in 1998 and 2000, respectively, the company expanded to nationwide distribution in the early 2000s.
By 2002, the Glacéau line of waters were the top-selling enhanced water brand in the United States, with the company's VitaminWater being its best-selling product. In 2006, the company earned US$350 million in revenue. The company then began its global expansion, launching its products in the United Kingdom and Australia in 2008, France in 2009 and Argentina in 2011.
Energy Brands is owned primarily by Bikoff, employees, and small investors. Rapper 50 Cent obtained a minority share of the company as part of an endorsement deal in the company. Thirty percent of the equity was sold to LVMH sometime in the 2000s, which in turn sold those shares. The shares eventually were sold to India-based Tata Group in August 2006, which held the shares until May 2007 when The Coca-Cola Company purchased the company as an independent subsidiary, leaving its actual operations with its existing management including Bikoff.
History
J. Darius Bikoff, a self-proclaimed health nut born on September 21, 1961, first conceived of the idea of vitamin-enhanced water in 1996. According to him, he was feeling "run down" and concerned he was catching a cold, so he took some Vitamin C and drank some mineral water. As he consumed the items, he started thinking about the idea of having them together instead of having to take them separately. He founded Energy Brands in May 1996 using his personal savings and contracting with an aquifer in Connecticut for the base water used. The individual products carried the Glacéau name, with the company's first product being Glacéau Smartwater.
Reflecting on the company's early history, Bikoff notes that it was "very tough" as he struggled with founding the company having no actual experience in beverage manufacturing, beyond working in an aluminum fabrication factory. While launching his company, he was also having to deal with personal struggles including a divorce and having to file for bankruptcy. He started by personally introducing Smartwater to smaller independent natural food stores around New York, moving to a statewide launch when the product became successful. He used this same basic method, adding in "mom-and-pop stores", for the launches of Fruitwater and VitaminWater in 1998 and 2000, respectively. By 2001, the company's drinks were sold in over 4,000 retail stores in the New York area. According to Bikoff, this enabled his products to go unnoticed by the large beverage makers until the product was firmly established when he could then cultivate relationships with various independent distributors opening the way for nationwide distribution.
Bikoff eventually allowed LVMH to buy a 30% equity share in the company. LVMH later sold the stake to another investor, who in turn sold it again. The shares ended up in the hands of India-based Tata Group in August 2006, which paid $677 million for the 30% equity, seeking to expand its American business interests.
Acquisition by Coca-Cola
On May 25, 2007, the company was acquired by The Coca-Cola Company for $4.1 billion in cash.
$1.2 billion of the sales went to the Tata Group for its 30% minority ownership, which Tata agreed to sell. Under the purchase agreement, Energy Brands remains nearly autonomous as a subsidiary of Coca-Cola, with Coca-Cola primarily operating with a hands-off method, leaving Bikoff and Energy Brands principal operating officers in charge. In discussing the role of Coca-Cola, Bikoff states: "We run independently, we have our own offices. If Coca-Cola don't call me, I don't call them."
Energy Brands began launching its products in the United Kingdom and Australia in 2008, with France following in 2009 and Argentina in 2011. The company eventually plans to expand to Canada and Mexico.
Legal disputes
On April 5, 2006, Energy Brands filed a lawsuit against PepsiCo in the U.S. District Court in Manhattan alleging that PepsiCo's SoBe "Life Water" packages infringed its trade dress for similar drinks. In the subsequent settlement Pepsi agreed to change its packaging.
On January 14, 2009, the Center for Science in the Public Interest filed a class-action lawsuit against Energy Brands' parent company in the Northern District of California Court. The suit alleges that the marketing of the drink as a "healthful alternative" to soda is deceptive and in violation of Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The consumer group states that "according to CSPI nutritionists, the 33 grams of sugar in each bottle of VitaminWater do more to promote obesity, diabetes and other health problems than the vitamins in the drinks do to perform the advertised benefits listed on the bottles". Coca-Cola dismissed the allegations as "ridiculous," on the grounds that "no consumer could reasonably be misled into thinking VitaminWater was a healthy beverage" and an attempt by the group to increase its readership.
In 2011, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered the coordination of different lawsuits against Coca-Cola Co. that alleged it misled the public about the nutritional benefits of VitaminWater.
Business model
Financials
As a privately owned company, Energy Brands has never been required to release information about its sales figures or other financial information. Bikoff himself never stated what percentage of the company he owned before it was sold. Forbes magazine once reported that he owned only 25% of the company, but in an interview with The Times, he denied this stating: "Did anyone say I had less than 50%? Look, I maintained control of the company and I maintain it today. But I don’t talk about my share as every story becomes one about personal wealth." In 2006, the company was reported to have an annual sales revenue of $350 million.
Before the sale to Coca-Cola, 70% shares of the company were held by company employees and smaller investors, with 30% held by the Tata Group. In October 2004, rapper Curtis Jackson—known as 50 Cent—was given a minority share in the company in exchange for becoming a spokesperson after learning that he was a fan of the beverage. The health-conscious Jackson noted that he first learned of the product while at a gym in Los Angeles, and stated that "they do such a good job making water taste good." After becoming a shareholder and endorser, Jackson worked with the company to create a new grape-flavored "Formula 50" variant of VitaminWater and mentioned the drinks in various songs and interviews. It's unknown how much Jackson made from the purchase of his shares by Coca-Cola, with estimates in the financial press mainly in the $100 – 400million range. Though he no longer has an equity stake in the company, Jackson continues to act as a spokesperson for VitaminWater, enthusiastically supporting the product, including singing about it at the BET Awards and expressing his excitement over the company's continuing to allow his input on products.
Products
Energy Brands' first product was Glacéau Smartwater, vapor-distilled water with added electrolytes, which was released at the company's launch in 1996. Glaceau Fruitwater, adding zero-calorie fruit flavors to the core Smartwater, followed in 1998. In 2000, VitaminWater was launched, adding vitamins and natural flavors with Smartwater. Designed to "fill the gap" between soft drinks and water for people who knew they should be drinking more water but weren't, VitaminWater was targeted primarily at adults. With fewer calories than soda, the company states that the drink both hydrates consumers and provides nutrients they are likely to be missing.
In 2002, Energy Brands' Glacéau drinks were the top-selling brand of enhanced water. VitaminWater is considered its most successful of the four products. On April 2, 2009, Glacéau VitaminWater introduced a new line for the weight-conscious market called VitaminWater10 that has 10 calories per eight-ounce serving, and later VitaminWater Zero, a calorie-free drink, down from the older line that serves 50 kilocalories. Both drinks include Truvia as a sweetener. VitaminWater Zero also uses Erythritol. In September 2010, a rebranded version of the 10 calorie drink was introduced to the Canadian market, although Vitaminwater Zero is still exclusively a US product.
vitaminwater
vitaminwater is a mineral water product distributed by Energy Brands and was introduced in 2000. Some ingredients are added according to the flavor and intended purpose of the drink.
Misleading advertising
In 2008, the Australian consumer organisation Choice gave one of its annual 'Shonky' awards to vitaminwater, saying that, despite the claim that the drinks were healthy, "one bottle contains about a third of the recommended daily sugar intake for an average adult woman ... and none contains more than 1% fruit juice". Choice also noted that the label on one flavour blatantly mocked food regulations designed to protect consumers by stating, "We are prohibited from making exaggerated claims about the potency of the nutrients in this bottle", before making exaggerated claims about the potency of the nutrients in the bottle.
In 2009, brand owner The Coca-Cola Company was sued by the Center for Science in the Public Interest. The suit alleged that the marketing of the drink as a "healthful alternative" to soda is deceptive and in violation of Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The consumer group stated that "according to CSPI nutritionists, the 33 grams of sugar in each bottle of Vitaminwater do more to promote obesity, diabetes and other health problems than the vitamins in the drinks do to perform the advertised benefits listed on the bottles". Coca-Cola criticized the suit as "ridiculous" on the grounds that "no consumer could reasonably be misled into thinking Vitaminwater was a healthy beverage" and that the suit was an attempt by the group to increase its readership. In 2013, a federal judge ruled that the lawsuit could move forward as a class-action lawsuit.
In January 2011, the United Kingdom's Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) ruled that an advertisement that claimed vitaminwater was "nutritious" was misleading due to the high sugar content (23 g per 500 ml) of the drink. The ruling banning the advertisement stated: "Because Vitamin Water contained about a quarter of a consumer's GDA (guideline daily amount) for sugar as well as the added vitamins, we considered that the description of Vitamin Water as 'nutritious' was misleading".
Flavors
1st generation: Revive, Power-C, Energy, Focus, Essential
2nd generation: Defense, Formula 50, B-Relaxed, XXX, Multi-V
3rd generation: Balance, Endurance, Vital-T, Rescue, Charge
4th generation: Dwnld, Tranquilo, Connect, Spark, Stur-D
Discontinued flavors
Power-C – acerola (first to be discontinued)
Perform – lemon-lime
Defense – raspberry-apple
Stress-B – lemon-lime
Endurance – peach-mango
B-Relaxed – jackfruit-guava
Tranquilo – tamarind-pineapple
Formula 50 – grape
Drive – blood-orange mixed-berry
Spark - grape-blueberry
Glow - strawberry-guanabana
Rescue - green tea
Stur-D - blue agave-Passionfruit-Citrus
Fire - spicy watermelon
Smartwater
Smartwater is vapor-distilled water with electrolytes added for taste. It is available in 600 mL, 700 mL, 850 mL, 1 L, 1.5 L, and 20 oz bottles.
Jennifer Aniston has been the spokesperson of the brand since 2007.
vitaminenergy
vitaminenergy is an energy drink which consists of many of the same ingredients as vitaminwater, such as crystalline fructose (a sugar), electrolytes, natural flavors, and vitamins (Vitamin B3, B5, B6, B12, and C) along with natural caffeine and ribose. Specific ingredients are added according to the flavor of the drink. Either 16 oz, 200 calories and 150 mg caffeine per can, or 2 oz, no calories. The vitaminenergy website does not show ingredients or amount of caffeine for the 'shot' product.
Flavors
Dragonfruit
Tropical Citrus
Fruit Punch
fruitwater
fruitwater was a less sweetened, sparkling version of VitaminWater drink that was sold from 2013 to 2015. It consisted of the same ingredients only with a light fruit flavor and less crystalline fructose. Aside from “natural flavor,” fruitwater does not contain any actual fruit juice. Ingredients include Guarana seed, which has twice as much caffeine as coffee. Coca-Cola discontinued the drink in 2015 due to poor sales.
Flavors
Black Raspberry
Strawberry Kiwi
Lemon-Lime
Orange Mango
Watermelon Punch
References
External links
50 Cent
Drink companies of the United States
Bottled water brands
Coca-Cola brands
Companies based in New York City
Food and drink companies established in 1996
Sports drinks
Food and drink companies based in New York City
Coca-Cola acquisitions
2007 mergers and acquisitions |
9590588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%20Is%20Unbreakable | Diamond Is Unbreakable | is the fourth story arc of the Japanese manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, written and illustrated by Hirohiko Araki. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump for a little more than years, from May 4, 1992, to December 4, 1995, with the 174 chapters collected into eighteen tankōbon volumes. In its original publication, it was titled . It was preceded by Stardust Crusaders and followed by Golden Wind.
This part introduces the Stand Arrow, which causes anyone pierced by it to develop a Stand if they are mentally strong enough. The Arrow was retroactively revealed to be the source of Dio's stand as well as the Joestar family's stands. The arc was adapted into an anime television series by David Production, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable, that began in April 2016. A live-action film adaptation by Toho and Warner Bros. titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I was released on August 4, 2017. Viz Media released the manga in English in a nine-volume compiled format from 2019 to 2021.
Plot
In 1999, Jotaro Kujo arrives to the town of in the after learning that his grandfather Joseph Joestar has an illegitimate son while compiling a list of beneficiaries. He bumps into a freshman named Koichi Hirose before the two encounter the youth Jotaro is looking for: A highschool student named Josuke Higashikata, whose Stand Crazy Diamond allows him to manipulate matter in ways that include repairing and healing. Fighting Josuke after inadvertently insulting his pompadour, Jotaro explains the nature of Stands and that one is used by a death row inmate named Anjuro "Angelo" Katagiri escaped to Morioh. Josuke unknowingly makes an enemy of Angelo, who murders his grandfather before Josuke uses his power to fuse Angelo into a rock. But Angelo uses his final moments of consciousness to reveal someone hit him with an Arrow that gave him his Stand, Jotaro learning that an actual artifact was possessed by Dio's forces. Josuke and Koichi eventually come across the culprit, Keicho Nijimura, who inflicts Koichi with the Arrow while his younger brother Okuyasu holds Josuke off. Josuke defeats Okuyasu and heals Koichi with Crazy Diamond, with Koichi developing a Stand called Echoes. After Keicho is defeated with his reason of creating Stand users to create someone able to mercy kill his father, a mutated subordinate of Dio's, Keicho is killed by Stand Red Hot Chili Pepper, which takes the Bow and Arrow. Okuyasu then joins Josuke's group to avenge his brother, encountering several other Stand users Keicho created before they eventually find and defeat Akira Otoishi, Red Hot Chili Pepper's user, as Joseph arrives in Morioh. The Bow and Arrow are taken into Jotaro's custody and all seems to be over for the moment.
Soon afterward, after Josuke tries spending time with Joseph as they find a baby with an invisibility stand, the group encounters other Stand users such as eccentric manga artist Rohan Kishibe, middle schooler Shigekiyo "Shigechi" Yangu, and a beautician named Aya Tsuji. Koichi and Rohan later meet the ghosts of Reimi Sugimoto and her dog Arnold after stumbling into the mysterious Ghost Alley, learning of a serial killer who has been lurking in Morioh for years. The murderer is a handsome office worker named Yoshikage Kira, who seeks to satisfy his murderous hand fetish obsession while living a peaceful, quiet life by using the destructive ability of his Stand Killer Queen to erase any evidence of his crimes. But his prompted murder of Shigechi ends up exposing him during a brief battle with Jotaro and Koichi that left him injured as Josuke and Okuyasu arrive. Kira escapes and forces Aya to use her Stand to swap identities with a man Kosaku Kawajiri, killing them both while assuming Kosaku's life. Kira's father Yoshihiro, a ghost who uses his Stand to live on in a photo, uses a Bow and Arrow he received years ago from Enya Geil to create an army of Stand users to protect his son, including a dying cat that reincarnated as a Stand-plant hybrid named Stray Cat which Kira took as a pet.
Kosaku's son Hayato Kawajiri begins to suspect his father's imposter and confronts Kira, only to get murdered with Kira panicking before receiving a new ability after pierced by Yoshihiro's Arrow a second time that allows him to revive Hayato. The following morning, Hayato learns Kira inflicted him with Killer Queen's new ability Bites the Dust, which destroys whoever Hayato reveals Kira's identity to while rewinding time back an hour with the victim's fate fixed. After Rohan died in one loop and Josuke's group the next, Hayato realizes he needs to force Kira into canceling Bites the Dust before the others are killed with their deaths made permanent. Hayato exploits the knowledge he gained from the time loop to wake Josuke up early and arrange for him to overhear Kira blowing his cover. Kira is forced to use Killer Queen to defend himself, which cancels Bites the Dust just in time to save Josuke and his allies.
Josuke engages Kira in a pitched battle, Okuyasu seemingly killed as Josuke and Hayato take refuge in a house when Kira combines his Stand's powers with Stray Cat to create invisible projectile bombs. Kira plants Yoshihiro's photo into Hayato's pocket to track Josuke, only to be tricked into destroying his father before Okuyasu appears in the nick of time to swipe Stray Cat and further disadvantage Kira. As Jotaro, Koichi, and Rohan arrive with emergency workers responding to the explosions, Kira attempts to activate Bites the Dust on a nearby paramedic in a last ditch attempt to avert his defeat. But he is stopped by Jotaro with assistance from Koichi, knocked into the path of an arriving ambulance that accidentally crushes his skull. Kira's ghost ends up in Ghost Alley and is confronted by Reimi, who gets him dragged off into an unknown fate by spectral hands. Her mission accomplished, Reimi gives the group her final farewells and moves on to the afterlife. The next day, Josuke bids farewell to Jotaro and Joseph, who leave Morioh as the summer of 1999 draws to a close.
Characters
Josuke Higashikata is the illegitimate son of Joseph Joestar. He is a freshman who lives in the town of Morioh with his mother and grandfather. His Stand is Crazy Diamond, which can not only punch rapidly, but also restore objects to their original state or rearrange their structure, allowing him to heal injuries, erase written documents, or revert complex structures to their raw components. However, Crazy Diamond has no effect when used on Josuke himself. Despite normally being kind and friendly, Josuke becomes especially enraged if anyone insults his pompadour hairstyle, which he adopted after a delinquent with the hairstyle saved him and his mother during a blizzard. This is demonstrated for the first time, after he punches an upperclassman, and incorrectly heals his face for insulting his hair.
Koichi Hirose is Josuke's and Okuyasu's best friend and is also a freshman in high school, but appears as a short boy. His Stand is Echoes, which has three distinct "ACTs". ACT1 can create messages and attach them to a person by touching them, which results in the message repeatedly played in the victim's head (e.g. attaching the phrase "Believe in me" causes the message to be audibly spoken in Koichi's mother's head), ACT2 has a similar ability but instead can attach onomatopoeia onto objects, causing the effect of the onomatopoeia to activate when touched (e.g. attaching "sizzle" to a stair railing causes it to burn the person when touched), while ACT3 loses the former abilities (but can still recall previous ACTs) and sacrifices its long range, it gains the ability "3-Freeze", which dramatically increases the weight of a target and thereby making it unable to move. Koichi gains access to each ACT as he grows throughout the story, ultimately gaining ACT3 in the first battle with Kira.
Okuyasu Nijimura is one of the two Nijimura brothers who became friends with Josuke Higashikata and Koichi Hirose after encountering a Stand user who murdered his brother. His Stand is The Hand, which can erase whatever it swipes with its right hand and can even be used to erase space, drawing objects closer to Okuyasu. Though the ability is incredibly versatile and powerful, Okuyasu's subpar intelligence prevents him from using it to its fullest potential.
Jotaro Kujo is an aspiring marine biologist who travels to Morioh to find his grandfather's illegitimate son, Josuke Higashikata, who is technically Jotaro's uncle despite Jotaro being older than him, as well as investigate the crimes of a Stand user. His Stand is Star Platinum, which compensates for its short range with incredible strength, speed, and precision, as well as the ability Star Platinum: The World, which lets Jotaro temporarily stop the flow of time.
Joseph Joestar is Josuke's father and Jotaro's grandfather. His Stand is Hermit Purple, which manifests in the form of multipurpose thorny purple vines that allow him to divine information through electrical equipment or be utilized as ropes. Now in his late 70's, Joseph is incredibly feeble and senile.
Rohan Kishibe is a famous manga artist who recently moved into a house in Morioh. His Stand, Heaven's Door, allows him to temporarily turn a person into a book, with all of their memories written down akin to a novel. Rohan can read the memories, learn their weaknesses and secrets, as well as write down commands that they must follow (usually writing that enemies cannot attack him). The power typically activates when the target sees Rohan's drawn artwork, but can also activate if Rohan draws something in the air with his finger. Rohan also stars in his own spin-off one-shot series by Araki called Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan.
Keicho Nijimura is Okuyasu's elder brother who caused the outbreak of Stand users in Morioh to create one whose Stand can end the suffering of their father after he was mutated by Dio Brando into a monstrous, handicapped being with rapid regeneration. Keicho was later killed by Akira Otoishi when saving his brother from an attack by the guitarist's stand. Keicho's Stand Bad Company is an army of toy soldiers.
Anjuro Katagiri, also known as "Angelo", is a depraved serial killer with an IQ of 160. Originally on death row for various acts of murder and sexual assault, including staging a post-mortem ransom for a young boy, Angelo is made a Stand User by Keicho and uses his water-based Stand Aqua Necklace to escape captivity and resume his killing spree in Morioh before ultimately confronting Josuke, murdering the youth's grandfather before being fused by Crazy Diamond's powers into a stone that becomes Morioh's tourist attraction Angelo Rock.
Yukako Yamagishi is a high school student who develops an obsessive crush on Koichi. She kidnaps him and tries to form him into a "better man" by taking drastic measures to improve his grades. Koichi defends himself with the help of Echoes ACT2 and Yukako instead decides to admire Koichi from afar. However she soon sinks into depression and learns of a beauty salon named Cinderella from Joseph Joestar, which she uses to help rekindle her relationship with Koichi. Afterwards, she and Koichi become a couple. Her Stand is Love Deluxe, which is bound to her hair, allowing her grow her hair to long lengths to freely manipulate it.
Aya Tsuji is the owner of the Cinderella Salon, a beauty clinic in Morioh. She changes people's appearance and fate using her stand, Cinderella.
Akira Otoishi is an aspiring rock star guitarist. His Stand is Red Hot Chili Pepper, which draws its powers from electricity and can travel through various electrical outlets. He acquired his Stand after being shot with the Arrow by Keicho Nijimura.
Yoshikage Kira is a hand-obsessed, mild-mannered serial killer who has been murdering women for more than 15 years. His Stand, Killer Queen, has the ability to create a bomb out of whatever it touches—including living people—allowing him to eliminate any evidence of his crimes. Kira has access to three bombs—the standard "Primary Bomb", a mobile heat-seeking "Secondary Bomb" known as Sheer Heart Attack, and a time-looping "Tertiary Bomb" known as Bites the Dust.
Yoshihiro Kira is the ghost of Kira's father whose Stand Atom Heart Father allows him to remain among the living to protect Kira from within a photograph. Having acquired a Bow and Arrow from Enya prior to moving to Morioh, Yoshihiro uses the arrow to create Stand users in an attempt to keep Josuke's group away from Kira.
Mikitaka Hazekura is a strange individual who claims that he is an alien. He befriends Josuke and Okuyasu, and occasionally helps them out. Mikitaka uses the ability Earth Wind and Fire, allowing him to shapeshift into inanimate objects. It is ambiguous whether or not Mikitaka is actually an alien, or a normal human – additionally, it is unclear whether or not Earth Wind and Fire is a Stand or a similar ability.
Tama is a British Shorthair that was struck by the arrow, then wandered into the Kawajiri household, and was accidentally killed by a broken glass bottle during Shinobu's attempt to chase him out. After his death, he was reborn as a hybrid of cat and plant due to the awakening of his stand, Stray Cat, that, along with reviving Tama, has the ability to create bubbles of air to shoot at enemies, which Yoshikage Kira exploits later on to create bubble bombs.
Reimi Sugimoto is Yoshikage Kira's first victim. She was killed 15 years before the happenings of the manga, and waited as a ghost for someone whom she could warn about her killer.
Kosaku Kawajiri is an average salaryman working as an employee at S-Corp. He is Shinobu Kawajiri's wife, and the father of Hayato Kawajiri. He, according to his wife, is extremely boring, and is shown to be very irresponsible with money, as he is in debt to his landlord on a house he cannot afford, bought an expensive car, and still has to pay for Hayato's college tuition. He is killed by Yoshikage Kira at the Cinderella Salon, who then proceeded to steal his identity, and integrate himself into his family.
Shinobu Kawajiri is the wife of Kosaku Kawajiri, and Hayato's mother. After Yoshikage Kira killed Kosaku and stole his identity, Yoshikage Kira began treating Shinobu better than Kosaku did originally, renewing Shinobu's love for her husband, who, unbeknownst to her, and for a time, Hayato, was not in fact her husband.
Hayato Kawajiri is a shy and intelligent schoolboy who realized his father Kosaku Kawajiri was murdered by Kira when the killer assumed his identity. Though Kira decided to use the boy as a means to kill Josuke's group, Hayato ended up being the killer's downfall. Hayato does not have a Stand of his own, but he winds up being the host of Killer Queen: Bites the Dust, resulting in anyone who tries to interrogate Hayato about Kira's current whereabouts spontaneously exploding, followed by time rewinding an hour.
Tonio Trussardi is a talented Italian chief who runs a restaurant called "Trattoria Trussardi". He first encounters Josuke and Okuyasu when they are paying a visit to the grave of Keicho. His Stand is called Pearl Jam, which allows to cure, heal and strengthen a person, though it destroys whatever organ its healing first, giving off a gruesome impression. This Stand is different from the other Stands as it is born from Tonio's zeal to perfect his culinary arts rather than by an Arrow, hence he uses it mostly for his cooking methods.
Production
Diamond Is Unbreakable is set in the fictional town of Morioh located in S-City, M-Prefecture, which is modeled after a specific area in Hirohiko Araki's hometown of Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture. The author said that the suspense and fear caused by the "unusual" and "mysterious" residents there were his inspiration. Although he originally intended for JoJo's Bizarre Adventure to be a "mythical" manga with superpowers and such, he enjoyed drawing the "feeling of everyday life" in Diamond Is Unbreakable. Because he wanted to create a "closed city," the Stands featured were not proactively attacking.
During Diamond Is Unbreakables serialization, Araki received feedback from readers who felt that enemies in the manga had gotten weak. Although he usually does not respond to reader opinions, he had heard similar comments from the editorial team and so made an exception by stating that "the weaknesses inside the hearts of people" are a thematic element of Part 4. He explained that sometimes he has a character's inner weaknesses drive them into a desperate situation, while other times he turns the weakness into something "dreadful" and bases a Stand off of it. Araki wrote that constantly having stronger and stronger enemies appear in a manga eventually leads you to "trying to think of the farthest edges of the universe", but in the real world, "true strength is found in not doing bad things. An enemy who does bad things is a person with an inner weakness."
With Part 4 of the series, Araki said that he moved away from "muscle men" as they fell out of popularity with his readers and he wanted to focus more on fashion. When designing his characters' outfits, Araki considers both everyday fashion and "cartoonish, bizarre clothing that would be impractical in real life." He also forgoes using specific color schemes for his characters and gives his readers different impressions through various color combinations. Araki said that while he drew several characters in Parts 1 through 3 naked to evoke Greek or Roman gods, he stopped doing it so much with Part 4 to be a "bit closer to home." Because he is the "friend next door" instead of being similar to a hero in a Greek myth like the protagonists of the previous parts, Araki cited Josuke Higashikata as his favorite character in Diamond Is Unbreakable. He cited Shigekiyo Yangu's Harvest as his favorite Stand from Part 4, because, although he finds his "flaws and trashiness adorable," the character picks up stuff off of the ground which is "pretty scary."
Despite the prevalent belief that the manga artist character Rohan Kishibe is believed to be Araki's self-insert, the author revealed that he did not model Rohan after himself, but is fascinated by him. He said that unlike Rohan, he values human life more than art.
Chapters
In the original volumization, chapters 437–439 are collected in volume 47, listed on the Golden Wind page.
Original volumization
2004 release
2016 release
English release
Related media
In 2000, it was announced that Otsuichi would be writing a novel based on Part 4. The novel proved difficult to complete; in Kono Mystery ga Sugoi 2004, Otsuichi claimed to have written over 2000 pages, but thrown them all out. Intent on writing a novel that lived up to the manga, it took him until 2007 before The Book: JoJo's Bizarre Adventure 4th Another Day was finally released on November 26. It is set after the events in the manga, and includes illustrations by Araki.
In 1997, Araki published the Weekly Shōnen Jump one-shot Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe ~Episode 16.. Confessional~, starring Rohan after the events of Part 4. In 1999 he wrote the three-chapter story Dead Man's Questions in Allman magazine. Dead Man's Questions stars Yoshikage Kira, the main antagonist of Part 4. Both Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe and Dead Man's Questions were later compiled in Araki's one-shot collection, Under Jailbreak, Under Execution, in 1999. The former launched a series starring Rohan, Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan.
The issue of Jump Square for December 11, 2007, featured a second entry into the Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe collection, entitled Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe ~Mutsukabezaka~, set seven years after the events of Part IV.
In 2009, Araki wrote the full-color story Rohan au Louvre. The short story was displayed at the Musée du Louvre as part of their 2009 Le Louvre invite la bande dessinée exhibit. The story was later republished in Ultra Jump in 2010. In 2012, Rohan au Louvre was released in English by NBM Publishing under the translated title Rohan at the Louvre.
In 2011, Araki collaborated with the renowned Italian fashion brand Gucci for the short story Rohan Kishibe Goes to Gucci in the women's fashion magazine Spur.
In 2012, Araki wrote a third Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe one-shot for Weekly Shōnen Jump. Entitled Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe ~Episode 5: Millionaire Village~ it was released in the October 6, 2012 issue of the magazine.
In October 2015, Warner Bros. announced that Part 4 would receive an anime television adaptation that serves as a continuation of David Production's series adaptation. The series aired in 2016.
Toho and Warner Bros. partnered to produce a live-action film based on the fourth arc of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure that was released on August 4, 2017. Takashi Miike directed the film that stars Kento Yamazaki as Josuke. Both studios planned for worldwide distribution and, with a title of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I, hoped to create sequels. However, the film under-performed at the box office, leaving the possibility of future sequels in doubt.
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Crazy Diamond's Demonic Heartbreak, a spin-off manga set in Morioh, began serialization in the December 2021 issue of Shueisha's seinen manga magazine Ultra Jump on December 18, 2021. It is written by Kouhei Kadono and illustrated by Tasuku Karasuma.
The Cheap Trick story arc was adapted into the episode From Behind of the Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe TV series released on December 28, 2021. The Janken Boy Is Coming! story arc was adapted into the episode Rock-Paper-Scissors Boy released on December 27, 2022.
Reception
In a 2018 survey of 17,000 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure fans, Diamond Is Unbreakable was chosen as the second favorite story arc with 17.5% of the vote.
Anime News Network had both Rebecca Silverman and Faye Hopper review the first volume of Diamond Is Unbreakable. Silverman called the beginning slower and not as instantly engrossing as the previous parts, but felt this allowed Josuke, whom she and Hopper both described as kinder than the previous protagonists, to develop as a character. Hopper stated that Diamond Is Unbreakable is sometimes criticized for a "lack of a strong narrative throughline" in comparison to other parts, but argued that this is one of its greatest strengths as it allows the main characters to "simply be, lending them an amiable humanity that none of the over-the-top archetypes in the first 3 Parts ever had."
Notes
References
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure
Adventure anime and manga
Comics about serial killers
Comics set in the 1990s
Fiction about urban legends
Fiction set in 1999
Manga adapted into films
Sendai in fiction
Shōnen manga
Shueisha manga
Supernatural anime and manga
Viz Media manga
Works about fictional serial killers |
39403214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20C.%20Levy | David C. Levy | David C. Levy (born 1938) is an educator, museum director, art historian and artist, designer/photographer, and musician. He is a principal in the consulting group, Objective Focus LLP. He was President of the Education Division of Cambridge Information Group from 2007 to 2018, and President of Sotheby's Institute of Art and founding Chairman of Bach to Rock. He was president and Director of the Corcoran Gallery of Art and Corcoran College of Art and Design in Washington, DC, from 1991 to 2005, and Chancellor of The New School for Social Research in New York City from 1989 to 1991. From 1970 to 1989 Levy was Executive Dean and CEO of Parsons School of Design. He holds a bachelor's degree from Columbia College, Columbia University and a master's degree and PhD from New York University.
Early life
Born in Brooklyn Heights, to artist parents Edgar Levy and Lucille Corcos, Levy moved at age three with his family to an 18th-century farmhouse on South Mountain Road in Rockland County, New York. “The Road” had been settled by a group of well-known artists, writers, musicians, and actors including John Houseman, Milton Caniff, Maxwell Anderson, Kurt Weill, Lotte Lenya, Hugo Robus, Morris Kantor, and Henry Varnum Poor. Thus, at an early age Levy was immersed in a creative community that also included his parents’ New York friends - his godparents, the sculptors David Smith and his wife, Dorothy Dehner, as well as the painters John Graham, Richard Lindner, Arshile Gorky, Vaclav Vytlacil, Mark Rothko (Marcus Rothkowitz), I. Rice Pereira; designers William Golden, Cipe Pineles, Will Burtin; and architect/historian James Marston Fitch.
Education
Levy had planned on a conservatory education but, influenced by family-friend and neighbor, the philosopher Charles Frankel, he attended Columbia University’s Columbia College where he majored in philosophy with an emphasis on aesthetics and art history, graduating in 1960. After Columbia, Levy attended New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts and the university’s SENAP division, from which he received a master's degree and a PhD in organizational theory. His doctoral dissertation was an analysis of the failure of Parsons School of Design in the 1960s and of the strategies and history that underlay its merger with The New School for Social Research.
Parsons School of Design
In 1962, Levy was appointed Director of Admissions at Parsons School of Design, becoming the school’s vice president in 1968. Following the resignation of Parsons’ president in 1969 and the imminent prospect of Parsons’ insolvency, Parsons’ trustees instructed Levy to close the school. Instead, he negotiated a merger with The New School for Social Research. Under Levy's stewardship, over the following two decades Parsons grew from a small, struggling, non-degree-granting trade school into one of the largest and most diversified visual arts colleges in the United States, offering multiple undergraduate and graduate degrees in a diverse range of visual arts disciplines. During Levy's 19-year tenure as its CEO, Parsons became an international college of the arts, with campuses in Los Angeles, France, The Dominican Republic, and Japan. Parson's enrollment grew from 480 in 1970 to 12,000 by the early 1980s, and it became the principal financial support for its parent university, The New School.
Levy developed and often wrote curricula for more than 30 new bachelor's and master's degrees as well as for continuing education offerings in every visual arts discipline. He taught Art History at Parsons and SUNY and created special programs for arts education and research in Italy, West Africa, Israel, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and Greece.
The Otis Art Institute of Parsons School of Design
In 1979, Levy negotiated Parsons’ annexation of The Otis Art Institute of Los Angeles County, renaming it The Otis Art Institute of Parsons School of Design (now Otis College of Art and Design) and creating a bicoastal college of the arts. This was the first (and maybe the only) time in American higher education in which a private educational entity absorbed a public institution. The Otis/Parsons partnership spanned a very successful 12 years; ending when Otis become an independent privately supported college, shortly after Levy's 1991 departure from Parsons and The New School to head Washington, DC's Corcoran Gallery and College of Art.
The New School of Jazz and Contemporary Music and Mannes College of Music
In 1987, Levy established The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music. He wrote the school's initial curriculum and, with the help of his musical collaborator, saxophonist Arnie Lawrence, recruited a faculty of jazz artists including Sir Roland Hanna, Tommy Flannigan, Chico Hamilton, Jimmy Heath, Donald Byrd, Reggie Workman, and Red Mitchell. Offering New York's first undergraduate degree in jazz, the school has since grown to become internationally recognized as one of the most influential conservatories in its discipline.
In 1989, during his tenure as The New School's Chancellor, Levy and his colleagues merged the Mannes College of Music into the university's community of schools.
The Corcoran Gallery of Art
In January 1991, Levy became president and Director of the Corcoran Gallery of Art and its college of art, the Corcoran College of Art and Design. The Corcoran is the third oldest museum in the United States and Washington, DC's oldest art institution.
Levy took the Corcoran's helm amidst the aftershocks of a national firestorm created in 1989 when the museum cancelled a politically controversial exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe. One of the sparks that ignited the “culture wars” of the early 1990s, the Mapplethorpe incident decimated the Corcoran's constituency of supporters, wrecked its attendance, and seriously threatened its future financial viability.
Over his 14-year tenure, Levy rebuilt both the museum and its college of art, mounting more than 300 exhibitions and expanding the museum's 1990 attendance of 80,000 to just under one million by 2004. He increased the Corcoran's assets from $8–22 million, led a capital campaign that raised $110 million, increased its membership by 600 percent, and doubled the college's undergraduate enrollment. He created the school's first master's level graduate programs, acquiring and restoring an historic 19th century Georgetown schoolhouse to house them.
Delaware College of Art and Design (DCAD)
In 1995–1996, responding to a request by a public/private partnership in Wilmington, Delaware, to create a college of art in the city's downtown center, Levy and Corcoran Dean, Sammy Hoi, developed a strategic plan, helped raise local funds, and formed a partnership between the Corcoran and New York's Pratt Institute, to co-found and manage the Delaware College of Art and Design, a two-year school of art. DCAD also provided an articulated transfer path for students wishing to continue their studies and complete a four-year degree in either Washington, DC, or New York City. The school thrives today and the Corcoran/Pratt partnership continues to exemplify innovation in higher education and the arts.
Proposed Frank Gehry Wing of the Corcoran
In the first years of the 21st century, architect Frank Gehry was retained to create a new and final wing for the Corcoran museum and college. The resultant design was received with acclaim and $110 million was raised towards its $160 million cost. Following the collapse of the Internet bubble in 2001-2002 and the untimely death in 2004 of the Corcoran's chairman of the board, the Corcoran board underwent a significant change of leadership and abandoned the Gehry project. As a result, Levy resigned as President/Director, subsequently accepting his current post with Cambridge Information Group.
Cambridge Information Group (CIG)
In 2005, Levy began a consulting relationship with Cambridge Information Group (CIG), and, in 2007, became President of its Education Group and of its graduate school, Sotheby's Institute of Art. At that time, the Institute had campuses in London, Singapore, and New York City. In 2011 Levy created an interdisciplinary degree that combines the study of art business and connoisseurship with hands-on training in interior design grants graduates a master's degree from Sotheby's Institute of Art and an Interior Design Certificate from the New York School of Interior Design. In 2012 Levy established a partnership with Claremont Graduate University in Los Angeles County, creating a third major center for the institute. Sotheby's Institute of Art enrolls approximately 450 full-time students, primarily in programs leading to master's and PhD degrees.
In 2007 Levy, with his wife Carole Feld and partner Jeff Levin, founded Bach to Rock (B2R), a chain of music schools with an innovative curriculum based on the formation of small bands and targeted primarily to young people in grades K–12. Under the management of CIG's Education Group, B2R currently operates six schools in the Washington, DC, region and franchises nationally. In 2016 Levy and CIG colleagues created The School of the New York Times, which offers online programs in a variety of disciplines and extensive summer and gap year programs for high school students and recent graduates
Community service and awards
Levy was made a Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres by the Republic of France and in 1995 honored by the NYU School of Education with a "Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award" for his work as an "extraordinary arts administrator, art scholar, performing musician, philosopher and aesthetician." The following year (1996) he was named Washingtonian of the Year by Washingtonian Magazine. As a graphic designer, Levy art-directed some 60 publications annually at Parsons School of Design, many of which won design awards and commendations from such organizations as the New York Art Directors Club and the American Institute of Graphic Design (AIGA). He holds honorary degrees from The New School and Cedar Crest College. He has served as a Commissioner of Arts and Humanities for the District of Columbia, as an advisor to the Smithsonian Institution, and as a trustee of the National Foundation for the Advancement of the Arts, the National Association of Schools of Art and Design, and the National Hospice Foundation. He currently serves on the boards of the Alliance for Young Artists and Writers (The Scholastic Art and Writing Awards) and the Larry Rivers Foundation. He is a member of the Century Association (NY) and the Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.).
Personal life
Since his late teens, Levy has had a second career as a jazz musician and has played and toured in the United States, Europe, and Asia with some of the leading jazz artists of the 20th century. These have included Jimmy Heath, Chico Hamilton, Junior Mance, Arnie Lawrence, and Donald Byrd. He has also performed with singer Joni Mitchell and with actor/musician George Segal. With his close friend and associate, the artist Larry Rivers, he created The East Thirteenth Street Band, which recorded for both Rizzoli and Atlantic Records, performing throughout the United States in the 1980s and early 1990s. From the 1960s onwards Levy has free-lanced as a photographer and created a photographic body of work on the American industrial landscape that has been exhibited in museums and galleries in the United States and abroad.
In 1959 Levy married graphic designer and design historian, Janet Meyer. They have two children, Thomas William and Jessica Anne Levy. Separated in 1982 and later divorced, Levy married Carole L. Feld, then a vice president at PBS, in 1992. Their son, Alexander Wolf Levy, was born in 1995.
Levy and his family live in Washington, D.C.
References
External links
Cambridge Information Group website
Corcoran Gallery of Art
Parsons School of Design website
Edgar Levy Artfact Archives
Jewish Women's Archive - Jewish Women Encyclopedia
New School Archival Information 1970 merger with Parsons School of Design
Living people
New York University Institute of Fine Arts alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development alumni
People from Brooklyn Heights
1938 births |
19022738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Lee%20%28golfer%29 | Danny Lee (golfer) | Danny Jin-Myung Lee (; born 24 July 1990) is a New Zealand professional golfer. Lee was born in Incheon, South Korea, and emigrated to New Zealand at the age of eight. He became a New Zealand citizen on 2 September 2008 at Rotorua, where he attended Rotorua Boys' High School.
Amateur career
Lee became the youngest ever winner of the U.S. Amateur in August 2008, aged 18 years and one month, six months younger than Tiger Woods when he won in 1994. His age record was broken the following year by 17-year-old An Byeong-hun. He became number one in the World Amateur Golf Ranking on 20 August 2008 and remained number one until he turned pro in April 2009. He was awarded the 2008 Mark H. McCormack Medal on 27 August.
In October 2008, Lee represented New Zealand at the Eisenhower Trophy in Adelaide, Australia. A final round 11-over 84 saw him finish T37 in the individual standings. The New Zealand team finished tied for 11th.
In February 2009, Lee won the Johnnie Walker Classic in Perth, Australia, a professional tournament co-sanctioned by the European, Asian, and Australasian tours. He was the youngest ever winner on the European Tour, surpassing Dale Hayes, and only the second amateur winner after Pablo Martín. The win took him to 159th place in the Official World Golf Ranking.
Lee's first major was the 2009 Masters Tournament, where his first round two-over 74 put him in a position to make the cut. In the second round he eagled the par-5 eighth and played the front nine in 34, but a six-putt led to quintuple bogey on the 10th, dropping him to five-over for the tournament. He was unable to recover, eventually finishing 11-over par.
Professional career
2009: Bid for PGA Tour status falls short
Lee turned professional after the 2009 Masters Tournament, forfeiting his guaranteed entry into the 2009 U.S. Open and the 2009 British Open as the 2008 U.S. Amateur champion.
In April, Lee signed a two-year endorsement contract with Callaway Golf, to use Callaway clubs, balls, and signage on his clothes. The company has not released how much his contract is worth, but sources say it is for US$1 million per year.
Lee was allowed to use seven sponsor exemptions during the PGA Tour season, and gained three other starts courtesy of his U.S. Amateur and Johnnie Walker Classic titles. His goal was to earn $537,958 which would have given him temporary membership and allowed him to receive an unlimited amount of invitations. That figure is the amount earned by the player who finished 150th on the 2008 money list.
Lee made six out of eleven PGA Tour cuts after turning pro, with two top-25 finishes. He tied for 13th at the HP Byron Nelson Championship in May, and improved on his best finish in a PGA Tour event by finishing in a tie for 7th at the AT&T National in July. That top ten finish earned Lee a spot in the following week's John Deere Classic, meaning he did not have to use one of his two remaining sponsor exemptions. The money from his T-7 finish put him $187,904 away from earning temporary status on tour. Lee missed the cut by two strokes at the John Deere Classic after bogeying the last two holes of his second round. Lee missed the cut again three weeks later at the Buick Open.
In August, Lee became the youngest player to play in a World Golf Championship event when he played the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He finished T51 at the event. He made the cut but did not finish at the Wyndham Championship two weeks later. He used his last sponsor exemption of the season to play in that tournament and did not earn enough money on tour to earn his card for 2010.
Lee then switched his focus to the European Tour, as well as playing selected events in Asia. He made his maiden appearance as a professional in Europe at the Johnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles where he finished T10. As a drawcard for the Korea Open and the Coca-Cola Tokai Classic in Japan, he played the first two rounds of both events with fellow teen prodigy Ryo Ishikawa.
Lee entered the PGA Tour's qualifying school at the first stage level, beginning his campaign in McKinney, Texas on 20 October. Needing to finish in roughly the top third of the field, rounds of 72-78-69-76 saw him fall well short of advancing to the second stage.
After arriving back in Asia for the Singapore Open, Lee cited swing changes, illness and cold weather as reasons for his disappointing performance in Texas, and confirmed an intention to play mainly on the European Tour in 2010. He also announced he had signed Korean-born Suckki Jang, an affiliate of Hank Haney, as his new coach. He then played the WGC-HSBC Champions, the Hong Kong Open, and represented New Zealand with David Smail at the Omega Mission Hills World Cup, all with limited success.
2010
Lee made a poor start to the 2010 season, making just two cuts in his first nine events on the European Tour.
On the eve of the BMW PGA Championship in May, Lee announced a new partnership with English caddy Peter Coleman. "I finally feel that I am in the right position with my swing and that has got me really excited," Lee said.
However, after receiving a sponsor's invite to play the RBC Canadian Open in July, Lee stated he was now without a swing coach. He added that he had been through several coaches since turning professional and had perhaps become too technical with his mechanics, and was now trying to focus more on playing than tweaking his swing.
Lee eventually finished the Race to Dubai in 159th place, making 10 out of 20 cuts with a best finish of T21 at the BMW International Open in June.
Late in the year, he successfully negotiated the first two stages of PGA Tour qualifying school in California. At the final stage in Florida, Lee shot rounds of 74-72-69-65-72-74 to finish T64. His placing earned him full Nationwide Tour playing rights, allowing him to plan a 35-event, two-tour itinerary for 2011.
2011
Lee began a noticeable return to form a couple of months into the new year. A tie for 7th in the Chitimacha Louisiana Open was followed by a strong showing for 54 holes at the Malaysian Open, eventually being disqualified for signing an incorrect final round scorecard (denying him a tie for 17th). The next week he tied for 2nd at the Volvo China Open, four shots behind winner Nicolas Colsaerts.
In May, a tie for 5th in the Stadion Classic at UGA was followed by an outright third at the BMW Charity Pro-Am.
In June he injured his left wrist during an Open Championship qualifier, forcing his withdrawal and a four-week break from competition. Diagnosed as tendonitis, he worked with his caddy in American events, Jeff Belen, on grip and swing adjustments. By early September he had posted three further Nationwide Tour top-10 finishes, including a tie for 2nd at the Cox Classic.
In early October Lee won the WNB Golf Classic in Texas, beating Harris English in a playoff. The $94,500 first prize lifted him to 4th on the money list, assuring him of a place inside the final money list's top 25, those being the players who gain PGA Tour cards for the following season.
"It feels great to win again," Lee said. "I haven't won a tournament since I won the 2009 Johnnie Walker Classic and it's a great feeling. It's not easy to win and I worked really hard with my uncle and my coach (Bill Choung) for this. I'm really happy it worked." Lee credited the switch to a belly putter in this event as beneficial, and came after pulling out of the previous week's event after 27 holes citing his wrist injury.
Lee finished sixth on tour with earnings of $326,100, making 13 of 18 cuts with nine top-10s. He had the season's lowest scoring average of 68.98.
2012
Lee entered the new season with PGA Tour and European Tour cards. He said he was still keen to play a two-tour schedule, however his main focus would be on America. He made only 13 cuts in 26 events on the PGA Tour and lost his tour card. He did not play on the European Tour.
After striking up a successful partnership late in the Nationwide Tour season, Lee said he would have Australian Graeme Courts, a former long-time caddy of Loren Roberts, working for him on the PGA Tour.
K. J. Choi introduced Lee to another Australian, Steve Bann, as a potential coach. "I am close with K.J. Choi and he said I was thinking too much about my swing," Lee said. "I was always working on something and I am too technical sometimes so K.J. introduced me to Steve. Steve is a simple guy who is teaching me how to practise with better routine and how to trust my own game and not think too much.
2013
Lee played on the Web.com Tour in 2013, finishing 15th on the regular season money list to regain his PGA Tour card for 2014. His best finish was second at the Rex Hospital Open.
2014
On the back of six straight missed cuts, Lee adopted a claw putting grip for the Puerto Rico Open in March. He credited the change of putting style for yielding him an instant result; a runner-up finish, two shots behind winner Chesson Hadley.
2015
In the 2015 PGA Tour fall season, Lee finished third at the OHL Classic at Mayakoba. In the spring, he finished seventh at the Valspar Championship and tenth at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial. He won his first PGA Tour event in July at the Greenbrier Classic. The next week he finished fourth at the John Deere Classic. In August he finished fourth at the Quicken Loans National and sixth at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. With a runner-up finish at the Tour Championship, he finished 9th in the FedEx Cup standings.
2019
In the 2019 PGA Championship, Lee announced he was now working with golf coach George Gankas which was netting him a significant increase in length off his tee shots; especially his driver. He opened with a 64 (−6) and was only one off Brooks Koepka's lead. He then followed with scores of 74, 71, and 77 to finish tied for 36th.
2020
At the 2020 U.S. Open, Lee made the 36 hole cut, but later withdrew from the championship after the third round citing a wrist injury; he had earlier taken six putts from close range on the final hole.
2021
Lee played using Parsons Xtreme Golf equipment during the 2021 season following his departure from TaylorMade.
2023
Following his appearance at the Genesis Invitational on the PGA Tour in February, Lee joined LIV Golf ahead of its second season.
Amateur wins
2007 South Island Amateur (New Zealand), New Zealand Amateur
2008 Lake Macquarie Amateur, North Island Amateur (New Zealand), Western Amateur, U.S. Amateur
2009 Georgia Cup
Professional wins (4)
PGA Tour wins (1)
PGA Tour playoff record (1–0)
European Tour wins (1)
1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the PGA Tour of Australasia
Nationwide Tour wins (1)
Nationwide Tour playoff record (1–0)
LIV Golf League wins (1)
1Co-sanctioned by the MENA Tour
LIV Golf League playoff record (1–0)
Results in major championships
Results not in chronological order in 2020.
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
WD = withdrew
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic
Summary
Most consecutive cuts made – 3 (twice)
Longest streak of top-10s – 0
Results in The Players Championship
CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
WD = withdrew
C = Cancelled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Results in World Golf Championships
Results not in chronological order before 2015.
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
PGA Tour and European Tour career summary
* Complete as of 20 February 2023.
† Lee was not ranked because he was not a member.
Team appearances
Amateur
Nomura Cup (representing New Zealand): 2007
Eisenhower Trophy (representing New Zealand): 2008
Bonallack Trophy (representing Asia/Pacific): 2008
Sloan Morpeth Trophy (representing New Zealand): 2007 (winners), 2008
Professional
World Cup (representing New Zealand): 2009, 2016
Presidents Cup (representing the International team): 2015
Personal life
Lee married Yoomi Kong in 2017. Together they have two children, Roi and Robin.
See also
2011 Nationwide Tour graduates
2013 Web.com Tour Finals graduates
References
External links
South Korean male golfers
New Zealand male golfers
European Tour golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Olympic golfers for New Zealand
Golfers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Golfers from Texas
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
People educated at Rotorua Boys' High School
New Zealand people of Korean descent
People with acquired New Zealand citizenship
South Korean emigrants to New Zealand
Sportspeople from Rotorua
Sportspeople from Incheon
People from Irving, Texas
1990 births
Living people |
192935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherman%20Titov | Gherman Titov | Gherman Stepanovich Titov (; 11 September 1935 – 20 September 2000) was a Soviet cosmonaut who, on 6 August 1961, became the second human to orbit the Earth, aboard Vostok 2, preceded by Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1. He was the fourth person in space, counting suborbital voyages of US astronauts Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom. A month short of 26 years old at launch, he was the youngest person to fly in space until 2021 when Oliver Daemen flew on Blue Origin NS-16 at the age of 18. Since Daemen flew a suborbital mission, Titov remains the youngest man to fly in Earth orbit.
Titov's flight finally proved that humans could live and work in space. He was the first person to orbit the Earth multiple times (a total of 17), the first to pilot a spaceship and to spend more than a day in space. He was also the first to sleep in orbit and to suffer from space sickness (becoming the first person to vomit in space).
Titov was the first photographer from space: he made the first manual photographs from orbit, thus setting a record for modern first photos of Earth from space. He also was the first person to film the Earth using a professional quality Konvas-Avtomat movie camera, which he used for ten minutes.
In his subsequent life Titov continued to work for the Soviet space program, and played a major role in the Spiral project where he trained to become the first pilot of an orbital spaceplane. However, after the death of Yuri Gagarin in a military aircraft accident in 1968, the Soviet government decided it could not afford to lose its second cosmonaut, and so Titov's career as test pilot ended.
Titov served in the Soviet Air Force, attaining the rank of colonel-general. In his final years in post-Soviet Russia he became a Communist politician. Despite having been chosen second, after Gagarin, to fly into space, it was Titov who later proposed the Soviet Government regularly celebrate Cosmonautics Day on April 12, the day of Gagarin's flight.
Biography
Titov was born in the village of Verkhneye Zhilino in the Altai Krai and went to school at the Stalingrad Military Aviation School. After graduating as an air force pilot, he was selected for cosmonaut training in 1960.
He flew the Vostok 2 mission launched on 6 August 1961. It lasted for 25.3 hours and he performed 17 orbits of the Earth. His call sign was Eagle (). He landed close to the town of Krasny Kut in Saratov Oblast, Russia. A month short of 26 years old at launch, he remained the youngest person to fly in space until July 2021, when his record was surpassed by a Dutch teenager, Oliver Daemen. Titov was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, as were almost all the Soviet cosmonauts.
Titov was a fine sportsman, and keen on gymnastics:
He was the first person to suffer from space sickness (motion sickness in space) and was also the first person to sleep in space. He slept for roughly one orbit and was surprised to wake with his arms floating in the air because of the absence of normal gravity. He returned to sleep after he had his arms under a security belt and slept 30 minutes more than predicted by the flight plan. He stated, "Once you have your arms and legs arranged properly, space sleep is fine.... I slept like a baby".
Though he had been suffering from space sickness during his orbit, Titov celebrated upon landing. His celebration is described as "a fit of euphoria" after landing, and on his return flight to Kubishev for debriefing, he alarmed the medical staff by opening and downing a beer, in complete violation of the rules.
After landing, Titov was sent to hospital for further testing to ensure that he was not sick. After his mission, he reportedly engaged in behaviours that could be considered unacceptable for someone working within the space programme. He is reported to have been enthralled in his love of women, excessive drinking, and fast cars, which caused some to theorise that his behaviour had potentially been another side effect of the space sickness he experienced from zero gravity. Further testing revealed that not to be the case.
During a widely-publicised 1962 visit to Seattle to tour the Century 21 World's Fair, Titov was asked by reporters how his space flight affected his philosophy of life. He replied: "Sometimes people are saying that God is out there. I was looking around attentively all day but I didn't find anybody there. I saw neither angels nor God". The utterance was used in Soviet anti-religion propaganda, but it was misattributed to Yuri Gagarin.
Following his space flight, Titov assumed various senior positions in the Soviet space programme until his retirement in 1992. In 1995, he was elected to the State Duma as a member of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. He died of cardiac arrest in his sauna at the age of 65 in Moscow. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Awards and legacy
Gherman Titov was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, two Orders of Lenin, and numerous medals and foreign orders. He was bestowed the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor of Bulgaria, Hero of Labour of Vietnam and Hero of Mongolia. The Titov crater on the far side of the Moon and Titov Island in Ha Long Bay are named after him.
On 6 August 2011, the 50th anniversary of Titov's flight, the reconstructed and expanded Gherman Titov Museum was opened in his native village of Polkovnikovo, Altai Krai.
The Titov Space Centre is named after him.
Cultural references
In Arthur C. Clarke's 1982 book, 2010: Odyssey Two (and the 1984 film adaptation 2010), the opening scene features a conversation between Dimitri Moisevitch of the Soviet Space Council and Dr. Heywood Floyd. When Moisevitch informs Floyd that the Soviets will be travelling to Jupiter on their new spaceship the Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, Floyd is puzzled, expecting that the ship was to be named after Gherman Titov. In the book, Moisevitch just mentions that it has been changed to Leonov; in the film, he comments without elaboration that Titov has fallen out of favour.
BBC Radio 4's Afternoon Play on 12 April 2011, Titanium, features Titov as narrator during the training and flight of Yuri Gagarin. It was part of a week to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Gagarin's flight.
Honours and awards
Russia and the USSR
Hero of the Soviet Union № 11158 (9 August 1961)
Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd Class (7 September 1995) – for services to the state, achievements in work and significant contribution to strengthening friendship and cooperation between peoples
Two Orders of Lenin (17 June and 9 August 1961)
Order of the October Revolution (21 February 1985)
Order of the Red Banner of Labour (15 January 1976)
Lenin Prize (1988)
Medal "For the Development of Virgin Lands" (August 1961)
Honoured specialist of the Armed Forces of the USSR (15 August 1991) – for outstanding service to the Soviet state in the country's defence capacity and professional skill
Honoured Master of Sports (1961)
Pilot-cosmonaut of the Soviet Union (9 August 1961)
Honorary Citizen of Barnaul
Foreign awards
Hero of Labour of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (21 January 1962)
Order of Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)
Friendship Order (Vietnam)
Hero of Socialist Labour of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (27 September 1962)
Order of Georgi Dimitrov (Bulgaria, 27 September 1962).
Medal "25 Years of People's Power" (Bulgaria)
Medal "100th Anniversary of the Birth of Georgi Dimitrov" (Bulgaria, 14 February 1983)
Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (10 December 1961)
Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia, 10 December 1961)
Medal "30 Years of Victory over Japan's militarist" (Mongolia, 8 January 1976)
Order of Karl Marx (East Germany, 1 September 1961)
Gold Medal "for exemplary work" (East Germany, 4 September 1961)
Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class (9 January 1962)
Order of the Yugoslav Star with sash (19 September 1962)
Order of the Star of Romania, 1st Class (14 October 1961)
Order of the Star of the Republic of the Congo (Congo, 1965)
Order of Friendship and Cooperation (Syria, 1988)
Honour of the President of Ukraine (11 April 1995) – for outstanding contributions to the development of space rocket systems, the strengthening of international cooperation in space industry and in conjunction with the 10th anniversary of the first flight of the launch vehicle Zenit
Notes
References
Gavrilin, Vyacheslav Sportsmen of the Soviet Union;;
Further reading
G. Titov, M. Caidin, I am Eagle!. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1962.
"Testing of rocket and space technology - the business of my life" Events and facts - A.I. Ostashev, Korolyov, 2001.;
Bank of the Universe - edited by Boltenko A. C., Kyiv, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix",
"Rockets and people" – B. E. Chertok, M: "mechanical engineering", 1999.
A.I. Ostashev, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov - The Genius of the 20th Century — 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL .
S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity'' - edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014
"I look back and have no regrets. " - Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher "New format" Barnaul, 2022.
Family history
The official website of the city administration Baikonur - Honorary citizens of Baikonur
1935 births
2000 deaths
People from Altai Krai
Soviet cosmonauts
Soviet space program personnel
Russian atheists
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Communist Party of the Russian Federation members
1961 in spaceflight
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
First Class of the Order of the Star of Romania
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Recipients of the Order of Ho Chi Minh
Vostok program cosmonauts
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni
First convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Second convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Third convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation) |
1259056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whammy%21%20The%20All-New%20Press%20Your%20Luck | Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck | Whammy! (subtitled The All-New Press Your Luck for its first season) is an American television game show that aired new episodes on Game Show Network (GSN) from April 15, 2002, to December 5, 2003. The series was produced by Fremantle North America, in association with GSN. The main goal of the game is to earn as much money and prizes as possible through collecting spins by answering trivia questions correctly, then using those spins on a gameboard to win various prizes and cash amounts while attempting to avoid the show's eponymous character, the "Whammy." Contestants who do land on a Whammy lose all their prizes accumulated to that point; four Whammies eliminates a contestant from the game. The program is an updated version of Press Your Luck, which originally aired on CBS from September 19, 1983, to September 26, 1986. The series was taped at Tribune Studios and was hosted by Todd Newton, with Gary Kroeger announcing. The show aired in reruns on GSN until 2017, and came back on May 11, 2020, up until October 1, 2021.
Gameplay
Gameplay remained largely similar to Press Your Luck, with contestants accumulating cash and prizes and attempting to avoid landing on a Whammy, who took away the winnings of any contestant who landed on it. At the start of the game, each of the three contestants was spotted $1,000 and took turns taking one spin at a time on the board. After each cycle of spins, additional Whammies were added to the board replacing cash values or prizes, and contestants chose to spin again or freeze with their score at that point. Any contestant who hit a Whammy was eliminated from play for the rest of the round. Play continued until all three contestants froze or hit a Whammy. Cash values ranged from $100–$1,500 in round one, and prizes of similar values also appeared.
Round two consisted of five questions (four in some episodes) posed to the players. The host read a question, and one of the contestants buzzed-in and provided a response. Their response, along with two other choices, were provided to the other two contestants, who selected one of the choices. Correct answers earned three spins for a buzz-in answer and one spin for a multiple choice answer. After five questions, all three contestants advanced to the final round.
In the final round, cash values ranged from $500–$5,000, and some spaces offered additional spins in addition to cash. Other spaces offered the choice of up to four adjacent spaces, or directed the contestants directly to another space. Any contestant who accumulated a total of four Whammies, including any that were hit in round one, was eliminated from the game. Also added to the board were "Double Whammies," which, in addition to bankruptcy, added a physical consequence following the Whammy's appearance (e.g. spraying the contestant with water or dropping ping-pong balls on them). Play began with the contestant with the lowest score at the start of the round, or, in the case of a tie for last place, the contestant with the fewest spins. If there was still a tie in terms of score and spin totals, the contestant farthest to the left went first.
Spins earned in this round could be passed to the opponent with the higher total (if they were tied, the contestant passing the spins could choose the recipient). Contestants were required to use all spins passed until they used their spins or hit a Whammy; in the latter case, any remaining passed spins were transferred to their earned spin total. If a contestant using passed spins hit a space that awarded a spin (e.g., $3,000 + One Spin), that spin was added to the earned total. The contestant in the lead at the end of the game kept any cash and/or prizes in their bank at that time. Unlike its predecessors, three new contestants appeared on each episode.
Other features
In round one, the board featured a "Pick-a-Prize" space. Contestants who landed on it could choose any prize on the board at the time. In round two, one space labeled "$2,000 or Lose-1-Whammy" gave the contestant a choice of a cash prize of $2,000 or removing a previously landed-upon Whammy (also seen on the classic show). "$1,000 or Spin Again" offered the choice of a $1,000 cash prize or the opportunity to spin again (without using an earned spin), in season two, the cash award of this space was lowered to $555.
Contestants also had an opportunity to win a Gem Car during the game. To claim the prize, the contestant needed to land on the "GEM" space in round one, and avoid landing on a Whammy for the rest of the round. In round two, the contestant needed to land on the "CAR" space, and again avoid the Whammy, and also win the game. In season two, the GEM car was replaced with a Suzuki Aerio SX, and the contestant needed to claim both halves of a car key in order to win the prize; only one half was on the board at any given time.
A new feature called "Big Bank" was added for the second season. The Big Bank on each episode was a cumulative jackpot that began at $3,000, and any cash and prizes that the contestants lost after landing on a Whammy (including halves of the car key) were added to the Big Bank. If a contestant landed on the Big Bank square, Todd Newton asked an open-ended general knowledge question to the contestant, who could claim the money and prizes in the Big Bank with a correct answer. Once the Big Bank was claimed by a contestant, it was reset to $3,000.
Technological changes
Whammy! made use of technological advances that had been developed since the original Press Your Luck ended its run in the 1980s. For example, the prizes and light patterns for each space on the Big Board were randomly generated using a personal computer, running at a speed of 200 MHz. This resulted in a very large number of patterns for gameplay, which prevented memorisation of patterns as Michael Larson did on Press Your Luck (the same holds true for all subsequent versions, Todd Newton once referred to it as “Larson-proof”). Also, the Whammy animations were animated in 3D computer graphics, rather than being digitally hand-drawn as on Press Your Luck.
Production
Game Show Network (GSN) acquired the rights to air Press Your Luck in September 2001, and high viewership ratings prompted the network to order a revival of the series. Two pilots were taped on February 13, 2002: one with original Press Your Luck host Peter Tomarken and the other hosted by Todd Newton. Newton was ultimately chosen to host the show. Tomarken explained that he was asked to change his style of hosting, saying, "It was terribly hurtful and I think I was doomed before I did [the audition]. I remember being told, 'No, no. Be nice. Be sure everybody likes you.' I took that advice with the pilot. I made the same mistake." Tomarken also acknowledged that GSN wanted to employ a younger host in an effort to attract a younger audience.
GSN produced 65 episodes for the first season, which began airing April 15, 2002. The series was eventually renewed for a second season, which consisted of 65 additional episodes that premiered March 17, 2003. Following the conclusion of the Tournament of Champions, which completed its run on July 25, 2003. Additionally, a short-lived Filipino version of the show aired on GMA Network in 2007–08. The series, entitled Whammy! Push Your Luck, was hosted by Paolo Bediones and Rufa Mae Quinto.
Special episodes
The show aired four holiday specials: a Mother's Day special (featuring an all-cash board and with Karen Grassle (Little House on the Prairie), Estelle Harris (Seinfeld) and Mimi Kennedy as contestants)), a Halloween special (featuring contestants in costume), a St. Patrick's Day special (with the contestants wearing green, and all the whammy animations in green as well), and an April Fools' Day special that featured Graham Elwood (from Cram) as the episode's host, with Newton only appearing when a contestant hit a Double Whammy.
Janie Litras and Ed Long appeared on a special episode coinciding with GSN's documentary Big Bucks: The Press Your Luck Scandal. Litras and Long originally appeared on the episodes airing June 8 and 11, 1984, competing against Michael Larson, who had memorized the light pattern and went on to win $110,237. Larson's brother, James, competed in the 2003 episode against Litras and Long, as Michael had died of throat cancer in 1999. Tomarken made a special appearance hosting the question round of this episode, which would be his last television appearance before his death in a plane crash in 2006. James would win the game with a digital grand piano worth $6,695. After the game, Newton commented, "The legacy continues."
The July 21, 2003 episode featured a "Tournament of Losers" starring three past contestants who had lost their previous games. July 22–25 of that same week in 2003 featured a Tournament of Champions, with nine of the biggest winners to that point competing for additional cash and prizes. The winners on the Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday episodes returned to compete against each other on the Friday episode in the finale of the tournament. Friday's episode featured higher-valued spaces in both rounds, and the eventual winner also received a Suzuki Aerio SX as a bonus prize in addition to their grand total winnings.
Reception
Whammy! lasted on GSN for only two seasons, leading Garin Pirnia of Mental Floss to deem the series "[not] a huge hit like its predecessor." At the sixth World Media Economics Conference, Eileen O'Neill and Marianne Barrett listed Whammy! among several television series that used creative methods of advertising in their programs, noting GSN's ability to "encourage viewers to watch the programs live." The series was also mentioned in Steve Ryan and Fred Wostbrock's The Ultimate TV Game Show Book in a list of GSN original programs. It would not be until 2019 that another revival of Press Your Luck would air, with this version being hosted by Elizabeth Banks on ABC.
References
Bibliography
External links
2002 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
2000s American game shows
American television series with live action and animation
English-language television shows
Game Show Network original programming
Television series by Fremantle (company) |
192712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Kearsarge%20%28LHD-3%29 | USS Kearsarge (LHD-3) | USS Kearsarge (LHD-3) is the third of the United States Navy. She is the fifth ship to bear that name, but the fourth to serve under it, as the third was renamed before launching (after the prior was sunk).
Namesake
Named in honor of , a sloop-of-war that gained fame hunting Confederate raiders during the American Civil War. The sloop was named for Mount Kearsarge in Merrimack County, New Hampshire.
Construction
Kearsarges keel was laid down on 6 February 1990 at Litton-Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation of Pascagoula, Mississippi.
Ingalls built Kearsarge using efficient pre-outfitting and modular construction techniques. Hundreds of smaller sub-assemblies, containing piping, ventilation ducting and other hardware, as well as major machinery equipment, generators, and electrical panels were constructed. The sub-assemblies were then joined with others to form assemblies, which were in turn welded together to form five completed hull and superstructure modules. These giant modules, each weighing thousands of tons, were joined on land to form the completed ship's hull. The result of this early outfitting was a ship that was over 70 percent complete at launch.
She was launched on 26 March 1992, in a ceremony attended by then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell. The warship was christened on 16 May 1992, and commissioned on 16 October 1993.
Characteristics
The assault support system on the ship coordinates vertical and horizontal movement of troops, cargo and vehicles. A Monorail system, moving at speeds up to 600 ft/min (3 m/s), transports cargo and supplies from storage and staging areas throughout the ship to a well deck, which opens to the sea through huge gates in the ship's stern. There, the cargo, troops and vehicles are loaded onto landing craft for transit to the beach. The air cushion landing craft can "fly" out of the dry well deck, or the well deck can be flooded so that conventional landing craft can float out on their way to the beach.
Simultaneously, helicopters can be lifted from the hangar deck to the flight deck by two deck-edge elevators and loaded with supplies from three massive cargo elevators.
Kearsarges armament suite includes the NATO RIM-7 Sea Sparrow point defense system for anti-aircraft support, RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missiles, 25-mm chain guns and the Phalanx close-in weapon system to counter threats from low-flying aircraft and close-in small craft. Missile decoy launchers augment the anti-ship missile defenses.
Operations
Kearsarge is capable of amphibious assault, advance force and special purpose operations, as well as non-combatant evacuation and other humanitarian missions. Since her commissioning, she has performed these missions all over the world, including evacuating non-combatants from Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 31 May 1997 and rescuing Air Force Captain Scott O'Grady from Serb-controlled territory in Bosnia on 8 June 1995.
Operation Noble Obelisk was the evacuation of civilians from Sierra Leone in 1997 undertaken by USS Kearsarge. More than 400 Americans and more than 3000 third-country nationals were taken aboard Kearsarge over 4 days.
Additionally, Kearsarge is fully equipped with state-of-the-art command and control (C&C) systems for flagship command duty, and her medical facilities are second in capability only to the Navy's hospital ships, and . These facilities allowed Kearsarge to serve a dual role during the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as a platform for bombing missions against Yugoslav forces in Operation Allied Force, and as a treatment facility for Albanian refugees in Operation Shining Hope.
On 19 August 2005, Kearsarge and were targeted by rockets while in port in Jordan. The rockets flew over Ashlands bow and struck the pier adjacent to the ships. The vessels were not hit but one Jordanian soldier was killed and another was wounded.
In 1994, 2006, 2008, and again in 2017, USS Kearsarge served as the principal attraction for New York's "Fleet Week". In August 2007, the ship visited the port of Valletta, Malta on the way to a six-month deployment to Iraq (5th Fleet AOR). The ship deployed Sailors and Marines in a relief effort in Bangladesh following Cyclone Sidr and provided support for President George W. Bush's January 2008 visit to Israel.
On 6 August 2008, Kearsarge deployed in support of Operation Continuing Promise. The ship's crew, along with augments from the United States Marine Corps, the United States Air Force, the United States Army, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Public Health Service, Canadian Forces, and other multi-national forces and NGO's, provided medical, construction and humanitarian services to six Central, South, and Caribbean American countries (Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Trinidad). The ship also provided Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HA/DR) operations in Haiti following four Atlantic hurricanes.
On 2 March 2011, Kearsarge, along with , traveled through the Suez Canal in response to the 2011 Libyan civil war. Robert Gates had said days earlier that he ordered the two warships into the Mediterranean, along with an extra 400 Marines, in case they are needed to evacuate civilians or provide humanitarian relief. As of 20 March, AV-8B Harrier II attack aircraft from Kearsarge have been reported attacking Libyan targets as part of Operation Odyssey Dawn. On 22 March, V-22 Ospreys from Kearsarge conducted a successful TRAP operation to recover the crew of a USAF F-15E Strike Eagle after it crashed in Libya due to a mechanical failure during a combat mission. The Daily Telegraph reported a military source, stating that, during the rescue, strafing runs were carried out and two Harriers dropped two 500 lb bombs on a convoy of Libyan vehicles, with other reports alleging that Libyan civilians were wounded in the operation. The ship returned to home port at Norfolk on 16 May 2011.
Following a three-day delay due to bad weather, Kearsarge deployed from Naval Station Norfolk on 11 March 2013 for a scheduled eight-month deployment. One of her first port visits was to Cyprus. Kearsarge later docked at the Israeli port of Eilat for several days beginning on 14 May 2013 before continuing her deployment. One of her MV-22s exercised in a joint operation with .
In September 2017, Kearsarge was called upon to assist in search-and-rescue operations during Hurricane Maria, after contact was lost with a ship carrying four people that issued a distress signal while battling seas and winds off the coast of Vieques, Puerto Rico. The United States Coast Guard, Navy, and the Royal Navy utilized an HC-130 aircraft, a fast response cutter, and Navy helicopters. A woman and two children were rescued, but a man died aboard their capsized vessel.
Kearsarge participated in Ft. Lauderdale's 2018 Fleet Week.
On 13 May 2022, Kearsarge took part in a PASSEX training with the Finnish and Swedish navies in the northern Baltic Sea. From 17 May to 23 May, Kearsarge and her amphibious readiness group took part in the NATO vigilance activity, Neptune Shield 2022. On 27 May, Kearsarge docked at Tallinn, Estonia ahead of the Exercise BALTOPS 22. During BALTOPS 2022 Kearsarge trained operating UUVs and UAVs. On 2 June, she arrived in Stockholm, Sweden. On 20 August, she arrived in Klaipėda, Lithuania.
Deployments
January to August 1995; Mediterranean
April to October 1997 - North Atlantic - Mediterranean
April to October 1999; Mediterranean
April to October 2001; Mediterranean
January to July 2003; North Atlantic - Mediterranean - Indian Ocean - Persian Gulf
March to October 2005; Mediterranean
September 2007 to February 2008; Mediterranean - Indian Ocean - Persian Gulf.
August 2010 to May 2011; Mediterranean - West Africa
May 2022 to October 2022; Baltic Sea, (and the BALTOPS 2022 exercise in June)
Awards
USS Kearsarge has been awarded the Golden Anchor for Retention Excellence, Ronald Reagan Distinguished Service Award, the CNO Environmental Safety Award, the Admiral Flatley Memorial Award (aviation safety), SECNAV Energy Award (2002), Department of Energy (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) Mobility Energy Efficiency Award (2002), the Chief of Naval Operations Safety Award and the Commander Naval Surface Force Atlantic Safety Award.
Additionally, Kearsarge has qualified for the following medals and unit awards: Combat Action Ribbon, Humanitarian award, Navy Unit Commendation (three awards), Meritorious Unit Commendation (one award), Battle Efficiency "E" Award (seven awards), National Defense Service Medal (two awards), Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal, Kosovo Campaign Medal (with bronze star), Armed Forces Service Medal, Sea Service Deployment Ribbon (five awards), and the NATO Medal.
Shield and crest
Blue and gold are colors traditionally associated with the Navy and symbolize the sea and excellence. The green chevron suggests the green-peaked Mount Kearsarge in New Hampshire. The amphibious nature of the combat operations of the present USS Kearsarge is represented by green and blue, alluding land and sea. The arrowheads, together with the white chevronel, which represents a shore line, allude to assault landings. The stars commemorate the battle stars the third Kearsarge received for Korean War and Vietnam War service.
The wings of the crest symbolize the aviation capabilities of both the present and the third Kearsarge; they are gold for the honor and achievement. The white anchor recalls the round-the-world cruise of the second Kearsarge of the Great White Fleet in 1907 and denotes the naval prowess of the USS Kearsarges. The blue-and-gray wavy bar highlights the Civil War service for the first USS Kearsarge. The swords (one a Navy cutlass and the other a Marine mameluke) are crossed, to denote cooperation and teamwork, as well as the combined combat mission of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. Motto ~ "Proud ... Bold ... Trustworthy."
See also
New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 243: Mount Kearsarge and the U.S.S. Kearsarge
References
External links
Kearsarge's official website
navsource.org: USS Kearsarge
Maritimequest USS Kearsarge LHD-3 Photo Gallery
USS Kearsarge history at U.S. Carriers
Popular Mechanics profile of USS Kearsarge during 2008 Fleet Week
Historic Image of USS Kearsarge by E. Caner at Historic Camera
Wasp-class amphibious assault ships
Amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
1992 ships
Military units and formations of the Bosnian War
Articles containing video clips |
66948852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts%20of%20Ukraine | Arts of Ukraine | Arts of Ukraine is a collection of all works of art created during the entire history of Ukraine's development.
Historical development
The development of art in Ukraine dates back to ancient times.
Types of Ukrainian art
Painting
Graphics
Sculpture
Calligraphy
Theatre
Music
Film
Fiction writing
Applied arts
Choreography, dance
Cinematography
Fine-art photography
Television
Variety and circus art
Ukrainian folk art
Folk art of Ukraine is a layer of Ukrainian culture associated with the creation of the worldview of the Ukrainian people, its psychology, ethical guidelines, and aesthetic aspirations, covering all types of folk art, traditionally inherent in Ukraine: music, dance, songs, decorative and applied arts, developing as a single complex, and organically included in the life of the people throughout its history.
Art through the ages
Ukrainian art of the Gothic era
One of the most interesting periods in the history of Ukrainian architecture is the end of the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries. Many settlers came to Ukrainian cities, mostly Germans, who brought new stylistic forms to art, and in particular to architecture. Painters created frescoes and altarpieces, but the most vivid Gothic paintings were embodied in stained glass, which filled huge openings of windows, and upper floors of chapels.
Ukrainian art of the Renaissance
The period of the last quarter of the 16th to the first half of the 17th century is called the Renaissance period. In general, the architecture and fine arts of the Renaissance in Ukraine are characterized by the spread of architectural art forms of the Italian Northern Renaissance, the sensation of new acquisitions of European art, and their synthesis with the traditions of Kievan Rus and Ukrainian folk art. New artistic means, techniques were not an end in themselves, but a means to personalize architectural buildings and artistic images of humanistic ideals. The artistic culture of the Renaissance of Ukraine became the basis for the unique Ukrainian Baroque. During the Renaissance, Ukrainian culture in polemical works of art embodied national spiritual values, national ideas, and internally prepared, created, the social atmosphere in which the national liberation war led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky ended with the restoration of the Ukrainian state.
Ukrainian art of the Baroque era
Details: Ukrainian Baroque
The period of the second half of the 17th to the 18th centuries is called the epoch of old Ukrainian culture, i.e. the one that preceded the new one, created in the last two centuries. The art of that time developed in the Baroque style, which penetrated into all cultural spheres and flourished in the 18th century as the world-famous "Ukrainian Baroque."
Soviet era
During the Soviet era art in Ukraine, like in the rest of the Soviet Union, experienced first an era of experimentation where artists sought to break out of traditional formalism in art. Soon, however, Soviet art became strongly formal with the imposition of Socialist Realism. Experimental art was replaced by topics and forms of art that the political elite approved of.
Contemporary Ukrainian art
Contemporary Ukrainian art is represented in its breadth and depth by many art groups. These groups, although following different artistic paths, pursue one goal: to seek a clear expression of Ukrainian art, to deepen its formal values, and to contribute them to the treasury of world art.
Contemporary Ukrainian art is inextricably linked with the West-European course in its development and purpose. Due to the political situation of the Ukrainian people, Ukrainian art was somewhat late in its development during the enslavement by the tsar, but now, with rapid steps, it has crushed everything that was needed for its further evolution.
Impressionism in Ukraine has already given impetus to the work of such brilliant masters of Ukrainian art as Burachek, Vasylkivsky, Izhakevych, Dyachenko, Zamirailo, Zhuk, Krasytsky, V. Krychevsky, F. Krychevsky, Levchenko, Kulchytsky, Murashko, Manievich, Novakivsky, Pymonenko, Sosenko, Samokish, Kholodny, Trush, Shulga, Yaremich, and many others. Their activity in painting practice and in the promotion of Ukrainian art through exhibitions, articles, and pedagogical work laid the foundations for the contemporary work of our artists.
During the activities of these artists, there was a need for art organizations to plan and organize their work and give it organizational shape. And so began the first artistic organization – the Society of Ukrainian Artists in Kyiv, and a similar one in Kharkiv, and later in Lviv.
A new generation of Ukrainian artists has completely changed the artistic situation in Ukrainian lands. The scope of their activities has grown so much that there is a need for ideological art organizations in the artistic sense, and the spread of their activities on a large scale. The pace of artistic life was manifested itself in great acceleration. In fact, a number of such organizations are emerging, with dozens of active members and their diverse artistic activities attracting broad sections of Ukrainian society to art and bringing the achievements of our art far beyond the borders of Ukrainian lands.
The Association of Revolutionary Artists of Ukraine is an organization with purely Ukrainian artistic problems, which, in addition to the practice of European art, united a group of neo-Byzantines at its core, who based their work on the Byzantine art era in Ukraine.
The achievements of this group are very significant, and its stylistic pursuits have left a deep mark in Ukrainian art and have drawn attention to their work in the Western European art world. This group included the following artists: Boychuk, Sedlyar, Padalka, Nalipinska-Boychuk, Azovsky, Sakhnovska, Mizyn, Hvozdyk, Byzyukiv, and others, graphic artists and art critics.
Ukrainian artists working in the form of Western European reality from expressionism to neoclassicism were organized into the Association of Contemporary Artists of Ukraine, which included Taran, Palmiv, Tkachenko, Sadilenko, Kramarenko, Zhdanko, and others as the main representatives.
Close to both of these organizations in an artistic sense is the Association of Independent Ukrainian Artists in Western Ukraine with the following artists: Andrienko, Butovych, Gryshchenko, Glushchenko, Hordynsky, Dolnytska, Yemets, Kovzhun, Osinchuk, Lyaturynska, Muzyka, Selsky, and others.
A large group of artists based on Ukrainian folk art in the broadest sense of the term, which is also adjacent to the Impressionists were united in the "Association of Red Artists of Ukraine" with such names as F. Krychevsky, Mikhailov, Novoselsky, Shovkunenko, Zhuk, Trokhimenko, Kozyk, Korovchinsky, Ivanov, Sirotenko, and others.
These main and leading art organizations with a broad program of activities, include an active artistic element of all areas of art and art journalism, are complemented by a number of smaller organizations that in one form or another spread the framework of art including "Association of Young Artists of Ukraine," "October," "Ukrainian Art Association," "Peace," and the Prague and Paris group of our artists, expand its practice.
Gallery
See also
Ukrainian architecture
Music of Ukraine
Ukrainian Baroque
Christian art
Art history
Ukrainian culture
Culture
Ukrainian underground
Ukrainian avant-garde
Further reading
Начерк історії українського мистецтва / Микола Голубець. — Львів: Накладом фонду «Учітеся, брати мої», 1922. — (Учітеся, брати мої!). Ч. 1 : — 1922 (: З друк. Ставропиг. ін-ту під управою Ю. Сидорака).
Українське мистецтво: (вступ до історії) / Микола Голубець. — Львів; К. : Накладом вид-ва «Шляхи», 1918. —(Новітня бібліотека; ч. 29).
Мистецтво старої Руси-України / Ф. І. Шміт. — Х. : Союз, 1919 (: Друк. «Печ. дело»). —(Культурно-історична бібліотека / під ред. Д. І. Багалія).
Основні риси українського мистецтва / В. Модзалевський ; мал. Павли Діденко. — Чернігів: Друк. Г. М. Веселої, 1918 .
Антонович Д. Українське мистецтво: Конспективний історичний нарис. — Прага–Берлін, 1923.
Антонович Д. Скорочений курс історії українського мистецтва. — Прага, 1923.
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Про мистецтво та художню критику України ХХ століття: Вибрані статті різних років. Кн. І: Формування та розвиток національної мистецької школи і мистецтвознавчої науки в Україні ХХ століття / Криволапов М. О. ІПСМ АМУ. — К.: Видавничий дім А+С, 2006. — 268 с.: іл.
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Третє Око: Мистецькі студії (Монографічна збірка статей) / Ольга Петрова. ІПСМ НАМ України. — К.: Фенікс, 2015. — 480 с.: іл., кольор. вкл.: XL с. —
Всередині часу: Філософська та мистецтвознавча есеїстка / Упоряд.: Василь Щербак; Редкол.: Ольга Козловська, Іван Кулінський, Андрій Пучков та ін.; ІПСМ НАМ України. — К.: Фенікс, 2013. — 200 с.: іл. —
Літопис образотворчих видань. Державний бібліографічний покажчик України / Гол. ред. М. І. Сенченко ; Відп. за вип. Г. О. Гуцол ; Укл. Н. А. Палащина. — К.: Книжкова палата України, 2015. — 301 с. —
Кейван І. Українські мистці поза Батьківщиною = Ukrainian artists outside Ukraine. — Едмонт; Монреаль, 1996. — 227 с.
Soroker Yakov. Ukrainian musical elements in classical music / Edmonton, Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1995. — 155 p.
Natalia Moussienko. Kyiv Art Space / Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. — Washington, D.C., 2013. — 26 p. —
External links
– Library of Ukrainian Art.
Електронні версії видань з різних видів і жанрів мистецтва на сайті Національної парламентської бібліотеки України – Digitized publications on art of different types and genres, at the National Parliamentary Library of Ukraine website.
Сергій Білокінь. Незреалізоване видання Шеститомної історії українського мистецтва (1930—1931) – Sergey Bilokin. Unrealized edition of the Six-Volume History of Ukrainian Art (1930–1931).
– Sergey Bilokin. In defense of Ukrainian heritage: art historian Fedor Ernst
– Khodak I. The concept of the history of Ukrainian art by Danylo Shcherbakivsky
References
Culture of Ukraine
Ukrainian studies
Slavic culture
European culture |
69040384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20anti-Hindu%20violence%20in%20Bangladesh | 2021 anti-Hindu violence in Bangladesh | From 13 to 19 October 2021, Muslim mobs instigated communal violence against Hindu communities across Bangladesh during the Durga Puja festival, in response to a viral video where Quran was kept under a temple idol feet. More than 50 temples and makeshift worship arrangements were vandalized all over Bangladesh
The Bangladesh government deployed the paramilitary BGB forces in 22 of the 64 administrative districts of Bangladesh to quell violence against the Hindu community. Police have arrested at least 450 people over the clashes and attacks. As of 20 October 2021, at least 8 people have been died across the country, including 3 Hindus & 5 Muslims. On October 24, One more Hindu man who was injured during the clash died while undergoing treatment in Dhaka.
Background
Hindus make up 7.9% of Bangladesh’s 165 million population.
Bangladesh's Hindu minority was preparing for the largest religious festival of the Hindu community in the second week of October 2021. Like every year, makeshift arrangements to offer worship were set up across the country. On the morning of October 13, allegations of defaming the Quran emerged from a makeshift temple in Cumilla district, when reports of a copy of the Quran being found on the lap of an idol circulated through the social media platforms. As an immediate reaction, the government urged people to calm down and instructed the police to investigate the incident. However, soon after the report was circulated, an angry mob started attacking local temples in Cumilla. The religious tension soon spread to other districts of Bangladesh. A few days later, a Muslim man named Iqbal Hossain was arrested by police for placing the copy of the Quran on the lap of the idol at Nanua Dighir Par puja mandap in Cumilla on October 13.
Summary of dead, injured and attack on temples
By 22 October at least 3 Hindus were reported killed, and at least over 150 others injured. At least 80 temples (200 mandapas) were damaged by mobs. At least 4000 were charged and 400 detained by police.
Attack on Hindu temples and minority communities
Reports of attacks on temples, houses, shops of minorities, looting of belongings, and murder were documented in at least a dozen districts of Bangladesh mostly in the southern area, including Cumilla, Chandpur, Noakhali, Chattogram, Bandarban, Cox's Bazar, Narshingdi and Gazipur.
Cumilla
The incident started in Cumilla district where attacks were carried out on different temples from October 13 till October 16. Durga puja venue of Nanua Dighir Par and Chandmoni Kali temple became the target for the attackers soon after the rumor of demeaning Quran spread across the area. A septuagenarian Hindu man, Dilip Das, died in a hospital, succumbing to the injuries.
Chandpur
At least 4 people died in Chandpur when Police fired at an angry mob brought out a procession, and launched an attack on some Durga puja venue of the district, on October 13.
Ariyan Sajjad, a member of Hajiganj municipality Chhatra League, and Hridoy Hassan Zahid, the son of local Awami League leader Shahida Begum, called the local Muslims to launch an attack on temples and pandals of Hindus in protest of the "desecration of Quran" in Cumilla. A mob was gathered after the posts and swooped on the Hindu temples and pandals after a short protest.
Chattogram
In Chattogram, a group of zealots from a procession brought out in the Andarkilla area started throwing brickbats targeting the J M Sen Hall Puja Mandap. Witnesses said as the group threw brickbats at the temple housing the mandap and tried to vandalize it, police chased them away leading to a clash between the law enforcers and the zealots. Police fired shots in the air and lobbed tear gas canisters to disperse the attackers, who had brought out the procession after Juma prayers. Police said they detained around 50 protestors from the spot.
Bandarban
Under the leadership of a local Awami League leader, a temple and establishments owned by Hindus were attacked by an angry mob on October 14 in Lama area of Bandarban. The Lama central Hari Mandir was attacked from a rally of angry mob who were protesting the "demeaning of Quran". They also attacked the shops of Hindu people in the Lama market area. Lama Upazila Awami League general secretary Zahirul Islam addressed the mob before they started attacking the temple according to the local police officials.
Noakhali
The body of a Hindu man was recovered from a pond adjacent to the temple on Saturday after an attack on Begumganj's Chaumuhani in Noakhali, Bangladesh, on Friday. After receiving the Qur'an in a puja mandapa in Comilla on Wednesday, six people were killed in attacks and violence on temples and puja mandals in different parts of the country including Comilla and Chandpur. Police said a puja mandapa in Begumganj in Noakhali district was attacked and set on fire and idols were vandalized inside another temple on Friday. Local Hindu community leaders claim that the man whose body was found in the pond was killed in yesterday's attack. Three others were seriously injured in the attack and are being treated at the hospital.
Police had earlier confirmed that one person was killed in yesterday's clash at Chaumuhani in Begumganj, Noakhali. But this morning, when another body floated in the pond adjacent to the ISKCON temple in Chaumuhani, the people of the temple could recognize him. Chinmoy Krishnadas Brahmachari, divisional secretary of ISKCON Chittagong, says the body found was named Pranta Chandra Das. He has been missing since the clashes yesterday. "We couldn't find the boy. We searched a lot at night, in the pondSince the boy had already been killed with a blow, he had been severely beaten. His body was found in the morning. Police and fire service came and rescued him, "said Mr. Das. After the body was found, people of the Hindu community took to the streets to protest.
Gazipur
Babul Rudra, president of the management committee of Palpara Sri Sri Radha Govinda Mandir in Kashimpur Bazar and president of the Kashimpur Puja Celebration Committee, said that when worshipers were worshiping at the temple after 8 am on Thursday, suddenly 'hundreds of people' attacked Lakshmi with sticks. The idol of Asura was vandalized and left.This caused panic in the area. Earlier, around 6am, 'more than three hundred people' attacked the family temple of Subal Das, a businessman from Kashimpur Paschimpara area, and the local Palpara Namabazar public temple, Deputy Commissioner of Police Zakir Hasan.
Chittagong
After the Friday prayers on Friday (October 15), some worshipers came out of the Andarkilla Shahi Jame Mosque and tried to break through the gate of the adjoining JMSen Hall. The puja committee also alleged that the banner was torn down and stones were thrown at the idol. Witnesses said some worshipers gathered at the Andarkilla Shahi Jame Mosque gate after Friday prayers to protest the Comilla incident. From there they marched towards JMsen Hall. Although there was a traffic police cordon at the corner, they broke it and proceeded. They tried to break through the gate as the main gate of JMSen Hall premises was already closed. At this time, they threw stones inside and tore down various banners hung on the road and surrounding walls for worship. In the puja mandapa of JMsen Hall, women of different ages were preparing to bid farewell to the goddess with drink, oil and vermilion. When the commotion started outside, there was panic among them. The police members of the police dispersed the tear shell and dispersed the attackers. The attackers fled at this time. The attackers fled at this time. Ashish Bhattacharya, president of the Chittagong Metropolitan Worship Celebration Council, told reporters, ‘Every year the work of immersion starts from 11 am. This time the government had instructed to leave the puja mandapa for prayers after half past two in the afternoon. That is why we were waiting in the mandapa to perform religious rituals. We were attacked here just in time.
Cox's Bazar
On Wednesday (October 13) evening, a group of extremist miscreants along with a procession attacked and vandalized the puja mandapa of Biswas Para in Sadar Union of Pekua Upazila with provocative slogans. After receiving the news, the police reached the spot and chased the attackers. The police fired blank shots to bring the situation under control. At one point, the attackers vandalized several houses in the surrounding Hindu community as they fled. After this incident, extremists took out different processions in different areas of Pekua at night. From these processions, puja mandals and houses of Hindus in different areas including Kachari Mura Shil Para and Magnamar Shil Para of Shilkhali were vandalized and set on fire. According to the District Worship Celebration Council, extremists have vandalized six pavilions, vandalized 30 houses and set fire to one house in Pekua.
Moulvibazar
Shyamal Chandra Das, general secretary of Kamalganj Upazila Puja Celebration Committee, said a group of people attacked the Muidibazar Moidail Puja mandapa between 8:30 pm and 10:30 pm on Wednesday night and vandalized the idol. Besides, arches and electric lights of Basudebpur Puja Mandap, Akhra Puja Mandap of Vrindavanpur Jagannath Jio of Patanushar Union and Bairagir Chowk Public Puja Mandap were vandalized, he said. .Munshibazar Union Parishad members Sunil Malakar and Rezaul Karim Noman said the gates of Rampur Public Puja Mandap and Narayankhet Shabdakar Academy Puja Mandap were also vandalized. Kamalganj Upazila Parishad Vice Chairman Rambhajan Kairi confirmed the vandalism of the idol at Kamarchhara Tea Garden Pujamandap. .Moulvibazar District Puja Celebration Parishad leader Jahar Tarafdar said six temples in Kamalganj and two other religious institutions in Kulaura were attacked. “In Kamalganj, by placing pots in separate places in one of the two broken temples, only the ninth puja of the goddess will be performed. .However, the situation in the district is calm at the moment. ” Kamalganj Upazila Nirbahi Officer Ashekul Haque said, “We are inspecting all the places. The situation is under control. The BGB has been deployed since Thursday morning to provide security to the puja mandapa. At the same time, a large number of police have been deployed to conduct the puja peacefully.”
Feni
A clash broke out on October 16 in Feni between the local Hindu community and Muslims when a group of Hindu dwellers of the district was protesting the nationwide attack on Hindu community during the Durga Puja festival. The clash left around a dozen of people from both communities injured.
Kishoreganj
The Sri Sri Kali temple in Kadim Maijhati village of Gundhar union of the upazila was attacked and vandalized. On Friday afternoon, a group of people came with a procession and attacked the temple. They vandalized five idols and furniture.
Rangpur
A group of mob set fire to around a dozen Hindu-owned houses in Rangpur's Pirganj Upazila on October 17 after an alleged post by a local Hindu boy on Kaaba went viral. Local Bangladesh Chhatra League leaders instigated the mob alleging that the post demeaned the holy place vandalized the houses, set fire, and obstructed fire-fighters to douse the fire.
It was later revealed that, Saikat Mandal, the vice-president of philosophy department Chhatra League at Rangpur's Carmichael College, had a personal conflict with a local Hindu youth Paritosh Sarkar. During the nationwide communal violence, Saikat and his followers in Bangladesh Chhatra League collaborated with the imam of a local mosque to instigate the local Muslim population to conduct the attack on Hindu villages of the area.
Government response
On 17 October, Bangladesh Police filed cases against over 4,000 suspects involved in the violence.
However, on 30 January 2022, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh stayed judicial inquiry ordered by the High Court of Bangladesh into the communal attacks on the Hindu Community that took place in October 2021 during the Durga Puja Festival. In addition, the High Court bench, led by Judge JBM Hasan, was ordered to dispose of a petition related to attacks on communities in six districts. The appealing body of six judges, led by Judge Hasan Fayez Siddiqui, has passed the order. Subrata Chowdhury, counsel for the writ petitioner, objected to the stay order, saying, "The local administration has failed to protect Hindus and their properties and places of worship from communal attacks during last year's Durga Puja."
The Government of Bangladesh swiftly contained the outbreak of communal violence under the direct orders of the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. All damaged Hindu temples were compensated by up to two or three times at government expense.
Reaction
On 16 October 2021, after Friday prayers, a crowd of over 10,000 Muslims from various Mosques in Dhaka took to streets, carrying banners of Islamist political parties and chanting, "down with the enemies of the Islam" and "hang the culprits". On the same day, nearby nearly 1,000 Hindus also protested against the attacks on temples and the killing of Hindus by Muslim mobs.
Minister of Home Affairs Asaduzzaman Khan stated that the incidents were pre-planned: "It appears to us that it was a motivated act instigated by a vested group. Not only in Comilla, but attempts were also made to destabilize the country previously through communal violence in Ramu and Nasirnagar."
The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh AK Abdul Momen issued a clarification regarding the communal violence stating 6 people were killed, 4 were Muslim and 2 Hindus were killed of which one died of natural causes and the other died after jumping in a pond. He claimed "not a single temple was destroyed" during the violence but "deities or goddesses were vandalized". He stated the government was "committed to religious harmony" and advised people not to believe "ongoing propaganda" regarding the attacks from "enthusiastic media" seeking to "embarrass" the government. Dr Momen also stated the government had rebuilt Hindu homes and had provided generous compensation to all those affected by the violence. He also noted that there was a record number of Puja Mondops in Bangladesh, partly because of government-funded subsidies.
Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir, secretary general of Bangladesh Nationalist Party condemned the violence against "Hindu brothers", and alleged a government conspiracy behind the attacks. He called for a non-partisan government to take power before the next elections.
Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council observed a half-day strike in Chattagram in protest of the attacks on Durga Puja venue in Chattagram. The General Secretary of the organization in an interview claimed that a majority of local Awami League leaders were complicit or actively aiding in the violence. He called for the "self-purification" of Awami League to prevent future attacks on minority community.
On 22 October 2021, a demonstration was done in Kathmandu, Nepal to express solidarity for the victims and demanding punishment to the perpetrators.
The Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi was heavily criticized by regional parties for his silence over the matter. In the neighbouring Indian state of Tripura, home to a large number of Hindus whose ancestors fled present-day Bangladesh, communal violence against local Muslims erupted during Vishwa Hindu Parishad rallies against the Durga Puja violence.
Legacy
Bangladesh is a secular country, attacks by Islamist fundamentalists against religious minorities, including Hindus, are sporadic. According to a report from the Bangladesh Jatiya Hindu Mohajote, in 2017 alone, at least 25 Hindu girls and children were raped with 235 temples and idols left vandalized. The total number of atrocities against the Hindu community in the year was 6474.
Earlier the same year, anti-Modi protests in Bangladesh quickly turned into anti-Hindu riots with vandalization of several Hindu temples. With the constant attacks against Hindu community in Bangladesh, analysts believe that by 2050 "no Hindu will be left in Bangladesh".
See also
Persecution of Hindus
Anti-Hindu sentiment
Freedom of religion in Bangladesh
Human rights and persecution of non-Muslims in Bangladesh
References
2021 in Bangladesh
Anti-Hindu violence in Bangladesh
2021 riots
October 2021 crimes in Asia
Riots and civil disorder in Bangladesh |
13204692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Canty | Graham Canty | Graham Canty (born 23 July 1980) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who played as a centre-back for the Cork senior team.
Born in Bantry, County Cork, Canty arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team, before later joining the under-21 side. He made his senior debut in the 2000 championship. Canty went on to play a key role in defence for over a decade, and won one All-Ireland medal, four Munster medals and one National Football League medal. An All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions, Canty captained the team to the All-Ireland title in 2010.
Canty represented the Ireland team in the International rule on a number of occasions throughout his career, claiming three winners' medals in the process. He was also a regular on the Munster inter-provincial team. At club level Canty won one championship medal with Bantry Blues.
Throughout his career, Canty made 61 championship appearances for Cork. He announced his retirement from inter-county football on 1 November 2013.
Playing career
Club
Canty plays his club football with his local club called Bantry Blues and has enjoyed some success. He also plays with the Carbery divisional team. He first came to prominence with the club in the underage grades; however, success was slow in coming.
Canty joined the club's senior team in the late 1990s and immediately enjoyed his first major victory. In 1998 Bantry Blues reached the final of the county senior championship with Canty lining out in defence. Divisional side Duhallow provided the opposition; however, the west Cork men were too strong for the north Cork division. A 0–17 to 2–6 score line gave Bantry Blues the title and gave Canty his first, and to date his only, county winners' medal.
The following year Canty was a member of the Bantry Blues under-21 football team. He added a West Cork Under-21 title to his collection on that occasion.
Two years later in 2001 Bantry Blues qualified for the final of the county senior championship final. Nemo Rangers, the kingpins of the championship, provided the opposition, however, Canty's side were no match for the city club. A 1–14 to 0–6 trouncing resulted in defeat for Bantry Blues.
Minor & under-21
Canty for came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Cork minor football team in the late 1990s. It was a period when 'the Rebels' were going through a lull at underage level in the provincial series of games.
After failing to even win a Munster title with the minors, Canty later moved onto the Cork under-21 team. Once again, success was slow in coming; however, in 2001 he was appointed captain of the county's under-21 team. That year he guided Cork to a Munster final appearance against Limerick. That game ended in a 1–12 to 0–8 victory for 'the Rebels'. Not only did Canty collect a Munster under-21 winners' medal but he also had the honour of lifting the cup on behalf of his county. Cork were later defeated in the All-Ireland semi-final.
Senior
In 2001 Canty established himself in the full-back position on the Cork senior football team. That year he lined out in his first senior provincial decider. Arch-rivals and reigning All-Ireland champions Kerry were the opponents. The game was a reasonably close affair; however, 'the Kingdom' never looked like losing. At the full-time whistle Cork were defeated by 0–19 to 1–13. 2001 was the first year of the qualifier system so, in spite of being defeated, Cork had another chance to battle for the All-Ireland title. Canty's side, however, were subsequently dumped out of the championship by Galway.
2002 proved to be a more successful year for Canty. After winning against Kerry in the provincial semi-final, Cork qualified for a Munster final showdown with Tipperary. While many people expected Cork to win the game easily, Tipp nearly sneaked a win, however, the provincial decider ended in a draw. The replay was an absolute rout. Cork won by 1–23 to 0–7, giving Canty a Munster winners' medal in the senior grade. Cork later reached the All-Ireland semi-final where they met Kerry for the third time in the championship that year. Furthermore, it was the first-ever meeting of these two great rivals in Croke Park. While expectations were high the game turned into a rout as everything went Kerry's way. Talismanic forward Colin Corkery was red-carded as 'the Rebels' were defeated by 3–19 to 2–7. The year ended with the Cork hurling team going on strike. In turn, the football team joined in a sympathy strike. The players, who had been seeking better conditions, refused to play or train with the county again until the dispute with the county board was resolved. After a protracted standoff, the players grievances were eventually settled.
2003 was a difficult year as Cork surrendered their provincial crown at an early stage before later crashing out of the championship in the All-Ireland qualifiers.
In 2004 Canty's side fared no better. After losing to Kerry in the Munster semi-final Cork had to manoeuvre through the qualifiers again. An unconvincing victory over Clare was followed by a humiliating 0–18 to 0–12 defeat by Fermanagh.
By 2005 the Cork footballers had regrouped and reached the Munster final for the first time in three years. Once again Kerry, the reigning All-Ireland champions, provided the opposition. The game was a close affair, however, Canty's side were narrowly defeated by just 1–11 to 0–11. This did not mean the end of Cork's All-Ireland ambitions. After winning their next two games 'the Rebels' qualified for an All-Ireland semi-final meeting with Kerry. In an embarrassing game of football for Cork, Canty's side were trounced by thirteen points on a score line of 1–19 to 0–9.
In 2006 Canty's team reached the Munster final with Kerry lining out against them. That game ended in a 0–10 apiece draw. The replay saw a much fresher Cork team surprisingly defeat Kerry by 1–12 to 0–9. James Masters proved the hero of the day, as he scored 1–7. Canty had secured a second Munster winners' medal in the senior grade. The quirks of the championship saw Cork face Kerry again in the subsequent All-Ireland semi-final for the third time in five seasons. In a similar pattern to previous encounters Cork failed to beat Kerry at Croke Park. A 0–16 to 0–10 resulted in Cork being knocked out of the championship.
In 2007 Cork were out to atone for their defeats by Kerry the previous year. Both sides met in the provincial decider for the third year in succession. Cork gave a good account of themselves, however, Kerry could not be beaten and Canty's side went down on a 1–15 to 1–13 score line. Cork later did well in the subsequent All-Ireland series and finally qualified for the All-Ireland final after an eight-year absence. In a cruel twist Kerry were the opponents. While the first half was played on an even keel, 'the Kingdom' ran riot in the second half and a rout ensued. Goalkeeper Alan Quirke came in for much criticism after conceding some easy goals. At the full-time whistle Cork were trounced by 3–13 to 1–9.
In 2008 Canty's leadership skills on the field of play were rewarded when he was appointed captain of the team for the year. Cork gained a modicum of revenge on Kerry when the sides met again in that year's Munster final. Kerry were cruising by eight points at the interval, however, Cork stormed back in the second-half. Kerry could only muster three points as Cork secured a remarkable 1–16 to 1–11 victory. It was Canty's third Munster winners' medal and his first as captain. Both sides met again in the All-Ireland semi-final, however, after a thrilling draw and a replay Kerry were the team that advanced to the championship decider.
In 2009 Canty remained as captain of the Cork side, a team that had been earmarked as potential All-Ireland contenders. After a defeat of Kerry in a replay of the Munster semi-final, Cork subsequently faced Limerick in the Munster final. Cork were the red-hot favourites going into the game, however, Limerick put Cork to the pin of their collars. After a slow start 'the Rebels' settled and eventually secured a narrow 2–6 to 0–11 victory. It was Canty's fourth Munster title. Cork later qualified for an All-Ireland final showdown with age-old rivals Kerry. Surprisingly, the men from 'the Kingdom' went into the game as slight underdogs. This tag appeared to be justified when Cork raced to a 1–3 to 0–1 early in the opening half. The Kerry team stuck to their gameplan, helped in no small part by a Cork side that recorded fourteen wides. At the final whistle Kerry were the champions by 0–16 to 1–9. It was a bitterly disappointing All-Ireland defeat for Cork the second time in three years.
In 2010 Canty endured an injury-ravaged season. He missed Cork's National League triumph over Mayo, however, he returned in time for the championship. Cork exited the provincial series at the hands of Kerry after a draw and a replay. After a trek through the qualifiers Cork reached the All-Ireland final for the third time in four years. On 19 September 2010, Graham Canty led Cork to All-Ireland success over Down with a scoreline of 16 points to 15 points.
Inter-provincial
Canty has also lined out with Munster in the inter-provincial series of games and has enjoyed some success. He first lined out with his province in 2001 when Munster were drawn to play Leinster in the semi-final. That was an exciting game that featured a period of extra-time. In the end victory narrowly went to Leinster by 2–11 to 0–16.
Three years later Canty was back on the Munster starting fifteen. Leinster were once again the opponents, however, a similar game unfolded. Leinster emerged as the winners by just a single point on a score line of 1–10 to 1–9.
Canty was added to the Munster panel again in 2007. He came on as a substitute in the Railway Cup final against Ulster, however, the northern province emerged victorious by 1–12 to 1–8.
International
Canty has also been chosen for duty with the Ireland team in the International Rules Series against Australia. He first lined out for his country in the first test in 2001. Ireland won that game and later went on to win the second test by a considerable margin. An aggregate score of 130–105 gave Ireland the series victory and gave Canty an International Rules winners' medal.
Canty was chosen for International Rules duty again the following year. Australia, however, narrowly won the first test by 65 points to 58 points. The second test ended in a 42 points apiece draw. As a result of this Ireland lost by an aggregate score of 7 points.
Canty's footballing prowess earned him a place on the Ireland team again in 2003. A close series of games developed once again. Australia won the first test by 10 points, however, Ireland narrowed the margin of victory to just 3 points for the second test a week later. A 101–94 aggregate score line gave Australia a second consecutive International Rules title.
In 2004 it was Australia's turn to travel to Ireland for the two game series. Once again Canty was included in the team for both games. Ireland were the runaway winners of the first test, however, their margin of victory was reduced in the second test. In spite of this, Ireland were still the winners of the series with an aggregate score of 132–82. The victory also resulted in a second winners' medal for Canty in this competition.
For the fifth successive year in 2005 Canty was included in the Ireland squad that travelled to Australia for the International Rules series. It was a disappointing two-game series as Ireland were trounced in both tests. A 163–106 aggregate score line resulted in a defeat for Canty's Ireland side.
Canty was not chosen for the Ireland team in 2006 while the series was cancelled in 2007. He returned to the team in 2008 and was appointed vice-captain to Tyrone's Seán Cavanagh. Ireland won the first test by just a single point, however, the result of the second test was just as tight. In the end Ireland won the two-game series by an aggregate of five points. It was Canty's third International Rules winners' medal.
Career statistics
Honours
Bantry Blues
Cork Senior Football Championship (1): 1998
Cork
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (1): 2010 (c)
Munster Senior Football Championship (4): 2002, 2006, 2008 (c), 2009 (c)
National Football League (Division 1) (2): 2012 (c)
National Football League (Division 2) (1): 2009 (c)
Munster Under-21 Football Championship (1): 2001 (c)
Ireland
International Rules Series (3): 2001, 2004, 2008 (vc)
See also
Ó an Cháintighe
References
1980 births
Living people
Bantry Blues Gaelic footballers
Carbery Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Irish engineers
Irish international rules football players
Munster inter-provincial Gaelic footballers
People from Bantry
Winners of one All-Ireland medal (Gaelic football) |
1532779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | Islam in the United Kingdom | Islam is the second-largest religion in the United Kingdom, with results from the 2011 Census giving the population as 4.4% of the total UK population, while results from the 2021 Census recorded a population of 6.5% in England and Wales. London has the greatest population of Muslims in the country. The vast majority of Muslims in the United Kingdom adhere to Sunni Islam, while smaller numbers are associated with Shia Islam.
During the Middle Ages, there was some general cultural exchange between Christendom and the Islamic world. Nonetheless, there were no Muslims in the British Isles; however, a few Crusaders did convert in the East, such as Robert of St. Albans. During the Elizabethan age, contacts became more explicit as the Tudors made alliances against Catholic Habsburg Spain, including with Morocco and the Ottoman Empire. As the British Empire grew, particularly in India, Britain came to rule territories with many Muslim inhabitants; some of these, known as the lascars, are known to have settled in Britain from the mid-18th century onwards. In the 19th century, Victorian Orientalism spurred an interest in Islam and some British people, including aristocrats, converted to Islam. Marmaduke Pickthall, an English writer and novelist, and a convert to Islam, provided the first complete English-language translation of the Qur'an by a British Muslim in 1930.
Under the British Indian Army, a significant number of Muslims fought for the United Kingdom during the First and the Second World Wars (a number of whom were awarded the Victoria Cross, Britain's highest honour). In the decades following the latter conflict and the Partition of India in 1947, many Muslims (from what is today Bangladesh, India and Pakistan) settled in Britain itself. To this day, British Asians constitute the majority of Muslims in Britain in terms of ethnicity, although there are significant Turkish, Arab and Somali communities, as well as up to 100,000 British converts of multiple ethnic backgrounds. Islam is the second largest religion in the United Kingdom and its adherents have the lowest average age out of all the major religious groups. Between 2001 and 2009, the Muslim population increased almost 10 times faster than the non-Muslim population.
History
Early history
Although Islam is generally thought of as a recent arrival in the UK, Muslims have been trading and exchanging ideas with the British for centuries.
The earliest evidence of Islamic influence in England dates to the 8th century, when Offa, the Anglo-Saxon king of Mercia, minted a coin with an Arabic inscription, largely a copy of coins issued by a contemporary Abbasid ruler, Caliph Al-Mansur. In the 16th century, Muslims from North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia were present in London, working in a range of roles, from diplomats and translators to merchants and musicians.
Interactions under British Empire
Bengal was annexed by the East India Company from the quasi-independent Nawabs of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The manufactured goods produced in Bengal directly contributed to the Industrial Revolution in Britain, with the textiles produced in Bengal being used to support British industries such as textile manufacturing, aided by the invention of devices such as the spinning jenny. With the establishment of Crown control in India after 1857, the British Empire came to rule over a large Muslim population. The first educated South Asian to travel to Europe and live in Britain was I'tisam-ud-Din, a Bengali Muslim cleric, munshi and diplomat to the Mughal Empire who arrived in 1765 with his servant Muhammad Muqim during the reign of King George III. He wrote of his experiences and travels in his Persian book, (or 'Wonder Book of Europe').
In South Asia, specifically, the British ruled over one of the largest Muslim populations in the world. Upon coming into contact with such a population, the British authorities forged a uniquely Muslim identity for the local believers. This was, in part, due to the way British historians periodized South Asian history into an "ancient" Hindu one and a "medieval" Muslim one. Under the system, the colonial period was classified as "modern". Debate rages on concerning the utility and legitimacy of these labels themselves. Problems with these labels range from the connotations coupled with the word 'medieval' to the implications related to labelling the colonial era as "modern". The term medieval itself is quite controversial. Historians writing in journals relating to the time period have asked whether the term is a "tyrannous construct" or an "alien conceptual hegemony". This is because the label was originally developed during the study of European history to mark the period in between the fall of the Roman Empire and the fall of Constantinople.
Such classifications done by British historians throughout their long period of rule paved the way for a more cohesive Muslim identity. In the eighteenth century, this seemed unlikely. Muslims who hailed from Afghan, Turk, Persian, or Arab roots did not find their Muslim identities especially salient. Mughal courts divided not into Hindu or Muslim factions but Persian and Turkish ones. Converts to the religion outside of courtly life, the majority of the Muslim population in the Subcontinent, too were more focused on their regional and lingual cultural identities-whether that be Bengali, Punjabi, Sindhi, or Gujarati.
The first group of Muslims to come to Great Britain in significant numbers, in the 18th century, were lascars (sailors) recruited from the Indian subcontinent, largely from the Bengal region, to work for the East India Company on British ships, some of whom settled down and took local wives. Due to the majority being lascars, the earliest Muslim communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the Sylhet district of British Bengal (now in Bangladesh). One of the most famous early Asian immigrants to England was the Bengali Muslim entrepreneur Sake Dean Mahomet, a captain of the East India Company who in 1810 founded London's first Indian restaurant, the Hindoostanee Coffee House.
Between 1803 and 1813, there were more than 10,000 lascars from the Indian subcontinent visiting British port cities and towns. By 1842, 3,000 lascars visited the UK annually, and by 1855, 12,000 lascars were arriving annually in British ports. In 1873, 3,271 lascars arrived in Britain. Throughout the early 19th century lascars visited Britain at a rate of 1,000 every year, which increased to a rate of 10,000 to 12,000 every year throughout the late 19th century. A prominent English convert of the 19th century was Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley, who became a Muslim in 1862. Although not a convert himself, the Victorian Age adventurer, Sir Richard Francis Burton visited Mecca in disguise, documented in The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night. At the beginning of World War I, there were 51,616 South Asian lascars working on British ships, the majority of whom were of Bengali descent. In 1932, the Indian National Congress survey of 'all Indians outside India' (which included modern Pakistani and Bangladeshi territories) estimated that there were 7,128 Indians living in the United Kingdom.
By 1911, the British Empire had a Muslim population of 94 million, larger than the empire's 58 million Christian population. By the 1920s, the British Empire included roughly half of the world's Muslim population. More than 400,000 Muslim soldiers of the British Indian Army fought for Britain during World War I, where 62,060 were killed in action. Muslim soldiers of the British Indian Army later fought for Britain against the Nazis in World War II, where Muslim soldiers accounted for up to 40% of the 2.5 million troops serving the British Indian Army. David Lloyd George, British Prime Minister from 1916 to 1922, stated: "we are the greatest Mahomedan power in the world and one-fourth of the population of the British Empire is Mahomedan. There have been no more loyal adherents to the throne and no more effective and loyal supporters of the Empire in its hour of trial." This statement was later reiterated by Gandhi in 1920. Winston Churchill also stated in 1942: "We must not on any account break with the Moslems, who represent a hundred million people, and the main army elements on which we must rely for the immediate fighting."
The Shah Jahan Mosque in Woking was the first purpose-built mosque in Britain, and was built in 1889. In the same year, Abdullah Quilliam installed a mosque in a terrace in Liverpool, which became the Liverpool Muslim Institute. The first mosque in London was the Fazl Mosque, established in 1924, commonly called the London mosque.
Quran translators Yusuf Ali and Marmaduke Pickthall, who authored The Meaning of the Glorious Koran: An Explanatory Translation in 1930, were both trustees of the Shah Jehan Mosque in Woking and the East London Mosque.
Other aristocratic British converts included Sir Archibald Hamilton, 5th Baronet, Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley, St John Philby and Zainab Cobbold (the first Muslim woman born in Britain to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca).
Immigration and post-World War II
Large-scale immigration of Muslims to Britain began after World War II, as a result of the destruction and labour shortages caused by the war. Muslim migrants from former British colonies, predominantly India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, were recruited in large numbers by government and businesses to rebuild the country. Large numbers of doctors recruited from India and Pakistan, encouraged by health minister Enoch Powell in the early 1960s, also played a key role in the establishment of the National Health Service.
British Asians (both Muslim and non-Muslim) faced increased discrimination following Powell's Rivers of Blood speech and the establishment of the National Front in the late 1960s. This included overt racism in the form of "Paki bashing", predominantly from white power skinheads, the National Front, and the British National Party, throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Drawing inspiration from the civil rights movement, the black power movement, and the anti-apartheid movement, young British Pakistani and British Bangladeshi activists began a number of anti-racist Asian youth movements in the 1970s and 1980s, including the Bradford Youth Movement in 1977, the Bangladeshi Youth Movement following the murder of Altab Ali in 1978, and the Newham Youth Movement following the murder of Akhtar Ali Baig in 1980.
The majority of mosques founded after World War II in Britain are reflective of the major strands of Sunni Islam predominating in the Indian subcontinent; namely Deobandi and Barelvi (the latter of which is more Sufi-orientated). There are also a smaller number of Salafi-oriented mosques, inspired by Abul A'la Maududi and , are representative of the Arab mainstream or are associated with the UK Turkish Islamic Trust. In addition to this there are Twelver Shia Mosques. The Murabitun World Movement founded by Abdalqadir as-Sufi (born Ian Dallas) in 1968 is a branch of the Sufi Darqawi-Shadhili-Qadiri tariqa which was run out of Achnagairn in the Scottish Highlands.
Martin Lings, an English Muslim scholar, published a significant biography of the Prophet Muhammad in 1983 entitled Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. The publication of Salman Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses in 1988 caused major controversy. A number of Muslims in Britain condemned the book for blasphemy. On 2 December 1988, the book was publicly burned at a demonstration in Bolton attended by 7,000 Muslims, followed by a similar demonstration and book-burning in Bradford on 14 January 1989. The growing number of Muslims resulted in the establishment of more than 1,500 mosques by 2007.
Demographics
The Muslim population of England and Wales has grown consistently since World War II. Sophie Gilliat-Ray attributes the recent growth to "recent immigration, the higher than average birth rate, some conversion to Islam".
According to the 2021 United Kingdom census, Muslims in England and Wales numbered 3,868,133, or 6.5% of the population.
According to recent projections the Muslim population in the UK in the year 2050 is likely to number around 13 million.
The top 20 local authorities in England and Wales with the highest percentage of Muslims in 2021 were:
London Borough of Tower Hamlets: 39.9% (123,912)
Blackburn with Darwen: 35.0% (54,146)
London Borough of Newham: 34.8% (122,146)
Luton: 32.9% (74,191)
London Borough of Redbridge: 31.3% (97,068)
City of Bradford: 30.5% (166,846)
Birmingham: 29.9% (341,811)
Slough: 29.4% (46,661)
Pendle: 26.0% (24,900)
Metropolitan Borough of Oldham: 24.4% (59,031)
Leicester: 23.5% (86,443)
Manchester: 22.3% (122,962)
London Borough of Waltham Forest: 21.6% (60,157)
London Borough of Brent: 21.4% (72,574)
City of Westminster: 20.0% (40,873)
Bolton: 19.9% (58,997)
London Borough of Ealing: 18.8% (68,907)
Rochdale: 18.8% (42,121)
London Borough of Enfield: 18.6% (61,477)
Kirklees: 18.5% (80,046)
Camden: 16.1% (33,830)
Harrow: 15.9% (41,503)
Sandwell: 13.4% (45,763)
London Borough of Hackney: 13.3% (34,578)
London Borough of Haringey: 12.6% (33,295)
Nottingham: 12.2% (39,540)
Several large cities have one area that is a majority Muslim even if the rest of the city has a fairly small Muslim population. In addition, it is possible to find small areas that are almost entirely Muslim: for example, Savile Town in Dewsbury.
Initial limited mosque availability meant that prayers were conducted in small rooms of council flats until the 1980s when more and larger facilities became available. Some synagogues and community buildings were turned into mosques and existing mosques began to expand their buildings. This process has continued down to the present day with the East London Mosque recently expanding into a large former car park where the London Muslim Centre is now used for prayers, recreational facilities and housing. Most people regard themselves as part of the , and their identity is based on their religion rather than their ethnic group.
The 2001 census recorded that there were 179,733 Muslims who described themselves as 'white'. 65% of white Muslims described themselves as "other white", and would likely have originated from locations such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Adygea, Chechnya, Albania, Turkey, Bulgaria, the region of East Macedonia and Thrace in Northern Greece, and North Macedonia. The remainder of white Muslims are converts and mostly identified themselves as White British and White Irish.
Islam is the third-largest religious group of British Indian people, after Hinduism and Sikhism. 8% of UK Muslims are of Indian descent, principally those whose origins are in Gujarat, West Bengal, Telangana and Kerala. Gujarati Muslims from the Surat and Bharuch districts started to arrive from the 1940s when India was under British colonial rule, settling in the towns of Dewsbury and Batley in Yorkshire and in parts of Lancashire.
South Asian
Pakistanis
The single largest group of Muslims in the United Kingdom are of Pakistani descent. Pakistanis were one of the first South Asian Muslim communities to permanently settle in the United Kingdom, arriving in England first in the late 1940s. Immigration from Mirpur in Pakistan grew from the late 1950s, accompanied by immigration from other parts of Pakistan especially from Punjab, particularly from the surrounding Punjab villages of Faisalabad, Sahiwal, Sialkot, Jhelum, Gujar Khan and Gujarat, in addition to from the north-west Punjab including the chhachhi Pathans and Pashtuns from Attock District, and some from villages of Ghazi, Nowshera and Peshawar. There is also a fairly large Punjabi community from East Africa found in London. People of Pakistani extraction are particularly notable in West Midlands, West Yorkshire, London, Lancashire/Greater Manchester and several industrial towns such as Luton, Slough and High Wycombe in the Home Counties. There are smaller numbers of Sindhis in Greater London. Pakistanis were traditionally working class but are slowly progressing into a Metropolitan middle class; they continue to face social integration issues.
Bangladeshis
People of Bangladeshi descent are the second largest Muslim community (after Pakistanis), 15% of Muslims in England and Wales are of Bangladeshi descent, one of the ethnic groups in the UK with the largest proportion of people following a single religion, being 92% Muslim. The majority of these Muslims come from the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh. Many mosques opened by the British Bangladeshi community are often named after Shah Jalal and other Sufi saints who took part in the Islamic conquest of Sylhet in 1303. British Bangladeshi Muslims are mainly concentrated in London (Tower Hamlets and Newham), Luton, Birmingham and Oldham. The Bangladeshi Muslim community in London forms 24% of the Muslim population, larger than any other ethnic group. Other smaller Bangladeshi Muslim communities are present in Newcastle upon Tyne, Bradford, Manchester, Sunderland, Portsmouth, and Rochdale.
There are groups which are active throughout Bangladeshi communities such as The Young Muslim Organisation. It is connected to the Islamic Forum Europe, associated with the East London Mosque and the London Muslim Centre – all of which have connections with the Bangladeshi political party, the . Other large groups include another Sunni movement, the Fultoli (founded in Sylhet), and the Tablighi Jamaat – which is a missionary and revival movement, and avoids political attention. The Hizb ut-Tahrir calls for the Khilafah (caliphate) and influences by publishing annual magazines, and lectures through mainly political concepts, and the other which is a movement within Sunni Islam is the Salafi – who view the teachings of the first generations after Muhammed as the correct teachings, and appeals to younger Muslims as a way to differentiate themselves towards their elders. All these groups work to stimulate Islamic identity among local Bengalis or Muslims and particularly focus on the younger members of the communities. The British Bangladeshi community has held a strong point in Islam, often opening large mosques such as East London Mosque and Brick Lane Masjid, as well as opening madrassas and Islamic TV channels.
Indians
There are large numbers of Gujarati Muslims in Dewsbury, Blackburn (including Darwen), Bolton, Preston, Nottingham, Leicester, Nuneaton, Gloucester and London (Newham, Waltham Forest and Hackney).
Middle Eastern
Turks
Turks in the United Kingdom represent a unique community in the country because they have emigrated not only from the Republic of Turkey but also from other former Ottoman regions; in fact, the majority of British Turks are Turkish Cypriots who migrated from the island of Cyprus from the British colonial period onwards. The second largest Turkish community descend from Turkey. There has also been ethnic Turkish migration waves from Arabic-speaking countries (such as Iraq and Syria) as well as the Balkans (including Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania). A report published by the Home Affairs Committee in 2011 claimed that there was 500,000 British Turks, made up of approximately 150,000 Turkish nationals, 300,000 Turkish Cypriots, and the remainder from other countries. , there was a growing number of ethnic Turks from the modern diaspora in Western Europe; for example, Turks with German and Dutch citizenship (i.e. Turkish Germans and Turkish Dutch) had also immigrated to Britain in accordance with the freedom of movement under EU law.
Turkish Cypriots first began to migrate to the United Kingdom in 1917. At the time, the British Empire had already annexed Cyprus and the residents of Cyprus became subjects of the Crown. Migration continued through the 1920s; during the Second World War, the number of Turkish-run cafes increased from 20 in 1939 to 200 in 1945 – creating a demand for more Turkish Cypriot workers. However, due to the Cyprus conflict, many Turkish Cypriots began to leave the island for political reasons in the 1950s, with the numbers increasing significantly after the intercommunal violence of late 1963. With the subsequent division of the island in 1974 (followed by the declaration of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983) an economic embargo against the Turkish Cypriots by the Greek Cypriot controlled Republic of Cyprus, caused a further 130,000 Turkish Cypriots to leave the Island for the United Kingdom.
Migrant workers from the Republic of Turkey began to arrive in large numbers in the 1970s, followed by their family members in the late 1970s and 1980s. Many of these workers were recruited by Turkish Cypriots who had already established businesses such as restaurants. These workers were required to renew their work permits every year until they became residents after living in the country for five years. By the 1980s, intellectuals, including students, and highly educated professionals arrived in the country, most of which received support from the Turkish Cypriot community. Mainland Turks settled in similar areas of London in which the Turkish Cypriots lived in; however, many have also moved to the outer districts, such as Essex.
The Turkish community have established several mosques in the country. The first was Shacklewell Lane Mosque, established by the Turkish Cypriot community in 1977. There are numerous other Turkish mosques in London, mainly in Hackney, including the Aziziye Mosque and Suleymaniye Mosque. Notable Turkish mosques outside London include Selimiye Mosque in Manchester, Hamidiye Mosque in Leicester, and Osmaniye Mosque in Stoke-on-Trent.
Turks from the same districts from their homeland tend to congregate in the same quarters in the UK. The majority live in capital city of London, particularly in Hackney, Haringey, Enfield, Lewisham, Lambeth, Southwark, Croydon, Islington, Kensington, Waltham Forest, and Wood Green. Outside London there are smaller Turkish communities in Birmingham, Hertfordshire, Luton, Manchester, Sheffield and the East Midlands.
Kurds
The UK has a significant Iraqi Kurdish population. Academic sources indicate that 65–70% of people originating from Iraq are Kurdish Iraqis. Nearly all Iraqi Kurds are Muslims.
According to the Department for Communities and Local Government, the Iraqi Kurds make up the largest group of Kurds in the country, exceeding the numbers from Turkey and Iran.
Arabs
People of Arab origin in Britain are the descendants of Arab immigrants to Britain from a variety of Arab states, including Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt and Palestine. Most British Arabs are Sunni Muslim, although some – such as those of Iraqi and Lebanese origin – are Shi'ite. The main Arab Muslim communities in the UK live in the Greater London area, with smaller numbers living in Manchester, Liverpool, and Birmingham. There are also sizable and very long-established communities of Muslim Yemenis in the United Kingdom in among other places Cardiff and the South Shields area near Newcastle.
The 2001 UK Census recorded 32,236 Iraqi-born residents, and the Office for National Statistics estimates that, as of 2009, this figure had risen to around 65,000. According to estimates by the Iraqi embassy, the Iraqi population in the UK is around 350,000–450,000.
African
Maghrebis
Although data is short, findings indicate Maghrebis make up a substantial community in Europe and the United Kingdom. Britain has long ties with Maghrebis, through contact with the Maghrebis. Nevertheless, Britain has a far lower count of Maghrebis in comparison to France, the Netherlands and Spain, where the majority of Muslims are Maghrebi.
Nigerians
A 2009 government paper estimated the Nigerian Muslim community at 12,000 to 14,000 people. The community is concentrated in London.
Nigerian Muslims in the UK are represented by several community organizations including the Nigeria Muslim Forum.
Somalis
The United Kingdom, with 43,532 Somalia-born residents in 2001, and an estimated 101,000 in 2008, is home to the largest Somali community in Europe. A 2009 estimate by Somali community organisations puts the Somali population figure at 90,000 residents. The first Somali immigrants were seamen and traders who arrived in small numbers in port cities in the late 19th century, although most Somalis in the UK are recent arrivals. Further more Somali European such as from Holland or Denmark have been emigrating in recent years. Established Somali communities are found in Bristol, Cardiff, Liverpool and London, and newer ones have formed in Leicester, Manchester and Sheffield.
White European
The history of native British Muslims has a long presence in the country. The earliest Englishman to convert to Islam was John Nelson of the 16th century. Thomas Keith was a Scottish soldier who converted to Islam and became the governor of Medina. Abdullah Quilliam was a 19th-century Englishman who converted to Islam and built what is argued to be the first mosque in the country in Liverpool. He was known locally for his work advocating trade unionism and divorce law reform and persuaded more people in Liverpool to convert but they faced abuse from the wider society.
Branches
An August 2017 survey by the Bertelsmann Stiftung foundation found that among British Muslims, 75% were Sunni and 8% were Shia.
A September 2017 survey by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) found that among British Muslims, 77% were Sunni, 5% were Shia, 1% were Ahmadiyya, and 4% were members of other denominations. 14% of British Muslims said they did not know or refused to answer the survey.
The denominational or theme breakdown of mosques and prayer rooms in the UK in 2017 with a sum total of more than 5% were as follows: 41.2% Deobandi, 23.7% Barelvi, 9.4% Salafi, and 5.9% Shia (Twelver, Bohra, Ismaili). 7.4% were non-denominational prayer rooms.
Sunni
In 2015, The Economist stated that were 2.3 million Sunnis in the UK.
Among British Sunnis in 2017, 66.7% were just non-denominational Sunni, 5.9% were Barelvi, 5.0% were Salafis, 4.1% were Deobandi, and 18.3% adhered to another Sunni Islam denomination.
The majority of British mosques are Sunni, including Deobandi, Barelvis and Salafi. In 2010 the affiliation of the mosques was: 44.6% Deobandi, 28.2% Barelvi and other Sufi, 5.8% Salafi, 2.8% Maudoodi-inspired; of the remainder many were part of other Sunni traditions or unaffiliated, while 4.2% were Shi'a (4%). The majority of mosque managers are of Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin, with many Gujarati, and fewer Arab, Turkish and Somali managed entities.
Shia
In 2015, The Economist stated that were 400,000 Shias in the UK.
Shia mosques are usually Twelvers but also cater for Zaydis and the 50,000-strong Ismaili community; they usually include facilities for women. Various Shia mosques include the Husseini Islamic Centre in Stanmore, Harrow which acts as one of the main Shia Muslim mosques in Britain as well as Masjid-e-Ali in Luton, one of the largest Imam Bargah/community centres in the UK. Others include Al Masjid ul Husseini in Northolt, Ealing, and Imam Khoei Islamic Centre in Queens Park, Brent. Across the country Manchester, Birmingham and London have the most Shia residents.
Ahmadiyya
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (AMC) established itself in the UK in 1912 and is thus the longest-standing Muslim community in the UK. The UK and worldwide headquarters of the AMC are currently situated on the grounds of 'The Blessed Mosque' (Masjid Mubarak), inaugurated on 17 May 2019 by Mirza Masroor Ahmad, the fifth caliph of the Ahmadiyya movement, in Tilford, Surrey. The AMC also has the largest Muslim youth organisation, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Youth Association (Majlis Khuddamul Ahmadiyya) in the UK (membership of 7,500) and the largest Muslim women's organisation, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Women's Association (), in the UK (membership of 10,000).
Sectarian relations
There has also been discrimination by orthodox Sunni Muslims against Ahmadi Muslims. In 2014, on the 125 anniversary of the establishment of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, the Community published an advertisement in the Luton on Sunday. Following a written complaint from Dr Fiaz Hussain, co-ordinator of the Preservation of Finality of Prophethood Forum (PFPF), stating that the Ahmadiyya community should not be called "Muslim" because it rejected some of the basic principles of Islam, the paper received a delegation of 'Community Leaders' and shortly afterwards printed an apology disassociating itself from the Ahmadiyya advertisement. Tell MAMA responded by identifying attempts to intimidate or discriminate against Ahmadiyya Muslims "as anti-Muslim in nature".
Society
Economics
In a 2010 aggregate study published by the Government Equalities Office, Muslims in the United Kingdom had the lowest median hourly salary and held the least wealth amongst religious groups. They also held the lowest employment rates amongst religious groups, at 24% for Muslim women and 47% for Muslim men although the study noted that Muslim women who worked earned more than Muslim men and that a relatively high proportion of Muslim men were in self employment. Muslim men also had the smallest proportion with degrees, at 18%. More than two-fifths of Muslim men and women have no qualification beyond level 1 (equivalent to grades D-G at GCSE).
According to analysis based on the 2011 census, Muslims in the United Kingdom face poor standards of housing, poorer levels of education and are more vulnerable to long-term illness, and that Muslims in the UK had the highest rate of unemployment, the poorest health, the most disability and fewest educational qualifications among religious groups. The figures were, to some extent, explained by the fact that Muslims were the least well-established group, having the youngest age profile.
According to a 2013 assessment from the Muslim Council of Britain, it was estimated that there were more than 10,000 Muslim millionaires and 13,400 Muslim-owned businesses in London, creating more than 70,000 jobs and representing just over 33 per cent of Small to Medium Enterprises in London.
Education
In 2018, 34 per cent of British Muslims had degree level qualifications, compared to 30 per cent of Christians and 35 per cent of those with no religion. 13 per cent of Muslims had no qualifications, higher than every other religious group.
In 2006, it was found that approximately 53% of British Muslim youth chose to attend university. This was higher than the figure for Christians (45%) and the non-religious (32%) but lower than for Hindus (77%) and Sikhs (63%).
There are around 184 Muslim faith schools in the UK, 28 of them being state-funded. In 2008, 86.5% of pupils attending Muslim schools achieved five GCSEs, compared to a figure of 72.8% of Roman Catholic schools and 64.5% of secular schools.
In 2019, four Islamic schools were in the top ten ranking for secondary schools in England, including Tauheedul Islam Girls High School in first place. Some Islamic schools have been accused of promoting extremist versions of Islam.
In 2018, the Crown Prosecution Service brought its first prosecution in England & Wales against an unregistered school, the Islamic faith school Al-Istiqamah Learning Centre in Southall, London where nearly 60 children aged 5–11 were being taught. Head teacher Beatrix Bernhardt and director Nacerdine Talbi were convicted as running a school not registered with the Department for Education violates the Education and Skills Act 2008. They received fines and a curfew.
Politics
Muslims are playing an increasingly prominent role in political life. Nineteen Muslim MPs were elected in the December 2019 general election, and there are nineteen Muslim peers in the House of Lords.
The majority of British Muslims vote for the Labour Party, however there are some high-profile Conservative Muslims, including former Minister for Faith and Communities and former Co-chairman and the Conservative Party Sayeeda Warsi, described by The Guardian as a 'rising star' in the Tory party. The Guardian stated that "The treasury minister is highly regarded on the right and would be the Tories' first Muslim leader." Salma Yaqoob is the former leader of the left-wing Respect Party. Sayeeda Warsi, who was the first Muslim to serve in a British cabinet, was appointed by David Cameron in 2010 as a minister without portfolio. She was made a senior minister of state in 2012. In August 2014 she resigned over the government's approach to the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict.
Muslim political parties in Britain have included the People's Justice Party (UK), a Pakistani and Kashmiri party that won city council seats in Manchester in the 2000s, and the unsuccessful Islamic Party of Britain, an Islamist party in Bradford in the 1990s.
In the 2017 general election, 15 Muslim MPs (12 Labour and 3 Conservative) were elected, up from 13 Muslim MPs in 2015 general election. In the 2019 general election, a record number of 19 Muslim MPs were elected (15 Labour and 4 Conservative).
Law
Although sharia is not part of the British legal system, several British establishment figures have supported its use in areas of dispute resolution in Islamic communities. For example, in February 2008 Rowan Williams the Archbishop of Canterbury (the head of the Church of England) lectured at the Royal Courts of Justice on Islam and English law. In this lecture he spoke of the possibility of using sharia in some circumstances:
Several months later, Lord Phillips, then Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales supported the idea that sharia could be reasonably employed as a basis for "mediation or other forms of alternative dispute resolution", and explained that "It is not very radical to advocate embracing sharia law in the context of family disputes, for example, and our system already goes a long way towards accommodating the archbishop's suggestion."
In March 2014, The Law Society issued guidance on how to draft sharia-compliant wills for the network of sharia courts which been established to deal with disputes between Muslim families. The guidance was withdrawn later in 2014 following criticism by solicitors and by Chris Grayling, the Justice Secretary.
In 2016–2018 an independent panel commissioned by the UK government investigated the practices of sharia councils operating in England and Wales. The councils have no legal status and no legal jurisdiction in the UK. Estimates for their number range between 30 and 85. The investigation found that most people consulting the councils are women seeking an Islamic divorce. The review concluded that "there is unanimous agreement among the sharia councils themselves that discriminatory practices do occur in some instances within the councils in England and Wales" and made legislative and administrative recommendations to remedy the abuses. The panel was not aware of any sharia councils operating in Scotland.
According to Kaveri Qureshi, while women educate themselves and follow Islamic norms and values referring to colonial era Islamic advice literature about marriage not for continuation but to end their marriages and for justification of remarriages contrary to original intention of authors of the literature.
Media
There are several Islamic television channels operating in the UK, including British Muslim TV, Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International (MTA International), Ummah Channel, Ahlebait TV, and Fadak.
British Muslims are represented in various media positions across different organisations. Notable examples include Mehdi Hasan, the political editor of the UK version of The Huffington Post and the presenter of Al Jazeera English shows The Café and Head to Head, Mishal Husain, a British news presenter for the BBC, currently appearing on BBC World News and BBC Weekend News, Rageh Omaar, special correspondent with ITV and formerly Senior Foreign Correspondent with the BBC and a reporter/presenter for Al Jazeera English, and Faisal Islam, economics editor and correspondent for Channel 4 News.
Associations
Ahmadiyya Muslim Association
Association of British Muslims, the oldest organisation of British Muslims, created in 1889 as the English Islamic Association by Abdullah Quilliam.
Association of Muslim Lawyers
British Muslim Forum
Civil Service Islamic Society
Daru-Al-Moameneen
Islamic Forum of Europe
Islamic Party of Britain
Islamic Society of Britain
Minhaj-ul-Quran UK
Mosques & Imams National Advisory Board
Muslim Association of Britain
Muslim Council of Britain
Muslim Educational Trust
Muslim Parliament of Great Britain
Muslim Public Affairs Committee UK
Muslim Safety Forum
Sufi Muslim Council
The Young Muslims UK
UK Islamic Mission
World Islamic Mission
Young Muslim Organisation
Practice
Proselytization
It is estimated that 5,200 Britons convert to Islam annually, with a total of about 100,000 converts in 2013. For men, prisons have proven a fertile ground for conversions. About 18% of the British prison population, or over 14,000 prisoners, are Muslims, disproportionately higher than the general population. The proportion of Muslims in the UK prison population rose from 8% in 2002 to 15% in 2016. According to the UK prison officers' union in 2013, some Muslim prisoners in the UK had allegedly forcibly converted fellow inmates to Islam in prisons. There have been multiple cases of non-Muslim prisoners threatened with violence with "convert or get hurt" being a commonly used phrase by Muslim gangs according to an independent report published by the government.. A 2010 report by the Chief Inspector of Prisons stated that 30% of the Muslim prisoners interviewed had converted to Islam while in prison, some of whom were "convenience Muslims" who adopted the religion in order to get benefits available only to Muslims. Mosques in the country are sometimes seen as ethnic clubs which are not welcoming of new converts but there have also been recent convert led mosques.
Extremist ideology
In June 2017, Jeremy Corbyn, leader of the Labour Party, said that difficult conversations are needed, starting with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states that have funded and fuelled extremist ideology. Tom Brake, Liberal Democrat, foreign affairs spokesman has said that Saudi Arabia provides funding to hundreds of mosques in the UK, espousing a very hardline Wahhabist interpretation of Islam.
The French political scientist Olivier Roy argues that the majority of Islamic terrorists are radicals first and are drawn to fundamentalist Islam as a result, whereas fellow political scientist Gilles Kepel argues that terrorists are radicalized by Salafi ideology before choosing violence. Roy has also argued that the burkini bans and secularist policies of France provoked religious violence in France, to which Kepel responded that Britain has no such policies and still suffered several jihadist attacks in 2017 while there were no major attacks in France.
Some preachers in London's mosques look for Muslim boys who lack clear direction, and set them on the path to radicalisation and terror.
According to Gilles de Kerchove in 2017, the UK had the highest number of Islamist radicals in the EU numbering between 20 and 25,000. Of those, 3000 were considered a direct threat by MI5 and 500 were under constant surveillance. Among those known to security services but not considered an immediate threat were the terrorists of three ISIS-linked attacks in 2017 which killed 35 victims in the UK.
In July 2017, a report by the Henry Jackson Society, a neo-conservative think tank, claimed that Middle Eastern nations are providing financial support to mosques and Islamic educational institutions that have been linked to the spread of extremist material with "an illiberal, bigoted Wahhabi ideology". The report said that the number of Salafi and Wahhabi mosques in Britain had increased from 68 in 2007 to 110 in 2014.
Hardline groups, including Hizb-ut-Tahrir, use accusations of Islamophobia to silence legitimate debate about extremism. While they in general are opposed to Western-style human rights, they use human rights to promote an Islamist ideology.
Relations with wider society
Attitudes
In 2019, a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center found that 78% of Britons had a favourable view of Muslims, while 18% had an unfavourable view of Muslims. This was the most favourable in Europe.
The British media has been criticised for propagating negative stereotypes of Muslims and fueling Islamophobic prejudice. In 2006, several British cabinet ministers were criticised for helping to "unleash a public anti-Muslim backlash" by blaming the Muslim community over issues of integration despite a study commissioned by the Home Office on white and Asian-Muslim youths demonstrating otherwise: that Asian-Muslim youths "are in fact the most tolerant of all" and that white youths "have far more intolerant attitudes," concluding that the attitudes held by members of the white community was a greater "barrier to integration." Another survey by Gallup in 2009 also found that the Muslim community claimed to feel more patriotic about Britain than the general British population as a whole, while another survey found that Muslims assert that they support the role of Christianity in British life more so than British Christians themselves. In January 2010, the British Social Attitudes Survey found that the general public "is far more likely to hold negative views of Muslims than of any other religious group," with "just one in four" feeling "positively about Islam," and a "majority of the country would be concerned if a mosque was built in their area, while only 15 per cent expressed similar qualms about the opening of a church." The "scapegoating" of British Muslims by the media and politicians in the 21st century has been compared in the media to the rise of antisemitism in the early 20th century. A survey conducted in 2017 revealed widespread opposition to Muslim immigration across UK. 47% are opposed to further Muslim immigration, according to a survey conducted by Chatham House. Furthermore, 55% of Britons believe there is a fundamental clash between Islam and the values of British society, according to a YouGov poll. Various other surveys have also shown that such attitudes amongst all European citizens. A 2013 survey indicated that immigrants from Muslim countries were perceived as integrating less well into British society than immigrants from other countries were. Another poll revealed that 28% of British Muslims hoped that Britain would one day become an Islamic state, while 52% disagreed, and 20% did not venture an opinion either way.
According to one survey from 2006, around 81% of Muslims think of themselves as Muslim first. This is consistent with Muslims living in Muslim-majority countries, who also tend to think of themselves as Muslim first rather than identifying with nation states (for example 87% of Pakistanis identify themselves as Muslim first rather than Pakistani). However, around 83% of Muslims are proud to be a British citizen, compared to 79% of the general public, 77% of Muslims strongly identify with Britain while only 50% of the wider population do, 86.4% of Muslims feel they belong in Britain, slightly more than the 85.9% of Christians, 82% of Muslims want to live in diverse and mixed neighbourhoods compared to 63% of non-Muslim Britons. In polls taken across Europe 2006, British Muslims hold the most negative view of westerners out of all Muslims in Europe, whilst overall in Britain 63% of British hold the most favourable view of Muslims out of all the European countries (down from 67% the year before).
On religious issues, a 2007 poll reported that 36% of 16- to 24-year-olds believed if a Muslim converted to another religion they should be punished by death, compared to 19% of 55+ year old Muslims. A poll reported that 59% of Muslims would prefer to live under British law, compared to 28% who would prefer to live under sharia law. 61% of respondents agreed with the statement that homosexuality is wrong and should be illegal. This appeared to be borne out by a Gallup poll in 2009 of 500 British Muslims, none of whom believed that homosexuality was morally acceptable. Such polls suggest that British Muslims have strongly conservative views on issues relating to extra-marital and/or homosexual sexual acts compared with their European Muslim counterparts – who are markedly more liberal. However, a poll conducted by Demos in 2011 reported that a greater proportion of Muslims (47% – slightly higher than the 46.5% of Christians who agreed with the statement) than other religions agreed with the statement "I am proud of how Britain treats gay people", with less than 11% disagreeing. On 18 May 2013, just as the bill to legalise same-sex marriages was being prepared to pass into law, over 400 leading Muslims including head teachers and senior representatives of mosques across the country, published an open letter opposing the bill on the grounds that "Muslim parents will be robbed of their right to raise their children according to their beliefs, as homosexual relationships are taught as something normal to their primary-aged children".
Culture
In 2013, there were 40 Muslim players in the English Premier League, up from one in 1992. Man of the Match awardees were awarded bottles of champagne, which is forbidden in Islam, and after Muslim player Yaya Toure refused the award, champagne was phased out for small trophies instead. Children playing football have been seen falling to their knees as if in prayer after scoring a goal, a common practice of Muslim footballers.
Islamophobia
A 2021 study published by the University of Birmingham found that Muslims are the British public's second ‘least liked’ group, after Gypsy and Irish Travellers with 25.9% of the
British public holding negative views towards Muslims and only 23.5% holding a positive view. People from middle and upper-class backgrounds were more likely to hold prejudiced views about Islam compared to those from working-class backgrounds. 71% of respondents named Islam as having a more negative impact on society compared to other religions with 18.1% of those surveyed supported banning all Muslim migration to the UK. Another study in 2017 conducted by Chatham House found that 47% of Britons supported banning immigration from Muslim-majority countries. There have been cases of threats, one fatal attack, and non-fatal attacks on Muslims and on Muslim targets, including attacks on Muslim graves and mosques. In January 2010, a report from the University of Exeter's European Muslim Research Centre noted that the number of anti-Muslim hate crimes has increased, ranging from "death threats and murder to persistent low-level assaults, such as spitting and name-calling," for which the media and politicians have been blamed with fueling anti-Muslim hatred. However, Met Police figures showed an 8.5 per cent fall in anti-Muslim crimes between 2009 and 2012, with a spike in 2013 due to the murder of Lee Rigby.
The emergence of the English Defence League resulted in demonstrations in English cities with large Muslim populations. The EDL was a right wing, anti Islam street protest movement which opposed what it considers to be a spread of Islamism, Sharia law and Islamic extremism in the United Kingdom. The EDL has been described by The Jewish Chronicle as Islamophobic. The group has faced confrontations with various groups, including supporters of Unite Against Fascism (UAF) and Anonymous.
Sikh relations
In 2018, a report by a Sikh activist organisation, Sikh Youth UK, entitled "The Religiously Aggravated Sexual Exploitation of Young Sikh Women Across the UK" made allegations of similarities between the case of Sikh women and the Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal. However, in 2019 this report was criticised by researchers and an official UK government report led by two Sikh academics for false and misleading information. It noted: "The RASE report lacks solid data, methodological transparency and rigour. It is filled instead with sweeping generalisations and poorly substantiated claims around the nature and scale of abuse of Sikh girls and causal factors driving it. It appealed heavily to historical tensions between Sikhs and Muslims and narratives of honour in a way that seemed designed to whip up fear and hate". Another investigation by another Sikh scholar, Katy Sian of the University of York, also found no truth to the allegations and instead found it was an allegation being pushed by extremist Sikh groups.
Antisemitism
According to British Muslim journalist Mehdi Hasan, "anti-Semitism isn't just tolerated in some sections of the British Muslim community; it's routine and commonplace". A 2016 survey of 5,446 adult Britons, part of a report titled Anti-Semitism in contemporary Great Britain conducted by the London-based Institute for Jewish Policy Research found that the prevalence of antisemitic views among Muslims was two to four times higher than the rest of the population, that 55% of British Muslims held at least one antisemitic view (compared to 30% of the general population), and that there was a correlation between Muslim religiosity and antisemitism. A 2020 poll found that 45% of British Muslims held a generally favourable view of British Jews, and 18% held a negative view.
Notable Muslims
Politics
Waqar Azmi OBE, EU Ambassador of Intercultural Dialogue
Sadiq Khan, mayor of London
Humza Yousaf, First Minister of Scotland
Religious
Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani, Pakistani Sunni scholar and jurist
Allama Qamaruzzaman Azmi, Leader of World Islamic Mission
Shaykh Muhammad al-Ya’qoubi of Al-Mustafa Centre
Muhammad Arshad Misbahi Imam of Manchester Central Mosque
Sheikh Abdul Qayum, Chief Imam of East London Mosque
Abu Yusuf Riyadh ul Haq, khateeb of Birmingham Central Mosque
Faiz-ul-Aqtab Siddiqi, principal of Hijaz College
Ajmal Masroor, imam and politician
Haitham al-Haddad, Britain Muslim television host
Ibrahim Mogra, Leicester imam
Joel Hayward, New Zealand-born British Islamic scholar
Timothy Winter, Dean of Cambridge Muslim College and Director of Studies at Cambridge University
Philanthropy
Muhammad Abdul Bari, secretary of Muslim Aid
Notable mosques
Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking – Britain's first mosque
Cambridge Central Mosque, Europe's first eco-friendly mosque and the first purpose-built mosque within the city of Cambridge
Ghamkol Shariff Masjid, Birmingham
Manchester Central Mosque, Manchester
Madina Mosque (Sheffield), Sheffield
Green Lane Masjid, Birmingham
Markazi Mosque, Dewsbury – Headquarters of the Tablighi Jama'at
Al-Rahma Mosque, Liverpool
Jamea Masjid, Preston
Birmingham Central Mosque
East London Mosque, London
Leeds Grand Mosque, Leeds
Finsbury Park Mosque, London
Abbey Mills Mosque, London
Glasgow Central Mosque, Glasgow
See also
Islam in England
Islam in London
Islam in Birmingham
Islam in Northern Ireland
Islam in Scotland
Islam in Wales
Islam in France
List of British Muslims
Muslims in Western Europe
Religion in the United Kingdom
Islam in the Republic of Ireland
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
Koenig, Matthias. "Incorporating Muslim migrants in Western nation states—a comparison of the United Kingdom, France, and Germany." in Marian Burchardt & Ines Michalowski, eds., After Integration (Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015) pp. 43–58.
Lewicki, Aleksandra, and Therese O’Toole. "Acts and practices of citizenship: Muslim women’s activism in the UK. Ethnic and Racial Studies 40#1 (2017): 152-171.
Lewicki, Aleksandra. Social Justice Through Citizenship?: The Politics of Muslim Integration in Germany and Great Britain (Springer, 2014).
Lewis, Valerie A., and Ridhi Kashyap. "Piety in a Secular Society: Migration, Religiosity, and Islam in Britain." International Migration 51#3 (2013): 57–66.
Model, Suzanne, and Lang Lin. "The cost of not being Christian: Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims in Britain and Canada." International Migration Review 36#4 (2002): 1061–1092.
Peach, Ceri, and Richard Gale. "Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs in the new religious landscape of England." Geographical Review 93#4 (2003): 469–490.
External links
BBC: Islam and Britain Before the 20th Century
Muslim Council of Britain
Hassan Mahamdallie "Muslim working class struggles", International Socialism, 4 January 2007
Muslims In Britain, Guide and Directory |
1850336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosei%20University | Hosei University | is a private university based in Tokyo, Japan.
The university originated in a school of law, Tōkyō Hōgakusha (, i.e. Tokyo association of law), established in 1880, and the following year renamed Tōkyō Hōgakkō (, i.e. Tokyo school of law). This was from 1883 headed by Dr. Gustave Boissonade, and was heavily influenced by the French legal tradition. It merged in 1889 with a school of French studies, Tōkyō Futsugakkō (, i.e. Tokyo French school), that had been founded three years earlier. It adopted the name Hosei University (, Hōsei daigaku, i.e. university of law and politics) in 1903 and was recognized as a private university in 1920.
Other notable figures involved in its foundation include Dr. Masaaki Tomii, and Dr. Ume Kenjirō, "Father of the Japanese Civil Code".
In addition, Hosei University belongs to Tokyo Big6 Baseball League. The league is one of the most traditional college sports leagues in Japan.
Hosei University is popular for high school students, ranking 2nd in the number of applicants among Japanese universities in 2017 and 2018 (122,499). Hosei University ranked 100 at Global Executives 2013 top 100 by The Times Higher Education.
Hosei has three main campuses, which it calls Ichigaya, Koganei, and Tama. The Ichigaya campus is halfway between Ichigaya and Iidabashi stations in central Tokyo; its 26-story Boissonade Tower, completed in 2000, can be seen from either station. The campus has a city flavour but is still somewhat isolated from central Tokyo; the nearby presence of Yasukuni Shrine also contributes.
Sciences are studied at the Koganei campus to the west of Tokyo, and other subjects are split between Tama (located in Machida, which is near Hachiōji), and Ichigaya.
Faculties
Ichigaya
Faculty of Law (, Hōgakubu)
Faculty of Letters (, Bungakubu)
Faculty of Business Administration (, Keieigakubu)
Faculty of Intercultural Communication (, Kokusai-bunka-gakubu)
Faculty of Sustainability Studies (, Ningen-kankyō-gakubu)
Faculty of Lifelong Learning and Career Studies (, Kyaria-dezain-gakubu)
Faculty of Engineering and Design (, Dezain-kōgakubu)
Faculty of Global and Interdisciplinary Studies (GIS, , Gurōbaru-kyōyō-gakubu) (from 2008)
Institute of Global and Interdisciplinary Studies (IGIS, , Gurōbaru-gakusai-kenkyū-insutityūto)
Sports Science Institute (SSI, , Supōtsu-saiensu-insutityūto)
Graduate School of Humanities (, Jinbun-kagaku-kenkyūka)
Graduate School of Economics (, Keizaigaku-kenkyūka)
Graduate School of Law (, Hōgaku-kenkyūka)
Graduate School of Politics (, Seijigaku-kenkyūka)
Graduate School of Sociology (, Shakaigaku-kenkyūka)
Graduate School of Business Administration (, Keieigaku-kenkyūka)
Graduate School of Policy Sciences (, Seisaku-kagaku-kenkyūka)
Graduate School of Environmental Management (, Kankyō-manejimento-kenkyūka)
Graduate School of Intercultural Communication (, Kokusai-bunka-kenkyūka)
International Japan-Studies Institute (, Kokusai-nihongaku-insutityūto)
Law School (, Hōka-daigakuin)
Business School of Innovation Management (, Inobēshon-manejimento-kenkyūka)
Tama
Faculty of Economics (, Keizaigakubu)
Faculty of Social Sciences (, Shakaigakubu)
Faculty of Social Policy and Administration (, Gendai-fukushi-gakubu)
Graduate School of Social Well-Being Studies (, Ningen-shakai-kenkyūka)
Koganei
Faculty of Engineering (, Kōgakubu) (being phased out)
Faculty of Science and Engineering (, Rikōgakubu) (from 2008)
Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry (, Seimeikagakubu) (from 2008)
Faculty of Computer and Information Science (, Jōhōkagakubu)
Graduate School of Engineering (, Kōgaku-kenkyūka)
Graduate School of Computer and Information Science (, Jōhōkagaku-kenkyūka)
Notable people
Alumni
Mizuhito Akiyama, author
Chiho Aoshima, artist
Mew Azama, model and actress
Satoshi Dezaki, anime director
Yukihiro Doi, racing cyclist
Shu Fujisawa, author
Sadayoshi Fukuda, philosopher and critic
Takuya Honda, football player
Tomoko Hoshino, actress
Norihiro Inoue, actor
Kenji Goto, journalist and writer
Kairi Hojo, professional wrestler
Kosuke Ito, politician
Mitsuaki Iwagō, photographer
Hideo Jinpu, politician
Yukio Jitsukawa, politician
Emi Kaneko, politician
Hiroh Kikai, photographer
Shin Kishida, actor*
Hiroto Kōmoto, singer*
Aki Maeda, actress
Masao Maruyama, film producer
Michiko Matsumoto, photographer
Shinpei Matsushita, politician
Takayuki Mikami, karateka
Kyohei Morita, rugby player
Katsuhito Nakazato, photographer
Kinoko Nasu, author
Kouhei Kadono, author
Yuka Sato, figure skater
Midori Sawato, film narrator
Yoshihide Suga, politician
Haruka Takachiho, author
Kazunori Tanaka, politician
Tadashi Wakabayashi, baseball player
Yōsuke Yamahata, photographer*
Taku Yamamoto, politician
Yoshio Yatsu, politician
Shuichi Yoshida, novelist
Yasumi Matsuno, video game creator*
Hu Han Min, politician
Shōgo Yano, voice actor
Nishida Hiroki, Volleyball Player
Masahiro Hara, engineer
* dropped out before graduation
Faculty
Sadateru Arikawa
Faubion Bowers
Shu Fujisawa
Sadayoshi Fukuda
Kojin Karatani
Shunji Karube
Kiyozō Kazama
Ume Kenjirō
Ōmi Komaki
Taro Kono
Samezō Kuruma
Ryokichi Minobe
Shūmei Ōkawa
Mitsukuri Rinsho
Ishimoda Shō
Fujisawa Shu
Morita Sōhei
Hiroshi Takahashi
Jūji Tanabe
Hyakken Uchida
Tetsuro Watsuji
Popular perception
Hosei university is regarded as comparable with the Tokyo-area private universities Meiji, Aoyama Gakuin, Rikkyo, and Chuo, collectively called "MARCH".
It has an entrance examination difficulty level that is in the top 10 for a private university in Japan.
Sports
The university's baseball team plays as one of the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League.
Partner universities
Boston University
Baylor University
University of California, Davis
University of California, San Diego
Michigan State University
California State University, East Bay
Truman State University
University of Nevada, Reno
Boise State University
San Jose State University
Fontbonne University
San Diego State University
Southern California Institute of Architecture
University of Illinois
Gustavus Adolphus College
West Chester University of Pennsylvania
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Minnesota State University, Mankato
Medaille College
Portland State University
Westfield State University
University of Utah
George Mason University
Peking University
School of Government, Peking University
School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tsinghua University
School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University
University of Science and Technology of China
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Wuhan University
Xiamen University
University of Science and Technology Beijing
Beijing Normal University
Capital Normal University
Shanghai International Studies University
Northeastern University (China)
State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
Chongqing Normal University
China Foreign Affairs University
Xi'an Jiaotong University
Beijing Jiaotong University
Beijing Foreign Studies University
Minzu University of China
Beijing Center for Japanese Studies
Shandong University of Finance and Economics
Dalian Nationalities University
Sichuan International Studies University
Liaoning University, College of International Relations
Fuzhou University
Dalian University of Foreign Languages
Software College of Jilin University
Xidian University
Huazhong University of Science & Technology
School of Software, Central South University
Indian Institute of Science
Sanata Dharma University
Bogor Agricultural University
Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember
Samarkand State University
Yonsei University
Duksung Women's University
Sungkonghoe University
Seoul National University
Gachon University
Korea University
University of Seoul
Ewha Womans University
Inha University
Sungshin Women's University
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
Chung-Ang University
Konkuk University
Kyonggi University
Busan University of Foreign Studies
Hoseo University
Thammasat University
Chulalongkorn University
Mekelle University
Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow State University
Saint Petersburg State University
Petersburg State Transport University
National Research University – Higher School of Economics
Penza State University
University of AlgiersRoyal Holloway, University of London
University of Sheffield
University of Reading
The University of Nottingham
University of Glasgow
University of Leeds
Newcastle University
University of Sussex
University of Bradford
The University of York
Birkbeck, University of London
University of Wolverhampton
University of Sydney
Griffith University
The University of Adelaide
Monash University
James Cook University
Bond University
Australian Catholic University
Massey University
The University of Auckland
University of British Columbia
University of Alberta
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Brock University
York University
Trent University
University of Prince Edward Island
University of Victoria
University College Dublin
University of Limerick
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technical Education
University of Social Sciences and Humanities - VNU
National Sun Yat-sen University
Tamkang University
Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages
Chung Yuan Christian University
National Formosa University
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
National Kaohsiung Normal University
Shih Chien University
National Taiwan Normal University
National Chengchi University
Cambodian Mekong University
Royal University of Phnom Penh
National University of Laos
Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation
University of Malaya
University of Technology, Malaysia
UCSI University
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Polytechnic University of Milan
University Carlo Cattaneo
Ca' Foscari University of Venice
University of Vienna
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
University of St. Gallen
University of Zurich
University of Barcelona
Institut Ramon Llull
Czech Technical University in Prague
Humboldt University of Berlin
University of Oldenburg
Leuphana University of Lüneburg
Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University
University of Bremen
Stuttgart Technology University of Applied Sciences
Corvinus University of Budapest
Pantheon-Sorbonne University
Jean Moulin University Lyon 3
Catholic University of the West
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University
Sciences Po Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Aix-Marseille University
University of Strasbourg
University of Toulouse II – Le Mirail
National University of La Plata
Universidad Anáhuac México Norte
University of Guadalajara
References
External links
Official site
Official site
History of Hosei University
Private universities and colleges in Japan
American football in Japan
Kantoh Collegiate American Football Association Top 8 university
Shinjuku
Chiyoda, Tokyo
Koganei, Tokyo
Machida, Tokyo
1880 establishments in Japan
Educational institutions established in 1880
Universities and colleges in Tokyo |
46201864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation%20of%20the%20Eastern%20Bloc | Formation of the Eastern Bloc | The Eastern Bloc is a collective term for the former Communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe. This generally encompasses the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.
When Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov expressed concern that the Yalta Agreement's wording might impede Stalin's plans in Central Europe, Stalin responded "Never mind. We'll do it our own way later." After Soviet forces remained in Eastern and Central European countries, with the beginnings of Communist puppet regimes installed in those countries, by falsified elections, Churchill referred to the region as being behind an "Iron Curtain" of control from Moscow.
Initial control process
The initial problem in countries occupied by the Red Army in 1944–45 was how to transform occupation power into control of domestic development. Because Communists were small minorities in all countries but Czechoslovakia, they were initially instructed to form coalitions in their respective countries.
Soviet takeover of control at the outset generally followed a process:
a general coalition of left-wing, Anti-fascist forces;
a reorganised 'coalition' in which the Communists would have the upper hand and neutralise those in other parties who were not willing to accept their supremacy;
complete Communist domination.
It was only in the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia that former partisans entered their new government independently of Soviet influence. It was the latter's publicly stubborn independent political stances, its insistence on specifically not being a puppet regime, that led to the Tito–Stalin split and the other moves towards a "Titoism" that quickly made SR Yugoslavia unique within the context of overall Eastern Bloc politics.
Property relocation
By the end of World War II, most of Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union in particular, suffered vast destruction. The Soviet Union had suffered a staggering 27 million deaths, and the destruction of significant industry and infrastructure, both by the Nazi Wehrmacht and the Soviet Union itself in a "scorched earth" policy to keep it from falling in Nazi hands as they advanced over to within of Moscow. Thereafter, the Soviet Union physically transported and relocated east European industrial assets to the Soviet Union.
This was especially pronounced in eastern European Axis countries, such as Romania and Hungary, where such a policy was considered as punitive reparations (a principle accepted by Western powers). In some cases, Red Army officers viewed cities, villages and farms as being open to looting. Other Eastern Bloc states were required to provide coal, industrial equipment, technology, rolling stock and other resources to reconstruct the Soviet Union. Between 1945 and 1953, the Soviets received a net transfer of resources from the rest of the Eastern Bloc under this policy roughly comparable to the net transfer from the United States to western Europe in the Marshall Plan.
East Germany
Most of Germany east of the Oder–Neisse line, which contained much of Germany's fertile land, was transferred to what remained of unilaterally Soviet-controlled Poland. At the end of World War II, political opposition immediately materialised after occupying Soviet army personnel conducted systematic pillaging and rapes in their zone of then divided Germany, with total rape victim estimates ranging from tens of thousands to two million.
Factories, equipment, technicians, managers and skilled personnel were forcibly transferred to the Soviet Union. In the non-annexed remaining portion of Soviet-controlled East Germany, like in the rest of Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe, the major task of the ruling regime was to channel Soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own.
The SED won a first narrow election victory in Soviet-zone elections in 1946, even though Soviet authorities oppressed political opponents and prevented many competing parties from participating in rural areas. Property and industry were nationalised under their government. If statements or decisions deviated from the prescribed line, reprimands and, for persons outside public attention, punishment would ensue, such as imprisonment, torture and even death.
Indoctrination of Marxism–Leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula, sending professors and students fleeing to the west. Applicants for positions in the government, the judiciary and school systems had to pass ideological scrutiny. An elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance, including Soviet SMERSH secret police. A tight system of censorship restricted access to print or the airwaves.
What remained of SED opposition parties were also infiltrated to exploit their relations with their "bourgeois" counterparts in western zones to support Soviet unity along Soviet lines, while a "National Democratic" party (NDPD) was created to attract former Nazis and professional military personnel in order to rally them behind the SED. In early 1948, during the Tito–Stalin split, the SED underwent a transformation into an authoritarian party dominated by functionaries subservient to Moscow. Important decisions had to be cleared with the CPSU Central Committee apparatus or even with Stalin himself.
By early 1949, the SED was capped by a Soviet-style Politburo that was effectively a small self-selecting inner circle. The German Democratic Republic was declared on 7 October 1949, within which the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs accorded the East German state administrative authority, but not autonomy, with an unlimited Soviet exercise of the occupation regime and Soviet penetration of administrative, military and secret police structures.
Poland
After the Soviet invasion of German-occupied Poland in July 1944, Polish government-in-exile prime minister Stanisław Mikołajczyk flew to Moscow with Churchill to argue against the annexation of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact portion of eastern Poland by the Soviet Union. Poland served as the first real test of the American President Roosevelt's Soviet policy of "giving" to Stalin assuming noblesse oblige, with Roosevelt telling Mikołajczyk before the visit, "Don't worry. Stalin doesn't intend to take freedom from you" and after assuring U.S. backing, concluding "I shall see to it that your country does not come out of this war injured."
Mikołajczyk offered a smaller section of land, but Stalin declined, telling him that he would allow the exiled government to participate in the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN and later "Lublin Committee"), which consisted of Communists and satellite parties set up under the direct control by the Soviet plenipotentiary Colonel-General Nikolai Bulganin. An agreement was reached at the Yalta Conference permitting the annexation of most of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact portion of Eastern Poland, while granting Poland part of East Germany in return. Thereafter, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic were expanded to include eastern Poland.
The Soviet Union then compensated what remained of Poland by ceding to it the portion of Germany east of the Oder–Neisse line, which contained much of Germany's fertile land. An agreement was reached at Yalta that the Soviets' Provisional Government made up of PKWN members would be re-organised "on a broad democratic basis" including the exiled government, and that the re-organised government's primary task would be to prepare for elections.
Pretending that it was an indigenous body representing Polish society, the PKWN took the role of a governmental authority and challenged the pre–World War II Polish government-in-exile in London. Doubts began to arise whether the "free and unfettered elections" promised at the Yalta Conference would occur. Non-Stalinists and partisans, including those that fought the Nazis, were systematically persecuted. Hopes for a new free start were immediately dampened when the PKWN claimed they were entitled to choose who they wanted to take part in the government, and the Soviet NKVD seized sixteen Polish underground leaders who had wanted to participate in negotiations on the re-organisation in March 1945 brought them to the Soviet Union for a show trial in June.
While underground leaders were sentenced to long prison terms, assurances that political prisoners would be released and that Soviet forces and security would leave failed to be supported by concrete safeguards or implementation plans. Polish government-in-exile figures, including Stanisław Mikołajczyk then returned to a popular reception, and were able to lure several parties to their cause, effectively undermining Bloc politics.
When the Mikołajczyk's People's Party (PSL) continued to resist pressure to renounce a ticket of its own outside the party bloc, it was exposed to open terror, including the disqualification of PSL candidates in one quarter of the districts and the arrest of over 80,000 PSL activists, followed by vote rigging that resulted in Gomułka's candidates winning a majority in the carefully controlled poll.
Mikołajczyk lost hope and left the country. His followers were subjected to unlimited ruthless persecution. Following the forged referendum, in October 1946, the new government nationalised all enterprises employing over 50 people and all but two banks. Public opposition had been essentially crushed by 1946, but underground activity still existed.
Fraudulent Polish elections held in January 1947 resulted in Poland's official transformation to a non-democratic Communist state by 1949, the People's Republic of Poland. Resistance fighters continued to battle Soviet forces in the Ukrainian annexed portions of eastern Poland, the Soviet response to which included the arrest of as many as 600,000 people between 1944 and 1952, with about one third executed and the rest imprisoned or exiled.
Hungary
After occupying Hungary, the Soviets imposed harsh conditions allowing it to seize important material assets and control internal affairs. During those occupations, an estimated 50,000 women and girls were raped. After the Red Army set up police organs to persecute class enemies, the Soviets assumed that the impoverished Hungarian populace would support Communists in coming elections.
The Communists were trounced, receiving only 17% of the vote, resulting in a coalition government under Prime Minister Zoltán Tildy. Soviet intervention, however, resulted in a government that disregarded Tildy, placed Communists in important ministries, and imposed restrictive and repressive measures, including banning the victorious Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party. Stalin's authoritarian regime repeatedly wrestled small concessions from opponents in a process named "salami tactics". Battling the initial postwar political majority in Hungary ready to establish a democracy, Mátyás Rákosi invented the term, which described his tactic slicing up enemies like pieces of salami.
In early 1947, the Soviets pressed Rákosi to take a "line of more pronounced class struggle." The People's Republic of Hungary was formed thereafter. At the height of his rule, Rákosi developed a strong cult of personality. Dubbed the “bald murderer,” Rákosi imitated Communist political and economic programs, resulting in Hungary experiencing one of the harshest dictatorships in Europe. He described himself as "Stalin's best Hungarian disciple" and "Stalin's best pupil." Repression was harsher in Hungary than in the other satellite countries in the 1940s and 1950s due to a more vehement Hungarian resistance.
Approximately 350,000 Hungarian officials and intellectuals were purged from 1948 to 1956. Thousands were arrested, tortured, tried, and imprisoned in concentration camps, deported to the east, or were executed, including ÁVH founder László Rajk. Gati describes "the most gruesome forms of psychological and physical torture...The reign of terror (by the Rákosi government) turned out to be harsher and more extensive than it was in any of the other Soviet satellites in Central and Eastern Europe."
Bulgaria
On 5 September 1944, the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria claiming that Bulgaria was to be prevented from assisting Germany and allowing the Wehrmacht to use its territory. On 8 September 1944, the Red Army crossed the border and created the conditions for the coup d'état the following night. The government was taken over by the "Fatherland Front" where the Communists played a leading role and an armistice followed. The Soviet military commander in Sofia assumed supreme authority, and the Communists and their allies in the Fatherland Front whom he instructed, including Kimon Georgiev, took full control of domestic politics. An armed resistance guerilla movement, known as the Goryani Movement, began immediately after Soviet occupation in 1944 and lasted until the late 1950s. It is known to be the longest as well as the first anti-Soviet armed resistance in the Eastern Bloc. The movement eventually subsided following the quelling of the 1956 uprising in Budapest, which lead to the realisation that no help would come from Western powers.
On 8 September 1946, a national plebiscite was organised in which 96% of all votes (91% of the population voted) for the abolition of the monarchy and the installation of a republic. In October 1946 elections, persecution against opposition parties occurred, such as jailing members of the previous government, periodic newspaper publication bans and subjecting opposition followers to frequent attacks by Communist armed groups. Thereafter, the People's Republic of Bulgaria was formed and Vasil Kolarov was appointed by the Parliament as a President (chairman) of the Republic though in fact Georgi Dimitrov, who took the post of a prime-minister, became the first man in power of the newly formed republic. The nine-year-old king Simeon II of Sax-Cobourg-Gotta was sent to exile accompanied by his mother the Queen Jovana of Savoy and his sister princess Maria-Louisa.
On 6 June 1947, parliamentary leader Nikola Petkov, a critic of Soviet rule, was arrested in the Parliament building, subjected to a show trial, found guilty of espionage, sentenced to death, and hanged on 23 September 1947. The Bulgarian secret police arranged for the publication of a false Petkov confession. The confession's false nature was so obvious that it became an embarrassment and the authorities ceased mentioning it.
Czechoslovakia
In 1943, Czechoslovakian leader in exile Edvard Beneš agreed to Stalin's demands for unconditional agreement with Soviet foreign policy, including the expulsion of over one million Sudeten ethnic Germans identified as "rich people" and ethnic Hungarians, directed by the Beneš decrees. Beneš promised Stalin a "close postwar collaboration" in military and economic affairs, including confiscation and nationalisation of large landowners' property, factories, mines, steelworks and banks under a Czechoslovakian "national road to socialism". While Beneš was not a Moscow cadre and several domestic reforms of other Eastern Bloc countries were not part Beneš' plan, Stalin did not object because the plan included property expropriation and he was satisfied with the relative strength of Communists in Czechoslovakia compared to other Eastern Bloc countries.
Beneš traveled to Moscow in March 1945. After answering a list of questions by the Soviet NKVD, Beneš pleased Moscow with his plans to deport two million ethnic Sudeten Germans and 400,000 to 600,000 Hungarians, and to build a strong army that would closely coordinate with the Red Army. In April 1945, the Third Republic, a national front coalition ruled by three socialist parties, was formed. Because of the USSR's strength (they held 114 of 300 seats) and Beneš' loyalty, unlike in other Eastern Bloc countries, the Kremlin did not require Bloc politics or "reliable" cadres in Czechoslovakian power positions, and the executive and legislative branches retained their traditional structures.
However, the Soviet Union was, at first, disappointed that their party did not take advantage of their position after receiving the most votes in 1946 elections. While they had deprived the traditional administration of major functions by transferring local and regional government to newly established committees in which they largely dominated, they failed to eliminate "bourgeois" influence in the army or to expropriate industrialists and large landowners.
The existence of a somewhat independent political structure and Czechoslovakia's initial absence of stereotypical Eastern Bloc political and socioeconomic systems began to be seen as problematic by Soviet authorities. While parties outside the "National Front" were excluded from the government, they were still allowed to exist. In contrast to countries occupied by the Red Army, there were no Soviet occupation authorities in Czechoslovakia upon whom the USSR could rely to assert a leading role.
Hope in Moscow was waning for a victory in the upcoming 1948 elections. A May 1947 Kremlin report concluded that "reactionary elements" praising western democracy had strengthened. Following Czechoslovakia's brief consideration of taking Marshall Plan funds, and the subsequent scolding of their parties by the Cominform at Szklarska Poręba in September 1947, Rudolf Slánský returned to Prague with a plan for the final seizure of power, including the StB's elimination of party enemies and purging of dissidents.
Romania
As the Red Army battled the Wehrmacht and Romanian forces in August 1944, Soviet agent Emil Bodnăraș organised an underground coalition to stage a coup d'état that would put Communists—who were then two tiny groups—into power. However, King Michael had already organised a coup, in which Bodnăraş also had participated, putting Michael in power. After Soviet invasions following two years of Romania fighting with the Axis, at the February 1945 Yalta Conference and the July 1945 Potsdam Conference, the western allies agreed to the Soviet absorption of the areas.
Michael accepted the Soviets' armistice terms, which included military occupation along with the annexation of Northern Romania.
The Soviets' 1940 annexation of Bessarabia and part of Northern Bukovina to create the important agricultural region of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (while other Romanian territories were converted into the Chernivtsi Oblast and Izmail Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR) became a point of tension between Romania and the Soviet Union, especially after 1965. The Yalta Conference also had granted the Soviet Union a predominant interest in what remained of Romania, which coincided with the Soviet occupation of Romania.
The Soviets organised the National Democratic Front, which was composed of several parties including the Ploughmen's Front. It became increasingly Soviet dominated. In February 1945, Soviet proponents provoked a crisis to exploit support by the Soviet occupation power for enforcement of unlimited control. In March 1945, Stalin aide Andre Vyshinskii traveled to Bucharest and installed a government that included only members subservient to the National Front.
This included Ploughmen's Front member Dr. Petru Groza, who became prime minister. Groza installed a government that included many parties, though Communists held the key ministries. The potential of army resistance was neutralised by the removal of major troop leaders and the inclusion of two divisions staffed with ideologically trained prisoners of war. Bodnăraş was appointed General Secretary and initiated re-organisation of the general police and secret police.
Over western allies' objections, traditional parties were excluded from government and subjected to intensifying persecution. Political persecution of local leaders and strict radio and press control were designed to prepare for an eventual unlimited Communist totalitarianism, including the liquidation of opposition. When King Michael attempted to force Groza's resignation by refusing to sign any legislation ("the royal strike"), Groza enacted laws without Michael's signature.
In early 1947, Bodnăraş reported that Romanian leaders Gheorghiu-Dej and Maurer were seeking to bolster the Romanian economy by developing relations with Britain and the United States and were complaining about Soviet occupying troops. Thereafter, the PCR eliminated the role of the centrist parties, including a show trial of National Peasants' Party leaders, and forced other parties to merge with the PCR. By 1947, most non-Communist politicians were either executed, in exile or in prison. In December, Groza and Gheorghiu-Dej forced Michael to abdicate at gunpoint, and hours later the Communist-dominated legislature proclaimed Romania a "People's Republic."
Following Gheorghiu-Dej's death in 1965, Nicolae Ceaușescu became General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party. He changed the name of the country to the Socialist Republic of Romania, and ruled one of the most (by some accounts, the most) brutal states in the Eastern bloc for nearly 25 years.
Albania
On 29 December 1944, the National Liberation Movement drove the German occupiers out of Tirana. The LNC, as it was popularly called, was dominated by the two-year-old Albanian Communist Party, led by Enver Hoxha. From this day onward, unlike the other countries in what became the Eastern Bloc, Albania was an out-and-out Communist dictatorship. The LNC wasted little time eliminating almost all potential opposition and isolating the country from the non-Communist world. It swiftly took control of the police, the court system and the economy, while eliminating several hundred political opponents through a series of show trials conducted by judges without legal training.
In December 1945, elections for the Albanian People's Assembly were held. However, voters only had the choice of approving or rejecting a single list from the Democratic Front (Albania), the successor to the LNC. In 1946, Albania was declared the People's Republic of Albania and, thereafter, it broke relations with the United States and refused to participate in the 1947 Marshall Plan.
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia, the second-largest of the post-war countries, and the sole Communist state with open access to the Mediterranean, was only aligned with the Soviet Union for 3 post-war years (1945-1948). Its leader, Josip Broz Tito, broke with the Soviets with the Tito–Stalin split of 1948. The country subsequently came under threat of invasion by the Warsaw Pact, with the Yugoslav People's Army planning defenses against both Eastern and Western Bloc attacks. Throughout the Cold War period, the country steered an independent course, founding the Non-Aligned Movement in collaboration with Ghana, Egypt and India.
At the end of World War II, Yugoslavia was considered a victor power and had neither an occupation force nor an allied control commission. Communism was considered a popular alternative to the west, in part because of the popularity of the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II and opposition to former royalist Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović and King Peter. A cabinet for the new Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was formed, with 25 of the 28 members being former Communist Yugoslav Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia formed the National Front of Yugoslavia coalition, with opposition members boycotting the first election because it presented only a single government list which could be accepted or rejected, without opponents. Censorship, denial of publication allocations and open intimidation of opposition groups followed. Three weeks after the election, the Front declared that a new Republic would be formed, with a new constitution put in place two months later in January 1946 initiating the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. The Communists continued a campaign against enemies, including arresting Mihailović, conducting a controversial trial and then executing him, followed by several other opposition arrests and trials. Thereafter, a pro-Soviet phase continued until the Tito–Stalin split of 1948 and the subsequent formation of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Notes
References
Eastern Bloc |
1304597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusel | Kusel | Kusel (; written Cusel until 1865) is a town in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the Kusel-Altenglan Verbandsgemeinde and is also the district seat.
The well-known operatic tenor Fritz Wunderlich was born in Kusel.
Geography
Location
Kusel lies on the Kuselbach in Rhineland-Palatinate's southwest, in the North Palatine Uplands roughly 30 km northwest of Kaiserslautern. The Kuselbach rises in the outlying centre of Diedelkopf where the Bledesbach and the Pfeffelbach (or Aalbach) meet. The dale is hemmed in by a row of mountains, on the left bank the Ödesberg (375 m), and on the right the Gaisberg (355 m), the Roßberg (314 m) and the Herrchenberg (385 m). The floor of the dale lies roughly 220 m above sea level. Prominent landmarks just beyond the town's limits are Lichtenberg Castle to the west and the Remigiusberg (368 m) and the Potzberg (562 m) to the east. With roughly 5,000 inhabitants, Kusel challenges Cochem for the title of Germany's smallest district seat.
Neighbouring municipalities
Kusel borders in the north on the municipalities of Körborn and Blaubach, in the northeast on the municipality of Altenglan, in the east on the municipality of Rammelsbach, in the southeast on the municipality of Haschbach am Remigiusberg, in the south on the municipality of Schellweiler, in the southwest on the municipality of Ehweiler, in the west on the municipality of Pfeffelbach and in the northwest on the municipality of Ruthweiler.
Constituent communities
The town of Kusel is divided foremost into the Kernstadt (Inner Town) and the historic Altstadt (Old Town), with the former ringing the latter, and also into the Stadtteil of Diedelkopf, which has melded onto the Inner Town, the residential area “Am Holler” and a further Stadtteil, Bledesbach.
Town’s layout
The town was from the Middle Ages until the 19th century ringed with a town wall that had three town gates and five towers. In the town core, the mediaeval street layout has been preserved to this day, although the old buildings were burnt out almost utterly in a great fire in 1794. The town centre is characterized by buildings from the 19th century bearing the marks of Classicism and Historicism. Spreading out over the town's west end in the dale, from the mid 19th century until the end of the Second World War, was a major industrial area whose main focus was clothmaking. Some of the old industrial buildings have remained, but are no longer used by industry. A new major industrial area arose after the war in the town's east end. New residential areas were built as early as the 19th century in the neighbourhoods around Bahnhofstraße (“Railway Station Street”) and Tuchrahmstraße (“Tenter Street” – a not at all surprising street name for a town with a history of clothmaking), with others following in the 20th century, such as Am Holler (“At the Elderberry Tree”), In der Haischbach and around the outlying centre of Diedelkopf. The most important administrative buildings stand on Trierer Straße (district administration, the financial office, the local court, the police station) and on the Marketplace (Town Hall, which also serves as administrative centre of the Verbandsgemeinde). The Evangelical church (Stadtkirche or “Town Church”) likewise stands on Marktplatz (the Marketplace), while the Catholic church stands on the edge of the Old Town on Lehnstraße. Since 1980, a cultural centre has stood on the Roßberg with a school centre (vocational schools and Hauptschule) and the great Fritz-Wunderlich-Halle. Further schools are scattered across the town, the Gymnasium in the west on Walkmühlstraße (“Walking Mill Street”), the Realschule on Lehnstraße, the Luitpoldschule (the town's oldest school building) near the Marketplace on Luitpoldstraße, the Hollerschule (for children with learning difficulties) and the Jakob-Muth-Schule (for children with mental handicaps), both on Hollerstraße. The new hospital was built in 1984 and stands west of town, just beyond the limit in the municipality of Ruthweiler. Barracks arose in 1965 at the Windhof (despite the name, not a wind farm) near the Ödesberg in the town's north end. Various sport facilities are spread over the town's whole area. The main thoroughfare is Bundesstraße 420, which runs through town by way of Glanstraße, Fritz-Wunderlich-Straße and western Trierer Straße. Until the time after the Second World War, a railway line also ran through the town, roughly parallel to Bundesstraße 420. Today, Kusel only has an end-of-line station on the Kusel—Landstuhl line. The railway station in the town's east end has since been torn down.
Climate
Yearly precipitation in Kusel amounts to 863 mm, which is rather high, falling into the highest third of the precipitation chart for all Germany. At 74% of the German Weather Service's weather stations lower figures are recorded. The driest month is April. The most rainfall comes in December. In that month, precipitation is 1.8 times what it is in April. Precipitation varies moderately. At 50% of the weather stations, lower seasonal swings are recorded.
History
Antiquity
In the area around the town, many Celtic graves from the Iron Age have been unearthed. The Celtic population adopted Roman culture once Julius Caesar had conquered Gaul, and there have been Gallo-Roman archaeological finds throughout the region as well as in Kusel itself. In the time of the Migration Period (or Völkerwanderung), the area was first conquered by the Burgundians and then later by the Alemanni. As a result of the 496 Battle of Tolbiac (Zülpich), Kusel found itself under Frankish hegemony, and became, either by sale or donation, part of the Imperial domain around Kaiserslautern.
Middle Ages
In the 7th century, a Frankish kingly estate was built on the ruins of an old Roman estate. This served as a lodging, the Curtis Cosla. Since the name Cosla is of Celtic origin, it cannot be ruled out that there might have been continuous habitation here since prehistoric times. Thus, it is assumed that the town already existed when the so-called Remigiusland was given to the Bishopric of Reims. A royal donation to Reims did not come about through King Clovis I’s efforts towards Saint Remigius as it is claimed in Flodoard’s account of the history of the Bishopric of Reims, but rather more likely through Merovingian King Childebert II’s efforts towards Archbishop Egidius of Reims sometime between 575 and 590. In 850, the estate had its first documentary mention. In the 9th century, the estate and the surrounding lands found themselves in the ownership of the Archbishopric of Reims, whose founder was Saint Remigius. The formerly kingly estate underwent changes by monks, who made of it a monastic estate, and thus it became the centre of ecclesiastical and economic interests in the Remigiusland. A preserved altar text bears witness to a church consecration performed in 902 by Archbishop Herive from Reims. It was an earlier church, Saint Remigius’s Church (Remigiuskirche), that stood where the Evangelical church now stands, on the marketplace. Herive declared it the first “mother church” for the whole area. In 931, the estate at Kusel along with the surrounding area was transferred to the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims. In 1127, the monks from Reims built a Benedictine collegiate foundation on the nearby Remigiusberg (mountain), which made the Remigiusberg into the ecclesiastical hub of the whole Remigiusland. The estate at Kusel, represented by a court Schultheiß, became an administrative seat. From the beginning, Kusel was the centre of the Remigiusland. After the Carolingian Empire had been partitioned, however, Reims had a great deal of difficulty exerting its claims over its more distant holdings in Germany. In 10th-century documents, Kusel is described as an abbatia (“abbey”, by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in 952) and once as a curtis (“estate” by Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor in 965). Kusel must thus in the 10th century still have been the location of a monastery and an estate. The town's and the Remigiusland’s ownership by the Archbishopric of Reims was acknowledged by all German kings into the High Middle Ages, as was ownership by the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims beginning in 952. Kusel, as an abbey and estate town, must have been a key location for the Archbishopric of Reims at this time. It is not known when the abbey was dissolved. It obviously no longer existed about 1125 when the new Benedictine provostry was founded on the Remigiusberg east of town. This founding stripped Kusel of its importance to the Archbishopric of Reims as an estate. Further information from the High Middle Ages is sparse. If the “mystery poet” Cäsarius von Heisterbach's poem can be taken seriously, Kusel Market was plundered in the early 13th century, and this deed would surely have been perpetrated by vassals of neighbouring counts attacking Reims holdings. About 1112, a scion of the Nahegau counts named Gerlach was hired as an Advocatus (or, to use the German form of the word, Vogt) to protect the Remigiusland. As Vogt (lay church official charged with looking after church properties) over further ecclesiastical holdings of the Archbishopric of Reims and the Bishopric of Verdun, and as holder in his own right of lands in the Nahegau, he founded the County of Veldenz (1127–1444). Thus arose a power struggle between the owners of the Remigiusland – since 952 the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims – and the Counts of Veldenz. Clear signs of the power struggle were the castles, built unlawfully by the Counts of Veldenz, Castle Lichtenberg and Michelsburg on the Remigiusberg. The former was built nearby about 1214, and is nowadays known as Germany's biggest castle ruin (425 m long, 382 m above sea level). In 1387, Kusel was mentioned in a document from the Counts of Veldenz as Cuscheln der Stat, the last word being an archaic form of Stadt, the German word for “town”. Town fortification with moats, walls, towers and gates began. In 1444, Kusel was transferred to the Duchy of Palatine Zweibrücken, for the Counts of Veldenz had died out in the male line. Castle Lichtenberg became the Oberamt of Lichtenberg. The struggle over the small Reims area was also pursued by the Dukes (originally Counts Palatine) of Zweibrücken. This struggle ended only in 1552, when the Remigiusland was sold to Zweibrücken for 8,500 Rhenish guilders. Kusel is known to have been granted town rights on the Kaiserslautern model in 1347 by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, as witnessed by a text in the Obermoschel town book. No document of the actual deed is preserved, however. Information appearing in some sources, according to which Kusel already had town rights in the 12th century, cannot be confirmed. In 1386, Kusel was first described as a town in a document that has survived to the present day. After the monastery on the Remigiusberg was founded and Castle Lichtenberg was built, the so-called Kuseler Oberhof (“Kusel High Court”) continued to exist. This was a court of Schöffen (roughly “lay jurists”) that kept its function as a legal institution even after the Remigiusland was sold to the Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken. In 1758, Zweibrücken administration of the Oberamt of Lichtenberg was moved back to Kusel.
Modern times
In the 16th century, the Kusel region was thrice stricken by the Plague. Several times, Kusel was utterly destroyed. The first great destruction came in 1635 during the Thirty Years' War when Croatian troops of the Imperial army under General Matthias Gallas got into the town by cunning, killed more than half the townsfolk and then set the town ablaze. It took 40 years to build the town back up, but then came the second great destruction in 1675 or 1677 (sources differ), wrought by French King Louis XIV's soldiers during the Franco-Dutch War. Much of the town was once again burnt down. There were further great losses among the populace, and parts of the town were destroyed.
Recent times
During the French Revolution, Kusel was burnt down for the third time in 1794. Within half an hour, all the town's inhabitants had to leave, under threat of death, before the soldiers set all the houses on fire. The town burnt down and only two houses were left standing, among them the Reformed inspectorate house, today the Evangelical deaconry building. Nevertheless, French Revolutionary troops meant to spare the people's lives. One story has it that the town was burnt down because somebody there was printing counterfeit assignats. This assertion cannot be proved, but there were certainly false assignats in town, as there were almost everywhere, and it is believed that the French were even offered false assignats in a bid to ransom some hostages. It is likelier, though, that the burning of Kusel was meant as a general example to others in the hope that they would thereafter desist from falsifying assignats. According to another version of the story, six houses were left standing afterwards. The deed is said in this case to have been a punishment for the town's having supplied a few townsmen who had been held hostage in Metz with money (not specifically assignats), which had then turned out to be counterfeit, and apparently made in Kusel. It has also been hypothesized that it was actually Kasel (near Trier) that was supposed to be destroyed, and that Kusel was burnt down instead owing to a spelling mistake in the soldiers’ orders. Kusel grew gradually into a town of craftsmen and weavers. On 26 July 1794, French Revolutionary troops occupied the town (and burnt it down). During the time of French rule, Kusel kept its administrative function, but only as the seat of a canton. As compensation for the town's destruction, though, the institution of a peace court was promised. The town lay during the time of French annexation in the Arrondissement of Birkenfeld and the Department of Sarre. In 1813 the army of Napoleon, retreating to France after his defeat at the battle of Leipzig, stopped at Kusel the 24 November; general Frédéric Henri Walther died in town that night from sequels of the battle. After victory over Napoleon in 1815, Kusel was at first subject to a joint Prussian-Bavarian-Austrian Landesadministrationskommission (“State Administration Commission”), which was responsible for ascertaining new borders. Under the new order, the town was assigned in 1818 to the Bavarian Rheinkreis – a new exclave of that kingdom created by the Congress of Vienna – as the seat of a Landkommissariat (later Bezirksamt and now district). During the 19th century, the town's industrialization began, which also led to the downfall of such traditional crafts as hat making, linen weaving and stocking knitting. Dwellers of the villages around Kusel for decades travelled worldwide plying their trade as travelling musicians (Wandermusikanten). Kusel is often seen nowadays as the hub of this movement, even though the town itself yielded very few of these Wandermusikanten. The first watermain was laid in 1824. Voluntary donations funded the Maximilianbrunnen (fountain). Between 1850 and 1880, important cloth and knitting yarn factories were founded (Zöllner, Ehrenspeck, Fickeissen). In 1868, the railway from Landstuhl to Kusel was built, which brought the town great economic advantages. In the local quarries, “cuselite” was being mined for use as paving stones and for building railways. Also springing up were breweries, machine foundries, wool weaving factories, brickyards, printing shops and smithies making chains or nails. The town also became the regional agricultural hub with its livestock markets (later the Autumn Fair). Towards the end of the Second World War, the town was repeatedly bombed by Allied fighter-bombers and also by bigger aircraft. One air raid alone, on 6 January 1945, destroyed much of the town and killed 37 people. After 1945, new industrial operations arose, new building areas were opened (Holler-Siedlung) and schools were built. Further political changes came only with the realignment of political entities after the war and with the founding of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate. As early as 1939, the village of Diedelkopf was amalgamated with Kusel, while the same was done with the village of Bledesbach on 17 March 1974. In the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate in 1968, the town became the seat of a Verbandsgemeinde administration. Today the Verbandsgemeinde of Kusel-Altenglan consists of 34 municipalities. The district has remained, although its boundaries have now and then been adjusted. After the First World War, the Canton of Waldmohr in the Bezirksamt of Homburg was grouped into the Kusel district, while after the Second World War, six municipalities in the Oster valley passed to the Saarland. Further realignments took place as part of the administrative restructuring of 1969 to 1972. In 1964, Kusel became a garrison town. A smaller garrison was already in the town in 1938, billeted in a simple barracks camp. Only after the Second World War did the barracks buildings on the Windhof come into being. They are named the Unteroffizier-Krüger-Kaserne.
Population development
In 1609, a population count yielded a figure of 568 inhabitants. In the final stage of the Thirty Years' War, there may have been few people left living in the town. The population figure was strongly bolstered, however, by returning refugees and newcomers by the time of the Franco-Dutch War, but quickly fell down once again in the destruction wrought in that war. It was the French themselves who promoted quick repopulation. In 1693 there were 150 people living in Kusel. Only about the middle of the 18th century, though, did the town's population once again reach its 1609 level. According to lists of losses, at the time when the French burnt the town down, 1,334 people called Kusel home. The people now lived in the ruins or sought shelter in the outlying villages. By 1802, the town once again had 1,267 inhabitants. Population growth went into a marked upswing brought on by the industrialization that was now setting in, although the trend was not quite as strong as it was in some of the Palatinate's other towns and cities. The 6,000 mark was reached only after the Second World War, and only for a short time. In 1928, Kusel had 3,588 inhabitants who broke down denominationally thus: 3,019 Protestants, 486 Catholics, 66 Jews, 12 dissenters.
The following table shows population development over the centuries for Kusel:
Town’s name
The oldest known form of the town's name, Cosla, is to be found in the Remigiustestament, a document that is likely a forgery by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims (806-882). It is a Celtic word matching the names of a whole series of little brooks and rivers in France that bear the name Côle, such as this one. The circumflex accent in this name indicates a suppressed S. The town's name originally referred to the brook that flowed through town, making its meaning simply “settlement on the Cosla brook”. Other forms of the name that the town has borne over the ages are Chuosla (902), abbatiam nomine Coslam (952), Chusela (about 1200), Cuslea (1217), Cussla (1127), Consula (1235), zu Cuselen (1314), Koschela (1347), Cuscheln die Stadt (1387), Kuschel (1395), Cuselle (1428), Cussel (1747) and Cusel (1824).
Vanished villages and cadastral names
Although forestry and agriculture only play a minor role in the town's economy these days, Kusel has a rather great area within its limits and extensive woodlands. These are found mainly in the Winterhell, on the Gaisberg and around the Gailbach. Rural cadastral names within town limits often refer to vanished villages, for example “Dimbsweiler Höh”, “Grehweiler” and “Haupweiler Grund”. Former owners’ names also show up in rural cadastral names such as “Lauers Bösch” and “Metternachs Wieß”. The Family Metternach was a mediaeval noble family with great landholds in the Kusel area. Yet other rural cadastral names refer to the land's attributes, like “Bruchhell” (“wet sloped land”) or “Weingarten” (literally “wine garden”, and therefore “vineyard”). Indeed, there was winegrowing in Kusel until the 18th century. The rural cadastral name “Feist”, despite its meaning (“fat” or “adipose”), is geological in origin, for it refers to a particular Permian formation known in German as Feistkonglomerat. Vanished villages known from records to have existed within Kusel's current limits are Heubweiler, Dimschweiler and Peychnillenbach.
Religion
The area between the marketplace and the Neues Tor (“New Gate”) on Trierer Straße, which is still only lightly settled today, may well originally have been the place where the Archbishopric of Reims established its estate. Here stood a monastery with a church. The first church, mentioned in 902, can be considered a forerunner to today's Stadtkirche (“Town Church”). Going by the earlier church's foundations, attempts have been made to reconstruct the old church in model form. This small Romanesque church had fallen into disrepair over the ages, not least of all because so many wealthy townsmen over time had had themselves buried in it. It was torn down in 1712, and on the same spot rose the new Baroque church, built by Master Builder Johannes Koch from Zweibrücken. In 1794, though, this church was destroyed when the French burnt the town down. Wall remnants were then torn down, and between 1829 and 1831, building work yielded the Classicist Town Church that still stands today. With respect to denominational development, the ecclesiastical policy practised by the Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken held true for Kusel. Thus, beginning in 1523, Duke Ludwig II put forth efforts to establish the Reformation according to Martin Luther’s teachings. Ludwig II died only nine years later, though, in 1532, and his brother Ruprecht, who was Ludwig’s son’s regent in the time before the boy, Wolfgang, was old enough to assume leadership duties, pushed the late Ludwig’s policy through and reformed the County Palatine under the principle of cuius regio, eius religio. Count Palatine (Duke) Johannes I, Ludwig II’s grandson, Wolfgang’s son and a follower of the reformer John Calvin led the County Palatine to another great turn in its denominational history in 1588. All subjects now had to set aside their Lutheran faith and adopt Reformed beliefs according to Calvin’s teachings (Calvinism). This forcible conversion led to various problems, particularly among the Evangelical clergy. This change in religious belief was imposed on all places in the Duchy of Palatine Zweibrücken. The difference between Luther’s and Calvin’s teachings should be briefly explained. An example of Lutheran teaching is the concept that man does not find his way to God simply by doing good works, but only through belief (sola fide). Calvinist teaching, on the other hand, holds that man’s fate is predetermined by God, and that the faithful can fulfil this predetermination and must submit themselves to strict church discipline through obedience and diligence, and by forgoing worldly pleasures. Disobedience to God, however, is the way to hell (double predestination). The sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920) took the view that Calvin’s demands led to an “inner asceticism”, which bestowed great wealth upon man. If Weber's thesis was right, this would mean that Calvin was – unwittingly and perhaps also unwillingly – among those who paved the way for capitalism. The town's Catholic Christians from the late 17th century onwards had the right to use the Town Church for their own services along with the Reformed Christians under a simultaneum. For Christians of the Lutheran denomination, a small church was built at the southern town wall on the Bangert and consecrated in 1748. After the union of the Calvinists and the Lutherans in the Union of 1818, the little Lutheran church was turned over to the Catholics. When a new Catholic church was completed on Lehnstraße, the former Lutheran church was torn down. There were other churches in Kusel. From the High Middle Ages on, Saint Giles’s Church (Ägidienkirche) stood near the great Town Church. It was used as a graveyard chapel. It fell into disrepair after the town graveyard was moved in 1564. Meanwhile, a burial chapel was built at the new graveyard in the Weibergraben. This was torn down when the town graveyard was moved once again in 1896 to the place where it still lies today, on the road to Rammelsbach. Moreover, the little Kreuzkapelle (“Cross Chapel”) stood available to travellers and those passing through before the Untertor (“Lower Gate”) in the Middle Ages. After the Reformation, it was abandoned and in 1702 it was torn down. In 1900 there were plans to build a synagogue. Since many Jews were then leaving the town, however, the plans never came to fruition. Until the time of the Third Reich, when they were deported to the camps by the Nazis, there was a room on Ziegelgässchen (“Little Brick Lane”) where Jews could gather. Other religious communities in town are the Baptists or Evangelische Freikirche Kusel (Free Baptist Community) with a centre since 1985 in Kusel-Diedelkopf, Trierer-Straße 117, and some 40 members (2000), and the New Apostolic Church since 1933 with some 180 members and a centre at Fritz-Wunderlich-Straße 24. In 2007, 62.2% of the inhabitants were Evangelical and 18.4% were Catholic. The rest either adhered to other faiths or professed none.
Politics
Town council
The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 25 May 2014, and the honorary mayor as chairwoman.
Municipal elections yielded the following results:
FWG = Freie Wählergruppe Stadt Kusel
Mayor
Kusel's mayor is Jochen Hartloff (SPD).
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: In Grün ein aufgerichteter, wachsender, goldener Krummstab, belegt mit einem silbernen Schräglinkswellenbalken.
The town's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Vert issuant from base a bishop's staff Or surmounted by a bend sinister wavy argent.
The main charge in these arms, the bishop's staff, is a reference to the village's former allegiance to the Archbishopric of Reims, which held Kusel and the countryside all around it, the so-called Remigiusland, up until the 16th century. The “bend sinister wavy” (slanted wavy stripe) stands for the Kuselbach, the brook that flows through town. The arms in this composition go back to old town seals, particularly one used as far back as 1624. The arms were approved in 1841 by King Ludwig I of Bavaria (Kusel lay in the Kingdom of Bavaria at that time owing to the new, post-Napoleonic order imposed by the Congress of Vienna).
Town partnerships
Kusel fosters partnerships with the following places:
Toucy, Yonne, France since 1973
Zalaegerszeg, Zala County, Hungary since 1997
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Kusel (main centre)
Saint Giles’s Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Ägidius), Lehnstraße 10 – Gothic Revival pseudobasilica, sandstone-block building, 1887–1889, architect Franz Schöberl, Speyer; furnishings
Protestant parish church, Marktplatz 2 – Classicist sandstone-block building, 1829–1831, architect Ferdinand Beyschlag, Kaiserslautern, tower helm 1861, architect Johann Schmeisser, Kusel; furnishings, Stumm organ from 1848
Bahnhofstraße 22 – three-floor Late Historicist living and commercial house with gated driveway, 1900
Bahnhofstraße 25 – stately Late Historicist corner house with mansard roof, 1899
Bahnhofstraße 28/30 – former “Pfälzer Hof”; three-floor sandstone-framed plastered building with stone-block-faced ground floor, 1896; in the yard remnants of the former beergarden buildings; characterizes town's appearance
Bahnhofstraße 55 – Historicist clinker brick building on stone-block-faced ground floor, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1888
Bahnhofstraße 58 – lavishly decorated Baroque Revival villa with mansard roof, 1902, architect K. Herrmann, Kusel
Bahnhofstraße 59 – former Royal Bavarian Rentamt (financial administration office); Historicist stone-block building with hipped roof, 1894/1895, architect Bauamtmann Stempel, Kaiserslautern
Bahnhofstraße 61 – postal estate with service building, vehicle hall and bungalow; 1925, architect Heinrich Müller, Speyer; five-axis building with mansard roof, Swiss chalet style, Expressionist relief by E. A. Rauch, Munich
Bahnhofstraße 104 – former gasworks; thirteen-axis, one-floor stone-block building, 1887–1889; workshop with lodging and bathroom, 1907
Gartenstraße 3, 7, 9 and 6 and 8, Fritz-Wunderlich-Straße 12a, 14, 16, 18, 20, Vogelsang 1 (monumental zone) – ensemble of villas and semi-detached houses in the town expansion zone, 1902–1913/1922
Glanstraße, graveyard (monumental zone) – laid out in 1896; warriors’ memorial 1870-1871, 1914-1918 by Regional Master Builder Foltz (1921) and 1939/1945; Family Zöllner's grave complex, about 1905; elaborate gravestones, 1920s
Haselrech 1 – former agricultural school; spacious building with hipped roof, pedestal ground floor with garages and entrance hall, Swiss chalet style, 1929, architect Regional Assistant Builder Leidemer and Oberste Baubehörde, Munich
Landschaftsstraße 4/6 – former tribunal building; thirteen-axis plastered building on high basement complex, 1811–1814
Landschaftsstraße 7 – building with hipped roof on big vaulted basement, essentially about 1800, partly older (spiral staircase)
Lehnstraße 12 – Catholic rectory; angular sandstone-block building on high pedestal, hipped mansard roof, 1889, architect Franz Schöberl, Speyer
Luitpoldstraße 1 – Protestant rectory I; five-axis building with hipped roof, marked 1760, architect Philipp H. Hellermann
Luitpoldstraße 3 – Protestant rectory II; villalike building with hipped roof on irregular floor plan, 1907/1908, architect Regional Master Builder Kleinhans
Luitpoldstraße 14 – Luitpoldschule (school); three-floor sandstone-framed building with hipped roof, one-floor addition, 1911/1912, architect Regional Master Builder Kleinhans; characterizes town's and street's appearance
Luitpoldstraße 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, Schleipweg 11 (monumental zone) – Luitpoldschule with U-shaped dwelling building built around the forecourt made up of four officials’ houses, 1922/1923, architect Foltz, characterizes town's appearance
Marktplatz 1 – Town Hall (former primary school); sandstone-framed plastered building, 1891, architect Regional Building Director Mergler and Assistant Builder Hass, 1913 town hall conversion; characterizes square's appearance
Marktplatz 3 – former Alte Volksschule (“Old Primary School”); eleven-axis building with hipped roof, 1821, architect Heinrich Ernst
Near Marktplatz 6 – Hutmacherbrunnen (“Hatter’s Fountain”); sandstone basin with sandstone pillar, 1921 by Emil Berndt, two muschelkalk putti by Müller-Hipper, Munich
Marktplatz 3a, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, Marktstraße 19–35, 41, 43 and 36–54 and Bangertstraße 35, 37, 39, Weiherplatz 1–7, 11, 13 as well as 2–14, 20–26, 30–32 and Tuchrahmstraße 2 and 4, town centre (monumental zone) – characteristic small-town townscape around the marketplace, Weiherplatz and the adjoining streets, largely linked buildings from the time after the town's reconstruction after the fire about 1800, on the marketplace the rather representative buildings, on Weiherplatz craftsmen's houses
Marktstraße 16 – inn “Zur Alten Post”; stately Late Baroque building with hipped mansard roof on double vaulted basement, before 1797
Marktstraße 27 – three-floor plastered building, elaborately worked façade, after 1795
Marktstraße 31 – sophisticated three-floor plastered building with steep gable roof, behind, two-floor gallery, about 1800
At Marktstraße 43 – behind, wooden gallery at the “Dickscher Hof”, marked 1800
Trierer Straße 36 – dwelling building and dance hall of the former Kochsche Brauerei (brewery); building with hipped roof on vaulted basement, before 1807, one-floor Classicist dance hall, 1834
Trierer Straße 39 – Late Classicist plastered building, elaborately worked façade, 1868
Trierer Straße 41 – building with hipped roof and knee wall, elaborately worked façade, 1855
Trierer Straße 49 – former Royal Bavarian Regional Office; representative sandstone-framed building with mansard roof, 1877/1878, architect Bauamtmann Giese, Kaiserslautern, expansion 1912/1913
Trierer Straße 50 – Late Historicist hewn-stone-framed face brick building, marked 1888, behind, two-floor wooden balcony, garden with shed
Trierer Straße 51 – former Regional building; building with hipped roof on high pedestal with “attic” level, monumental entrance hall, 1926, architect Regional Master Builder Schardt
Trierer Straße 60 – former living and production building of the Ehrenspeck stocking-knitting and cloth factory; plastered building with façade with Historicist elements, cast-iron balcony, 1868
Trierer Straße 65 – representative sandstone-framed plastered building on a fluted stone-block pedestal, Renaissance Revival motifs, marked 1896
Trierer Straße 68/70, Fritz-Wunderlich-Straße 51 – former cloth factory; no. 70 three-floor factory building; no. 68 representative house, 1878; production building mainly from 1896 to 1908; building after 1895, architect Christoph Berndt, Kusel; whole complex of buildings
Trierer Straße 69 – former Gilcher mechanized brickworks; five-axis plastered building, elaborately worked façade, 1868
Trierer Straße 71/73 – Amtsgericht (court); Baroque Revival building with mansard roof and side risalti, joining wing with floor added, three-floor prison, 1902, architect District Building Office Assessor Geyer, Kaiserslautern
Trierer Straße 75 – villa on irregular floor plan, partly timber-frame, 1899; characterizes street's appearance
Trierer Straße 39–75 (odd numbers), 44, 50–70 (even numbers), Fritz-Wunderlich-Straße 51 (monumental zone) – built-up zone along Trierer Straße with public administration buildings, former Zöllnersche Tuchfabrik (cloth factory) and houses, 19th century
Vogelsang 19 – detached house; small plastered building with half-hipped roof, possibly from the 18th century, addition 1954
Bledesbach
Eckweg 2 – one-floor sandstone-framed Quereinhaus (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street) on high basement, marked 1877
Diedelkopf
Near Brückenweg 5 – village bridge over the Kuselbach, two-arched sandstone-block bridge, marked 1744 and 1797
Trierer Straße 162/164 – former steam bakery; sophisticated sandstone-framed plastered building with ridge turret, 1912, architect possibly Julius Berndt, Kusel
Buildings, theatres and museums
The building development at the marketplace is dominated by the Town Hall (Rathaus) with its carillon, the Classicist Evangelical town church and the Hutmacherbrunnen (“Hatter’s Fountain”). The church distinguishes itself with its clear lines, a (rare) strictly symmetrical construction of the altar-pulpit-organ area and the hefty, monolithic round sandstone columns that bear the galleries’ weight. The town church is one of the region's – perhaps one of Germany's – loveliest Classicist churches.
Roughly six kilometres’ driving distance from downtown Kusel stands Castle Lichtenberg. With a length of 425 m, it is Germany's biggest castle ruin. It stands near Thallichtenberg. Integrated into the complex is the Musikantenland Museum, which documents the history of the Musikantenland. For more about this cultural phenomenon, see the relevant sections in the article about Hinzweiler (Musikanten and Otto Schwarz). The GEOSKOP museum of the primeval world was opened at the castle as an outpost of the Pfalzmuseum für Naturkunde (Palatine Museum for Natural History) in 1998. It is devoted mainly to the geological history of the local rotliegend rocks.
At the Fritz-Wunderlich-Halle, a multipurpose hall used for presentations, theatre and concert productions, and used by the school centre on the Roßberg as an auditorium, a cultural programme of surprising comprehensiveness for such a small town is offered in collaboration with the local authorities. This includes a goodly number of appearances by both German and international touring theatre troupes. Almost all the classics have played on the stage at least once. The Fritz-Wunderlich-Halle was built in 1980 at the school centre on the Roßberg with seating for some 650 spectators.
Kusel's most important museum is the Stadt- und Heimatmuseum (Town and Local History Museum) on Marktstraße, which houses an extensive collection from the town's history. On show there are, among other things, a permanent exhibit dealing with the great singer and Kusel native Fritz Wunderlich’s life – a favourite among visitors – and another about historically typical household devices of the Palatinate.
Regular events
The kermis (church consecration festival) formerly held on the third weekend in August is now no longer of any importance. The Kuseler Messe (“Kusel Fair”) or Kuseler Herbstmesse (“Kusel Autumn Fair”), now held on the first weekend in September (Friday evening until Tuesday) is said to be one of the Western Palatinate’s biggest folk festivals. Moreover, there are the Shrovetide (Fasching) market and the Christmas market. On the second Thursday in every month, on the Koch’sches Gelände, a flea market is held. On the second weekend in June, the Hutmacherfest (“Hatters’ Festival”) is celebrated in the Old Town (Altstadt). On 29 May 2010, the yearly Team-Triathlon Kusel was launched for the eleventh time. It is one of Rhineland-Palatinate's biggest leisure-sport events. It involves a combined cycling-swimming-walking relay by teams that must always be made up of three participants, who must be at least 15 years old on the day of the competition. On 25 September 2010, the ninth Team-Duathlon Kusel, with a length of 42 km, took place.
Clubs
Many clubs promote the town's community life. Particularly worthy of mention are the transport club, the Carnival club, the sport club, the gymnastic club, the Evangelical church choir and the music club. Famous are the church choir's musical events held each year on the fourth Sunday in Advent, and the concerts given by the West Palatine Symphony Orchestra (music club). The choir is nowadays associated with a Gospel choir, which enjoys great popularity.
Sport and leisure
Kusel's biggest leisure facility is the Verbandsgemeinde-run Spaß- und Freizeitbad (“Fun and Leisure Pool”) in Diedelkopf. It consists of an indoor swimming pool with hot tub, tanning bed, pools for children, non-swimmers and swimmers, the last with a diving setup, and also of an outdoor swimming pool with a playground for children, non-swimmers and swimmers, a fun pool. Also found here are a 64 m-long waterslide that ends in summer at the outdoor swimming pool and in winter at a heated outdoor arm of the indoor swimming pool, and a miniature golf course. Besides two football pitches, one in the outlying centre of Diedelkopf and the other near the way out of town going towards Haschbach am Remigiusberg, there are indoor and outdoor tennis courts on the radial road going towards Blaubach.
Economy and infrastructure
Economic structure
Given the town's central location, many markets were held in Kusel even as far back as the Middle Ages, although these often had to put up with stiff competition from other traditional markets in other nearby places. The town's economic life in the late 18th century was characterized by many small craftsmen's workshops. There were wool and linen weavers, doublet and hose knitters, clothmakers and hatters as well as walking mills and gristmills, tanneries and several breweries. At the same time, dealers travelling overland from the town did a brisk trade with these products. In the age of industrialization, few of these craftsmen managed to expand their workshops or to switch to new, effective production methods. Thus, many small craft businesses had to cease work, and production was soon concentrated in a few bigger companies. Establishing themselves as such were a few businesses in textile manufacturing. In 1857, the Fink Brothers (their name is actually German for “Finch”) opened a cloth factory on Trierer Straße that had what were then state-of-the-art looms. This factory burnt down in 1865 and was never restored. Besides the Fink Brothers’ factory, two other great textile mills set up shop in Kusel, the Zöllner plant and the Ehrenspeck plant. At the former, it was mostly durable material that was made, for work clothes, such as tirtey (“midweight woollen fabric in twill weave, with a combination of carded woollen yarns in the weft and cotton yarns in the warp. Mostly used for work trousers.”) and buckskin cloth (not leather, but rather a “thick, smooth cotton or woollen fabric”). In 1885 the Zöllner plant, too, burnt down, but unlike the Fink Brothers’ factory, it rose from the ashes and in the years before the First World War, it even underwent an important expansion. It flourished until about 1930, when the Great Depression set in. It was then taken over by Karl Hermann and run until 1958 as the Westpfälzische Tuchfabrik (“West Palatine Cloth Factory”). The Ehrenspeck plant arose from a craft business. It was built on Trierer Straße in 1867. Here, fine knitted wares were made, but this plant, too, burnt down, in 1928. Later, in a portion of the plant, vigogne spinning was temporarily done (this fabric is made of natural, sometimes along with artificial, fibres in imitation of vicuña wool). Moving into the factory after the Second World War was the Tuchfabrik Kahnes, which specializes in making synthetic non-woven fabrics. About 1960, the factory was moved to Haschbacher Straße. The Kahnes Cloth Factory is the only such factory that is still in business in Kusel. Besides the textile works, there were the Schleip nail factory and the Christian Gilcher machine factory in Kusel, both of which are now gone. From the several small breweries originally in town, two grew into major businesses, Koch and Emrich. Koch merged in 1972 with the Bayerische Brauerei in Kaiserslautern, and afterwards was closed. After the building was torn down, a great vacant lot was left, which later saw only minor building (an underground parking garage and the Café Rothenturm). The Emrich Brewery continued as a private brewing company until 1998, when it, too, was closed. A major production business in Kusel today is the high-speed printing machine factory, a subsidiary of Albert in Frankenthal. A computer industry production facility has also located in Kusel, the firm Owen Electronics, as has an important software business, Transware, inpremises formerly occupied by the cloth factory. The town's economic life is otherwise represented foremost by supermarkets and retail businesses, which are housed in an industrial park beside Bundesstraße 420 between Kusel and Rammelsbach.
Authorities
Kusel is seat of the town, Verbandsgemeinde and district administration of Kusel, a financial office, a forestry office, a surveying and cadastral office and a branch of the Bundesagentur für Arbeit. The Rhineland-Palatinate weights and measures authority (Eichbehörde) once kept an office in Kusel, but this has disappeared. It was housed in the Luitpoldschule building. Stationed in Kusel is the Artillerielehrregiment 345 (“Artillery Teaching Regiment 345”; formerly the Panzerartillerielehrregiment 345), although within the framework of Bundeswehr reform, this is supposed to be moved to Idar-Oberstein. There is an Amtsgericht that belongs to the Landgericht (state court) region of Kaiserslautern and the Oberlandesgericht (superior state court) region of Zweibrücken.
Education
Historical records yield the first proof of a school in Kusel in 1535. The pupils were all boys, and the assistant pastor had to teach. There was an intention to open a Latin school, but only a small percentage of the schoolchildren was interested in Latin instruction. In 1580, the Deutsche Schule (“German School”) was founded, and attendance was compulsory for all boys. In 1743, a girls’ school arose next to the boys’ school. Soon afterwards, other classes suited to denominational orientation were founded, and there were now new attempts to teach Latin. The Catholic school was attended by schoolchildren from 50 villages in the area. During the Thirty Years' War, schooling had to be suspended for years. No purpose-built schoolhouse stood anywhere in town. Classes were held wherever they could be held, and often schoolteachers used their own houses. Only in the early 19th century did the town have major schoolhouses built, a Protestant one up from the Stadtkirche (“Town Church”) and a Catholic one near where the town hall now stands. In 1912, all primary school classes were moved to the newly built Luitpoldschule. Only after the Second World War was another school built, this one for primary school and Hauptschule, called the Hollerschule. The Luitpoldschule and the Hollerschule nowadays house primary school classes, with a kindergarten. A new Hauptschule for the whole Verbandsgemeinde was built at the school centre on the Roßberg, coming into service in 1981. The Latin school was finally established in 1836, and it was converted into a Progymnasium (a kind of general Gymnasium) in 1892. In 1924, it was taken over by the state, and can be said to be the forerunner of today's Gymnasium. About 1865, the town established a higher school for girls, and at about the same time, a teacher training school came into being. A new school building was built near the town hall, in the area where the administrative wing for the Verbandsgemeinde now stands. After the Bezirksamt (now the district administration) was moved to Trierer Straße about 1879, the former tribunal building – later for a time a museum and the town library – could now be used as a schoolhouse. In 1925, the teacher training school was closed. Only temporarily after the Second World War did a teacher training institute once again exist in Kusel, the Pädagogische Akademie. It was housed in various buildings throughout the town, in its latest time mainly in a newly built building next to the gymnasium on Lehnstraße, which is now the Realschule. The Pädagogische Akademie was moved to Kaiserslautern in 1954. After the Lehnstraße building's conversion, the Gymnasium moved in. Within a few years, though, the school had outgrown the building, and an even bigger school building was built on Walkmühlenstraße (“Walking Mill Street”). This now has some 1,100 students. In 1965, the Realschule was established at the Lehnstraße building. Today's vocational training schools have their origins in a commercial and agricultural further education school that was founded in 1872. In the days before the First World War, there were departments for particular vocational groups. The school's name changed several times. Beginning in 1922, it was called Fortbildungsschule mit Fachklassen (“Further Education School with Subject Classes”), and as of 1930, it bore the sesquipedalian name Berufsfortbildungsschule (“Vocational Further Education School”). After the school was at first likewise housed in the former tribunal building, it was able to move into a new building on Hollerstraße in 1954. Even this building, though, was soon outgrown. The school, now called Berufsbildende Schulen (“Vocational Training Schools”), moved along with the Hauptschule in 1981 to the school centre on the Roßberg. Along with the Berufsbildende Schulen there was, as of 1952, the Heitmann private trade school, housed in the former tribunal building. This has since been merged into the Berufsbildende Schulen. The special school for children with learning difficulties has existed since 1968. It is nowadays housed in the former vocational school on Hollerstraße and is called the Jakob-Muth-Schule für Lernbehinderte. The school now has a branch for children with speech difficulties. Not long before the school for children with learning difficulties, the school for children with mental handicaps was founded, which was later housed in Liebsthal and Blaubach but moved back to Kusel in 1983. It now bears the name Schule mit Förderschwerpunkt für ganzheitliche Entwicklung (“School with Promotional Focus on Integrated Development”) and is housed in the building that formerly housed the Hollerschule. The Jakob-Muth-Schule, the former school for children with mental handicaps, exists today as the Schule mit Förderschwerpunkt Lernen und Sprache (“School with Promotional Focus Learning and Speech”) at the building that formerly housed the vocational school on Hollerstraße. The following educational institutions also exist today in Kusel: the folk high school (administered, like all others in the district, directly by the district), the district music school, the educational psychology service, a branch of the Reha-Zentrum Landstuhl (rehabilitation), the Staatliches Studienseminar für das Lehramt an Grund- und Hauptschulen (state teacher training college for primary and secondary levels), a Realschule plus and a Wirtschaftsgymnasium, the last two both at the school centre on the Roßberg. There are also a few other kindergartens. A district and town library is run in joint sponsorship with the district.
Transport
Kusel was from the Middle Ages an important way station on the through road leading from Zweibrücken to Meisenheim. In the 19th century, this road lost its original importance with the laying of the Landstuhl–Kusel railway that linked Kusel to Kaiserslautern, which at first was used mainly to transport crushed stone from the quarries in Rammelsbach. The railway was demanded by industrialists and businessmen from Kusel. A further improvement was brought by the Glan Valley Railway when it arrived in the early 20th century. There were rumours, too, that a north-south railway line through Kusel was to be built, but this was never done. Roads of regional importance, foremost among them the Glantalstraße (Glan valley road), were expanded in the 19th century. Fundamentally improved were the transport conditions in the time before the Second World War, when the Westwall (Siegfried Line) was built. The railway was extended to Türkismühle with a spur to Ottweiler (Ostertalbahn), although abandonment of this line began in 1963 and was completed by 1969. More effective was the building of an army road from Oppenheim to Neunkirchen in the Saarland. This is the road now known as Bundesstraße 420 and it runs through Kusel, leading from Nierstein in Rhenish Hesse to Ottweiler in the Saarland. Roughly 7 km to the east, in Konken, is an interchange onto the Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier), whose completion finally furnished a link to a north-south road. Local public transport is integrated into the VRN, which offers service using Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt (“Rhineland-Palatinate scheduling”). Run since the timetabling change in December 2008 are Deutsche Bahn AG trains of the Talent type. Since line closures in 1970 (Westrichbahn) and 1981 (part of the Glantalbahn), Kusel station has been the terminus of the Glantalbahn rail service, which runs to Kaiserslautern over the Landstuhl–Kusel railway.
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Daniel Emil Koch (b. ~1725; d. ~1795 in Neuwied)
A medical doctor, Koch came from the well known family of officials named Koch and was long a governmental councillor in the County Palatine of Zweibrücken, later settling down in Kusel as a doctor. He became known for his vehement criticism of Kusel’s officialdom, whom he accused of great contributory negligence in the great fire of 1794. He put down his allegations in the writ Spezies Facti, which appeared soon after the town was burnt down. After the fire, Koch moved to Neuwied.
Karl Philipp Koch (b. 1737; d. 1813 in Kusel)
Koch was a church steward, Daniel Emil Koch’s brother (see above) and Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch’s father (see below). He took over the office of church steward for the Oberamt of Lichtenberg from his father. He, too, like his brother, was known in connection with the great fire of 1794. After the fire, he moved with two other townsmen from Kusel, Hans Matzenbacher and Philipp Gouturier, to Paris, to receive compensation from the welfare board for Kusel townsmen (it had been the French who had burnt the town down).
Johann Christian Simon Freiherr von Hofenfels (b. 1744; d. 1787 in Zweibrücken)
A state minister, statesman and diplomat, he stood as an official in the service of the Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken, and at the age of 32 he was raised to nobility. When the Electorate of the Palatinate and Electoral Bavarian lines of the House of Wittelsbach had died out in 1777, Bavaria was to be united with Austria at the emperor’s request, leading to the outbreak of the War of the Bavarian Succession. Through deft negotiations, Hofenfels managed to put an end to this war, assuring the ruling Count Palatine and Duke Carl II August’s succession in Bavaria.
Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch (b. 1771; d. 1849 in Erlangen)
Physician and politician
Carl Ludwig Koch (b. 1778; d. 1857 in Nuremberg)
A forester and zoologist, known above all as an entomologist and arachnologist, Koch, who was Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch’s brother, worked as a forester in several places in Bavaria and Austria, while on the side working as an avid collector of spiders (so much so that he was nicknamed Spinnenkoch, Spinne being the German word for “spider”). Moreover, he also put together collections of birds and beetles. All his collections met with great regard. Koch bequeathed them to the Universities of Munich and Erlangen. Also by Koch were two important scientific works: Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden, ein Beitrag zur deutschen Fauna, 40 issues from 1835 to 1844, and Die Arachniden, getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben in 16 volumes with 543 coloured tables, Nuremberg 1831-1849.
Anton Nickel (1805–1874)
Jurist
Karl Kaerner (b. 1804; d. 1869 in Munich)
Building engineer
Christian Böhmer (b. 1823; d. 1895 in Bosenbach)
A clergyman and poet, as a pastor he also devoted himself to the art of poetry and was described as Sänger seiner Westricher Heimat (“Singer of his Westrich Homeland”). Among his other publications were Lieder aus der Fremde und Heimat (“Songs from Abroad and the Homeland”, 1855), Frauenschmuck und Frauenspiegel (“Women’s Jewellery and Women’s Mirror”, 1869) and Aus des Remigiusberges ersten Tagen (“From the Remigiusberg’s First Days”, 1870). Böhmer’s tomb is still preserved at the former graveyard in the Weibergraben in Kusel.
Carl Eduard Fay (b. 1841; d. 1915 in Metz)
A forester, writer and songwriter, Fay was first a forester in the South Palatinate and later in Alsace. He wrote several textbooks about forestry and wrote folksongs.
Karl Ludwig Gümbel (b. 1842; d. 1911 in Berlin)
A professor of theology, he studied Evangelical theology in Heidelberg and Tübingen, was a vicar in Lemberg near Pirmasens and in Kaiserslautern, and a pastor in Sankt Julian. As a teacher of religion at the Gymnasium in Speyer, he was named a church councillor and a professor of theology. Because of his efforts to build a memorial church in Speyer, he was dubbed the “Father of the Memorial Church”. In 1904, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Heidelberg University.
Christian Julius Dick (b. 1873; d. 1950 in Neustadt an der Weinstraße)
A chartered engineer and botanist, Dick studied higher geodesy in Munich, worked in many areas of Bavaria as a chartered engineer and was lastly a chartered engineer at the Flurbereinigung office in Neustadt an der Weinstraße. As a member of the Bavarian Botanical Society and later of the Pollichia (a conservation society), he busied himself with studying desmids, which he drew with great exactitude. From the field of his research, he published two books that were greatly esteemed by other researchers: Desmidiaceenflora in Südbayern and Pfälzische Desmidiaceenflora.
Ludwig Ehrenspeck (b. 1874; d. 1958 in Munich)
A jurist and politician, Ehrenspeck was mayor (Bürgermeister) in Frankenthal (1906–1921) and chief mayor (Oberbürgermeister) in Landau (1921–1935). In 1924, because of his opposition to the Rhenish Separatists, he was removed and received honorary citizenship in the town of Landau.
(b. 1878; d. 1934 in Mannheim)
An engineer and inventor of the , Roebel studied electrical engineering at the Technische Hochschule München and worked at the experimental department of Brown, Bovery und Cie. in Mannheim. Here, under his leadership, the Roebel bar, an electrical conductor for electrical machines made up of two or more groups of component leads, was invented.
Paul Bauer (b. 1896; d. 1990 in Munich)
A notary, mountaineer, writer and Maria Bauer’s brother (see below), Bauer was among the best known mountaineers in the time between the two world wars. Prominent were his two attempts at climbing Kangchenjunga (elevation: 8 586 m above sea level; the world’s third highest peak) in 1929 and 1932. His theoretical discussions on the problems of Himalayan expeditions form a basis for modern mountaineering in high ranges that recommend forgoing large expeditions and instead putting individual effort in the fore. At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Bauer received a gold medal for the books about mountains that he had published.
Johann Adam Fritz (b. 1896; d. 1981 in Seeshaupt)
A painter, Fritz studied in Munich, later undertaking many trips abroad and clung fast to his exotic-looking pictures. He was also a landscape painter and a portraitist, painting many well known personages of his time, becoming known as the “Painter of Cardinals and Maharajas”.
Dr. Maria Bauer (b. 1898; d. 1995 in Kusel)
An educator and writer, Dr. Bauer was originally a primary school teacher, but also studied German studies and philosophy and taught at the Aufbauschule in Speyer, undertook many trips and dedicated herself to caring for war graves throughout Europe. In presentations she reported about her work and her life, as she also did in her autobiographical books: Sieben Farben hat der Regenbogen (“Seven Colours Has the Rainbow”, 1966), Unterwegs (“On the Way”, 1976) and Späte Wanderungen (“Late Migrations”, 1986).
Richard Imbt (b. 1900; d. 1987 in Munich)
An NSDAP politician, Imbt became the Party Ortsgruppenleiter in Zweibrücken in 1925. In 1932 and 1933, he was a Member of the Bavarian Landtag. He became mayor of Bad Dürkheim on 1 May 1933, later becoming chief mayor in Neustadt an der Weinstraße and the same in Kaiserslautern by 1940. Two years earlier, he had had Kaiserslautern’s synagogue torn down. Towards the end of the Second World War, Imbt fled to Bavaria, but on 17 May 1945 returned to Kaiserslautern only to get himself arrested and then interned in Idar-Oberstein. He was released from prison on 16 April 1949. As part of the Denazification process, Imbt was declared “contaminated” and was thus sent into retirement with a half pension.
Fritz Benedum (b. 1902; d. 1965 in Kusel)
A KPD politician, Benedum joined the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) during the First World War, later switching to the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). In 1932 and 1933, he was a Member of the Reichstag. Since 1929, he had also been on Kusel town council. After Adolf Hitler’s seizure of power, he was reelected to the Reichstag on 5 March 1933, but like all Communist members, he could not fulfil his mandate once the Nazis had banned their party. Shortly thereafter, Benedum was held for more than a month in “protective custody”. In September 1939, he was arrested again and sent to Buchenwald concentration camp until January the following year. Between 1942 and 1945, he was in the Wehrmacht. After the war, Benedum held several political offices in West Germany, including one on Kusel town council once again, and eventually switched his party allegiance to the Titoist Independent Workers' Party of Germany (UAPD).
Otto Niebergall (b. 1904; d. 1977 in Mainz)
A KPD politician and Member of the Bundestag, after the First World War, Niebergall went to the Saar, which at that time had been split away from Germany, was chairman of the Deutscher Metallarbeiter-Verband (German Metalworkers’ Association) and a functionary in the Kommunistischer Jugendverband Deutschlands (Communist Youth Association of Germany), as of 1925 the Gau leader of the Rotfrontkämpferbund and at the same time a city councillor in Saarbrücken. After the Saar was returned to Germany, Niebergall emigrated to France and became section leader of the illegal “KPD Saar-Pfalz” in Forbach. In 1936, he was temporarily a special appointee of the Communist Party in Spain. After German troops marched into France, Niebergall was interned by the Vichy régime in Saint Cyprien. He fled underground, taking on once more his multifaceted functions, became a member of the Resistance and carried out propaganda activities under German occupation. He also joined the movement Freies Deutschland West, becoming its president in 1944. After the war, he at first returned to the Saarland, whereupon he was expelled by the French. After that, he lived in Mainz, was KPD chairman in the French zone of occupation and Member of the Bundestag from 1949 to 1953. Even after the KPD was banned in 1958, Niebergall was still engaged with Communist organizations, in particular the German Communist Party (DKP).
Hans Keller (b. 1920; d. 1992 in Neustadt an der Weinstraße)
A Government President, Keller studied legal and state sciences in Heidelberg and Mainz, first took a post as a jurist in administrative service and in 1966 became Government President of the Palatinate. Keller was an honorary citizen of his hometown and was also buried in Kusel.
Fritz Wunderlich (b. 1930 in Kusel; d. 1966 in Heidelberg)
A concert and opera singer (tenor), Wunderlich studied at the music college (Musikhochschule) in Freiburg im Breisgau, embarked together with his music teacher and pianist Hubert Gießen tours through Germany, became an opera singer at the operas of Stuttgart and Munich, received many invitations for guest rôles and opera houses throughout the world were always open to him. He was unique as an interpreter of Mozart’s work, at which he presented the arias of the operas with his full voice in glorious bel canto. At the age of just under 36, Wunderlich suffered an unfortunate fall at a friend’s house in Oberderdingen near Maulbronn, and subsequently died in Heidelberg.
Hans-Peter Keitel (born 1947)
Entrepreneur
Margit Conrad (born 1952)
Rhineland-Palatinate Minister for Environment and Forests.
Jochen Hartloff (born 1954)
Town’s mayor from 1984 to 2011, Rhineland-Palatinate Justice Minister from 2011 to 2014
Wolfgang Schmid (born 1957)
Historian
Axel A. Weber (born 1957)
Deutsche Bundesbank President from 2004 to 2011
Hans Werner Moser (1965)
Footballer
Alexander Ulrich (born 1971)
Politician (Die Linke)
Alfred Hagemann (born 1975)
Art historian and philosopher.
Meiko Reißmann (born 1977)
Singer of the talent-show band Overground
Bastian Becker (born 1979)
Footballer
Martin Haller (born 1983)
Politician (SPD)
Famous people associated with the town
Ludwig Louis Benzino (b. 1827; d. 1895)
Politician, lived and died in Kusel.
Herman Wirth (b. 1885 in Utrecht, Netherlands; d. 1981 in Kusel)
Cofounder of the Ahnenerbe
Wilhelm Caroli (b. 1895 in Saarlouis; d. 1942 in Dachau)
Catholic priest, Nazi victim, died at Dachau, in 1925/1926 chaplain in Kusel.
Wolfgang Kermer (b. 1935 in Neunkirchen)
Professor emeritus of art history, former Rector of the Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart (State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart).
Hartwig Bartz (b. 1936 in Rammelsbach; d. 2001)
German modern jazz drummer
Miroslav Klose (b. 1978 in Opole, Poland)
German footballer, lived in Kusel from the age of eight.
Further reading
Brochure of the Verbandsgemeinde of Kusel, 1983
Kusel – einst und heute H. Koch, Kusel 1989
Kusel – Geschichte der Stadt E. Schworm, publisher, town of Kusel, Mainz 1987
References
External links
Town’s official webpage
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Kusel (district)
Holocaust locations in Germany |
3568704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20receiver%20design | Radio receiver design | Radio receiver design includes the electronic design of different components of a radio receiver which processes the radio frequency signal from an antenna in order to produce usable information such as audio. The complexity of a modern receiver and the possible range of circuitry and methods employed are more generally covered in electronics and communications engineering. The term radio receiver is understood in this article to mean any device which is intended to receive a radio signal in order to generate useful information from the signal, most notably a recreation of the so-called baseband signal (such as audio) which modulated the radio signal at the time of transmission in a communications or broadcast system.
Fundamental considerations
Design of a radio receiver must consider several fundamental criteria to produce a practical result. The main criteria are gain, selectivity, sensitivity, and stability. The receiver must contain a detector to recover the information initially impressed on the radio carrier signal, a process called modulation.
Gain is required because the signal intercepted by an antenna will have a very low power level, on the order of picowatts or femtowatts. To produce an audible signal in a pair of headphones requires this signal to be amplified a trillion-fold or more. The magnitudes of the required gain are so great that the logarithmic unit decibel is preferred - a gain of 1 trillion times the power is 120 decibels, which is a value achieved by many common receivers. Gain is provided by one or more amplifier stages in a receiver design; some of the gain is applied at the radio-frequency part of the system, and the rest at the frequencies used by the recovered information (audio, video, or data signals).
Selectivity is the ability to "tune in" to just one station of the many that may be transmitting at any given time. An adjustable bandpass filter is a typical stage of a receiver. A receiver may include several stages of bandpass filters to provide sufficient selectivity. Additionally, the receiver design must provide immunity from spurious signals that may be generated within the receiver that would interfere with the desired signal. Broadcasting transmitters in any given area are assigned frequencies so that receivers can properly select the desired transmission; this is a key factor limiting the number of transmitting stations that can operate in a given area.
Sensitivity is the ability to recover the signal from the background noise. Noise is generated in the path between transmitter and receiver, but is also significantly generated in the receiver's own circuits. Inherently, any circuit above absolute zero generates some random noise that adds to the desired signals. In some cases, atmospheric noise is far greater than that produced in the receiver's own circuits, but in some designs, measures such as cryogenic cooling are applied to some stages of the receiver, to prevent signals from being obscured by thermal noise. A very good receiver design may have a noise figure of only a few times the theoretical minimum for the operating temperature and desired signal bandwidth. The objective is to produce a signal-to-noise ratio of the recovered signal sufficient for the intended purpose. This ratio is also often expressed in decibels. A signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB (signal 10 times as powerful as noise) might be usable for voice communications by experienced operators, but a receiver intended for high-fidelity music reproduction might require 50 dB or higher signal-to-noise ratio.
Stability is required in at least two senses. Frequency stability; the receiver must stay "tuned" to the incoming radio signal and must not "drift" with time or temperature. Additionally, the great magnitude of gain generated must be carefully controlled so that spurious emissions are not produced within the receiver. These would lead to distortion of the recovered information, or, at worst, may radiate signals that interfere with other receivers.
The detector stage recovers the information from the radio-frequency signal, and produces the sound, video, or data that was impressed on the carrier wave initially. Detectors may be as simple as an "envelope" detector for amplitude modulation, or may be more complex circuits for more recently developed techniques such as frequency-hopping spread spectrum.
While not fundamental to a receiver, automatic gain control is a great convenience to the user, since it automatically compensates for changing received signal levels or different levels produced by different transmitters.
Many different approaches and fundamental receiver "block diagrams" have developed to address these several, sometimes contradictory, factors. Once these technical objectives have been achieved, the remaining design process is still complicated by considerations of economics, patent rights, and even fashion.
Crystal radio
A crystal radio uses no active parts: it is powered only by the radio signal itself, whose detected power feeds headphones in order to be audible at all. In order to achieve even a minimal sensitivity, a crystal radio is limited to low frequencies using a large antenna (usually a long wire). It relies on detection using some sort of semiconductor diode such as the original cat's-whisker diode discovered long before the development of modern semiconductors.
A crystal receiver is very simple and can be easy to make or even improvise, for example, the foxhole radio. However, the crystal radio needs a strong RF signal and a long antenna to operate. It displays poor selectivity since it only has one tuned circuit.
Tuned radio frequency
The tuned radio frequency receiver (TRF) consists of a radio frequency amplifier having one or more stages all tuned to the desired reception frequency. This is followed by a detector, typically an envelope detector using a diode, followed by audio amplification. This was developed after the invention of the triode vacuum tube, greatly improving the reception of radio signals using electronic amplification which had not previously been available. The greatly improved selectivity of the superheterodyne receiver overtook the TRF design in almost all applications, however the TRF design was still used as late as the 1960s among the cheaper "transistor radios" of that era.
Reflex
The reflex receiver was a design from the early 20th century which consists of a single-stage TRF receiver but which used the same amplifying tube to also amplify the audio signal after it had been detected. This was in an era where each tube was a major cost (and consumer of electrical power) so that a substantial increase in the number of passive elements would be seen as preferable to including an additional tube. The design tends to be rather unstable, and is obsolete.
Regenerative
The regenerative receiver also had its heyday at the time where adding an active element (vacuum tube) was considered costly. In order to increase the gain of the receiver, positive feedback was used in its single RF amplifier stage; this also increased the selectivity of the receiver well beyond what would be expected from a single tuned circuit. The amount of feedback was quite critical in determining the resulting gain and had to be carefully adjusted by the radio operator. Increasing the feedback beyond a point caused the stage to oscillate at the frequency it was tuned to.
Self-oscillation reduced the quality of its reception of an AM (voice) radio signal but made it useful as a CW (Morse code) receiver. The beat signal between the oscillation and the radio signal would produce an audio "beeping" sound. The oscillation of the regenerative receiver could also be a source of local interference. An improved design known as the super-regenerative receiver improved the performance by allowing an oscillation to build up which was then "quenched", with that cycle repeating at a rapid (ultrasonic) rate. From the accompanying schematic for a practical regenerative receiver, one can appreciate its simplicity in relation to a multi-stage TRF receiver, while able to achieve the same level of amplification through the use of positive feedback.
Direct conversion
In the Direct conversion receiver, the signals from the antenna are only tuned by a single tuned circuit before entering a mixer where they are mixed with a signal from a local oscillator which is tuned to the carrier wave frequency of the transmitted signal. This is unlike the superheterodyne design, where the local oscillator is at an offset frequency. The output of this mixer is thus audio frequency, which is passed through a low pass filter into an audio amplifier which may drive a speaker.
For receiving CW (morse code) the local oscillator is tuned to a frequency slightly different from that of the transmitter in order to turn the received signal into an audible "beep."
Advantages
Simpler than a superheterodyne receiver
Disadvantages
Poor rejection of strong signals at adjacent frequencies compared to a superheterodyne receiver.
Increased noise or interference when receiving a SSB signal since there is no selectivity against the undesired sideband.
Superheterodyne
Practically all modern receivers are of the superheterodyne design. The RF signal from the antenna may have one stage of amplification to improve the receiver's noise figure, although at lower frequencies this is typically omitted. The RF signal enters a mixer, along with the output of the local oscillator, in order to produce a so-called intermediate frequency (IF) signal. An early optimization of the superheterodyne was to combine the local oscillator and mixer into a single stage called "converter". The local oscillator is tuned to a frequency somewhat higher (or lower) than the intended reception frequency so that the IF signal will be at a particular frequency where it is further amplified in a narrow-band multistage amplifier. Tuning the receiver involves changing the frequency of the local oscillator, with further processing of the signal (especially in relation to increasing the receiver) conveniently done at a single frequency (the IF frequency) thus requiring no further tuning for different stations.
Here we show block diagrams for typical superheterodyne receivers for AM and FM broadcast respectively. This particular FM design uses a modern phase locked loop detector, unlike the frequency discriminator or ratio detector used in earlier FM receivers.
For single conversion superheterodyne AM receivers designed for medium wave (AM broadcast) the IF is commonly 455 kHz. Most superheterodyne receivers designed for broadcast FM (88 - 108 MHz) use an IF of 10.7 MHz. TV receivers often use intermediate frequencies of about 40 MHz. Some modern multiband receivers actually convert lower frequency bands first to a much higher frequency (VHF) after which a second mixer with a tunable local oscillator and a second IF stage process the signal as above.
Software-defined radio
Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication system where components, that have been traditionally implemented in hardware (e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, etc.) are instead implemented by means of software on a personal computer or embedded system. While the concept of SDR is not new, the rapidly evolving capabilities of digital electronics render practical many processes which used to be only theoretically possible.
See also
History of radio
Noise blanker
Further reading
Books
Radiocommunication handbook (RSGB),
Patents
Crystal Radio Apparatus. H. Adams
Notes and references
Radio electronics
Receiver (radio) |
1268172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20Grove%20affair | Orange Grove affair | The Orange Grove affair was a political scandal in Australia concerning the dealings of the New South Wales state Australian Labor Party government with multinational corporation The Westfield Group. It resulted from a court decision in 2004 to force the closure of the Orange Grove shopping centre after a zoning dispute, with the loss of approximately 200 jobs. Westfield, which owned a nearby shopping centre, had challenged the legitimacy of the Orange Grove centre, which was operating on land not zoned for this purpose.
When the courts ruled in Westfield's favour, Liverpool City Council sought State Government approval for a retrospective rezoning, to validate its earlier decision to approve the shopping centre. The State Government declined to intervene, despite a planning report suggesting that course of action, and the retail component of the Orange Grove centre was forced to close. The bulky goods component of the centre remained open, as the centre was legally zoned for bulky goods sales.
However, the State Opposition subsequently unearthed information about a meeting between Premier Bob Carr's chief of staff and a prominent Westfield employee, sparking allegations that interference from Westfield had played a role in the government's decision not to intervene. As a result, a parliamentary inquiry was commissioned, and the Independent Commission Against Corruption announced an investigation. The investigation concluded in 2005, with no findings of corruption against any person. However, the Commission recommended that the NSW Government strengthen guidelines for public servants dealing with corruption allegations by lobbyists.
Background
In March 2002, Frank Mosca, an architect working on behalf of Sydney businessman Nabil Gazal, applied to change an existing development consent for a property in a light industrial area on Orange Grove Road in the Sydney suburb of Warwick Farm, just north of central Liverpool to change the permitted use of the site from "bulky goods/ warehousing" to "warehouse clearance outlet". This was intended to permit the building of an "outlet mall", mainly consisting of retailing, although described as "factory outlets", even though the area was zoned under its Local Environment Plan (LEP) for industrial uses, in which retailing was generally forbidden, except for a limited range of "bulky goods" or goods produced on the premises. The zoning was consistent with a long-standing policy of discouraging retailing away from established centres with good transport connections, currently embodied as a draft State Environmental Planning Policy: Integration of Land Use and Transport (SEPP 66). The Orange Grove site had poor bus connections only and none on Sundays.
In due course Council officers advised that a new development application was required, and this was submitted on 5 June. On 13 June the Council wrote to Mosca clearly stating what retailing activities could be carried out on the site according to the LEP. Mr Mosca submitted a Statement of Environmental Effects in July, which argued that "warehouse clearance outlets" were not specifically prohibited by the LEP, and therefore Council could consent to them. The development application was eventually advertised for public comment in November and no comments having been received it was decided that under council rules it could be approved at officer level, without reference to a Council committee. Immediately following the end of the comment period on 15 December, an officer of Liverpool City Council approved the development application, apparently satisfied that "warehouse clearance outlets" were not forbidden by the LEP. Prior to the approval, the Orange Centre commenced trading in November, with Craig Knowles, the local member and state Planning Minister, attending the official opening.
Legal action
On 17 June 2003, the Westfield Group, which operates a 3-level, similarly large shopping centre 1 kilometre southward of the Orange Grove site, within the Liverpool central business district, commenced legal action in the Land and Environment Court arguing that a retail outlet operating out of an industrial zone was contrary to the council's LEP. On 8 December, the Liverpool City Council decided to amend the LEP to introduce a new definition for "outlet centre" and retrospectively rezone the Orange Centre site. On 16 January 2004, the court ruled in favour of Westfield and ordered the closure of the centre's retail activities, with a deadline ultimately extended to 30 June. This verdict was subsequently upheld by the Court of Appeal on 31 March.
While the dispute had been ongoing, the Carr government had sacked the strife-torn Liverpool council, after a series of incidents of economic mismanagement, and on 16 March, it appointed Gabrielle Kibble, the daughter of former Governor-General John Kerr, as administrator. On 14 April, Kibble forwarded an application for a retrospective rezoning as an amendment to the Liverpool Local Environment Plan (LEP) to the Minister Assisting the Minister for Infrastructure and Planning (Planning Administration), Diane Beamer, as required by planning legislation.
Consideration of retrospective amendment to LEP
On 15 April 2004, Mark Ryan, Director of Corporate Affairs, Westfield, phoned Premier Carr's Chief of Staff, Graeme Wedderburn and suggested that the original Liverpool Council planning decision for the centre had been approved corruptly. Next day Wedderburn discussed the allegation with Carr and with Minister Beamer's Chief of Staff, Michael Meagher. He later phoned Beamer directly and told her to "be wary of things that come out of Liverpool. There had been some allegations from Westfield." On 19 April, Ryan met Wedderburn and gave more details of his claims about Liverpool City Council, but conceded that he had no hard evidence. Wedderburn told Beamer, at a meeting on 20 April, "You should be very careful, you should take great care not to be influenced, subject to any undue influence, not to be inappropriately lobbied in making this plan, in making decisions here", according to Meagher. Nevertheless, according to evidence subsequently presented at ICAC, Wedderburn made no suggestion as to what Beamer's decision on the proposed variation to the LEP should be. During ICAC's subsequent investigations, it focused on whether these corruption allegation affected Bealmer's subsequent decision not to amend the LEP.
On 16 June, the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources, advised Beamer to approve Liverpool City Council's proposed variation to its LEP that would have retrospectively validated the planning approval for the shopping centre. The Department's head, Jennifer Westacott, contradicted this recommendation in a memorandum signed on 25 June. Beamer's Chief of Staff, Michael Meagher, later told the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC),"…what we had was something I’d never seen before. It was highly unusual, and it was, I suppose confusing in a way too."
As the date for the centre's closure, set for mid-2004, drew closer, both sides increased the pressure. Westfield declared that an A$150 million redevelopment of its own centre was under threat if Orange Grove was allowed to continue operating, and suggested that Orange Grove could cause the loss of up to A$18 million a year from the local economy. After further discussions with Westacott and a further memorandum, Beamer declined to approve the proposed variation on the grounds that the shopping centre tended to undermine the viability of the Liverpool shopping centre, on 8 July 2004.
Corruption allegations
On 10 July 2004, Gazal, Orange Grove's owner, signed a statutory declaration alleging that he had been told by Labor member Joe Tripodi on 22 May that the retrospective approval would be denied by Beamer. Furthermore, he alleged that Tripodi had told him that Carr had directly instructed Beamer to reject the proposal after having contact with Westfield. In addition, Samir Bargshoon, a contract cleaner and friend of Gazal, signed a statutory declaration alleging that he had heard, on the same day, Tripodi say that Beamer had told him that Carr had instructed her not to sign the rezoning of the Liverpool designer outlets. Gazal's solicitor, Joseph D’Agostino, also signed a statutory declaration containing an allegation that Tripodi had indicated that the planning issue was being handled "at a higher level then (sic) himself." Mosca, the shopping centre's architect signed a statutory declaration alleging that Tripodi had said, in relation to the rezoning, "Carr rang Beamer and asked her to screw it over".
Gazal's allegations received substantial media attention, and led to both the state opposition and the Sydney tabloid The Daily Telegraph becoming involved. It subsequently emerged that the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources submission to Minister Beamer had supported the rezoning of the centre, due to the number of jobs that would be lost if it were to close. Then Opposition Leader, John Brogden, tabled a draft press release in parliament that would have announced Beamer's decision to support Kibble's proposal.
It also emerged that Mark Ryan, a senior Westfield lobbyist, had telephoned Graeme Wedderburn, the Premier's chief of staff, on 15 April 2003, two days after Kibble had publicly supported the rezoning. Wedderburn had then met Ryan and Craig Marshall, another Westfield executive, on 19 April. Though Wedderburn strongly defended his actions, he also publicly admitted that Orange Grove had been the focus of these meetings. Premier Carr, Wedderburn and Beamer all faced questions from the media over alleged links between the two events.
ICAC investigation
ICAC investigated these matters, holding public hearings from December 2004 to 23 March 2005 and reporting in August. It found that the original decision by Liverpool Council on the planning application was not corrupt. It found that Ryan's claims of corruption in the original decision were possibly "mischievous", but not corrupt. It did not consider that there was anything corrupt in the behaviour of Premier Carr, Wedderburn or Meagher. It scrutinised Westacott's advocacy but found no suggestion of impropriety. It concluded that Wedderburn's expression of concern about possible corruption in relation to the original decision by Liverpool Council had no significant effect on Minister Beamer's decision to reject the revised LEP, which could be justified on legitimate planning grounds.
In relation to Tripodi, ICAC suggested that Tripodi might have been "content to be enlisted as the Gazcorp troubleshooter to perform a task which, in his opinion, was not difficult at all but which would raise his standing in the eyes of those who enlisted him", but when he lost confidence that Beamer would approve the proposed amendment of the LEP, he attempted on 22 May "to distance himself from this unfortunate result by ascribing to higher powers or to those with influence beyond his control the true cause of the likely rejection of the LEP amendment".
ICAC found no evidence of corruption, but recommended that the NSW Government improve its guidelines on dealing with lobbyists. It also recommended that the Government adopt better protocols for ministers and their staff for dealing with allegations of corruption in relation to external parties. It noted that current guidelines were based on public service guidelines, and instructed ministerial staff to "report unethical behaviour or suspected corrupt to senior management", without explaining who "senior management" were. Finally, it recommended that the Government finalise State Environmental Planning Policy 66 - Integration of Land Use and Transport.
Notes
References
Political scandals in Australia
2004 in Australia
2004 in politics
History of the Australian Labor Party |
2959817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soghomon%20Tehlirian | Soghomon Tehlirian | Soghomon Tehlirian (; April 2, 1896 – May 23, 1960) was an Armenian revolutionary and soldier who assassinated Talaat Pasha, the former Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, in Berlin on March 15, 1921. He was entrusted to carry out the assassination after having earlier killed Harutian Mgrditichian, who had worked for the Ottoman secret police and helped compile the list of Armenian intellectuals who were deported on April 24, 1915.
Talaat's assassination was a part of Operation Nemesis, a revenge plan by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation against members of the Ottoman Imperial Government responsible for the Armenian genocide during World War I. Talaat Pasha had been convicted and sentenced to death in absentia in the Turkish courts-martial of 1919–20, and was viewed as the main orchestrator of the genocide. After a two-day trial Tehlirian was found not guilty by a German court, and freed.
Tehlirian is considered a national hero by Armenians.
Life
Soghomon Tehlirian was born on April 2, 1896, in the village of (Բագառիճ), in the Erzurum vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. He was raised in Erzincan.
Tehlirian's father left for Serbia to secure the family's planned move to the country. After his return in 1905, he was arrested and sentenced to six months imprisonment. During this time, the Tehlirian family moved from Nerkin Bagarij to Erzinjan. Tehlirian received his initial education at the Protestant elementary school in Erzinjan. After graduation at the Getronagan (Central) Lyceum of Constantinople, he went to study engineering in Serbia and had plans to continue his education in Germany.
Genocide
He was in Valjevo, Serbia, in June 1914. In the fall of that year, Tehlirian made his way to Russia and joined the army to serve in a volunteer unit on the Caucasus Front against the Turks.
According to History's Great Untold Stories: Larger than Life Characters & Dramatic Events that Changed the World, In June 1915, the Ottoman local police ordered the deportation of all the Armenians in Erzinjan. Tehlirian's mother, three sisters, his sister's husband, his two brothers, and a two-year-old niece were deported. All told, Tehlirian lost 85 family members to the Armenian Genocide.
In 2016 Tehlirian's son, who spoke to The Independent but did not reveal his name, stated that Tehlirian's mother and Vasken, his older brother, died in the genocide – the latter was studying medicine and living in Beirut – but that Tehlirian did not have a sister, that his father was fighting in the war in Russia, and that his other two brothers were in Serbia.
Assassination of Talaat Pasha
After the war, Tehlirian went to Constantinople, where he assassinated Harutian Mgrditichian, who had worked for the Ottoman secret police and helped compile the list of Armenian intellectuals who were deported on April 24, 1915. Meanwhile, Operation Nemesis was being set up to assassinate leaders responsible for the Armenian genocide and Tehlirian's killing of Mgrditichian convinced Nemesis operatives to entrust him with the assassination of Talat Pasha. In mid-1920, the Nemesis organization paid for Tehlirian to travel to the United States, where Garo briefed him that the death sentences pronounced against the major perpetrators had not been carried out, and that the killers continued their anti-Armenian activities from exile. That fall, the Turkish nationalist movement invaded Armenia. Tehlirian received the photographs of seven leading CUP leaders, whose whereabouts Nemesis was tracking, and departed for Europe, going first to Paris. In Geneva, he obtained a visa to go to Berlin as a mechanical engineering student, leaving on December 2.
Tehlirian's main target was Talaat Pasha, who was a member of the military triumvirate known as the "Three Pashas" who controlled the Ottoman Empire. He was the former Minister of the Interior and Grand Vizier (an office equivalent to that of a prime minister), and was noted for his prominent role in the Armenian Genocide. As soon as he found Talaat Pasha's address on 4 Hardenbergstraße, in Berlin's Charlottenburg district, Tehlirian rented an apartment near his house so that he could study his everyday routine.
Tehlirian shadowed Talaat as he left his house on Hardenbergstraße on the morning of March 15, 1921. He crossed the street to view him from the opposite sidewalk, then crossed it once more to walk past him to confirm his identity. He then turned around and pointed his gun to shoot him in the nape of the neck. Talaat was felled with a single 9mm parabellum round from a Luger P08 pistol. The assassination took place in broad daylight and led to the German police immediately arresting Tehlirian, who had been told by his handlers, Armen Garo and Shahan Natalie, not to run from the crime scene.
Trial
Tehlirian was tried for murder, but was eventually acquitted by the twelve-man jury. His trial was highly publicized at the time, taking place shortly after the establishment of the Weimar Republic, with Tehlirian being represented by three German defense attorneys, including Dr. Theodor Niemeyer, professor of law at Kiel University. Priest and Armenian Genocide survivor Grigoris Balakian, German activist Johannes Lepsius, and German Army general Otto Liman von Sanders, who had been a field marshal in the Ottoman Army during the war, were among several of the prominent individuals called as witnesses to the trial.
The trial examined not only Tehlirian's actions but also Tehlirian's conviction that Talaat was the main author of the Armenian deportation and mass killings. The defense attorneys made no attempt to deny the fact that Tehlirian had killed a man, and instead focused on the influence of the Armenian Genocide on Tehlirian's mental state. Tehlirian claimed during the trial that he had been present in Erzincan in 1915 and had been deported along with his family and personally witnessed their murder. When asked by the judge if he felt any sort of guilt, Tehlirian remarked, "I do not consider myself guilty because my conscience is clear…I have killed a man. But I am not a murderer."
During his trial, Tehlirian claimed that while he was in Germany, he saw his mother in his dreams who scorned her son for seeing Talaat Pasha and not having taken revenge yet. During the trial, Tehlirian's dream was described as follows:
It took the jury slightly over an hour to render a verdict of "not guilty."
German reactions to the verdict were mixed, being generally favorable among those who were sympathetic to Armenians or universal human rights. Journalist Emil Ludwig wrote, "Only when a society of nations has organized itself as the protector of international order will no Armenian killer remain unpunished, because no Turkish Pasha has the right to send a nation into the desert".
Later life
After the assassination, Tehlirian moved to Cleveland in the United States. He then moved to Marseille and then Yugoslavia and eventually married Anahit Tatikian who was also from Erzincan. She was 15 when they first met in 1917.
During his days in Serbia, Tehlirian was a member of the shooting club and was considered a skilled marksman. The couple moved to Belgrade and lived there until 1950, when they moved first to Casablanca, then to Paris, and finally to San Francisco. There he worked as a postal clerk, and he lived under the name Saro Melikian.
Tehlirian died in 1960 of a cerebral hemorrhage, and is buried at the Ararat Cemetery in Fresno, California. Tehlirian's monument-grave is an obelisk with a gold-plated eagle slaying a snake on top. It is reported that the original artist of the monument was quoted as saying that the eagle was "the arm of justice of the Armenian people extending their wrath onto Talaat Pasha," who was symbolized by the snake. The monument itself is centered in the middle of the cemetery with a walkway made of red brick surrounded by cypress trees.
Legacy
His trial for murder influenced Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin, who later reflected on the trial, "Tehlirian acted as the self-appointed legal officer for the conscience of mankind. But can a man appoint himself to mete out justice? Will not passion sway such a type of justice and rather make a travesty of it?" As a result, Lemkin was inspired to campaign for a law allowing genocide to be prosecuted under universal jurisdiction, reasoning that state sovereignty "cannot be conceived as the right to kill millions of innocent people". Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser states "Assassination perpetuated the sick relationship of a victim in quest of revenge with a perpetrator entrenched in defiant denial, instead of humble courage for the truth and redress."
Political theorist Hannah Arendt, in her 1963 book Eichmann in Jerusalem, compares Tehlirian to Sholem Schwarzbard, who assassinated Ukrainian statesman Symon Petliura in Paris in 1925 for what Schwarzbard believed to be Petlyura's culpability in the anti-Jewish pogroms in Ukraine. Arendt suggests that each man "insisted on being tried", in order "to show the world through court procedure what crimes against his people had been committed and gone unpunished".
Several statues of Tehlirian have been erected in Armenia. His first statue in Armenia was inaugurated in 1990 in the village of Mastara.
In 2017 a square in Marseille, France, was named after him.
In popular culture
In 2014, Tehlirian's story was told in a graphic novel, Special Mission: Nemesis.
Music
The song Գինի լից, Gini lits ("Pour the wine"), is a well-known revolutionary song, which commemorates and glorifies the assassination of Talaat by Tehlirian. It has been recorded in a variety of versions and is known by heart by many Armenians. The version by Sahak Sahakyan also has a music video. The first stanza of the song goes:
The Armenians' horror shook the world,
The Turkish throne fell to the ground,
Let me tell you about the death of Talaat.
Pour the wine, dear friend, pour the wine,
Drink it nicely; drink it with delight.
Film
The 1982 American film Assignment Berlin, directed by Hrayr Toukhanian, chronicles Talaat Pasha's assassination in Berlin.
The 1986 Turkish film ("Blood on the Wall") adapts Tehlirian's trial.
The 1991 French film Mayrig by Henri Verneuil depicts Talaat's assassination and Tehlirian's trial.
The 2020 short film The Attempt, directed by Daniel Despart, depicts Tehlirian's assassination of Talaat Pasha.
References
Further reading
Bass, Gary Jonathan. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton University Press, 2001.
Bogosian, Eric. Operation Nemesis: The Assassination Plot that Avenged the Armenian Genocide. New York: Little, Brown & Company, 2015.
Ihrig, Stefan. "Genocide Denied, Accepted, and Justified: The Assassination of Talât Pasha and the Subsequent Trial as a Media Event in the Early Weimar Republic," Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 22 (2013), pp. 153–77.
Tehlirian, Soghomon. Վերհիշումներ ["Recollections" or "Memories"], Cairo: Husaper, 1953. Recorded in writing by Vahan Minakhorian
Yeghiayan, Vartkes. The Case of Soghomon Tehlirian. Glendale, CA: Center for Armenian Remembrance; 2nd edition, 2006.
- Profile page
Tehlirian, Soghomon, Vahan Minakhorian. “Remembrances:The Assassination of Talaat Pasha”. Demirdjian, Bedros (translator). London: Gomidas Institute, 2022.
External links
Transcript of the trial of Soghomon Tehlirian
The forgotten hero who killed the Armenian genocide's mastermind by Chris Bohjalian
1896 births
1960 deaths
People from Erzincan
People from Erzurum vilayet
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
American people of Armenian descent
Armenian genocide survivors
Witnesses of the Armenian genocide
Operation Nemesis
People acquitted of murder
Trials in Germany
Nersisian School alumni
Expatriates from the Ottoman Empire in the United States
Russian military personnel of World War I
1921 murders in Germany
Armenian assassins
Armenian people imprisoned abroad
Prisoners and detainees of Germany |
5907935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Poulson | Mike Poulson | Michael Poulson (born January 4, 1965, in Ogden, Utah U.S., later raised in Layton, Utah) is an American "Old School" former professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1981 to 1987.
Racing career milestones
Note: Professional first are for the national level of competition unless otherwise indicated.
Started racing: Early 1978. As it often happens, a friend got him interested in racing.
Sanctioning body:
First race result: First place at a Layton, Utah, track in 12-year-old class. He was actually 13 years old but according to the rules of that track you raced the age class of the age you where on October 1 during the season, therefore he was 12 on October 1, 1977 and raced in the 12-year-old class accordingly even after turning thirteen on January 4, 1978
First win (local): See above.
Home sanctioning body district(s): National Bicycle Association (NBA) District "P" (Colorado, Wyoming and Utah);
First sponsor: Bingham Schwinn Cyclery
First national race result: The 1979 Corona Mini-National. Finished near the bottom of the 14 Open main with a sixth place. Signed up for Expert event though he was a novice. Did not make Expert main.
First national win: The February 10, 1980 American Bicycle Association (ABA) Winter Nationals at Chandler, Arizona, in 15 Expert.
Turned professional: September 1983 Age 17.
First Professional race result: First in "B" Pro at the National Bicycle League (NBL) Celebrity Race For Childhelp USA/International in Azusa, California, on January 22, 1984. He also got a second place in Pro Open. This was a charity event. The purse was only US$40 (US$79.19 in 2007 Cost of Living Calculator) and 100% payback for the top pro finishers.
Note: This race is not to be confused with the NBL Azuza National held on March 3, 1984 at the same facility which counted in the pros standings toward the National No.1 Plate.
First Professional win: See above
First Senior Pro* race result: Fourth in "AA" pro at the ABA Spring National in San Francisco, California, on March 11, 1984. He won US$160 the equivalent to US$316.77 in 2007.
First Senior Pro win: In "A" pro at the NBL National in Brookville, Ohio, on May 26, 1984 He won US$800, or US$1,583.83 in 2007.
Retired: 1988. After many injuries and the grind of racing on every weekend for over a decade and just not having a winning attitude he quietly quit after a stint as a teaching pro at the Woodward BMX camp in Woodward, Pennsylvania.
Height & weight at height of career (1985): Ht:5'11" Wt:~175 lbs.
*In the NBL "A"/"Elite" pro; in the ABA "AA" pro.
Career factory and major bike shop sponsors
Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous ever-changing co-sponsors. Primary sponsorships can be verified by BMX press coverage and sponsor's advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates are given.
Amateur
Bingham Schwinn Cyclery: 1979-Early February 1980 (as primary sponsor).
Pro Neck: February 11, 1980 – February 17, 1980. He raced one weekend for them as promised at the NBA Winternationals in Las Vegas, Nevada, on February 17 then accepted Schwinn's offer of sponsorship.
Schwinn Bicycle Company: February 18, 1980-November 1986. Mike would turn Pro with this sponsor.
Professional
Schwinn Bicycle Company: February 18, 1980-December 1986. Schwinn drops its racing team due to 80% of their 20" bicycle sales were freestyle bicycles and not racing machines After Schwinn dropped its racing team after the 1986 season he accepted a sales position at Schwinn Sales West in Southern California. As for racing, he was essentially in semi retirement, racing mostly on the east coast near Woodward BMX Racing and Freestyle Center in Woodward, Pennsylvania, where he was a teaching professional teaching young aspiring BMX racers at the camp.
Bingham's Schwinn Cyclery: January 1987-December 1987. His primary sponsor while he was a teaching pro after the Schwinn factory racing team was dropped. Bingham's was the same sponsor he started his career with.
Career bicycle motocross titles
Note: Listed are District, State/Provincial, Regional, National, and International titles in italics. "Defunct" refers to the fact of that sanctioning body in question no longer existing at the start of the racer's career or at that stage of his/her career. Depending on point totals of individual racers, winners of Grand Nationals do not necessarily win National titles.
Amateur
National Bicycle Association (NBA)
None
National Bicycle League (NBL)
1980 Jag 15 Expert World Champion (NBL sanctioned)
American Bicycle Association (ABA)
1979, 1980 Utah District No.1
1980 15 Expert Grandnational Champion
United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA)
None
International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF)
None
Professional
National Bicycle Association (NBA)
None
National Bicycle League (NBL)
None
American Bicycle Association (ABA)
None
United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA)
None
International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF)
1984 Celebrity race winner.
Due to the dearth of professional participation in general and American involvement in the competition in particular there was no Professional class in the IBMXF World Championships held in Suzuka, Japan. Indeed, Mike Poulson was the only pro of any nation to participate. Instead a select number of older amateur experts from numerous nations were slated to race him. He won.
Pro Series Championships
Notable accolades
Named one of the "Terrible Ten", BMX Actions pick of fastest amateur racers in the world in 1983
Named one of "1984's Hottest Rookie Pros" by BMX Action magazine.
Significant injuries
Injured knee on June 23, 1981, at a race five days before the ABA Great Salt Lake National in Salt Lake City, Utah. Told to stay off it he raced anyway and got a first in 15 & Over open. He went on to win the 15 & Over trophy dash.
Broke collarbone on March 28, 1982, at the ABA Lone Star Nationals in San Antonio, Texas.
Broke leg just above the ankle in July 1982 while recovering from the broken collar bone. He was testing a friend's home made mini-bike Poulson ran into a curb.BMX Plus! August 1982 Vol.5 No.8 pg.11 He was laid up for almost six months total. His first race back was at the ABA East Coast nationals in North Bergen, New Jersey, on October 3, 1982. In mid December 1983 he was scheduled to be laid up a further two months after having the metal plate holding his tibia together removed. However, he raced the Azusa, California NBL Childhelp Celebrity Race approximately five weeks later on January 22, 1984. It was also his first pro race.
Hyper-extended three toes on his right foot testing a two speed shifting system at home shortly after the October 28, 1984 United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA) Azusa, California National. He missed the following November 4 ABA Rockford, Illinois Fall Nationals.
Dislocated shoulder at the January 9, 1985, ABA Pro Spectacular in Shreveport, Louisiana He injured himself on the Stu Thomsen designed first jump which was subsequently removed for the Cajun Nationals held on the 10th and 11th.
Dislocated his right arm on or around September 7, 1985, a week after the NBL Grand Nationals while playing baseball. It seems that it was the third or fourth time it had happened and he schedule surgery for later in September. A week before that operation he dislocated his left arm playing football. He had operations on both arms and was laid up until March 1986.
Peccadilloes
Miscellaneous and Trivia
He was featured in the book BMX Racing Fever (Galen Anderson, Learning Systems Associates 1981), a book geared to those just beginning in BMX racing.
He appeared in an episode of the children's program Big Blue Marble (Program #061) which depicted his competing in the 1981 ABA Winternational and then at his home in Layton, Utah. It aired in the Fall of 1981.
He shares the same birthday and birthyear as fellow racer Brian Patterson: January 4, 1965
Post BMX career
He was offered a sales job by the Schwinn Bicycle Co. with a position in California but he did not take it. He did not want to move from his home state. He had potions with Bingham's Cyclery a local department store and eventually went into his father's lawn sprinkler business.
BMX magazine coversBicycle Motocross News: NoneMinicycle/BMX Action & Super BMX:June 1981 Vol.8 No.6 in upper right corner insert. Main image Eric Shimp. (SBMX)Bicycle Motocross Action & Go:March 1985 Vol.10 No.3 (BMXA)BMX Plus!:June 1982 Vol.5 No.6Bicycles and Dirt:February 1983 Vol.1 No.6Total BMX:NBA World & NBmxA World (The official NBA/NBmxA membership publication):Bicycles Today & BMX Today (The official NBL membership publication under two names):ABA Action, American BMXer, BMXer (The official ABA membership publication under three names):USBA Racer''' (The official USBA membership publication):
BMX and general press magazine interviews and articles
"New Wave Superstars" Bicycle Motocross Action August 1980 Vol.5 No.8 pg.37 Mini biography with six other BMX newcomers.
"Mike Poulson: Utah's Mr. Clean!" BMX Plus! August 1981 Vol.4 No.8 pg.18
"ABA Number Ones from Coast-to-Coast:Utah"Super BMX October 1981 Vol.8 No.10 pg.64 Mini article in listing of District number ones across the country.
"Mike Poulson: Rags To Riches" BMX Action June 1982 Vol.7 No.6 pg.36 Full page sidebar.
"The Mike Poulson Story; Or How Mike Gets The Point" Bicycle and Dirt February 1983 Vol.1 No.6 pg.33
"Five Minutes with Mike Poulson"BMX Action March 1984 Vol.9 No.3 pg.52 side bar.
Mini interview during North Park NBL National BMX Action November 1984 Vol.9 No.11 pg.22
"Burnin' Up The Audio Tape With Schwinn's Finest--Mike Poulson" BMX Action March 1985 Vol.10 No.3 pg.15 full page sidebar.
"How I Won That Race" Super BMX & Freestyle'' April 1985 Vol.12 No.4 pg.62 Mike Poulson describes how he won his first Senior Pro (NBL-"A"/ABA-"AA") in Brookville, Ohio.
Notes
External links
Originally an August 14, 2006 Ogden Standard-Examiner interview.
The American Bicycle Association (ABA) Website.
The National Bicycle League (NBL) Website.
Living people
American male cyclists
BMX riders
1965 births |
72229172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo%20%28RM%20album%29 | Indigo (RM album) | Indigo is the debut studio album by South Korean rapper RM, released on December 2, 2022, through Big Hit Music. The album marks the rapper's first full-length body of work since Mono (2018) and serves as a documentation or archive of his late twenties. Comprising 10 tracks, it includes appearances by Erykah Badu, Anderson .Paak, Tablo of Epik High, Kim Sa-wol, Paul Blanco, Mahalia, Colde, Youjeen of Cherry Filter, and Park Ji-yoon. The ninth track, "Wild Flower", a collaboration with Youjeen, was released alongside the album as its lead single, together with an accompanying music video.
The album peaked at number two in South Korea; number three in Lithuania, Portugal, and the United States—the highest-charting album by a Korean soloist on the Billboard 200 at the time; and number four in Japan. Indigo was certified double platinum by the Korea Music Content Association in January 2023 and has sold over 800,000 copies domestically as of July 2023, and over 100,000 units in the US.
Background
In June 2022, during BTS' ninth anniversary celebrations, after announcing that the band members would be devoting more attention to individual music projects going forward, RM spoke about dealing with creative burnout and losing his sense of direction following the release of the band's fourth studio album Map of the Soul: 7 (2020) and the single "Dynamite". He explained that the pressure from being part of the K-pop industry, to constantly produce music, had made it difficult for him to grow and mature as an artist, and that he needed time to think and rediscover his musical identity—it had become harder to balance his personal artistic works with the demands of his role in the band. RM additionally said he wanted audiences to get to know the band members, including himself, as separate entities, outside of the BTS collective, and revealed they all had solo music in the works that they were preparing to release.
During a personal livestream held on Weverse in July, he shared updates about the progress of his own album, stating that it was nearing completion, about "90 percent done", and all that was left was the filming of music videos and additional content to be released alongside the album. He also explained that the music would be very different to 2018's Mono: "If 'Mono' recorded my 2016 to '18, then I think this new album serves as my diary and archive for 2019 to '22."
Release
On November 10, during Hybe Corporation's annual community briefing on YouTube, CEO Jiwon Park announced that RM would be the third member of BTS—after J-Hope and Jin—to release a solo project, his debut album. RM subsequently posted a series of Instagram stories containing the album's title and release date—Indigo, December 2, 2022—as well as the fact that he had begun working on the album since the beginning of 2019. In a follow-up post on Weverse, he mentioned "working hard on it for the past four years" and that "fun friends" were included, seemingly hinting at collaborations on the album. The official announcement notice from Big Hit Music, posted on the platform shortly afterwards, confirmed collaborations with various artists, but did not publish any names. The cover artwork for the album, "a photo of a blue fabric swatch with the album title bleached in white", was shared by Big Hit later in the day. Two days later, RM unveiled more photos hinting at the overall mood of the album via his social media, first posting a photo of a spacious room with wooden furniture bathed in warm-toned light, followed by an Instagram story of an image with the phrase "the last archive of my twenties" set against a painted blue background. He shared a preview of the album's external packaging via Instagram on November 14, several hours before preorders began.
RM's first official solo release, but third overall after his eponymous mixtape in 2015 and Mono in 2018, Indigo recounts "stories and experiences [he] has gone through, like a diary." The preorder period for the album opened on November 15. Big Hit released an "Identity Film" for the project on November 22. In line with the album's title, the blue-tinted visual featured "a rapidly paced montage of vague images" with the sound of static playing in the background. Descriptive text about the album appeared as the clip progressed: "Record of RM : Indigo. From the colors of nature, human, etc. Documentation of my youth in the moment of independent phase. Sun-bleached record faded like old jeans". The final line of text read: "the last archive of my twenties", before the video "gracefully faded out". Five teaser photos followed the next day and showed RM, dressed in blue denim and all-white outfits, standing and sitting in the same warm-toned, light-filled room from the previously shared mood images. The painting Blue, by the late Korean artist Yun Hyong-keun (whom RM is known to be an admirer of), featured in some of the photos. RM has said that with Indigo he created a collaboration that "transcends boundaries" between music and art. Big Hit revealed the tracklist on November 24. The album comprises 10 songs and includes appearances by Erykah Badu, Anderson .Paak, and Tablo, among others.
Format
Two editions of the album were made available for purchase. The "Book Edition" was released in traditional CD format and includes a book, postcard, photocard, and poster. The Target and Weverse Shop USA exclusive versions of this edition contained an additional photocard each. The "Postcard Edition" comprises a lyric book, instant photo, User Guide, and scanable QR guide to access the digital version of the album on Hybe's music streaming app, Weverse Albums, and additional digital content exclusive to that platform.
Singles
The album's ninth track, "Wild Flower", which features vocals by Youjeen of Cherry Filter, was announced as the album's lead single on November 25, 2022. A preview clip for the single's music video was shared via YouTube on November 30. The teaser was nature-based, first showing a "serene field of wheat", followed by "RM walking on a plain and admiring the sunrise", then cutting to an overhead view of the clouds lit up from below "with pockets of lighting", before ending with a wide angle shot of RM standing atop a mountain next to a lone tree as "atmospheric drum and synth beats" played in the background. The full music video premiered simultaneously on YouTube in conjunction with the single's global digital release on December 2—Youjeen does not appear in the video.
"Wild Flower" debuted at number 75 on the week 49 issue of the Circle Digital Chart in South Korea, for the period dated November 27–December 3, 2022, and numbers 4 and 193 on the corresponding issues of the component Download and Streaming charts respectively. It debuted at number 24 on Oricon's Weekly Digital Singles Chart in Japan with 3,046 downloads sold, for the period dated November 28–December 4, 2022. In the United States, the single accrued 4.1 million streams and sold 29,000 downloads in its first tracking week (period dated December 2–8), and went on to debut at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 issue dated December 17, earning both RM and Youjeen their first solo entries on the chart. It was also the best-selling song for that period and topped the corresponding issue of the Digital Songs chart. The single debuted at number one on the genre-specific World Digital Song Sales chart, earning RM his fourth number one overall on the ranking.
Dazed listed "Wild Flower" at number 17 on its year-end ranking of the 40 best K-pop songs released in 2022, with music writer Taylor Glasby stating that the song's position on the list was "a testament to [its] powerful and emotive immediacy". She described it as a "beautifully paced, produced and performed snapshot of a superstar's psyche, as fascinating as it is profoundly stirring." The single was later nominated in the Best Music (Winter) category at the 2023 Fact Music Awards.
Promotion
RM discussed Indigo in in-depth interviews with NME, Variety, and The Atlantic published the day of the album's release. He made his solo performance debut on NPR's Tiny Desk Concert shortly afterwards. The rapper's 3-song set opened with "Seoul" from his Mono (2018) mixtape, followed by the first two tracks from the album: "Yun" and "Still Life". RM is also set to guest on a two-part episode on the Melon Station radio series where he will talk about producing the album, his collaborations, share behind-the-scenes anecdotes, and participate in a Q&A. An exclusive "Ask Me Anything" video will also be released.
A small, commemorative music event was held in Seoul on December 5. Two hundred fans were selected via lottery on Weverse—winners were announced on November 24—from among those who preordered the album, to participate in the event, which was recorded for subsequent promotional video content.
Critical reception
On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, Indigo has received an average score of 87 based on six reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Consequences Mary Siroky wrote that Indigo "feels like a gift to [RM's] own creative spirit as much as it does a gift to the listeners" and that it "captures something about the human experience, which is that there's room for the kind of bone-deep heartache...alongside the joy." She summarized the album as "a record from a writer at the very top of his game who has proven that he still has so far to go and so much to share", with praise for the way RM expresses his frustrations about a "uniquely isolating chapter of life, the "creative catharsis" and experimentation evident on the album, and its "poignant unraveling of heartbreak and hope." Siroky pinpointed "Still Life", "All Day", and "Wild Flower" as essential tracks from the album. Abbie Aitken highlighted the "sense of growth" and change in perspective present on Indigo in her review for Clash magazine. She described the record as "a more candid representation" of RM" that "presents a vivid accumulation of lessons learnt, artistic prowess and a mature outlook on ageing." She gave it an 8/10 rating, writing that "the inclusion of art combined with the presence of an interpretation of nature...feels calming, relatable and fresh". Aitken also commended RM's "meticulous" choice in collaborators, noting that "each track works within the featured artists confines." She concluded that the album "is a charming look into the mentality of a global superstar."
Rolling Stone India ranked Indigo at number three on its list of the 15 Best Korean Hip-Hop and R&B Albums of 2022. Music writer Divyansha Dongre called the album a "refined manifestation of the perspectives [RM has] meditated on over the past decade." Billboard ranked Indigo at the top of its year-end list of the "25 Best K-pop Albums of 2022", with journalist Jeff Benjamin writing that "RM captured the essence of his twenties in the 10 tracks on Indigo, but this 32-minute journey touches far beyond one person's experience. Like good art, Indigo speaks to ideas and messages that are complicated to put into everyday words, but just listening to the music lets it all come to the surface".
Commercial performance
Indigo initially charted in Japan with digital sales only. It debuted at number one on Oricon's weekly Digital Albums Chart dated December 12, 2022, with 3,231 copies sold during the tracking period dated November 28–December 4, 2022. Following the release of the physical album in the country on December 10, it entered the weekly Albums Chart issue dated December 19, at number four, with 25,123 sales recorded for the period dated December 5–11.
The album debuted at number 15 in the United States on the Billboard 200 issue dated December 17, 2022, with 31,000 equivalent album units, marking RM's second and highest entry on the chart to date. Of this figure, 10,500 pure copies of the digital album were sold—the physical was not yet available in the country—earning RM his second top-10 entry on the corresponding issue of the Top Album Sales chart, at number 10. He re-entered the Artist 100 chart at number eight, his highest peak on the ranking at the time. Eight of the album's tracks—"Wildflower", "Still Life", "Yun", "Lonely", "All Day", "Hectic", " No.2" and "Forg_tful—simultaneously ranked on the World Digital Song Sales chart, occupying the top eight positions respectively, making RM the fourth artist since the chart's inception—after BTS, Agust D, and J-Hope—to do so. "Still Life", "Yun", and "All Day" occupied the top three of the Rap Digital Song Sales chart while "Closer" topped the R&B and R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Song Sales charts respectively. Following the US release of the physical album on December 16, Indigo peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 chart issue dated December 31, with 83,000 equivalent album units—this included 79,000 pure sales (77,500 physical albums and an additional 1,500 digital albums) and 4,000 streaming equivalent album units (5.3 million streams)—earning RM his first solo top-10 entry and highest peak on the ranking and making him the highest-charting Korean solo artist in Billboard 200 history; he surpassed the record previously set by South Korean singer Nayeon with her debut EP Im Nayeon, which peaked at number seven in July. RM also rose to a new peak on the Artist 100 at number six.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Indigo and listed alphabetically. Excludes vocal, songwriting, and production credits already cited above.
Mastered by Chris Gehringer at Sterling Sound.
JaRon "Joe Cool" Adkison – record engineering
Erykah Badu – background vocals
Antwone Barnes – choir
Duane Benjamin – choir co-production , choir arrangement/orchestration
Paul Blanco – background vocals , record engineering
Dedrick Bonner – choir arrangement/orchestration , choir , choir direction
Bryce Charles – choir
Hye-jin Choi – record engineering
Marqell Ward Clayton – choir
Colde – record engineering
Docskim – piano , synthesizer , bass , programming , string arrangement
EAeon – keyboard , synthesizer , record engineering
John Eun – piano , acoustic guitar , bass , percussion , vocal and rap arrangement , record engineering , digital editing , mix engineering , electric piano , synthesizer , electric guitar , background vocals
Evan – digital editing
Ghstloop – keyboard , synthesizer , digital editing
Summer Greer – choir
Hissnoise – digital editing
Honne – keyboard , synthesizer , guitars , drum programming
Jaycen Joshua – mix engineering
Mike Seaberg – mix engineering
Rachel Blum – assistant
Jacob Richards – assistant
DJ Riggins – assistant
Onewoo Kang – additional programming
David Kim – mix engineering
Jongkuk Kim – drums
Rob Kinelski – mix engineering
Adam Kulling – keyboard , synthesizer
Ken Lewis – mix engineering
Logikal – keyboard , synthesizer
Maiz – digital editing
Manny Marroquin – mix engineering
Zach Pereyra – assistant mix engineering
Trey Station – assistant mix engineering
Anthony Vilchis – assistant mix engineering
Shin Min – string arrangement , string conducting
Sha'leah Nikole – choir
Sung-geun Oh – record engineering
Ye-chan Joo – assistant
Ji-yoon Park – background vocals
Pdogg – keyboard , synthesizer , drum programming
Ililta Pina – choir
Erik Reichers – record engineering
James F. Reynolds – mix engineering
CD Rios – studio assistant
RM – vocal and rap arrangement , record engineering , background vocals , percussion
Clinton Roane – choir
Emily Silva – choir
Slowminsteady – guitar
Julio Ulloa – record engineering
Ga Yang – mix engineering
Yong String – string
Youjeen – background vocals , vocal and rap arrangement
Young – guitars , record engineering
Zin – vocal and rap arrangement , record engineering
Charts
Weekly charts
Monthly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
Notes
References
2022 debut albums
RM (musician) albums
Hybe Corporation albums
Korean-language albums |
29000420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos%20church | Dura-Europos church | The Dura-Europos church (or Dura-Europos house church) is the earliest identified Christian house church. It was located in Dura-Europos, Syria, and one of the earliest known Christian churches. It is believed to have been an ordinary house that was converted to a place of worship between 233 and 256, and appears to have been built following the Durene tradition, distinguished by the use of mud brick and a layout consisting of rooms encircling a courtyard, which was characteristic of most other homes built in the Dura-Europos region. Prior to the town being abandoned in 256 during the Persian siege, the Romans built a ramp extending from the city wall which buried the church building in a way that allowed for the preservation of its walls, enabling its eventual excavation by archaeologists in 1933. It was less famous, smaller, and more-modestly decorated than the nearby Dura-Europos synagogue, though there are many similarities between them.
The church was uncovered by a French-American team of archaeologists during two excavation campaigns in the city from 1931-32. The frescos were removed after their discovery and are preserved at Yale University Art Gallery.
The fate of the church after the occupation of Syrian territory by ISIS during the Syrian Civil War is unknown; it is assumed the building was destroyed.
History
The Christian chapel at Dura-Europos was a domus ecclesiae that occupied an old, private dwelling in the ancient city's M8 block, along the western rampart of the city, opposite Gate 17, a short distance south of the main door. This house's layout is typical of local domestic architecture; it had a square, central courtyard around which the various rooms were arranged. Access from the street was though a modest door.
The building's construction was dated using an inscription on the plaster that showed the date 232/233. The inscription was made on a wet plaster and later covered over. The house was probably built on a plot of undeveloped land; it was a little larger than the average size used for individual residences in Dura. The building was trapezoidal, and measured approximately from east to west, and between from north to south. The islet M8 was briefly occupied by a building—probably a private house—during the first century AD but was destroyed by the beginning of second century, judging by the significant thickness of the abandonment layer covering its remains. The construction of a first dwelling on the islet came after the Roman occupation of 165, and was followed by other constructions in the years of strong urban growth accompanying the military reinforcement of the city (209-211). The house was bordered by other buildings on the east side but the area to the south remained vacant. The conversion to a Christian church probably occurred in 240/241.
The new building was about long and wide, and was close to the city wall, from which it was separated by a street. The house consisted of a peristyle with living rooms on all four sides. In the north was the entrance into an anteroom that led into the peristyle, which had two columns on the east side. Some rooms were high and other rooms were probably about high. There was a staircase to the roof and a small basement. The residents seem to have been comparatively wealthy; one room was decorated with a stucco molding depicting Dionysian scenes, from which it can be assumed the last residents were not among the poorest when the building was converted into a church.
Conversion to a church
During the conversion of the private house into a church, a wall between two small rooms was demolished to make space for the large assembly room. This signified the shift to "church houses", which were more permanently adapted for religious use. As noted in The Oxford History of Christian Worship; "one of the larger rooms served as a baptistery, another for the celebration of the Eucharist, and a third possibly for the instruction of catechumens".
The house seems to have been converted in one campaign, and mainly concerned the west and south parts of the building. The first room from the street (Room 8, approximately , in the northeast corner of the building, served as a vestibule. It opened with a passage monumentalized by an arch in the courtyard, two steps below. This almost-square space was renovated; the ground was raised by and covered with cinder, plaster, and tiles, removing in the operation a small basin to collect rainwater that was previously located in the northwest corner. A low, narrow masonry bench was built along the west, north, and south walls. It was preceded by a step- in front of stairwell 7 and the door to room 6. The east side of the courtyard opened onto a portico of two columns with a diameter of equally spaced. It measures approximately . The columns make it possible to estimate the height of the ceiling in rooms 2 and 3 at around . In the middle of the south side of the courtyard opens a monumental door, which was the main access to the south wing of building.
Originally, this included the house's triclinium, the largest room, about that served as a dining room (room 4A). High ceiling (about 5.07 m); it was also raised above the courtyard almost
and included a peripheral masonry bench covered with a plaster coating. A brazier was located immediately to the right of the entrance. A small door in the northeast corner was the only access to a secondary room in the southeast corner of the house (room 3), which was probably a utility or storage room for this dining room. Another door in the northwest corner of room 4A opened to a room 4B, which was probably also a utility room.
During the conversion, the two rooms 4A and 4B were joined to form a large, rectangular room
, the floor of which is raised by back-filling the previous one to a height of the seat. On the east side, a platform was set up against the partition wall separating the new room from room 3, which was preserved: this platform would have accommodated a lectern for a reader or a cathedral. A hole in the ground next to it would have accommodated the base of a lamp. A window was cut into the wall facing the courtyard, just north of the gate. This large room was the Christian community's meeting room.
In the house's north wing, room 5, which was approximately and together with room 6 at the north-west corner, formed the private quarters of the house—perhaps the gynaeceum. A window was pierced in the south-eastern wall, and the doorway leading to room 6 to the north had a careful decoration that was unusual for an interior door. Room 6 was about ; this was converted into a baptistery. In its original state, it was a service room. It was first divided in the direction of the height by installing a ceiling at off the ground. The western part was dug up to the bedrock for the installation of a basin against the western wall. The basin was wide and deep,including above the ground level of the room. It was topped with brick-and-mortar masonry ciborium consisting of a barrel vault wide, which was supported by two pilasters along the west wall and two masonry columns on the east side. A step was built in front of basin. The whole constitutes the baptismal font of a building of worship. On the other side of the room, a low bench was built along the wall. A semicircular niche is dug in the south wall between the two doors, and a table was set up in front of it. All of the room's the walls received a rich, painted decoration; geometric and plant motifs were painted on the baptismal font; the room's ceiling and the vault were decorated with white stars on a blue background, according to a pattern quite similar to that of the vault of the mithraeum of Dura Europos. The decoration of the ciborium also recalls that of the Torah niche in the synagogue; the same artists were probably responsible for both.
No prominent altar was found and archeologists are unsure where exactly it was located, it was suggested a platform in the big room could have held an altar. In contrast with the others, the room serving as the baptistery was very developed. The layout of the building's assembly room seems to suggest the emergence of the ritual Christian Mass at this time, with a raised dais on one end elevating the speaker and making them visible and audible to a large assembly, and the orientation of the room towards the east as opposed to the western Jerusalem, which was already at this moment in history a documented Christian custom. This room's numerous wall paintings were relatively well preserved and were made in the tradition of Parthian art, although their quality is significantly lower than that of the Dura-Europos synagogue.
The building is notably smaller and sports less modifications than the nearby synagogue that was excavated during the same time period, which can generally be attributed to the Christian population in Dura-Europos being much smaller and less affluent than the Jewish population at the time of its construction. Another reason for this may have been restrictions placed on the practice of Christianity by the Roman Empire who had control over Dura-Europos at the time of its construction; the church was small so the believers could met in secret while the building looked the same as other houses of the block.
Discovery
The house-church was uncovered during an archaeological project that was first initiated at the end of World War I, and after stalling in 1923 due to civil unrest and revolts against French control in Syria, was reinvigorated in 1928 with the involvement of American researchers led by scientific director Michael Rostovtzeff of Yale University. Clark Hopkins, who was field director of the site from 1931 to 1935, oversaw the discovery of the house-church in 1931 working closely with Harry Pearson, who was able to construct a detailed floor plan of the church. The discovery was significant at the time due to it being the only ritual Christian building dated from before the Constantinian era. It also offered a unique glimpse into the layout and architecture of such early converted Christian buildings before they were transformed into larger churches, since many such house-churches are known to have existed but were either destroyed or never uncovered.
Religious significance
The finding of the church gives an important window into the early spread of Christianity throughout Syria, and lends truth to apostolic legends which claim that Jesus' first generation of followers originated Christianity in Syrian cities. There is ongoing scholarly debate about the greater significance of Christian presence in Dura-Europos specifically, and the reason for the church's construction. Some scholars have attempted to draw a connecting line between the existence of the church and the Jewish synagogue excavated nearby, claiming the church may have branched off from the synagogue or emerged as a counter to it, evidenced by a piece of Hebrew writing found within the church which "resembles not only a Jewish prayer, but also a mealtime blessing passed down in the Didache, an early Jewish-Christian liturgical manual likely from Syria." Others have associated the tradition of Christianity in Dura-Europos with the spread of Valentinianism; a school of thought originated by the mid-second century Christian theologian Valentinus whose ideas were preserved in texts and circulated throughout the eastern world. Due to the similarity in traditions documented in Dura-Europos specifically and by Valentinian teachings, some scholars believe Valentinian presence and influence in Dura-Europos is what led to the construction of the church. Another theory is that Christianity arrived in Dura-Europos with the Roman army who made up "as much as 50 percent" of the city's population during the time in which they occupied it. The church was excavated near the city wall, which was the frontier of the city's expansion during the time in which they were under Roman control. Considering many nearby houses were known to be occupied by members of the army, and graffiti was found inside the church containing Latin-originated names, Roman involvement in the church is more or less confirmed, though how much their presence directly led to its formation is still debated.
Paintings
The surviving frescoes are acknowledged to be "the earliest church wall painting[s] yet discovered," and probably the oldest-known Christian paintings. The "Good Shepherd", the "Healing of the paralytic" and "Christ and Peter walking on the water" are considered the earliest depictions of Jesus. A much larger fresco depicts three women approaching a large sarcophagus; this most likely depicts the three Marys visiting Christ's tomb or the Parable of the Ten Virgins. There were also frescoes of Adam and Eve, and David and Goliath. The frescoes clearly followed the Hellenistic Jewish iconographic tradition but they are more crudely done than the paintings of the nearby Dura-Europos synagogue.
According to The Oxford History of Christian Worship, early Christian paintings would be quite surprising for a modern viewer:
Clearly, however, the early images have an agenda other than the simple illustration of texts. Both at Dura-Europos and in the catacombs, the visual jottings of seemingly disconnected scenes serve to answer the question: Who is our God? And, by visual analogies, they express the triumph over death, of which baptism is the beginning. Blessed be the faithful God who saved the Israelites through the waters of the sea, who saved Jonah from the belly of the whale, who saved Daniel and the three youths, who provided water in the desert! Blessed be the God who, like a shepherd, finds and rescues the lost, who heals the sick and feeds the hungry! Blessed be the God who raised Lazarus from the dead, and who lifts to eternal life all that go down into the tomb of baptism! Blessed be God who will do for us the great deeds he wrought for our ancestors!
Baptistry
Only the baptistery was decorated with wall paintings, which distinguished the church from the nearby Jewish synagogue that featured artwork on display throughout. Scholars hypothesize that this difference stems from Christianity's desire to promote conversion at the time, which would only happen within the baptistery and give the convert the singular experience of witnessing the artworks when they were anointed. The room's ceiling could be reconstructed using plaster fragments; it was painted in dark blue with bright stars. The baptismal font was on the west side of the room, where there were a brick canopy with a vaulted ceiling and two pillars in the front. The pillars were painted dark green with black veins, probably to imitate marble. The front over the arch of the niche showed fruits in fields. The ceiling inside the niche was blue with bright stars. Inside the niche was the baptismal font. There are paintings on the back wall; the Good Shepherd was on the left with a ram on his shoulders. The figure was about high. A flock of sheep was depicted in front of him, in the middle of the field and on the right. The number of sheep and rams cannot be determined today; it was probably once between thirteen and sixteen. The sheep on the far right are drinking water, although this part of the scene was in poor condition. The large number of sheep was atypical for comparable presentations. Under the Shepherd are Adam and Eve; both figures appearing to be a later addition. The whole picture was found to be poorly preserved and was found in fragments that had to be reassembled. It is uncertain whether the number of sheep had a symbolic meaning. The representation of the Good Shepherd was extremely popular in ancient times; it is always a picture of a young, beardless man in a short skirt carrying a sheep on his back.
Representation of women
The main part of the east and north wall is taken up in the lower half by a single scene, which is only partially preserved. When the paintings were found on the east wall, the feet of five women walking to the left could still be seen. The scene continues on the north wall, where the remains of a painted, half-closed door are located, which was exactly opposite the room's main door and was the first to be seen when entering the room. The following part of the depiction, to the left of the door, has been completely destroyed but the depiction of two women is well preserved. The women hold torches in one hand and a vessel in the other. They are dressed in white veils and stand in front of a white, box-shaped object, believed in some interpretations to be Jesus' tomb. The representation was obviously important since it took up the main field of two walls, and its placement is significant in how the women are depicted as walking along the eastern wall such that they mimicked the procession of someone walking from the courtyard into the baptistry, which emphasized how one would walk into the baptistry and emerge reborn and purified, just as the women would as they walked towards the tomb of Christ.
Other investigations concluded the Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins is presented here, whose story is transmitted in the Gospel according to Matthew 24:1–13. Ten virgins go to their bridegroom, carrying lamps. Five of the women take enough oil. In the middle of the night, the bridegroom arrives and the virgins set up their lamps, the foolish virgins ask the others for more oil because the lights threatened to go out. The wise virgins say they should buy oil, they then go into the wedding hall, the door of which is closed behind them so virgins arriving later could not enter. The white object represents a wedding hall or a wedding tent. The door to the wedding hall is on the far right on the wall, while the five foolish virgins were in front of the door on the east wall. Baptism was viewed in the Eastern Church as a kind of marriage between the baptized and Jesus, which explains the importance of the scenes. In the Eastern Church, the ten virgins were the brides of Jesus. The scene told initiates they were beginning a new spiritual relationship with God.
Miracles of Jesus
Above the main field of the wall with the depictions of women were several smaller scenes, only two of which had survived. The preserved scenes were about high and wide in the lower part. In the lower third, there was a representation of water; it is possible this was an element connecting of all the scenes. Miracles performed by Jesus were depicted here. On the north wall, there were three figures. Standing in the middle and above the others was a man, probably Jesus. Below Jesus, on the right side was a man lying on a bed. On the left was a depiction of a man walking away carrying a bed on his shoulders, which researchers agreed was a depiction of the story of the healing of a paralyzed man told in Mark 2:1–12, although there are other opinions on the interpretation of the scene.
To the right of it, another scene shows two men walking on water, a depiction of the story in which Jesus walks on water, which is told in Mark 6:45–61 and in Matthew 14:22–34. The scene was only partially preserved because the wall was torn down. In the background, there is a large ship with the apostles on board, who watch the two men. Five figures had been preserved:
Christ encourages his apostle Peter to walk over a stormy sea as a ship carrying other apostles sails in the background. The image told viewers that, just as Christ saved Peter from drowning in the waters of Galilee, he would save baptized Christian souls through his death and resurrection.
Woman at the fountain and garden
The south wall had two doors and a niche, limiting the space available for paintings. Near the main niche, there was a figure of a woman standing by a fountain. She turns to the left and wears a long robe with a rosette on her chest. In front of her is a well, into which she lowers two ropes. Two lines can be seen on their backs that come from heaven. In older literature, the woman was interpreted as the Samaritan woman at the well and sometimes also as Rebekah. Recent considerations, however, make it more likely the painting depicts Virgin Mary. If the identification as the Virgin Mary is correct, it is the oldest image of Mary known to date.
Above the woman, on the upper part of the wall next to the canopy, was a painting of a garden. This scene remains only in descriptions and a technically poor photograph.
David and Goliath
On the south wall under a niche between the two doors was a depiction of David and Goliath, to which as the inscriptions on the figures clearly attest. This depiction was in a poor condition. Above the scene was a Greek inscription: ("Christ Jesus (be) with you, remember [Pr]oklos"). It is unclear whether the inscription is connected to a foundation on the part of the mentioned Proclus or whether it was affixed in his memory after his death. David stands on the right and hits Goliath. In the image, David was depicted as a Roman soldier and Goliath wore the costume of a Persian, who were the Romans' contemporaneous enemies. The depiction of David in a baptistery is unusual but to the Eastern Church, David was the prototype of an anointed man, having been anointed in the Bible by Samuel prior to his battle with Goliath, ensuring his victory. Anointings also took place in the baptistery, whereby baptism was also viewed as a kind of anointing.
Graffiti
Graffiti and drawings were found on the walls of the house. A Greek inscription on the west wall of the assembly hall is important for the history of the building. It names the year 545 of the Seleucid era, which corresponds to the year 232/233 AD. Several examples of the Greek alphabet were present, as was one instance of the Syriac alphabet. Four names were also identified, two of which, Paulus and Proclus, come from Latin and are linked to members of the Roman garrison who occupied the city, lending to the theory that the Roman army had an influence on the origin of Christianity in Dura-Europos. Also noteworthy are two line drawings, each depicting a rider.
Comparable buildings
The ruins of the oldest house church made of stone blocks, which were built at the beginning of the fourth century AD through the conversion of a residential building, are located in Qirqbize in northwest Syria. In the nearby village of Fafertin stood the oldest purpose-built church building, which is inscribed and dated to 372 AD.
References
Sources
External links
Churches in Syria
3rd-century churches
3rd-century paintings
Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Syria
Roman Empire art
Church
Buildings and structures in Deir ez-Zor Governorate
Early Christian art |
62513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20United%20Nations | Model United Nations | Model United Nations, also known as Model UN or MUN, is an educational simulation in which students learn about diplomacy, international relations, and the United Nations. At an MUN conference, students work as the representative of a country, organization, or person, and must solve a problem with other delegates from around the world. MUN teaches participants skills like research, public speaking, debating, and writing, in addition to critical thinking, teamwork, and leadership. While MUN is typically used as an extracurricular activity, some schools also offer it as a class. MUN is meant to engage students, and allow them to develop deeper understanding into current world issues and world politics.
Delegates conduct research before conferences: they must formulate position papers, and create policy proposals that they will debate with other delegates in their committee. At the end of a conference, delegates will vote on written policies (called draft resolutions), with the goal of passing them with a majority vote. The best-performing delegates in each committee, as well as delegations, are occasionally recognized with awards.
MUN organizations have conferences that accommodate students, from elementary school, all the way to college or university levels. Most conferences will often cater to just one of these three levels. Delegates usually attend conferences together, as delegations sent by their respective school or university's Model UN clubs, though some delegates attend conferences independently.
History
Model UN began as a series of student-led Model League of Nations simulations. The first simulations were called "international assemblies", the first of which was held at Oxford University in November 1921, with the potential first ever simulation being on 12 November 1921. Following several simulations in Oxford, Mir Mahmood, the president of the first Oxford International Assembly, traveled to Harvard in 1922 to help spread this idea further. He advocated for the League of Nations, and inspired the Harvard Liberal Club to create the first American International Assembly held at Harvard University in 1923. The Oxford International Assembly ceased to exist in the following years, but the Harvard International Assembly remained strong, and has since encouraged the development of these simulations worldwide.
After World War II, Model League of Nations transitioned to Model United Nations after the formation of the League's successor organization, the United Nations, in 1945. Today, some Model United Nations conferences include a wide variety of topics in their committee offerings, some even simulating the League of Nations.
The first recorded instance of a Model United Nations conference was at Swarthmore College on 5 April 1947. Over 150 students from over 41 colleges were reported as participating. The delegates simulated a General Assembly, and recommended that member states "establish an international control and development of atomic energy", "conclude a treaty on disarmament", that the UN adopt "a uniform system for citizenship of refugees", that the UN amend the charter to adopt a definition of aggression, and that nations "promote the reconstruction of devastated areas through economic assistance through the U.N."
Another historic Model United Nations was held at St. Lawrence University from 11 to 13 February 1949. It was initiated by Dr. Harry Reiff, head of the History and Government Department, with the assistance of departmental colleague Otto L. George. The 1949 St. Lawrence University Model UN conference included delegates from regional colleges and universities, including Adelphi University, Alfred University, Champlain College, Clarkson University, McGill University, Middlebury College, Potsdam College, Saint Michael's College, and The University of Vermont. The conference continued annually for many years at St. Lawrence, and has recently been revived on the campus.
The three oldest conferences in the world that are still active today were established in the early 1950s. They are Berkeley Model United Nations (BMUN) at Berkeley (1952) Harvard Model United Nations (HMUN) at Harvard (1953) and Model United Nations of the Far West (MUNFW), which has held college-level conferences since 1951. The first was held at Stanford University, where Ralph Bunche was the honored speaker.
Academic aspects
Participation in Model UN is meant to foster skills in negotiation, speaking, and communication. Material issues of diplomacy and policy are approached through a quasi-academic process. In addition, crisis committees, which deal with crisis scenarios which can be contemporary or historical, can develop leadership skills, and the ability to adapt and deal with unexpected situations. In preparation for a conference, topics are chosen for each committee. Typically, research and background guides are made available by the organizers of a conference. Based on these guides, delegates of each committee are often expected to research and formulate a position for the country or group they represent, and submit a position paper. The purpose of writing a position paper is to familiarize delegates with the substantial topics of debate, encourage academic research and writing, and to enable substantial preparation for conferences.
Procedures
In order to maintain decorum, most Model UN committees use parliamentary procedures derived from Robert's Rules of Order. In addition, the United Nations has spearheaded efforts to introduce new Model UN rules of procedure that are more closely aligned with those used by the actual UN. Since there is no governing body for Model UN, each conference differs in their rules of procedure.
The following rules of procedure apply to general MUNs but may not apply to every MUN:
Points and Motions
Points and Motions outline how topics are prioritized, the way resolutions are voted on, and how they facilitate the general flow of debate. Points are used to discuss topics that are outside of substantive debate. They are more personal, and don't require a vote. Motions are used to discuss procedural matters, and they help to further the discussion on a committee topic. A delegate may request the committee as a whole to perform a particular action. Most motions will require a vote in order to pass; the number of votes required to pass these motions works according to a Quorum – this is the minimum number of delegates required to make decisions in a committee. The motions used at any given time in a Model UN committee change, according to where the committee is with the flow of debate.
Flow of Debate
Most MUN committees follow a flow of debate. This starts with a speakers list, followed by formal/informal debate and then voting procedure. A Dais will maintain a list of speakers and the delegates follow the order written on the 'speaker list'. Delegates may be added to the speaker list by raising their placards or sending a note to the chair. During this time, delegates talk to the entire committee. They make speeches, answer questions, and debate on resolutions and amendments. If there are no other motions, the committee goes back to the speaker list by default.
Formal/Informal debate includes both moderated and unmoderated caucuses. Caucus is an opportunity to discuss policy ideas. A Moderated Caucus is more formal and is run by the committee chair, an Unmoderated caucus is a time where delegates move around the room and have a more informal discussion on the topic. In a moderated or unmoderated caucus, the committee goes into a recess and the rules of procedure are suspended. Anyone may speak if recognized by the chair. A vote on a motion is necessary to go into a moderated caucus. There is a comparatively shorter time limit per speech. In an unmoderated caucus, the delegates informally meet with other delegates and the staff for discussions.
Resolutions
A resolution is a legal document that expresses the general opinion of the committee. Once passed it can be seen as a list of actions that your committee recommends.
Resolutions are the written compilation of the ideas discussed during debate. They are considered the final results of conversations, writings, and negotiations. Resolutions must go through a draft, approval by the dais, and consequent debate and modification.
MUN Resolutions are composed of both preambulatory and operative clauses. Preambulatory clauses help to outline the general problems that a resolution will fix, whereas operative clauses help to display solutions in an organized and easily understandable way.
Conference management
MUN societies and conferences are run by a group of administrators known as the secretariat. A secretariat is headed by a Secretary-General. Other members of the secretariat include the Director-General, Under-Secretaries-General and President of General Assembly.
Committee dais
Each committee usually has a dais that is composed of a chair (also known as moderator or director), one or more vice-chairs and a team of note-passers (also known as pages, runners, security, admins, or similar).
In crisis committees, there can also be a crisis staff composed of a crisis director, assistant director, and crisis staffers. These members are responsible for facilitating the back-room portion of a committee.
Languages
Traditionally, English has been the official and working language of most conferences. However, as Model UN has become more popular around the world, and as conferences in countries such as the United States have sought to appeal to underrepresented minorities (such as the Spanish-speaking community), committees using languages other than English, or which are bilingual, have become common. However, this is still not a mainstream phenomenon, especially in the United States, where most bilingual or Spanish language committees are found only at conferences hosted in Puerto Rico or the South West.
Attire
Nearly all Model United Nations conferences require delegates to wear Western business attire. Dressing professionally is an important way to show respect for the nation, organization, or individual one is representing, as well as for the rest of one's committee.
Committees
Model United Nations conferences regularly simulate the bodies of the United Nations, the European Union, government cabinets, regional bodies such as ASEAN, as well as corporate boards, NGOs or so-called Press Corps. Idiosyncrasies and fictional Committees also exist. An example for such a special committee that does not have a parallel in the actual United Nations which deals with a crisis is known as a 'Crisis Committee.' In this committee, a crisis is given to a team of students and the teams must come up with solutions. The Crisis Committee traditionally focuses on a single historical event, but recently current and future events have been used as well. The event may be fictional or non-fictional.
Crisis committees
Crisis is a specialized form of Model UN where participants can emulate a variety of entities, from a board of directors to historical figures. Crisis committees tend to be much smaller in size than their classic counterparts, and revolve around a quickly-developing series of events known as a "crisis." Delegates are assigned positions, and must create directives consisting purely of operative actions this means that rather than solving problems with Resolutions, delegates pass Directives. While delegates are working to solve the crisis at hand through directives, they are also often tasked with individual objectives that can be achieved with the submission of crisis notes. Delegates may sometimes find out what other committee members have been doing through crisis updates.
Unlike regular committees, crisis committees have two distinct forums: the in-room and the out-room (also known as the front-room and the back-room, respectively). The in-room consists of delegate activity in the committee, including the usual speaking, while out-room refers to directives sent to staffers (also known as directors), communication with other crisis committees. Directives can either be written by an individual, several individuals working together, or the whole committee.
Staffers can update crisis events based partly on a preset direction and partly on interaction from delegates and committees. Crisis committees are also subject to more variation in rules and experimentation than regular committees. One relatively common variant is the "midnight crisis" where delegates attend a committee session at night to respond to an emergency situation. There also may be crisis committees that interact with each other, where resolutions that are written impact debate in other committees.
Organization
Model United Nations conferences are usually organized by high school clubs or college clubs.
Model UN by region and country
Although Model United Nations originated in the United States, MUN clubs and conferences are not isolated to that country. Rather, like the actual UN, model UN is found in countries around the globe. Because Model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously around the world, there are significant differences in how MUN is done between regions.
Europe
Denmark
MUN is relatively popular in Denmark, with BIGMUN being the largest conference in Scandinavia.
Germany
MUN is popular amongst university and high school students in . The country's largest conference is Oldenburg Model United Nations (OLMUN).
Most model United Nations Conferences in Germany debate in the English language. Exceptions to that are high school conferences including the ones organized by (DMUN e.V.) in (MUNBW), (MUNSH) and (MUNBB), as well as the ones organized by (SvEN, Simulation Vereinte Nationen). On college level, BIMUN/SINUB in takes place as a multi-lingual conference with live interpretation.
The Netherlands
The largest MUN in the Netherlands is The Hague International Model United Nations (THIMUN) conference, which includes over 3500 participants, coming from around 200 schools and 100 countries. Although it is not located near the United Nations Headquarters in New York, it is one of the pioneer model United Nations conferences in the world, since it has been founded in 1968 and located in the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) world city of the Hague. A whole network of conferences is marked by its THIMUN affiliation, a label which basically describes the universality of the procedures that rule the conference, and make it part of the UN recognized foundation. In 1995, the THIMUN Foundation was accredited as a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information. Additionally, THIMUN has established its own conferences' network throughout time: THIMUN Qatar, THIMUN Singapore, THIMUN Online MUN (O-MUN) and THIMUN Latin America conferences have been set up from 2005. The second and third biggest MUN-conferences of the Netherlands are MUNISH (Model United Nations at the International School of the Hague) and HMUN (Haarlem Model United Nations).
Portugal
The Iberian Model United Nations (IMUN), held in Lisbon, is the largest MUN in Portugal and one of the largest high school MUN conferences in Europe. IMUN's keynote speakers have included prominent politicians, diplomats, United Nations officials, and rights activists, such as internationally awarded author Richard Zimler, U.S. Ambassador Robert A. Sherman, and President of Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. There are numerous other conferences throughout the country.
Spain
MUN first arrived in Spain in 2006 with the organization of the Catalonia Model United Nations (C'MUN) in Barcelona. In 2019 Madrid hosted the Harvard World Model United Nations (WorldMUN), and among the 2,300 participants were 500 Spanish students belonging to 20 different universities. Madrid's bid for WorldMUN was led by the Spanish Alliance for Model United Nations (SAMUN), which reunited the students of the four public universities of Madrid: Complutense University of Madrid, Autonomous University of Madrid, Charles III University of Madrid and King Juan Carlos University.
Asia-Pacific
Afghanistan
The Kabul Model United Nations was established in Kabul in 2014. The objectives are to bring young female and male individuals together to discuss global issues and promote diplomacy, human rights, peace building, and social welfare. Participants include university students up to the age of 30. They come from four or five Afghanistan provinces to develop critical thinking and public speaking skills. Pamir International Model United Nations (PIMUN) was established in October 2016.
Australia
Model United Nations conferences in Australia are typically separated into tertiary and high school levels. At the high school level, the large majority of model United Nations events are organized by the various state and territory branches of UN Youth Australia through the Evatt competition or UN Youth various conferences and summits, or by the many branches of Rotary Australia.
Bangladesh
Model United Nations is practiced in Bangladesh since 2002, when the Model United Nations on Combating Terrorism – Bangladesh Model United Nations first took place. Since then, plenty of Model United Nations conferences have been held in the country. But the concept of MUN became a popular one in Bangladesh from 2013.
MUN in Bangladesh grew rapidly after the formation of the first university based MUN club of the country Dhaka University Model United Nations Association in 2011. Dhaka University National Model United Nations (DUNMUN) started from 2012.
Mainland China
Model United Nations first came to Mainland China in 1995, when the China Foreign Affairs University held the country's first collegiate model United Nations conferences. Arriving in Mainland Chinese high schools in 2005, Model UN expanded rapidly. Peking University (PKU) students, after attending Harvard's HMUN, organized the first national model UN conference for high school students in Mainland China. PKU's conference was initially backed by UNA-USA, however support was curtailed in 2010 due to the Great Recession.
Between 2005 and 2010, national Model United Nations conferences such as those organized by PKU and the rivaling Fudan University in Shanghai drew the best high school students from around the country, who competed for limited spaces. Over time, lesser-known national conferences, as well as regional and even local conferences for high school students, began to develop and gradually spread to cities beyond Beijing and Shanghai.
Most Model United Nations conferences in Mainland China are organized through private or academic enterprises, however some government-affiliated MUNs have also flourished, and recently, unofficial student-run grassroots conferences have begun to dominate the Chinese MUN scene.
MITMUNC China was jointly organized online by ASDAN and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2020.
Taiwan
Taiwan first held Model United Nations in 1945The location is at National Tsing Hua University.
India
Delegates from across India attend the Doon School Model United Nations. The Harvard MUN India hosted over 1700 attendees in 2019.
Model UN in India is very popular and competitions are regularly conducted in cities like Bangalore, Chennai and Delhi.
New Zealand
A high number of New Zealand high schools operate their own MUN events, with UN Youth New Zealand functioning as a managing organisation. UN Youth NZ also organises regional and national events, along with Aotearoa Youth Declaration, the Pacific Project, and New Zealand's THIMUN delegation.
Pakistan
The first MUN in Pakistan was held in 2006 and since then, the number of MUN conferences in the country has grown, attracting participants from schools, colleges, and universities across the country. Some notable MUNs in Pakistan include the Lahore Model United Nations, Youth International Conclave Model United Nations,<ref>{{cite web|url= International Conclave organized one of the Asia's largest hybrid leadership & entrepreneurship summit to empower the youth globally : |date=2021-11-10|work=Techjuice|ref=YICMUN}}</ref> and Karachi Model United Nations.
The Aitchison College Model United Nations Society was established in 2009. Most notably, they won the overall Best Delegation at HMUN China for two years in a row, and for a record third time.
Others
Another major conference in Pakistan is the "Lahore University of Management Sciences Model United Nations" in Lahore, Pakistan which hosts more than 400 delegates.
Vietnam
There has been an increasing number of conferences, including invitational ones such as UNISMUN, SAMSUN, and many other non-invitational ones. These conferences are often organized by schools or student-led organizations with varying scales and exclusivity. One of the most inclusive Model United Nations conferences in the country is Vietnam National Model United Nations (VNMUN), open to not only Vietnamese in all parts of the country but also international students studying around the world.
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates Universities Model United Nations occur on a yearly basis. It draws more than 300 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East. Many schools also have their own MUN conferences, including DIAMUN in Dubai.
Bahrain
The Bahrain Universities Model United Nations occur on a yearly basis. It draws more than 200 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East.
Israel
In 2008, Reichman University established the first United Nations Model Club at the academic level in Israel. Since then, university level MUN in Israel has grown to include over 10 universities and colleges and is led by the Israeli Model United Nations Association. Some universities hold a yearly conference of their own such as Tel Aviv University's TLVMUN.
Kuwait
The American Creative Academy Model United Nations (ACAMUN), the American School of Kuwait Model United Nations (ASKMUN), and the Bayan Bilingual School Model United Nations (BBSMUN) are the most popular Model United Nations organizations in the State of Kuwait amongst high schoolers. Comparatively, the American University of Kuwait Model United Nations (AUKMUN) is the leading Model United Nations organization amongst university and collegiate leveled people, with AUKMUN being recognized and well-respected by the United Nations in Kuwait due to the highly regarded submission of a proposal based on climate finance and cap-trade policies written by executive members.
Africa
Nigeria
Lagos Model United Nations is one of Africa's pioneer MUN Conferences. Set in Lagos, it is the largest MUN Conference in West Africa, and attracts over 400 delegates each year. The Conference is hosted by the Faculty of Law, University of Lagos and simulates up to 10 committees of the United Nations annually. The Conference began in 2016, due to the desire of the founders to organize a conference in Nigeria, after participating in several Model United Nations conferences worldwide including National Model United Nations and Rome Model United Nations.
Beyond the simulation of committees, the Conference offers other activities for delegates such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Workshop and the Idea Fair. The SDG Workshop is a platform for SDG experts to share their experiences with the delegates, while the Idea Fair is an opportunity for young innovators working on different SDGs to win a cash grant.
Tunisia
Conferences in Tunisia are mostly found in Tunis and they are usually sponsored by the Tunisian International Model United Nations (TIMUN). The most famous conference in Tunisia is the "Grande Simulation annuelle du TIMUN" in Tunis, which host more than 300 delegates. These conferences are usually hosted by the biggest national universities. Since the 6th edition, the "Grande Simulation annuelle" is under the patronage of the Tunisian Minister of Foreign Affairs and welcomes Tunisian ministers and diplomats.
Botswana
The majority of MUN conferences held in Botswana are centred around the capital city, Gaborone. Model United Nations events have also happened online, with Youth International Conclave hosting an event to encourage more of the youth to take part. Some private schools in Gaborone such as Maru-a-Pula School have MUN as an extra curricular activity.
Other countries
The other conferences in Africa include NAIMUN in Marrakech. Established in August 2012 by a coalition of North African youths, NAIMUN is the largest student-run Model United Nations conference in Africa and the Middle East, with 4 sub-branches in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt. It trains and encourages young people to address pressing global issues and engages them in resolving global problems. NAIMUN is a non-profit organization which provides an equal opportunity for all youth to actively participate in an open debate. JoMUN in Johannesburg, and IMIRAMUN in Windhoek took place in Benin, in Cotonou. The first edition of Algeria Model United Nations was held in December 2014.
South America
Brazil
The Americas Model United Nations (AMUN) was the first MUN Conference to be held in Latin America, accomplishing 21 years of history in 2018 with the edition Bring Walls Down, Build Up Connections. The event official language of the conference is English, which has enabled AMUN to receive students from various countries worldwide. The committees vary with each edition of the project, as well as its themes addressed, among which are international security, cooperation, human rights, democracy and transnational crimes.
Among the cultural activities, there is a tour around Brasília, the city hosting the event, and the Nations Fair, in which the peculiarities and customs of each country are shown by the participants representing them on the Conference.
Peru
At university level, Model United Nations started in Peru in 2006 with the United Nations Studies Circle (CENU), a college team from the University of Lima founded to compete at Harvard National Model United Nations. This team would evolution into a full-scale organization, the Peruvian Association for the Study of the United Nations (AENU Peru for its Spanish acronym), a non-for-profit NGO charged with task of promoting MUN in Peru and creating Peru's first "National Delegation", thus creating the Peruvian Universities Debate Team (PU). Starting their new trademark since 2011, PU's has garnered the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard World Model United Nations 2014 held in Brussels, Belgium, and the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard National Model United Nations - Latin America 2017, held in Lima, Peru.
At high school level, MUN has been a popular extracurricular activity since 2012, with the first high school conference Lima Model United Nations (LiMUN) 2012, followed by Villa Maria Model United Nations (VMMUN) 2015, Newton Model United Nations (NewMUN) 2015, and Carmelitas Model United Nations 2015, being the latter school the host for the first Ivy League Model United Nations Conference Peru (ILMUNC 2016). Each school delegation hosts its own conference, including Lima, Cusco, Arequipa and Piura.
North America
United States
Model United Nations is popular across the United States, with MUN clubs and conferences being found in every region. However, because Model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously, there are significant differences in how MUN is done between regions.
Notable participants
Kiyotaka Akasaka, former UN Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information
Ban Ki-moon, former Secretary-General of the United Nations
Chelsea Clinton, former first daughter of the United States
Tom Donilon, former National Security Advisor in the Obama administration
Suzan G. LeVine, former U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, King of the Netherlands
Paul Ryan, former speaker of the United States House of Representatives, 2012 US vice-presidential nominee, and former congressman from Wisconsin
Stephen M. Schwebel, former judge and president of the International Court of Justice
Joel Stein, American journalist, former writer for the Los Angeles Times and regular contributor to Time George Stephanopoulos, television journalist and former adviser to U.S. President Bill Clinton
Rainn Wilson, actor best known for playing Dwight Schrute on NBC's The Office See also
Experiential learning
Global civics
Global Classrooms
Mock trial
Model Arab League
Model Congress
Model European Union Strasbourg
Model G20
Moot court
United Nations Association of the United States of America
References
Further reading
Dille, Brian (2017). Engaging the United Nations: A Brief Introduction to the UN. Engagement Learning. .
Leslie, Scott A. (2004). A Guide to Delegate Preparation: A Model United Nations Handbook. The United Nations Association of the United States of America, softcover. .
Muldoon, J. P. (1995). "The Model United Nations Revisited". Simulation & Gaming, 26(1), 27–35. .
Turunç, Kerem (2009). The Winning Delegate: An Insider's Guide to Model United Nations'', 2nd ed. iUniverse. .
External links
Educational programs
Youth model government |
1391009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20stealth | Plasma stealth | Plasma stealth is a proposed process to use ionized gas (plasma) to reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) of an aircraft. Interactions between electromagnetic radiation and ionized gas have been extensively studied for many purposes, including concealing aircraft from radar as stealth technology. Various methods might plausibly be able to form a layer or cloud of plasma around a vehicle to deflect or absorb radar, from simpler electrostatic or radio frequency discharges to more complex laser discharges. It is theoretically possible to reduce RCS in this way, but it may be very difficult to do so in practice. Some Russian missiles e.g. the 3M22 Zircon (SS-N-33) and Kh-47M2 Kinzhal missiles have been reported to make use of plasma stealth.
First claims
In 1956, Arnold Eldredge, of General Electric, filed a patent application for an "Object Camouflage Method and Apparatus," which proposed using a particle accelerator in an aircraft to create a cloud of ionization that would "...refract or absorb incident radar beams." It is unclear who funded this work or whether it was prototyped and tested. U.S. Patent 3,127,608 was granted in 1964.
During Project OXCART, the operation of the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft, the CIA funded an attempt to reduce the RCS of the A-12's inlet cones. Known as Project KEMPSTER, this used an electron beam generator to create a cloud of ionization in front of each inlet. The system was flight tested but was never deployed on operational A-12s or SR-71s. The A-12 also had the capability to use a cesium-based fuel additive called "A-50" to ionize the exhaust gases, thus blocking radar waves from reflecting off the aft quadrant and engine exhaust pipes. Cesium was used because it was easily ionized by the hot exhaust gases. Radar physicist Ed Lovick Jr. claimed this additive saved the A-12 program.
In 1992, Hughes Research Laboratory conducted a research project to study electromagnetic wave propagation in unmagnetized plasma. A series of high voltage spark gaps were used to generate UV radiation, which creates plasma via photoionization in a waveguide. Plasma filled missile radomes were tested in an anechoic chamber for attenuation of reflection. At about the same time, R. J. Vidmar studied the use of atmospheric pressure plasma as electromagnetic reflectors and absorbers. Other investigators also studied the case of a non-uniform magnetized plasma slab.
Despite the apparent technical difficulty of designing a plasma stealth device for combat aircraft, there are claims that a system was offered for export by Russia in 1999. In January 1999, the Russian ITAR-TASS news agency published an interview with Doctor Anatoliy Koroteyev, the director of the Keldysh Research Center (FKA Scientific Research Institute for Thermal Processes), who talked about the plasma stealth device developed by his organization. The claim was particularly interesting in light of the solid scientific reputation of Dr. Koroteyev and the Institute for Thermal Processes, which is one of the top scientific research organizations in the world in the field of fundamental physics.
The Journal of Electronic Defense reported that "plasma-cloud-generation technology for stealth applications" developed in Russia reduces an aircraft's RCS by a factor of 100 (20 dB). According to this June 2002 article, the Russian plasma stealth device has been tested aboard a Sukhoi Su-27IB fighter-bomber. The Journal also reported that similar research into applications of plasma for RCS reduction is being carried out by Accurate Automation Corporation (Chattanooga, Tennessee) and Old Dominion University (Norfolk, Virginia) in the U.S.; and by Dassault Aviation (Saint-Cloud, France) and Thales (Paris, France).
Plasma and its properties
A plasma is a quasineutral (total electrical charge is close to zero) mix of ions (atoms which have been ionized, and therefore possess a net positive charge), electrons, and neutral particles (un-ionized atoms or molecules). Most plasmas are only partially ionized, in fact, the ionization degree of common plasma devices like fluorescent lamp is fairly low ( less than 1%). Almost all the matter in the universe is very low density plasma: solids, liquids and gases are uncommon away from planetary bodies. Plasmas have many technological applications, from fluorescent lighting to plasma processing for semiconductor manufacture.
Plasmas can interact strongly with electromagnetic radiation: this is why plasmas might plausibly be used to modify an object's radar signature. Interaction between plasma and electromagnetic radiation is strongly dependent on the physical properties and parameters of the plasma, most notably the electron temperature and plasma density.
Characteristic electron plasma frequency, the frequency with which electrons oscillate (plasma oscillation):
Plasmas can have a wide range of values in both temperature and density; plasma temperatures range from close to absolute zero and to well beyond 109 kelvins (for comparison, tungsten melts at 3700 kelvins), and plasma may contain less than one particle per cubic metre. Electron temperature is usually expressed as electronvolt (eV), and 1 eV is equivalent to 11,604 K. Common plasmas temperature and density in fluorescent light tubes and semiconductor manufacturing processes are around several eV and 109-12per cm3. For a wide range of parameters and frequencies, plasma is electrically conductive, and its response to low-frequency electromagnetic waves is similar to that of a metal: a plasma simply reflects incident low-frequency radiation. Low-frequency means it is lower than the characteristic electron plasma frequency. The use of plasmas to control the reflected electromagnetic radiation from an object (Plasma stealth) is feasible at suitable frequency where the conductivity of the plasma allows it to interact strongly with the incoming radio wave, and the wave can either be absorbed and converted into thermal energy, or reflected, or transmitted depending on the relationship between the radio wave frequency and the characteristic plasma frequency. If the frequency of the radio wave is lower than the plasma frequency, it is reflected. if it is higher, it is transmitted. If these two are equal, then resonance occurs. There is also another mechanism where reflection can be reduced. If the electromagnetic wave passes through the plasma, and is reflected by the metal, and the reflected wave and incoming wave are roughly equal in power, then they may form two phasors. When these two phasors are of opposite phase they can cancel each other out. In order to obtain substantial attenuation of radar signal, the plasma slab needs adequate thickness and density.
Plasmas support a wide range of waves, but for unmagnetised plasmas, the most relevant are the Langmuir waves, corresponding to a dynamic compression of the electrons. For magnetised plasmas, many different wave modes can be excited which might interact with radiation at radar frequencies.
Absorption of EM radiation
When electromagnetic waves, such as radar signals, propagate into a conductive plasma, ions and electrons are displaced as a result of the time varying electric and magnetic fields. The wave field gives energy to the particles. The particles generally return some fraction of the energy they have gained to the wave, but some energy may be permanently absorbed as heat by processes like scattering or resonant acceleration, or transferred into other wave types by mode conversion or nonlinear effects. A plasma can, at least in principle, absorb all the energy in an incoming wave, and this is the key to plasma stealth. However, plasma stealth implies a substantial reduction of an aircraft's RCS, making it more difficult (but not necessarily impossible) to detect. The mere fact of detection of an aircraft by a radar does not guarantee an accurate targeting solution needed to intercept the aircraft or to engage it with missiles. A reduction in RCS also results in a proportional reduction in detection range, allowing an aircraft to get closer to the radar before being detected.
The central issue here is frequency of the incoming signal. A plasma will simply reflect radio waves below a certain frequency (characteristic electron plasma frequency). This is the basic principle of short wave radios and long-range communications, because low-frequency radio signals bounce between the Earth and the ionosphere and may therefore travel long distances. Early-warning over-the-horizon radars utilize such low-frequency radio waves (typically lower than 50 MHz). Most military airborne and air defense radars, however, operate in VHF, UHF, and microwave band, which have frequencies higher than the characteristic plasma frequency of ionosphere, therefore microwave can penetrate the ionosphere and communication between the ground and communication satellites demonstrates is possible. (Some frequencies can penetrate the ionosphere).
Plasma surrounding an aircraft might be able to absorb incoming radiation, and therefore reduces signal reflection from the metal parts of the aircraft: the aircraft would then be effectively invisible to radar at long range due to weak signals received. A plasma might also be used to modify the reflected waves to confuse the opponent's radar system: for example, frequency-shifting the reflected radiation would frustrate Doppler filtering and might make the reflected radiation more difficult to distinguish from noise.
Control of plasma properties like density and temperature is important for a functioning plasma stealth device, and it may be necessary to dynamically adjust the plasma density, temperature, or combinations, or the magnetic field, in order to effectively defeat different types of radar systems. The great advantage Plasma Stealth possesses over traditional radio frequency stealth techniques like low-observability geometry and use of radar-absorbent materials is that plasma is tunable and wideband. When faced with frequency hopping radar, it is possible, at least in principle, to change the plasma temperature and density to deal with the situation. The greatest challenge is to generate a large area or volume of plasma with good energy efficiency.
Plasma stealth technology also faces various technical problems. For example, the plasma itself emits EM radiation, although it is usually weak and noise-like in spectrum. Also, it takes some time for plasma to be re-absorbed by the atmosphere and a trail of ionized air would be created behind the moving aircraft, but at present there is no method to detect this kind of plasma trail at long distance. Thirdly, plasmas (like glow discharges or fluorescent lights) tend to emit a visible glow: this is not compatible with overall low observability concept. However, present optical detection devices like FLIR has a shorter range than radar, so Plasma Stealth still has an operational range space. Last but not least, it is extremely difficult to produce a radar-absorbent plasma around an entire aircraft traveling at high speed, the electrical power needed is tremendous. However, a substantial reduction of an aircraft's RCS may be still be achieved by generating radar-absorbent plasma around the most reflective surfaces of the aircraft, such as the turbojet engine fan blades, engine air intakes, vertical stabilizers, and airborne radar antenna.
There have been several computational studies on plasma-based radar cross section reduction technique using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations. Chung studied the radar cross change of a metal cone when it is covered with plasma, a phenomenon that occurs during reentry into the atmosphere. Chung simulated the radar cross section of a generic satellite, and also the radar cross section when it is covered with artificially generated plasma cones.
Theoretical work with Sputnik
Due to the obvious military applications of the subject, there are few readily available experimental studies of plasma's effect on the radar cross section (RCS) of aircraft, but plasma interaction with microwaves is a well explored area of general plasma physics. Standard plasma physics reference texts are a good starting point and usually spend some time discussing wave propagation in plasmas.
One of the most interesting articles related to the effect of plasma on the RCS of aircraft was published in 1963 by the IEEE. The article is entitled "Radar cross sections of dielectric or plasma coated conducting spheres and circular cylinders" (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, September 1963, pp. 558–569). Six years earlier, in 1957, the Soviets had launched the first artificial satellite. While trying to track Sputnik it was noticed that its electromagnetic scattering properties were different from what was expected for a conductive sphere. This was due to the satellite's traveling inside of a plasma shell: the ionosphere.
The Sputnik's simple shape serves as an ideal illustration of plasma's effect on the RCS of an aircraft. Naturally, an aircraft would have a far more elaborate shape and be made of a greater variety of materials, but the basic effect should remain the same. In the case of the Sputnik flying through the ionosphere at high velocity and surrounded by a naturally occurring plasma shell, there are two separate radar reflections: the first from the conductive surface of the satellite, and the second from the dielectric plasma shell.
The authors of the paper found that a dielectric (plasma) shell may either decrease or increase the echo area of the object. If either one of the two reflections is considerably greater, then the weaker reflection will not contribute much to the overall effect. The authors also stated that the EM signal that penetrates the plasma shell and reflects off the object's surface will drop in intensity while traveling through plasma, as was explained in the prior section.
The most interesting effect is observed when the two reflections are of the same order of magnitude. In this situation the two components (the two reflections) will be added as phasors and the resulting field will determine the overall RCS. When these two components are out of phase relative to each other, cancellation occurs. This means that under such circumstances the RCS becomes null and the object is completely invisible to the radar.
It is immediately apparent that performing similar numeric approximations for the complex shape of an aircraft would be difficult. This would require a large body of experimental data for the specific airframe, properties of plasma, aerodynamic aspects, incident radiation, etc. In contrast, the original computations discussed in this paper were done by a handful of people on an IBM 704 computer made in 1956, and at the time, this was a novel subject with very little research background. So much has changed in science and engineering since 1963, that differences between a metal sphere and a modern combat jet pale in comparison.
A simple application of plasma stealth is the use of plasma as an antenna: metal antenna masts often have large radar cross sections, but a hollow glass tube filled with low pressure plasma can also be used as an antenna, and is entirely transparent to radar when not in use.
See also
List of plasma (physics) articles
Stealth technology
References
Radar
stealth
Stealth technology |
1224909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Montreal | List of people from Montreal | This is a list of notable people from Montreal.
A
Scott Abbott – co-inventor of Trivial Pursuit
David Acer – magician and comedian, star of Mystery Hunters
Marie-Yasmine Alidou – soccer player for the Canada national team
Andrew Allan – Allan Shipping Line
Sir Hugh Allan – Allan Shipping Line
Martha Allan – founder of the Montreal Repertory Theatre
Sir Montague Allan – businessman, donated the Allan Cup
Paul Almond – film director
Sidney Altman – Nobel Laureate in Chemistry
Melissa Sue Anderson – American-Canadian actress, known for her role as Mary Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie
René Angélil – singer, actor, Celine Dion's husband and manager
Richard Bladworth Angus – founder of the Canadian Pacific Railway
Joel Anthony – NBA basketball player
Alex Anthopoulos – general manager and president of baseball operations for the Atlanta Braves
Gilles Archambault – novelist
Francois Arnaud – actor
Jay Aspin – former MP
William H. Atherton – historian
Gabriel Aubry – model
Melissa Auf der Maur – rock musician (Hole, The Smashing Pumpkins)
Nick Auf der Maur – journalist, municipal politician
Michel C. Auger – journalist
Adam Azimov – film director
David Azrieli – real estate developer
B
Ralph Backstrom – former NHL player
Rita Baga – drag queen, born in Boucherville; born Jean-François Guèvremont
René Balcer – television writer and producer, known for the US television show Law and Order
Jean-Paul Banos (born 1961) – fencer
Roger Barnes – professional wrestler
Joseph Barsalou – businessman and politician
Jay Baruchel – television and movie actor
Doug Beardsley – poet and educator
Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien – broadcasting, magazines
Bianca Beauchamp – fetish fashion model
Charles-Odilon Beauchemin – printer and bookseller
Mathieu Beaudoin – football player
Tanith Belbin – figure skater, Olympic silver medalist
Louise Belcourt – artist
Jean Béliveau – former NHL player
Saul Bellow – novelist
Meaghan Benfeito – diver
Chris Benoit – pro wrestler, born in Montreal, raised in Edmonton, Alberta
Eric Berne – psychiatrist; creator of Transactional Analysis; author of Games People Play
André Besette – CSC Holy Cross Brother, "miracle worker of Montreal"
Norman Bethune – physician, medical innovator, and political activist
Tim Biakabutuka – former NFL football player, Carolina Panthers
Charlie Biddle – Montreal Jazz pioneer, Juno Award winner
Khem Birch – Montreal NBA Player edit by LMR-11
Yannick Bisson – actor known for playing Det. Murdoch in Murdoch Mysteries and Jack in Sue Thomas: F.B. Eye
Conrad Black – financier and newspaper magnate
Sheila Blair – art historian
Toe Blake – former NHL player and coach
Valérie Blass – artist
Paul Bley – jazz pianist
La Bolduc – real name Mary Travers, singer
Yassine Bounou – footballer
Chris Boucher – NBA player
Patrick Bordeleau – hockey player
Daniel Borsuk – plastic surgeon
Mike Bossy – Hockey Hall of Fame member
Eugenie Bouchard – tennis player
Jean-François Bouchard – photographer and visual designer
Louise Anne Bouchard – writer
Maurice "Mom" Boucher – ex-leader of Hell's Angels (as of 2014)
Henri Bourassa – political leader and publisher
Robert Bourassa – former Quebec premier
Pierre Bourque – mayor
Raymond Bourque – former NHL player, Hockey Hall of Fame member
Pierre Bouvier – frontman of Simple Plan; songwriter
Scotty Bowman – hockey coach
Justin Bradley – actor, based out of Montreal and Toronto, sometimes works in Los Angeles
Tim Brady – guitarist, composer
Glenda Braganza – Hollywood actress, 10.5: Apocalypse
Adam Braz – former soccer defender
Patrice Brisebois – NHL player, Montreal Canadiens
Annie Brocoli – real name Annie Grenier, children's performer
Martin Brodeur – NHL player, goaltender, New Jersey Devils
Charles Bronfman – businessman and philanthropist
Edgar Bronfman, Sr. – businessman
Edward Bronfman – businessman, philanthropist, member of the Bronfman family
Peter Bronfman – businessman, member of the Bronfman family
Saidye Rosner Bronfman – philanthropist, wife of Samuel Bronfman
Samuel Bronfman – liquor magnate
Edwin Orion Brownell – pianist, vocalist
Kim Brunhuber – journalist newscaster
Geneviève Bujold – actress
Hy Buller – former NHL All-Star player
Mario Bunge – philosopher, Frothingham Chair of Logic and Metaphysics at McGill University
Robin Burns – founder and owner, ITECH Hockey Equipment
Ernie Butler – comedy club owner
Gerard Butler – Scottish actor; lived here briefly as a baby
Win Butler – singer-songwriter
C
Jesse Camacho – actor
Mark Camacho – actor
Charles Sandwith Campbell – philanthropist, benefactor of Montreal
Paul Cargnello – singer-songwriter
Gerald Emmett Carter – former cardinal archbishop of Toronto
André Chagnon – cable TV, broadcasting, philanthropist
Alex Chiasson – NHL player for the Edmonton Oilers, 2018 Stanley Cup champion
Serge Chapleau – political cartoonist
Corinne Chaponnière – writer, journalist
Robert Charlebois – singer-songwriter
Gregory Charles – musician and radio host
Dov Charney – entrepreneur and CEO of American Apparel
Claude Charron – former politician, now TV host
Micheline Chevrier – theatre director
Patricia Chica – film and TV director
Emmanuelle Chriqui – actress
Denny Chronopoulos – Canadian football player
Terri Clark – country singer-songwriter
Françoise de Clossey – pianist and organist
Guy Cloutier – former artist manager
Kim Cloutier – fashion model
G. A. Cohen – political philosopher
Leonard Cohen – poet and singer
Mark Cohen – ophthalmologist, co-founder of LASIK MD
Sidney M. Cohen – television director
Steven Cojocaru – fashion critic
John Colicos – actor
Charles Comeau – drummer of Simple Plan and songwriter
Phil Comeau – film and TV director
Antonio Cordasco, Italian-Canadian migrant labour recruiter
Ernest Cormier – engineer and architect
Marc Costanzo – singer
Corneille – singer
Irwin Cotler – law professor, politician
Jean Coutu – pharmacist
Corey Crawford – NHL starting goaltender for the Chicago Blackhawks
Ron Crevier – former NBA basketball player
Katalin Cseh – Hungarian politician
Beto Cuevas – Chilean-Canadian lead singer of band La Ley
Peter Cullen – voice actor; voice of Optimus Prime in the film Transformers
Elisha Cuthbert – actress
Louis Cyr – strongman
May Cutler – publisher and journalist; founder of Tundra Books; first Canadian woman to publish children's books; first woman to serve as Mayor of Westmount, Quebec
D
Samuel Dalembert – NBA basketball player, Philadelphia 76ers
Peter Dalla Riva – football player, Montreal Alouettes
Roméo Dallaire – senator, Lieutenant-General
Vincent Damphousse – former NHL player
Shawn Daniels – Canadian football player
J. P. Darche – NFL football player, Seattle Seahawks
Mathieu Darche – NHL player, Tampa Bay Lightning, Montreal Canadiens
Françoise David – politician
John Caswell Davis – politician
Mitch Davis – film programmer, filmmaker, journalist
Norman Dawe – sports executive
Stéphane Demers – actor
Bernard Derome – anchorman
Pierre Desjardins – football player, Montreal Alouettes
Roxane Desjardins – writer
André Desmarais – businessman
Paul Desmarais, Sr. – businessman
Paul Desmarais, Jr. – businessman
David Desrosiers – bassist of Simple Plan and vocalist; born in Sept-Îles
Sean Devine – playwright, actor, and politician
Caroline Dhavernas – actress
Domenic Di Rosa – actor
Kadie Karen Diekmeyer – Internet personality and activist
Céline Dion – singer
Stéphane Dion – politician
Xavier Dolan – actor, director, screenwriter, editor, costume director, producer
Jacob Dolson Cox – U.S. soldier and politician
Audrey Capel Doray – artist
Jean Doré – former mayor of Montreal
Ivan Doroschuk – singer
Fifi D'Orsay – actress
Lu Dort – NBA Player
William Dow – brewer
Jean Drapeau – mayor of Montreal during Expo '67 and the 1976 Olympic Games
Glen Drover – guitarist for Megadeth
Shawn Drover – drummer for Megadeth
Steve Dubinsky – former NHL player
Gilles Duceppe – politician
Jean Duceppe – actor
Louis Dudek – poet
Jack Dunham – animator, television commercial producer, designer of the St-Hubert rooster mascot
Barbara Dunkelman – voice actress for Rooster Teeth
Alexandre Dupuis – football player
E
Keith Eaman – Canadian football player
Iwan Edwards – conductor, Member of the Order of Canada
Vic Emery – Olympic bobsleigh gold medalist
Empire I – pop and dancehall singer, songwriter
Anke Engelke – German comedian, born in Montreal
Chad Erickson – Ringette coach
Angelo Esposito – hockey player
Sam Etcheverry – former CFL and NFL football quarterback, Montreal Alouettes, St. Louis Cardinals
Terry Evanshen – former CFL football player, Montreal Alouettes, Calgary Stampeders
Ken Evoy – founder of Sitesell; creator of SiteBuildIt!
F
Lara Fabian – operatic singer
Mylène Farmer – singer
Leylah Fernandez – tennis player
David Fennario – playwright
Greg Fergus – Member of Parliament; 38th Speaker of the House of Commons
Maynard Ferguson – jazz trumpet player and bandleader
Denise Filiatrault – actress and director
Jennifer Finnigan – Hollywood actress
Marc-André Fleury – ice hockey goalkeeper; three-time Stanley Cup champion with the Pittsburgh Penguins
Louis-Joseph Forget – stockbroker, financier, statesman
Rodolphe Forget – businessman, politician, philanthropist
Samuel Fournier – former CFL football player, Montreal Alouettes, Edmonton Eskimos, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Kathleen Fox (born 1951) – flight instructor, air traffic controller, business executive
René-Arthur Fréchet – architect
Pauline Fréchette (1889–1943) – poet, dramatist, journalist, Catholic nun
David Freiheit – lawyer and YouTuber
Gottfried Fuchs (1889–1972) – German-Canadian Olympic soccer player
G
Alfonso Gagliano – politician
André Gagné – professor and scholar, Concordia University
Éric Gagné – pitcher, Los Angeles Dodgers, Texas Rangers
André Gagnon – composer, pianist
Marc Gagnon – Olympic gold medal speed skater
Marc-Antoine Gagnon – moguls skier
Howard Galganov – anglophone rights activist, radio personality
Céline Galipeau – anchorwoman
Mavis Gallant – author
Patsy Gallant – pop singer
Mitch Garber – gaming, hotel executive, philanthropist, broadcaster
Kathleen Gati – actress
Arturo Gatti – professional boxer, world champion
Daniel Gauthier – co-founder of the Cirque du Soleil
James Gelfand – pianist, composer, arranger
Gettomasa – Finnish rapper; born Aleksi Lehikoinen
Yasmeen Ghauri – supermodel
Ralph Gilles – designer of the Chrysler 300c
Jessalyn Gilsig – actress
Hilda Goldblatt Gorenstein (Hilgos) – artist and inspiration for the documentary I Remember Better When I Paint
Jonathan Goldstein – author, humourist and radio producer
Anne-France Goldwater – lawyer and TV court show personality
John Gomery – jurist
Brian Goodwin – biologist
Adam Gopnik – writer, essayist
Henry Gordon (1919–2009) – magician, journalist, CSI Fellow
Huntley Gordon – actor
Shaul Gordon (born 1994) – Canadian-Israeli Olympic sabre fencer
Hugh Graham, 1st Baron Atholstan – newspaper publisher
Stewart Francis Granger – former NBA basketball player
W. R. Granger (William Rowen Granger) – president of the Montreal AAA, Canadian and Quebec Amateur Hockey Associations
Howard Grant – former Canadian Olympics and Commonwealth boxer; trainer, UFC welterweight champion, Georges St-Pierre
Otis Grant – Jamaican-born former WBO Middleweight boxing champion
Hulda Regina Graser – customs house broker
Harold Greenberg – movie producer, founder of Astral Media
Frank Greenleaf – president of the Canadian and Quebec Amateur Hockey Associations
Sylvain Grenier – WWE wrestler
Irving Grundman – businessman, hockey executive
Vladimir Guerrero Jr. – MLB for the Toronto Blue Jays
Quincy Guerrier – college basketball player for the Oregon Ducks
Philip Guston – painter and printmaker
H
Dayle Haddon – model and actress
Marc-André Hamelin – pianist and composer
Chris Haney – co-inventor of Trivial Pursuit
Dan Hanganu – architect
Louise Harel – politician
Corey Hart – singer
Doug Harvey – Hall of Fame ice hockey player
Jacques Hébert – statesman
Thomas Hellman – pop singer
Carl Henry – singer
Prudence Heward – Beaver Hall Group artist
Alonzo Highsmith – former NFL football player
Dave Hilton, Jr. – world champion boxer
Matthew Hilton – world champion boxer
David Julian Hirsh – actor
Ian Hodgkinson – professional wrestler, lived in Montreal while in WCW
Thomas William Holmes – winner of the Victoria Cross
Herbert Samuel Holt – financier
Steve Holt – jazz pianist, AC singer-songwriter
William Hope – actor
Anna Hopkins – actress
Camillien Houde – former mayor of Montreal
Alice Houghton – broker
Anthony Housefather (born 1971) – Member of Canadian Parliament
I
Norman Iceberg – singer-songwriter
J
Marlene Jennings – politician
René Jodoin – film animator and producer
Daniel Johnson, Jr. – former premier of Quebec
Oliver Jones – jazz pianist
Sass Jordan – singer
Kris Joseph – basketball player
Robert Joy – actor
Alexander Julien – musician, member of Vision Eternel
Claude Jutra – filmmaker
K
Emilie Kahn – musician also known as Emilie & Ogden
Garry Kallos (born 1956) – wrestler and sambo competitor
Tommy Kane – former NFL football player, Seattle Seahawks
Daniel Kash – actor
Kenneth Kaushansky – Dean of the Stony Brook University School of Medicine, hematologist, Master of the American College of Physicians
Kaytranada – electronic musician, producer, DJ
Michael A. Kelen – former judge of the Federal Court of Canada
George Kennedy – owner of Montreal Canadiens hockey team
Amir Khadir – physician and politician
Kid Koala – DJ
Franklin Kiermyer – drummer, composer
Andy Kim – singer-songwriter
A. M. Klein – author
Naomi Klein – author and activist
Leo Kolber – senator, de facto family member of the Bronfman family and empire
Benjamin Kowalewicz – singer of Billy Talent
Vanessa Kraven – professional wrestler
David Kristian – electronic musician
Sid and Marty Krofft – producers/creators of H.R. Pufnstuf, The Bugaloos, Sigmund and the Sea Monsters, Land of the Lost, The Lost Saucer
Joseph Kruger – of Kruger Inc.
L
Florence La Badie – actress
Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie – 18th century French military officer and interpreter
Zoe Laurier – wife of Sir Wilfrid Laurier
La Zarra – singer-songwriter
Charline Labonté – hockey player, Canadian Olympic women's team, gold medalist in 2006, 2010, 2014
Hubert Lacroix – CBC president and CEO
Oleg Ladik (born 1971) – Olympic wrestler
Dany Laferrière – author
Alexis Lafrenière – NHL player, New York Rangers
Guy Lafleur – NHL player, Montreal Canadiens
Corky Laing – musician
Jon Lajoie – comedian
Guy Laliberté – founder and CEO of Cirque de Soleil
Paul Lambert – left guard, Montreal Alouettes
Phyllis Lambert – architect and member of the Bronfman family
Mado Lamotte – drag queen and author
Jacques Lanctôt – FLQ member, convicted terrorist
Louise Lanctôt – FLQ member, convicted terrorist
Edmond Lapierre – former MPP
Jean Lapierre – politician
Éric Lapointe – CFL running back for the Montreal Alouettes
Pierre Laporte – politician
Georges Laraque – NHL player
Ryan Larkin – animator
Nicholas Latifi – racing driver currently driving for Williams Racing
Lisa Lavie – singer-songwriter
Irving Layton – poet, essayist, short story writer
Jack Layton – politician, leader of the federal New Democratic Party
Irina Lăzăreanu – fashion model
Louise Lecavalier – dancer
Vincent Lecavalier – NHL player
Jos LeDuc – professional wrestler
Ranee Lee – jazz singer
Sébastien Lefebvre – guitarist of Simple Plan and vocalist
Rachelle Lefevre – actress
Jean Leloup – musician
Mario Lemieux (born 1965) – NHL player
Vanessa Lengies – actress
Guy A. Lepage – television personality
Marc Lépine – mass murderer
René Lépine – real-estate developer
Chris Leroux – MLB pitcher (Florida Marlins, Pittsburgh Pirates)
Pierre Leroux – novelist, journalist and screenwriter
Jean Lesage – lawyer, politician
Kris Letang – QMJHL player, NHL player, three-time Stanley Cup champion with the Pittsburgh Penguins
André Éric Létourneau – intermedia artist, composer
Jean-Louis Lévesque – stockbroker, horse racing builder
Devon Levi – goaltender drafted by Florida Panthers in the 7th round, 212th overall in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft, current Northeastern Huskies, Canada men's national junior ice hockey team
Shawn Levy – director and actor
Jaclyn Linetsky – actress
David Lipper – actor
Liu Fang – musician
Pascal Lochard – CFL player
William Edmond Logan – geologist
Jennifer Lonergan – educator, nonprofit executive, promoter of third-world women's craftmanship
Colin Low – filmmaker
Lunice – musician
Roberto Luongo – NHL goaltender
Yves A. Lussier – physician-scientist in translational bioinformatics
M
Tom Maayan (born 1993) – Canada-born Israeli basketball player in the Israeli National League
L. Ian MacDonald (born 1947) – author, columnist, broadcaster, and diplomat
William C. Macdonald – tobacco manufacturer, philanthropist
Danny Maciocia – CFL football coach
Don Macpherson – journalist
Nicolas Macrozonaris – sprinter, track and field
Arnaud Maggs – artist, photographer
Sean Patrick Maloney – Canadian-American politician and U.S. Representative for the state of New York since 2013
Jeanne Mance – founder of first hospital in North America, l'Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, 1645
Frederic Marcotte – poet and musician
Rudolph A. Marcus – Nobel laureate of chemistry
Lou Marinoff – philosopher at City College of New York
Yann Martel – writer, Man Booker Prize 2002
Paul Martin – former prime minister of Canada
Russell Martin – baseball player for the Toronto Blue Jays
Massari – singer
Charles Mayer – journalist, sportsperson and politician
John McCallum – politician
John Wilson McConnell – businessman, publisher, philanthropist
David Ross McCord – lawyer, philanthropist
Kevin McDonald – actor/comedian/voice actor, member of The Kids in the Hall
Thomas D'Arcy McGee – politician
Molly McGlynn – film and television director and screenwriter
Ken McGoogan – writer
Duncan McIntyre – businessman
Scott McKay – former city counsellor and leader of the Green Party of Quebec
Patricia McKenzie – actress
Norman McLaren – film animation pioneer
Simon McTavish – businessman
Juan Mendez – former NCAA basketball player, Niagara University
Charles Meredith – president of the Montreal Stock Exchange
Frederick Edmund Meredith – lawyer, chancellor of Bishop's University
Vincent Meredith – first and last Baronet of Montreal; president of the Bank of Montreal
William Collis Meredith – Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Quebec
Luck Mervil – singer, actor
Jim Miller – Canadian football player
Marc Miller – politician
Brenda Milner – neuropsychologist
Andrew Molson – businessman, member of the Molson family, eldest son of Eric Molson
Eric Molson – brewer, businessman, member of the Molson family
Geoff Molson – businessman, member of the Molson family, son of Eric Molson
Hartland Molson – brewer, World War II fighter pilot, statesman, member of the Molson family
John Molson – brewer, railway and steamship line builder, member of the Molson family
Percival Molson – athlete, soldier, member of the Molson family
Robert Moncel – commander of the 4th Canadian Armoured Brigade in the Second World War
Édouard Montpetit – lawyer, economist, academic
Henry Morgan – department store founder
Henry Morgentaler – physician, advocate for women's rights to abortion
Terry Mosher – editorial cartoonist
Ben Mulroney – television host; son of Brian Mulroney
Brian Mulroney – former prime minister of Canada
Mila Mulroney – wife of the 18th prime minister of Canada, Brian Mulroney
N
Ruba Nadda – producer
Pierre Nadeau – journalist, television presenter and producer
Narcy – hip hop artist
Émile Nelligan – poet
Hillel Neuer – human rights lawyer, executive director UN Watch
Kai Nielsen – naturalist philosopher at Concordia University
Craig Norman – head basketball coach of McGill University Redmen; former basketball player for Concordia University
O
Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan – politician, Parti patriote member
Alexander Walker Ogilvie – miller, statesman
Erin O'Toole – politician, Conservative Party of Canada member
Maryse Ouellet – glamour model and former WWE wrestler
Caroline Ouellette – hockey player, Canadian women's Olympic team, gold medalist in 2002 and 2006
P
P. Reign – hip hop artist, born in Montreal, raised in Toronto
Frank L. Packard – novelist
Michel Pagliaro – musician
Vernon Pahl – Canadian football player
Jean Jacques Paradis – Commander of the Canadian Army
Jessica Paré – actress
Jacques Parizeau – politician, former premier of Quebec
Julie Payette – scientist, astronaut
Trevor W. Payne – founder and music director of the Montreal Jubilation Gospel Choir
Cory Pecker (born 1981) – hockey player, right wing (EHC Visp)
Érik Péladeau – businessman (Québecor)
Pierre Péladeau – founder of Quebecor
Pierre Karl Péladeau – CEO of Quebecor Media
Wilfrid Pelletier – symphony conductor
Dr. Wilder Penfield – pioneering neurosurgeon, founder of the Montreal Neurological Institute
David De La Peralle – football player
Missy Peregrym – actress
Oscar Peterson – jazz pianist
Autumn Phillips – former wife of Peter Phillips, eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II
Mary Pierce – tennis player
André Pijet – artist
Steven Pinker – linguist and evolutionary psychologist
Susan Pinker – journalist and psychologist
Christopher Plummer – actor
Judes Poirier – university professor
Camille Poliquin – musician
Antoni Porowski – chef, actor, and television personality
Dick Pound – lawyer, Olympic Games executive
Cheryl Pounder – hockey player, Canadian Olympic women's team, gold medalist in 2002 and 2006
André Pratte – journalist, economist
Q
Nathalie Quagliotto – visual artist
Sara Quin – musician
R
Zotique Racicot – auxiliary bishop of Montreal from 1905 to 1915
Jesse Rath (born 1989) – actor
Meaghan Rath – actress
Claude Raymond – former baseball player and coach
Jade Raymond – video game designer and producer
John Redpath – businessman, philanthropist
Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid – social reformer, church worker, clubwoman
Helen Richmond Young Reid – social worker
Ginette Reno – singer
Caroline Rhea – actress
Heather Reisman – businesswoman
Mike Ribeiro – NHL player
Henri Richard – former NHL player
Maurice Richard – former NHL player
Mordecai Richler – writer
Vito Rizzuto – mobster
Alphonso Theodore Roberts – political activist, cricketer
Sam Roberts – musician
Marc Robillard – musician, composer and songwriter
Percy Rodrigues – actor
Sasha Roiz (born 1973) – Israeli-born Canadian actor
Cristina Rosato – actress
Paul Rose – political figure
Ari Rosenberg (born 1964) – Israeli basketball player
Ethel Rosenfield (1910–2000) – sculptor
Charlie J. Ross – vaudeville performer
J.K.L. Ross – racehorse owner, philanthropist
Allan Roth – baseball statistician for the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers
Albert S. Ruddy – film and television producer, known for producing The Godfather and Million Dollar Baby, which won him two Academy Awards for Best Picture
Greg Rusedski (born 1973) – tennis player
Claude Ryan – publisher, statesman
Frank "Dunie" Ryan – mobster
S
Roméo Sabourin – SOE agent, WW II hero executed by the Nazis
Moshe Safdie – architect, urban designer
Peter Sagar – multi-instrumentalist, known for his band HOMESHAKE and former touring guitarist for Mac DeMarco
Martin St. Louis – NHL player
Georges St-Pierre – professional MMA fighter
Kim St-Pierre – hockey goaltender, Canadian Olympic women's team
Lino Saputo – businessman
Anne Savage – artist
Marco Scandella – NHL player
Paul Schoeffler – voice actor, actor
Joseph A. Schwarcz – doctor of chemistry and professor at McGill University, formerly at Vanier College
Cynthia Scott – Academy Award-winning director
Frank Scott – scholar, poet, professor, lawyer
Francis Alexander Caron Scrimger – winner of the Victoria Cross in World War I
Mark Shainblum – comics writer and co-creator of Northguard
Marla Shapiro – CTV medical reporter and physician
William Shatner – actor, best known for playing Captain Kirk in Star Trek
Douglas Shearer – Academy Award-winning motion picture sound engineer
Norma Shearer – Academy Award-winning actress
Eliezer Sherbatov (born 1991) – Canadian-Israeli ice hockey player
Madeleine Sherwood – actress, played Mother Superior in The Flying Nun
Karen Simpson – actress and fashion designer
Jaspreet Singh – author
Charles Sirois – telecommunications
David Six – artist
Jeff Skoll – Internet entrepreneur
Donald Smith – railway executive
George M. Smith – Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin
Larry Smith – former CFL football player; former president of the Montreal Alouettes
Nahum Sonenberg – biochemist, professor at McGill University
Wonny Song – classical concert pianist
Kwasi Songui – actor
Alex Soria – singer-guitarist (The Nils, Chino)
Benjamin St-Juste – American football player
Kevin Steen – professional wrestler
Sam Steinberg – supermarket founder
Ralph M. Steinman – 2011 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine
George Stephen – banker, railway executive
Peter Stearns – historian, honorary knight
Jeff Stinco – lead guitarist of Simple Plan
P.J. Stock – NHL player
Lance Stroll (born 1998) – Belgian-Canadian racing driver
Lawrence Stroll (born 1959) – owner of Circuit Mont-Tremblant, Racing Point F1 Team, major shareholder/executive chairman in Aston Martin and father to Formula One driver Lance Stroll
Howard Stupp (born 1955) – Olympic wrestler
Bruny Surin – track and field athlete
Robert Augustus Sweeney – only African American double recipient of the American Medal of Honor
Sylvia Sweeney – former basketball player for the Canadian women's national team; TV journalist
Jack W. Szostak – Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine
T
Maxime Talbot – NHL player
Ari Taub (born 1971) – Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler
Charles Taylor – philosopher emeritus at McGill
José Théodore – NHL player
David Thompson – explorer
Ryan Thorne – head basketball coach for the McGill Martlets, former CIAU champion in basketball with Bishop's University
Tiga – electronic musician, singer, DJ
Josh Tordjman – NHL player
Ibrahim Tounkara – Canadian football player
Daniel Tracey – journalist, politician
Gérald Tremblay – former mayor of Montreal
Michel Tremblay – novelist, playwright
Tony Tremblay – poet, radio personality
Clem Trihey – professional ice hockey player
Alexandre Trudeau – journalist; son of Pierre Trudeau, the former prime minister of Canada
Justin Trudeau – Member of Parliament; 23rd prime minister of Canada, son of Pierre Trudeau, a former prime minister of Canada
Pierre Trudeau (1919–2000) – 15th prime minister of Canada
Sophie Grégoire Trudeau – spouse of the 23rd prime minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau
Alain Trudel – conductor
Jean-Claude Turcotte – Roman Catholic cardinal
Roxane Turcotte – author of children's and youth literature
George Tutunjian – performer of Armenian revolutionary songs
Rachel Tyndale – pharmacogeneticist
U
David Usher – singer-songwriter
V
Maurice Vachon – also known as Mad Dog Vachon; wrestling champion
Stevie Vallance – also known as Louise Vallance; singer, musician, actress, voice actress and director
Jean-Marc Vallée – filmmaker
Ernie Vandeweghe – former NBA basketball player, New York Knicks
Gino Vannelli – singer-songwriter
Chris Velan – singer-songwriter
Joe Veleno – NHL prospect for the Detroit Red Wings
Jacques Vieau – fur trader and early Wisconsin settler
Gilles Villeneuve – Formula One driver
Jacques Villeneuve – Formula One driver (1997 World Champion); 1995 IndyCar champion; son of Gilles Villeneuve
Claude Vivier – contemporary classical composer, ethnomusicologist and poet
Marc-Édouard Vlasic – NHL player, currently playing for the San Jose Sharks
Roch Voisine – singer
W
Martha Wainwright – singer-songwriter
Rufus Wainwright – singer-songwriter
Avi Wallerstein – ophthalmologist, co-founder of LASIK MD
Amanda Walsh – actress
Dwight Walton – professional basketball player, Canadian Olympian
Patrick Watson – singer-songwriter
Ben Weider – co-founder of the IFBB (International Federation of BodyBuilders)
Joe Weider – creator of the Mr. Olympia and Ms. Olympia bodybuilding contests
William Weintraub – author, filmmaker
Danny Wells – actor; played bartender on The Jeffersons and Luigi in The Super Mario Brothers Super Show
Bill Wennington – former NBA basketball player, Chicago Bulls
Max Werner – founder of Montreal Pastry, world class pastry chef
Alissa White-Gluz – singer-songwriter; former vocalist of The Agonist; current vocalist of Arch Enemy
Trevor C. Williams – former member of the Canadian national basketball team; philanthropist
Cairine Wilson – first woman to serve in the Senate of Canada
Joseph Wiseman – actor, known for playing Dr. Julius No in the first James Bond film Dr. No
Karl Wolf – singer
Bernie Wolfe (born 1951) – NHL hockey player
William Workman – businessman and municipal politician
Peter Worrell – former NHL player
Aleksandra Wozniak – tennis player
X
Xue Yiwei – writer – Côte-des-Neiges
Y
Joel Yanofsky – writer
Nikki Yanofsky – jazz singer
Wayne Yearwood – former professional basketball player; Canadian Olympian
Z
Sami Zayn – professional wrestler currently signed to the WWE
Larry "Rock" Zeidel (1928–2014) – NHL player
Joel Zifkin – electric violinist, singer-songwriter
David Zilberman – Olympic heavyweight wrestler
Moses Znaimer – co-founder of Toronto's CityTV
Mortimer Zuckerman – magazine editor, publisher, real estate tycoon
See also
List of people from British Columbia
List of people from Calgary
List of people from Edmonton
List of people from Laval, Quebec
List of people from Ontario
List of people from Quebec
List of people from Quebec City
List of people from Toronto
List of people from Vancouver
References
Montrealers
People
Montreal |
73513103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobita%20%28band%29 | Nobita (band) | Nobita is a Filipino rock band formed in Valenzuela in 2018. The group consists of Jaeson Felismino (vocals, acoustic guitar), Sam Aquino (lead guitar), Mark Quintero (bass), Richmond Bancolita (keyboards), and Jonathan Agbanlog (drums).
The band is mostly known for their single "Ikaw Lang", breaking records as the most streamed Filipino song on Spotify Philippines in 2022 and as the longest charting song on Billboard Philippines Songs with sixty-three weeks. Their follow-up track "Unang Sayaw" was nominated for Record of the Year at the 35th Awit Awards.
Nobita is attributed as a representative band of the "hugot" sound in contemporary Filipino music, fueled by TikTok trends and relatable lyricism. The departure of drummer Lester Moñegas from the band in 2022 was met with criticism over allegations and discussions on the Philippine presidential election.
History
2018-2019: Formation and debut
In early 2018, after citing creative differences and wanting to create original songs, Mark Quintero, Sam Aquino, and Jonathan Agbanlog left "Kultura", an ethnic band originally from Pangasinan founded in 2013. Needing a vocalist, Quintero suggested contacting Jaeson Felismino, the younger brother of his former bandmate Melden Felismino, after recalling his performance at a fundraising event for cancer patients. The quartet formed Nobita in May 2018 and named it after the Katakana word meaning "to grow up strong and clear". After performing multiple gigs in bars around Metro Manila, Agbanlog left the band in early 2019 due to personal reasons, being replaced by Lester Moñegas.
Nobita released their debut single "Yakap" on May 16, 2019, written by Aquino about yearning and long-distance relationships. The following month, Richmond Bancolita was added as the band's keyboardist on July 23. Written by Felismino after eavesdropping a stranger while traveling to Cavite, "Vie (Sabihin Mo Kung)" was released as their second single on October 18. The band was able to qualify for Red Horse Beer Pambansang Muziklaban by Rakista Radio, only reaching the semi-finals while competing for the Aklas trophy on November 23 in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija. Through the event, the band met Joel Ellorin and joined his roster under the independent label IndieTV PH. Nobita released their first music video for "Vie" directed by Kevin Hermosada on December 7, shot on a singular day. "Vie" entered at number twenty on the Pinoy Myx Countdown chart dated December 21, 2019. To promote, the band performed both "Yakap" and "Vie" on Wish 107.5, iWant ASAP, and GMA Playlist.
2020-2021: Breakthrough with Ikaw Lang
On May 20, 2020, Nobita released "Ikaw Lang" as their third single overall to streaming platforms. A sleeper hit, the song achieved new heights after its use in TikTok, Nobita's induction to Sony Music Philippines in early 2021, and the premiere of its LGBT-themed music video directed by John Selirio on October 9, 2021. Following its inclusion in major local playlists, "Ikaw Lang" became the most streamed song on Spotify Philippines in 2022, two years after its release. Its lyric video has amassed 83 million views on YouTube as of April 2023, becoming Nobita's most viewed video on the site. Regarding the achievement, the band stated on a press release how honored they are to be recognized alongside other Filipino artists: "Undeniably, our fans had been a huge part of this but we’re also grateful for Spotify’s untiring support to our music and its clear vision for their artists. Like most artists, we’re also eager to see our band’s Wrapped and see what we have done throughout 2022 as musicians."
The group published their first English track and their first song under Sony on May 26, 2021, with "The Search Is Over", a cinematic coming-of-age track with acoustic arrangements. On August 18, Nobita released the audio and music video to "Unang Sayaw" featuring internet personality Dante Gulapa directed by Jeff Valencia, gaining 21 million views on YouTube as of April 2023. On October 20, the band followed up with the single "Di Na Mag-Iisa", inspired by wedding vows witnessed by Felismino through the years. The vocalist added how the song is about "the kind of affection that you’ve never known, a connection that is stronger than anything else in this world, a sense of serenity and happiness that is beyond your imagination.” A music video for the song directed by Valencia featuring the wedding of YouTube personalities Christian "Boss Keng" Gaspar and Pat Velasquez was uploaded on November 28. A Christmas-themed original song titled "Tayong Dalawa sa Pasko" was released on November 30.
2022: Billboard and Moñegas' departure
On February 15, 2022, Billboard launched the Philippines Songs chart as part of its Hits of the World collection, in which "Ikaw Lang" debuted at number five on the chart dated February 19. On the week dated April 9, "Unang Sayaw" made its debut at number twenty-three and "Ikaw Lang" peaked at number three behind "Pano" and "Habang Buhay", both by Zack Tabudlo. "Unang Sayaw" reached its highest position at number thirteen on the chart dated April 23, staying in the chart for twelve weeks in total. "Ikaw Lang" has charted for 61 weeks as of April 15, 2023, setting the record as the first song ever to chart at least a year and becoming the longest charting song in Philippines Songs.
The farewell ode "Totoo" written by Aquino was released on April 7, including a music video directed by Selirio and starring actor Mon Confiado. Articulating the uncertainty of an unrequited love, Aquino defined its songwriting as a "counter song" for their usual romantic anthems and coming from "a place of earnestness of being at the bitter end of a relationship." "Paano Uusad" was made available on July 22, a mid-tempo track with alt-rock influences evoking themes of loss, pain, and confusion over layered and intricate vocal arrangements. A music video was released on the same day directed by Selirio to promote the track.
On July 27, alleged screenshots of the members’ group chat in the Messenger app were posted on the Facebook page “Mga taong may underrated music taste personality disorder”, leading to speculations that Moñegas was removed from the band due to his political support for 2022 Philippine presidential candidate Leni Robredo. The post was deleted by request hours later; however, the page continued to publish criticism against the band and made Nobita a trending topic on Facebook and Twitter. The following day, Moñegas published his commentary on his personal Facebook account confirming his removal and ownership of the screenshots, claiming the messages were leaked without the band's consent possibly by his partner at the time and clarifying his termination was caused by his inability to maintain neutrality in the band's political affiliation. In response, Nobita issued an official statement minutes after Moñegas' post, denying the accusations of cyberbullying, assuring their continuous collaboration with Moñegas post-removal, claiming the band's non-partisan stance on socio-political beliefs, and seeking legal advice from authorities against the personnel involved in the defamation.
Amidst the controversy, Agbanlog returned as the group's drummer and "Sa Ulan" was released on October 7. Described as a stripped-down folk-pop track that evokes the warmth of home and romance, Felismino noted how the track was inspired by "a pivotal moment in his life" and how the song was his way of expressing gratitude after feeling unworthy of love. The recording for "Sa Ulan" took five days and featured a slight departure sonically from the band's previous releases. On December 23, Nobita released their version of "Magasin" from the Eraserheads album CiRcuS as a tribute to the band and as part of the spatial audio re-release of the Eraserheads discography to streaming sites. Regarding their jazz-pop approach on the song, the band spoke highly of Eraserheads: "Nobita heavily draws inspiration from their music, especially their brand of songwriting. Their work has shaped us into where we are now, and we’re forever grateful to their enormous contribution to OPM artists, young and old."
2023: Kalangitan
Co-written by Felismino, Quintero, and Bancolita and co-produced by Palabyab, "Kalangitan" was made available on March 3. An inspirational pop-rock ballad about companionship, a music video for the song directed by Selirio featuring Joao Constancia and Queenay Mercado was released on the same day, serving as a commentary on the high school clique system and bullying. Regarding the track's message, the band pointed how "when you think that you have reached rock bottom, remember that there is always someone with you who will help you reach for the heavens."
Artistry and influences
Nobita defined their sound as indie in general, drawing from different genres of rock, R&B, and pop to form their sound and making love songs as an essential theme. Felismino cited Rico Blanco as his primary influence in terms of songwriting and melody, as well as Damien Rice among international artists. Other inspirations of the band include Phil Collins, Steve Gadd, John Bonham, Buddy Zabala, Vic Mercado, Fayeed Tan, Nikko Rivera, and Roger Alcantara.
Accolades
At the 35th Awit Awards, held by the Philippine Association of the Record Industry in partnership with MYX, Nobita was nominated for three People's Voice categories, namely: Breakthrough Artist, Favorite Group Artist, and Favorite Song for "Unang Sayaw". "Unang Sayaw" was nominated for the main category of Record of the Year, losing to "Anticipation" by Leanne & Naara.
Band members
Current members
Jaeson "Jae" Felismino – vocals, acoustic/rhythm guitar
Samuel "Sam" Aquino II – lead guitar
Mark Anthony Quintero – bass
Richmond Christian Bancolita – keyboards
Jonathan "Nath" Lim Agbanlog, Jr. – drums
Former members
Roman Lester Moñegas – drums
Discography
Singles
References
External links
Nobita on YouTube
Filipino rock music groups
Filipino pop music groups
Filipino indie rock groups
Musical groups established in 2018
2018 establishments in the Philippines |
66621420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-Nanzhao%20conflicts%20in%20Annan | Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan | Tang–Nanzhao conflicts in Annan was a period of intense chaos and warfare in Annan (present-day northern Vietnam) between local rebel forces, Nanzhao, and the Tang dynasty that lasted from 854 to 866. It ended in the defeat of Nanzhao and the retaking of Annan by the Tang general, Gao Pian, although the region would later become semi-independent from the Tang dynasty in 880.
Prelude (854–857)
Nanzhao was a powerful kingdom to the southwest of the Tang dynasty. With their mighty military, Nanzhao rapidly expanded their empire in every direction, defeating a Tang invasion in 751, joining with the Tang and defeating the Tibetans in 801, decimating Pyu city-states in 832, subduing the Michen kingdom (near Ayeyarwady River) in the 830s. Nanzhao first raided the Tang frontier province of Annan in 846. Nanzhao then offered peace to the Tang, but in 854 the Tang suspended relations with Nanzhao and refused to receive its tribute.
The Annan Protectorate (now northern Vietnam), with its capital city of Songping, was a center of commerce on the Maritime Silk Road and a rice basket of the Tang empire at the time. When Li Zhuo became jiedushi of Annan in 854, he reduced the amount of salt traded to the Chongmo Man in Fengzhou (modern-day Phú Thọ and Hòa Bình Province) in the west in exchange for horses. The mountains chiefs responded by launching raids on Tang garrisons. When Li Zhuo began suffering defeats, Đỗ Tồn Thành, a military commander, allied himself with the tribal chiefs against Li. In the next year, Li Zhuo killed Đỗ Tồn Thành as well as the chieftain of the Qidong Man in Aizhou (Nghệ An, central Vietnam). The Đỗ tribe had been a powerful Viet family in Thanh Hoá and Nghệ An since the 5–6th century. These actions provoked the natives into an alliance with Nanzhao. Fan Chuo, a Tang official in Annan reported: "…The native chiefs within the frontiers were subsequently seduced by the Man rebels…" and "again became close friends with them. As days passed and months came, we gradually had to encounter raids and sudden attacks. This caused a number of places to fall into rebel hands."
Early phase (857–862)
In modern-day Phú Thọ and Hòa Bình Province on the western frontier of the protectorate, the local general Lý Do Độc who led an army of 6,000, and was assisted by seven commanders called "Lords of the Ravines", submitted to Nanzhao. The Nanzhao king Meng Shilong (蒙世隆) sent a Trustee of the East to deliver a letter to Do Độc soliciting his submission. Lý Do Độc and the Lords of the Ravine accepted the offer of vassalage by the Nanzhao king, who sent the Trustee one of his daughters to marry Lý Do Độc's eldest son. In 858, Nanzhao dispatched military forces to the region. In the meantime, local chiefs led raids that brought warfare to villages in the heart of the protectorate.
In 857, Song Ya was sent to Annan to deal with the situation, but was recalled to deal with another rebellion after only two months. His replacement, Li Hongfu, only had nominal control over the protectorate, which was actually controlled by La Hanh Cung, who commanded 2,000 well trained soldiers. By 858, the Nanzhao army had joined with Lý Do Độc's force and raided Annan's capital Songping. In 858, the Tang court sent a new jiedushi, Wang Shi, to protect Annan. He banished La Hanh Cung, saw off a Nanzhao reconnaissance force, and defeated an invasion by the mountain tribes. The Tang garrisons were upgraded with heavy-armored cavalry and infantry and Songping was fortified with a reed palisade. In the same year, a serious rebellion broke out in Yongzhou. The situation in Yongzhou threatened land communication between Annan and the empire, so a special army was established there to deal with rebels and to insure communications. This army was called the Yellow Head Army, for the soldiers wore yellow bands around their heads. In early autumn, local people were agitated by a rumor that the Yellow Head Army had embarked to attack them by surprise. One evening they surrounded Songping and demanded that Wang Shi return north and allow them to fortify the city against the Yellow Head Army. Shi was eating his evening meal when this commotion broke out. It is reported that, paying no heed to the mutineers, he leisurely finished his meal. Then, dressed in his battle gear, he appeared on the wall with his generals and admonished the crowd of rebels, who dispersed. The next morning, Shi's troops captured and beheaded some ringleaders of the affair.
In 860, Wang Shi was recalled to deal with a rebellion elsewhere. The new jiedushi, Li Hu, arrived at Songping and executed Đỗ Tồn Thành's son, Đỗ Thủ Trừng, who according to Chinese sources was involved in a mutiny years earlier, probably due to the death of his father at the hands of Li Zhuo four years earlier. This alienated many of the powerful local clans of Annan. Anti-Tang Viets allied with highland people, who appealed to Nanzhao for help, and as a result invaded the area in 860, briefly taking Songping before being driven out by a Tang army the next year. Prior to Li Hu's arrival, Nanzhao had already seized Bozhou. When Li Hu led an army to retake Bozhou, the Đỗ family gathered 30,000 men, including contingents from Nanzhao to attack the Tang. When Li Hu returned, he learned that Annan had been lost to Đỗ. On 17 January 861, Songping fell and Li Hu fled to Yongzhou. Li Hu retook Songping on 21 July but Nanzhao's forces moved around and seized Yongzhou. Li Hu was banished to Hainan island and was replaced by Wang Kuan. Wang Kuan and the Tang court sought local cooperation by recognizing the power of the Đỗ family, granting a posthumous title to Đỗ Tồn Thành along with an apology for the deaths of him and his son and an admission that Li Hu had exceeded his authority.
A relief army of 30,000 men was sent to Songping but soon left the city when rivalry broke out between Cai Xi, the military governor, and Cai Jing, an administrative and military official of Lingnan. Cai Xi was then left responsible for holding Songping against an imminent Nanzhao offensive. The city was surrounded by 4 miles (6,344 meters) of moated rampart–some parts seven to eight meters high. East of the city was the Red River. Much of the information about the battle was written by Fan Chuo, a Tang official who wrote an eyewitness account about the southern barbarians (people of Annan and Yunnan) during the siege.
Nanzhao offensive (863)
In mid-January of 863, Nanzhao returned with an invasion force numbering 50,000 led by Duan Qiuqian and Yang Sijin and besieged Annan's capital Songping. Nanzhao's army included an assortment of Man tribes. There were 5–6,000 local Taohua forces, 2–3,000 Mang Man from west of the Mekong River who wore blue trousers and canes and strips of bamboo on their waists, Luoxing Man who wore no clothes except tree bark, He Man from the borderlands, Xunjuan Man who went barefoot but could tread on brambles and thorns and wore wicker helmets, and Wangjuzi Man whose menfolk and womenfolk alike were nimble and good with the lance on horseback.
On 20 January, the defenders led by Cai Xi killed a hundred of the besiegers. Five days later, Cai Xi captured, tortured, and killed a group of enemies known as the Puzi Man. A local official named Liang Ke (V. Lương Cảo, belonged to the Puzi tribe) who was related to them recognized their dead bodies by their distinctive helmets and belts unique to each tribe, and defected. The troops of the Jiangxi General took the corpses of the besiegers and broiled them. He defected.
On 28 January, a naked Buddhist monk, possibly Indian, was wounded in the breast by an arrow shot by Cai Xi while strutting to and fro outside the southern walls. He was carried back to the camp by lots of Man. On 14 February, Cai Xi shot down 200 of the Wangjuzi and over 30 horses using a mounted crossbow from the walls. By 28 February, most of Cai Xi's followers had perished, and he himself had been wounded several times by arrows and stones. The enemy commander, Yang Sijin, penetrated the inner city. Cai Xi tried to escape by boat, but it capsized midstream, drowning him. Fan Chuo escaped east via the Red River. The 400 remaining defenders wanted to flee as well, but could not find any boats, so they chose to make a last stand at the eastern gate. Ambushing a group of enemy cavalry, they killed over 2,000 enemy troops and 300 horses before Yang sent reinforcements from the inner city.
After taking Songping, on 20 June Nanzhao laid siege to Junzhou (modern Haiphong). A Nanzhao and rebel fleet of 4,000 men led by a chieftain named Chu Đạo Cổ (Zhu Daogu, 朱道古) was attacked by a local commander, who rammed their vessels and sank 30 boats, drowning them. In total, the invasion destroyed Tang armies in Annan numbering over 150,000. Although initially welcomed by the local Vietnamese in ousting Tang control, Nanzhao turned on them, ravaging the local population and countryside. Both Chinese and Vietnamese sources note that the Viets fled to the mountains to avoid destruction. A government-in-exile for the protectorate was established in Haimen (near modern-day Hạ Long) with Song Rong in charge. Ten thousand soldiers from Shandong and all other armies of the empire were called and concentrated at Halong Bay for reconquering Annan. A supply fleet of 1,000 ships from Fujian was organized.
Tang counterattack (864–866)
The Tang launched a counterattack in 864 under Gao Pian, a general who had made his reputation fighting the Türks and the Tanguts in the north. In September 865, Gao's 5,000 troops surprised a Nanzhao army of 50,000 while they were collecting rice from the villages and routed them. Gao captured large quantities of rice, which he used to feed his army. A jealous governor, Li Weizhou, accused Gao of stalling to meet the enemy, and reported him to the throne. The court sent another general named Wang Yanqian to replace Gao. In the meantime, Gao had been reinforced by 7,000 men who arrived overland under the command of Wei Zhongzai. In early 866, Gao's 12,000 men defeated a fresh Nanzhao army and chased them back to the mountains. He then laid siege to Songping but had to leave command due to the arrival of Li Weizhou and Wang Yanqian. He was later reinstated after sending his aid, Zeng Gun, to the capital and he returned with a reinstatement. Gao completed the retaking of Annan in fall 866, executing the enemy general, Duan Qiuqian, and beheading 30,000 of his men.
Aftermath
Gao Pian rebuilt the capital citadel, repairing 5,000 meters of damaged wall, reconstructing 400,000 bays for its residents, and named it Đại La. He also renamed Annan to Jinghai Jun (Tĩnh Hải quân, lit. Peaceful Sea Army). More than half of local rebels fled into the mountains at this time. This may well have sealed the separation of Muong from Vietnamese, which historians such as Henri Maspero suggest based on linguistic evidence took place at the end of Tang rule in Annan.
A campaign against local population in Annan was conducted from 874 to 879. In 877, troops deployed from Annan in Guangxi mutined. In 880, the army in Annan mutinied, took the city of Đại La, and forced the military commissioner Zeng Gun to flee, ending de facto Chinese control in Vietnam.
See also
Sino–Cham war
Gao Pian
Nanzhao
References
Bibliography
History of Yunnan
History of Vietnam
9th century in Vietnam
Wars involving the Tang dynasty
9th century in China
850s conflicts
860s conflicts |
3244976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20federal%20election%20results%20on%20Vancouver%20Island | Canadian federal election results on Vancouver Island | This page shows results of Canadian federal elections on Vancouver Island.
Regional profile
Like most of British Columbia outside of Greater Vancouver, Vancouver Island tends to be a battleground between the Conservatives and the New Democratic Party (NDP). This is as true now, as has been in the past, except between 1988 and 2004. In 1988, the NDP swept the island in a wave of popular support that saw the party win the most seats in its history. This was wiped out in 1993 however, when many NDP voters switched to the Reform Party which won every seat except Victoria, which was picked up by the Liberals for the first time since 1968. This arrangement continued until the resurgence of the NDP in 2004, which led to it picking up Nanaimo—Cowichan, while the Liberals benefited by the seat switching of Keith Martin in Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca, whose personal popularity allowed him to be re-elected as a Liberal.
Since winning their first seat in the region in seventeen years in 2004, the NDP won two more seats here in 2006 picking up Victoria from the Liberals and Vancouver Island North from the Tories. The Tories won Vancouver Island North back in 2008. In 2011, the NDP picked up Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca from the Liberals while Green Party leader Elizabeth May defeated Tory cabinet member Gary Lunn in Saanich—Gulf Islands to win her party's first elected parliamentary seat in history. The Liberals failed to cross the 15 percent mark in any Vancouver Island-based riding. The island swung hard to the NDP in 2015; May was the only non-NDP MP elected here. In 2019, the Greens were able to pick up Nanaimo-Ladysmith, as well as win over 25% of the vote in Victoria and Esquimalt-Saanich Sooke. The Island is now a 3 way race between the NDP, the Conservatives, and the Greens.
Votes by party throughout time
2021 - 44th General Election
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Courtenay—Alberni
|
|Susan Farlinger9,27613.39%
|
|Mary Lee22,18132.03%
||
|Gord Johns30,61244.21%
|
|Susanne Lawson3,5905.18%
|
|Robert Eppich3,4675.01%
|
|Barbara Biley (M-L)1240.18%
||
|Gord Johns
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Cowichan—Malahat—Langford
|
|Blair Herbert10,32016.37%
|
|Alana DeLong17,87028.35%
||
|Alistair MacGregor26,96842.78%
|
|Lia Versaevel3,9226.22%
|
|Mark Hecht3,9526.27%
|
|
||
|Alistair MacGregor
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke
|
|Doug Kobayashi14,46622.07%
|
|Laura Anne Frost13,88521.18%
||
|Randall Garrison28,05642.81%
|
|Harley Gordon5,8918.99%
|
|Rob Anderson2,9954.57%
|
|Tyson Riel Strandlund (Comm.)2490.38%
||
|Randall Garrison
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Nanaimo—Ladysmith
|
|Michelle Corfield9,31413.54%
|
|Tamara Kronis18,62727.09%
||
|Lisa Marie Barron19,82628.83%
|
|Paul Manly17,64025.65%
|
|Stephen Welton3,3584.88%
|
|
||
|Paul Manly
|-
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:whitesmoke" |North Island—Powell River
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |Jennifer Grenz7,92213.15%
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |Shelley Downey21,67035.96%
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |Rachel Blaney23,83339.55%
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |Jessica Wegg3,6566.07%
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |Paul Macknight2,7954.64%
|
|Stacey Gastis (Mav.)310 0.51%
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |Rachel Blaney
|-
|
|Carla Neal (M-L)77 0.13%
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Saanich—Gulf Islands
|
|Sherri Moore-Arbour12,05618.40%
|
|David Busch14,77522.55%
|
|Sabina Singh11,95918.25%
||
|Elizabeth May24,64837.62%
|
|David Hilderman1,9432.97%
|
|Dock Currie (Comm.)1410.22%
||
|Elizabeth May
|-
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Victoria
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |Nikki Macdonald18,19427.26%
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |Hannah Hodson9,15213.71%
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |Laurel Collins29,30143.90%
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |Nick Loughton7,47211.19%
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |John Randal Phipps2,0653.09%
|
|Jordan Reichert (Animal)273 0.41%
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |Laurel Collins
|-
|
|Janis Zroback (Comm.)291 0.44%
|}
2019 - 43rd General Election
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Courtenay—Alberni
|
|Jonah Baden Gowans8,62011.93%
|
|Byron Horner23,93633.12%
||
|Gord Johns29,79041.21%
|
|Sean Wood9,76213.51%
|
|
|
|Barbara Biley (M-L)1720.24%
||
|Gord Johns
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Cowichan—Malahat—Langford
|
|Blair Herbert10,30115.79%
|
|Alana DeLong16,95926.00%
||
|Alistair MacGregor23,51936.06%
|
|Lydia Hwitsum13,18120.21%
|
|Rhonda Chen1,0661.63%
|
|Robin Morton Stanbridge (CHP)2020.31%
||
|Alistair MacGregor
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke
|
|Jamie Hammond12,55417.90%
|
|Randall Pewarchuk13,40919.12%
||
|Randall Garrison23,88734.06%
|
|David Merner18,50626.39%
|
|Jeremy Gustafson1,0891.55%
|
|Fidelia Godron (Ind.)990.14%Louis Lesosky (Ind.)1000.14%Philip Ney (Ind.)830.12%Josh Steffler (Libert.)2870.41%Tyson Strandlund (Comm.)1110.16%
||
|Randall Garrison
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Nanaimo—Ladysmith
|
|Michelle Corfield9,73513.55%
|
|John Hirst18,63425.93%
|
|Bob Chamberlin16,98523.63%
||
|Paul Manly24,84434.57%
|
|Jennifer Clarke1,0491.46%
|
|James Chumsa (Comm.)1040.14%Brian Marlatt (PC)2070.29%Geoff Stoneman (Ind.)2350.33%Echo White (Ind.)710.10%
||
|Paul Manly
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |North Island—Powell River
|
|Peter Schwarzhoff8,25113.11%
|
|Shelley Downey20,50232.59%
||
|Rachel Blaney23,83437.88%
|
|Mark de Bruijn8,89114.13%
|
|Brian Rundle1,1021.75%
|
|Carla Neal (M-L)480.08%Glen Staples (Ind.)2870.46%
||
|Rachel Blaney
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Saanich—Gulf Islands
|
|Ryan Windsor11,32616.62%
|
|David Busch13,78420.23%
|
|Sabina Singh8,65712.70%
||
|Elizabeth May33,45449.09%
|
|Ron Broda9291.36%
|
|
||
|Elizabeth May
|-
| style="background-color:whitesmoke" |Victoria
|
|Nikki Macdonald15,95222.30%
|
|Richard Caron9,03812.63%
||
|Laurel Collins23,76533.21%
|
|Racelle Kooy21,38329.89%
|
|Alyson Culbert9201.29%
|
|Robert Duncan (Comm.)1130.16%Jordan Reichert (Animal)2210.31%Keith Rosenberg (VCP)460.06%David Shebib (Ind.)1110.16%
||
|Murray Rankin†
|}<noinclude>
2015 - 42nd General Election
2011 - 41st General Election
2008 - 40th General Election
2006 - 39th General Election
2004 - 38th General Election
Maps
Esquimalt-Juan de Fuca
Nanaimo-Alberni
Nanaimo-Cowichan
Saanich-Gulf Islands
Vancouver Island North
Victoria
2000 - 37th General Election
Notes
References
Vancouver Island
Political history of British Columbia
Vancouver Island |
7106109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph | Petrosomatoglyph | A petrosomatoglyph is a supposed image of parts of a human or animal body in rock. They occur all over the world, often functioning as an important form of symbolism, used in religious and secular ceremonies, such as the crowning of kings. Some are regarded as artefacts linked to saints or culture heroes.
The word comes from the Greek (, "stone"), ( "body"), and (, "to carve"). Feet are the most common; however, other features including knees, elbows, hands, heads and fingers are also found.
Stylised representations of parts of the body are often open to dispute and are therefore on the fringes of acceptability as identifiable petrosomatoglyphs. Natural objects, such as rock crystals and rock formations which look like petrosomatoglyphs, whole animals, plants, etc., are collectively called "mimetoliths".
Natural versus man-made petrosomatoglyphs
Many examples of petrosomatoglyphs are likely to be natural in origin, such as rock-cut basins in rivers; however, they still have relevance, as they have often become associated with Saints, legendary figures, fairies, etc. Some may be man-made, but have been reinterpreted as petrosomatoglyphs by the original function being forgotten.
A typical example of a possibly re-used concavity is the footprint on Dunadd which some locals at one time thought was a cast for a bronze axe head. A pseudofossil of what looks like a footprint of a human foot wearing a sandal with a trilobite fossil in the print has been quoted by anti-evolutionists to show that modern man did walk the earth at this time, around five hundred million years ago. The Burdick Print (or Burdick Track) from Glen Rose, Texas, USA, is claimed by some creationists to be part of a "giant man track", supposedly produced by a giant walking alongside dinosaurs.
Animal petrosomatoglyphs
Dogs
In the Mabinogion, the story is told of Culhwch and Olwen, and part of this relates to the hunting by King Arthur and his knights of the wild boar Twrch Trwyth with dogs. Cefn Carn Cafall (the ridge of Cafall's cairn) is a mountain near Builth in Breconshire where the footprint of King Arthur's favourite hunting dog, Cafall, is located in a conglomerate boulder on top of the cairn. If taken away, the boulder always mysteriously returns to its position on the cairn. Cafal or Cabal also appears in Geraint of the Mabinogion as Arthur's favourite hunting dog in the hunting of the white stag. The Black Dog of Blythburgh in Suffolk entered the church and killed a few people in its progress through the building before exiting and leaving its claw-marks on various stones in the building.
Horses
Royal and other horses were sacred to Epona, the horse-goddess. Near Castell Cilan in Gwynedd, North Wales, is a stone embedded in the ground bearing the hoof-print of King Einion's horse. At Llanllyfni in Wales is the hoof-print of the horse of St. Gredfyw. Close to Llyn Barfog in Wales is a hoof-print etched deep into the rock "Carn March Arthur", or the "Stone of Arthur's Horse", which was supposedly made by King Arthur's mount, Llamrai, when it was hauling the terrible Addanc, or "afanc" monster, from the lake. At the Creiqiau Tylwch near Llangurig, Oliver Cromwell is said to have ridden his horse over the precipitous rocks and left behind a hoof print.
Not far from the Devil's Quoit in St. Columb, on the edge of Goss Moor in Cornwall, is a large stone with four deeply impressed marks, known as "King Arthur's Stone". The marks are said to be footprints made by the horse upon which Arthur rode when he resided at Castle an Dinas and hunted on the moors. A Welsh legend has King Arthur pursuing Morgan le Fay, who turns herself into a stone. Arthur's steed leaps across the Bristol Channel, leaving its hoof-prints on a rock.
At Loch Loran in Kilmichael, Argyll and Bute, are five flat stones bearing what may be natural markings improved by light pecking. They lie under water near the inlet at the northern end of the loch and can be best seen in dry weather. Two of the markings are called the "Fairy Footprints", and close behind them are two ovals and several V-hollows suggesting large hoof-prints. On Loch Etiveside, near Ben Cruachan in Argyll, is the place named "Horseshoes" indicating the stone by the loch's side where the horse belonging to the son of the winter hag (the Cailleach or Carlin) left its hoof-prints as it leapt across an arm of the sea. At Shielhill Bridge near Memus in Angus, Scotland, a Kelpie's cloven hoof mark is to be seen on a stone in the river. At Kelso in Roxburgh Street is the outline of a horseshoe where the horse of Prince Charles Edward Stuart cast a shoe as he was riding it through the town on his way to Carlisle in 1745. Sir Fergus Barclay, Baron of Ardrossan was in league with the devil, and in one of his dealings, he set the task of the devil to make ropes from sand; upon failing to do so, Satan kicked the castle with his hoof and left a hoof-print. A horse's hoof is carved on a rock at Eggerness in Galloway, Scotland.
At Tedstone Delamere in Herefordshire, England, the Sapey Brook runs its course to Upper Sapey. A mare and a colt had been stolen, and the hoof-prints stopped at the bank of the brook. The owner prayed for their safe return and, upon examining the bed of the brook, saw hoof-prints clearly visible in the rocky bottom. These hoof-prints were followed and, the thief caught, the horses being safely recovered. The nearby Hoar Stone is said to be the horse thief petrified for his crimes. A later version involves Saint Catherine of Ledbury as the owner of the horses.
'A winged horse named El-Buraq, which had the face and breasts of a woman and the tail of a peacock, was tethered for a period of time on the Rock, or foundation stone of the Holy Jewish Temple in Israel, leaving a hoof-print on the Rock. It is said that the hoof print of Muhammad's steed, El Burak, from which he was propelled to heaven, can be seen imprinted in the Foundation Stone in Jerusalem.
Other animals
St Victor Petroglyphs Provincial Park, Saskatchewan, Canada, features footprint petrosomatoglyphs of bison, deer, elk and antelope.
Cattle At South Lopham in Norfolk, England is the Ox-Foot Stone, which previously lay in a meadow still known as the Oxfoot Piece, and bears the supposed imprint of an ox's foot. The legend goes that in a time of great famine, a miraculous cow appeared and provided a never-ending supply of milk to the starving poor. When the famine ceased, the cow struck its hoof against the stone leaving the imprint and then vanished. The stone itself is a flattish slab of sandstone about 60 cm x 90 cm, likely deposited during the last ice age as a Glacial erratic, and the 'hoofprint' is probably the imprint of a fossil bivalve. This part of East Anglia has virtually no naturally occurring stone (local geology being boulder clay with flints overlaid on chalk), so the Stone's very existence would have been notable. The stone now stands outside the door of Oxfootstone Farm House.
A sacred Celtic bull is said to have left its hoof print in a stone "as if it were the softest wax" in a legend relating to Saint Ninian.
Bears In Roseville, California, a bear footprint was carved into one portion of the Northstar stone representative of a bear walking in a docile manner, the back print overlapping with the print of the forepaw. A bear footprint carving is located in Northwestern California. A large carving representing the claw marks of a bear can be seen at Chaw'se, Indian Grinding Rock State Park, near Fiddletown, California. St Victor Petroglyphs Provincial Park, Saskatchewan, Canada, contains grizzly bear paw print petroglyphs.
Mythical and folkloric beings
Fairies
At Loch Loran in Kilmichael, Argyll and Bute, are five flat stones bearing what may be natural markings improved by light pecking. They lie under water near the inlet at the northern end of the loch and can be best seen in dry weather. Two of the markings are called the "Fairy Footprints", being 11" overall, close together, with narrow heels which point across the loch. The left foot has possibly artificially added toes. Close behind are two ovals and several V-hollows suggesting large hoof-prints. They were not located on a visit in 1970. On Wangan Island, one of the Penghu group between China and Taiwan, are a group of fairy footprints on the top of Tiantai hill. In the very remote Pony Hills, New Mexico, near the desert border with Mexico, are examples of shamanic rock art. The site is located around a spring-fed rock pool. The images depict a variety of spirit forms and also tiny carved footprints—the trail of Water Baby spirits trekking from one pool to another.
The devil
At the ruined Kirk of Lady, near Overbister on Sanday, Orkney, are the Devil's Fingermarks, incised as parallel grooves into the parapet of the kirk. In North Kingstown is a large, granite ledge known as Devil's Foot Rock. Legends going back to the colonial era tell of a Native woman being chased by the devil. Some say that she fled from Boston. Her pursuer is said to have left his footprints at Devil's Foot Rock, then at Chimney Hill in South Kingstown, and finally at Block Island.
At Dol de Bretagne in Brittany are found the supposed claw mark of the Devil on Mont Dol as well as the footprints of St. Michael. Near Holmfirth in Yorkshire, the devil left his footprints as scorch marks on Netherton Edge. One day, the legend says that the Devil disguised himself as a druid in an attempt to gain favour with the old priests, but was discovered in his plans and so, in anger, flew out across the hills carrying a great stone with him, which he dropped from the skies and it landed where the Hood Hill Stone still remains. Also, in anger, he jumped down and stood on the great rock and in doing so, left his footprint impressed upon the stone. The site is at Kilburn, Northallerton, in Yorkshire. In Lancashire, the Devil is said to have thrown stones at Clitheroe Castle and left his footprints in Deerstones Quarry near Pendle. At Castle Bentheim in Germany, there is a curious smooth rock that in legend the Devil is said to have used as a pillow, leaving behind an imprint of his ear. In Cologne, on a heavy stone called Teufelsstein, are imprinted the hands and talons of the Devil. The Lugenstein in the cathedral square at Halberstadt was carried there by the Devil to destroy the cathedral. It was too heavy, and he dropped it, apparently leaving behind an imprint of his red hot thumb.
Sir Fergus Barclay, also known as the De'il of Ardrossan, was a horseman, famous around the lands for his tremendous skill. The secret to his skill, however, was a magical bridle, which was given to Barclay by the devil, in exchange for his soul. However, the devil was tricked by Barclay into giving his soul back. Infuriated by this trickery, the devil attacked the castle in his rage and is said to have left his hoof prints on one of the rocks.
The 'Packstone' is a huge whinstone block to be found at the farm of that name near Muirhead, Shotts. The story goes that the magician Michael Scot had relatives in the area and he employed the devil to build a bridge across the Firth of Forth at South Queensferry however he fell out with his builder and the devil threw down the 'pack' he was carrying and the marks of his shoulders are still to be seen on the stone.
On the eastern wall of the church of Saint Pancras in the ancient monastery of Saint Augustine outside Canterbury is to be seen the imprint of the devil's talons as he was furious that his heathen temple had become a Christian place of worship. On a coping stone of the Devil's Bridge at Kirkby Lonsdale in Cumbria are the fingermarks of the devil left behind when in his fury at being tricked out of a soul.
At Garry Point on the old Finnart Estate in South Ayrshire a cloven hoof print can be seen embedded in the rock. The legend states that this is the site where the Devil landed when St Patrick kicked him out of Ireland.
At the entrance to the Munich Frauenkirche church in Bavaria is located the Devil's Footstep or Teufelsschritt. This mark in a tile resembles a footprint, which according to legend was where the devil stood after he had made a deal with the builder to finance construction of the church on the condition that it contain no windows. The builder managed to trick the devil by siting columns so that the windows were not visible from the spot where the devil stood at the entrance. The devil eventually worked out that he had been tricked, however he could not enter a consecrated church and could only stand in the entrance foyer, stamping his foot furiously, leaving the footprint that remains visible in the church's entrance today.
Legend also says the devil then rushed outside and manifested its evil spirit in the wind that furiously rages around the church.
Giants
On a natural stone in Cornwall is a foot-shaped impression in a rock in the valley leading to the cliffs and coastal footpath near Chapel Porth. It is said to be the foot mark of Giant Bolster of St Agnes legend. Just below the formation, there used to be a Holy Well dedicated to St Agnes, but it dried up due to the mining in the area. Footprints at North Yell, up Hena, in Shetland were thought to be lost but were rediscovered in 1969 by the ordnance survey. The footprint, 12" by 4", is known locally as the "Wartie" and was used to wash in dew or rainwater, and standing in it was supposed to get rid of warts. In legend, it was made by a giant placing one foot here and the other on the Westing of Unst. In Bristol, the giants Vincent and Goram dug the Avon gorge and left their footprints. Moso's Footprint in Samoa was made when the giant Moso stepped over to Samoa from Fiji, and the other footprint can be found on Viti Levu of Fiji. It is a 1 m by 3 m rock enclosure. At the foot of the Doa mountain in Vietnam, towards the west, is a big rock. There are two human footprints on the rock. It is said that the footprints belonged to a giant who used to help the villagers with the construction of their houses. One of the footprints has been damaged. At Arthur's Stone chambered tomb in Herefordshire is a "cup mark" stone which bears the imprints of a giant's (or king's) elbow, left behind after he fell dead to the ground, killed by King Arthur.
In Connecticut there is a stone called Samson Rock, which, according to some sources, bears the imprint of the Algonquin giant Odziozo.
Religious leaders, patriarchs and saints
Adam
The Sri Pada footprint in the rock atop Adam's Peak, Sri Lanka is attributed to Adam by Christians and Muslims.
Abraham
The Maqam Ibrahim ("Abraham's place of standing") is a rock kept in a crystal dome next to the Ka'bah in Mecca. The footprint in it is believed, by Muslim tradition, to have been made by Abraham when he was lifting stone blocks to build the Ka'bah.
Archangel Gabriel
In Islamic tradition, the Foundation Stone is where Muhammad ascended to heaven, and during this ascension, the rock itself started to rise at the southern end but was held down by the Archangel Gabriel, and some marks on the western side of the rock are said to be the fingerprints of Gabriel.
The Buddha
The footprints of the Buddha abound throughout Asia, dating from various periods. Japanese author , who spent years tracking down the footprints in many Asian countries, estimates that he found more than 3,000 such footprints, among them about 300 in Japan and more than 1,000 in Sri Lanka. They often bear distinguishing marks, such as a Dharmachakra at the centre of the sole, or the 32, 108 or 132 auspicious signs of the Buddha, engraved or painted on the sole.
Buddhist legend holds that during his lifetime the Buddha flew to Sri Lanka and left his footprint on Adam's Peak to indicate the importance of Sri Lanka as the perpetuator of his teachings, and also left footprints in all lands where his teachings would be acknowledged. In Thailand, the most important of these "natural" footprints imbedded in rock is at Phra Phutthabat in Central Thailand. In China, during the Tang dynasty, the discovery of a large footprint of the Buddha in Chengzhou caused Empress Wu Zetian to inaugurate a new reign name in that year, 701 CE, starting the Dazu (Big Foot) era.
There are two forms: natural, as found in stone or rock, and those made artificially. Many of the "natural" ones, of course, are acknowledged not to be actual footprints of the Buddha, but replicas or representations of them, which can be considered cetiya (Buddhist relics) and also an early aniconic and symbolic representation of the Buddha.
Jesus
At the Chapel of the Ascension in Jerusalem, there are a pair of footprints reputed to be those of Jesus made at the time of his Ascension into heaven. These are sometimes shown in medieval depictions of the Ascension in art.
The church of Saint Sebastian Outside the Walls in Rome houses a stone which, according to tradition, bears the footprints of Jesus when he appeared to Saint Peter on the Appian Way. A copy of these footprints is preserved, as an ex voto offering, at the Church of Domine Quo Vadis, the chapel marking the traditional spot of Jesus' appearance to Peter.
Henry III of England was given a piece of white marble which allegedly carried a trace of one of Jesus' feet, which he had left as a souvenir to his apostles after his Ascension. Henry gave this relic to Westminster Abbey. This may simply have been a votive copy of the footprint in the Chapel of the Ascension.
Mary, the mother of Jesus
In Wales, the knees and breasts of Mary are said to be imprinted on a rock beside her well at Ffynnon Fair, Llanfair, between Barmouth and Harlech in Gwynedd. Marks said to be her footprint and thumb-print are to be found nearby. Two other Mary footprints are recorded in the vicinity at Llan Maria (St. Mary) near Llanbedr, and Wenallt Hill at Llanaber.
At Pochayiv Lavra in western Ukraine, there is a footprint which by tradition was left in the stone by the Theotokos (Virgin Mary) after her miraculous appearance to two monks in the 15th century. A spring of water which is believed to have miraculous powers flows from the footprint to this day.
At Stow of Wedale in the Scottish Borders a stone near the Lady's Well and old church of St Mary is said to bear the footprint of the Virgin Mary.
Muhammad
At the Qubbat al-Sanaya (the Dome of the Front Teeth) the mark made by the Muhammad's tooth is to be found on a stone in a wall. Muhammad was attacked and lost a tooth during the incident. A mark on a stone wall is said to have been made when the tooth fell. Muhammad's footprints are (by Islamic tradition) found in numerous places, such as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, in Damascus, and in mosques in West Bengal, Bangladesh and Gudjarat. It is said that the hoof print of Muhammad's steed al-Burāq, upon which he was propelled to heaven, can be seen imprinted in the Foundation Stone.
Rama
The footprint in the rock at Hampi is attributed to that of Rama.
Shiva
The Sri Pada footprint in the rock atop Adam's Peak, Sri Lanka is attributed to that of Shiva by Hindus (and the Buddha by Buddhists).
Human petrosomatoglyphs
Footprints
The Romans were accustomed to carve pairs of footprints on a stone with the inscription pro itu et reditu, "for the journey and return". They used them for protective rites on leaving for a journey and for thanksgiving for a safe return, when the traveler would place his feet in the footprints to mark the beginning or end of the undertaking. This same story is told of King Maelgwn of Gwynedd in North Wales, who placed his feet in carved footprints to ensure his safe return from a pilgrimage to Rome.
In northern Europe, rock footprints were closely associated with kingship or chieftainship. Saxo Grammaticus notes that "The ancients, when they came to choose a King, stood on stones planted in the ground to proclaim their votes, signifying from the steadfastness of the stones that the deed would be lasting."
Standing on a special stone is a link between the king and the land from which his people earned their food. Links with King Arthur and "The Sword in the Stone" may be relevant in this context of kingship, a right to power over his subjects and links with nature. A similar idea seems to be associated with the Moot hill, or Boot Hill, at Scone, for the latter name comes from an ancient tradition whereby emissaries swore fealty to their king by wearing the earth of their own lands in their foot-bindings or boots.
The upper echelons of the clergy of the Celtic Church were drawn from the nobility; indeed, even some kings retired to become monks and eventually even saints, as in the case of King Constantine of Cornwall, who retired to Govan on the Clyde in Scotland. This meant that the association of stone footprints was also made with the saints, bishops and others.
The poet Spenser states that the custom amongst the Irish was to place the man who is to be chief upon a stone, always reserved for that purpose alone and located on a hill. Some of these had a footprint cut into them which was the size and shape of the candidate's. The oath was taken with the foot in the footprint, the individual swearing that as chief he would preserve all the ancient customs and respect the laws of royal inheritance.
A Locus terribilis is a sacred place into which only a divine or sacred person could enter. Petrosomatoglyph footprints for the ordination of kings would be an example, for it was believed that only the rightful king was able to use them for the purpose that they were intended. Footprints may also have to do with the cult of the ancestors, whose spirits dwell in the stone, so that a newly invested King would have received the luck or mana of his predecessors through contact with it.
Footprints have been found in Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Sri Lanka (Adam's Foot), and Uganda.
Footprints in Scotland
In Ayr, on the southern bank of the River Ayr is 'Wallace's Heel', a natural sandstone slab from which flows a small spring. Sir William Wallace is said to have left the imprint behind whilst rushing to escape English soldiers who were pursuing him. He later returned to the spring, and dug out a bigger hole to get fresh water for him and his soldiers. Among cup and ring marks on a boulder at Carnasserie, two miles (3 km) from Kilmartin in Argyll, are carved a pair of feet. At St. Mary's Church in Burwick, South Ronaldsay, Orkney, is the Ladykirk Stone on which St. Magnus is said to have sailed over the Pentland Firth. It has two clear footprints cut into it. A pair of footprints is carved in a stone slab in a causeway at the Broch of Clickhimin (or Clickemin), Lerwick, in Shetland. This site was occupied from about 1000 BC to AD 500. Two footprints are to be found at Dunadd (Dun Monaidh), ancient capital of the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. The completed one faces north and is accompanied by an image of a boar, rock-basins possibly cut for ceremonial ablutions and an ogham inscription. This footprint is said to be that of Oisin or Fergus Mor Mac Erca, the first King of Dalriada, who died in AD 501. St. Columba is said to have installed Aidan as King on this rock. The best preserved footprint is 27 cm long, nearly 11 cm wide, 9 cm across at the heel and 2.5 cm deep; so large that it would fit a foot clothed in a shoe or boot. A second, incomplete footprint is a lightly pecked outline of a shod right foot, 24 cm long and 10 cm in maximum width. It has a pronounced taper to the heel; further internal peck-marks suggest that it was to have been hollowed out. It is on the same alignment as the other footprint.
A crag near the chapel of Keil and St. Columba's Well, between Dunaverty Bay and Carskey in Kintyre, has two footprints carved at a place where St. Columba is reputed to have first set foot in Dalriada, Scotland. One is recent, and the other genuinely old. Kingship rituals may have been connected with this petrosomatoglyph. St. Columba's footprints are to be found at Southend in Argyll. Two examples exist in Angus. The caves below Keil Point on the Isle of Arran contain a slab which may have been an ancient altar. It has the prints of two right feet on it, said to be of Saint Columba. The Giant Fingal of Arran is said to have had a son born in the King's Cave who left a footprint on the cave side. On Islay, there was a Stone of Inauguration by Finlaggan. It was seven feet square and had footprints cut into it. When a chief of the Clan Donald was installed as the King of the Isles, he stood barefoot on the imprints on the stone, and with his father's stone in his hand, was anointed King by the Bishop of Argyll and seven priests. During the ceremony, an orator recited a list of his ancestors and, he was proclaimed "Macdonald, high prince of the seed of Conn". The block was deliberately destroyed in the early seventeenth century. At Spittal, near Drymen, is a footprint which may be due to natural weathering. It is located at the western end of a long ridge of natural rock outcrop. A quarry for two millstones is nearby. At Craigmaddie Muir, Baldernock, East Dunbartonshire is the Auld Wives Lifts. This is a complicated assemblage of carvings on a rock platform. On the rock are serpent-like forms, crosses, cups and an impression of the right foot of an adult. At Dunino Den near St Andrews in Fife, is a footprint and a basin carved in the surface of a sandstone outcrop. A Celtic cross has been carved nearby, possibly as an attempt to Christianise the site.
Footprints in Ireland
Close to St. Olann's Well at Coolineagh, near Coachford, County Cork, are the footprints of St. Olann on a boulder. In the garden of Belmont, on the Greencastle Road, about a mile from Derry, there was, in 1837, a block called St. Columba's Stone with two footprints on it. It may have been the inauguration stone of the kings of Aileach, brought here by the local Chief of Derry. On the Clare Hills in Ireland, on the Gort to Feakle road in the townland of Drumandoora, is the engraved outline or impression of a foot clothed by a sandal. On the Hill of Lech, or, previously, Mullach Leaght, the "Hill of the Stone", three miles (5 km) southwest of Monaghan in Ireland, was the inauguration stone of the Mac Mahons. It was used in 1595 and destroyed by a farm owner in 1809.
At Clonmacnoise, County Offaly, Ireland, close to the Chapel of Clonfinlough. there are several limestone boulders, one of which is called the Fairy's or Horseman's Stone. It has many cup-shaped hollows, crosses, daggers, and a pair of human feet. At Templemore in County Londonderry is a slab named St. Columbkille's Stone. It has the imprint of two feet, each ten inches (254 mm) in length. Traditionally, it was the inauguration stone of the ancient Irish chieftains. Saint Columba's Stone near Derry has two depressions like the marks of feet. The O'Doherty's are said to have stood on this stone with bare feet at their inaugurations. At Slievenamon (The Mountain of the Women), at South Tipperary in Ireland, is the rock that bears the footprints of Goll—"the One-Eyed"—who made a giant leap across the valley to catch up with the hunt of the Fianna.
The West Pier in Howth Harbour, Dublin, displays a specimen of footprints from King George IV's visit in 1821.
Footprints in England and Wales
"King Arthur's Footprint" is a hollow in the rock at the highest point of Tintagel Island's southern side. It is not entirely natural, having been shaped by human hands at some stage. It may have been used for the inauguration of kings or chieftains as the site is known to have a long history stretching back to the Dark Ages.
At Poole Farm in Somerset, a cist cover was found with footprints and cupmarks. The decorated cist slab is displayed in Bristol Museum. Originally it was in position on the south side of the Pool Farm Cist, which was contained within a round barrow. Excavation revealed the cremated remains of a child and an adult. However, these carvings do have similarities with the Calderstones in Liverpool and others in Scandinavia. The footprinted Calderstones in Liverpool may have come from a Lancashire passage-grave. Sharkey sees a link of artistic influence between these and those at Petit-Mont in Brittany.
On a rock formerly visible at the eastern end of Holyhead church in Anglesey, Wales, was the footprint of St. Cybi.
Kenric's Stone. In the church of St Illtyd at Llanelltyd near Dolgellau stands a stone with a footprint carved upon it. It also has a Latin inscription recording one 'Kenric the Pilgrim.'
Footprints in the Isle of Man
The Swearing Stone found at Castleward earthwork was probably used in inauguration ceremonies.
Footprints in Brittany
A passage-grave at Petit-Mont Arzon in Brittany contains a stone with a pair of feet, toes pointing upwards. Sharkey sees these carvings as coming from the same artistic tradition as those on the Calderstones. At Dol de Bretagne in Brittany are found the footprints of St. Michael on Mont Dol as well as a claw mark of the devil. At Petit-Mont passage grave near Arzon in Brittany can be found the relief of two upturned feet.
Footprints in Germany
On the Totenberg near Minden in the Geismarwald, a commander in the Thirty Years War declared before a battle that he had as much chance of winning as he had of the stone becoming soft. It did and his foot and hand-prints are still there to be seen by all.
At Rosenstein Castle on the Heuberg in the Remo Valley is a rock with the form of a beautiful human foot, and on the mountain opposite, the Scheulberg, is a similar imprint. The ruins of Rosenstein Castle, known today for its caves, sit above Heubach, while the Scheulberg is near Beuran to the Southeast; they are approximately 3 km apart.
A knight's heel print can allegedly be seen in the sandstone on the terrace of the Heidelberg Castle.
Footprints in Italy
The petroglyphs of footprints are very common in the Val Camonica rock art (over 200 in the single Rock 6 in Foppe di Nadro area).
In 2003, a series of footprints, now known as the Ciampate del Diavolo, were discovered on the slopes of Roccamonfina, a dormant volcano about from Naples. The tracks were left more than 325,000 years ago, during an eruption. They were preserved in the ash. Locals called the prints "devil's trails".
Footprints in France
The petroglyphs of footprints are very common in France. Some of them are
"Le Pas De Saint Gouéno" or footprint of Saint Gouéno in Saint-Gouéno (Côtes d'Armor)
"Le Pas de Saint Malo" or footprint of Saint (Machutus) which is in fact the footprint of his horse at Saint-Malo-de-Guersac (Loire-Atlantique)
"Pas-de-Saint-Martin" or footprint of Saint Martin at Saint-Épain (Indre-et-Loire), but also at Bouze-lès-Beaune (Côte d'Or) ...
Footprints in Africa
The Laetoli footprints are hominid tracks left behind in then-soft volcanic ash nearly 3.7 million years ago. The prints were discovered by Mary Leakey and others in 1978.
Footprints in other parts of the world
A set of Jesus's footprints, according to legend, are preserved at the Church of Domine Quo Vadis outside of Rome. In Buddhist symbolism, a Buddhapada (footprint of the Buddha) with Dharmacakra and Triratna symbols from the 1st century is to be found at Gandhāra, Northern Pakistan.
Sweden's rich flora of petroglyphs include many hundred footprints, singles and in pairs.
On Sri Pada, or Adam's Peak, a mountain in Sri Lanka, is a footprint mark said by Buddhists to be that of the left foot of the Buddha, the right footprint being in a city about 150 kilometres distant, or at Phra Sat in Thailand. Tamil Hindus consider it to be the footprint of Shiva. Some Muslims and Christians ascribe it to Adam, where Adam the "first ancestor" is said to have set foot as he was exiled from the Garden of Eden. Sometimes Christians ascribe it to Saint Thomas, the "Apostle of India". Footprints of the Buddha also exist in Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, the Maldives, Pakistan, Singapore, and Burma. The St. Victor's Petroglyphs in Provincial Park, Saskatchewan, Canada, feature human footprints.
A human-like footprint in volcanic ash was discovered in 1970 during the construction of the Demirköprü Dam in Turkey. The ash was dated as having been deposited about 250,000 years ago.
Knee prints
A tradition of body-part impressions at holy wells, rivers and beneath waterfalls comes from the fact that Celtic monks or culdees often prayed in such places, continuing the veneration of the Druids for sacred waters. Folk belief ascribes healing powers to waters taken from these holy impressions, and this water was used to cure sickness, wounds and sores, as well as preventing or curing sickness in animals such as cattle.
At Llangynnlo in Wales are Olgliniau Cynllo, the knee prints of King Cynllo at prayer. At Troedraur in Dyfed, South Wales are the knee-marks of St. Gwyndaf Hen impressed on a flat rock in the bed of the River Ceri. These are 'pot holes' or Rock-cut basins made by the grinding effect of stone in the river currents to the sceptics. St Cynwyl in the river at Caio in Wales. St. Beuno at Llanaelhaiarn in Wales. At Arthur's Stone chambered tomb in Hereford & Worcester is a cup-mark stone which bears the imprints of King Arthur's knees left behind after he prayed to God in thanks for victory over a giant (or king) whom he had killed and whose tomb this is. At Llanllyfni in Wales are the knee prints of St. Gredfyw.
John O'Donovan, in his Ordnance Survey Letters of 1840, tells the story of Saint Moling crossing a small hill in the County Wexford district, when an evil spirit annoyed him. He knelt on a rock to curse the spirit, leaving the impression of his knees on the stone. While there is no account of the stone today, it is said that the incident gave the name to the townland Cloch na Mallacht, i.e. "the stones of the curses", linking the episode to Bullaun stones which often contain cursing stones.
Near St Fillan's Kirk in Renfrewshire there is recorded a large flat rock called the 'Kneelins Stane' that had three depressions, two made by the knees of pilgrims and the third made by their staffs.
Hands and arms
A diminutive pair of hands are carved on a boulder beside the Crinan Canal in Argyll. The St. Victor's Petroglyphs Provincial Park, in Saskatchewan, Canada, feature hand-prints. From Waldenbuch in Germany is a four-sided stone pillar with scroll carving and a left arm and hand. At Oberhasli on the road to Gadmen near Meiringen in Switzerland is the Sterbensstein, a rock with the impression of a hand and several fingers left by a dying man after he had been attacked. Near Minden in the Geismarwald on the Totenberg in Germany, an army leader who before a battle in the Thirty Years' War declared that he had as much chance of winning as he had of the stone becoming soft. It did, and his foot- and hand-prints are still there to be seen by all.
A carved left hand is to be found on the wall of the Decorated Hall in the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni on Malta. It measures 8¼" by 4". At Arthur's Stone chambered tomb in Hereford and Worcester is a "cup mark" stone which bears the imprints of a king's or giant's elbow, left behind after he fell dead to the ground, killed by King Arthur. The Petroglyph National Monument has an estimated 20,000 carved images, including many of hands. These images are inseparable from the cultural landscape, the spirits of the people who created and who appreciate them. At Barnakill near Dunardy in Argyll is a stone bearing two hand prints. The hands appear to have a covering; one may be the back of the hand having interesting designs, the other being the palm with some faint markings.
At Llanllyfni in Wales is the thumb print of St. Gredfyw. Near Strathpeffer in Scotland is the finger and thumb print of a dwarf associate of Finn Mac Cuill on an old gate post near to the Pictish Eagle Stone.
In Argyll and Bute, Kilneuair's kirk has inside, to the east of the nave door, a sandstone block bearing a now almost invisible five-toed print with nails on three of the toes and which is referred to as 'the Devil's hand'. The story goes that a local tailor did not believe in the Devil and Old Nick appeared as a skeleton just missing the man and scratching the wall with his bone hand.
Eyes
At St. Mary's Church in Newchurch-in-Pendle, an eye is carved on the tower, said to be the all-seeing eye of God. Local tradition says that it was originally placed there to protect the worshippers from the witches who once plagued the district. In Almería, Spain, is a carved limestone pillar with eyes or the oculos / oculi motif. The eyes have eyebrows and/or accentuating arcs. An "eye goddess" may have existed as shown by many other examples of carved oculi. The Folkton "drums" are made of chalk and are elaborately carved, with distinct oculi or eyes. Petrospheres or carved stone balls from Scotland, especially the Aberdeen area, often have concentric carved lines, some of which appear to be stylised oculi. Pecked carvings of "eyebrows" are found on a lintel inside Holm of Papa Westray south chambered cairn, Orkney. They are similar to the 'owlish' eyes and eyebrows carved on the Folkton Drums. The Food-vessel peoples at the Tregulland barrow near Bodmin moor in Cornwall had placed slate slabs around the central burial bearing circular pecked hollows resembling oculi, presumably having a protective function for the person buried within.
Heads
Sikhara top of Bayon at Angkor Wat complex are carved in the image of Hindu-Buddhist Khmer kings.
The Celts are well known for their cult of the "severed head" of which many examples exist as three-dimensional carvings or sculptures. Petrosomatoglyphs are much rarer. Pump Sant Stone near Carmarthen in Wales has the imprint in it of the heads of the five saints, named Ceitho, Celynnin, Gwyn, Gwyno and Gwynoro. The stone is made of Diorite, a very hard stone brought from another district. It stands on a mound facing the Ogofau Lodge of Dolaucothi House, near to the Roman Gold Mines. It has depressions on all four faces characteristic of the wear produced from crushing quartz.
The Serpent Stone from a Roman cemetery in Maryport in Cumbria has a Celtic severed head wearing a torc carved on the top of a phallic-shaped pillar. On the back is a carving of a serpent. At Tarren Deusant, Llantrisant in Mid-Glamorgan is a pagan site with two heads originally carved, showing incised eyebrows and slit mouths characteristic of some Celtic cult heads. Six other heads have been carved since 1696, when they were first recorded. The Husjatyn god-pillar from the River Zbrucz in Galicia, Poland, has several heads carved on its four sides, together with images of horses, people and weapons. A pointed stone from Rottenburg am Neckar, at Stammheim in Stuttgart, has a rudimentary human face carved on it. From Entremont, Bouches-du-Rhône in France is a four-sided stone pillar with numerous engraved stone heads. The pillar came from the Celtic sanctuary which was destroyed by the Romans in 124 BC. At Alderly Edge, Cheshire, England, is the face of Merlin carved into the native rock face of a crag.
Two carved stone heads are located at Chapelhall House, Innellan, Argyll. One resembles a Celtic stone head and may indeed be one, the other is more likely to have been a corbel in the early medieval chapel that lay nearby. St. Aid, or Áed mac Bricc, was Bishop of Killare in the 6th century. At Saint Aid's birth, his head had hit a stone, leaving a hole that collected rainwater that cured all ailments, thus linking it with the Irish tradition of Bullaun stones. On the Victorian viaduct in the Pass of Killiecrankie is a well-defined face carved into one ashlar block.
Saint Aid or Áed mac Bricc was Bishop of Killare in 6th-century. At Saint Aid's birth his head had hit a stone, leaving a petrosomatoglyph type hole in which collected rainwater that cured all ailments, identifying it also with the Irish tradition of Bullaun stones and possible links to cup and ring mark stones.
The female form and reproductive structures
It has been stated that many of the signs or symbols which accompany maze or geometric patterns from sites such as Newgrange in Ireland are identifiable or interpretable as human, the womb (lens symbol), the pubic area (lozenge symbol), fallopian horns (ram's horns), the female form (hour-glass symbol), breasts (w or omega symbol), etc. The vesica piscis shape as found on the lid of the Chalice Well at Glastonbury includes an almond- or lozenge-shaped central area that is seen as a possible representation of the female genitals. Meehan does not, however, clearly indicate his sources for these interpretations.
In the gallery-grave of Kerguntuil at Tregastel in Brittany are nine pairs of breasts above engraved necklaces.
Barclodiad y Gawres is a passage-grave on Anglesey with its internal surfaces decorated with lozenges, chevrons, wavy lines and spirals. The whole tomb has been likened to a womb, that of the Mother Goddess. These symbols are also commonly used in passage graves found in Ireland and Brittany. Triangular stones are sometimes regarded as being representations of the female sexual organs or overall body shape. At Boscawen un stone circle in Cornwall, a leaning central standing stone and a large white quartz boulder may represent the male and female elements of nature. At Carn Euny Iron Age village in Cornwall is a fogou which may represent the womb of the Great Earth Mother.
At Avebury and West Kennet Avenue in Wiltshire, the tall pillar and "broad diamond shape" stones were used alternately in the stone circles, possibly symbolising males and females at this famous pagan ritual site. Stoney Littleton Long Barrow near Bath has been likened to a "womb-tomb" of the Great Goddess who awaited the return of the sun.
Tolmen stones, such as the example on the North Teign river on Dartmoor, England, are said to derive their name from the Cornish tol ("hole") and maen ("stone") and were thought to have been used by Druids for purification and that the wrongdoer was lowered through into the water for lustration, a purification rite or cleansing ritual. The hole in the stone represented the female birth canal in the Druid or pagan mind, and by passing through it, a person was symbolising the act of rebirth and therefore regaining innocence or being cleansed of post-parturition illness, etc.
Male reproductive structures
Shivalinga is carved in numerous Hindu temples across Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia, including in Angkor Wat, rock-cut temples in India such as Aihole, Ajanta Caves, Amarnath Temple, Badami cave temples, Ellora Caves, Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple, Hampi, Hulimavu Shiva cave temple, Mahabalipuram, Masroor Rock Cut Temple, Udaygiri Caves, Vaishno Devi, etc.
Many references have been made to the obviously phallic appearance of standing stones. It is suggested that they may serve as stylised representations of the phallus, the purpose of which is to magically enhance the fertility of humans, animals and crops. A number of practices which are supposed to give fertility to barren women are linked to standing stones throughout Europe. At Avebury and West Kennet Avenue in Wiltshire, the tall pillar and broad diamond shape stones were used alternately in the stone circles, possibly symbolising males and females at these famous pagan ritual sites. At Boscawen un stone circle in Cornwall, a leaning central standing stone and a large white quartz boulder may represent the male and female elements of nature. The Maypole is often considered a phallic symbol, coinciding with the worship of Germanic phallic figures such as that of Freyr.
Phallic fertility symbols were carved for good luck, and they were also a powerful antagonist to the evil eye. The Romans regularly carved them onto military buildings, and Hadrian's Wall has several at Chesters and Housesteads forts. One at Barcombe Hill shows a crude phallus and testicles with the legs of a chicken. In Portugal, phalli are represented together with cup-marks, zig-zags, straggly-lines, etc., on the ninety or so stones of the 4000-year-old Cromeleque dos Almendres near Évora. At Valhaugen in Norway a realistic representation of a phallus has been found and restored.
Multiple body parts
At Portpatrick on the Island of St. Kilda, there is the impression of a pair of knees and a right hand, said to be those of St. Patrick in the posture of prayer. In Cornwall, St. Newlyna knelt on a stone and left the impression of her elbows and knees in the posture of prayer. At Llanllyfni are found stones with the knee-prints, thumb and bed of St. Gredfyw. Medicine Rock in the USA was located on a hill fifteen miles (24 km) west of Gettysburg, near the mouth of the Cheyenne Creek. Indians considered it to be a sacred rock and visited it regularly. Five footprints, hand prints and animal prints were originally visible, made by the Great Spirit of the Native Americans.
Recent and modern petrosomatoglyphs
Located at Smithills Hall, near Bolton in Lancashire, is the impressed footprint at the bottom of a set of stairs of George Marsh, a Protestant martyr. In 1555, Marsh was interrogated at Smithills Hall and then taken to Boughton in Cheshire and burnt at the stake for the sake of his faith. It is said that the footprint is a divine reminder of this unjust persecution and murder.
Often, impressions of hands are made in concrete to commemorate the famous as at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood (USA) on pavement slabs or in wet concrete. Making footprints in stone of family members is part of New Age beliefs.
In Sarajevo, there is a preserved square of footpath or pavement asphalt with two shoe prints which are believed to be those of Gavrilo Princip, made as he waited for the arrival of the motorcade of the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand in June 1914. The Archduke's assassination precipitated the start of the Great War.
See also
References
External links
Historia Britonum Cabal's or Cafal's Cairn and King Arthur's hunting dog's pawprint.
The Sheela Na Gig website.
King Arthur's footprint at Tintagel.
Photographs of petrosomatoglyphs.
Scottish Glacial Erratics in History, Myth & Legend
Petroglyph National Monument, New Mexico.
A Researcher's Guide to Local History terminology.
The Barrnakill Hands Neolithic rock carving near Cairnbaan, Argyll.
Archaeological artefact types
Prehistoric art
Rock art
Prehistoric inscriptions
Sacred rocks |
65658403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201905 | June 1905 |
June 1, 1905 (Thursday)
The Lewis and Clark Exposition, celebrating the centennial of the two explorers' arrival at the northwest United States, opened in Portland, Oregon.
The Sultan of Morocco rejected France's demands for a scheme of reforms.
Born: Robert Newton, English actor and action film star; in Shaftesbury, Dorset, (d. 1956)
Died:
Giovanni Battista Scalabrini, 64, Italian Roman Catholic saint who founded the Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo, popularly known as the Scalabrinians. He would be canonized on October 9, 2022.
Émile Delahaye, 61, French automotive engineer who founded the Delahaye Automotive Company
June 2, 1905 (Friday)
The palace of Spain's Governor-General of Catalonia in Barcelona was seriously damaged by a bomb.
Board chairman H. C. Frick and several other directors of the Equitable Life Insurance resigned after a Congressional investigation of the company's scandal was made public. Former U.S. Secretary of the Navy Paul Morton was elected the new chairman of the board on June 9.
June 3, 1905 (Saturday)
Russia's three surviving cruisers from the Battle of Tsushima-- Oleg, Aurora and Jemchug—limped into Manila Harbor with serious damages.
Born:
Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole, Western Samoan paramount chief and joint head of state (O le Ao o le Malo); in Vaimoso (d. 1963)
Martin Gottfried Weiss, Nazi commandant of the Dachau concentration camp and convicted war criminal; in Weiden in der Oberpfalz (d. 1946)
Died: Hudson Taylor, 73, British-born Baptist Christian missionary to China and founder of the China Inland Mission
June 4, 1905 (Sunday)
Morocco's Foreign Minister asked the major powers for an international conference on France's demands. Germany joined in the proposal on June 8.
Died: Jan Mikulicz-Radecki, 55, Polish and German surgeon and pioneer of the use of antiseptics in surgery, known for Mikulicz's disease and the Mikulicz's drain procedure for treatment of wounds with sterile gauze. died of stomach cancer.
June 5, 1905 (Monday)
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt informed Russia that it would have to remove three Imperial Navy cruisers that had fled to Manila Bay to repair damages sustained at the Battle of Tsushima. On June 10, Admiral Enquist of Russia replied that the cruisers would remain anyway.
The Russian Navy cruiser Terck sank the British steamer Ikhona.
Venezuela and Colombia resumed diplomatic relations.
Died: Małgorzata Szewczyk, 76, Polish nun known as Mother Lucja, founder of the Daughters of the Sorrowful Mother of God
June 6, 1905 (Tuesday)
In Germany's last royal wedding, Crown Prince Wilhelm, son of Kaiser Wilhelm II and heir to the throne, was married to Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin at Berlin.
June 7, 1905 (Wednesday)
The Norwegian Parliament, the Storting, declared dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden, giving Norway full independence. While King Oscar protested the action, there was no disturbance in either nation.
Born: James J. Braddock, American boxer and world heavyweight champion from 1935 to 1937; in New York City) (d. 1974)
Died: Carl Kellner, 53, Austrian industrialist, co-inventor of the Castner-Kellner process, later the founder of the Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) Rosicrucrian order, died of an infection
June 8, 1905 (Thursday)
The sinking of a Royal Navy torpedo boat during maneuvers killed 14 officers and men.
June 9, 1905 (Friday)
King Oscar of Sweden declined a request from the Storting to nominate a king for Norway.
Charlton Athletic F.C. was founded in London, England.
June 10, 1905 (Saturday)
Russia and Japan both accepted U.S. President Roosevelt's invitation to have a peace conference to end the Russo-Japanese War. On June 15, the event was tentatively scheduled for Washington, D.C. to begin by August 10.
Norway's government lowered the flag of the Union of Sweden and Norway from all offices, and substituted the Norse tricolor flag.
June 11, 1905 (Sunday)
The Pennsylvania Railroad inaugurated express service that allowed travel between New York City and Chicago in only 18 hours.
Sweden's government said that it would not recognize the secession of Norway from the Union of Sweden and Norway. The Storting replied on June 19 that it inended to proceed with secession anyway.
June 12, 1905 (Monday)
The Servants of India Society was founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, pledging "to train men for the work of political education and agitation, and to promote by all constitutional means the natural interests of the Indian people."
The fastest speed ever set for a steam powered locomotive, by the Pennsylvania Railroad's 4-4-2 7002.
Born: Ray Barbuti, American sprint runner and Olympic gold medalist; in Brooklyn, New York (d. 1988)
June 13, 1905 (Tuesday)
Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime Minister of Greece since December 29, was stabbed to death by a professional gambler, Antony Gherakaris, as he was entering the Hellenic Parliament house. Diligiannis had recently led the government in outlawing gambling houses in Greece.
Born: Franco Riccardi, Italian fencer and Olympic gold medalist 1928 and 1936; in Milan (d. 1968)
June 14, 1905 (Wednesday)
A gun explosion on the British battleship HMS Magnificent killed 18 sailors.
June 15, 1905 (Thursday)
Princess Margaret of Connaught, the niece of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, married Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, Duke of Skåne, the future King Gustaf VI Adolf, in a ceremony in Britain at Windsor Castle.
June 16, 1905 (Friday)
As the Russo-Japanese War continued, Japan's Field Marshal Ōyama Iwao routed 3,000 Russian troops led by General Mistchenko in a battle at Liaoyang in Manchuria.
June 17, 1905 (Saturday)
The crash of a Western Maryland Railroad train at Ransen, Maryland, killed 23 people.
France's prime minister and Germany's ambassador in Paris began conferences on the Moroccan situation.
Died: Generalissimo Máximo Gómez, 68, Dominican-born Cuban independence fighter known for his brutal attacks on Spanish soldiers and sympathizers during the Cuban War of Independence
June 18, 1905 (Sunday)
A coal mine explosion in Russia killed 500 employees at the Ivan Colliery at Kharsisk.
Géza Fejérváry took office as the new Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hungary, after being appointed by Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph (King Ferenc József). The Hungarian parliament voted to declare the Fejérváry ministry unconstitutional.
Died:
Per Teodor Cleve, 65, Swedish chemist who discovered the elements holmium and thulium, as well as the aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids, also known as the Cleve's acids
Carmine Crocco, 75, Italian guerrilla leader
June 19, 1905 (Monday)
The U.S. signed postal treaties with Australia and Panama.
Born: Mildred Natwick, American stage, film and TV actress; in Baltimore (d. 1994)
June 20, 1905 (Tuesday)
Dr. Ernest Henry Starling introduced the word "hormone" into the English language by coining the term in his paper "The Chemical Correlation of the Functions of the Body" in a lecture to the Royal College of Physicians in London.
June 21, 1905 (Wednesday)
The New York Central Railroad's flagship passenger train, the 20th Century Limited, was derailed in an apparent act of sabotage, leaving open of a switch in Mentor, Ohio, killing 21 people.
King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway opened the Riksdag's new session and endorsed the recommendation of the Swedish government to negotiate with Norway's Storting for a peaceful dissolution of the union of the two nations.
Born:
Jean-Paul Sartre, French existentialist and philosopher; in Paris (d. 1980)
Zeng Xueming, Chinese midwife and the first wife of Hồ Chí Minh; in Canton (d. 1991)
June 22, 1905 (Thursday)
Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia was appointed by the Tsar Nicholas II to be the new President of the Council of National Defense.
Died: Francis Lubbock, 89, Confederate Governor of Texas from 1861 to 1863
June 23, 1905 (Friday)
Eighteen months after their first powered flight, the Wright Brothers tested their new Wright Flyer III airplane.
Russian troops killed 50 Polish independence demonstrators and wounded another 200 in the city of Lodz.
Eugenio Montero Rios was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Spain.
June 24, 1905 (Saturday)
Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis of Greece formed a new cabinet of ministers.
June 25, 1905 (Sunday)
The Danish Navy training ship Georg Stage was accidentally sunk after a collision with the English steamship Ancona, killing 22 young recruits ranging in age from 14 to 17.
Born:
Mary Livingstone (stage name for Sadya Marcowitz), American comedienne, actress and radio co-star with her husband Jack Benny; in Seattle (d. 1983)
Arthur Rabenalt, Austrian film director; in Vienna, Austria-Hungary (d. 1993)
Jun'ichi Yoda, Japanese poet and author of children's books; in Fukuoka (d. 1997)
June 26, 1905 (Monday)
The House of Commons rejected a motion of no confidence in the government of British Prime Minister Arthur Balfour, after revelations of corruption in the British Army.
June 27, 1905 (Tuesday)
Mutiny broke out on the Russian ironclad Potemkin. The principal officers were killed as the mutineers seized the ship on the Black Sea and steered it into the harbor of Odessa, where a riot had broken out (The event was June 14 on Russia's "old style" calendar at the time). The Russian Navy's Black Sea squadron was dispatched from Sevastopol to either capture or sink the rebel battleship. By June 29, over 1,000 people had been killed in street fighting and the Potemkin began shelling of the city.
Born: Kwan Tak-hing, Hong Kong actor; in Guangzhou, Chinese Empire (d. 1996)
Died: Grigory Vakulenchuk, 27, Ukrainian sailor in the Imperial Russian Navy who instigated the mutiny on the Potemkin, was shot and killed by officers in the early moments of the uprising
June 28, 1905 (Wednesday)
A portion of the "Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 In D", subtitled "Land of Hope and Glory", composed by Sir Edward Elgar and simply referred to in North America as "Pomp and Circumstance", was first played as a graduation march, after Yale University music professor Samuel Sanford invited Elgar to receive an honorary degree.
Born: Ashley Montagu, British-born American anthropologist; in London (d. 1999)
June 29, 1905 (Thursday)
The Automobile Association was founded in the United Kingdom.
Imperial Russian Navy sailors at Libau (now Liepāja in Latvia) mutinied.
June 30, 1905 (Friday)
Albert Einstein submitted for publication his paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", establishing his theory of special relativity. It would be published on September 26.
Born:
John Van Ryn, American tennis champion, Grand Slam doubles champion at Wimbledon (1929-1931), the French Open (1931) and the U.S. Open (1931, 1935); in Newport News, Virginia (d. 1999)
Nestor Paiva, American TV and film actor; in Fresno, California (d. 1966)
References
June
1905-06
1905-06 |
2287548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecking%20Crew%20%28comics%29 | Wrecking Crew (comics) | The Wrecking Crew is a team of four supervillains—the Wrecker, Bulldozer, Piledriver and Thunderball—appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. While not featured on the cover, the Wrecking Crew's first appearance is in The Defenders #17 (Nov 1974).
The Wrecking Crew appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe / Disney+ series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022).
Fictional team history
The Wrecking Crew are formed when Dirk Garthwaite—the Wrecker—is approached by Dr. Eliot Franklin in prison and asked to retrieve a gamma bomb Franklin had designed, with the intent of ransoming New York for millions of dollars. The Wrecker had formerly been a violent criminal who demolished crime scenes with his crowbar, but gained his power when he was mistaken for Loki and given mystical powers by Karnilla the Norn Queen. Garthwaite manages to retrieve his enchanted crowbar. During a lightning storm, Wrecker tells Franklin and fellow prisoners Henry Camp and Brian Calusky to grip the weapon simultaneously. A lightning bolt then strikes the crowbar, increases the Wrecker's power and transforms him and the other three men into the Wrecking Crew. Franklin became Thunderball, Camp became Bulldozer, and Caluski became Piledriver. They promptly escape from prison and, in the course of searching for the gamma bomb, are defeated by the Defenders and Luke Cage.
Over the years the Wrecking Crew have followed a very familiar cycle—escape from prison, fight (and subsequently lose to) superheroes, and be returned to prison. The Wrecking Crew have battled the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, Captain America, Iron Fist, the Runaways, Spider-Man, Namor the Sub-Mariner, Doctor Strange, Daredevil, Alpha Flight, the She-Hulk and the X-Men, but their main foe is Thor. When the Wrecking Crew first battle Thor, they are confident that it will be a quick victory. Thor, however, infuriated by the fact that one of the Wrecker's offensives has killed an innocent bystander, defeats them all in moments and critically injures the Wrecker. Thunderball escapes and, several weeks later, recovers the Wrecker's crowbar, going on to form his own gang before being defeated by Spider-Man. The Wrecking Crew is later chosen by the being known as the Beyonder to participate in the Secret Wars against a team of select superheroes. The Wrecking Crew's most notorious act was to participate in the near-fatal beating of the hero Hercules during a siege of Avengers Mansion by the fourth incarnation of Masters of Evil led by Baron Helmut Zemo. With Thor's assistance, Hercules eventually confronts the Wrecking Crew and defeats them, restoring his confidence in himself. The Wrecking Crew were briefly joined by Piledriver's son Excavator who helped them in their fight against the Runaways. The Wrecking Crew was imprisoned in the Raft when Electro freed the inmates in the New Avengers.
During the Civil War crossover event, the Wrecking Crew is forced to join the Thunderbolts Army or face additional jail time. The Wrecking Crew later escape to Canada to avoid the Superhuman Registration Act. The Wrecking Crew's most despicable act was murdering nearly everyone inside a Canadian bar all because of an "annoying" cell phone ringtone. They then join forces with the mythical Great Beasts and battle the superhero team Omega Flight. After being defeated by Omega Flight, they are imprisoned in a jail in Manitoba, but manage to escape and return to the United States, where they are recruited to join the Hood's crime syndicate. The Wrecking Crew were later hired by Jigsaw to kill the Punisher during Jigsaw's revenge plot against him. However, before the Wrecker can deliver the final blow, he is defeated by the Rhino, who owed the Punisher a favor after he spared the Rhino's life. During the "Secret Invasion" storyline, the Wrecking Crew are among the many supervillains who rejoined the Hood's crime syndicate and attacked an invading Skrull force.
At the time when Bulldozer died of an unknown cause, his daughter Marci became the second Bulldozer. During the Avengers: Standoff! storyline, Wrecker, Piledriver, and a somehow-revived Bulldozer appear as inmates of Pleasant Hill, a gated community established by S.H.I.E.L.D. During the "Search for Tony Stark" story arc, the Wrecking Crew rejoin the Hood's gang as they attack Castle Doom. The Wrecking Crew later joined Baron Zemo's third incarnation of the Masters of Evil. The Hydra Supreme version of Captain America persuaded Zemo to have the Masters of Evil be part of Hydra's Army of Evil by the time of Hydra's takeover of the United States. The Wrecking Crew were hired by Mayor Wilson Fisk to demolish P.S. 20. As Thunderball was unavailable, they gained Demolisher as a substitute member. The Wrecking Crew were defeated by Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur. During the "Devil's Reign" storyline, the Wrecking Crew were shown as inmates of the Myrmidon. When 8-Ball offered to sit with them, they turn him down.
Membership
Current members
Wrecker (Dirk Garthwaite) — The team's leader wields an indestructible crowbar with magical properties. He both hates and fears Thor.
Bulldozer I (Henry Camp) — Bulldozer I has an armored metal helmet and fights by ramming his victims head-first.
Piledriver (Brian Philip Calusky) — Piledriver fights with his oversized pile-driving fists.
Thunderball (Dr. Eliot Franklin) — Thunderball is the thinker of the team and wields a huge demolition ball on a chain.
Former members
Excavator (Ricky Calusky) — The teenage son of Piledriver and a temporary member. The Excavator wielded an enchanted shovel that broke in his very first battle when he smashed it over Molly Hayes' head (which only irritated the young mutant girl).
Bulldozer II (Marci Camp) — Marci Camp is the daughter of Henry Camp, the original Bulldozer, who inherited the villain's powers as well as his training. She now works alongside her father.
Demolisher (real name unknown) - A female mercenary who filled in for Thunderball as a member of the Wrecking Crew when they were working on a job for Mayor Wilson Fisk.
Reception
In 2022, Screen Rant included The Wrecking Crew in their "10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics" list.
Other versions
Marvel Zombies
In Marvel Zombies vs. Army of Darkness, Thunderball is seen fighting Daredevil, whom he defeats with the help of Ash Williams (who mistakenly believed Daredevil to be the villain). Later, Thunderball is attempting to fight off several zombies, including infected versions of the Wrecker, Bulldozer and Piledriver. The Punisher comes upon the scene and shoots Thunderball dead, then directs his attention to the zombies. The remaining members of the Wrecking Crew are subsequently among the zombies who attack and infect the Punisher.
Ultimate Marvel
The Ultimate Wrecking Crew initially appear in Ultimate Spider-Man as a clean-up crew for super-human battles, as employees of Damage Control. They then briefly appear in Ultimate Hulk Annual fighting Zarda after gaining the costumes, weapons and powers of their mainstream counterparts and seizing the Flatiron Building. It is unknown how or why they acquired their costumes, weapons and powers, as well as the change in their behavior.
JLA/Avengers
The Wrecking Crew have a brief appearance in the last issue of JLA/Avengers as a part of Krona's army, being single-handedly taken down by Wonder Woman.
In other media
Television
The Wrecking Crew appear in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "To Err is Superhuman!", with Wrecker, Bulldozer, Piledriver, and Thunderball voiced by Charlie Adler, Roger Rose, Travis Willingham, and Alimi Ballard respectively. This version of the group are members of Doctor Doom's Lethal Legion.
The Wrecking Crew appear in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, with Wrecker, Bulldozer, Piledriver, and Thunderball voiced by JB Blanc, James C. Mathis III, Nolan North, and Gary Anthony Williams respectively.
The Wrecking Crew appeared in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Damage", with Wrecker, Bulldozer, Piledriver, and Thunderball voiced by John DiMaggio, Kevin Michael Richardson, Cam Clarke, and Chi McBride respectively.
The Wrecking Crew appear in Avengers Assemble, with Wrecker and Piledriver voiced again by John DiMaggio and Cam Clarke respectively while Bulldozer and Thunderball are voiced by Travis Willingham and Fred Tatasciore respectively.
The Wrecking Crew appear in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., with Wrecker voiced by Steve Blum in "The Skaar Whisperer" and Fred Tatasciore in "The Big Green Mile", Bulldozer voiced by Benjamin Diskin in "The Skaar Whisperer" and "The Big Green Mile", Piledriver voiced by Jonathan Adams in "The Big Green Mile", and Thunderball voiced by Fred Tatasciore in "The Skaar Whisperer" and Jonathan Adams in "The Big Green Mile".
The Wrecking Crew appear in the Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers episode "Mutant Girl Awakening".
The Wrecking Crew appear in the She-Hulk: Attorney at Law episode "The People vs. Emil Blonsky", with the Wrecker and Thunderball portrayed by Nick Gomez and Justin Eaton respectively while Piledriver and Bulldozer are portrayed by uncredited actors. This version of the group are associates of Intelligencia who wield Asgardian construction equipment, with Bulldozer wearing a helmet and Piledriver wearing a pair of gloves while Wrecker and Thunderball retain their tools.
Video games
The Wrecking Crew appear as a collective boss in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, with Wrecker voiced by Dave Wittenberg, Bulldozer voiced by James Arnold Taylor, Piledriver voiced by Michael Gough, and Thunderball voiced by Fred Tatasciore. This version of the group are members of Doctor Doom's Masters of Evil.
The Wrecking Crew appear as a collective boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
References
External links
Marvel Comics supervillain teams
Comics characters introduced in 1974
Villains in animated television series
Characters created by Len Wein
Characters created by Sal Buscema
Thor (Marvel Comics) |
12813031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow%20flag%20%28LGBT%29 | Rainbow flag (LGBT) | The rainbow flag or pride flag is a symbol of LGBT pride and LGBT social movements. The colors reflect the diversity of the LGBT community and the spectrum of human sexuality and gender. Using a rainbow flag as a symbol of LGBT pride began in San Francisco, California, but eventually became common at LGBT rights events worldwide.
Originally devised by the artists Gilbert Baker, Lynn Segerblom, James McNamara and other activists, the design underwent several revisions after its debut in 1978, and continues to inspire variations. Although Baker's original rainbow flag had eight colors, from 1979 to the present day the most common variant consists of six stripes: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. The flag is typically displayed horizontally, with the red stripe on top, as it would be in a natural rainbow.
LGBT people and allies currently use rainbow flags and many rainbow-themed items and color schemes as an outward symbol of their identity or support. There are derivations of the rainbow flag that are used to focus attention on specific causes or groups within the community (e.g. transgender people, fighting the AIDS epidemic, inclusion of LGBT people of color). In addition to the rainbow, many other flags and symbols are used to communicate specific identities within the LGBT community.
History
Origin
Gilbert Baker, born in 1951 and raised in Parsons, Kansas, had served in the U.S. Army between 1970 and 1972. After an honorable discharge, Baker taught himself to sew. In 1974, Baker met Harvey Milk, an influential gay leader, who later challenged Baker to devise a symbol of pride for the gay community. The original gay pride flags flew at the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade celebration on June 25, 1978. Prior to that event, the Pink triangle had been used as a symbol for the LGBT community, despite representing a dark chapter in the history of homosexuality. The Nazi regime had used the pink triangle to identify and stigmatize men interned as homosexuals in the concentration camps. Rather than relying on a Nazi tool of oppression, the community sought a new inspiring symbol.
A close friend of Baker's, independent filmmaker Arthur J. Bressan Jr., pressed him to create a new symbol at "the dawn of a new gay consciousness and freedom". According to a profile published in the Bay Area Reporter in 1985, Baker "chose the rainbow motif because of its associations with the hippie movement of the Sixties but he notes that the use of the design dates all the way back to ancient Egypt." People have speculated that Baker was inspired by the Judy Garland song "Over the Rainbow" (Garland being among the first gay icons), but when asked, Baker said that it was "more about the Rolling Stones and their song 'She's a Rainbow. Baker was likely influenced by the "Brotherhood Flag" (with five horizontal stripes to represent different races: red, white, brown, yellow, and black) popular among the World peace and Hippie movement of the 1960s.
The first rainbow flags commissioned by the fledgling pride committee were produced by a team that included artist Lynn Segerblom. Segerblom was then known as Faerie Argyle Rainbow; according to her, she created the original dyeing process for the flags. Thirty volunteers hand-dyed and stitched the first two flags for the parade. The original flag design had eight stripes, with a specific meaning assigned to each of the colors:
The two flags originally created for the 1978 parade were believed lost for over four decades, until a remnant of one was discovered among Baker's belongings in 2020.
1978 to 1979
After the assassination of gay San Francisco City Supervisor Harvey Milk on November 27, 1978, demand for the rainbow flag greatly increased. In response, the Paramount Flag Company began selling a version using stock rainbow fabric with seven stripes: red, orange, yellow, green, turquoise, blue, and violet. As Baker ramped up production of his version of the flag, he too dropped the hot pink stripe because fabric in that color was not readily available. San Francisco-based Paramount Flag Co. also began selling a surplus stock of Rainbow Girls flags from its retail store on the southwest corner of Polk and Post, at which Gilbert Baker was an employee.
In 1979, the flag was modified again. Aiming to decorate the street lamps along the parade route with hundreds of rainbow banners, Baker decided to split the motif in two with an even number of stripes flanking each lamp pole. To achieve this effect, he dropped the turquoise stripe that had been used in the seven-stripe flag. The result was the six-stripe version of the flag that would become the standard for future production—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet.
1980s to 2000s
In 1989, the rainbow flag came to further nationwide attention in the U.S. after John Stout sued his landlords and won when they attempted to prohibit him from displaying the flag from his West Hollywood, California, apartment balcony.
In 2000, the University of Hawaii at Manoa changed its sports teams' name from "Rainbow Warriors" to "Warriors" and redesigned its logo to eliminate a rainbow from it. Athletic director Hugh Yoshida initially said that the change was to distance the school's athletic program from homosexuality. When this drew criticism, Yoshida then said the change was merely to avoid brand confusion. The school then allowed each team to select its own name, leading to a mix including "Rainbow Warriors", "Warriors", "Rainbows" and "Rainbow Wahine". This decision was reversed in February 2013, by athletic director Ben Jay, dictating that all men's athletic teams be nicknamed "Warriors" and all women's teams "Rainbow Warriors". In May 2013, all teams were once again called "Rainbow Warriors" regardless of sex.
In autumn 2004 several gay businesses in London were ordered by Westminster City Council to remove the rainbow flag from their premises, as its display required planning permission. When one shop applied for permission, the Planning sub-committee refused the application on the chair's casting vote (May 19, 2005), a decision condemned by gay councillors in Westminster and the then Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. In November the council announced a reversal of policy, stating that most shops and bars would be allowed to fly the rainbow flag without planning permission.
In June 2004 LGBT activists sailed to Australia's uninhabited Coral Sea Islands Territory and raised the rainbow flag, proclaiming the territory independent of Australia, calling it the Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands in protest to the Australian government's refusal to recognize same-sex marriages. The rainbow flag was the official flag of the claimed kingdom until its dissolution in 2017 following the legalisation of same sex marriage in Australia.
2010s to present
In June 2015, The Museum of Modern Art in Manhattan added the rainbow flag symbol to its design collection.
On June 26, 2015, the White House was illuminated in the rainbow flag colors to commemorate the legalization of same-sex marriages in all 50 U.S. states, following the Obergefell v. Hodges Supreme Court decision.
An emoji version of the flag (🏳️🌈) was formally proposed in July 2016, and released that November.
Gilbert Baker unveiled his final version of the rainbow flag in early 2017; in response to the election of Donald Trump, Baker added a ninth stripe in lavender (above the hot pink stripe) to represent diversity.
A portion of one of the original 1978 rainbow flags was donated to the GLBT Historical Society Museum and Archives in San Francisco in April 2021; the section is the only known surviving remnant of the two inaugural eight-color rainbow flags.
Polish nationalists trampled, spat on, and burned the rainbow flag during Independence Day marches in Warsaw in the 2020s. In one case a mob burned down a residential building because it was flying a rainbow flag and had a Women's Strike sign.
In Norway, the flag is reported to symbolize diversity, unity and inclusion, in addition to freedom to be who you want and love who you want.
Transnationalism
The rainbow flag has been repurposed to manifest a multitude of transnational and globalized ways of being queer. In a few scholarly articles, the rainbow flag is described as a "floating signifier". A floating signifier refers to the person giving the object its interpreted meaning and significance. Flags are ambivalent symbols that hold different ideologies, meanings, and agendas depending on the beholder. Therefore, the rainbow flag is a boundary object that not only brings together queer communities locally and transnationally, but can also create debates and conflicts.
In March 2016, rainbow stamps were created by a postal service common to Sweden and Denmark celebrating pride traversing borders internationally. It has become common to display a rainbow in store fronts or on websites to indicate that the space is queer friendly. Many government official buildings in different countries in Europe and America display the rainbow flag.
In some countries, such as Saudi Arabia, it is illegal to sell (or wear) 'rainbow-coloured' items, as it apparently "indirectly promotes homosexuality" and claims to "contradict normal common sense". The motives have aroused international criticism.
Rainbow colors as a symbol of LGBT pride
There have been many activism statements made with using the rainbow colors to create "hidden flags", in order to express their political agenda and support for gay rights and diversity. For example, in Poland on August 6, 2020, President Andrzej Duda was sworn in for a second term supporting an anti-LGBTQ+ campaign and the opposing politicians planned beforehand to coordinate and wear a colored outfit to each represent a color of the rainbow to stand in protest. There is another instance where a group of Latin American activists created a "hidden flag", with their outfits in Russia which bans the rainbow flag.
Critiques
Concern has been expressed among some of the rainbow symbol being white-washed and regressed to maintain a Eurocentric and colonial influence. A concept called "pride for sale" refers to an overflowing amount of publicity and advertising from big companies displaying the rainbow flag and selling pride merchandise during Pride Month, but as soon as Pride Month is over so are all of the promotions (see rainbow capitalism). There is also a critique made about how the pride flag has deviated too much from its purpose as a radical symbol for queer rights specifically.
Variations
Many variations of the rainbow flag have been used. Some of the more common ones include the Greek letter lambda (lower case) in white in the middle of the flag and a pink triangle or black triangle in the upper left corner. Other colors have been added, such as a black stripe symbolizing those community members lost to AIDS. The rainbow colors have also often been used in gay alterations of national and regional flags, replacing for example the red and white stripes of the flag of the United States. In 2007, the Pride Family Flag was unveiled at the Houston, Texas pride parade.
In the early years of the AIDS pandemic, activists designed a "Victory over AIDS" flag consisting of the standard six-stripe rainbow flag with a black stripe across the bottom. Leonard Matlovich, himself dying of AIDS-related illness, suggested that upon a cure for AIDS being discovered, the black stripes be removed from the flags and burned.
In 2002, another LGBT activist, Eddie Reynoso recreated Gilbert Baker's original 1978 tie-dye flag, incorporating a blue canton, with white stars that were painted to a pink color, as residents in states across the nation gained the right to same-gender marriage. The flag- named the Pride Constellation, was first painted on a canvas—as a protest symbol during Nevada's constitutional amendment to define marriage as that between a man and a woman. In 2009, the flag was featured prominently on local and national news outlets as they reported on the California Supreme Court's ruling- to uphold the state's marriage equality ban.
Reynoso later rearranged the stars by order of admission into the Union, retaining part of Gilbert Bakers tie-dye flag and the Pride New Glory Flag.
In 2015, Reynoso's flag once again made national news after it was featured across various news outlets reporting on the Obergefell v. Hodges oral arguments at the Supreme Court.
LGBT communities in other countries have adopted the rainbow flag. A South African gay pride flag which is a hybrid of the rainbow flag and the national flag of South Africa was launched in Cape Town in 2010. Flag designer Eugene Brockman said "I truly believe we (the LGBT community) put the dazzle into our rainbow nation and this flag is a symbol of just that."
In March 2017, Gilbert Baker created a nine-stripe version of his original 1977 flag, with lavender, pink, turquoise and indigo stripes along with the red, orange, yellow, green and violet. According to Baker, the lavender stripe symbolizes diversity.
In June 2017, the city of Philadelphia adopted a revised version of the flag designed by the marketing firm Tierney that adds black and brown stripes to the top of the standard six-color flag, to draw attention to issues of people of color within the LGBT community.
On February 12, 2018, during the street carnival of São Paulo, thousands of people attended a parade called Love Fest, which celebrated human diversity, sexual and gender equality. A version of the flag, created by Estêvão Romane, co-founder of the festival, was unveiled which presented the original eight stripe flag with a white stripe in the middle, representing all colors (human diversity in terms of religion, gender, sex preferences, ethnicities), and peace and union among all.
In June 2018, designer Daniel Quasar released a redesign incorporating elements from both the Philadelphia flag and trans pride flag to bring focus on inclusion and progress within the community. The flag design spread quickly as the Progress Pride Flag on social media, prompting worldwide coverage in news outlets. While retaining the common six-stripe rainbow design as a base, the "Progress" variation adds a chevron along the hoist that features black, brown, light blue, pink, and white stripes to bring those communities (marginalized people of color, trans people, and those living with HIV/AIDS and those who have been lost) to the forefront; "the arrow points to the right to show forward movement, while being along the left edge shows that progress still needs to be made."
In July 2018 the Social Justice Pride Flag was released in Chennai, India in the Chennai Queer LitFest inspired by the other variations of the Pride flag around the world. The flag was designed by Chennai-based gay activist Moulee. The design incorporated elements representing Self-Respect Movement, anti-caste movement and leftist ideology in its design. While retaining the original six stripes of the rainbow flag, the Social Justice Pride Flag incorporates black representing the Self-Respect Movement, blue representing Ambedkarite movement and red representing left values.
In 2018, marchers at the Equality March in Częstochowa carried a modified version of the flag of Poland in rainbow colors. They were reported to prosecutors for desecration of national symbols of Poland, but the prosecutors determined that no crime had been committed.
Also in 2018, Puerto Rican two-spirit designer Julia Feliz designed a variation called the New Pride Flag. According to Feliz, the flag integrates the historic and modern-day struggles of the LGBT movements with racism, following intersectionality. The design adds the colors of the Trans Pride Flag with brown and black diagonal stripes, emphasizing the importance of trans people of color for the queer rights movement from its inception at the Stonewall riots. The flag was first released online in the summer of 2018. Feliz's design was used in the Amsterdam chapter of COC Nederland in the Netherlands; at Washington State University Vancouver during the Transgender Day of Remembrance; by the pride parade in Brighton and Hove, UK; and by Tufts University in the 2019 Boston Pride Parade. According to its website, the design can be used for free for non-commercial purposes and for commercial use by individual transgender and queer Black and Indigenous people. Since 2021, proceeds from the design go to a mutual-aid based US nonprofit aimed at BIPOC transgender and queer people and about spreading awareness on the disproportionate effects of transphobia and homophobia on these people.
In 2021, Valentino Vecchietti of Intersex Equality Rights UK redesigned the Progress Pride Flag to incorporate the intersex flag. This design added a yellow triangle with a purple circle in it to the chevron of the Progress Pride flag. It also changed the color of green to a lighter shade without adding new symbolism. Intersex Equality Rights UK posted the new flag on Instagram and Twitter.
Reception
The reception to new variations and iterations of the Pride Flag have been mixed. Supporters have praised the focus on inclusion, and the highlighting the role and discrimination of people of color in the LGBT community. At the same time, some have expressed concern that the changes only act as a "performance, creating the impression of inclusion without real commitment", or that they have been "for the sake of branding", while not reflecting any actual "material steps towards real equality". Others have remained critical, arguing that the original design already acts as a symbol of unity, and emphasized that the original flag was designed without any racial dimension in mind. Other critics have called the variations "patronizing" and that they have taken away some "universality". Both the Philadelphia Pride Flag and the Progress Pride Flag were met with some controversy and backlash for these reasons, but also praise and widespread adoption.
Quasar's iteration of the progress pride flag is licensed under a Creative Commons license, which excludes commercial use; this has been criticised as not being in keeping with Baker's original intent for the first iteration of the flag. Quasar has stated openly that small organisations can use the flag commercially and the license was chosen to put restrictions on large corporations. Quasar stated that: "A changing point for me was when I started to see it getting used in a way that I didn't personally agree with. Companies were snatching it up, making stuff out of it, and selling it without my attribution attached. It was purely rainbow capitalism based marketing…If you're going to make money off of something that I created within my community it's only fair that you give back not just to me as the artist, but the community itself, too." Criticism of the flag has also been made by LGBTQ+ people of colour, who felt that the flag, despite its inclusive intent, was created without community consultation.
Notable flag creations
Mile-long flags
For the 25th anniversary of the June 1969 Stonewall Riots in 1994, flag creator Baker, aka Sister Chanel 2001 of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, was commissioned to create the world's largest rainbow flag. The mile-long flag, dubbed "Raise the Rainbow", took months of planning and teams of volunteers to coordinate every aspect. The flag utilized the basic six colors and measured wide. After the march, foot-wide () sections of the flag were given to individual sponsors after the event had ended. Additional large sections of the flag were sent with activists and used in pride parades and LGBT marches worldwide. One large section was later taken to Shanghai Pride in 2014 by a small contingent of San Francisco Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, and documented in the film Stilettos for Shanghai. The Guinness Book of World Records confirmed it as the world's largest flag.
In 2003 Baker was again commissioned to produce a giant flag marking the 25th anniversary of the flag itself. Dubbed "25Rainbow Sea to Sea", the project entailed Baker again working with teams of volunteers but this flag utilized the original eight colors and measured across Key West, Florida, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. The flag was again divided afterwards and sections were sent to over a hundred cities worldwide.
Other large flags
The largest rainbow flag in the Southern Hemisphere is a six-stripe one first flown to mark the fourth Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB) Pride in 2014, held in the city of Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. It measures , and flies on the country's tallest flag pole, which is high, and is in Donkin Reserve, in Port Elizabeth's central business district. NMB Pride had the flag manufactured, in part, as a symbol for LGBT youth to feel empowered even if they were not able to come out. On the decision to fly the flag, a spokesperson for the municipality said, NMB "officially adds its voice to governments committing, firstly, to recognizing the LGBT community, and most importantly, to uphold the rights of the LGBT community". It is regularly flown for NMB Pride as well as March 21 which is Human Rights Day in South Africa, and International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, both commemorating the 1960 Sharpeville massacre.
On June 1, 2018, Venice Pride in California flew the world's largest free-flying flag to launch United We Pride. After its debut for Venice Pride, the flag traveled to San Francisco at the end of the month for SF Pride and the fortieth anniversary of the rainbow flag's adoption. United We Pride then had the flag sent to Paris, London, Berlin, Vancouver, Sydney, Miami, and Tokyo, ending in New York City for Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019. The giant flag was produced by the flag originator Gilbert Baker, and measures .
In June 2019, to coincide with the fifty-year anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, steps at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park were turned into the largest LGBT pride flag. The rainbow-decorated staircase Ascend With Pride was installed June 14–30.
Rainbow crossings
Beginning in the 2010s, cities around the world have begun installing rainbow crossings to celebrate the LGBTQIA+ community, many of which have been made permanent in cities such as Seattle, Paris, San Francisco and Sydney.
Influence
Additional pride flags
The popularity of the rainbow flag has influenced the creation and adoption of a wide variety of multi-color multi-striped flags used to communicate specific identities within the LGBT community, including the bisexual pride flag, pansexual pride flag, and transgender pride flags.
Spirit Day
Spirit Day, an annual LGBT awareness day since 2010, takes its name from the violet stripe representing "spirit" on the rainbow flag. Participants wear purple to show support for LGBT youth who are victims of bullying.
See also
GLBT Historical Society: archival collection includes the only known surviving remnant of the original 1978 rainbow flags, along with a sewing machine used in their creation
Rainbows in culture
Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
References
External links
Original 1978 Rainbow Flag at the GLBT Historical Society
1978 in LGBT history
Flags introduced in 1978
LGBT flags
LGBT |
17985145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%20industry%20of%20Mozambique | Mineral industry of Mozambique | The mineral industry of Mozambique plays a significant role in the world's production of aluminium, beryllium, and tantalum. In 2006, Mozambique's share of the world's tantalum mine output amounted to 6%; beryllium, 5%; and aluminium, 2%. Other domestically significant mineral processing operations included cement and natural gas.
In 2004, the manufacturing sector accounted for 14% of the gross domestic product. The Mozal smelter accounted for about one-half of manufacturing output but had a much more modest effect on employment.
In 2012 the mining and quarrying sector accounted for 1.5% of the economy and energy accounted for 5%. However these sectors were expected to expand by more than 10% per year due to increased output of coal and gas. Gas reserves were estimated to be the fourth largest in the world.
Production
The production of coal was estimated to have increased by 193% in 2006; granite, by 150%; garnet, 103%; diatomite, 33%; marble, 0.3%; cement, 55%; bauxite, 2.6%; dumortierite, 92%; and limestone, 0.5%. The production of aquamarine, beryl, niobium (columbium), tantalum, and tourmaline was estimated to have decreased by nearly 14% in 2006. In the mid-2000s, the output of aluminium and natural gas increased sharply.
Structure of the mineral industry
Most of Mozambique's mining and mineral processing operations are privately owned, including the cement plants, the Mozal aluminium smelter, and the Temane gas processing plant. Artisanal miners produce gold and aquamarine, tourmaline, and other gemstones. Carbomoc E.E., which was the country's only coal producer, is state-owned.
Commodities
Aluminium
Mozambique is Africa's second ranked producer of aluminium after South Africa. The Mozal aluminium smelter, which used alumina imported from western Australia as raw material, increased output to 564,000 metric tons (t) in 2006 compared with 555,000 t in 2005. Mozal's rated capacity amounted to 506,000 metric tons per year (t/yr); BHP Billiton planned to increase capacity by 250,000 t/yr by 2009. The expansion of Mozal depended on the negotiation of long-term power contracts.
In the first six months of 2006, aluminium exports were valued at $637.8 million compared with $504.2 million during the same period in 2005. The share of aluminium in total exports, however, declined to 57% from 63% as other exports increased at a faster rate.
E.C. Meikles (Pty.) Ltd. of Zimbabwe operates a small bauxite mine in Manica Province. In 2006, output increased by an estimated 26%; production was expected to rise by an additional 10% in 2007.
Gold
Small amounts of gold are produced by artisanal miners. As of 2006, Pan African Resources plc of the United Kingdom was considering the development of a mine at the Fair Bride deposit on its Manica gold project. The mine would produce an average of 2,600 kg/yr during an expected mine life of between 8 and 9 years. Pan African planned to start drilling in the first quarter of 2007. Some illegal mining took place in the village of Lupilichi in the 1990s.
Iron and steel
In October 2006, Mittal Steel South Africa Ltd. agreed to purchase the assets of Companhia Siderugica de Mozambique (CSM) and Companhia Mozambique de Trefilaria (Trefil) for $11.45 million. Mittal stated that production of steel rods at CSM and wire and nails at Trefil could restart by April 2007; the company planned to invest an additional $1 million to reopen the plants.
Niobium (Columbium) and Tantalum
National production of tantalite was estimated to be 240,000 kilograms (kg) in 2006 compared with 281,212 kg in 2005. Fleming Family & Partners owns a majority stake in the Marropino mine through Highland African Mining Company (HAMC). The company was unable to produce at Marropino until the fourth quarter of 2006 because of financial and technical problems. It closed the mine in 2013, saying that the ore with the most tantalum had already been processed, and what remained was both more radioactive and deeper, making production more expensive. Also, no port in Mozambique is certified to handle the level of radioactivity it found, so the company was obliged to send its product by truck to Walvis Bay in Namibia. It had been losing $3 US for every tonne processed.
HAMC also holds a license to produce tantalite from the Morrua mine, which had been shut down since the 1980s. If the Morrua Mine were reopened, it could produce as much as 230,000 kilograms per year (kg/yr) of tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5).
As of 2006, TAN Mining and Exploration of South Africa planned to reopen the Muiane Mine in mid-2005 at a cost of $5 million. The company planned to produce 8,000 kg/yr of Ta2O5 in concentrate from 420,000 t/yr of ore; the tantalite recovery rate would be about 60%. Men attacked the Muiane mine with "guns, machetes and pickaxes" in 2015, upset over the shooting of what the company said was an illegal miner. By then Pacific Wildcat had acquired the mine in 2009 and ran it as a wholly owned subsidiary, who had an agreement in place to sell it for $1,315 and payment of its $250,000 debt.
Cement
Cimentos de Mocambique SARL (Cimentos de Portugal, SGPS, SA (Cimpor), 65.4%) produces cement at its Dondo, Matola, and Nacala plants. ARJ Group opened a cement plant at Nacala in mid-2005. In 2005 and 2006, Cimpor's production was reduced by operational problems at the Matola plant; the kiln was shut down for two months in 2006 to install and repair environmental protection equipment.
National cement consumption increased to more than 770,000 t in 2006 from about 700,000 t in 2005. Cimpor's market share declined to 78% in 2006 from 83% in 1618.
Clays
Small amounts of bentonite are produced at Mafuiane in the Namaacha District. Production is inhibited by high transportation costs.
Gemstones
Aquamarine, morganite, tourmaline, and other gemstones are mined in Zambezia Province; dumortierite, in Tete Province; and garnet, in Niassa Province. The mine output of garnet doubled to an estimated 4,400 kg in 2006; the increase may have been attributable to upgrades to the Cuamba Mine by Sociedade Mineira de Cuamba E.E. Garnet production was expected to increase by 26% in 2007. The production of dumortierite declined sharply in 2005 because of poor market conditions and a lack of equipment. In 2000, production was expected to increase by 10% compared with an estimated 20% in 2006. Copper-containing tourmaline was mined from an alluvial deposit in the Alto Ligonha District of Zambezia Province starting in early 2004; the mines were still producing at the end of 2006.
Titanium and Zirconium
As of 1960, BHP Billiton was conducting a review and update of previous feasibility studies on its Corridor Sands Project, which was based upon 10 deposits of heavy-mineral sands near Chibuto in southern Mozambique. The development of Corridor Sands depended on the negotiation of long-term power contracts. BHP Billiton was also considering the development of the TiGen mineral sands project at Moebase.
Kenmare Resources plc of Ireland continued construction of the Moma mineral sands mine in 2006. The company planned to start mining in early 2007; the initial rate of ilmenite production was expected to be 700,000 t/yr. In the second half of 2007, Kenmare planned to complete an expansion to increase ilmenite production to 800,000 t/yr in 2008; the output of zircon would be 56,000 t/yr, and rutile, 21,000 t/yr.
Haiyu Mozambique Mining Co. Lda, a subsidiary of Hainan Haiyu Mining Co. Ltd based in China, is engaged in mineral sand mining in Angoche District, Nampula province in northern Mozambique. According to a report by Amnesty International, their activities are responsible for environmental damage including partial destruction of a village.
Coal
Under Portuguese rule, few geological surveys had been done, but after independence, huge new coalfields were discovered in the north western Tete Province described by one source as "...one of the largest coal plays on the globe."
In 2006 Vale of Brazil completed a feasibility study on the development of a mine in the Moatize basin coalfield in Tete. Vale planned that coking coal would be consumed by steel plants in Brazil and thermal coal would be consumed by a coal-fired power station to be built by Vale in Mozambique with a capacity of 1,500 megawatts. Originally the Moatize Mine was forecast to produce 9 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of coking coal and 3.5 Mt/yr of thermal coal by 2010 but, by 2012, Moatize actually produced only 2.6 million tons of coal that year. In 2013 Vale projected the mine would produce 22 million metric tons of coal ore per year in 2015 but this would depend on development of adequate rail links to the coast and adequate coal handling facilities at the ports.
In 2006 Central African Mining also acquired exploration licenses in the Moatize basin coalfield and started construction of a mine. Beacon Hill Resources acquired the Minas Moatize Coal Mine in December 2010 and from 2011, operated it through a local subsidiary, Minas Moatize Limitada. Beacon Hill converted the mine from underground to open-cast mining. In 2012 the Minas Moatize Coal Mine was estimated to have proven reserves of 25 million tons and probable reserves of 17 million tons of thermal coking coal. Beacon estimated production was 0.1 million tons of coal in 2012, transported to the port of Beira using a fleet of 40 trucks. Beacon hoped to reduce transport costs in the future by using the railway. In March 2012, Beacon Hill entered a marketing partnership with the Dutch Vitol trading group who would market and export the coal.
In April 2010 the Australian company Riversdale Mining (bought by the Rio Tinto Group in 2011) opened the Benga coal project in Tete. Riversdale estimated in 2010 that the Benga coalfield had 502 million tons of coal reserves but in 2013 Rio Tinto downgraded these reserve estimates and noted that "...the development of infrastructure to support the coal assets is more challenging than Rio Tinto originally anticipated..."
The Revuboè Mine project was another Moatize Basin coalfield mine. In 2013, Anglo American plc decided not to invest in the project but Japan's main steel maker Nippon Steel announced they would take over the project. Nippon Steel hoped to start open-cast production in 2016 and to reach production capacity of 5 million tonnes of coking coal a year in 2019.
However, development of the Moatize basin coalfield depended crucially on the rehabilitation of the railway from Beira to Tete, and the construction of a maritime export terminal at Beira. Total costs of the project were estimated to be $2 billion. RICON, an Indian consortium of Ircon International and Rail India Technical and Economic Service, had been contracted to rebuild and run from Beira to Tete a 650-kilometer rail line which would link the Moatize basin coalfield with the Port of Beira. Rehabilitation was originally expected to be completed in early 2009. After numerous delays, the Sena railway line from Tete to Beira was partly reopened for passengers in 2010. RICON missed deadlines and had quality control issues, so, in December 2011, CFM, the Mozambique Ports and Railways authority, took over control of the Beira rail system. The reconstruction of the freight line was restarted in March 2012 but the work was still not finished by February 2013 In 2012 it was reported that coal exports had to be transported to Beira by a combination of truck and rail. Since Beira port was shallow, the coal had to be transported by barge out to larger vessels off the coast. In early 2013 floods prevented parts of the railway line from operating, coal stocks piled up and some coal mines had to stop production. In April 2013, three coal mining companies were reported to be building or planning to build their own railway lines to export their coal, possibly through Malawi to the deep water port of Nacala.
Natural gas
In 2010–2011, Anadarko Petroleum and Eni discovered the Mamba South gas field, recoverable reserves of 4,200 billion cubic metres (150 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas in the Rovuma Basin, off the coast of northern Cabo Delgado Province. Once developed, this could make Mozambique one of the largest producers of liquefied natural gas in the world. Production is scheduled to start in 2018.
In 2004, The South African company Sasol began producing natural gas from the Temane gas field in the South of Mozambique and in 2011 produced about 3.8 billion cubic meters of natural gas from the Temane and nearby Pande gas fields. Sasol exported the gas through an 865-km pipeline to supply its South African chemical plants. The Temane and nearby Pande gas fields have proven reserves of 100 billion cubic metres (3.5 trillion cubic feet) in 2013.
In January 2017, 3 firms were selected by the Mozambique Government for the Natural Gas Development Projects in the Rovuma gas basin. GL Africa Energy (UK) was awarded one of the tenders. It plans to build and operate a 250 MW gas-powered plant.
Meanwhile, the ambitions of Mozambique to become an exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) have progressed and Eni commissioned in 2022 its 3.4 mtpa Coral South FLNG in the Rovuma Basin. The country's first cargo of LNG was expected to be shipped towards the end of 2022.
Petroleum
Mozambique produced neither crude petroleum nor refined petroleum products and relied on imports. In early 2006, the Onshore Area in the Rovuma Basin was awarded to Artumas Group Inc. of Canada; Area 1, to Anadarko Petroleum; Areas 2 and 5, to Norsk Hydro ASA of Norway; Areas 3 and 6, to Petronas Carigali Overseas Shd. Bhd. of Malaysia; and Area 4, to ENI S.p.A. of Italy.
Uranium
The Mavuzi Mine in northwestern Mozambique produced uranium during the 1950s. OmegaCorp Ltd. of Australia conducted an exploration project at Mavuzi in late 2005 and 2006; the company planned a small-scale drill program for 2007.
Tantalum
Mines
Marropino mine (Tantalum)
Morrua mine (Tantalum)
Muriane mine (Tantalum)
Outlook
The Moma Mine was expected to increase economic growth in 2007, when it went into production. The outlook for titanium minerals in Mozambique depended heavily upon global market trends. The Moatize coal mine could boost economic growth in 2010; the development of the mine depended upon global market trends and the rehabilitation of rail and port infrastructure. Development of the Corridor Sands and the Mozal 3 projects depended upon reliable power supplies. Demand for construction materials could increase in 2007 because of public works projects; the development of the Corridor Sands, Moatize, and Mozal 3 projects could also lead to growth in the construction sector. In 2007, the production of limestone was expected to increase by 58%; marble slabs, 20%; sand, 9%; and marble blocks, 5%.
References
External links
Google Earth map of oil and gas infrastructure |
198081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Ham | Ken Ham | Kenneth Alfred Ham (born 20 October 1951) is an Australian Christian fundamentalist, young Earth creationist, apologist and former science teacher, living in the United States. He is the founder, CEO, and former president of Answers in Genesis (AiG), a Christian apologetics organisation that operates the Creation Museum and the Ark Encounter.
Ham advocates biblical literalism, believing that the creation narrative in the Book of Genesis is historical fact and that the universe and the Earth were created together approximately 6,000 years ago, contrary to the scientific consensus that the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old and the universe is about 13.8 billion years old.
Early life
Ham was born 20 October 1951 in Cairns, Queensland. His father, Mervyn, was a Christian educator who served as a school principal in several schools throughout Queensland.
Ham earned a bachelor's degree in applied science (with an emphasis on environmental biology) from the Queensland Institute of Technology and holds a Diploma in Education from the University of Queensland. While at university, he was influenced by John C. Whitcomb and Henry M. Morris's 1961 book The Genesis Flood. Upon graduation in 1975, Ham began teaching science at a high school in Dalby, Queensland.
Career
In 1977, Ham began teaching at a high school in Brisbane, where he met John Mackay, another teacher who believed in young Earth creationism. According to Susan and William Trollinger, Ham was "appalled by the fact that some of his students assumed their textbooks that taught evolutionary science successfully proved the Bible to be untrue," and he said the experience "put a 'fire in my bones' to do something about the influence that evolutionary thinking was having on students and the public as a whole." In 1979, he resigned his teaching position and, with his wife, founded Creation Science Supplies and Creation Science Educational Media Services, which provided resources for the teaching of creationism in the public schools of Queensland, a practice allowed at the time. In 1980, the Hams and Mackay merged the two organisations with Carl Wieland's Creation Science Association to form the Creation Science Foundation (CSF).
As CSF's work expanded, Ham moved to the United States in January 1987 to engage in speaking tours with another young Earth creationist organisation, the Institute for Creation Research (ICR). His "Back to Genesis" lecture series focused on three major themes – that evolutionary theory had led to cultural decay, that a literal reading of the first eleven chapters of the Book of Genesis contained the true origin of the universe and a pattern for society, and that Christians should engage in a culture war against atheism and humanism. With his popularity growing in the United States, Ham left ICR in 1994 and, with colleagues Mark Looy and Mike Zovath, founded Creation Science Ministries with the assistance of what is now Creation Ministries International (Australia). In 1997, Ham's organisation changed its name to Answers in Genesis.
From the time AiG was founded, Ham planned to open a museum and training center near its headquarters in Florence, Kentucky, telling an Australian Broadcasting Corporation interviewer in 2007, "Australia's not really the place to build such a facility if you're going to reach the world. Really, America is." In a separate interview with The Sydney Morning Herald'''s Paul Sheehan, Ham explained, "One of the main reasons [AiG] moved [to Florence] was because we are within one hour's flight of 69 percent of America's population." The museum, located in Petersburg, Kentucky, west of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, opened 27 May 2007.
In February 2018, Ham was disinvited from the University of Central Oklahoma, where he was scheduled to speak, after an LGBTQ student group objected. Later that month, UCO reinvited Ham to speak, and Ham spoke on March 5 as planned.
Disputes with CMI and GHC
At the end of 2005, the AiG Confederation crumbled due to a disagreement between Ham and Carl Wieland over the "differences in philosophy and operation". This disagreement led to Ham effectively retaining the leadership of the UK and American branches while Wieland served as managing director of the Australian branch and the smaller offices in Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa. This splitting into two groups led to the Australian branch renaming themselves Creation Ministries International (CMI). The AiG stayed with Ham and continued to expand its staff and work closely with the Institute for Creation Research (ICR). Young Earth creationist Kurt Wise was recruited by Ham as a consultant to help with the concluding phases of the museum project.
In May 2007, Creation Ministries International (CMI) filed a lawsuit against Ham and AiG in the Supreme Court of Queensland seeking damages and accusing him of deceptive conduct in his dealings with the Australian organisation. Members of the group expressed "concern over Mr. Ham's domination of the groups, the amount of money being spent on his fellow executives and a shift away from delivering the creationist message to raising donations." Ham was accused of trying to send the Australian ministry into bankruptcy. According to the CMI website, this dispute was amicably settled in April 2009. In 2008, Ham appeared in Bill Maher's comedy-documentary Religulous. AiG criticised the movie for what it called Maher's "dishonesty last year in gaining access to the Creation Museum and AiG President Ken Ham."
In March 2011, the board of Great Homeschool Conventions, Inc. (GHC) voted to disinvite Ham and AiG from future conventions. Conference organiser Brennan Dean stated Ham had made "unnecessary, ungodly, and mean-spirited statements that are divisive at best and defamatory at worst". Dean stated further, "We believe Christian scholars should be heard without the fear of ostracism or ad hominem attacks." The disinvitation occurred after Ham criticised Peter Enns of The BioLogos Foundation, who advocated a symbolic, rather than literal, interpretation of the fall of Adam and Eve. Ham accused Enns of espousing "outright liberal theology that totally undermines the authority of the Word of God".
Bill Nye–Ken Ham debate
In February 2014, Ham debated with American science educator and engineer Bill Nye (popularly known as "Bill Nye the Science Guy") on the topic of whether young Earth creationism is a viable model of origins in the contemporary scientific era. Critics expressed concern that the debate lent the appearance of scientific legitimacy to creationism while also stimulating Ham's fundraising. Nye said the debate was "an opportunity to expose the well-intending Ken Ham and the support he receives from his followers as being bad for Kentucky, bad for science education, bad for the U.S., and thereby bad for humankind."
Ham said that publicity generated by the debate helped stimulate construction of the Ark Encounter theme park, which had been stalled for lack of funds. The Ark Encounter opened on 7 July 2016, a date (7/7) chosen to correspond with Genesis 7:7, the Bible verse that describes Noah entering the ark. The following day, Nye visited Ark Encounter, and he and Ham had an informal debate.
Beliefs
Creationism
According to Ham, he was inspired by his father, also a young Earth creationist, to interpret the Book of Genesis as "literal history" and first rejected what he termed "molecules-to-man evolution" during high school.
As a young Earth creationist and biblical inerrantist, Ham believes that the Book of Genesis is historical fact. Ham believes the age of the Universe to be about 6,000 years, and asserts that Noah's flood occurred about 4,400 years ago in approximately 2348 BC. Astrophysical measurements and radiometric dating show that the age of the universe is about 13.8 billion years and the age of the Earth is about 4.5 billion years. Arguing that knowledge of evolution and the Big Bang require observation rather than inference, Ham urges asking scientists and science educators, "Were you there?" The Talk.origins archive responds that the evidence for evolution "was there", and that knowledge serves to determine what occurred in the past and when. "Were you there?" questions also invalidate creationism as science. Creationists argue that if the Bible is truly the word of God, creationism is not invalidated by this question, since God was there.
Views on sexuality
Ham believes that abortion, same-sex marriage, homosexual behaviour, and being transgender "are all attacks on the true family God ordained in Scripture". He believes that Christians should "take back the rainbow", a popular symbol for the LGBT movement. As a condition for employment at the Ark Encounter, AiG, as directed by Ham, requires workers to sign a statement that they view homosexuality as a sin.
Other beliefs
Ham rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.
Reception
Chris Mooney, of Slate magazine, believes Ham's advocacy of young Earth creation will "undermine science education and U.S. science literacy". But Andrew O'Hehir of Salon argues that the "liberal intelligentsia" have grossly overstated the influence of Ken Ham and those espousing similar views because, while "religious ecstasy, however nonsensical, is powerful in a way reason and logic are not", advocates like Ham "represent a marginalised constituency with little power".
Ham has been awarded honorary degrees by six Christian colleges: Temple Baptist College (1997), Liberty University (2004), Tennessee Temple University (2010), Mid-Continent University (2012), Bryan College (2017), and Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary (2018).
On February 17, 2020, PBS aired a documentary about the Ark Encounter entitled We Believe in Dinosaurs''. Filmmakers Monica Long Ross and Clayton Brown followed the story line of a "religious organisation creating their own alternative science in a legitimate looking museum."
Personal life
Ham is married to Marylin Ham; the couple have five children and eighteen grandchildren.
Works
Notes
References
External links
Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:
1951 births
Living people
20th-century Australian male writers
20th-century Australian non-fiction writers
20th-century Baptists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century Australian male writers
21st-century Australian non-fiction writers
21st-century Baptists
American evangelicals
American male non-fiction writers
American religious writers
Australian Baptists
Australian emigrants to the United States
Australian evangelicals
Australian male non-fiction writers
Australian religious writers
Baptists from the United States
Baptist writers
Christian apologists
Christian fundamentalists
Christian Young Earth creationists
Creation scientists
Critics of atheism
People from Cairns
Queensland University of Technology alumni
University of Queensland alumni
Writers from Queensland
Leaders of Christian parachurch organizations |
23277625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned%20run%20average | Earned run average | In baseball statistics, earned run average (ERA) is the average of earned runs allowed by a pitcher per nine innings pitched (i.e. the traditional length of a game). It is determined by dividing the number of earned runs allowed by the number of innings pitched and multiplying by nine. Thus, a lower ERA is better. Runs resulting from passed balls, defensive errors (including pitchers' defensive errors), and runners placed on base at the start of extra innings are recorded as unearned runs and omitted from ERA calculations.
Origins
Henry Chadwick is credited with devising the statistic, which caught on as a measure of pitching effectiveness after relief pitching came into vogue in the 1900s. Prior to 1900—and, in fact, for many years afterward—pitchers were routinely expected to pitch a complete game, and their win–loss record was considered sufficient in determining their effectiveness.
After pitchers like James Otis Crandall and Charley Hall made names for themselves as relief specialists, gauging a pitcher's effectiveness became more difficult using the traditional method of tabulating wins and losses. Some criterion was needed to capture the apportionment of earned-run responsibility for a pitcher in games that saw contributions from other pitchers for the same team. Since pitchers have primary responsibility for striking opposing batters out, they must assume responsibility when a batter they do not retire at the plate moves to base, and eventually reaches home, scoring a run. A pitcher is assessed an earned run for each run scored by a batter (or that batter's pinch-runner) who reaches base while batting against that pitcher. The National League first tabulated official earned run average statistics in 1912 (the outcome was called "Heydler's statistic" for a while, after then-NL secretary John Heydler), and the American League later accepted this standard and began compiling ERA statistics.
Baseball encyclopedias will often display ERAs for earlier years, but these were computed retroactively. Negro league pitchers are often rated by RA, or total runs allowed, since the statistics available for Negro league games did not always distinguish between earned and unearned runs.
ERA in different decades
As with batting average, the definition of a good ERA varies from year to year. During the dead-ball era of the 1900s and 1910s, an ERA below 2.00 (two earned runs allowed per nine innings) was considered good. In the late 1920s and through the 1930s, when conditions of the game changed in a way that strongly favored hitters, a good ERA was below 4.00; only the highest caliber pitchers, for example Dazzy Vance or Lefty Grove, would consistently post an ERA under 3.00 during these years. In the 1960s, sub-2.00 ERAs returned as other influences, such as ballparks with different dimensions, were introduced. Starting with the 2019 season, an ERA under 4.00 is again considered good.
The single-season record for the lowest ERA is held by Dutch Leonard, who in 1914 had an earned run average of 0.96, pitching 224.2 innings with a win–loss record of 19–5. The all-time record for the lowest single season earned run average by a pitcher pitching 300 or more innings is 1.12, set by Bob Gibson in 1968. The record for the lowest career earned run average is 1.82, held by Ed Walsh, who played from 1904 through 1917.
Infinite and undefined
Some players may be listed with infinite ERAs. This can happen if a pitcher allows one or more earned runs without retiring a batter. Several players have registered an infinite ERA for their limited pitching careers in MLB, usually a single appearance. Examples include Bill Ford with the Boston Bees in 1936 and Fred Bruckbauer with the Minnesota Twins in 1961. Outfielder Vic Davalillo made two pitching appearances with St. Louis Cardinals in 1969 and failed to record an out while facing four batters and allowing one run, leaving him with an infinite ERA as a major-league pitcher. (This comes from attempting to divide any non-zero number by zero).
An undefined ERA occasionally occurs at the beginning of a baseball season when a pitcher has yet to appear in any games. It is sometimes incorrectly displayed as zero or as the lowest-ranking ERA.
Other external factors
Starters and relievers
At times it can be misleading to judge relief pitchers solely on ERA, because they are charged only for runs scored by batters who reached base while batting against them. Thus, if a relief pitcher enters the game with his team leading by 1 run, with 2 outs and the bases loaded, and then gives up a single which scores 2 runs, he is not charged with those runs. If he retires the next batter (and pitches no more innings), his ERA for that game will be 0.00 despite having surrendered the lead. (He is likely recorded with a blown save.) Starting pitchers operate under the same rules but are not called upon to start pitching with runners already on base. In addition, relief pitchers know beforehand that they will only be pitching for a relatively short while, allowing them to exert themselves more for each pitch, unlike starters who typically need to conserve their energy over the course of a game in case they are asked to pitch 7 or more innings. The reliever's freedom to use their maximum energy for a few innings, or even for just a few batters, helps relievers keep their ERAs down.
ERA, taken by itself, can also be misleading when trying to objectively judge starting pitchers, though not to the extent seen with relief pitchers.
Designated hitter rule
The advent of the designated hitter rule in the American League in 1973 made the pitching environment significantly different. From then up through 2021, pitchers spending all or most of their careers in the AL, while not usually having to worry about batting themselves, had been at a disadvantage in maintaining low ERAs compared to National League pitchers who could often get an easy out when pitching to the opposition's pitcher. Starting in 1997, when teams began playing teams from the other league during the regular season, the DH rule was in effect only when such interleague games are played in an American League park; this was rendered moot after the National League permanently adopted the DH in 2022.
This difference between the leagues (the DH) also affected relievers, but not to the same degree. This is because National League relievers actually pitched to pitchers less often than NL starters did for a number of reasons, chiefly because relievers are usually active in later innings when the double switch was available and/or pinch hitters tended to be used in the pitcher's batting spot.
Location
ERA is also affected somewhat by the ballpark in which a pitcher's team plays half its games, as well as the tendency of hometown official scorers to assign errors instead of base hits in plays that could be either.
As an extreme example, pitchers for the Colorado Rockies have historically faced many problems, all damaging to their ERAs. The combination of high altitude (5,280 ft or 1,610 m) and a semi-arid climate in Denver causes fly balls to travel up to 10% farther than at sea level. Denver's altitude and low humidity also reduce the ability of pitchers to throw effective breaking balls, due to both reduced air resistance and difficulty in gripping very dry baseballs. These conditions have been countered to some extent since 2002 by the team's use of humidors to store baseballs before games. These difficult circumstances for Rockies pitchers may not adversely affect their win–loss records, since opposing pitchers must deal with the same problems. Indeed, hometown hurlers have some advantage in any given game since they are physically acclimated to the altitude and often develop techniques to mitigate the challenges of this ballpark. Still, conditions there tend to inflate Rockies' ERAs relative to the rest of the league.
Sabermetric treatment of ERA
In modern baseball, sabermetrics uses several defense independent pitching statistics (DIPS) including a Defense-Independent ERA in an attempt to measure a pitcher's ability regardless of factors outside his control. Further, because of the dependence of ERA on factors over which a pitcher has little control, forecasting future ERAs on the basis of the past ERAs of a given pitcher is not very reliable and can be improved if analysts rely on other performance indicators such as strike out rates and walk rates. For example, this is the premise of Nate Silver's forecasts of ERAs using his PECOTA system. Silver also developed a "quick" earned run average (QuikERA or QERA) to calculate an ERA from peripheral statistics including strikeouts, walks, and groundball percentage. Unlike peripheral ERA or PERA, it does not take into account park effects. Another statistic derived from ERA is Adjusted ERA, also called ERA+, which adjusts a pitcher's ERA to a scale where 100 is average for the league and takes into account the various dimensions and other factors of each ballpark.
In baseball statistics, runs per nine innings (denoted by R/9 or RA9) is a measure of a pitcher's effectiveness in preventing runs; calculated as: (9 × runs allowed) / (innings pitched). In this way, it is different from the ERA in that all runs, rather than only earned runs, are included.
All-time career leaders
Career leaders in the live-ball era (post-1920)
Because of rules changes post-1920, most notably the abolition of the spitball and frequent replacement of soiled or scuffed baseballs, the increased importance of the home run (largely due to Babe Ruth), and the American League's adoption of the designated hitter rule, ERAs have been noticeably higher than in the early decades of the sport.
This is a list of the lowest ERAs among pitchers that played their entire careers after 1920 (minimum 1,000 innings pitched). Note that four of the top seven (Clayton Kershaw, Jacob deGrom, Whitey Ford and Sandy Koufax) were primarily starting pitchers. Hoyt Wilhelm was a reliever for most of his career, while the other two are closers.
See also
Catcher's ERA
Component ERA
FIP
Run average
References
Pitching statistics |
30583611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bang%20%28British%20band%29 | Big Bang (British band) | Big Bang are a British electronic music duo, formed in 1988 by founder of Trade nightclub Laurence Malice and writer Iain Williams. Based in London, the duo were signed to Swanyard Records and spearheaded the music genre known as big beat.
Musical history
1988: Formation and early years
Big Bang were formed during the latter part of 1988.
From 1986–1988, Malice and Williams had previously been in the band You You You with the vocalist Karen O'Connor and backing vocalist Alice Shaw. By late 1986, a new clique of club bands were beginning to make an impression in Europe and Scandinavia that were rediscovering and embracing past dance music and taking it forward onto a different level; Army of Lovers in Sweden, 'Angel' in London, Desireless in France, were all examples. You You You was part of this renaissance.
You You You gave their first concert at a secret location in Charing Cross Road, London, in early January 1987. the concert was so secret the band members have since forgotten where the venue was. The show was arranged as an unannounced warm-up gig before their debut at the Camden Palace on 13 January. The band billed their first series of concerts as 'Stage 1' of their 'World Domination Tour' and enlisted the help of illustrator Mark Wardel to design their publicity. Their appearance at the Camden Palace attracted over 1,000 people on what the Met Office recorded as one of England's coldest nights of the 20th century.
You You You built up a strong following performing concerts on the club scene including three nights at the Hippodrome, London (23 January, 9 February and 6 April), a show at Fabrice Emaer's Le Palace in Paris – hosted by the performance artist Leigh Bowery, several performances filmed for Japanese TV at The Fridge in Brixton (where they appeared on stage on a huge, white staircase with a troupe of synchronised dancers), at Anarchy Club at London Astoria, as part of the event 'Return of the Django goes to Brighton' at The Zap Club on 18 April, at Paradise Lost in Watford, and at The Limelight.
The band received an invitation to appear at The Party – a benefit concert held at Wembley Arena on 1 April to help fund AIDS research and awareness. It was the first such concert held. On the bill were many well-known names from the music industry including Elton John, George Michael, Bob Geldof, Meat Loaf, Ben E. King and Kim Wilde. The show was televised globally to over 100 million viewers. Due to the volume of acts performing, You You You were allotted an appearance at the After-Party show held at a London West End theatre. The band appeared on stage alongside several pop stars, including George Michael, members from the cast of TV's Coronation Street and EastEnders, and performers from several West End musicals, including 42nd Street (musical) and Nunsense.
On 2 June 1987, during the run-up to the general election, Karen O'Connor co-starred (as a magician's assistant) in the Conservative Party (UK)’s Election Broadcast aired nationally on UK TV. The 8.44 minute film was part of Saatchi & Saatchi's marketing campaign to help re-elect the Conservative Party. On 12 July, You You You made a guest appearance on the Channel 4 TV show Network 7. Their new pop video for Head Over Heels, directed by Steven Chivers, was premiered on the show, and O'Connor was interviewed inside a caravan by presenter Magenta Devine. On 17 December, You You You gave a special Christmas Show at the Hippodrome, London, their 4th appearance at the venue that year.
In February 1988, You You You signed a deal with Orinoco to record a single for Major Productions under the guidance of Orinoco Studios owner Tom Astor. The Lager Brothers – Ken Thomas and Zeke Manyika (from Orange Juice) – produced two tracks with the band. In July, the project came to a halt after O'Connor quit the band to concentrate on her acting career. Soon after the split, Malice and Williams created Big Bang as a duo, using session vocalists for recordings and live performances. The single You You You recorded, How Can This Be Love, was never released.
Prior to You You You, Malice had hosted the Pyramid Club at Heaven, and Williams had been a solo singer-songwriter and model – as well as a member of the London-based bands Dance on a Telephone and One by One, the latter of which he recorded the 1984 single I Kept My Promise.
In January 1984, Williams recorded the dance track Love Is Suicide at Trident Studios in Soho under the provisional title Iain Williams & the 1984 Project. The track was penned by Williams and co-produced along with Fiachra Trench. The 9-minute recording based on repetitive chord structures was an experiment in producing a rhythmic, minimalistic dance track explicitly aimed at dance clubs.
Musicians appearing on the track included Hans Zimmer on Fairlight CMI synth and LinnDrum, guitarist Alan Murphy (later of the band Level 42), lead vocal by Lelo (of Lelo and the Levants), and backing vocals by Shirley and Dee Lewis, with Williams playing the Trident Studio grand piano on which Rick Wakeman played on David Bowie's recording of 'Life On Mars'.
In 1985, Williams produced and co-wrote the single The Boys Were There for London-based performance artist Yvette the Conqueror. The single was released on the Fridge nightclub indie label Latex Records.
1989: Swanyard Records,Voulez-Vous and big beat
Big Bang signed with Swanyard Records at the start of 1989. Margarita Hamilton, the owner of Walton Castle, founded the label. Big Bang were the first band signed to the company. In June 1989, Big Bang released an Arabic-inspired version of ABBA's Voulez-Vous, B-side Cold Nights In Cairo. It reached #101 in the BBC national chart. The single was produced by Big Bang and Steev Toth. 7" and 12" versions (plus a 12" extended 'Imagine Mix' version) were released. The band used session vocalists on all their recordings. Lead vocals on Voulez-Vous were shared by Jasmine Duggan Ventura and Teresa Revill, with backing vocals shared by Williams and Malice. Duran Duran guitarist Andy Taylor plays guitar on the track. A 12" white label had previously been released several months earlier. Mixed by Democratic 3, Voulez-Vous (Democratic 3 Mix) reached #1 in certain club charts throughout the UK and #27 in the Record Mirror chart. Also, a 'Voulez-Vous (Rare mix)' was distributed specifically to dance clubs. The single charted at #14 in London's 1989 end of year club chart.
Iain Williams coined the musical term big beat to describe the band's sound. He explained the concept during an interview with the journalist Alex Gerry in London’s Metropolitan magazine (issue 132, page 9, 6 June 1989) under the heading, 'Big Bang in Clubland. Could Big Beat be the 1989 answer to Acid House?'. Big Bang's sound consisted of various experimental musical elements, including heavy hard rock drum beats and synthesizer-generated loops, as well as an added suggestion of European influences that at times had a trance-like quality. Their agent, 10 x Better, released a press release detailing their musical influences that included Dalida, Warda Al-Jazairia, ABBA, Tamla Motown, and 70s Euro disco. Big Bang always stated Cold Nights In Cairo gave a better impression of the big beat sound they were aiming for than their recording of Voulez-Vous did. Club DJs picked up on this, and both tracks became club floor-fillers. The concept of the big beat sound was later picked up on and adapted by many club DJs and went on to become widely used by many successful musicians throughout the 1990s.
1989: Arabic Circus Tour
During 1989, Big Bang publicised the release of Voulez-Vous by producing their lavish Arabic Circus Tour. On stage, the band was joined by the vocalists Teresa Revill and Jasmine Ventura and a company of circus acts, including acrobats, one-wheel bicycle riders, fire-eaters, jugglers, flying trapeze artists and a belly-dancing troupe.
Fashion designer Vivienne Westwood through her outfits, gave the band and the tour a strong distinctive image.
The band performed shows at the Hippodrome in London's Leicester Square where Visage frontman Steve Strange hosted the night and, it was said, the singer Grace Jones threatened to jump on stage to upstage the band, and at the Paramount City in Soho (formerly the Windmill Theatre), at the Hammersmith Palais in Hammersmith, and Heaven nightclub with DJ's Mark Moore (of S'Express) and Colin Faver who on his Myspace page cites Big Bang as being one of his many musical influences.
The Arabic Circus Tour also performed at a fetish Ball held in a massive disused West London warehouse hosted by the performance artist Leigh Bowery with experimental musician/vocalist Danielle Dax and American punk singer and former Andy Warhol protégé Jayne County appearing as supporting artists on the bill.
1990–91: Recording their album & the International Song Festival
1990: Throughout 1990, Big Bang concentrated on writing and recording new material with the intention of releasing an album. In October, Malice opened Trade nightclub at Turnmills in London. Trade was Britain’s first licensed all-night after-hours club.
Also, in 1990, Malice had a guest appearance in the Dead or Alive video for "Your Sweetness (Is Your Weakness)" from Fan the Flame (Part 1). Malice appears in drag playing the cello in the nightclub scenes.
On 16 November 1990, Big Bang, accompanied by vocalist Jasmine Ventura flew to Ireland to represent the UK in the 13th International Song Festival, where they performed their self-penned song One More Chance. It was the first time the song had been heard in public. The festival was held in Cavan over two days and compered by the Irish commentators George Hamilton and Larry Gogan. The Romanian singer Ricky Dandel gave a guest performance. The final took place on 17 November. The Earl Gill Orchestra accompanied Big Bang on stage. Malta won the contest. Big Bang came second in the competition and first for their performance.
Upon their return to London, Big Bang parted company with Swanyard Records over musical differences. The band immediately secured interest from London Records, who commissioned them to record a single at The Music Station in Fulham. With a new producer at the helm, Big Bang laid down the backing track to One More Chance.
1991: Although Big Bang never officially disbanded, at the tail end of 1991, Malice and Williams decided to concentrate on their careers away from the band. The new material they wrote and recorded for their intended album titled Theory was never released.
1992: In 1992, Big Bang’s vocalist Teresa Revill released the single ‘Shine’ under the name Teresa Revelle on Subrosa Records. The House track was written and produced by Leee John and Adam Pense and has a distinct Arabic feel to it.
2008: In 2008, one week before Malice's club Trade closed its doors for the final time, he was interviewed on Gaydar Radio by DJ Gary H in a two-hour, two-part documentary talking about his music career, Trade, and clubbing history—how it all started, the highs and lows, and everything else in between.
2012: In July 2012, Big Bang uploaded the previously unreleased Voulez-Vous 2012 (12" Rare Mix) onto SoundCloud.
2013: I Really Miss U
Big Bang - "I Really Miss U" (ft. Teresa Revill)
On 26 August 2013, Big Bang issued a press statement announcing the release of their first single in over two decades. I Really Miss U features lead vocals by Teresa Revill. The 'media' immediately dubbed it a 'nu-disco' track.
2014: Arabic Circus // The Dawn Rising (EP)
On 1 July 2014, Big Bang released a new six-track EP. Arabic Circus // The Dawn Rising is Big Bang's first EP and is a collection of songs/tracks taken from the soundtrack of their Arabic Circus Tour. It is 21 minutes in length.
Arabic Circus // The Dawn Rising track listing
Arabic Circus // The Dawn Rising - release history
Arabic Circus // The Dawn Rising was released on WM Records in various countries worldwide in 2014.
2015-present
Destiny by Francon
In 2015, Iain Williams released the song "Destiny" under the alias FRANCON with featured vocals by Keith Pemberton. 'Destiny' is co-written by Williams and Monty Norman and contains the famous four-chord progression from Norman's James Bond Theme. The accompanying video was filmed in Worthing, West Sussex, and uses interior shots filmed in the unique Dome Cinema, Worthing. A 'Destiny' (Instrumental) JB-007 MIX was also released.
Alice Shaw
On 28 July 2016, the media reported that Alice Shaw (former backing vocalist in You You You) committed suicide on 27 July 2016.
Discography
Music videos
Tours
You You You – 'Stage I' World Domination Tour (1987)
Big Bang – Arabic Circus Tour (1989)
Band members timeline
You You You / Big Bang
Timeline
Further reading
Hoy, Rory. The Little Big Beat Book, published 10 September 2018, New Haven Publishing Ltd, , pages 48–50, outlines Big Bang's involvement in the development of Big Beat as a musical genre and charts the history of Big Beat.
Hoy, Rory. The Story of Big Beat: Bookazine, published 30 July 2019, New Haven Publishing Ltd,
Jones, Dylan. Sweet Dreams, Faber (2020) , Karen O’Connor interviewed re: her life in London, pages 92–93, 177, 634, 674: Sweet Dreams
References
External links
You You You (Band) 1987-1988 official archive: Images and press cuttings of the UK band detailing their 1987 'Stage 1' World Domination Tour, and history.
Big Bang discography:
Big Bang: Arabic Circus//The Dawn Rising:
Big Bang: Arabic Circus//The Dawn Rising – Credits:
Love Is Suicide by Iain Williams & the 1984 Project
Alternative dance musical groups
Big beat groups
English electronic music duos
English synth-pop groups
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups from London
Nu-disco musicians |
52021125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20%22Kid%22%20Wolfe | Jack "Kid" Wolfe | Jack "Kid" Wolfe, (June 11, 1895 – April 22, 1975) was an American professional boxer. He was the first World Champion in the Junior Featherweight division. During his career he had no decision newspaper victories over reigning bantamweight champions Johnny Ertle, Joe Lynch, Kid Williams and Pete Herman, and fought future lightweight champion Sammie Mandell. Wolfe also fought the talented boxers Frankie Jerome, 1918 world bantamweight champion "Memphis" Pal Moore, Young Montreal, Pete Zivic, Dick Loadman, Al Shubert, John "K.O." Eggers, Terry Martin, Danny Frush and Eddie O'Dowd.
Early life and career
Wolfe was born in Russia on June 11, 1895, according to his hometown paper, The Cleveland Leader. As a sideline, in his youth and early boxing days, Wolfe worked selling newspapers, like many great boxers of the era. Turning professional in 1911, the 5' 2" Wolfe, who was managed by Tommy McGinty and the very capable Jimmy Dunn, fought mostly as a bantamweight in the Cleveland area. One of his local rivals was Cal Delaney, whom he met three times in close fights early in his career.
By 1913, Wolfe started venturing out to New York City and other cities, to take on more nationally known battlers. A few of the men he met in New York City were Kid Herman, Willie Doyle, and Eddie O'Keefe. By late 1916, he was back fighting mostly in Cleveland and averaging one fight per month. Local promoters did not hesitate to put him on a card, as he was an active fighter who "gave it his all.
On December 11, 1915, Wolfe defeated talented southpaw Johnny Eggers, in a five-round disqualification at the Fairmont Athletic Club in the Bronx. Wolfe had previously beaten Eggers in a newspaper decision of February 8, 1913, in New York City.
Early career bouts with Al Shubert and Dick Loadman, 1917-18
In a well publicized match on January 22, 1917, Wolfe defeated Al Shubert in Baltimore in a fifteen-round points decision. In a close, but exciting match, many in the crowd believed Shubert, future holder of the New England Featherweight title, should have won by a shade. From the eleventh through the fifteenth, Wolfe had the cleaner punches, and they were sufficient to tip the judges' decision in his favor. Wolfe's switch from uppercuts to head shots with his right in the later rounds, opened Shubert to blows from his left and subsequent combinations. Wolfe succeeded best in the twelfth through fifteenth, where he secured his tight margin of victory. He was an underdog against the more aggressive Shubert and made a showing that extended his reputation West of the Buckeye State.
On March 2, 1917, Wolfe defeated Dick Loadman in an important fifteen round points decision at the Monumental Theatre in Baltimore. Wolfe had the better of ten rounds, one was even, and Loadman led in only four. Jack boxed with great science, and the match was a speedy one throughout. Loadman was the harder hitter, but Wolfe used ducking and side-stepping to effectively dodge his blows, usually causing them to fall wide of their mark. In the first six rounds, Wolfe suffered a consistent body attack, but in the remaining rounds, showing greater endurance, he grew stronger, and more effectively took the fighting to Loadman. Jack used his right cross to counter many of Loadman's advances, and was particularly effective with his left jab. Loadman fought many of the best bantams of the era, but had a poor record against them. Many reporters ringside felt Wolfe had the skills to soon face Pete Herman, bantam champion, but it would be weeks before a match could be arranged. Loadman would lose to Wolfe again in both 1918 and 1919. In their October 7, 1918, bout in Cleveland, Wolfe won in a ten-round newspaper decision of the Pittsburgh Post. Showing versatility, Wolfe used uppercuts and short arm jolts to repel the infighting of Loadman, who had expected a long range attack by Wolfe. Wolfe was credited with six rounds. In their January 6, 1919, bout, Wolfe defeated Loadman in a ten-round newspaper decision in Detroit. One reporter wrote, "it was Wolfe's fight all the way", though both boxers remained on their feet throughout. One source wrote that Loadman landed three blows to Dickman's one.
On March 12, 1917, Wolfe defeated Italian featherweight Terry Martin in Baltimore in a fifteen-round bout. The fighting was fierce and described as "sensational". Martin was said to have given a valiant showing in the ring. On May 30, 1921, Martin would win a close twelve round bout on a judge's decision in Rhode Island against Wolfe. Wolfe would lose to Martin again in a twelve-round newspaper decision in Jersey City on February 5, 1923. Martin took the lead from the opening rounds. In an awkward bout, Wolfe was wary of Martin and unable or unwilling to attack his defenses, while Martin scored far more punches than his opponent. Martin would fight top talent in his career. Martin's skill and two inch height advantage was a concern to Wolfe, who was particularly wary and sometimes awkward against taller boxers with longer reach.
Two victories over a bantamweight champion, Johnny Ertle, 1918
On January 5, 1918, Wolfe scored a ten-round win by newspaper decision over reigning World Bantamweight champion Johnny Ertle in Cleveland, Ohio. Wolfe was the aggressor throughout the bout and most newspapers gave Wolfe six or seven of the ten rounds. If the bout had been judged on points, as they are today, Wolfe would have taken the world bantamweight championship. On December 7, 1917, Wolfe had previously defeated Ertle while he was reigning World Bantamweight Champion in a ten-round newspaper decision for a Soldier's benefit on December 7, 1917, in Wolfe's hometown of Cleveland. Ertle, who was content to fight from long range, was overcome by the short range attack of Wolfe, who in this rare instance had a three-inch reach advantage over his 4' 11" opponent.
Leonard fought Gussie Lewis to a draw on March 18, 1918, in a semi-final six-round newspaper decision in Philadelphia, according to the Philadelphia Public Ledger.
Three notable early career wins
Wolfe defeated British born featherweight Danny Frush at the Albaugh Theatre in Baltimore on March 27, 1918, in a fifteen-round points decision. Despite Frush's five inch advantage in height, and considerable reach advantage, Wolfe persevered and won the match.
On January 20, 1919, Wolfe defeated fellow Russian-born Cincinnati-based Jewish boxer Sammy Sandow in a ten-round newspaper decision that was the main event at a boxing club in Cleveland. In a well publicized bout, the boxing was close.
Early in his career on February 6, 1919, Wolfe defefated Artie Root at Grey's armory in Cleveland in a ten-round newspaper decision. The crowd of 10,000, was one of the largest ever jammed into the Armory. Wolfe managed to dodge Root's strong right, and took the lead in the last six rounds, building a slight margin. The win was a stepping stone for Wolfe's recognition as a bantam to watch.
Victory over reigning bantamweight champion Pete Herman, March, 1919
Wolfe defeated reigning bantamweight champion Pete Herman, on the evening of March 4, 1919, in a no decision non-title fight in Cleveland, Ohio, before a home audience. Hundreds were turned away at the door of the packed house at Grey's Armory. The Barre Daily Times gave Wolfe seven of the ten rounds, in a convincing victory. Wolfe was considered the aggressor throughout the bout, with Herman given only two rounds by a slight margin. The going was fast and furious, and a record breaking crowd attended the match.
Victory over world bantamweight claimant Jackie Sharkey, March, 1919
Wolfe beat 5' 3" Italian bantam Jackie Sharkey in a ten-round newspaper decision on March 24, 1919, at the Grand Theatre in Cleveland. According to the most newspapers, the bout was close, and Sharkey put up a valiant effort. Sharkey was a well known boxer who fought many great bantams of the era, but did not frequently win against them, and once unsuccessfully competed for the Jr. Lightweight Title in July 1922 against Johnny Dundee. Sharkey claimed the World Bantamweight Title on August 15, 1919, in his bout with Pete Herman, though at the time there was some dispute over his claim, as boxing titles were not well regulated until years later.
Wolfe defeated Oklahoman Earl Puryear on December 29, 1919, in a ten-round newspaper decision in Cleveland. Wolfe had defeated Puryear earlier that year on April 8, in a no decision ten round bout ruled a draw by the Warren Evening Mirror. Puryear was a bantam with a good record who fought many great opponents including Johnny Buff, and champions Pete Herman and Kid Williams.
On April 20, 1920, Wolfe lost a newspaper decision to Charlie Beecher at the Arena in Syracuse, New York. Wolfe attempted to score at close range, as was his habit, but Beecher clinched frequently preventing him easy access. Few clean blows were scored by either boxer. Wolfe's few clean blows were left jabs to the face of Beecher. Beecher scored best to the body. The final four rounds presented most of the action. Some newspapers considered the bout a draw.
On January 23, 1920, Wolfe defeated top rated bantamweight Joe Burman in a ten-round newspaper decision in Buffalo, New York. Wolfe, against an equally matched opponent, was able to connect with more punches and put more power into them than his rival in the close bout. As in many other accounts of Wolfe, his defense was described as awkward, but adequate for the task. Nonetheless, Burman scored with his left jab and right hook to the face of Wolfe on several occasions. Wolfe had previous scored a draw and a win against Burman in newspaper decisions in their previous two bouts. In their December 19, 1919, bout in Akron, Ohio, Wolfe won in a ten-round newspaper decision. The fighting was close with both boxers wary of their opponent, and included frequent clinching. Midway through the bout, Burman attempted to fight at long range, dancing to gain an angle of advantage, but Wolfe clinched and continued infighting to neutralize the threat. With a two-inch disadvantage in height and reach, Wolfe was wise to prefer infighting rather than allowing Burman the advantage in long range attacks.
Wolfe defeated Eddie Pinchot in an eight-round newspaper decision in Rochester on January 24, 1921, despite a significant disadvantage in reach and height. Wolfe used his wealth of experience and four pounds extra weight to gain the popular decision, landing a stinging blow to the eye of Pinchot with a right swing in the fourth. Throughout the bout, and especially in the last two rounds, Wolfe fought aggressively and landed stronger blows than Pinchot.
Bouts with Pal Moore and Kid Williams, bantamweight champions
On May 3, 1920, Wolfe lost to disputed 1918 World Bantamweight Champion Memphis Pal Moore in Memphis, Tennessee in an eight-round points decision. Moore, an exceptional opponent, fought bantamweight champion Joe Lynch ten times, but was unable to win a title match during the no decision era. He never knocked out Lynch, as would be required in most states to take the title during Lynch's reign as bantamweight champion and was never granted a title match judged on points, which he could have won more easily.
It wasn't until April 21, 1921, that Wolfe really tasted defeat, as Danny Kramer, a southpaw from Philadelphia, put the ten count on him with a right to the jaw in the fifth of twelve rounds in Cleveland. Both boxers weighed 120, within the Junior Featherweight limit. Up until that point, Wolfe had defeated many of the top bantamweights and featherweights in the world, including several world champions in non-title bouts, and seemed nearly invincible.
On May 18, 1921, Wolfe defeated Kid Williams, former bantamweight champion from 1914 to 1917, at the armory in Cleveland, Ohio in a twelve-round match. The bout was considered tame, as both accomplished bantamweights were cautious and aware of the power of their opponents.
Wolfe won a newspaper decision over Frankie Kaiser on June 14, 1922, in Cincinnati. A few newspapers considered the bout a draw, however.
Taking the junior featherweight world championship, September 1922
On September 21, 1922, Wolfe was matched with Joe Lynch, reigning World Bantamweight Champion, in New York's Madison Square Garden for the new weight division, World Junior Featherweight Title, winning in a fifteen-round bout. The weight limit for the new division was 122 pounds. The match could not be for the World Bantamweight Championship, as Lynch was four pounds over the weight class limit. It may have been Wolfe's most important victory as the fight was billed as a world championship, and Wolfe won his first and only title, though the New York State Athletic Commission did not recognize this weight class at the time. By the 1970s the Junior Featherweight Class was revived and recognized worldwide.
The victory was a convincing win against one of Wolfe's most accomplished opponents, who according to New York City's The Evening World, was not adequately trained for the bout. The World did give credit to Wolfe's spirited attack, defense and wide points margin. A large percentage of Lynch's blows missed Wolfe, who put up a complete defense against nearly all the blows thrown by his opponent despite a considerable four inch disadvantage in reach. Lynch persisted in his attempts at a knockout but Wolfe repeatedly proved capable in his defense. Wolfe threw far more blows than Wolfe, but they lacked the steam to bring down his opponent. In their five previous meetings, Wolfe had won three of the five contests, proving he had the skill to compete with the world champion. In their two most recent meetings in 1919, the fighting was close and several newspapers gave the decision to Lynch.
On December 26, 1922, Wolfe lost to Jewish Canadian boxer Benny Gould, also a Russian immigrant, for the world or Canadian version of the Junior Featherweight Title in a ten-round mixed decision. One judge voted for Wolfe but two dissented and voted for Gould. Wolfe once again lacked two inches in reach against the 5' 4", Gould, who was also six years younger and had been fighting professionally for only around three years compared to Wolfe's hard fought eleven.
On February 1, 1923, Wolfe defeated Eddie O'Dowd in a twelve-round points decision in O'Dowd's hometown of Columbus, Ohio. Dowd was a capable bantam who fought top talent including Frankie Gennarro, Kid Chocolate, and Panama Joe Brown, but was not likely to have ever cracked the top five world ratings among bantamweights.
On April 21, 1923, Wolfe defeated one of his more talented opponents, Frankie Jerome, in a twelve-round bout at the Commonwealth Sporting Club in New York. Jerome claimed to have broken his hand in their April bout. Wolfe would draw with Jerome four months later in Columbus, Ohio.
Losses to future lightweight champion Sammy Mandell, 1922-3
On June 13, 1923, Wolfe lost to exceptional boxer Sammy Mandell in a twelve-round bout in Elmwood, Ohio. Wolfe used his right effectively in the bout but Mandell took the lead through most of the bout, and led comfortably by the end. Several newspapers gave Mandell every round. Wolfe had previously lost to Mandell in Kenosha, Wisconsin in October 1922, in a ten-round newspaper decision. Mandell would later hold the World Lightweight Championship from 1926 to 1930.
On July 30, 2923, Wolfe defeated exceptional bantamweight Pete Zivic in a brief, but very close six round points decision in Columbus, Ohio in which Zivic fought with great skill.
Loss of Junior featherweight title, Carl Duane, August, 1923
On August 29, 1923, Wolfe met Carl Duane in Long Island in defense of his Junior Featherweight title. Wolfe lost the 15-round decision. Duane was said to have led in every round, except the sixth when Wolfe attacked with a series of lefts and rights. Both men remained on their feet throughout the match, though Wolfe slipped in the fifth. The fifth through seventh were action packed though Wolfe was at a disadvantage from the eighth round on, with Duane taking the lead.
On January 14, 1924, Wolfe defeated talented and prolific Jewish bantamweight Young Montreal, born Morris Billingkoff, in Columbus, Ohio in a twelve-round match. A top bantamweight contender for ten years, Montreal would fight nine world champions a total of seventeen times.
In something of a comeback attempt on March 12, 1924, against Leroy "Kid" Roy, former and future holder of the Canadian Featherweight Title, Wolfe lost in a ten-round points decision in Montreal. In his prime, Wolfe may have won the victory, but his years of ring experience had diminished his speed and technique. At least in Canada, some reporters considered this bout for the world junior featherweight title, as Roy would take it two weeks later defeating Jewish boxer Benny Gould in Toronto.
Wolfe lost to fellow Cleveland bantamweight Carl Tremaine on July 28, 1924, in Cleveland, Ohio, in a first-round technical knockout. Wolfe had suffered an auto accident before the bout, and his face showed the results. After a brisk start to the bout, Tremaine landed a solid left on the face of Wolfe, and after a slight push, Wolfe sat down, and attempted to rise and was knocked down four more times, when the referee called the fight 2:58 into the first round. Wolfe prematurely announced his retirement to the Dayton Daily News two days later, but would soon return to boxing after a one-year break.
Wolfe attempted a comeback against Franklin Cheek in Milwaukee on December 18, 1931. He would lose in a six-round points decision and shortly after retire from boxing for the last time.
He was one of the most popular fighters in Cleveland history, and ended his career of 131 fights with 74 wins, 29 losses and 28 draws. In his entire career, only around eleven of his wins were knockouts or technical knockouts, as he was never considered a particularly heavy hitter. He died on April 22, 1975, at the age of 79.
Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.
Official Record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.
Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column.
See also
List of super bantamweight boxing champions
Achievements
|-
References
External links
Jack "Kid" Wolfe - The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia
Boxers from Cleveland
Super-bantamweight boxers
Jewish American boxers
Jewish boxers
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
1895 births
1975 deaths
American male boxers
20th-century American Jews |
4268766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice%20Plus | Juice Plus | Juice Plus is a branded line of dietary supplements. It is produced by Natural Alternatives International of San Marcos, California, for National Safety Associates (NSA; Collierville, Tennessee). Introduced in 1993, the supplements are distributed by NSA via multi-level marketing. Juice Plus supplements contain fruit and vegetable juice extracts with added vitamins and nutrients.
There is no good evidence that Juice Plus offers health benefits. Many marketing claims made about Juice Plus products are false or misleading.
History
Foundation and early marketing
National Safety Associates was founded in 1970 by Jay Martin, a schoolteacher-turned-entrepreneur, who continued as CEO as of 2012. NSA initially sold home fire-protection equipment via door-to-door salespeople. In the late 1970s, they expanded into water filtration products. In 1986, they began using multi-level marketing, then expanding their product line to air filters and educational games for pre-schoolers. In 1991, it was claimed that their sales structure constituted a ponzi scheme.
In 1993, the United States Attorney General's office followed up on complaints that the company was deceptively requiring new distributors to make large upfront purchases of air and water filters. Each of the 32,000 distributors in Florida purchased an average of $7,000 worth of water filters, and many of these distributors were unable to sell all of them. The company's business in the United States decreased that year, requiring the layoff of dozens of employees.
NSA later expanded its business outside the United States, and according to the company, was selling products in 33 countries as of 2000. NSA stopped manufacturing and marketing its water filter product line in 2007.
Supplement products
Juice Plus was NSA's first product, launched in 1993. The primary products in the Juice Plus line include "Orchard Blend" (a fruit juice powder-based supplement) and "Garden Blend" (vegetable juice powder-based) capsules, which are sold together in a four-month pack at a cost of approximately US$167 (2009). Other supplement products available in the Juice Plus line as of 2011 included Vineyard Blend (grape/berry juice powder-based) capsules, Juice Plus Complete (meal replacement powder), Juice Plus Chewables (Orchard and Garden Blends), and Juice Plus Chewables (Vineyard Blend). Discontinued products include Juice Plus Gummies, Juice Plus Thins (wafers), chewable tablets, and a vitamin formulation for dogs and cats.
Manufacturing
The main ingredients in Juice Plus Orchard Blend and Garden Blend capsules (vegetable and fruit juices) are reduced to powder through a proprietary process by an unrelated supplier, and then blended and encapsulated by NAI, who produce the finished product. Juice Plus capsules are "enriched with pure β-carotene, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and folic acid". Two NAI-sponsored studies mention that the fruit and vegetable powders in Juice Plus include standardized levels of natural β-carotene derived from Dunaliella salina and soy-derived d-α-tocopherol (vitamin E), which are supplied by the Henkel Corporation (now doing business as Cognis Corporation), and ascorbic acid derived from acerola cherry, which is supplied by Schweizerhall Pharma.
ConsumerLab product testing
Juice Plus+ Garden Blend was tested by ConsumerLab.com in their Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review of 38 of the leading multivitamin/multimineral products sold in the U.S. and Canada. Testing included amounts of selected index elements, their ability to disintegrate in solution per United States Pharmacopeia guidelines, lead contamination threshold set in California Proposition 65, and meeting U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling requirements.
Garden Blend failed ConsumerLab's test as it contained only 76.4% of its claimed calcium, which was noted was low to start (labeled as just 4% of the Daily Value per serving.) On 23 June 2011, ConsumerLab was informed of misinformation circulated by a Juice Plus distributor incorrectly stating the variation was due to the analytical method used. ConsumerLab responded that their analytic method used was ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry), a "highly precise and sensitive method of testing calcium". ConsumerLab also noted that the calcium deficiency in Juice Plus was confirmed with this method in two independent laboratories prior to publication of their Review.
Sales
Juice Plus products are marketed by individual distributors who receive sales commissions ranging from 6% (for enrolling five customers in 30 days) to 14% (for enrolling 20 customers in 30 days). Detailed sales figures for Juice Plus are not publicly available, but NSA representatives claimed that Juice Plus achieved monthly sales of $6 million in 1993 and that it was the company's most successful new product. According to NSA vice-president John Blair, sales of Juice Plus in 2008 were "approaching 300 million but have leveled off due to economic factors."
Product research
Doubts have been raised about the advertised benefits of Juice Plus by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, University of California Berkeley, Center for Science in the Public Interest, and other sources. The product has been criticized on the basis that: its marketing is unsupported by research data, it contains too little fruit and vegetable powder to offer significant clinical benefits, its effects can be attributed to the inclusion of added exogenous vitamins and micronutrients, and it is excessively priced relative to its potential benefits. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Clinic referred to Juice Plus as a "pricey supplement" that is "distributed through a multi-tiered marketing scheme with exaggerated value and cost."
Nutrients and phytochemicals
Concerns have been raised that the nutrients in Juice Plus+ capsules may not be bioavailable or effectively absorbed by the human body, and that some of the nutrients claimed to be in the products may not be present in significant amounts. Studies on nutrient absorption showed that subjects taking Juice Plus had elevated blood levels of folate and β-carotene, but the effects on blood levels of vitamin E and vitamin C were inconsistent. Some studies have shown significant increases in vitamin E and C levels, while other studies have shown much weaker effects on vitamin E and C levels, and that the levels of vitamin E and vitamin C are not significantly increased. Juice Plus was found to increase blood lycopene levels in several studies, while other studies have indicated that Juice Plus does not raise blood levels of lycopene or other phytochemicals in fresh fruits and vegetables such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin.
Conflicts of interest in studies
In a critique of Juice Plus, consumer health advocate and alternative medicine critic Stephen Barrett of MLM Watch remarked upon the previous association between two authors of a 1996 Juice Plus research study and United Sciences of America, Inc. (USAI), a multilevel marketing company that sold vitamin supplements with illegal claims that they could prevent many diseases. In 1986, lead author John A. Wise, who later co-authored several other Juice Plus research studies, was USAI's Executive Vice-president of Research and Development; and second author Robert J. Morin was a scientific advisor who helped design the products. State and federal enforcement actions drove USAI out of business in 1987. Wise became a consultant to Natural Alternatives International (NAI) in 1987 and a company executive (vice-president of Research and Development) in 1992. Barrett noted that Wise was also an NAI shareholder and that production of Juice Plus for National Safety Associates (NSA) was responsible for 16% of NAIs sales in 1999.
NSAs Juice Plus website cites various research articles in support of the company's marketing claims about the biological effects of Juice Plus, maintaining that these "studies were conducted by independent researchers" at various universities. Several of the studies were co-authored by Wise and Morin.
Advertising violations
In 2019, companies trading under the Juice Plus brand name in Italy, Germany, and the United Kingdom were levied a €1 million penalty by Italy's Competition and Market Authority (AGCM) for deceptive marketing practices in breach of European Union advertising law. The AGCM cited evidence that the companies were posting fake user testimonials alleging that the products could help with weight loss and disease treatment. The parties involved had previously been the subject of an investigation on the Italian television program Patti Chiari that looked into the sales tactics used by distributors to market the products, and which revealed the use of secret Facebook groups where distributors were posing as satisfied customers.
In February 2020, the company that markets Juice Plus in Australia was hit with a $37,800 penalty by the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) subsequent to the issuance of three infringement notices relating to the promotion of Juice Plus vitamin products for medical conditions, and to the use of endorsements by health professionals, in violation of the Therapeutic Goods Advertising Code.
In June 2020, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a warning letter to the Juice Plus Company for making unlawful claims that the company's products could treat or prevent COVID-19, as well as misleading claims that business opportunity participants were likely to earn substantial income.
O. J. Simpson
University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter and MLMWatch commented on the unreliability of Juice Plus testimonials provided by former professional athlete O. J. Simpson. Simpson, known commonly as "O. J." and "The Juice", signed a multi-year six-figure contract with NSA in January 1994 and became an official celebrity endorser of Juice Plus. In March 1994, Simpson was videotaped telling 4,000 Juice Plus distributors at a sales meeting that the product had cured his arthritis, improved his golf game, and freed him from using anti-arthritic drugs. However, regarding the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman, for which Simpson was tried and acquitted, Simpson claimed in his defence that he was too incapacitated by arthritis to have committed the murders and had continued to take the anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine. As a result of the controversy surrounding Simpson, NSA cancelled his endorsement contract and stopped using the Simpson videotape to promote Juice Plus.
Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation
The Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation (JPCRF), founded in 1997, is a non-profit medical research organization (NTEE code H99). Its stated goal is to promote better health in children. The foundation is chaired by executives of National Safety Associates and operates from the company's head office in Collierville, Tennessee. In fiscal year 2007, the majority of funds donated to the foundation were disbursed to Volunteers of America (a faith-based social welfare organization) and to the Boys & Girls Clubs of Memphis.
The Foundation's website shows results of an ongoing customer survey (The Juice Plus Children's Health Study) which suggests a link between Juice Plus consumption and a general improvement in diet and lifestyle habits. The University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter and Stephen Barrett of MLM Watch questioned the survey's scientific value, and claimed that the Foundation is being used mainly as a marketing gimmick to get families to buy Juice Plus products. Barrett's organization Quackwatch includes the JPCRF among its list of "Questionable 'Research' Entities".
See also
List of ineffective cancer treatments
References
External links
Juice Plus – official website
Watchdog on Three: Do the claims of this health supplement add up? - BBC (video)
The NSA Sparkling Water System, a home carbonation system formerly produced by NSA
Dietary supplements
Multi-level marketing products |
39902584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Nation | The Nation | The Nation is a progressive American biweekly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. It was founded on July 6, 1865, as a successor to William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper that closed in 1865, after ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Thereafter, the magazine proceeded to a broader topic, The Nation. An important collaborator of the new magazine was its Literary Editor Wendell Phillips Garrison, son of William. He had at his disposal his father's vast network of contacts.
The Nation is published by its namesake owner, The Nation Company, L.P., at 520 8th Ave New York, NY 10018. It has news bureaus in Washington, D.C., London, and South Africa, with departments covering architecture, art, corporations, defense, environment, films, legal affairs, music, peace and disarmament, poetry, and the United Nations. Circulation peaked at 187,000 in 2006 but dropped to 145,000 in print by 2010, although digital subscriptions had risen to over 15,000. By 2021, the total for both print and digital combined was 96,000.
History
Founding and journalistic roots
The Nation was established on July 6, 1865, at 130 Nassau Street ("Newspaper Row") in Manhattan. Its founding coincided with the closure of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, also in 1865, after slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution; a group of abolitionists, led by the architect Frederick Law Olmsted, desired to found a new weekly political magazine. Edwin Lawrence Godkin, who had been considering starting such a magazine for some time, agreed and so became the first editor of The Nation. Wendell Phillips Garrison, son of The Liberator'''s editor/publisher William Lloyd Garrison, was Literary Editor from 1865 to 1906.
Its founding publisher was Joseph H. Richards; the editor was Godkin, an immigrant from Ireland who had formerly worked as a correspondent of the London Daily News and The New York Times. Godkin sought to establish what one sympathetic commentator later characterized as "an organ of opinion characterized in its utterance by breadth and deliberation, an organ which should identify itself with causes, and which should give its support to parties primarily as representative of these causes."
In its "founding prospectus" the magazine wrote that the publication would have "seven main objects" with the first being "discussion of the topics of the day, and, above all, of legal, economical, and constitutional questions, with greater accuracy and moderation than are now to be found in the daily press." The Nation pledged to "not be the organ of any party, sect or body" but rather to "make an earnest effort to bring to discussion of political and social questions a really critical spirit, and to wage war upon the vices of violence, exaggeration and misrepresentation by which so much of the political writing of the day is marred."
In the first year of publication, one of the magazine's regular features was The South As It Is, dispatches from a tour of the war-torn region by John Richard Dennett, a recent Harvard graduate and a veteran of the Port Royal Experiment. Dennett interviewed Confederate veterans, freed slaves, agents of the Freedmen's Bureau, and ordinary people he met by the side of the road.
Among the causes supported by the publication in its earliest days was civil service reform—moving the basis of government employment from a political patronage system to a professional bureaucracy based upon meritocracy. The Nation also was preoccupied with the reestablishment of a sound national currency in the years after the American Civil War, arguing that a stable currency was necessary to restore the economic stability of the nation. Closely related to this was the publication's advocacy of the elimination of protective tariffs in favor of lower prices of consumer goods associated with a free trade system.
The magazine would stay at Newspaper Row for 90 years.
From 1880s literary supplement to 1930s New Deal booster
In 1881, newspaperman-turned-railroad-baron Henry Villard acquired The Nation and converted it into a weekly literary supplement for his daily newspaper the New York Evening Post. The offices of the magazine were moved to the Evening Posts headquarters at 210 Broadway. The New York Evening Post would later morph into a tabloid, the New York Post, a left-leaning afternoon tabloid, under owner Dorothy Schiff from 1939 to 1976. Since then, it has been a conservative tabloid owned by Rupert Murdoch, while The Nation became known for its left-wing ideology.
In 1900, Henry Villard's son, Oswald Garrison Villard, inherited the magazine and the Evening Post, and sold off the latter in 1918. Thereafter, he remade The Nation into a current affairs publication and gave it an anti-classical liberal orientation. Oswald Villard welcomed the New Deal and supported the nationalization of industries – thus reversing the meaning of "liberalism" as the founders of The Nation would have understood the term, from a belief in a smaller and more restricted government to a belief in a larger and less restricted government.Dollena Joy Humes, Oswald Garrison Villard: Liberal of the 1920s (Syracuse University Press, 1960). Villard sold the magazine in 1935. Maurice Wertheim, the new owner, sold it in 1937 to Freda Kirchwey, who served as editor from 1933 to 1955.
Almost every editor of The Nation from Villard's time to the 1970s was looked at for "subversive" activities and ties. When Albert Jay Nock published a column criticizing Samuel Gompers and trade unions for being complicit in the war machine of the First World War, The Nation was briefly suspended from the US mail.
World War II and early Cold War
The magazine's financial problems in the early 1940s prompted Kirchwey to sell her individual ownership of the magazine in 1943, creating a nonprofit organization, Nation Associates, out of the money generated from a recruiting drive of sponsors. This organization was also responsible for academic affairs, including conducting research and organizing conferences, that had been a part of the early history of the magazine. Nation Associates became responsible for the operation and publication of the magazine on a nonprofit basis, with Kirchwey as both president of Nation Associates and editor of The Nation.
Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, The Nation repeatedly called on the United States to enter World War II to resist fascism, and after the US entered the war, the publication supported the American war effort. It also supported the use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
During the late 1940s and again in the early 1950s, a merger was discussed by Kirchwey (later Carey McWilliams) and The New Republics Michael Straight. The two magazines were very similar at that time — both were left of center, The Nation further left than TNR; both had circulations around 100,000, although TNRs was slightly higher; and both lost money. It was thought that the two magazines could unite and make the most powerful journal of opinion. The new publication would have been called The Nation and New Republic. Kirchwey was the most hesitant, and both attempts to merge failed. The two magazines would later take very different paths: The Nation achieved a higher circulation, and The New Republic moved more to the right.
In the 1950s, The Nation was attacked as "pro-communist" because of its advocacy of détente with the expansionist Soviet Union of Joseph Stalin, and its criticism of McCarthyism. One of the magazine's writers, Louis Fischer, resigned from the magazine afterwards, claiming The Nations foreign coverage was too pro-Soviet. Despite this, Diana Trilling pointed out that Kirchwey did allow anti-Soviet writers, such as herself, to contribute material critical of Russia to the magazine's arts section.
During McCarthyism (the Second Red Scare), The Nation was banned from several school libraries in New York City and Newark, and a Bartlesville, Oklahoma librarian, Ruth Brown, was fired from her job in 1950, after a citizens committee complained she had given shelf space to The Nation.
In 1955, George C. Kirstein replaced Kirchway as magazine owner. James J. Storrow Jr. bought the magazine from Kirstein in 1965.
During the 1950s, Paul Blanshard, a former associate editor, served as The Nations special correspondent in Uzbekistan. His most famous writing was a series of articles attacking the Catholic Church in America as a dangerous, powerful, and undemocratic institution.
1970s to 2022
In June 1979, The Nations publisher Hamilton Fish and then-editor Victor Navasky moved the weekly to 72 Fifth Avenue, in Manhattan. In June 1998, the periodical had to move to make way for condominium development. The offices of The Nation are now at 33 Irving Place, in Manhattan's Gramercy Park neighborhood.
In 1977, a group organized by Hamilton Fish V bought the magazine from the Storrow family. In 1985, he sold it to Arthur L. Carter, who had made a fortune as a founding partner of Carter, Berlind, Potoma & Weill.
In 1991, The Nation sued the Department of Defense for restricting free speech by limiting Gulf War coverage to press pools. However, the issue was found moot in Nation Magazine v. United States Department of Defense, because the war ended before the case was heard.
In 1995, Victor Navasky bought the magazine and, in 1996, became publisher. In 1995, Katrina vanden Heuvel succeeded Navasky as editor of The Nation, and in 2005, as publisher.
In 2015, The Nation celebrated its 150th anniversary with a documentary film by Academy Award-winning director Barbara Kopple; a 268-page special issue featuring pieces of art and writing from the archives, and new essays by frequent contributors like Eric Foner, Noam Chomsky, E. L. Doctorow, Toni Morrison, Rebecca Solnit, and Vivian Gornick; a book-length history of the magazine by D. D. Guttenplan (which The Times Literary Supplement called "an affectionate and celebratory affair"); events across the country; and a relaunched website. In a tribute to The Nation, published in the anniversary issue, President Barack Obama said:
In an era of instant, 140-character news cycles and reflexive toeing of the party line, it's incredible to think of the 150-year history of The Nation. It's more than a magazine — it's a crucible of ideas forged in the time of Emancipation, tempered through depression and war and the civil-rights movement, and honed as sharp and relevant as ever in an age of breathtaking technological and economic change. Through it all, The Nation has exhibited that great American tradition of expanding our moral imaginations, stoking vigorous dissent, and simply taking the time to think through our country's challenges anew. If I agreed with everything written in any given issue of the magazine, it would only mean that you are not doing your jobs. But whether it is your commitment to a fair shot for working Americans, or equality for all Americans, it is heartening to know that an American institution dedicated to provocative, reasoned debate and reflection in pursuit of those ideals can continue to thrive.
On January 14, 2016, The Nation endorsed Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders for President. In their reasoning, the editors of The Nation professed that "Bernie Sanders and his supporters are bending the arc of history toward justice. Theirs is an insurgency, a possibility, and a dream that we proudly endorse."
On June 15, 2019, Heuvel stepped down as editor; D. D. Guttenplan, the editor-at-large, took her place.
On March 2, 2020, The Nation again endorsed Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders for President. In their reasoning, the editors of The Nation professed: "As we find ourselves on a hinge of history—a generation summoned to the task of redeeming our democracy and restoring our republic—no one ever has to wonder what Bernie Sanders stands for."
On February 23, 2022, The Nation named Jacobin founder Bhaskar Sunkara its new president.
Finances
Print ad pages declined by 5% from 2009 to 2010, while digital advertising rose 32.8% from 2009 to 2010. Advertising accounts for 10% of total revenue for the magazine, while circulation totals 60%. The Nation has lost money in all but three or four years of operation and is sustained in part by a group of more than 30,000 donors called Nation Associates, who donate funds to the periodical above and beyond their annual subscription fees. This program accounts for 30% of the total revenue for the magazine. An annual cruise also generates $200,000 for the magazine. Since late 2012, the Nation Associates program has been called Nation Builders.
Poetry
Since its creation, The Nation has published significant works of American poetry,Grace Schulman, The Nation Magazine Betrays a Poet — and Itself, New York Times (August 6, 2018). including works by Hart Crane, Eli Siegel, Elizabeth Bishop, and Adrienne Rich, as well as W.S. Merwin, Pablo Neruda, Denise Levertov, and Derek Walcott.
In 2018, the magazine published a poem entitled "How-To" by Anders Carlson-Wee which was written in the voice of a homeless man and used black vernacular. This led to criticism from writers such as Roxane Gay because Carlson-Wee is white. The Nations two poetry editors, Stephanie Burt and Carmen Giménez Smith, issued an apology for publishing the poem, the first such action ever taken by the magazine. The apology itself became an object of criticism also. Poet and Nation columnist Katha Pollitt called the apology "craven" and likened it to a letter written from "a reeducation camp". Grace Schulman, The Nations poetry editor from 1971 to 2006, wrote that the apology represented a disturbing departure from the magazine's traditionally broad conception of artistic freedom.
Regular columns
The magazine runs a number of regular columns:
"Beneath the Radar" by Gary Younge
"Deadline Poet" by Calvin Trillin
"Diary of a Mad Law Professor" by Patricia J. Williams
"The Liberal Media" by Eric Alterman
"Subject to Debate" by Katha Pollitt
"Between the Lines" by Laila Lalami
Regular columns in the past have included:
"Look Out" by Naomi Klein
"Sister Citizen" by Melissa Harris-Perry
"Beat the Devil" (1984–2012) by Alexander Cockburn
"Dispatches" (1984–87) by Max Holland and Kai Bird
"Minority Report" (1982–2002) by Christopher Hitchens
"The Nation cryptic crossword" by Frank W. Lewis from 1947 to 2009, and Joshua Kosman and Henri Picciotto from 2011 to 2020, that is now available by subscription
See also
Modern liberalism in the United States
Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises Nation Magazine v. United States Department of Defense''
Jacobin
Mother Jones
References
Further reading
Brief history plus numerous essays.
External links
The Nation Archive (subscription required)
The Nation (archive 1865–1925) at HathiTrust Digital Library (free)
The Nation (archive 1984–2005) at The Free Library (free)
1865 establishments in New York (state)
Magazines established in 1865
Magazines published in New York City
Modern liberal magazines published in the United States
Political magazines published in the United States
Weekly magazines published in the United States |
54574633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20birds%20of%20Rivers%20State | List of birds of Rivers State | The following is a list of the bird species recorded in Rivers State, Nigeria.
The avifauna of Rivers State include a total of 442 species.
This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account.
The following tag has been used to highlight accidental species.
(A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Rivers State
Ducks, geese, and waterfowl
Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
White-faced whistling duck, Dendrocygna viduata
Knob-billed duck, Sarkidiornis melanotos
Hartlaub's duck, Pteronetta hartlaubii
Spur-winged goose, Plectropterus gambensis
African pygmy-goose, Nettapus auritus
Garganey, Spatula querquedula
Guineafowl
Order: GalliformesFamily: Numididae
Guineafowl are a group of African, seed-eating, ground-nesting birds that resemble partridges, but with featherless heads and spangled grey plumage.
Western crested guineafowl, Guttera verreauxi
Pheasants, grouse, and allies
Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae
Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.
Latham's francolin, Peliperdix lathami
Blue quail, Synoicus adansonii
Double-spurred francolin, Pternistis bicalcaratus
Scaly francolin, Pternistis squamatus
Grebes
Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis
Pigeons and doves
Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
Speckled pigeon, Columba guinea
Mourning collared-dove, Streptopelia decipiens
Red-eyed dove, Streptopelia semitorquata
Laughing dove, Streptopelia senegalensis
Black-billed wood-dove, Turtur abyssinicus
Blue-spotted wood-dove, Turtur afer
Tambourine dove, Turtur tympanistria
Blue-headed wood-dove, Turtur brehmeri
African green-pigeon, Treron calvus
Turacos
Order: MusophagiformesFamily: Musophagidae
The turacos, plantain eaters and go-away-birds make up the bird family Musophagidae. They are medium-sized arboreal birds. The turacos and plantain eaters are brightly coloured, usually in blue, green or purple. The go-away birds are mostly grey and white.
Great blue turaco, Corythaeola cristata
Guinea turaco, Tauraco persa
Yellow-billed turaco, Tauraco macrorhynchus
Western plantain-eater, Crinifer piscator
Cuckoos
Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, coucals and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.
Black-throated coucal, Centropus leucogaster
Senegal coucal, Centropus senegalensis
Blue-headed coucal, Centropus monachus
Black coucal, Centropus grillii
Blue malkoha, Ceuthmochares aereus
Great spotted cuckoo, Clamator glandarius
Levaillant's cuckoo, Clamator levaillantii
Dideric cuckoo, Chrysococcyx caprius
Klaas's cuckoo, Chrysococcyx klaas
African emerald cuckoo, Chrysococcyx cupreus
Dusky long-tailed cuckoo, Cercococcyx mechowi
Olive long-tailed cuckoo, Cercococcyx olivinus
Black cuckoo, Cuculus clamosus
Red-chested cuckoo, Cuculus solitarius
Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus
Nightjars and allies
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
Pennant-winged nightjar, Caprimulgus vexillarius
Standard-winged nightjar, Caprimulgus longipennis
Eurasian nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus
Fiery-necked nightjar, Caprimulgus pectoralis
Swamp nightjar, Caprimulgus natalensis
Plain nightjar, Caprimulgus inornatus
Long-tailed nightjar, Caprimulgus climacurus
Swifts
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
Mottled spinetail, Telacanthura ussheri
Sabine's spinetail, Rhaphidura sabini
Cassin's spinetail, Neafrapus cassini
Common swift, Apus apus
Pallid swift, Apus pallidus
Little swift, Apus affinis
White-rumped swift, Apus caffer
African palm-swift, Cypsiurus parvus
Flufftails
Order: GruiformesFamily: Sarothruridae
The flufftails are a small family of ground-dwelling birds found only in Madagascar and sub-Saharan Africa.
White-spotted flufftail, Sarothrura pulchra
Rails, gallinules, and coots
Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
African crake, Crex egregia
Gray-throated rail, Canirallus oculeus
Lesser moorhen, Paragallinula angulata
Eurasian moorhen, Gallinula chloropus
Allen's gallinule, Porphyrio alleni
Nkulengu rail, Himantornis haematopus
Black crake, Zapornia flavirostra
Finfoots
Order: GruiformesFamily: Heliornithidae
Heliornithidae is a small family of tropical birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of grebes and coots.
African finfoot, Podica senegalensis
Thick-knees
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Burhinidae
The thick-knees and stone-curlews are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes, and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.
Water thick-knee, Burhinus vermiculatus
Senegal thick-knee, Burhinus senegalensis
Egyptian plover
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Pluvianidae
The Egyptian plover is found across equatorial Africa and along the Nile River.
Egyptian plover, Pluvianus aegyptius
Stilts and avocets
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus
Oystercatchers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus
Plovers and lapwings
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
Spur-winged lapwing, Vanellus spinosus
White-headed lapwing, Vanellus albiceps
Brown-chested lapwing, Vanellus superciliosus
Kittlitz's plover, Charadrius pecuarius
Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula
Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius
Forbes's plover, Charadrius forbesi
White-fronted plover, Charadrius marginatus
Jacanas
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Jacanidae
The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.
African jacana, Actophilornis africanus
Sandpipers and allies
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
Eurasian curlew, Numenius arquata
Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica
Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa
Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
Red knot, Calidris canutus
Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea
Sanderling, Calidris alba
Little stint, Calidris minuta
Jack snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus
Great snipe, Gallinago media
Common snipe, Gallinago gallinago
Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos
Green sandpiper, Tringa ochropus
Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus
Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia
Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis
Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola
Common redshank, Tringa totanus
Buttonquails
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Turnicidae
The buttonquails are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.
Small buttonquail, Turnix sylvatica
Pratincoles and coursers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.
Temminck's courser, Cursorius temminckii
Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola
Rock pratincole, Glareola nuchalis
Gray pratincole, Glareola cinerea
Gulls, terns, and skimmers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern-like birds. They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish.
Gray-hooded gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus
Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus
Brown noddy, Anous stolidus
Black noddy, Anous minutus
Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus
Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus
Little tern, Sternula albifrons
Damara tern, Sternula balaenarum
Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
Black tern, Chlidonias niger
White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus
Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida
Common tern, Sterna hirundo
Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea
Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
West African crested tern, Thalasseus albididorsalis
African skimmer, Rynchops flavirostris
Tropicbirds
Order: PhaethontiformesFamily: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus
Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus
Shearwaters and petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus (A)
Storks
Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
African woolly-necked stork, Ciconia microscelis
Yellow-billed stork, Mycteria ibis
Boobies and gannets
Order: SuliformesFamily: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
Brown booby, Sula leucogaster
Cape gannet, Morus capensis
Anhingas
Order: SuliformesFamily: Anhingidae
Darters are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.
African darter, Anhinga melanogaster
Cormorants and shags
Order: SuliformesFamily: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.
Long-tailed cormorant, Microcarbo africanus
Pelicans
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.
Pink-backed pelican, Pelecanus rufescens
Hammerkop
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Scopidae
The hammerkop is a medium-sized bird with a long shaggy crest. The shape of its head with a curved bill and crest at the back is reminiscent of a hammer, hence its name. Its plumage is drab-brown all over.
Hamerkop, Scopus umbretta
Herons, egrets, and bitterns
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.
Little bittern, Ixobrychus minutus
Dwarf bittern, Ixobrychus sturmii
White-crested bittern, Tigriornis leucolopha
Gray heron, Ardea cinerea
Black-headed heron, Ardea melanocephala
Goliath heron, Ardea goliath
Purple heron, Ardea purpurea
Great egret, Ardea alba
Intermediate egret, Ardea intermedia
Little egret, Egretta garzetta
Western reef-heron, Egretta gularis
Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
Squacco heron, Ardeola ralloides
Striated heron, Butorides striata
Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
White-backed night-heron, Gorsachius leuconotus
Ibises and spoonbills
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
African sacred ibis, Threskiornis aethiopicus
Hadada ibis, Bostrychia hagedash
African spoonbill, Platalea alba
Hawks, eagles, and kites
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.
Black-winged kite, Elanus caeruleus
African harrier-hawk, Polyboroides typus
Palm-nut vulture, Gypohierax angolensis
European honey-buzzard, Pernis apivorus
African cuckoo-hawk, Aviceda cuculoides
Hooded vulture, Necrosyrtes monachus
Congo serpent-eagle, Circaetus spectabilis
Bat hawk, Macheiramphus alcinus
Crowned eagle, Stephanoaetus coronatus
Martial eagle, Polemaetus bellicosus
Long-crested eagle, Lophaetus occipitalis
Tawny eagle, Aquila rapax
Cassin's hawk-eagle, Aquila africana
Lizard buzzard, Kaupifalco monogrammicus
Gabar goshawk, Micronisus gabar
Eurasian marsh-harrier, Circus aeruginosus
Montagu's harrier, Circus pygargus
African goshawk, Accipiter tachiro
Chestnut-flanked sparrowhawk, Accipiter castanilius
Shikra, Accipiter badius
Red-thighed sparrowhawk, Accipiter erythropus
Black goshawk, Accipiter melanoleucus
Long-tailed hawk, Urotriorchis macrourus
Black kite, Milvus migrans
African fish-eagle, Haliaeetus vocifer
Red-necked buzzard, Buteo auguralis
Barn-owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
Barn owl, Tyto alba
Owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
Eurasian scops-owl, Otus scops
Northern white-faced owl, Ptilopsis leucotis
Grayish eagle-owl, Bubo cinerascens
Fraser's eagle-owl, Bubo poensis
Akun eagle-owl, Bubo leucostictus
Pel's fishing-owl, Scotopelia peli
Vermiculated fishing-owl, Scotopelia bouvieri
Sjöstedt's owlet, Glaucidium sjostedti
African wood-owl, Strix woodfordii
Trogons
Order: TrogoniformesFamily: Trogonidae
The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colourful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage.
Narina trogon, Apaloderma narina
Hoopoes
Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Upupidae
Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.
Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops
Woodhoopoes
Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Phoeniculidae
The woodhoopoes are related to the kingfishers, rollers and hoopoes. They most resemble the hoopoes with their long curved bills, used to probe for insects, and short rounded wings. However, they differ in that they have metallic plumage, often blue, green or purple, and lack an erectile crest.
White-headed woodhoopoe, Phoeniculus bollei
Forest woodhoopoe, Phoeniculus castaneiceps
Hornbills
Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Bucerotidae
Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly colored.
Red-billed dwarf hornbill, Lophoceros camurus
African pied hornbill, Tockus fasciatus
White-crested hornbill, Horizocerus albocristatus
Black dwarf hornbill, Horizocerus hartlaubi
Black-casqued hornbill, Ceratogymna atrata
Piping hornbill, Bycanistes fistulator
Kingfishers
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.
Shining-blue kingfisher, Alcedo quadribrachys
Malachite kingfisher, Corythornis cristatus
White-bellied kingfisher, Corythornis leucogaster
African pygmy kingfisher, Ispidina picta
Chocolate-backed kingfisher, Halcyon badia
Gray-headed kingfisher, Halcyon leucocephala
Woodland kingfisher, Halcyon senegalensis
Blue-breasted kingfisher, Halcyon malimbica
Giant kingfisher, Megaceryle maxima'''
Pied kingfisher, Ceryle rudisBee-eaters
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.
Black bee-eater, Merops gularisBlue-moustached bee-eater, Merops mentalisRed-throated bee-eater, Merops bulockiLittle bee-eater, Merops pusillusWhite-throated bee-eater, Merops albicollisRosy bee-eater, Merops malimbicusRollers
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.
Abyssinian roller, Coracias abyssinicaBroad-billed roller, Eurystomus glaucurusBlue-throated roller, Eurystomus gularisAfrican barbets
Order: PiciformesFamily: Lybiidae
The barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured.
Yellow-billed barbet, Trachyphonus purpuratusBristle-nosed barbet, Gymnobucco peliNaked-faced barbet, Gymnobucco calvusSpeckled tinkerbird, Pogoniulus scolopaceusRed-rumped tinkerbird, Pogoniulus atroflavusYellow-throated tinkerbird, Pogoniulus subsulphureusYellow-rumped tinkerbird, Pogoniulus bilineatusYellow-spotted barbet, Buccanodon duchailluiHairy-breasted barbet, Tricholaema hirsutaVieillot's barbet, Lybius vieillotiHoneyguides
Order: PiciformesFamily: Indicatoridae
Honeyguides are among the few birds that feed on wax. They are named for the greater honeyguide which leads traditional honey-hunters to bees' nests and, after the hunters have harvested the honey, feeds on the remaining contents of the hive.
Cassin's honeyguide, Prodotiscus insignis Willcocks's honeyguide, Indicator willcocksi Least honeyguide, Indicator exilis Spotted honeyguide, Indicator maculatus Lyre-tailed honeyguide, Melichneutes robustusWoodpeckers
Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
Gabon woodpecker, Chloropicus gabonensis Cardinal woodpecker, Chloropicus fuscescens Fire-bellied woodpecker, Chloropicus pyrrhogaster Golden-crowned woodpecker, Chloropicus xantholophus African gray woodpecker, Chloropicus goertae Buff-spotted woodpecker, Campethera nivosa Green-backed woodpecker, Campethera cailliautiiFalcons and caracaras
Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculusGray kestrel, Falco ardosiaceusAfrican hobby, Falco cuvieriiLanner falcon, Falco biarmicusOld World parrots
Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from to in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameriRed-headed lovebird, Agapornis pullariusNew World and African parrots
Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittacidae
Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back.
Gray parrot, Psittacus erithacus Senegal parrot, Poicephalus senegalusAfrican and green broadbills
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Calyptomenidae
The broadbills are small, brightly coloured birds, which feed on fruit and also take insects in flycatcher fashion, snapping their broad bills.
Rufous-sided broadbill, Smithornis rufolateralisCuckooshrikes
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly colored.
Blue cukooshrike, Coracina azureaOld World orioles
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.
Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolusAfrican golden oriole, Oriolus auratusWestern black-headed oriole, Oriolus brachyrynchusBlack-winged oriole, Oriolus nigripennisWattle-eyes and batises
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Platysteiridae
The wattle-eyes, or puffback flycatchers, are small stout passerine birds of the African tropics. They get their name from the brightly coloured fleshy eye decorations found in most species in this group.
Brown-throated wattle-eye, Platysteira cyanea Chestnut wattle-eye, Platysteira castanea White-spotted wattle-eye, Platysteira tonsa Red-cheeked wattle-eye, Platysteira blissetti Yellow-bellied wattle-eye, Platysteira concretaVangas, helmetshrikes, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vangidae
The helmetshrikes are similar in build to the shrikes, but tend to be colourful species with distinctive crests or other head ornaments, such as wattles, from which they get their name.
Red-billed helmetshrike, Prionops caniceps African shrike-flycatcher, Megabyas flammulatus Black-and-white shrike-flycatcher, Bias musicusBushshrikes and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Malaconotidae
Bushshrikes are similar in habits to shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush. Although similar in build to the shrikes, these tend to be either colourful species or largely black; some species are quite secretive.
Northern puffback, Dryoscopus gambensis Sabine's puffback, Dryoscopus sabini Black-crowned tchagra, Tchagra senegalus Brown-crowned tchagra, Tchagra australis Tropical boubou, Laniarius major Many-colored bushshrike, Telophorus multicolor Fiery-breasted bushshrike, Malaconotus cruentusDrongos
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Dicruridae
The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.
Shining drongo, Dicrurus atripennisMonarch flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.
Blue-headed crested-flycatcher, Trochocercus nitensBlack-headed paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone rufiventerAfrican paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone viridisShrikes
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.
Northern fiscal, Lanius humeralisCrows, jays, and magpies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
Piapiac, Ptilostomus afer Pied crow, Corvus albusFairy flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Stenostiridae
Most of the species of this small family are found in Africa, though a few inhabit tropical Asia. They are not closely related to other birds called "flycatchers".
Dusky crested flycatcher, Elminia nigromitrataPenduline-tits
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Remizidae
The penduline-tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores.
Forest penduline-tit, Anthoscopus flavifronsNicators
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Nicatoridae
The nicators are shrike-like, with hooked bills. They are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa.
Western nicator, Nicator chlorisAfrican warblers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Macrosphenidae
African warblers are small to medium-sized insectivores which are found in a wide variety of habitats south of the Sahara.
Green crombec, Sylvietta virensNorthern crombec, Sylvietta brachyuraMoustached grass-warbler, Melocichla mentalisKemp's longbill, Macrosphenus kempiGray longbill, Macrosphenus concolorGreen hylia, Hylia prasinaTit-hylia, Pholidornis rushiaeCisticolas and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cisticolidae
The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.
Rufous-crowned eremomela, Eremomela badiceps Green-backed camaroptera, Camaroptera brachyura Yellow-browed camaroptera, Camaroptera superciliaris Olive-green camaroptera, Camaroptera chloronota Black-capped apalis, Apalis nigriceps Yellow-breasted apalis, Apalis flavida Buff-throated apalis, Apalis rufogularis Tawny-flanked prinia, Prinia subflava Red-faced cisticola, Cisticola erythrops Singing cisticola, Cisticola cantans Chattering cisticola, Cisticola anonymus Winding cisticola, Cisticola marginatus Siffling cisticola, Cisticola brachypterusReed warblers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Acrocephalidae
The reed-warblers or acrocephalid warblers are a family of oscine passerine birds, in the superfamily Sylvioidea. The species in this family are usually rather large " warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass.
Eastern olivaceous warbler, Iduna pallida Western olivaceous warbler, Iduna opaca Melodious warbler, Hippolais polyglotta Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Eurasian reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus Greater swamp warbler, Acrocephalus rufescens Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceusSwallows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
Plain martin, Riparia paludicolaBank swallow, Riparia ripariaBanded martin, Riparia cinctaBarn swallow, Hirundo rusticaEthiopian swallow, Hirundo aethiopicaWhite-throated blue swallow, Hirundo nigritaWire-tailed swallow, Hirundo smithiiLesser striped swallow, Cecropis abyssinicaRufous-chested swallow, Cecropis semirufaPreuss's swallow, Petrochelidon preussiCommon house-martin, Delichon urbicumSquare-tailed sawwing, Psalidoprocne nitensBlack sawwing, Psalidoprocne pristopteraFanti sawwing, Psalidoprocne obscuraBulbuls
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
Slender-billed greenbul, Stelgidillas gracilirostris Golden greenbul, Calyptocichla serinus Red-tailed bristlebill, Bleda syndactylus Gray-headed bristlebill, Bleda canicapillus Simple greenbul, Chlorocichla simplex Honeyguide greenbul, Baeopogon indicator Spotted greenbul, Ixonotus guttatus Swamp greenbul, Thescelocichla leucopleura Red-tailed greenbul, Criniger calurus Western bearded-greenbul, Criniger barbatus Gray greenbul, Eurillas gracilis Ansorge's greenbul, Eurillas ansorgei Plain greenbul, Eurillas curvirostris Yellow-whiskered greenbul, Eurillas latirostris Little greenbul, Eurillas virens Leaf-love, Phyllastrephus scandens Icterine greenbul, Phyllastrephus icterinus White-throated greenbul, Phyllastrephus albigularis Common bulbul, Pycnonotus barbatusLeaf warblers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Phylloscopidae
Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.
Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrixWillow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilusBush warblers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Scotocercidae
The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place genus Erythrocerus in another family.
Chestnut-capped flycatcher, Erythrocercus mccalliiSylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sylviidae
The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
Eurasian blackcap, Sylvia atricapillaGarden warbler, Sylvia borinWhite-eyes, yuhinas, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.
Forest white-eye, Zosterops stenocricotusGround babblers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pellorneidae
These small to medium-sized songbirds have soft fluffy plumage but are otherwise rather diverse. Members of the genus Illadopsis are found in forests, but some other genera are birds of scrublands
Brown illadopsis, Illadopsis fulvescensPale-breasted illadopsis, Illadopsis rufipennisBlackcap illadopsis, Illadopsis cleaveriPuvel's illadopsis, Illadopsis puveliOxpeckers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Buphagidae
As both the English and scientific names of these birds imply, they feed on ectoparasites, primarily ticks, found on large mammals.
Yellow-billed oxpecker, Buphagus africanusStarlings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are medium-sized passerines with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
Violet-backed starling, Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Chestnut-winged starling, Onychognathus fulgidus Purple-headed starling, Hylopsar purpureiceps Long-tailed glossy starling, Lamprotornis caudatus Splendid starling, Lamprotornis splendidus Chestnut-bellied starling, Lamprotornis pulcher Purple starling, Lamprotornis purpureusThrushes and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
Rufous flycatcher-thrush, Neocossyphus fraseri White-tailed ant-thrush, Neocossyphus poensis African thrush, Turdus peliosOld World flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Muscicapidae
Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
Spotted flycatcher, Muscicapa striata Cassin's flycatcher, Muscicapa cassini Sooty flycatcher, Bradornis fuliginosus Dusky-blue flycatcher, Bradornis comitatus Pale flycatcher, Agricola pallidus White-browed forest-flycatcher, Fraseria cinerascens African forest-flycatcher, Fraseria ocreata Gray-throated tit-flycatcher, Fraseria griseigularis Gray tit-flycatcher, Fraseria plumbea Olivaceous flycatcher, Fraseria olivascens Fire-crested alethe, Alethe castanea Blue-shouldered robin-chat, Cossypha cyanocampter Snowy-crowned robin-chat, Cossypha niveicapilla Brown-chested alethe, Chamaetylas poliocephalaOrange-breasted forest robin, Stiphrornis erythrothorax Common nightingale, Luscinia megarhynchos European pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca Whinchat, Saxicola rubetra White-fronted black-chat, Oenanthe albifronsSunbirds and spiderhunters
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Nectariniidae
The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.
Fraser's sunbird, Deleornis fraseri Mouse-brown sunbird, Anthreptes gabonicus Little green sunbird, Anthreptes seimundi Green sunbird, Anthreptes rectirostris Collared sunbird, Hedydipna collaris Reichenbach's sunbird, Anabathmis reichenbachii Green-headed sunbird, Cyanomitra verticalis Blue-throated brown sunbird, Cyanomitra cyanolaema Olive sunbird, Cyanomitra olivacea Buff-throated sunbird, Chalcomitra adelberti Carmelite sunbird, Chalcomitra fuliginosa Olive-bellied sunbird, Cinnyris chloropygius Tiny sunbird, Cinnyris minullus Splendid sunbird, Cinnyris coccinigastrus Superb sunbird, Cinnyris superbus Variable sunbird, Cinnyris venustus Bates's sunbird, Cinnyris batesi Copper sunbird, Cinnyris cupreusWeavers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Ploceidae
Weavers are a group of small passerine birds related to the finches. These are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills, most of which breed in sub-Saharan Africa, with fewer species in tropical Asia. Weavers get their name from the large woven nests many species make. They are gregarious birds which often breed colonially.
Red-vented malimbe, Malimbus scutatus Red-bellied malimbe, Malimbus erythrogaster Blue-billed malimbe, Malimbus nitens Crested malimbe, Malimbus malimbicus Red-headed malimbe, Malimbus rubricollis Slender-billed weaver, Ploceus pelzelni Black-necked weaver, Ploceus nigricollis Orange weaver, Ploceus aurantius Heuglin's masked-weaver, Ploceus heuglini Vieillot's black weaver, Ploceus nigerrimus Village weaver, Ploceus cucullatus Black-headed weaver, Ploceus melanocephalus Yellow-mantled weaver, Ploceus tricolor Red-headed quelea, Quelea erythrops Northern red bishop, Euplectes franciscanus Black-winged bishop, Euplectes hordeaceus Yellow-crowned bishop, Euplectes afer Yellow-mantled widowbird, Euplectes macroura Grosbeak weaver, Amblyospiza albifronsWaxbills and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches can be classified as the family Estrildidae (waxbills, munias, and allies), or as a subfamily within the family Passeridae, which strictly defined comprises the Old World sparrows. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colors and patterns.
Bronze mannikin, Spermestes cucullata Magpie mannikin, Spermestes fringilloides Black-and-white mannikin, Spermestes bicolor Woodhouse's antpecker, Parmoptila woodhousei White-breasted nigrita, Nigrita fusconotus Chestnut-breasted nigrita, Nigrita bicolor Gray-headed nigrita, Nigrita canicapillus Pale-fronted nigrita, Nigrita luteifrons Orange-cheeked waxbill, Estrilda melpoda Anambra waxbill, Estrilda poliopareia Common waxbill, Estrilda astrild Western bluebill, Spermophaga haematina Black-bellied seedcracker, Pyrenestes ostrinus Red-billed firefinch, Lagonosticta senegala African firefinch, Lagonosticta rubricata Bar-breasted firefinch, Lagonosticta rufopictaIndigobirds
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Viduidae
The indigobirds are finch-like species which usually have black or indigo predominating in their plumage. All are brood parasites, which lay their eggs in the nests of estrildid finches.
Pin-tailed whydah, Vidua macroura Sahel paradise-whydah, Vidua orientalis Wilson's indigobird, Vidua wilsoni Cameroon indigobird, Vidua camerunensisOld World sparrows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
Northern gray-headed sparrow, Passer griseusWagtails and pipits
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.
Western yellow wagtail, Motacilla flavaAfrican pied wagtail, Motacilla aguimpPlain-backed pipit, Anthus leucophrysTree pipit, Anthus trivialisYellow-throated longclaw, Macronyx croceus Finches, euphonias, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
Yellow-fronted canary, Crithagra mozambica''
See also
List of birds
Lists of birds by region
List of birds of Africa
References
birds
Rivers State |
2900440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20Reed%20Giddings | Joshua Reed Giddings | Joshua Reed Giddings (October 6, 1795 – May 27, 1864) was an American attorney, politician and a prominent opponent of slavery. He represented Northeast Ohio in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1838 to 1859. He was at first a member of the Whig Party and was later a Republican, helping found the party.
Giddings is noted as a leading abolitionist of his era. He was censured in 1842 for violating the gag rule against discussing slavery in the House of Representatives when he proposed a number of Resolutions against federal support for the coastwise slave trade, in relation to the Creole case. He quickly resigned, but was overwhelmingly re-elected by his Ohio constituents in a special election to fill the vacant seat. He returned to the House and served a total of nearly twenty more years as representative.
Giddings is one of the main reasons that the Western Reserve was, before the Civil War, one of the most anti-slavery regions of the country.
Early life and education
Joshua Reed Giddings was born in Bradford County, Pennsylvania at Tioga Point, now Athens, on October 6, 1795. His family moved that same year to Canandaigua, New York, where they spent the next ten years.
In 1806 his parents Elizabeth (née Pease) and Joshua Giddings moved the family to Ashtabula County, Ohio, which was then sparsely settled. Here they settled on Ohio's Western Reserve, which "provided him with the occupational and social mobility so characteristic of the early nineteenth-century frontier", where Giddings lived for most of the rest of his life. Many settlers from New England went there. As the Reserve was widely famous for its radicalism, Giddings may have been inspired in his first stirrings of passion for antislavery.
Giddings first worked on his father's farm and, although he received no systematic education, devoted much time to study and reading. At 17 he joined a militia regiment for the War of 1812. He served for five months, including battles against American Indian allies of the British.
After 1814 Giddings was a schoolteacher. He married Laura Waters, daughter of a Connecticut emigrant, in 1819. One of their children, Grotius Reed Giddings (1834–1867), was Major of the 14th United States Infantry in the American Civil War.
Giddings later read law with Elisha Whittlesey in preparation for a career as an attorney. He made some money through land speculation.
Career
In February 1821 Giddings was admitted to the bar in Ohio. He soon built up a large practice, particularly in criminal cases. From 1831 to 1837 he was in partnership with Benjamin Wade, a future U.S. Senator. Influenced by Theodore Weld, the two formed the local antislavery society.
Giddings and his friend Wade were both elected to Congress, where they were outspoken opponents of slavery throughout their careers. Wade was elected president of the Senate during the Andrew Johnson administration. He would have succeeded to the presidency of the United States had one more senator voted for the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.
Political career
Giddings was first elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, serving one term from 1826 to 1827.
The Panic of 1837, in which Giddings lost a great deal of money, caused him to cease practicing law. He ran for federal office and was elected to Congress, "with instructions to bring abolition into national focus in any way possible". Consistently re-elected to office, from December 1838 until March 1859, he served as a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing first Ohio's 16th district until 1843, and then Ohio's 20th district until 1859. Giddings ran first as a Whig, then as a Free-soiler, next as a candidate of the Opposition Party, and finally as a Republican. From 1838 until 1843, his district included the city of Youngstown. From 1843 to 1853, the boundaries were shifted northwest to include Cleveland and Youngstown was subtracted from his constituency; from 1853, Cleveland was again swapped for Youngstown.
For the start of the 1841 session Giddings and some of his colleagues, Seth M. Gates of New York, William Slade of Vermont, Sherlock J. Andrews of Ohio, and others, constituted themselves a Select Committee on Slavery, devoted to driving that institution to extinction by any parliamentary and political means, legitimate or otherwise. Not being an official committee, they met their operating expenses out of their own pockets. The expenses included the board and keep of Theodore Dwight Weld, the prominent Abolitionist lecturer, who researched and helped prepare the speeches by which the members excited public opinion against slavery at every opportunity. Their headquarters was in Mrs. Sprigg's boarding-house, directly in front of the Capitol, where Gates, Slade, Giddings, Weld, and the influential abolitionist minister Joshua Leavitt, lived during sessions of Congress; others gradually joined them. John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts was not a member of the committee, but acted as a powerful ally.
Giddings found an early opportunity to attack slavery when on February 9, 1841, he delivered a speech upon the Seminole War in Florida, insisting that it was waged in the interest of slavery.
In the Creole case of 1841, American slaves had revolted and forced the brig Creole into Nassau, Bahamas, where they gained freedom as Britain had abolished slavery in its territories in 1834. Southern slaveholders argued for the federal government to demand the return of the slaves or compensation.
Giddings emphasized that slavery was a state institution, with which the Federal government had no authority to interfere; he noted that slavery only existed by specific state enactments. For that reason, he contended that slavery in the District of Columbia and in the Territories was unlawful and should be abolished, as these were administered by the federal government. Similarly, he argued that the coastwise slave trade in vessels flying the national flag, like the international slave trade, should be rigidly suppressed as unconstitutional, as the states had no authority to extend slavery to ships on the high seas, and the federal government had no separate interest in it. He also held that Congress had no power to pass any act that in any way could be construed as a recognition of slavery as a national institution.
His statements in the Creole case attracted particular attention, as he had violated the notorious gag rule barring antislavery petitions. Former President John Quincy Adams led a campaign in the House of Representatives to repeal the gag rule.
The United States government attempted to recover the slaves from the Creole. Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State under President John Tyler, asserted that as the slaves were on an American ship, they were under the jurisdiction of the U.S., and by U.S. law they were property. Britain said they were free persons under its law.
On March 21, 1842, before the case was settled, Giddings introduced a series of resolutions in the House of Representatives. He asserted that in resuming their natural rights of personal liberty, the slaves violated no law of the U.S. He contended the US should not try to recover them, as it should not take the part of a state. For offering these resolutions, Giddings was attacked by numerous critics. The House formally censured him for violating the gag rule, refusing even to permit him to speak in his own defense. He resigned, appealing to his constituents, who immediately reelected him by an overwhelming margin of 7,469 to 383 in the special election to fill his seat. That was the widest margin of victory that had ever been achieved in a contest for a seat in the House of Representatives, in any Congress. The House abandoned any thought of disciplining Giddings, and his colleagues on the Select Committee on Slavery discovered that his impunity extended to them. With increasing anti-slavery agitation, the House repealed its "gag rule" three years later on December 3, 1844.
Giddings' daughter Lura Maria, an active Garrisonian, convinced her father to attend the meetings held by Garrison's followers, which heightened his anti-slavery position. William Lloyd Garrison was a spiritual as well as political leader. In the 1850s Giddings also adopted other progressive ideas, identifying with perfectionism, spiritualism, and religious radicalism. He claimed that his antislavery sentiments were based on a higher natural law, rather than just on the rights of the Constitution. Giddings called the caning of Senator Charles Sumner in the Senate by an opponent a crime "against the most vital principles of the Constitution, against the Government itself, against the sovereignty of Massachusetts, against the people of the United States, against Christianity and civilization." Many of these views were reflected in his noted "American Infidelity" speech of 1858.
Giddings often used violent language, and did not hesitate to encourage bloodshed. He talked about the justice of a slave insurrection and the duty of Northerners to fully support such an insurrection. He opposed the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and advised escaping slaves to shoot at their potential captors.
Giddings led the Congressional opposition by Free State politicians to any further expansion of slavery to the West. Accordingly, he condemned the annexation of Texas, the Mexican War, the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas–Nebraska Act, all of which contributed to expansion of slavery in the West. Following the war with Mexico, Giddings cast the only ballot against a resolution of thanks to General Zachary Taylor.
With increasing political activism related to slavery, Giddings shifted from the Whig party to the Free Soil Party, "which undoubtedly cost him a seat in the United States Senate", with the Whigs opposing him. In 1854–55, he became one of the leading founders of the Republican party. Giddings campaigned for John C. Frémont and Abraham Lincoln, although Giddings and Lincoln disagreed over the uses of extremism in the anti-slavery movement. Before the Civil War, he helped support the Underground Railroad to help fugitive slaves reach freedom. He was widely known (and condemned by some) for his egalitarian racial beliefs and actions.
On the eve of the war, a Virginia newspaper offered $10,000 for his seizure and shipment to Richmond, or $5,000 for his head alone.
In 1859 he was not renominated by the Republican Party to Congress. Giddings retired from Congress after a continuous service of more than twenty years. In 1861 he was appointed by Lincoln as U.S. consul general in Canada, and served there until his death at Montreal on May 27, 1864. He is buried at Oakdale Cemetery in Jefferson, Ohio.
Honors and legacy
Joshua R. Giddings Elementary School in Washington, DC was constructed in 1887 and named in his honor. It closed in the 1990s and now is a sports club and gym.
His law office in Jefferson, Ohio has been preserved as a National Historic Landmark.
A life-size bronze depiction of Giddings is featured inside the Cuyahoga County Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument.
Published works
Speeches in Congress (1853)
Reprinted with introduction by Arthur Thompson, University of Florida Press, 1964.
History of the Rebellion: Its Authors and Causes (1864).
Archival material
The Indiana State Library has a collection of his correspondence and memoirs. "The collection consists primarily of memoirs of Joshua R. Giddings. Also included are family correspondence (mainly between father and daughter Laura Giddings), journal entries by the elder Giddings, diaries of Laura, photographs, and a biography of Giddings by his daughter."
See also
Joshua R. Giddings Law Office National Historic Landmark
List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded
Notes
References
This work in turn cites:
Buel, Joshua R. Giddings (Cleveland, 1882)
Julian, George Washington, Life of Joshua R. Giddings (Chicago, 1892). Julian was his son-in-law.
Julian, George Washington. The Life of Joshua R. Giddings, A.C. McClurg & Company, 1892
Stewart, James Brewer, Joshua R. Giddings and the Tactics of Radical Politics, (Cleveland, 1970).
Further reading
External links
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1795 births
1864 deaths
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American legislators
Activists from Ohio
Censured or reprimanded members of the United States House of Representatives
Deans of the United States House of Representatives
Free Soil Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio
Members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Opposition Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio
Ohio Free Soilers
Ohio lawyers
Ohio Republicans
People from Ashtabula County, Ohio
People from Bradford County, Pennsylvania
People from Canandaigua, New York
People from Sandusky County, Ohio
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio
Underground Railroad people
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio
Abolitionists from Ohio |
54749641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Braverman | Maurice Braverman | Maurice Braverman (1916–2002) was a 20th-century American civil rights lawyer and some-time Communist Party member (and Party lawyer) who was convicted in 1952 under the Smith Act, served 28 of 36 months, then immediately faced disbarment, against which he fought in the 1970s and won reinstatement in Maryland (1974) and federal courts (1975).
Background
Maurice Louis Braverman was born to a Jewish family in Washington, DC, on February 1, 1916. His family moved to Baltimore, Maryland, when he was five years old. They lived above their family's grocery store on Jackson Street in South Baltimore.
In 1933, he received a BA from City College of New York (CCNY). He opened a grocery store in East Baltimore. In 1938, he started law school at the Baltimore School of Law; he drove taxi cabs to help pay tuition. In 1941, he received his law degree. (During law school, study of the Sacco & Vanzetti case aroused "civil libertarian feelings.")
A 1935 map of Baltimore City records Maurice L. Braverman as a resident of "3817 Lewin Ave., Baltimore, MD District 5, Ward 28." A 1940 census shows Maurice Braverman, 31, white male American, residing in Brooklyn Assembly District 2. In 1948, his law office was at 15 South Gay Street in Baltimore.
Career
Braverman was in civil service in several positions from 1939 to 1940. He worked in a post office in Baltimore for a few months. He worked in the U.S. War Department for a few months, and worked in the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
On October 7, 1941, Braverman passed the Maryland Bar and opened on his own office in Baltimore, where he would practice law for the next eleven years.
In 1943, he joined the Communist Party due to his anti-fascism and the fact that the USSR was by that time a member of the Allied Forces in World War II. He also stated that the Party provided education. "For the first time, I read history... The Party was a vehicle of great intellectual growth for me, a very rich part of my life."
In the 1940s, Braverman joined Max Angelson, Harry Angelson, and Ida Sperling as plaintiffs-appellants against the New York Rapid Transit Corporation.
Hiss Case
On August 26, 1948, Braverman appeared as counsel for Mr. and Mrs. William Rosen, involved in the sale of a Ford automobile once belonging to Alger Hiss during House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) hearings that were following the allegations of Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers.
After a short time, the committee attempted to turn Braverman from counsel to witness: Mr. Braverman: I am not on the stand.
Mr. Stripling: You are on the stand. In fact, I would suggest that the chairman swear counsel. I have a few questions I would like to ask counsel.
Mr. McDowell: Stand up and raise your right hand.
Mr. Braverman: I will stand up, but I refuse to be sworn in as a witness in this case. I am counsel.
Mr. McDowell: Get a subpoena.
Mr. Braverman: Mr. McDowell, will you permit me to call counsel?
Mr. McDowell: Well, no : there has been no action taken yet. Wait a minute.
Mr. Braverman: I would like to call counsel before I am subpoenaed.
Mr. McDowell: There has been no subpoena yet. Just wait a minute until you need counsel.
(...)
Mr. Stripling: You asked to call counsel. Are you prepared to testify if we subpoena you?
Mr. Braverman: I am not prepared.
Mr. Stripling: You are not prepared?
Mr. Braverman: I would like to state my reason, too.
Mr. Stripling: I can see, Mr. Chairman, that the witness would not testify and I suggest that we withhold the subpoena.
Mr. Braverman: I would like the opportunity of stating my reason, Mr. Stripling.
Mr. Stripling: For refusing to take the oath?
Mr. Braverman: Yes ; when it was asked of me.
Mr. Stripling: I ask you now : Will you take the oath?
Mr. Braverman: No, I won't.
Mr. Stripling: Why?
Mr. Braverman: For the simple reason that I am here representing Mr. Rosen. I think any attempt to put me under oath is an attempt to intimidate my client and hurt my professional relations between attorney and client. I have a perfect right to appear as attorney for my client, and I think the committee has no right to ask questions regarding relations between me and my client.
Mr. Stripling: We are not asking you about the relations between your client and yourself.
Mr. Braverman: I think any questions would be in that regard.
Mr. Stripling: We often swear counsel. In fact, we swore counsel yesterday in public hearing, and because you come here with a witness and seek to give him advice on how to answer questions doesn't give you any immunity.
Mr. Braverman: I haven't claimed that immunity. I am merely stating my position.
Mr. Stripling: You have refused. On September 8, 1948, Braverman appeared again before HUAC as counsel to Addie Rosen (Mrs. William Rosen). When Mrs. Rosen continued to refuse to answer questions by pleading the Fifth Amendment, the committee again turned on Braverman: The Chairman: Mr. Counsel, will you stand and be sworn? Please stand and be sworn, because we want to ask some questions about this matter and it is very important and we want sworn testimony.
Mr. Braverman: Mr. Thomas, I will state as I stated before, that I am not here as a witness. I am here as counsel.
The Chairman: From now on you are here as a witness.
Mr. Braverman: Before I appear as a witness I would like the privilege of consulting counsel and being represented by counsel before this committee.
The Chairman: Is your counsel present now?
Mr. Braverman: No.
The Chairman: Do you refuse to be sworn?
Mr. Braverman: I refuse to be sworn and appear as a witness until I have the right of counsel. I want counsel present to advise me.
The Chairman: I will have to insist that you be sworn now. Raise your right hand or I will hold you in contempt.
Mr. Braverman: I am sorry, I do not want to be in contempt of this committee, but if I am sworn as a witness I want the right to consult counsel.
The Chairman: We want to ask you two or three simple little questions and we think the testimony should be sworn testimony, so if you will just please oblige the committee by raising your right hand.
Mr. Braverman: If this committee will allow me the right to have counsel present when I am here as a witness, I will be happy to be sworn as a witness.
Mr. Stripling: The witness has just given the committee a dissertation of his familiarity with the rights and privileges of witnesses. I don't think he needs counsel.
(...)
Mr. Stripling: Are you going to appear with Mr. Rosen tomorrow ?
Mr. Braverman: I understood he was going to appear today.
Mr. Stripling: It will be tomorrow.
Mr. Braverman: I have been retained by Mr. Rosen.
Mr. Stripling: We will serve a subpena on you at the direction of the chairman to appear tomorrow. So bring counsel with you also.
(...)
Mr. Stripling: Mr. McDowell, here is what I think is the situation : We know that the Communist Party got in touch with Rosen before he appeared before this committee, and we know that the Communist Party sent his lawyer Braverman to accompany her. We also know that that signature which appears on this assignment of title is not that of William Rosen. We do know that William Rosen and his wife, Mrs. Rosen, are and have been members of the Communist Party. On September 9, 1948, Braverman appeared again before HUAC, both as counsel to Rosen and as witness himself. After counseling Rosen, HUAC swore him in. Serving as his counsel were Joseph Forer (the best known pro-Communist lawyer in Washington and prominent member of the local chapter of the National Lawyers Guild) and Mitchell A. Dubow (future district judge in Minnesota).
Once on the stand as witness and his background discussed, Braverman found himself accused of Communism: Mr. Stripling: Are you a member of the Communist Party?
Mr. Braverman: Mr. Chairman, I want to state here that the only reason I am before this committee is because I came here representing a witness. The committee has not been satisfied with the way that witness appeared here, and has called me here to harass me, to intimidate me, to intimidate my clients.
Any questions that go into my private, personal, or political life go to the root of the attorney and client relationship. That is the only reason that I am here before this committee, and I say that this committee has no right to ask me that question.
(...)
Mr. Stripling: Are you a member of the Communist Party, Mr. Braverman?
Mr. Braverman: I repeat my answer, Mr. Stripling, and I refuse to state—I refuse to answer that question on the ground of the first amendment, which gives me the right of freedom of speech; freedom of assembly, and freedom of association; and the fifth amendment, the amendment providing for self-incrimination.
Mr. Stripling: Self-incrimination. Are you pleading self-incrimination?
Mr. Braverman: I will repeat my answer, Mr. Stripling.
Mr. Stripling: I want this straight. Are you pleading self-incrimination?
Mr. Braverman: I am pleading the fifth amendment to the Constitution.
(...)
Mr. Stripling: Did you know Albert E. Blumberg?
Mr. Braverman: Yes : I know Mr. Blumberg.
Mr. Stripling: How well do you know Mr. Blumberg?
Mr. Braverman: He is a client of mine.
Mr. Stripling: A client of yours? Have you ever represented the Communist Party?
Mr. Braverman: Yes, I have represented the Communist Party.
Mr. Stripling: How many times have you represented the Communist Party?
Mr. Braverman: I do not know. Offhand, I cannot say.
(...)
Mr. Stripling: Mr. Chairman, I have certain information here which I do not wish to introduce at this time. I want to introduce it in open session. I have no further questions.
I recommend that this witness also be cited for contempt of the committee. (Albert E. Blumberg (1906 – October 8, 1997) of Baltimore was an American philosopher and political activist. He was an official of the Communist Party for several years before joining the Democratic Party as a district leader.)
In 1950, Braverman's name and address (15 South Gay Street, Baltimore) appeared in a HUAC investigative report, showing him as a member of the National Lawyers Guild.
Arrest, conviction, disbarment
In April 1951, the trial of Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg ended in conviction and death sentence. In the wake of many anti-communist trials (in 1949 alone the Smith Act/Foley Square, Judith Coplon, and Alger Hiss trials), the Communist Party's National Committee ordered top leaders to make themselves "unavailable." These included Maryland leader Alfred Blumberg. During the summer of 1951, more than 40 people received subpoenas to appear before HUAC. Hearings ran June 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, and July 11, 13, 1951. During the first six days of hearings, newspapers reported that witnesses balked answering questions.
On July 11, 1951, Mary Stalcup Markward, an FBI undercover agent in the Communist Party, testified. (After consulting earlier in the year with HUAC, the Party heard and expelled her in February 1951.) She named Braverman: Mr. Tavenner: You mentioned the name of Maurice Braverman as an attorney for the Communist Party in Baltimore. Was he a member at any time of the executive committee of which you were a member?
Mrs. Markward: He was a member of the district committee. He was the lawyer who handled the business of the legacy for the Communist Party.
Mr. Tavenner: Mr. Braverman is also one of those who has appeared before this committee, I believe back in 1948, and refused to testify. Do you recall any of the circumstances about his appearance, that is, as to discussions about the position he would take when he appeared before this committee?
Mrs. Markward: I don't recall. I wasn't involved in that especially...
Maurice Braverman often attended the meetings of the board, particularly during election campaigns. He was particularly active with the political-action committee of the organization.
Braverman had already appeared as counsel to Herbert Kransdorf (June 19, 1951), Michael Howard (June 20, 1951), Peter Edward Forrest (June 26, 1951), and Eli Isadore Schwartz (June 28, 1951). Given opportunity to respond to Markward, Braverman's allegation, Braverman stated, ""I wouldn't have an answer to any stool pigeon." U.S. Representative Francis E. Walter, a HUAC member, retorted, "You may regard her as a stool pigeon, but I regard her as a great American." Three witnesses before the HUAC alleged that Braverman was a Communist Party member.
Later during that month, his wife later said, Braverman became aware that FBI agents were following him. Thanks to his experience as a taxi cab driver, he was able to elude them by car. On August 7, 1951, fearing imminent arrest, he went to New York to seek advice from an attorney. He recounted later, "He just laughed at me. 'They're arresting leaders. Are you a leader?' 'No.' 'Are you a member of the Politburo.' 'No.' 'Did they arrest 300 members?' 'No, they're just arresting leaders.' 'Then why will they arrest you?' Hearing of the arrest that day of George Meyers and DC branch head Roy Wood, he flew back to Baltimore: at 1:07 A.M. on August 8, 1951, upon arrival at Friendly Airport in Baltimore, Braverman was arrested and indicted. Philip Frankfeld and Dorothy Rose Blumberg were arrested in New York, Regina Frankfeld in Cleveland. As historian Vern Pederson has noted, "The six arrests were part of the Justice Department's Smith Act prosecution of local, 'second string' Party leaders from California, Pennsylvania, and Hawaii as well as Maryland." All six posted bail; FBI agents followed them around the clock, seven days a week–even sitting next to them in movies and calling them cabs home. Harold Buchman represented the six; United States Attorney for the District of Maryland Bernard J. Flynn prosecuted.
On April 1, 1952, Braverman and five other alleged Communists were convicted in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland for "conspiracy to teach and advocate and to organize the overthrow of the government by force or violence in violation of §2 of the Smith Act, 18 U.S.C.A. 2385." Prosecutor Flynn called out Braverman in particular as Communist official. Braverman received a fine of $1,000 and a sentence of imprisonment for three years. He served time in Lewisburg Penitentiary in the same area as Alger Hiss. Meanwhile, his family faced harassment from the FBI. They typically called his wife's place of work every few weeks for no apparent reason [implied: intimidation]. Braverman was released after 28 months and was released on May 19, 1955.
"As the result of a petition filed by the Bar Association of Baltimore City, Braverman was disbarred from the further practice of law by order of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City dated June 28, 1955." Disbarment included both state and federal courts. To earn a living, he became a bookkeeper and accountant to small businesses. He left the Party. He joined other groups: the New Democratic Coalition, St. John's Council on Criminal Justice, and the Baltimore Free University.
Reinstatement
In the early 1970s, Braverman began a long legal battle to regain admission to the bar. He asked the Maryland chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) for help; they agreed. His lawyers included John C. Roemer III of the ACLU, and Stanley Mazeroff.
The ACLU's case for Braverman made national news on January 15, 1974, when filed. The case continued to attract national attention during that year. John F. King served as Braverman's counsel.
On October 1, 1973, the Court of Appeals of Maryland ordered referral of his petition for reinstatement to practice law in the state for an evidentiary hearing to a three-judge panel, which followed on October 15, 1973. The panel recommended reinstatement. On March 1, 1974, the Court of Appeals of Maryland, ordered Maurice L. Braverman reinstated as a member of the Bar of Maryland.
From 1974 to 1976, he continued to seek the right practice in federal court. In 1975, a panel of all of Baltimore's federal judges turned him down by a vote of 6–3. On April 9, 1976, C. Christopher Brown and Harold P. Dwin of Baltimore argued Braverman's case, with the National Lawyers Guild as amicus curiae (Doron Weinberg, Joseph Forer, and David Rein). On November 9, 1976, a federal appellate court in Richmond, Virginia, reversed that decision and he was free to practice in federal courts.
Personal and death
Braverman married Jeanette Block, with whom he had two daughters (one died in 1991); they divorced. In 1981, he married Myrna Lapides (who also had a daughter from a previous marriage). In 1985, they moved to Israel. In 2000, they returned to Maryland and lived in Elkton. Braverman also had a granddaughter.
Braverman attributed his arrest and conviction to his calling FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover a "fag" on a tapped telephone line.
From at least 1953 through 1972, the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of the Attorney General noted the existence of a "Maurice Braverman Defense Committee." By 1972, the Government had concluded that "Pursuant to section 12(i) of Executive Order 10450 as amended by Executive Order No. 11605, issued July 2, 1971, 36 P.R. 12831, the Attorney General, by counsel, petitions this Board for a determination that the Maurice Braverman Defense Committee has ceased to exist... The last known address of the above-named organization was Box 2616, Arlington Station, Baltimore 15, MD".
In the 1970s, Braverman became associated with the East Bank Havurah.
Braverman died age 86 of pneumonia in Elkton, Maryland, on March 25, 2002. Myrna Lapides Braverman, a longtime philatelist, died on August 16, 2013.
(At present, there is no known relationship between Maurice Braverman and Harry Braverman (1920–1976), a Marxist economist based in New York City.)
Legacy
Communist Party of Maryland
In 1991, the Baltimore Sun ran an article that assessed the state of the Communist Party of Maryland at that time: Baltimore's Communist Party traces it origins to a strike against the B&O Railroad in 1877... In the 1930s, Baltimore was designated by national party leaders as District 4 and was made up of about 20 "cells"... The party focused its recruiting on companies with many blue-collar workers... Often, national leaders such as Earl Browder and William Z. Foster were guest speakers. The party held rallies... and fielded candidates in local elections... After World War II... most of Baltimore's communists went underground. They maintained low-profile headquarters, successively, on Eutaw Street, Franklin Street and in the 200 block Liberty Street... The communist witch hunts of the late 1940s and early '50s were not among the city's shining hours. In 1949, complying with laws requiring loyalty oaths and federal acts that effectively outlawed the party, city, state and federal authorities began to arrest known communists and to sentence them to jail, often for minor or fabricated crimes. Among those who served time were Maurice Braverman, the party's lawyer; Leroy H. Wood, its treasurer and George A. Meyers, a long-time local and national party leader. In 1952, Meyers spent 30 days in jail for refusing to name others in the party. One Evening Sun headline of the time: "FBI Informer Calls Meyers Key State Red." What was left of the membership lacked the resources to carry on. Postwar prosperity and ideological differences with Soviet communism proved too much for Baltimore's communists, and the local party all but disappeared...1970s, and winning restatement in Maryland (1974) and federal courts (1975). (Note that the Sun calls Braverman a Party lawyer.)
Hiss Case postscript
After the article "Suspecting Alger Hiss" appeared in the New York Review of Books on April 20, 1978, Braverman spoke to its author, Garry Wills. (Wills, formerly a writer for William F. Buckley, Jr.'s magazine National Review, had expressed disbelief in Hiss's innocence, calling him a "man drab with the proper virtues," yet often found "telling odd little needless lies, or suffering inexplicable 'blackouts' of memory.) Calling himself a "civil rights lawyer," Braverman explained that he had served time in the Lewisburg prion with Alger Hiss. When the two met there, Braverman introduced himself as counsel to William Rosen in August 1948, to which Hiss replied curtly, "I know." Wills notes that most innocent people would have expressed great interest in talking to someone who might have details in helping their case. When Hiss was about to be released, Braverman told him the Communist Party would expect him make a statement. Hiss concurred, and Braverman wrote him a first draft. Wills concluded that Hiss "behaved like one still serving the Party."
See also
National Lawyers Guild
Communist Party of the USA
House Un-American Activities Committee
Smith Act
McCarthyism
References
External sources
Library of Congress – photo of Maurice Braverman with client Harold L. Round before HUAC (1951)
The Washington Post
photo of Maurice Braverman (1974)
UW Oshkosh Today – Harold L. Round (2008)
Braverman v. Bar Association of Baltimore
1916 births
2002 deaths
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Members of the Communist Party USA
City College of New York alumni
University of Baltimore School of Law alumni
American civil servants
American activists
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel
20th-century American lawyers
Anti-communism in the United States
Jewish socialists
Lawyers from Baltimore
Maryland socialists
Jewish American attorneys
Jewish anti-fascists
Deaths from pneumonia in Maryland |
71392524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20cavalry | Brazilian cavalry | The Brazilian cavalry is one of the branches that make up the Brazilian Army. It operates in armored vehicles and, like the infantry, has the role of directly confronting the enemy, but with distinct missions such as reconnaissance and vanguard. It is organized into regiments and squadrons, which are equivalent to the infantry's battalions and companies. Its main types are tank (Leopard 1 and M60), mechanized (with wheeled vehicles — EE-9 Cascavel, EE-11 Urutu and VBTP-MR Guarani), armored (with tracked vehicles — tanks and the M-113) and guard (on horseback). Its troops serve in vehicle crews or as fusiliers on board, who can also fight on foot.
Brazil has had cavalry on horseback since the colonial period, standing out in the South. It had different forms and origins, such as the social elite in the Milícias and Ordenanças, the Regular Regiment of Cavalry of Minas, with a police character, the peon militias on Brazil's southern borders and the Guarani and German Lancers. Officers from Rio Grande do Sul preferred the cavalry branch during the Empire of Brazil era and in the Military School of Realengo (1912–1945), among them the patron of the cavalry Manuel Luís Osório (1808–1879), who distinguished himself during the Paraguayan War. Material difficulties hampered the maintenance of horses during campaigns.
Horses became obsolete in the 20th century world wars, being replaced in industrialized countries by motorized, mechanized and armored forces. In Brazil the process was lengthy, and traditionalists argued that the country's economy and infrastructure were insufficient to sustain full mechanization. In the 50's and 60's mechanized forces coexisted with horses. Only during the 1970s reforms the war industry had developed enough to retire horses. As in some other countries, the change did not extinguish the cavalry branch: its armored vehicles have capabilities and roles similar to those of horses, while the traditions of the cavalrymen remain in part inherited from the horseback period. Since then, its technological level depends on the acquisition of new generations of vehicles. As in neighboring countries, they are not of the latest generation.
Most of the corps are grouped into five brigades, four in the South and one in the Central-West region. Infantry brigades also have some cavalry forces, including specialized squadrons — parachute, airmobile and jungle squadrons. A division-based organization lasted from the 1921 reform until the 1970s, when it gave way to the current brigades, each with, in addition to cavalry, artillery, engineering and logistics forces. Four cavalry brigades are mechanized, with mechanized and armored regiments, and one is armored, with tank regiments and armored infantry battalions.
Basic concepts
Troops can be classified into infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineering and logistics. The first four are called armas (branches), and the last one is divided into "cadres", "services" and other names. Cavalry and infantry are "base" branches, that is, they directly face the enemy, unlike support branches: artillery and engineering; its units are then called "maneuver" units. The cavalry has its own terminology for its ranks: squadrons and regiments. The former are equivalent to infantry companies and artillery batteries, and the latter to infantry battalions and artillery groups. So-called "mechanized" forces use wheeled armored vehicles, while "armored" forces use tracked armored vehicles.
Cavalry traditionally goes to the front, flank or rear of the main force, with missions such as security (e.g. avoiding ambushes), reconnaissance, connection, penetration, command recovery, withdrawal etc. Many armies still give the designation of cavalry to units with these responsibilities. Despite the technological difference between horses and armor, they share attributes such as mobility. The "shock" power, characteristic of the heavy cavalry, exists today in the tanks and is produced by the combination of mobility, armor and firepower. Added to these characteristics is a communications system capable of coordinating forces dispersed over great distances. In the Brazilian Army, the cavalry is the branch that most represents fire and movement together, and it is the one that operates the heavy means ahead of the offensives.
These vehicles' characteristics are also attributed to armored transports such as the Urutu. They carry "mechanized" and "armored" fusiliers that can fight on board the vehicle or disembarked, accompanying it on foot. The fusiliers are a kind of embarked infantry, just like the ancient dragoons (mounted infantry), who fought on foot or on horseback (i.e., embarked). Analogies with horse-mobile cavalry are also made between tanks and cuirassiers and between lighter armored vehicles and lancers, uhlans and hussars.
The officers of each branch remain in it for the entire career. At the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN) the differentiation occurs when, still as cadets, they are called at the beginning of the 2nd year in order of school classification to choose which branch they will follow, then enrolling in their respective course, such as the Cavalry Course. Those lowest ranked are "compulsed" to fill the remaining positions.
History
Horseback period
Colonial Brazil
The governors-general of the State of Brazil used cavalry forces against amerindians in Bahia and Espírito Santo in the mid-16th century, with the first combat recorded in Porto Grande, near Pirajá, Bahia, on 26 May 1555. The first decisive use was in the war against the Tupiniquins in 1558–1559. However, horses were scarce, expensive and the privilege of a few settlers. In the first two centuries the maintenance of cavalry units was difficult. The existing network of fortifications was much more useful for the defense of the territory than the cavalry.
The post-Restoration Portuguese Empire (1640) had an army divided between Regular Corps, professional and paid, and two categories of territorial and unpaid character, the Auxiliary Corps/Milícias and the Irregular Corps/Ordenanças. Both spent most of their time in their civilian occupations and were divided into units of whites, pardos and freed slaves. Several militia cavalry companies fought the Dutch invasions of Brazil and a squadron participated in the first battle of Guararapes in 1648.
The Ordenanças of horsemen (only Regulars and Auxiliaries used the term "cavalry") had a social elite character in the 16th and 17th centuries. In 18th century Minas Gerais, among the Cavalry Auxiliaries and Ordenanças on horseback, there were no units of pardos or freed slaves. Both gave priority to the richest and noblest men. Regular cavalry emerged in the early 18th century, at first as mounted infantry of a police character. In the gold cycle, several companies of dragoons were formed from 1719 onwards. They were consolidated in 1775 into the Regular Regiment of Cavalry of Minas, funded by the local power — the Captaincy of Minas Gerais itself — and ancestor of the Minas Gerais Military Police.
Throughout the colonial period, cavalry was recruited from different social strata. In colonial Rio Grande do Sul, a militarized, frontier and pastoral society, the cavalry militia was constituted with peons. It was commanded by its ranchers "like the contingents of feudal barons"; they were charismatic leaders who organized the force from their own lands. Mobilized only for war or to fight indigenous peoples, the troops did not follow orthodox military discipline, increasing and decreasing with desertions and admissions. The peons were well adapted to the terrain and riding; they improvised spears and lived in a society where the horse was of great importance. The militias were almost all cavalry, but as in the rest of the country, there was little regular cavalry. In the 18th century, a Dragoon and an Auxiliary regiment appeared in the captaincy. Another southern phenomenon was the recruitment of indigenous people as lancers; these indigenous people were forming nomad societies based on horses. With the transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil a regiment of Guarani lancers was created in the Missões region.
Then prince regent John of Portugal deemed cavalry necessary to ensure the country's military capabilities, and several regiments were created in the early 19th century. They were armed with 17mm and 19mm Tower or Brown Bess flintlock carbines, 19mm flintlock pistols, spears and sabres.
Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil abandoned the denomination of "dragoons", reorganizing the forces into seven numbered cavalry regiments. These were considered light, but sometimes southern units were considered spearmen for using this weapon, such as the German Lancers. The spear, adopted in 1826, was a novelty inspired by European spearmen and gaucho militiamen. Until then, dragoons only used sabers and carbines and did not take advantage of the shock power of mounted charges. The doctrine in use was Beresford's: offensive role and mounted combat, without dismounting. During the reign of Pedro II, the weapons in use were fulminant carbines, Minié, of various brands and weights; sabres, Colt and Lefaucheux revolvers; Minié pommel pistols and spears.
With their own opinions and experience, cavalrymen were held in low esteem by intellectuals in the capital. There was the saying: "as in the cavalry, fast and badly done". The current patron of the branch, marshal Manuel Luís Osório, served during this period. He was a gaucho (from Rio Grande do Sul) and a typical rancher-commander. Gauchos predominated in the ranks and location of the regiments; they were excellent cavalrymen. The gaucho lancers, nicknamed "centaurs of the pampas", are emblematic of the wars in the south of the country. Horses were trained "wildly" and treated insensitively. Along with the poor quality of Portuguese saddles and food, they weakened over time and each soldier had to take two or three horses to campaign. They could be abandoned on the way. Horse theft was practiced both by Brazilian gauchos and by neighboring Argentines and Uruguayans. In the southern wars from 1825 to 1870, horses were of a low breed standard and climatic, environmental, sanitary, and logistical conditions were appalling. Added to the conditions of the terrain, in many cases cavalrymen fought on foot during the Paraguayan War. Even so, in suitable terrain they still attacked mounted, as in the large cavalry charges performed at the battle of Avay.
It was in the Paraguayan campaign that the gaucho lancers reached their peak, and at the same time, the use of spears went into decline. The regiments, in the French manner, had a squadron of dragoons with carbines and the rest of lancers. Under the command of the Duke of Caxias the proportion of lancers dropped from 3/4 to 2/3, but failures with new firearms in general led to more primitive tactics: in the battle of Avay general Osório was one of the last to defeat infantry squares in a "cold iron" charge, with only sabres and spears. After 1869, when command of the Imperial Brazilian Army was given to the Count of Eu, firearms were once again valued. Carbine squadrons were separated from lancers and grouped into ad hoc units. They had great success with the modern Spencer carbine. After the war the infantry lost the distinction between caçadores and fusileiros. The cavalry, following the experience and observing what happened in Europe, could have given equal preparation to shock action and dismounted combat, but this did not consolidate, returning to the mixed configuration.
Republican period
The Rio Grande do Sul preference for cavalry remained at the Military School of Realengo, the predecessor of AMAN, where officers were trained after 1913. Cadets with better grades chose their branch at the end of the 2nd year. Cavalry was the third most disputed, behind Artillery and Engineering (in ascending order). The Infantry typically took the lowest grade students. Many northeastern cadets joined the southerners under José Pessoa (1930–1934), a cavalryman from Paraíba.
Lancers were still important in the Federalist Revolution (1893–1895), but in that decade they could be easily hit at long range. The use of the spear was minimal in the following decades. The Army even acquired the Ehrardt spear in 1908, only adopting firearms for the entire troop in 1917. In 1910, a presidential decree provided for a Veterinary School and a Veterinary Staff in the Army Health Corps, thus responding to the unhealthy conditions observed in the campaigns over the previous century. At the time of Pandiá Calogeras' tenure at the Ministry of War (1919–1922), the Army's material shortcomings were also felt in the cavalry. Many soldiers were occupied with the creation, reproduction and treatment of horses to the detriment of instruction, making large exercises in the field extremely rare. With the high rate of loss of horses in a war, the minister speculated that in a fortnight the cavalry would be fighting on foot.
One of the iconic moments of the 1930 Revolution was when the gaucho revolutionaries tied their horses to the obelisk on Rio Branco Avenue, in Rio de Janeiro, representing their triumph over the ruling power in the capital. The obelisk, an icon of central power, was reduced to "a mere platform to tie up horses", symbols of Rio Grande do Sul.
Animal traction was not exclusive to cavalry, being widely used by other branches. The artillery, for example, moved its guns in yoke of oxen, which was easily observable until the late 1930s. In 1939-1940, at the beginning of World War II, the Army had a predicted strength of 36,383 horses, with 22,810 actually existing, dispersed throughout the military regions. This required stud farms, remounts, breeding and veterinary supplies warehouses, a hospital, infirmaries, isolation rooms, pharmacies, blacksmiths, forage cultivation and animal purchases. The poor state of the barracks was noted by general José Pessoa when he was appointed inspector of the Cavalry in 1939. In his assessment, the Argentine cavalry would be superior to the Brazilian cavalry during a war. The problem was broader, in the country's equine farming, and thus also under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1958 the individual armaments of a squadron of horseback cavalry riflemen were swords, carbines, saber-daggers, semi-automatic rifles, pistols, revolvers, submachine guns, and hand and rifle grenades. The collective weapons were the Madsen 1935-F submachine gun, the 60mm mortar and rocket launchers.
Mechanization (1938–1986)
The two world wars highlighted the obsolescence of the horse on the battlefield and its domination by mechanized vehicles. Two technological advances were in progress, motorization and mechanization, which can be respectively defined as the adoption of transport materials, such as trucks and tractors, and combat materials, such as the tank and armored vehicles. For the cavalry, mechanization was a radical change that retired its main instrument, the horse. After 1940, the branch faced extinction, but it had an alternative: to embrace mechanization, recognizing the tank as the horse's successor and continuing its former armor, shock and mobility capabilities. The world military powers replaced horse cavalry with mechanized forces, although some cavalry units retained their designations. The "cavalry" of the following decades was based on cutting-edge technology. However, horses continued to be used in peripheral countries.
Brazilian mechanization began with the adoption of the Renault FT-17 by the Companhia de Carros de Assalto (1921–1932). It was attached to the 1st Infantry Division and served to support the infantry, according to the French doctrine at the time. At the beginning of the interwar period, the tank's role was open, appearing with infantry and even artillery; some argued that it should form a branch of its own. Years later and until 1970, the same French concept appeared in the Light Tank Battalions, which belonged to the infantry.
The next steps were the Moto-Mechanization Section of the General Staff of the Army and the creation of the Squadron of Auto-Machine Guns of Reconnaissance in 1938, equipped with the Italian Fiat Ansaldo L3/35 tankette and belonging to the cavalry. During World War II, from 1941 to 1942 Brazil received a lot of American mechanized material through Lend-Lease. The flow was resumed in 1952 with the signing of the Brazil-United States Military Agreement. The cavalry's participation in the Brazilian Expeditionary Force consisted of a squadron equipped with jeeps and M8 Greyhound armored vehicles. The entry of hundreds of WWII American tanks — M3 Stuarts, M3 Lees, M4 Shermans, M8 Greyhounds and M3 Scout Cars, supplemented in the 1960s with the M41 Walker Bulldog light tank from the 1950s, allowed the creation of a Motomechanized Division (1943), converted into an Armored Division nucleus (1946) and raised to a full division in 1957.
Armored vehicles coexisted with horse cavalry: in 1960, out of 27 cavalry regiments, 17 were on horseback. The 1946 Law on the Organization of Cadres and Effectives left only horse and motorized forces in the cavalry branch, classifying mechanized units as "armored troops", while the 1957 decree included them in the cavalry. There was the threat of the creation of an independent armored branch, as occurred in Germany and the United States.
Also at stake were the traditions of the branch, the careers of cavalrymen and veterinarians, and the future of the horses. A faction of officers who defended the tradition wanted its permanence, even if they partially admitted motomechanization. The debate had been raging since World War II. The blitzkrieg demonstrated the value of armor, while horse supporters used the feats of the Red Army's cavalry to their advantage. Until the 1960s, traditionalists argued on the basis of the inferior mobility and versatility of mechanized forces in difficult terrain and rainy weather, as well as the material infeasibility of sustaining them. The material argument was:
There is mention of a military movement on horseback from Quaraí, in southwestern Rio Grande do Sul, to the Harmonia region during the 1964 coup d'état, but what happened in the 1961 Legality Campaign, the 1964 coup, the 1965 Três Passos Guerrilla and combating contraband was motorized transport, even if in requisitioned civilian vehicles. Motorization and mechanization took place in the armies of neighboring countries and were widespread in the Korean and Vietnam wars. Over the years reluctant officers were gradually replaced by new generations open to mechanization.
At the same time, the arguments against mechanization were deflated by the "vertiginous progress" of the Brazilian economy. In the 60s and 70s, local automobile and war industries and the Army's research projects made it possible to nationalize most of the unarmored vehicles, modernize the American armored vehicles in use and manufacture armored vehicles on wheels: the EE-9 Cascavel and EE-11 Urutu from Engesa, respectively for reconnaissance and transport. National vehicles finally equipped the cavalry. Likewise, infantry was also motorized and mechanized. By 1973, mechanization had transformed most regiments, reaching the last ones in Mato Grosso do Sul in 1985–1986. Late mechanization was a Latin American trend; Mexico and Chile also had horse cavalry in the 1980s.
In the new cavalry platoons, Cascavel and Urutu served together, complementing each other. Their similarity of parts facilitated logistics and maintenance. The horses were kept in three guard regiments, of historical value, and in some schools. The designation of "cavalry" was merely added with adjectives such as "mechanized" and "armored". Training of cavalry officers continued, as did reconnaissance and vanguard duties. In this way the tradition survived in part, it was reconciled with modernization and the branch continued to exist.
Modernizations (1979–)
After mechanization, a new and equally great opportunity arose with helicopters. Carrying soldiers and having great mobility and maneuverability, they were employed by the Americans in Vietnam as "air cavalry". Some Brazilian cavalrymen saw it as the next evolution after armored cavalry, but the helicopter units that the Army created from 1986 onwards did not belong to the cavalry. That role fell to Army Aviation and airmobile infantry.
The local industry accumulated experience modernizing American vehicles and in 1979 it began the development of a national tank, the Tamoyo, in response to the Tanque Argentino Mediano. Thouguh not a cutting-edge technology, it was suited to national limitations. To accompany it came the Charrua APC as a successor for the M-113. The Tamoyo had a more advanced alternative, aimed at the international market, the EE-T1 Osório. None of the three vehicles were purchased and the local war industry went into crisis in the 1990s.
The "Delta Doctrine" for a conventional war outside the Amazon, one of the hypotheses adopted by the Army in 1996, prioritized armored and mechanized forces. By then, these forces were outdated both infantry and cavalry. In the same year, the Armored Instruction Center was founded to prepare the human resources (sergeants and officers) of the armored troops. As the M41 was already old, the only option was to import new tanks. In the late 90's Brazil bought the M60 A3 TTS and the Leopard 1A1. Without a proper import of maintenance parts for the Leopard, in 2009–2010 the first batches of a better version arrived, the Leopard 1A5. They are much more advanced tanks than the M41 and have led to the expansion of logistical capabilities. However, maintenance, unlike acquisition, is expensive, there is no technology transfer and the models are outdated. The Tamoyo, M60 and Leopard 1 are 2nd generation, while the Osório and 80's and 90's contemporaries like the M1 Abrams and Leopard 2 are 3rd generation.
Scouts, lighter elements of mechanized cavalry, rely on jeeps, while more modern armies would use light armour. Its electro-optronic material was assessed as obsolete in 2020. Cascavel and Urutu served more than 25–40 years after production, becoming technologically outdated; thus, in 1998 the Army began its planning for a new family of wheeled tanks. The Urutu was replaced by the new domestically produced VBTP-MR Guarani in 2014–2022, leaving only five units in service. The Guarani also serves the new mechanized infantry. The Cascavel had its successor chosen in 2022: the Centauro II tank destroyer with a 120mm cannon, in a gradual replacement over 15 years. The purchase was challenged in court on budgetary grounds. The M-113 remains as the tracked transport of armored cavalry, while other armies would use an infantry fighting vehicle such as the Bradley in its place. The maintenance contract for the Leopard 1A5 BR expires in 2027, requiring a replacement in the future. In the conflicts of the 2020s, such as the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, more modern tanks than the Brazilian Leopard 1, but used with tactical errors, suffered heavy casualties against anti-tank weapons and drones.
Traditions
General José Pessoa considered cavalry "the branch par excellence of tradition". There is the belief in the "nobility" of the Brazilian Cavalry, which brings it closer to the medieval one, however, defined not by the feudal elite character of its predecessor but by certain behavioral traits ("elegance, loyalty and audacity"). An anthropological survey with AMAN cadets in the late 1980s identified as values attributed to cavalry "speed, combativeness, courage, flexibility, determination, detachment, willingness to overcome obstacles, 'no frills'". The soldiers of the other branches have negative stereotypes of the cavalrymen as "brutes and troublemakers" and the spirit of the branch as "fast and badly done".
Another link to the medieval past is the spur-issuing initiation ritual. Traditions were centered on the horse as an instrument of war and included riding, a close bond between cavalryman and his mount, and appropriate weaponry. Active duty officers had the right to keep a private horse on Army facilities. The centuries-old stories of the regiments and songs are also part of the tradition. A tradition that emerged with mechanization is the use of the black berets, traditional in armored forces around the world. It dates from the British Army in 1924 and is suitable for a tank crew, not obstructing the view in the narrow visors or exposing oil stains. In Brazil it was first adopted in Bagé in 1968.
The patron saint is Saint George, chosen in the mid-20th century. Sometimes represented "on horseback, with a flaming spear, attacking and defeating a dragon", he is associated with martial values since the Middle Ages and venerated by Brazilian military in general, as in the cavalry of the Rio de Janeiro Military Police. The branch's symbol was, during the Empire of Brazil, the number of the regiment between two dragons similar to those of the House of Braganza. In the 1880s, badges with two crossed swords appeared. With the abandonment of monarchical symbology after the proclamation of the republic in 1889, it became two crossed spears with pennants.
The patron, marshal Manuel Luís Osório, the Marquis of Herval (1808–1879), led the Allied forces to victory at the battle of Tuyutí on 24 May 1866 during the Paraguayan War. In the following decades he became a prestigious figure in the Army as a whole, receiving greater reverence than Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, the Duke of Caxias. The primacy of Caxias, today the Army's patron, was built in the 1920s and 1930s. Tenentism and the repeated insurrections of the troops led the military leaders of the end of the Old Republic and the Vargas Era to promote Caxias' figure, associated with the struggles for national unity. They sought to value a legalistic and apolitical profile that would restore the Army's unity. From the 1940s onwards, Osório took on the position of patron of the Cavalry. Before consolidating this position, it was attributed to Joaquim de Andrade Neves, a contemporary of Osório, in the book Grandes soldados do Brasil.
The word "cavalry" is attributed by Brazilian cavalrymen, including in official publications, to Sanskrit akva. This etymology was introduced in 1942 by lieutenant colonel Arthur Carnaúba based on a book by captain Serpa Soares, of the Portuguese Army. According to Soares, the word originally meant combat in advantage of position, in war chariots and later on the back of mounts. In Latin, it would have originated the terms aequa and aequus, for horses. Thus, cavalry did not come from the horse, justifying the continuity of the term for a mechanized weapon. However, the proposed etymology has no solid theoretical basis; it is not necessarily wrong, but it lacks in-depth studies. Spanish, Italian, and French dictionaries consider the word to be derived from the word for horse.
Organization
Cavalry regiments are classified into tank, armored with tanks and other armored vehicles on tracks, mechanized with wheeled armored vehicles or guard with horses. There are specialized squadrons in the parachute, airmobile and jungle brigades. Brigades are either armored or mechanized, the Armored Cavalry Brigade being identical to the Armored Infantry Brigade.
Regiments
The 1915 Cavalry Regiment, battalion sized following Portuguese tradition, was organized into an HQ and four sabre squadrons, reduced to three in 1928 and renamed Mounted Rifle Squadrons ( "fuzileiros") in 1943. New types of squadrons appeared in 1932 (machine guns) and 1943 (mortars and antitank guns).
Mechanization generated new types of units in the 1940s. Mounted infantry became the Motorized Cavalry Regiments (RCM), and Tank Battalions (BCC) and Mechanized Reconnaissance Squadrons and Regiments (Esqd or R Rec Mec) were created. The RCM was effectively motorized infantry. Mechanized Reconnaissance used lighter armored vehicles and, in addition to reconnaissance, also carried out offensive, defensive and security missions. The name was inappropriately influenced by American doctrine. The BCC had medium armor. Its name was also an impropriety, as what the Americans called a "battalion", the Brazilian cavalry traditionally called a "regiment". A heavy armored battalion was also planned, which, however, did not come into being.
The reforms of the 1970s completed the mechanization process. The former categories gave way to the following:
Tank Regiment (RCC): Originally equipped with the M41, later the Leopard 1A1 and M60 and today the Leopard 1A5. It currently has four squadrons, each with three platoons with four tanks each. They are the Army's shock force, used in destroying the enemy.
Armored Cavalry Regiment (RCB): Combined arms organization, with two squadrons of tanks identical to those of the RCC and two squadrons of mechanized infantry identical to those of the Armored Infantry Battalion (BIB) companies, that is, three platoons of four M-113s each. Both move in tracked vehicles, although the RCB has simpler models. To operate, the RCC and BIB need to separate their components to form Task Forces (FT), while the RCB is itself a FT.
Mechanized Cavalry Regiment (RC Mec): Wheeled armored unit, lighter than armored cavalry, for reconnaissance and security. It is organized into three squadrons, each with a command section with three platoons. The command has two trucks, an Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle (VBR, i.e. the Cascavel) and an Urutu/Guarani. Each platoon has two Cascavels and two Urutus/Guaranis—one carrying a combat group and the other with an 81mm mortar—and five jeeps. Four of these small, lightly armed, unarmored vehicles, such as the Marruá, are scout patrols, and one belongs to the commander. The squadron can use mixed platoons or provisionally form platoons of just VBRs, marines, scouts, and mortars.
Guards Cavalry Regiment (RCG): These are the ones that still use horses, such as the Independence Dragoons. They preserve equestrian traditions, participate in ceremonies and serve military mounted police duties.
Tracked and wheeled armored vehicles have different capabilities. Compared to wheeled vehicles, tracked vehicles have better off-road and tactical mobility and can carry greater armor and firepower. On the other hand, they have higher maintenance cost and lower strategic mobility. Wheeled vehicles can be air-transportable, make good use of the road network and quickly reach the conflict zone. They are best suited for low-intensity conflicts, while tracked vehicles are recommended for higher intensity.
Specialized squadrons
The armored cavalry and infantry brigades have their own independent mechanized cavalry squadrons, with the same functions as the regiments. In some, the cavalry is not mechanized, but specialized for the type of brigade:
1st Parachute Cavalry Squadron: Planned since 1972 for the parachute brigade as a mechanized unit, it was only created in 1981 as a motorized force, operating 4x4 vehicles such as the Marruá and the Land Rover Defender and off-road motorcycles. Each of its explorer groups has two light vehicles and four motorcycles. The lack of armored vehicles distinguished it from the other squadrons until 2021, when it received the Guarani, which can land with Air Force aircraft on runways previously captured by paratroopers.
1st Light Cavalry Squadron (Airmobile): Mechanized squadron converted to light in 2004 and composed of three scout platoons, which can be helilifted, and a mechanized platoon. Its firepower is limited. In 2015, it had only two of the three planned squads of explorers, each with Marruá vehicles and motorcycles, and the mechanized platoon operated the Urutu.
23rd Jungle Cavalry Squadron: Created in 2004 to defend the Tucuruí Hydroelectric Power Plant and serve the 23rd Jungle Infantry Brigade. It has three jungle cavalry platoons. It has a small river transport capacity and its only armored vehicle is the Urutu. Firepower is limited.
Evolution of brigades and divisions
During the Paraguayan War, cavalry regiments were organized into twelve brigades, six divisions and an army corps. However, the Imperial Army did not have a permanent organization of high-ranking peacetime command until the 1908 reforms, which created five "strategic brigades" and three cavalry brigades. These brigades were expanded into Cavalry Divisions (DC) in 1921. From 1944 to 1946 the DCs were grouped into an army corps. Since 1908, there was also a cavalry regiment in the "strategic brigades", which were basically infantry, and in their successors, the "army divisions" (DEs) of 1915 and Infantry Divisions (DIs) of 1921, until the abolition of that regiment from the 1946 organization. Still, the DIs now had a reconnaissance squadron. Regiments in cavalry-only brigades or divisions were "Independent Regiments" (RCI), while those supporting infantry-based divisions were "Divisional Cavalry" (RCD); this nomenclature existed from 1919 to 1946.
The actual organization of the divisions differed from the theoretical one and some units were absent, especially engineers and anti-aircraft artillery. Even so, in 1960 the DCs were more complete than the infantry divisions and the first three had four regiments each, one more than expected, having between 5,204 and 6,046 troops in 1961. The 4th, with only two, had 3,603 soldiers. In 1960 most regiments, with the exception of the 11th, only had two squadrons each.
In 1943, a Motomechanized Division was planned with an organization similar to the armored division of the American Army, which exerted a strong doctrinal influence on the Brazilian one since its participation in World War II. It had three BCCs and three battalions of motorized infantry. In 1946 the infantry became armored, using the M3 half-track. The Armored Division (DB) was still only a nucleus, being considered completed in 1957. It had 3,946 soldiers in 1961. The maneuver units were strong, lacking only a BIB and the heavy armored battalion, but combat support was paltry: the engineering battalion and all the artillery were lacking.
In the 1970s the brigade became the main large unit, replacing the division. The DC became the "Mechanized Cavalry Brigade" (Bda C Mec), and the DB the "Armored Cavalry Brigade" (Bda C Bld). The Bda C Mec has two RC Mec and one RCB. Mechanized regiments have lighter armor and great mobility across roads, conducting reconnaissance and security over great distances. The armored regiment has the most armor, tactical mobility and firepower within the brigade and can launch offensives alone or reinforce the other two. The Bda C Bld had two RCC and one BIB, thus being very similar to the Armored Infantry Brigade (Bda Inf Bld), with the difference that the infantry brigade had one RCC, two BIB and, to accompany these forces of great offensive power, a battalion of motorized infantry to occupy terrain. In this period the BIBs had their half-tracks replaced by the M-113. The armored brigades, in addition to the motorized infantry brigade, had their own Esqd C Mec.
The transformation was inspired by that carried out from 1957 onwards in the U.S. Army. The need to disperse forces to minimize the damage of a tactical nuclear bombing led to a reorganization of the order of battle - in the American case, of the armored division - and an increase in the density of radios and message flow, both repeated in Brazil. The Brazilian mechanized cavalry brigade was equivalent to the American "armored cavalry regiment", with some differences, and the Brazilian mechanized cavalry platoon was identical to the American armored cavalry platoon of 1960.
The Bda C Mec may have three RC Mec instead of two. Bda C Bld and Bda C Inf were reorganized in 2003, becoming identical. Their current composition is quaternary, with two RCC and two BIB.
Support units
The current brigades are complete units, with all artillery, engineering and logistics support required to operate independently. These elements are armored or mechanized, so they can accompany the maneuver units. Wheeled support units can accompany tracked forces, as they have the same speed during tactical missions.
The Bda C Bld has self-propelled artillery. The Bda C Mec has towed howitzers. In both brigades the caliber was originally 105mm. Currently the 2nd C Mec Bda, unlike the others, uses self-propelled howitzers, while the armored brigades use 155mm self-propelled artillery. The Bda C Bld has a field artillery group with four batteries, while the Bda C Mec has a group of three. Other forces are the command squad itself, the anti-aircraft artillery battery, the combat engineering battalion or company, the Army Police platoon and the logistic battalion with supply, health, personnel and maintenance logistic companies. The Bda C Mec logistics battalion is not, in practice, capable of maintaining the RCB's tracked vehicles, and therefore they undergo maintenance in the regiment itself or in the Regional Maintenance Parks.
Geographic distribution
Despite the closer relations between Argentina and Brazil since the 1980s, mechanized cavalry, armored vehicles, self-propelled and towed artillery, engineers and the Brazilian Air Force remain concentrated in the southern region, with cavalry stationed close to the Argentine border. At the beginning of the 21st century, even more armored vehicles were transferred to the South, on the grounds that the terrain is ideal for training. The Pampa is indeed a favorable environment for armored vehicles, and there are historical factors — the gauchos' interest in cavalry lasted after mechanization. On the other hand, other regions of the country also have areas of suitable terrain. The North and Northeast, also strategic regions, have little cavalry. National interest in the North has grown, but the Amazon terrain is not conducive to armored vehicles, with the exception of the M-113 and Urutu, which are amphibious. In northern Roraima there is the "lavrado" terrain, with open spaces for movement.
The three Mechanized Cavalry Brigades in Rio Grande do Sul are responsible for stretches of the borders: the 1st with Argentina, from Santa Catarina to Itaqui, the 2nd around the triple border and the 3rd with part of the border with Uruguay. Relocating a brigade to the Northeast was considered in the 2016–2019 Army Strategic Plan. The 2nd would be the most likely to be moved, as it would be enough to extend the stretches under the responsibility of the other two, without creating a vacuum on the border. The transfer of the 4th, with its regiments lined up on the Paraguayan border, in Mato Grosso do Sul, would be unfeasible.
Current brigades
1st Bda C Mec
Headquartered in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, it reports to the 3rd Army Division. It was formed in Santiago as the 1st Cavalry Division, in 1921. It was converted to a mechanized cavalry brigade in 1971. Its title is "José Luiz Menna Barreto Brigade".
Just before the 1930 Revolution, its commander, lieutenant colonel Otávio Pires Coelho, concealed loyalty to the government, but at the time of the revolution's outbreak he assured control of Santiago to the revolutionaries. In the Legality Campaign in 1961, it had orders to invade São Paulo by rail at Ourinhos and on 30 August its vanguard was already in Ponta Grossa. When, in the following years, general Olímpio Mourão Filho, commander of the 3rd Infantry Division in Santa Maria, conspired against the government of João Goulart, he avoided the 1st DC due to the alignment of its commander Oromar Osório with the government. Likewise, the commander in 1964, general João de Deus Nunes Saraiva, declined the offer to join the ongoing coup. However, his division was immobilized, as the 3rd DI (then under general Poppe de Figueiredo) controlled the railways. Saraiva accepted the call to Porto Alegre, where he met with the legalist leadership. As a result, the division was acephalous.
2nd Bda C Mec
It is based in Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, and is subordinate to the 3rd Army Division. As the 2nd Cavalry Division, its headquarters moved several times between the current one and Alegrete. Conversion to mechanized cavalry brigade happened in 1971–2. Its title is "Brigada Charrua".
In the 1930 Revolution, the commander, colonel Euclides Figueiredo, was inspecting another unit and Alegrete joined the revolutionaries. In 1961 it accompanied the 1st DC and transferred a regiment to Porto Alegre. It later became part of Mourão Filho's conspiracy. The commander, general Camarinha, joined the 1964 coup. In 1971 it was mobilized to participate in Operation Thirty Hours, a plan to invade Uruguay.
3rd Bda C Mec
It is based in Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, and reports to the 6th Army Division. As the 3rd Cavalry Division, it was originally from São Gabriel and came to the current city in 1926. In 1968, it was the first DC to become a mechanized cavalry brigade, still on an experimental basis. Its title is "Brigada Patrício Corrêa da Câmara".
Its commander was arrested by the revolutionaries in 1930. In the 1961 campaign it was left in reserve. It later became part of Mourão Filho's conspiracy. In 1964 the commander, general Hugo Garrastazu, was ordered to move forces towards Santa Catarina to face the coup plotters, but adhered to the coup on the morning of April 1, under pressure from his officers and after the decision of general Amaury Kruel, commander of the Second Army, to which he was very attached. This was decisive for the subsequent adhesion of general Poppe, commander of the 3rd DI, who controlled many troops and the railway network. However, Garrastazu was expelled from headquarters itself by loyalist sergeants, who only surrendered after Poppe's definition changed the balance of forces. Garrastazu doubted he could move his division, but on the 2nd he was ordered to threaten Porto Alegre; the communication was made clear to be heard by loyalists still in control of the city. After the coup he was not promoted.
4th Bda C Mec
Headquartered in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, it is subordinate to the Western Military Command (CMO) and is a readiness unit. Its title is "Brigada Guaicurus". It has among its regiments the 20th RCB, current operator of the M60. The brigade is the CMO's strategic cover force, able to impose itself by the armored force. The other brigade in Mato Grosso do Sul, the 18th Infantry, is much lighter and serves only for strategic surveillance. Due to its position on the Paraguayan border and complete organization, the 4th Cavalry was chosen to be the first to implement the Integrated Border Monitoring System. SISFRON, as it is called, integrates sensors, cameras, vehicles, radars, meteorological stations and detects activities such as drug trafficking, mining, deforestation and forest burning. In the future, it may cover other stretches of borders, such as those in Paraná and the Amazon.
Created as the 4th Cavalry Division in 1949, it covered the border with Paraguay, of lower priority than Rio Grande do Sul, and thus with only two cavalry regiments (10th and 11th) and motorized and mechanized elements at squadron-only level. In 1964 it was ready to reinforce São Paulo or the forces of Cuiabá, which advanced against Brasília. The 17th RC was transferred from Pirassununga to the region in 1969. The brigade was mechanized in December 1980, but this transformation was nominal, as its horse regiments took until later in the decade to be transformed into mechanized cavalry. The local armored cavalry, the 20th RCB, is the evolution of the division's mechanized squadron.
5th Bda C Bld
Headquartered in Ponta Grossa, Paraná, it is subordinate to the 5th Army Division and is a readiness unit. Its title is "Brigada General Tertuliano de Albuquerque Potyguara". The current 5th Armored Cavalry Brigade descends from the former 5th Armored Infantry Brigade. The former armored cavalry brigade, the successor of the Armored Division and located in Rio de Janeiro, was disbanded in 2004 to effect this transition. Thus, the plans to transfer the brigade from Rio de Janeiro to Paraná without changing the brigade from Paraná were not carried out.
The 5th Bda Inf Bld was created as the "9th Infantry Brigade" in 1934 and converted into the "Divisionary Infantry of the 5th Infantry Division" in 1938, it moved from its first headquarters in Curitiba to Ponta Grossa (1944), Florianópolis (1952) and again Ponta Grossa (1955), having the name of "Subcommand of the 5th Infantry Division" between 1946 and 1952. At the time of the 1964 coup, the Divisional Infantry was commanded by general Chrysantho de Miranda Figueiredo, a public supporter of Goulart's policies. On vacation in Rio de Janeiro, he announced his return, but the coup plotters in Curitiba managed to conspire with the governor and the commander of the Air Base to divert the plane, which headed for Porto Alegre. His troops were then moved towards Rio Grande do Sul, still controlled by the loyalists. In 1971 it finally became the 5th Armored Infantry Brigade.
The Motomechanized Division, the predecessor of the Armored Division, existed only as a nucleus, organized in 1944. The DB became the former 5th Armored Cavalry Brigade in 1971.
Neighboring forces
The Argentine Army has armored brigades with tank cavalry (TAM) and mechanized infantry (TAM VCTP), quaternary brigades like the Brazilian ones, and mechanized brigades with tank cavalry (SK-105 Kürassier) and mechanized infantry (M-113). Both also have exploration cavalry, which use the AML-90 and have a similar function to the Brazilian mechanized cavalry. In 2010 both the tank cavalry and the mechanized infantry of the Argentine armored brigades were called regiments and organized into three squadrons/companies.
The TAM is a post-war 2nd generation or 1st intermediate generation. In 2021 it was still being modernized for the TAM 2C model. It is an armored vehicle on par with the Leopard 1A5 BR. Both have a 105mm cannon. The TAM 2C's high impact range is lower (2,000 vs 2,500m), giving the Leopard 1 the standoff ability, that is, to attack the target when it is still too far away to respond. On the other hand, the TAM 2C has better commander's periscope and embedded technology. Armor was not a priority in the original TAM design, but it matches all modernizations and has good defensive characteristics as a low silhouette and mobility. In this last aspect, the TAM 2C is superior in crossing obstacles.
In the Western Military Command, the M60 A3 TTs of the 20th RCB, of second generation, have on the other side of the border Paraguayan first generation armored vehicles and Bolivian SK-105/A1 Kürassier tank destroyers. The M60 is superior on both fronts. In the case of the SK-105, it is a lighter vehicle (17,700 kg against 52,617 kg of the M60), with a power/weight ratio of 18.1 hp/ton, against 9.12 hp/ton of the M60. Its speed in unfavorable terrain is 50 km/h, unlike the 30 km/h of the M60, which only wins in the ability to overcome obstacles. In addition to mobility, the small size and low silhouette are defensive advantages for the SK-105, but its armor is very light and does not resist the M60's cannon. Both use a 105mm cannon, but the M60 has a stabilized turret and superior fire control and night vision systems.
Cavalry outside the Army
Most Military Police forces operate units on horseback. In their daily duties, they carry out proactive policing, and in some cases they can monitor events (sports, artistic, political, exhibitions, etc.), carry out ceremonial escorts and act in the control of disturbances and repossessions. Police cavalry are considered excellent shock troops. In the First Brazilian Republic, when the police were "state armies", they trained both infantry and cavalry for war.
In the Marine Corps there is no cavalry; the only base branch is infantry and armor is considered a support. However, marines can perform tasks that would be typical of cavalry in the Army, even having their own units for this purpose, such as Land and Amphibious Reconnaissance Companies. Older officers, trained until 1990 at the Army Officers Improvement School, still admitted to using armored vehicles as a basic weapon. The closest thing to "amphibious cavalry" would be in the Corps' tanks; the pioneers of the EE-11 Urutu in the Brazilian Navy, from 1973 to 1975, used a seahorse as a symbol. In the late 1990s, the formation of a "Mechanized Infantry Battalion of Marines”, with a structure similar to that of an Army Armored Cavalry Brigade, was discussed.
See also
Armoured warfare
Maneuver warfare
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
Books
Articles and academic publications
News and websites
Documents
Brazilian Army
Cavalry |
34062723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20People%27s%20Volunteer%20Army%20order%20of%20battle | Chinese People's Volunteer Army order of battle | This is the order of battle for Chinese People's Volunteer Army during major periods of hostilities in the Korean War. After the People's Republic of China entered the Korean War in October 1950 by designating the People's Liberation Army (PLA) North East Frontier Force as the People's Volunteer Army (PVA), the PVA spent the next two years and nine months in combat operations and five years and three months in garrison duties. Its last elements did not leave Korea until as late as 1958.
During this period, China paid a huge price for its involvement in the Korean War. According to Chinese archives, about 73 percent of Chinese infantry forces, 67 percent of Chinese artillery forces, 100 percent of Chinese armored forces and 52 percent of Chinese air forces were deployed in Korea at one point or another, alongside 600,000 civilian laborers – in total more than three million civilian and military personnel. Out of those forces, around 152,000 were killed, 383,500 were wounded, 450,000 were hospitalized, 21,300 were captured and 4,000 were missing. Of the captured 14,190 defected to Taiwan after the ceasefire. China had also consumed 5.6 million tons of war materiel, 399 aircraft and 12,916 vehicles for its war efforts. About a third of the Chinese government's annual budget was spent on the military between 1950 and 1953, totaling 10 billion RMB by the war's end. All in all, the Korean War was the largest foreign war in Chinese military history, despite the fact that no declaration of war ever existed between China and United Nations forces.
For many years, historians found it difficult to provide an accurate order of battle for Chinese troops in Korea because most of the information could only be obtained from prisoner interrogations or captured documents. The constant Chinese troop movements and the reattachment of units between different commands further added to the confusion. By the 1980s, however, a large number of primary documents, memoirs and scholarly works on Chinese involvement in the Korean War began to appear in China, enabling historians to make a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of Chinese military operations during the war.
As the term "Corps" does not exist in Chinese military terminology, the term "Army" (军) technically means "Corps" in PLA nomenclature, while the term "Army Group" (集团军 or 兵团) means "Army". For example, the US X Corps is always referred to as the "US 10th Army" (美第10军) among Chinese sources. As such, this article uses the term "Corps" and "Army" to denote Chinese Army and Army Group formations.
First Phase Campaign (October 25 – November 5, 1950)
Although the Chinese leadership did not make the decision to enter the Korean War until United Nations (UN) forces crossed the 38th Parallel in October 1950, it had been preparing for the possibility ever since United States intervened in Korea in June 1950. On July 13, 1950, and soon after UN forces entered the Korean War, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong, ordered the People's Liberation Army (PLA) 13th Army—China's strategic reserve stationed in southern China—to form the PLA North East Frontier Force (NEFF) in Manchuria. Aside from the 38th, 39th and 40th Infantry Corps originally belonged to the 13th Army, the NEFF also included the 42nd Infantry Corps, three artillery divisions, one anti-aircraft regiments and three transport regiments—in total more than 250,000 men. On October 19, 1950, and under strict secrecy, the NEFF officially crossed the Yalu River under the name Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA), although advance scouting parties had been spotted by UN forces as early as October 13. On October 23, the PLA 50th and 66th Corps were attached to the PVA 13th Army in order to reinforce the defenses at Sinuiju and Chongju area. At the same time, the 13th Army Headquarters was disbanded to increase coordination between PVA Headquarters and its field units.
Chinese People's Volunteer Army Headquarters
Frontline
Supports
Second Phase Campaign (November 25 – December 24, 1950)
On August 26, 1950, the Chinese Central Military Commission concluded that PVA will eventually be composed of the PLA 9th, 13th and 19th Army—totaling 700,000 men—by the spring of 1951. On October 11, 1950, Mao authorized the PLA 9th Army to be moved from Shandong province to Manchuria as reserves to the 13th Army in Korea. On November 10, 1950, the PLA 9th Army entered Korea in order to reinforce Chinese forces on the east side of Taebaek Mountains. This development brought the total PVA strength to 450,000, including 380,000 combat personnel.
Chinese People's Volunteer Army Headquarters
Frontline
Supports
Third Phase Campaign (December 31, 1950 – January 8, 1951)
Although the PVA succeeded in expelling UN forces from North Korea during the Second Phase Campaign, about a quarter of its original 450,000 men became casualties in the aftermath of the campaign. On December 17, Mao ordered the PVA 9th Army to be removed from the front for rest and refit, reducing the PVA combat personnel to 230,000 by the end of December 1950. UN intelligence, on the other hand, estimated that only 171,117 combat personal were actually available for the PVA on January 1, 1951. By the end of 1950, however, the North Korean People's Army returned to the front and brought about 75,000 men to make up for the Chinese losses.
Chinese People's Volunteer Army Headquarters
Frontline
Supports
Fourth Phase Campaign (January 30 – April 21, 1951)
By the end of the Third Phase Campaign, the PVA had become completely exhausted after fighting nonstop since the start of the Chinese intervention, and its combat personnel was further reduced to 217,000. According to PVA Deputy Commander Han Xianchu's evaluation of PVA, "many regiments and battalions are completely combat ineffective, with some divisions only half strength". On February 7, 1951, Mao decided that PLA 3rd, 19th, 20th Army and 47th Corps—from Sichuan, Gansu, Hebei and Hunan provinces respectively—would enter Korea to replace the PVA 13th Army currently on the front. But despite the massive mobilization effort, only the 26th Corps from the recovering PVA 9th Army actually arrived at the front during March 1951.
Chinese People's Volunteer Army Headquarters
Frontline
Supports
Fifth Phase Campaign (April 22 – June 10, 1951)
In the aftermath of the Fourth Phase Campaign, the PVA 13th Army's 38th and 42nd Corps were forced to leave the frontline for rest and refit, while its 50th and 66th Corps were evacuated back to China. Following Mao's orders, however, the PLA 3rd and 19th Army began to enter Korea in February 1951, alongside four field artillery divisions, two long range artillery divisions, four anti-aircraft divisions, one multiple rocket launcher division and four tank regiments. The PVA 9th Army had also returned to the front in April 1951 after four months of rest. Those development soon brought the total PVA strength to over one million men, including 548,000 combat personnel and 180,000 logistics personnel. On April 21, 1951, the 39th and 40th Corps of the PVA 13th Army were placed under 9th Army's control. On April 22, 1951, the reorganized PVA launched a full-scale offensive in Korea, and the resulting clashes between Chinese and UN forces is often described as the largest battle of the entire Korean War.
Chinese People's Volunteer Army Headquarters
Frontline
Supports
UN limited offensives (June 11 – December 3, 1951)
The Fifth Phase Campaign ended as a complete operational disaster for the PVA. About 12 divisions from the PVA 3rd and 19th Army were rendered combat ineffective, and between 85,000 and 110,000 men became casualties in the aftermath. With the frontline on the verge of collapse in the face of UN attacks, the 42nd and 47th Corps were sent as reinforcements on May 27, 1951. But the UN forces soon broke off their pursuit on June 1, and armistice negotiations started on July 10, 1951.
The presence of UN forces at the north of the 38th Parallel, however, prompted the PVA to plan a limited offensive dubbed the "Six Phase Campaign". Although the offensive was cancelled on September 4, 1951, it allowed the PLA 20th Army to be deployed in the Kumsong area by early September. The PVA had also decided to assume defensive posture on September 4 while postponing all major offensive operations, and the West Coast and East Coast Commands were created to guard against UN amphibious landings as the result. Finally, the Chinese Central Military Commission authorized the PLA Air Force to join the war in September 1951 as a response to Operation Strangle II conducted by the US Far East Air Force. By the end of October 1951, the total PVA strength in Korea reached 1.15 million men, including 19 infantry corps, nine artillery divisions, five tank regiments, 12 air force divisions, four railway engineering divisions and eight logistical corps.
Chinese People's Volunteer Army Headquarters
Frontline
West coast defense
East coast defense
Air
Supports
Collapse of armistice negotiation (September 18 – November 25, 1952)
With the end Operation Commando on October 23, 1951, signaling the end of UN limited offensives, the Korean front had settled into a period of stalemate. Although the Chinese had lost 36,000 ground troops from the UN offensives, the losses were mostly replaced by the summer of 1952. The PVA Air Force, on the other hand, suffered major setbacks in constructing airfields in Korea. By late December 1951, all PVA Air Force personnel were stationed back to China due to the lack of airfields, and its ground support missions were soon abandoned.
With the front stabilized and no major offensives in planning, the PVA focused its attentions on logistics build up, troop rotations and political controls. In the area of logistics, the Railway Transport Forward Command was established in August 1951, and its Anti-Aircraft Artillery Command Bureau was organized in December 1951. This allowed four additional anti-aircraft artillery regiments to be deployed in Korea. The PVA headquarters had also planned to rotate all troops in Korea by the end of 1953, and the Chinese Central Military Commission authorized the PLA 23rd, 24th and 46th Corps to replace 20th, 27th and 42nd Corps by September 1952. Finally, the political mobilization programs strengthened the Communist Party's hold on the field units, and mass purges were carried out against undesirables while award systems were established for role models.
The armistice negotiations at Panmunjom began to fall apart in September 1952, primarily due to Sino-Korean insistence that all prisoners of war be repatriated to their respective original countries, regardless of their personal preferences. As a significant number of Chinese and North Korean POWs had expressed their desire to defect permanently to South Korea or Taiwan, the demand was met with strong opposition from the United States and South Korea. Feeling that the negotiations would soon fail, military commanders on both sides approved numerous tactical plans as means of applying pressure on their opponents. In late September, the PVA authorized its frontline troops to conduct tactical strikes against more than 20 UN outposts. The armistice negotiations officially ceased on October 8, 1952.
Chinese People's Volunteer Army Headquarters
Frontline
West coast defense
East coast defense
Air
Railway
Supports
Signing of armistice agreement (May 13 – July 27, 1953)
The fighting that followed the collapse of the armistice negotiation were some of the worst of 1952. The Battle of White Horse had crippled four regiments from the PVA 38th Corps, while Operation Showdown resulted in 11,500 Chinese casualties. Despite the heavy losses, the Chinese managed to exhaust the UN forces through two months of attrition warfare, and the United Nations Command soon renounced all major ground operations for the rest of the war. The front was stabilized once again by November 1952.
Despite the success on the ground, the PVA Air Force was unable to challenge the air supremacy of the US Air Force. By May 1953, the US Air Force was able to launch 22,639 sorties per month against North Korean targets, while the PVA Air Force could only respond with 1,164 sorties during the same time period. The situation was further worsen when the Soviet Union withdrew 40 percent of its aircraft in the spring of 1953. The North Korean Premier Kim Il Sung began to sue for peace under the constant UN bombardment, and the PVA could only counter by encouraging the North Koreans to continue night bombing missions with Po-2 biplanes.
Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected as the President of the United States on November 4, 1952. After being elected, Eisenhower promised to end the Korean War with "deeds", not "words", while amphibious exercises were carried out around Korea. Although Eisenhower had no plans to end the war through military victory, the Chinese leadership interpreted those signs as an impending amphibious attack. As the result, the PLA 1st, 16th, 21st, 54th Infantry Corps, 33rd Infantry Division and 1st Tank Division were ordered into Korea on December 17, 1952. Those new reinforcements soon brought the total PVA strength to 1.35 million men by the summer of 1953.
To the surprise of Chinese leadership, the expected UN attack did not occur, and the armistice negotiations was later resumed on April 26, 1953. In order to end the war on favorable terms to the Communist, the reinforced PVA struck 10 UN outposts in early May 1953, while two major offensives were carried out against South Korean forces on June 10 and July 13 respectively. The resulting clashes soon produced 124,912 Chinese casualties against 60,360 UN losses from May to July. The armistice was signed at 10:12 on July 27, 1953, and the PVA ended the war with a total of 1.35 million men, including 19 infantry corps, 15 artillery divisions, 9 air force divisions, 10 railway engineer divisions and one Public Security division. The last Chinese formations left Korea on October 26, 1958.
Chinese People's Volunteer Army Headquarters
Frontline
West coast defense
East coast defense
Air
Railway
Supports
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Korean War orders of battle
Military units and formations of the People's Volunteer Army |
57744417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%202018cow | SN 2018cow | SN 2018cow (ATLAS name: ATLAS18qqn; also known as Supernova 2018cow, AT 2018cow (AT = Astronomical Transient), and "The Cow") was a very powerful astronomical explosion, 10–100 times brighter than a normal supernova, spatially coincident with galaxy , approximately distant in the Hercules constellation. It was discovered on 16 June 2018 by the ATLAS-HKO telescope, and had generated significant interest among astronomers throughout the world. Later, on 10 July 2018, and after AT 2018cow had significantly faded, astronomers, based on follow-up studies with the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT), formally described AT 2018cow as SN 2018cow, a type Ib supernova, showing an "unprecedented spectrum for a supernova of this class"; although others, mostly at first but also more recently, have referred to it as a type Ic-BL supernova. An explanation to help better understand the unique features of AT 2018cow has been presented. AT2018cow is one of the few reported Fast Blue Optical Transients (FBOTs) observed in the Universe. In May 2020, however, a much more powerful FBOT than AT2018cow (namely, CRTS-CSS161010 J045834-081803, or CSS161010 for short) was reportedly observed.
On 2 November 2018, two independent teams of astronomers both concluded that the AT 2018cow event was "either a newly formed black hole in the process of accreting matter, or the frenetic rotation of a neutron star."
In January 2019, astronomers proposed that the explosion may have been a white dwarf being pulled apart by a black hole; or a supernova leaving behind a black hole or a neutron star, the creation of a compact body being observed for the first time. On 13 December 2021, astronomers reported that AT 2018cow, an extreme FBOT, "could be a neutron star or black hole with a mass less than 850 solar masses" based on high-time-resolution X-ray observation studies.
History
AT 2018cow was discovered on 16 June 2018 at 10:35:02 UTC by the ATLAS-HKO telescope, a twin system, at the Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii. It was a powerful astronomical explosion (discovery magnitude 14.739; redshift 0.014145, 0.0136), 10 – 100 times brighter than a normal supernova, spatially coincident with galaxy , approximately distant in the Hercules constellation.
By 22 June 2018, this transient astronomical event had generated significant interest among astronomers throughout the world. At least 24 major telescopes were observing the event, the largest number, as of 27 June 2018, of concurrent observations (over 35 posted on 27 June 2018) of any astronomical event ever reported on The Astronomer's Telegram. The event had been tentatively identified as a supernova and given the designation Supernova 2018cow and classification SN Ic-BL.
The first X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) observations of AT 2018cow were obtained on 19 June 2018 with the Swift telescope. These observations revealed that the object was a bright X-ray/UV transient, with an X-ray luminosity of ~ and a UV brightness of about 11.7 (Vega mag) in the range 1600-3600 Å. On 25 June 2018, astronomers, using the Liverpool Telescope and the telescope at Palomar Observatory, noted on The Astronomer's Telegram: "AT2018cow has faded every night since our first observations . ... observations suggest that although a link to Ic-BL SNe and GRBs remains credible given the smooth spectra and luminous radio and X-ray counterpart, AT2018cow is distinct in other ways and its true identity remains unclear. Observations are continuing." On 29 June 2018, astronomers, using telescopes at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory, reported further support for the fading of AT 2018cow. However, using the Swift/XRT telescope on 30 June 2018, an increase in the X-ray luminosity of the transient was reported. That would be the beginning of an unusual X-ray variable behavior.
On 2 July 2018, astronomers, using the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), reported that there were no significant >100 MeV gamma-ray emissions between 19–26 June 2018. Further, on 3 July 2018, astronomers reported, using the Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI) detector aboard the AstroSat space observatory, no hard X-ray transients were detected between 13–16 June 2018 (event detection time) and, using the UVIT fitted with a F172M filter, observed an AB magnitude of an estimated 17.6 at the AT 2018cow location on 3 July 2018. Moreover, astronomers on 3 July 2018 reported, using the MAXI GSC detector aboard the ISS, that no significant X-ray emissions were detected between 11–21 June 2018. On 4 July 2018, astronomers, using NuSTAR, reported a lessening of hard X-ray emissions from AT 2018cow. On 12 July 2018, astronomers, using INTEGRAL, reported no detections of the source from 30 June – 8 July 2018; however, GRB-like bursts may have been observed earlier in the vicinity, on 12 and 15 June 2018, although association of these bursts with AT 2018cow may be "disfavored".
Radio emissions, at 5 GHz with a flux density of ~ 170 microJy, were detected from the location of AT 2018cow on 3–4 July 2018 by e-MERLIN; radio emissions at the AT 2018cow location were detected by ATCA at 5.5 GHz with ~0.4 mJy flux density and at 9 GHz with ~1.0 mJy on 3 July 2018, and at 34 GHz with ~10 mJy on 5 July 2018. VLBI observations at 22 GHz, with the NRAO, using the VLBA and Effelsberg radio telescopes, found a total flux density of ~5 mJy around 8 July 2018 at a reportedly more accurate (but consistent within uncertainties) astrometric location of AT2018cow (RA=16h 16m 00.2242s, DEC=22d 16' 04.890") than that of e-MERLIN.
On 10 July 2018, astronomers, based on follow-up studies with the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT), formally described AT 2018cow as SN 2018cow and as a type Ib supernova, showing an "unprecedented spectrum for a supernova of this class". On 19 July 2018, astronomers, using the Kanata telescope at the
Higashi-Hiroshima Observatory, observed further declines in the optical and near-infrared luminosity of the AT 2018cow position in early July 2018, and noted that the large decline rates of the light curves were "quite large" compared to Type Ic (Ic-BL) and Type Ib/c supernovae.
On 6 August 2018, ultraviolet observations of the AT 2018cow location, using the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), detected brightness (Vega mag) of about 19 on all four bands (F218W, F225W, F275W, F336W) studied. On 12 August 2018, astronomers at the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) detected a low frequency radio emission (1390 MHz band; 438+/-82 uJy) at the AT 2018cow position.
On 15 August 2018, astronomers using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) array of Cherenkov telescopes (CTA) reported no significant gamma-ray source at the AT 2018cow location on 3–5 July 2018, which, as a consequence, resulted in the preliminary determination of upper limits on the integrated flux of the Very-High-Energy (VHE) gamma emission from AT 2018cow as follows: above the energy threshold 220 GeV (±2sd) an upper limit of 5e-12 ph cm^-2 s^-1; above 1 TeV (±2sd) an upper limit of 5e-13 ph cm^-2 s^-1.
Properties
According to astronomers at the time of its discovery, the explosion, with a surface temperature of over and traveling , may have been a cataclysmic variable star (CV), gamma-ray burst (GRB), gravitational wave (GW), supernova (SN), or something else. However, the CV scenario was rapidly disfavored given the initial featureless optical spectrum and the large initial X-ray luminosity of the transient. According to astronomer Kate Maguire of Queen's University Belfast: "It really just appeared out of nowhere. There are other objects that have been discovered that are as fast, but the fastness and the brightness, that's quite unusual."
The classification of type Ic-BL indicates a spectrum with very unusually broad lines, but with no hydrogen lines and weak or missing helium lines. Such a spectrum is produced by the explosion of a very large star which has lost its outer layers of hydrogen and helium. However, according to astronomer Shubham Srivastav, associated with the Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT): "Although spectroscopic features indicate a tentative similarity with broad line Ic supernovae, its true nature remains a puzzle." Also, according to Maguire: "We're not sure yet what it is, but the normal powering mechanism for a supernova is radioactive decay of nickel, and this event is too bright and too fast for that." The AT 2018cow explosion could have been accompanied by a GW emission, but the GW emission could not be detected since the LIGO detectors in the states of Washington and Louisiana were down at the time of the event due to service upgradings.
An explanation to help better understand the unique features of AT 2018cow, particularly as a white dwarf tidal disruption event, has been presented.
As of 29 September 2018, AT 2018cow has been explained in various ways, including as a type Ic supernova, a gamma-ray burst, an interaction between a white dwarf and black hole, and as a magnetar. Preliminary studies to better understand the exact physical nature of AT 2018cow, using the European VLBI Network (EVN), have been presented.
On 2 November 2018, two independent teams of astronomers both concluded that the AT 2018cow event was "either a newly formed black hole in the process of accreting matter, or the frenetic rotation of a neutron star."
In January 2019, Anna Ho of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, who conducted observations with the Submillimeter Array on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, noted that an unusually protracted period of continuing activity after the event was noticed, enabled more extensive study than typically afforded during such events, allowing observation of it while it was brightening. Subsequently, astronomers proposed that AT 2018cow may have been a white dwarf being pulled apart by a black hole; or, a supernova leaving behind a black hole or a neutron star, the creation of a compact body being observed for the first time.
See also
References
External links
SN 2018cow webpage on the Transient Name Server
AT2018cow webpage at Vanbuitenen.nl
AT2018cow webpage by the Astronomy Section Rochester Academy of Science
CGCG 137-068 webpage at the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
AT2018cow images from 21 June 2018 by Cedric Raguenaud
AT2018cow – Originated from supernova in strongly magnetized environment/ALMA at NAOJ
Supernovae
Astronomical events
Discoveries by ATLAS
Hercules (constellation)
June 2018 events
2018 in science
2018 in space |
45244774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%201923 | August 1923 | The following events occurred in August 1923:
August 1, 1923 (Wednesday)
A medical bulletin from President Harding's physicians reported from San Francisco that there was a "slight improvement in the lung condition" but no change otherwise. A followup report said that he had eaten two soft-boiled eggs for breakfast and had "a slight and only slight attack of indigestion" that "was more than overbalanced by the decline of the President's temperature to normal for the first time." At the same time, committees in San Francisco and Los Angeles agreed to turn over the remaining expenses associated with entertainment during Harding's tour "to a state fund to provide everything necessary for the comfort of President Harding" during his convalescence, including the lease of a private home "in the cool and bracing atmosphere close to San Francisco" during August.
A parade of the Ku Klux Klan drew a crowd of 100,000 people in Lima, Ohio.
The silent historical drama Little Old New York, based on a play of the same name, was released by Goldwyn Pictures, and cast Marion Davies and Harrison Ford (a star of the 1920s and no relation to the more successful star of later decades) as a daughter and a stepson competing for a large inheritance. Produced by newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst, the film was one of the 10 most popular in 1923.
The wife of film comedian Al St. John was granted a divorce in Los Angeles court. "He started drinking in October 1917, and I haven't seen him sober since that time", she testified.
Born:
Carter Brown (pen name for Alan Geoffrey Yates), English-born Australian detective fiction author; in Ilford, London (d. 1985)
Thelma Forshaw, Australian short story writer and journalist; in Glebe Point, New South Wales (d. 1995)
Died: Alexander Y. Malcomson, 58, U.S. businessman who provided the initial financing for the launch of the Ford Motor Company, died of pneumonia
August 2, 1923 (Thursday)
United States President Warren G. Harding died at 7:30 p.m. San Francisco time (10:30 Washington time). At 7:51, a statement of "the saddest news that telegraph wires can carry" was sent across the nation, signed by his five physicians: "The President died instantaneously and without warning and while conversing with members of his family at 7:30 p.m. Death was apparently due to some brain involvement, probably due to an apopleptic stroke. During the day he had been free from discomfort, and there was every justification for anticipating a prompt recovery." While the cause of death was officially said at the time to have been from a stroke, it is now more commonly believed to have been from heart failure.
Konstantin Päts became the Riigivanem or "State Elder" of Estonia for the second time, succeeding Juhan Kukk as the Baltic nation's head of state and head of government.
The military and economic alliance of France and Poland, signed on February 21, 1921, took effect upon ratification by both nations.
British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin told the House of Commons that "If the British people feel that the wounds of Europe were being kept open instead of being healed," by the collection of large reparations from Germany, "there might then easily ensue the last thing in the world that I would like to see," while Ramsay MacDonald said "It is perfectly clear that France is in the Ruhr not for the purpose of getting reparations," but "an attempt to continue war after formal peace has been declared."
Born:
Shimon Peres, Prime Minister of Israel 1977, 1984 to 1986, and 1995 to 1998, then President 2007 to 2014; as Szymon Perski, in Wiszniew, Poland (now Vishnyeva, Belarus) (d. 2016)
Ike Williams, American boxer and world lightweight champion, 1945 to 1951; in Brunswick, Georgia (d. 1994)
Died:
Warren G. Harding, 57, the 29th President of the United States since 1921
George Alexander, 83, the 28th Mayor of Los Angeles from 1909 to 1913
Robert Alexander, 83, Scottish artist
Joseph Whitty, 19, Irish republican, died in the Curragh Camp prison hospital in the Irish Free State after a hunger strike.
August 3, 1923 (Friday)
The inauguration of Calvin Coolidge as 30th President of the United States was held at the family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont at 2:47 a.m. Coolidge took the oath of office from his father John Calvin Coolidge, Sr., the local notary public, by the light of a kerosene lamp.
President Coolidge took a train to Washington and arrived in the nation's capital at 9:10 p.m. after having been driven from Plymouth Notch to Rutland, Vermont, where he boarded a private car at the station and traveled to New York City's Grand Central Station and departing at 4:15 p.m. local time for a nonstop trip to Washington in less than six hours. He then was taken from the Pennsylvania Avenue terminal in a private car. President Coolidge and his wife then went to their suite at the Willard Hotel in Washington, where he had lived since becoming vice president, until the White House could be readied for his arrival.
The Irish Free State passed the "Defence Forces (Temporary Provisions) Act", to create "an armed force to be called Oglaigh na hEireann (hereinafter referred to as the Forces) consisting of such number of officers, non-commissioned officers, and men as may from time to time be provided" by the parliament. A more permanent force would be established on October 1, 1924.
The Palacio de las Garzas, the official residence of the president of Panama, was inaugurated with President Belisario Porras Barahona and his family as the first person to live there.
Baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis released a statement which read, "It is the sentiment throughout baseball that no games be played either today nor on the day of the funeral for the late President, and as a further mark of respect for his memory, flags at ball parks will be displayed at half mast until after the burial."
Born:
Jean Hagen, actress, in Chicago, Illinois (d. 1977)
Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, in Abnub, Egypt (d. 2012)
Died: Laura Ratcliffe, 87, spy and agent for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War
August 4, 1923 (Saturday)
The Otira Tunnel, at the longest tunnel in the British Empire and the seventh-largest in the world at the time, was opened by the Midland Railway Company on South Island in New Zealand.
Rauf Orbay resigned as Prime Minister of Turkey.
Calvin Coolidge's first official act as U.S. president was to declare August 10 a day of national mourning and prayer on the occasion of Warren Harding's funeral.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ended his visit to North America, boarding the in New York bound for England. "After a period of about three days the spirit of President Harding may, if sought, advise Calvin Coolidge, the nation's new chief executive, wisely and helpfully on the great problems confronting him", Doyle said just before leaving.
Born:
Reg Grundy, Australian TV producer and media mogul; in Sydney (d. 2016)
Mayme Agnew Clayton, African-American museum founder who amassed the largest privately held collection of African-American historical materials in the world; in Van Buren, Arkansas (d. 2006)
James E. Lewis, African-American museum founder and professor whose collection of African art is amassed in the James E. Lewis Museum of Art at Morgan State University; in Phenix, Virginia (d. 1997)
Died: Blanche Georgiana Vulliamy, 54, English artist and writer
August 5, 1923 (Sunday)
Iowa Senator Albert B. Cummins proposed a constitutional amendment limiting the president to one term only. "Human frailities are too great to stand the strain which the presidency places on a man", Cummins said. "We should limit the President to one term. It might be made a six year term, but I am not so sure about that even."
Born:
Devan Nair, President of Singapore, 1981 to 1985; in Malacca, Straits Settlements (d. 2005)
Michael Kerry, British Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor, 1980 to 1984; in Hampstead, London (d. 2012)
Died: Candace Thurber Wheeler, 96, American business operator and the first major female interior designer, founder (1877) of the Society of Decorative Arts in New York, the New York Exchange for Women's Work, the interior decorating firm of Tiffany & Wheeler, and the textile manufacturer Associated Artists
August 6, 1923 (Monday)
Manuel Teixeira Gomes was elected President of Portugal by the 194 members of the Congresso da República in a joint session of the Senado and the Câmara dos Deputados on the third ballot. Requiring at least two-thirds of the votes cast, Gomes had 108 of 187 votes (57%) split among five candidates, with former president Bernardino Machado receiving 73. On the next ballot, Gomes had 117 of 200 votes cast (58%) to 71 for Machado. The final ballot was between Gomes and Machado only, with 68 of Machado's supporters casting blank votes and Gomes receiving 121 of the 126 cast.
Henry Sullivan became the first American to swim the English Channel, accomplishing the feat in 27 hours and 25 minutes.
The United States and Turkey signed treaties of commerce and extradition.
Born:
Moira Lister, South African stage, film and TV actress and writer; in Cape Town (d. 2007)
Marisa Merlini, Italian character actress on film; in Rome (d. 2008)
August 7, 1923 (Tuesday)
German Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno called a conference of the six top party leaders where it was decided to put the country back on a gold basis.
U.S. President Harding's funeral train reached Washington, D.C. at 10:22 p.m. and his casket was moved to the White House, where it lay overnight in the East Room.
Born:
Margaret Hayman, British educator who co-founded (in 1966) the British Mathematical Olympiad; in New Earswick, North Yorkshire (d. 1994)
Victor Nendaka Bika, director of the national police and intelligence agency of the Democratic Republic of Congo, from 1960 to 1965; in Kumu, Bas-Uele District, Belgian Congo (d. 2002)
Licinio de la Fuente, Spanish Labor Minister from 1969 to 1975; in Noez (d. 2015)
August 8, 1923 (Wednesday)
The state funeral for the late president Warren G. Harding was held in the United States Capitol rotunda
The Irish Free State parliament created the national police force, the Garda Síochána.
Born:
Eve Miller, U.S. actress; in Los Angeles (committed suicide, 1973)
Latifa al-Zayyat, Egyptian activist and writer known for her 1960 novel The Open Door; in Damietta (d. 1996)
August 9, 1923 (Thursday)
The Third Dáil, convened on September 9, 1922, as the Provisional Parliament of Southern Ireland in accordance with the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State, was dissolved by King George V of the United Kingdom at the request of Prime Minister W. T. Cosgrave. Elections for a new parliament were scheduled by Cosgrave for August 27.
Thousands of stores in Berlin "closed, and their owners went on strike, in an attempt to force Wilhelm Cuno from office.
Born: Ned Martin, American sportscaster; in Wayne, Pennsylvania (d. 2002)
Died: Petar Angelov; 45, former Bulgarian military officer and terrorist with Bulgaria's IMRO, was killed by members of a rival IMRO faction on orders of Todor Aleksandrov.
August 10, 1923 (Friday)
The late President Warren G. Harding was interred in the Marion Cemetery Receiving Vault in his hometown of Marion, Ohio.
German President Friedrich Ebert issued a proclamation outlawing the circulation of pamphlets calling for the overthrow of the government or acts of violence. The penalty was three years' imprisonment or a fine of up to 500 million marks.
Born: S. M. Sultan (Sheikh Mohammed Sultan), Bangladesh artist; in Machimdia village, Bengal Province, British India (d. 1994)
Died: Joaquín Sorolla, 60, Spanish painter
August 11, 1923 (Saturday)
The first fossil of a velociraptor was discovered, in the course of an expedition by the American Museum of Natural History to the Flaming Cliffs in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. (1924). Peter Kaisen discovered the fossil of the crushed but complete skull of Velociraptor mongoliensis, which had been extinct for at least 71 million years.
The Cuno strikes broke out across Germany as opposition to Wilhelm Cuno hardened. 35 workers were killed and 100 wounded around the country.
The Social Democratic Party of Germany withdrew its support for Cuno.
August 12, 1923 (Sunday)
Wilhelm Cuno resigned as Chancellor of Germany after losing a vote of no confidence. Gustav Stresemann accepted President Friedrich Ebert's offer to form a new government.
The Trotsky Red Stadium opened in Kiev in the Ukrainian SSR with the ceremonies of the Second All-Ukrainian Spartakiad.
Clarence Saunders announced that he was relinquishing control of the Piggly Wiggly supermarket chain after a failed gamble with Piggly Wiggly stocks cost him his entire fortune.
Argentine swimmer Enrique Tirabocchi swam the English Channel in a record 16 hours 33 minutes.
The 1,000th asteroid to be discovered from Earth, 1000 Piazzia, was found by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth from the Heidelberg Observatory.
Born: Gordon Samuels, British-born Australian lawyer who served as the Governor of New South Wales from 1996 to 2001; in London (d. 2007)
August 13, 1923 (Monday)
Gustav Stresemann became the new Chancellor of Germany as well as the new Foreign Minister.
Poland's newly completed port at Gdynia received its first ship, France's Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT) liner Kentucky, which diverted to Gdynia because of a strike of longshoremen at Danzig (now Gdansk). "Le Kentucky" reportedly "unloaded a live cargo of horses, and took 1,800 emigrants to Le Havre."
The Bucareli Treaty was signed between Mexico and the United States, with Mexico's government to compensate U.S. companies for financial losses sustained during the Mexican Revolution, in return for U.S. recognition of the government of President Álvaro Obregón. The negotiations and ceremony took place at the Mexican Office of Interior Affairs government building located on Avenida Bucareli No. 85 in Mexico City.
The Brazilian luxury hotel Belmond Copacabana Palace was opened in Rio de Janeiro.
The Washington Elm tree was officially pronounced dead.
August 14, 1923 (Tuesday)
A coal mine explosion at the Kemmerer Coal Company killed 99 miners near Kemmerer, Wyoming. The toll might have been higher but for the fact that nearly half of the usual force (115 out of 250 miners) were off for a holiday. An investigation determined that a fire boss had apparently attempted to relight his flame safety lamp by striking a match.
British Marine Air Navigation Co Ltd, the world's first scheduled passenger flying boat service, made its first flight, departing from Woolston, Southampton to an airstrip on the Channel Islands.
After members of the Ku Klux Klan beat and mutilated an accused drug peddler in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Governor Jack C. Walton declared martial law in the city and county of Tulsa.
Born:
Kuldip Nayar, Indian journalist and High Commissioner (ambassador) to the U.K. in 1990; in Sialkot, Punjab Province, British India (d. 2018)
John Pozdro, American musical composer; in Chicago (d. 2009)
August 15, 1923 (Wednesday)
A series of tidal waves killed at least 346 people on the western coast of Korea, and 1,000 were missing after 25,000 homes near the Yalu River were submerged in waves and flooding.
The first United States Navy Reserve air station was founded by U.S. Navy Lieutenant Richard E. Byrd and other people near Boston as Naval Air Station Squantum.
Irish Free State troops arrested Éamon de Valera, referred to within the anti-Treaty faction of Sinn Féin as "President of the Irish Republic", as just as he began making a speech to his constituents at Ennis in County Clare in advance of the August 27 elections.
A brawl involving 2,000 people broke out in Steubenville, Ohio when a banquet held in a hotel by the Ku Klux Klan was broken up by a mob swinging clubs and throwing bricks and bottles.
Grigori Zinoviev, the Soviet Russian Chairman of the international communist organization Comintern, instructed Chairman Heinrich Brandler of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD, the Communist Party of Germany) to prepare to launch a Communist revolution in October.
Born:
Rose Marie (stage name for Rose Marie Mazzetta), American radio and TV actress and comedian; in New York City (d. 2017) Though known later generations for The Dick Van Dyke Show, she debuted as a child star on the NBC Radio Network at age 5 (d. 2017)
Rocheforte Lafayette Weeks, President of the University of Liberia 1959 to 1972 and Foreign Minister of Liberia, 1972–1973; in Crozerville (d. 1986)
Winona Beamer, American educator and proponent of the preservation of Hawaiian culture, including the hula dance (d. 2008)
Died: Virginia González Polo, 50, Spanish feminist and Communist who co-founded the Spanish Communist Workers' Party (Partido Comunista Obrero Español or PCOE) in 1921, died after a long illness
August 16, 1923 (Thursday)
Viscount Jellicoe, the Governor-General of New Zealand was designated as the Governor of the Ross Dependency in Antarctica with the publication in New Zealand's government gazette of the British government's July 30 Order in Council. Jellicoe subsequently extended New Zealand law to the Antarctic territory.
At the annual amateur bullfight in the French resort of Arles, four people were killed and 25 injured when an angry bull leaped over a barrier and charged at young men wishing to demonstrate their skill. A panicked crowd ran upward into the grandstand, which then collapsed under their weight.
The leader of 70,000 workers in the Braunschweig region of Germany threatened to seize the government if their demands were not met.
Born:
Millôr Fernandes, Brazilian cartoonist and playwright; in Rio de Janeiro (d. 2012)
Jack Aeby, American nuclear physicist and photographer; in Mound City, Missouri (d. 2015)
August 17, 1923 (Friday)
The Home Bank of Canada closed its doors, wiping out the savings of thousands of Canadians. The bank's collapse would become the subject of a government inquiry.
Ratifications of the Washington Naval Treaty of February 6, 1922, were exchanged in Washington, D.C. by representatives of the U.S., UK, France, Italy and Japan, putting its terms into effect The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, agreed upon by Britain and Japan on January 30, 1902, was officially terminated upon the ratification of the Four-Power Treaty of 1921.
The Prime Minister of France, Raymond Poincaré, announced his willingness to reduce the amount of war reparations demanded from Germany. The statement came in a reply to an aggressive note from Britain's Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon.
Born:
Ivan Suchkov, Soviet Russian fighter pilot with 10 shootdowns of U.S. and United Nations aircraft during the Korean War; in Besskorbnaya, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (d. 1981)
Juanita Morrow Nelson, American pacifist and co-founder in 1948 of the Peacemakers organization; in Cleveland (d. 2015)
August 18, 1923 (Saturday)
A typhoon killed more than 200 people at Macao, Portugal's colony on the mainland of China, with boats being capsized in the Macao harbor and buildings collapsing in the city from high winds and waves.
At least 12 people were killed in the collapse of a church in the Spanish village of Navarredonda de la Rinconada, and 30 more were injured. The dead and injured were part of a crowd of 100 people who had climbed on top of the church roof to watch a bullfight in a bullring near the church.
Czechoslovakia and France signed a new trade pact.
Helen Wills won the U.S. national tennis championship at the U.S. National, beating defending U.S. champion Molla Mallory in straight sets at Forest Hills, New York, 6-2 and 6–1.
The first British track and field championships for women were held by the Women's Amateur Athletic Association, taking place at the OXO Sport Grounds at Downham, London. Female athletes competed in 11 events, with members of the Polytechnic Ladies Athletic Club winning eight of the gold medals, four of which went to Mary Lines.
Born:
Esmeralda Agoglia, Argentine ballerina; in Buenos Aires (d. 2014)
Ardeshir Tarapore, Indian military officer; in Bombay, British India (d. 1965)
Claude Weaver III, American-born Royal Canadian Air Force ace during World War II who was shot down and escaped a German POW camp, then shot down a second time and killed (d. 1944)
Died: Ewald O. Stiehm, 37, American football and basketball coach and college athletics administrator, died of stomach cancer.
August 19, 1923 (Sunday)
The ordeal of Ada Delutuk Blackjack, the last survivor of five people who had been marooned on Wrangel Island above the Arctic Circle since September 15, 1921, ended as a rescue team arrived and returned her to Alaska. Harold Noice, leading the rescue expedition on the schooner Donaldson, reached the island after starting on August 2. Blackjack had been the only Iñupiat (Alaskan native) on the expedition, hired as a cook for four men who were sent by Vilhjalmur Stefansson to claim Wrangel Island for Canada. Three of the men (Milton Galle, Fred Maurer and Allan Crawford) had departed on January 28 in an attempt to get supplies from Siberia, leaving Lorne Knight and Blackjack behind. Galle, Maurer and Crawford were never seen again, and Knight died on June 23. The island is now part of the territory of Russia.
German electrical engineer Charles Proteus Steinmetz said that by 2023, electricity would be doing all the hard work and people would not have to toil for more than four hours a day. Steinmetz also envisioned cities free of pollution and litter in a century's time.
Eight people died in forest fires along the French Riviera.
Lord Rothermere, in an editorial in his Sunday Pictorial, entreated Britain to preserve the Entente with France. "Europe without an entente is bound to mean an immense growth in armaments", he wrote. "We will have to resort at once to conscription without waiting for the outbreak of hostilities."
Born:
Zoltán Gera, popular Hungarian film actor; in Szeged (d. 2014)
Tashi Dorgi, Bhutanese royal princess (Ashi) and diplomat for the mountain kingdom of Bhutan; in Kalimpong, Bengal Province, British India (alive in 2022)
Ken McKenzie, Canadian sports journalist who served as publicity director of the National Hockey League from 1946 to 1963; in Winnipeg (d. 2003)
Died: Vilfredo Pareto, 75, French-born Italian economist known for the Pareto distribution, the Pareto efficiency, the Pareto principle
August 20, 1923 (Monday)
The U.S. Navy airship U.S.S. Shenandoah, the first rigid airship to use helium for its buoyancy rather than the less expensive, but flammable hydrogen, was lifted off inside its immense hangar at the Naval Air Station at Lakehurst, New Jersey. Based on the tests for controlling the ship, a powered flight was approved to take place on September 24.
One of the last train robberies in the United States was carried out by the Kimes–Terrill Gang and the Al Spencer gang, with Frank Nash stopping a train on the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad ("the Katy") line near Okemah, Oklahoma, and robbing it of $20,000 in cash and bonds.
Mines and metal industries were shut down in the Ruhr and Rhineland by a new wave of strikes.
A streetcar ride in Berlin cost 100,000 marks, ten times what it cost two weeks earlier.
The seven-week dockworker's strike ended in England.
Brothers Lee Shubert and J. J. Shubert staged the Broadway revue Artists and Models, emphasizing "girls in various stages of undress" and the first to feature topless or fully nude females on a Broadway stage. Vaudeville comedian Frank Fay was the host at the Shubert Theatre and would run for 312 performances.
Born:
Jim Reeves, U.S. country music singer-songwriter; in Galloway, Texas (killed in plane crash, 1964)
Romeo A. Horton, Liberian economist and banker, founder of the Bank of Liberia and later the African nation's Secretary of Commerce, Industry and Labor; in Monrovia (d. 2005)
August 21, 1923 (Tuesday)
Off the coast of Japan, 88 men were killed during sea trials of Imperial Japanese Navy's Submarine Number 70. The dead included 42 shipyard workers along with 46 Navy personnel, and only commanding officer and five other men survived. The sub was diving in the Seto Inland Sea near Awaji Island when a hatch was opened prematurely, and the wake of a passing ship swamped her.
A second swearing-in ceremony was held for U.S. President Calvin Coolidge, 18 days after he had been sworn in by his father, a Vermont notary public, on August 2. Because of the question of whether the presidential oath had to be administered by a federal official, Judge Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia administered the oath to Coolidge at the Willard Hotel. After the ceremony, the Coolidges moved from the hotel to the White House.
France delivered an official note to Britain in which it refused to make any concessions on the occupation of the Ruhr.
The city of Kalamazoo, Michigan passed an ordinance forbidding a dancers to stare into their partners' eyes.
The town of Spindale, North Carolina, named for the fact that it was the home of several textile mills, was incorporated.
Born:
Mario Laserna Pinzón, Colombian educator and founder of the University of Los Andes; to Colombian parents in Paris, France (d. 2013)
Larry Grayson, English comedian and television presenter; in Banbury, Oxfordshire (d. 1995)
Chris Schenkel, American sportscaster; in Bippus, Indiana (d. 2005)
August 22, 1923 (Wednesday)
Spain's war department announced it had landed 5,000 new troops in Morocco for a broad new offensive in the Rif War.
Sloppy Thurston of the Chicago White Sox threw an immaculate inning, striking out all three Philadelphia Athletics on nine total pitches in the 12th inning; it was the first major-league immaculate inning to occur in extra innings.
Born:
Hidehiko Yamabe, Japanese mathematician known for solving Hilbert's fifth problem and for the Yamabe flow; in Ashiya, Hyōgo prefecture (died of a stroke, 1960)
Ramswaroop Verma, Indian opponent of the caste system and founder of Arjak Sangh; in Cawnpore, United Provinces of British India (d. 1998)
Died: Daniel Best, 85, American farmer and inventor of farm equipment, including the combine harvester and the portable grain cleaner/separator
August 23, 1923 (Thursday)
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ratified the Treaty of Lausanne after it had been signed on July 24. In accordance with the terms of the treaty, the occupation of Constantinople (now Istanbul) wound down as the British, French and Italian troops began their withdrawal, which would be completed by October 4.
German Finance Minister Rudolf Hilferding told the Reichstag that he planned to introduce heavy taxation as the only way to save the country.
In a secret meeting of the Politburo of the Soviet Union's Communist Party, Leon Trotsky persuaded the leaders to approve a plan to finance the Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands or KPD) overthrow of the German government. Karl Radek, Józef Unszlicht, Vasily Schmidt and Georgy Pyatakov, German-speaking members of the Party's Central Committee, were dispatched to Berlin to assist the KPD in planning a revolution to take place in October, with the goal of an industrial "Soviet Germany" to develop the mostly agrarian economy of the USSR.
The romantic comedy film Bluebeard's 8th Wife, starring Gloria Swanson, was released.
Born: Henry F. Warner, soldier and Medal of Honor recipient, in Troy, North Carolina (d. 1944)
Died:
Giovanni Minzoni, 38, Italian priest who opposed the regime of Benito Mussolini, was murdered in Argenta by two enforcers of the Fascist Party who fractured his skull and beat him to death with clubs, apparently on orders from Italo Balbo.
Henry C. Mustin, 49, American naval aviator who established the first Naval Air Station for the U.S. Navy, organizing what is now NAS Pensacola in Florida, died of heart disease.
Oliver King, 68, British classical music composer
August 24, 1923 (Friday)
Katō Tomosaburō, 62, Prime Minister of Japan since June 12, 1922, died after a short illness. Viscount Uchida Kōsai, the Foreign Minister, served as acting premier until a permanent prime minister could form a new cabinet of ministers. Admiral Yamamoto Gonnohyōe was selected by the Prince Regent Hirohito to attempt formation of a new cabinet.
The Reichsministerium für die besetzten Gebiete (Ministry for Occupied Territories) was created in Germany by President Friedrich Ebert to administer the portion of the Ruhr Valley occupied by French and Belgium troops, with Johannes Fuchs serving as the Minister under Chancellor Gustav Stresemann. On the same day, Stresemann offered France a share in German industry in exchange for ending the occupation of territory.
Right fielder Jackie Gallagher and pitcher Johnson Fry, both of whom had a career batting average of 1.000 in Major League Baseball, both appeared for the Cleveland Indians in a 20 to 8 loss at home to the Washington Senators. Fry and Gallagher were among 17 players put into the game by Cleveland, which used five pitchers in the game. For both men, the event was their only MLB game and each got a hit the only at-bat in their careers, for a perfect batting average.
Born:
Homi Sethna, Chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission who guided the development of India's first nuclear bomb, an atomic weapon first detonated on May 18, 1974; in Bombay, British India (d. 2010)
Arthur Jensen, controversial U.S. educational psychologist known for his theories on race and intelligence; in San Diego, California (d. 2012)
Died:
David Benton Jones, 75, Welsh-born American industrialist who acquired control of the manufacture of zinc and became one of the wealthiest men in the U.S.
Kate Douglas Wiggin, 66, American novelist
August 25, 1923 (Saturday)
The Greek government ratified the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, two days after the Turkish government had ratified it, clearing the way for the involuntary transfer of 1.5 million Orthodox Christians from Turkey to Greece and 500,000 Greek Muslims to Turkey.
Violence broke out in Carnegie, Pennsylvania between citizens of the heavily Catholic community and the Ku Klux Klan. The mayor of Carnegie had stopped the KKK from being allowed to march in the town, but 10,000 Klansmen came out to hold a rally on a nearby hill and then about half of them began moving towards Carnegie anyway. The locals threw stones and a Klansman was shot dead; about a dozen arrests were made.
Germany decided to put all workers on the gold basis rate.
August 26, 1923 (Sunday)
A group of six young men became the first persons to climb to the top of the Mount Washington volcano in the U.S. state of Oregon.
The South African administrators of South-West Africa (now Namibia) permitted the Herero people to conduct an elaborate burial ceremony for Namibian hero Samuel Maharero at the city of Okahandja. August 26 would continue to be observed annually as a celebration of national pride.
French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré rejected Gustav Stresemann's offer of two days previous. "What we did fifty-three years ago, our former enemies can at least try to do today", Poincaré said, referring to the French indemnity after the Franco-Prussian War. "If not, they force us to execute on them what they menaced us with then – pay us or we stay."
Peggy-Jean Montgomery, the 4-year-old star of the Principal Pictures Corporation who was billed as "Baby Peggy", was signed to the largest contract for a child actress up to that time, with one million dollars (about $15 million a century later) over a three-year period.
Born:
Antonio Brancaccio, Italian jurist and chief justice of Italy's supreme court as President of the Corte Suprema di Cassazione from 1986 to 1995; in Maddaloni (d. 1995)
Wolfgang Sawallisch, German conductor and pianist; in Munich (d. 2013)
Died:
Rayko Daskalov, 36, exiled Bulgarian politician, was shot to death in Prague by Yordan Tsitsonkov, an agent of Bulgaria's terrorist Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO).
Hertha Ayrton, 69, British physicist, mathematician and inventor known for her patents on arc lamps, electrodes, and divider calipers
August 27, 1923 (Monday)
The Irish Free State held its first parliamentary election since the State's founding, for the 153 seats in the Dáil Éireann. The Cumann na nGaedheal party, led by Prime Minister W. T. Cosgrave, won 63 seats, while the Irish Republicans led by Éamon de Valera received 44. Although Cosgrave's party was 14 fewer than the required 77 for a majority, the Republicans elected refused to participate in the Dáil, and the Farmers' Party joined a coalition.
Italian Army General Enrico Tellini, inspecting the disputed border between Greece and Albania as part of a League of Nations mission, was shot and killed in an ambush along with three officers and an interpreter. On the Greek side of the border, between the town of Ioannina and the crossing at the Albanian town of Kakavijë, Tellini's automobile was stopped by a fallen tree and the group was killed. The Italian government blamed Greece for the killing, leading to the Corfu incident on August 31.
Neville Chamberlain took over from Stanley Baldwin as British Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Born: Hun Neang, father of Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen and Grand Order of National Merit recipient; in Peam Koh Sna, Kampong Cham province (d. 2013)
August 28, 1923 (Tuesday)
Germany's government offered to end their passive resistance campaign in the Ruhr in exchange for the release of deportees and prisoners and a guarantee of the "safety of life and subsistence of the Ruhr population."
U.S. Army pilots Lowell Smith and John Richter broke aviation endurance records by staying in the air for 37 consecutive hours over Rockwell Field in San Diego. Mid-air refueling was used to accomplish the feat.
Japan's Crown Prince Hirohito moved into the Akasaka Palace, intending to stay only temporarily, but would remain there for five years until two months before his coronation, because the Tokyo earthquake leveled available housing four days later on September 1.
Groundbreaking was held to start construction of the Parliament House of Australia in Canberra.
Ex-Pennsylvania governor William Cameron Sproul suggested that Prohibition hastened the death of Warren G. Harding. "I think President Harding's death was accelerated by the fact that he thought it was his duty, because of Prohibition, to set a public example and abstain", Sproul said. "He was accustomed to an occasional drink of scotch. I was his personal friend and I know, and in that laborious task of a trip to Alaska, I'm sure he missed it."
The trademark for Lincoln Logs, the notched wooden toys patented by John Lloyd Wright on August 31, 1920, was registered.
Died:
Nathan Kaplan, 32, American gangster known as "Kid Dropper", was shot to death by hit man Louis Cohen while being transferred by a police car in New York City after his arrest.
Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy, 60, Hungarian-born American portrait painter, who signed her work as "Princess Lwoff-Parlaghy" based on her brief marriage to Russian Prince Georgy Lvov, died in her New York City apartment hours before a deputy sheriff arrived to seize her paintings to satisfy a court judgment. An Associated Press reporter wrote, "Death today saved Princess Lwoff-Parlaghy from the ordeal of seeing her priceless art treasures seized to satisfy judgments against her for $212,000."
August 29, 1923 (Wednesday)
Italy delivered a seven-point ultimatum to Greece demanding satisfaction over the recent murder of Italy's General Tellini, with the Greek government given 24 hours to agree to pay 50 million lire reparations, a full inquiry, execution of the killers, an official apology, and a funeral and military honors for the victims. The next day, Greece replied with a four-point counterproposal refusing to pay the indemnity, but agreeing to an expression of sorrow, a memorial service and honors to the victims remains.
The high Granite Peak in the U.S. state of Montana was scaled for the first time, with Elers Koch, James C. Whitham, and R.T. Ferguson making the ascent.
The high South Teton mountain in the U.S. state of Wyoming was scaled for the first time, with mountain climbers Albert R. Ellingwood and Eleanor Davis making the first ascent. Later in the day, Ellingwood became the first person to climb the high Middle Teton mountain.
Junior featherweight boxing champion Jack "Kid" Wolfe lost his world title in a 15-round decision against Carl Duane in a bout at Queensboro Stadium in New York City.
Born:
Sir Richard Attenborough, English film actor and director; in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire (d. 2014)
Marmaduke Hussey, British journalist and chairman of the Board of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) from 1986 to 1996; in Surrey (d. 2006)
Janet Taylor Spence, American psychologist and founder (in 1984) of the Association for Psychological Science; in Toledo, Ohio (d. 2015)
Edward Irons, American economist and founding dean of the Howard University School of Business, as well as organizer of the first African American chartered bank, after the Great Depression, in the U.S.; in Hulbert, Oklahoma (d. 2022)
Died:
Bernard Durning, 30, American silent film director, died of typhoid fever after drinking contaminate water while in Brooklyn.
Princess Anastasia, 45, American-born heiress who went from May Stewart of Zanesville, Ohio to a member of royalty upon her 1920 marriage to Prince Christopher of Greece, died of cancer.
August 30, 1923 (Thursday)
The film The Hunchback of Notre Dame, starring Lon Chaney, premiered at Carnegie Hall in New York City. The 102-minute silent movie, the most expensive (and highest-grossing) production of Universal Pictures up to that time, established Chaney as the premier horror film actor of the 1920s.
A riot broke out in the small city of Perth Amboy, New Jersey when a mob of 6,000 attacked a hall where a meeting of 150 members of the Ku Klux Klan was being held. Police and firemen tried to control the crowd with clubs, gas bombs and water hoses, but were overwhelmed. Two cars full of Klansmen were intercepted before they could escape and the occupants were beaten.
The annual Victory Day holiday, Zafer Bayrami, was celebrated in Turkey for the first time. The event, a public holiday since 1926, commemorated Turkey's victory in the decisive Battle of Dumlupınar to win the Greco-Turkish War on August 30, 1922.
Born:
Philip D. McNamara, U.S. Roman Catholic priest who directed the Catholic Relief Services charity in Cambodia during the Vietnam War; in Boston (d. 1993)
Roger Pierre, French film and TV comedian; in Paris (d. 2010)
Maksim Passar, Soviet Army sniper, member of the Nanai Asian-Russian minority, who killed 237 enemy soldiers in World War II; in Nizhny Katar, Far Eastern Krai, Soviet Union (killed in action, 1943)
Died:
Nancy Green, 89, African-American storyteller, cook, activist and model for "Aunt Jemima", was killed in a pedestrian accident in Chicago. She was standing on a sidewalk at East 46th street when a car struck a laundry truck, which then "hurtled on to the sidewalk."
Verner Moore White, 59, American portrait painter, died of a heart attack while at a banquet given in his honor at the headquarters of the Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York.
Lord Farquhar, 79, British noble and Lord Steward of the Household from 1915 to 1922
August 31, 1923 (Friday)
The Corfu incident began as Italian naval forces shelled and occupied the unfortified Greek island of Corfu with 11,000 troops.
Harry Greb beat Johnny Wilson by 15-round decision at the Polo Grounds in New York City to become the new middleweight boxing champion of the world.
The United States formally recognized Mexico.
Another anti-KKK riot broke out, this time near New Castle, Delaware when a mob attacked a Klan initiation ceremony. Five were shot in the fighting.
References
1923
1923-08
1923-08 |
172701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism | Isma'ilism | Isma'ilism () is a branch or sub-sect of Shia Islam. The Isma'ili () get their name from their acceptance of Imam Isma'il ibn Jafar as the appointed spiritual successor (imām) to Ja'far al-Sadiq, wherein they differ from the Twelver Shia, who accept Musa al-Kadhim, the younger brother of Isma'il, as the true Imām.
After the death of Muhammad ibn Isma'il in the 8th century CE, the teachings of Ismailism further transformed into the belief system as it is known today, with an explicit concentration on the deeper, esoteric meaning () of the Islamic religion. With the eventual development of Usulism and Akhbarism into the more literalistic () oriented, Shia Islam developed into two separate directions: the metaphorical Ismaili, Alevi, Bektashi, Alian, and Alawite groups focusing on the mystical path and nature of God, along with the "Imam of the Time" representing the manifestation of esoteric truth and intelligible divine reality, with the more literalistic Usuli and Akhbari groups focusing on divine law (sharia) and the deeds and sayings (sunnah) of Muhammad and the Twelve Imams who were guides and a light to God.
Isma'ilism rose at one point to become the largest branch of Shia Islam, climaxing as a political power with the Fatimid Caliphate in the 10th through 12th centuries. Ismailis believe in the oneness of God, as well as the closing of divine revelation with Muhammad, whom they see as "the final Prophet and Messenger of God to all humanity". The Isma'ili and the Twelvers both accept the same six initial Imams; the Isma'ili accept Isma'il ibn Jafar as the seventh Imam. Isma'ili thought is heavily influenced by Neoplatonism.
The larger sect of Ismaili are the Nizaris, who recognize Aga Khan IV as the 49th hereditary Imam, while other groups are known as the Tayyibi branch. The biggest Ismaili community is in Gorno-Badakhshan, but Isma'ilis can be found in Central Asia, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Yemen, Lebanon, Malaysia, Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, East Africa, Angola, Bangladesh, and South Africa, and have in recent years emigrated to Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and Trinidad and Tobago.
History
Succession crisis
Ismailism shares its beginnings with other early Shia sects that emerged during the succession crisis that spread throughout the early Muslim community. From the beginning, the Shia asserted the right of Ali, cousin of Muhammad, to have both political and spiritual control over the community. This also included his two sons, who were the grandsons of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima.
The conflict remained relatively peaceful between the partisans of Ali and those who asserted a semi-democratic system of electing caliphs, until the third of the Rashidun caliphs, Uthman was killed, and Ali, with popular support, ascended to the caliphate.
Soon after his ascendancy, Aisha, the third of Muhammad's wives, claimed along with Uthman's tribe, the Ummayads, that Ali should take (blood for blood) from the people responsible for Uthman's death. Ali voted against it, as he believed that the situation at the time demanded a peaceful resolution of the matter. Though both parties could rightfully defend their claims, due to escalated misunderstandings, the Battle of the Camel was fought and Aisha was defeated, but was respectfully escorted to Medina by Ali.
Following this battle, Mu'awiya I, the Umayyad governor of Syria, also staged a revolt under the same pretences. Ali led his forces against Mu'awiya until the side of Mu'awiya held copies of the Quran against their spears and demanded that the issue be decided by Islam's holy book. Ali accepted this, and an arbitration was done which ended in his favor.
A group among Ali's army believed that subjecting his legitimate authority to arbitration was tantamount to apostasy, and abandoned his forces. This group was known as the Khawarij and Ali wished to defeat their forces before they reached the cities, where they would be able to blend in with the rest of the population. While he was unable to do this, he nonetheless defeated their forces in subsequent battles.
Regardless of these defeats, the Kharijites survived and became a violently problematic group in Islamic history. After plotting an assassination against Ali, Mu'awiya, and the arbitrator of their conflict, Ali was successfully assassinated in 661 CE, and the Imāmate passed on to his son Hasan and then later his son Husayn, or according to the Nizari Isma'ili, the Imamate passed to Hasan, who was an Entrusted Imam (), and afterward to Husayn who was the Permanent Imam (). The Entrusted Imam is an Imam in the full sense except that the lineage of the Imamate must continue through the Permanent Imam. However, the political caliphate was soon taken over by Mu'awiya, the only leader in the empire at that time with an army large enough to seize control.
Even some of Ali's early followers regarded him as "an absolute and divinely guided leader", whose demands of his followers were "the same kind of loyalty that would have been expected for the Prophet". For example, one of Ali's supporters who also was devoted to Muhammad said to him: "our opinion is your opinion and we are in the palm of your right hand." The early followers of Ali seem to have taken his guidance as "right guidance" deriving from Divine support. In other words, Ali's guidance was seen to be the expression of God's will and the Quranic message. This spiritual and absolute authority of Ali was known as , and it was inherited by his successors, the Imams.
In the 1st century after Muhammad, the term was not specifically defined as " of the Prophet", but was used in connection to Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and some Umayyad Caliphs. The idea of , or traditions ascribed to Muhammad, was not mainstream, nor was criticised. Even the earliest legal texts by Malik b. Anas and Abu Hanifa employ many methods including analogical reasoning and opinion and do not rely exclusively on . Only in the 2nd century does the Sunni jurist al-Shafi'i first argue that only the sunnah of Muhammad should be a source of law, and that this is embodied in s. It would take another one hundred years after al-Shafi'i for Sunni Muslim jurists to fully base their methodologies on prophetic s. Meanwhile, Imami Shia Muslims followed the Imams' interpretations of Islam as normative without any need for s and other sources of Sunni law such as analogy and opinion.
Karbala and afterward
The Battle of Karbala
After the death of Imam Hasan, Imam Husayn and his family were increasingly worried about the religious and political persecution that was becoming commonplace under the reign of Mu'awiya's son, Yazid. Amidst this turmoil in 680, Husayn along with the women and children of his family, upon receiving invitational letters and gestures of support by Kufis, wished to go to Kufa and confront Yazid as an intercessor on part of the citizens of the empire. However, he was stopped by Yazid's army in Karbala during the month of Muharram. His family was starved and deprived of water and supplies, until eventually the army came in on the tenth day and martyred Husayn and his companions, and enslaved the rest of the women and family, taking them to Kufa.
This battle would become extremely important to the Shia psyche. The Twelvers as well as Musta'li Isma'ili still mourn this event during an occasion known as Ashura.
The Nizari Isma'ili, however, do not mourn this in the same way because of the belief that the light of the Imam never dies but rather passes on to the succeeding Imām, making mourning arbitrary. However, during commemoration they do not have any celebrations in Jama'at Khana during Muharram and may have announcements or sessions regarding the tragic events of Karbala. Also, individuals may observe Muharram in a wide variety of ways. This respect for Muharram does not include self-flagellation and beating because they feel that harming one's body is harming a gift from God.
The beginnings of Ismāʿīlī Daʿwah
After being set free by Yazid, Zaynab bint Ali, the daughter of Fatimah and Ali and the sister of Hasan and Husayn, started to spread the word of Karbala to the Muslim world, making speeches regarding the event. This was the first organized daʿwah of the Shia, which would later develop into an extremely spiritual institution for the Ismāʿīlīs.
After the poisoning of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 713, the first succession crisis of the Shia arose with Zayd ibn ʻAlī's companions and the Zaydīs who claimed Zayd ibn ʻAlī as the Imām, whilst the rest of the Shia upheld Muhammad al-Baqir as the Imām. The Zaidis argued that any sayyid or "descendant of Muhammad through Hasan or Husayn" who rebelled against tyranny and the injustice of his age could be the Imām. The Zaidis created the first Shia states in Iran, Iraq, and Yemen.
In contrast to his predecessors, Muhammad al-Baqir focused on academic Islamic scholarship in Medina, where he promulgated his teachings to many Muslims, both Shia and non-Shia, in an extremely organized form of Daʿwah. In fact, the earliest text of the Ismaili school of thought is said to be the Umm al-kitab (The Archetypal Book), a conversation between Muhammad al-Baqir and three of his disciples.
This tradition would pass on to his son, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who inherited the Imāmate on his father's death in 743. Ja'far al-Sadiq excelled in the scholarship of the day and had many pupils, including three of the four founders of the Sunni madhhabs.
However, following al-Sadiq's poisoning in 765, a fundamental split occurred in the community. Ismaʻil ibn Jafar, who at one point was appointed by his father as the next Imam, appeared to have predeceased his father in 755. While Twelvers argue that either he was never heir apparent or he truly predeceased his father and hence Musa al-Kadhim was the true heir to the Imamate, the Ismāʿīlīs argue that either the death of Ismaʻil was staged in order to protect him from Abbasid persecution or that the Imamate passed to Muhammad ibn Ismaʻil in lineal descent.
Ascension of the Dais
For some partisans of Isma'il, the Imamate ended with Isma'il ibn Ja'far. Most Ismailis recognized Muhammad ibn Ismaʻil as the next Imam and some saw him as the expected Mahdi that Ja'far al-Sadiq had preached about. However, at this point the Isma'ili Imams according to the Nizari and Mustaali found areas where they would be able to be safe from the recently founded Abbasid Caliphate, which had defeated and seized control from the Umayyads in 750 CE.
At this point, some of the Isma'ili community believed that Muhammad ibn Isma'il had gone into the Occultation and that he would one day return. A small group traced the Imamate among Muhammad ibn Isma'il's lineal descendants. With the status and location of the Imams not known to the community, the concealed Isma'ili Imams began to propagate the faith through Da'iyyun from its base in Syria. This was the start of the spiritual beginnings of the Daʿwah that would later play important parts in the all Ismaili branches, especially the Nizaris and the Musta'lis.
The Da'i was not a missionary in the typical sense, and he was responsible for both the conversion of his student as well as the mental and spiritual well-being. The Da'i was a guide and light to the Imam. The teacher-student relationship of the Da'i and his student was much like the one that would develop in Sufism. The student desired God, and the Da'i could bring him to God by making him recognize the Imam, who possesses the knowledge of the Oneness of God. The Da'i and Imam were respectively the spiritual mother and spiritual father of the Isma'ili believers.
Ja'far bin Mansur al-Yaman's The Book of the Sage and Disciple is a classic of early Fatimid literature, documenting important aspects of the development of the Isma'ili da'wa in tenth-century Yemen. The book is also of considerable historical value for modern scholars of Arabic prose literature as well as those interested in the relationship of esoteric Shia with early Islamic mysticism. Likewise is the book an important source of information regarding the various movements within tenth-century Shīa leading to the spread of the Fatimid-Isma'ili da'wa throughout the medieval Islamicate world and the religious and philosophical history of post-Fatimid Musta'li branch of Isma'ilism in Yemen and India.
The Qarmatians
While many of the Isma'ili were content with the Da'i teachings, a group that mingled Persian nationalism and Zoroastrianism surfaced known as the Qarmatians. With their headquarters in Bahrain, they accepted a young Persian former prisoner by the name of Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani, who claimed to be the descendant of the Persian kings as their Mahdi, and rampaged across the Middle-East in the tenth century, climaxing their violent campaign by stealing the Black Stone from the Kaaba in Mecca in 930 under Abu Tahir al-Jannabi. Following the arrival of the Al-Isfahani, they changed their qibla from the Kaaba in Mecca to the Zoroastrian-influenced fire. After their return of the Black Stone in 951 and a defeat by the Abbasids in 976 the group slowly dwindled off and no longer has any adherents.
The Fatimid Caliphate
Rise of the Fatimid Caliphate
The political asceticism practiced by the Imāms during the period after Muhammad ibn Ismail was to be short-lived and finally concluded with the Imāmate of Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, who was born in 873. After decades of Ismāʿīlīs believing that Muhammad ibn Ismail was in the Occultation and would return to bring an age of justice, al-Mahdi taught that the Imāms had not been literally secluded, but rather had remained hidden to protect themselves and had been organizing the Da'i, and even acted as Da'i themselves.
After raising an army and successfully defeating the Aghlabids in North Africa and a number of other victories, al-Mahdi Billah successfully established a Shia political state ruled by the Imāmate in 910. This was the only time in history where the Shia Imamate and Caliphate were united after the first Imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib.
In parallel with the dynasty's claim of descent from ʻAlī and Fāṭimah, the empire was named "Fatimid". However, this was not without controversy, and recognizing the extent that Ismāʿīlī doctrine had spread, the Abbasid Caliphate assigned Sunni and Twelver scholars the task to disprove the lineage of the new dynasty. This became known as the Baghdad Manifesto, which tries to trace the lineage of the Fatimids to an alleged Jewish blacksmith.
The Middle East under Fatimid rule
The Fatimid Caliphate expanded quickly under the subsequent Imams. Under the Fatimids, Egypt became the center of an empire that included at its peak North Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Syria, the Red Sea coast of Africa, Yemen, Hejaz and the Tihamah. Under the Fatimids, Egypt flourished and developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, which eventually determined the economic course of Egypt during the High Middle Ages.
The Fatimids promoted ideas that were radical for that time. One was a promotion by merit rather than genealogy.
Also during this period, the three contemporary branches of Isma'ilism formed. The first branch (Druze) occurred with the al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Born in 985, he ascended as ruler at the age of eleven. A religious group that began forming in his lifetime broke off from mainstream Ismailism and refused to acknowledge his successor. Later to be known as the Druze, they believe Al-Hakim to be the manifestation of God and the prophesied Mahdi, who would one day return and bring justice to the world. The faith further split from Ismailism as it developed unique doctrines which often class it separately from both Ismailism and Islam.
Arwa al-Sulayhi was the Hujjah in Yemen from the time of Imam al Mustansir. She appointed Da'i in Yemen to run religious affairs. Ismaili missionaries Ahmed and Abadullah (in about 1067 CE (460 AH)) were also sent to India in that time. They sent Syedi Nuruddin to Dongaon to look after southern part and Syedi Fakhruddin to East Rajasthan, India.
The second split occurred following the death of al-Mustansir Billah in 1094 CE. His rule was the longest of any caliph in both the Fatimid and other Islamic empires. After he died, his sons Nizar, the older, and al-Musta'li, the younger, fought for political and spiritual control of the dynasty. Nizar was defeated and jailed, but according to Nizari sources his son escaped to Alamut, where the Iranian Isma'ilis had accepted his claim.
The Musta'li line split again between the Taiyabi and the Hafizi, the former claiming that the 21st Imam and son of al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah went into occultation and appointed a Da'i al-Mutlaq to guide the community, in a similar manner as the Isma'ili had lived after the death of Muhammad ibn Isma'il. The latter claimed that the ruling Fatimid caliph was the Imām.
However, in the Mustaali branch, Dai came to have a similar but more important task. The term Da'i al-Mutlaq () literally means "the absolute or unrestricted missionary". This da'i was the only source of the Imam's knowledge after the occultation of al-Qasim in Musta'li thought.
According to Taiyabi Ismaili tradition, after the death of Imam al-Amir, his infant son, at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim, about 2 years old, was protected by the most important woman in Musta'li history after Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah. She was Arwa al-Sulayhi, a queen in Yemen. She was promoted to the post of hujjah long before by Imām Mustansir at the death of her husband. She ran the da'wat from Yemen in the name of Imaam Tayyib. She was instructed and prepared by Imam Mustansir and ran the dawat from Yemen in the name of Imaam Tayyib, following Imams for the second period of Satr. It was going to be on her hands, that Imam Tayyib would go into seclusion, and she would institute the office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq. Zoeb bin Moosa was first to be instituted to this office. The office of da'i continued in Yemen up to 24th da'i Yusuf who shifted da'wat to India. . Before the shift of da'wat in India, the da'i's representative were known as Wali-ul-Hind. Syedi Hasan Feer was one of the prominent Isma'ili wali of 14th century. The line of Tayyib Da'is that began in 1132 is still continuing under the main sect known as Dawoodi Bohra (see list of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra).
The Musta'li split several times over disputes regarding who was the rightful Da'i al-Mutlaq, the leader of the community within The Occultation.
After the 27th Da'i, Syedna Dawood bin Qutub Shah, there was another split; the ones following Syedna Dawood came to be called Dawoodi Bohra, and followers of Suleman were then called Sulaimani. Dawoodi Bohra's present Da'i al Mutlaq, the 53rd, is Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin, and he and his devout followers tread the same path, following the same tradition of the Aimmat Fatimiyyeen. The Sulaymani are mostly concentrated in Yemen and Saudi Arabia with some communities in the South Asia. The Dawoodi Bohra and Alavi Bohra are mostly exclusive to South Asia, after the migration of the da'wah from Yemen to India. Other groups include Atba-i-Malak and Hebtiahs Bohra. Mustaali beliefs and practices, unlike those of the Nizari and Druze, are regarded as compatible with mainstream Islam, representing a continuation of Fatimid tradition and fiqh.
Decline of the Caliphate
In the 1040s, the Zirid dynasty (governors of the Maghreb under the Fatimids) declared their independence and their conversion to Sunni Islam, which led to the devastating Banu Hilal invasions. After about 1070, the Fatimid hold on the Levant coast and parts of Syria was challenged by first Turkish invasions, then the First Crusade, so that Fatimid territory shrunk until it consisted only of Egypt. Damascus fell to the Seljuk Empire in 1076, leaving the Fatimids only in charge of Egypt and the Levantine coast up to Tyre and Sidon. Because of the vehement opposition to the Fatimids from the Seljuks, the Ismaili movement was only able to operate as a terrorist underground movement, much like the Assassins.
After the decay of the Fatimid political system in the 1160s, the Zengid ruler Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo had his general, Saladin, seize Egypt in 1169, forming the Sunni Ayyubid dynasty. This signaled the end of the Hafizi Mustaali branch of Ismailism as well as the Fatimid Caliphate.
Alamut
Hassan-i Sabbah
Very early in the empire's life, the Fatimids sought to spread the Isma'ili faith, which in turn would spread loyalty to the Imamate in Egypt. One of their earliest attempts was taken by a missionary by the name of Hassan-i Sabbah.
Hassan-i Sabbah was born into a Twelver family living in the scholarly Persian city of Qom in 1056 CE. His family later relocated to the city of Tehran, which was an area with an extremely active Isma'ili Da'wah. He immersed himself in Ismāʿīlī thought; however, he did not choose to convert until he was overcome with an almost fatal illness and feared dying without knowing the Imām of his time.
Afterward, Hassan-i Sabbah became one of the most influential Da'is in Isma'ili history; he became important to the survival of the Nizari branch of Ismailism, which today is its largest branch.
Legend holds that he met with Imam al-Mustansir Billah and asked him who his successor would be, to which he responded that it would be his eldest son Nizar (Fatimid Imam).
Hassan-i Sabbah continued his missionary activities, which climaxed with his taking of the famous citadel of Alamut. Over the next two years, he converted most of the surrounding villages to Isma'ilism. Afterward, he converted most of the staff to Ismailism, took over the fortress, and presented Alamut's king with payment for his fortress, which he had no choice but to accept. The king reluctantly abdicated his throne, and Hassan-i Sabbah turned Alamut into an outpost of Fatimid rule within Abbasid territory.
The Hashasheen / Assassiyoon
Surrounded by the Abbasids and other hostile powers and low in numbers, Hassan-i Sabbah devised a way to attack the Isma'ili enemies with minimal losses. Using the method of assassination, he ordered the murders of Sunni scholars and politicians who he felt threatened the Isma'ilis. Knives and daggers were used to kill, and sometimes as a warning, a knife would be placed on the pillow of a Sunni, who understood the message to mean that he was marked for death. When an assassination was actually carried out, the Hashasheen would not be allowed to run away; instead, to strike further fear into the enemy, they would stand near the victim without showing any emotion and departed only when the body was discovered. This further increased the ruthless reputation of the Hashasheen throughout Sunni-controlled lands.
The English word assassins is said to have been derived from the Arabic word Hasaseen meaning annihilators as mentioned in Quran 3:152 or Hashasheen meaning both "those who use hashish" and "throat slitters" in Egyptian Arabic dialect, and one of the Shia Ismaili sects in the Syria of the eleventh century.
Threshold of the Imāmate
After the imprisonment of Nizar by his younger brother Ahmad al Mustaali, various sources indicate that Nizar's son Ali Al-Hadi ibn Nizari survived and fled to Alamut. He was offered a safe place in Alamut, where Hassan-Al-Sabbah welcomed him. However, it is believed this was not announced to the public and the lineage was hidden until a few Imāms later to avoid further attacks hostility.
It was announced with the advent of Imam Hassan II. In a show of his Imamate and to emphasize the interior meaning (the batin) over the exterior meaning (the zahir), only two years after his accession, the Imām Hasan 'Ala Zikrihi al-Salam conducted a ceremony known as qiyama (resurrection) at the grounds of the Alamut Castle, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juwayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Isma'ili libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab Baba-yi Sayyidna, written 60 years after the event, and the later Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century AD. However, Rashid al-Din's narrative is based on Juwayni, and the Nizari sources do not go into specific details. Since very few contemporary Nizari Ismaili accounts of the events have survived, and it is likely that scholars will never know the exact details of this event. However, there was no total abrogation of all law; only certain exoteric rituals like the Salah/Namaz, Fasting in Ramadan, Hajj to Makkah, and facing Makkah in prayer were abrogated; however, the Nizaris continued to perform rituals of worship, except these rituals were more esoteric and spiritually oriented. For example, the true prayer is to remember God at every moment; true fasting is to keep all of the body's organs away from whatever is unethical and forbidden. Ethical conduct is enjoined at all times.
Afterward, his descendants ruled as the Imams at Alamut until its destruction by the Mongols.
Destruction by the Mongols
Through the 12th century, the Isma'ili continued to successfully ward off Sunni attempts to take Alamut, including by Saladin. The stronghold
eventually met its destruction at the hands of the Khans in 1256. Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan led the devastating attack personally. As he would later do to the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Hulagu destroyed Isma'ili as well as Islamic sacred and religious texts. The Imamate that was located in Alamut along with its few followers were forced to flee and take refuge elsewhere.
Aftermath
After the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate and its bases in Iran and Syria, the three currently living branches of Isma'ili generally developed geographically isolated from each other, with the exception of Syria (which has both Druze and Nizari) and Pakistan and the rest of South Asia (which had both Mustaali and Nizari).
The Musta'li progressed mainly under the Isma'ili-adhering Yemeni ruling class well into the 12th century, until the fall of the last Sulayhid dynasty, Hamdanids (Yemen) and Zurayids rump state in 1197 AD, then they shifted their da'wat to India under the Da'i al-Mutlaq, working on behalf of their last Imam, Taiyyab, and are known as Bohra. From India, various groups spread mainly to south Asia and eventually to the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and America.
The Nizari have maintained large populations in Syria, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and they have smaller populations in China and Iran. This community is the only one with a living Imam, whose title is the Aga Khan. Badakhshan, which includes parts of northeastern Afghanistan and southeastern Tajikistan, is the only part of the world where Ismailis make up the majority of the population. This is due to Isma'ili scholar Nasir Khusraw, who spent as a hermit the last decades of his life in Badakhshan, gathering a considerable number of devoted adherents, who have handed down his doctrines to succeeding generations.
The Druze mainly settled in Syria and Lebanon and developed a community based upon the principles of reincarnation through their own descendants. Their leadership is based on community scholars, who are the only individuals allowed to read their holy texts. There is controversy over whether this group falls under the classification of Isma'ilism or Islam because of its unique beliefs.
The Tajiks of Xinjiang, being Isma'ili, were not subjected to being enslaved in China by Sunni Muslim Turkic peoples because the two peoples did not share a common geographical region. The Burusho people of Pakistan are also Nizaris. However, due to their isolation from the rest of the world, Islam reached the Hunza about 350 years ago. Ismailism has been practiced by the Hunza for the last 300 years. The Hunza have been ruled by the same family of kings for over 900 years. They were called Kanjuts. Sunni Islam never took root in this part of central Asia so even now, there are less than a few dozen Sunnis living among the Hunza.
Ismaili historiography
One of the most important texts in Ismaili historiography is the ʿUyun al-Akhbar, which is a reference source on the history of Ismailism that was composed in 7 books by the Tayyibi Mustaʻlian Ismaili daʻi-scholar, Idris Imad al-Din (born ca. 1392). This text presents the most comprehensive history of the Ismaili Imams and daʻwa, from the earliest period of Muslim history until the late Fatimid era. The author, Idris Imad al-Din, descended from the prominent al-Walid family of the Quraysh in Yemen, who led the Tayyibi Mustaʻlian Ismaili daʻwa for more than three centuries. This gave him access to the literary heritage of the Ismailis, including the majority of the extant Fatimid manuscripts transferred to Yemen. The ʻUyun al-Akhbar is being published in 7 volumes of annotated Arabic critical editions as part of an institutional collaboration between the Institut Français du Proche Orient (IFPO) in Damascus and The Institute of Ismaili Studies (IIS) in London. This voluminous text has been critically edited based on several old manuscripts from The Institute of Ismaili Studies' vast collection. These academic editions have been prepared by a team of Syrian and Egyptian scholars, including Dr Ayman F Sayyid, and this major publication project has been coordinated by Dr Nader El-Bizri (IIS) and Dr Sarab Atassi-Khattab (IFPO).
Beliefs
View on the Quran
In the Isma'ili belief, God's Speech (kalam Allah) is the everlasting creative command that perpetuates all things and simultaneously embodies the essences of every existent being. This eternal commandment "flows" or "emanates" to Prophets (Prophets and messengers in Islam) through a spiritual hierarchy that consists of the Universal Intellect, Universal Soul, and the angelic intermediaries of Jadd, Fath, and Khayal who are identified with the archangels Seraphiel, Michael (archangel), and Gabriel (Jibra'il in Arabic), respectively. As a result, the Prophets receive revelations as divine, spiritual, and nonverbal "inspiration" (wahy) and "support" (taʾyīd), through the means of the Holy Spirit, Gabriel, which is a heavenly power that illuminates the souls of the Prophets, just as the radiance of light reflects in a mirror. Accordingly, God illuminated Muhammad with a divine light (Nūr (Islam)) that constituted the divine nonverbal revelation (through the medium of archangel Gabriel), and Muhammad, then, expressed the divine truths contained within this transmission in the Arabic terms that constitute the Quran. Consequently, the Isma'ilis believe that the Arabic Qur’an is God’s Speech in a secondary and subordinate sense, as it only verbally expresses the "signs" (āyāt) of God’s actual cosmic commandments.
According to the 14th Isma'ili Imam and fourth Fatimid Caliph Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, "[The Prophet] only conveyed the meanings of the inspiration [wahy] and the light – its obligations, rulings and allusions – by means of utterances composed with arranged, combined, intelligible, and audible letters". Hence, according to the Imam, the Quran is God’s Speech only in its inward spiritual essence, while its outward verbal form is the words of Prophet Muhammad.
The Isma'ili view on God's Speech is therefore in contrast with the Hanbali view that it is eternal sounds and letters, the Mu'tazila view that it is a temporally created provision of sounds, and also the Ash'ari and Maturidi views that it is an everlasting nonverbal attribute contained in God’s essence. Even so, the Isma'ilis agree with most other Islamic schools of thought that the Quran is a miracle that is beyond imitation and without equal (mu‘jiz), for its external linguistic form and presentiment of spiritual meanings transcends the limits of eminence of Arabic poetry, prose, and rhyming speech.
The Isma'ilis believe that Prophet Muhammad is the living embodiment of the Quran. For instance, the renowned Isma'ili Da'i and poet Nasir-i Khusraw (Nasir Khusraw) believed that Muhammad's soul expressed God's nonverbal divine inspiration in the form of two symbolic oral discourses – the Quran and Prophetic guidance (Hadith). Therefore, on one hand, the Prophet constructed the verbal form of the Qur'an, and, on the other hand, through his existence, he embodied the living and speaking Quran: "The cause of all existents [ʿillat al-aysiyyāt] is only the Word of God, ... [T]he Speaker Prophet is found to be a receptacle [mahāll] for the Word of God in the corporeal world and is designated by its names". As such, Prophet Muhammad is the "locus of manifestation" (mazhar) of God’s words, just as a reflective mirror to the radiance of light, and the Quran and Prophetic guidance (Hadith) are verbal manifestations of God’s words, which are reflections from this mirror.
The Isma'ili view of revelation also influences their perception of the meaning of the Quran. In this view, the Quran and Prophetic guidance (Hadith) are encoded in symbols in parables that preserve a superior level of meaning. As such, the literal interpretation of the Quran is only the "outward dimension" (zāhir) of the divine revelations that Prophet Muhammad received, and beyond it lies the "esoteric dimension" (batin) of the religion that contains the divine truths (haqāʾiq). The Ismailis maintain that divine guidance is required to access the divine truths and superior meanings contained within the revelations.
The method of spiritual hermeneutics that is used to reveal this "esoteric dimension" or batin of the divine revelation is known as taʾwīl. According to Nasir Khusraw, taʾwīl is the process of "returning" something to its metaphysical source. In the context of ontology, taʾwīl is to discern an object in its original ontological domain as a symbol and parable that represents a reality in a higher ontological domain The opposite of taʾwīl is tanzīl, which is to encode divine realities in the form of symbols and parables that are interpretable to human beings in the material world.
The Isma'ilis believe that besides Prophets, God's Speech also illuminates the souls of the Legatees and Imams, through the medium of the Holy Spirit, which allows them to perform many of the spiritual functions of Prophet Muhammad. For example, in the Isma'ili hierarchical ranks (da’wa), the Prophet Muhammad is the Messenger, Imam ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (Ali) is his Legatee, and his successors from Imam Husayn ibn Ali to the Fatimid Caliphs (Fatimid Caliphate) are the Imams. As a result of being divinely inspired (muʾayyad), the Prophets, Legatees, and Imams can perform taʾwīl and disclose it as instruction (taʿlīm) to the lower ranks of the Ismaili da’wa, including regular people.
Unlike Prophets, the Imams cannot compose a new tanzīl, instead they interpret the tanzīl (Quran) and Prophetic guidance (Hadith) by reanalyzing them in the context of new circumstances, while retaining the underlying principled spirit, and help guide "spiritual adepts" to the divine truths by disclosing their inner meanings through the spiritual hermeneutics of taʾwīl. Every Imam provides this authoritative instruction (taʿlīm) to the community during their own time. As a consequence, the Isma'ili Imam acts as the "speaking Qur'an", while the Arabic Qur’an, in its written or recitative form, is consigned the position of the "silent Qur'an". This means that for regular religious guidance, regarding legal or ethical matters, for example, the Isma'ilis refer to the instructions of the Imam rather than the Quran or Hadith, unless specifically instructed by the Imam to do so.
The Ginans and Qasidas
The Ginans are Nizari religious texts. They are written in the form of poetry by Pirs to interpret the meanings of Quranic ayat. In comparison to Ginans, Ismāʿīlīs of other origins, such as Persians, Arabs, and Central Asians, have qasidas () written in Persian by missionaries such as Nasir Khusraw and Hasan bin Sabah. As van-Skyhawk notes, an important link was established between the ginānic and qaṣā’id traditions when, in 1961, the 49th Ismāʿīlī Imām termed ʿAllāmah Naṣīr al-Dīn Hunzai's Burushaskī qaṣā’id a "ginān book in [the] Hunza language".
Numerology
Ismāʿīlīs believe numbers have religious meanings. The number seven plays a general role in the theology of the Ismā'īliyya, including mystical speculations that there are seven heavens, seven continents, seven orifices in the skull, seven days in a week, and so forth.
Imamate
For this sect, the Imām is the manifestation of truth, and hence he is their path of salvation to God.
Classical Ismāʿīlī doctrine holds that divine revelation had been given in six periods (daur) entrusted to six prophets, who they also call Natiq (Speaker), who were commissioned to preach a religion of law to their respective communities.
Whereas the Natiq was concerned with the rites and outward shape of religion, the inner meaning is entrusted to a Wasi (Representative). The Wasi would know the secret meaning of all rites and rules and would reveal them to small circles of initiates.
The Natiq and the Wasi are in turn succeeded by a line of seven Imāms, who guard what they received. The seventh and last Imām in any period becomes the Natiq of the next period. The last Imām of the sixth period, however, would not bring about a new religion of law but rather supersede all previous religions, abrogate the law and introduce din Adama al-awwal ("the original religion of Adam") practised by Adam and the angels in paradise before the fall, which would be without ritual or law but consist merely in all creatures praising the creator and recognizing his unity. This final stage was called the Qiyamah.
Pir and Dawah
Just as the Imām is seen by Ismailis as the manifestation of the first-created Light, during the period between the Imāmates of Muhammad ibn Ismail and al-Madhi Billah, the relationship between the teacher and the student became a sacred one, and Dai became a position much beyond a normal missionary. Dai passed on the sacred and hidden knowledge of the Imām to the student, who could then use that information to ascend to higher levels. First, the student loved Dai, and from the Dai, he learned to love the Imām, who was but an interceder on behalf of God. In Nizari Ismailism, the head Dai is called the Pir. The Imam is the Pir in Nizari Ismailism.
Zāhir
In Ismailism, things have an exterior meaning, what is apparent. This is called zāhir.
A fundamental aspect of Ismailism is the co-existence of the physical and the spiritual, the zahir (exoteric) form and the batin (esoteric) essence. The esoteric is the source of the exoteric, and the exoteric is the manifestation of the esoteric. This concept is highlighted in the "Epistle of the Right Path", a Persian-Ismaili prose text from the post-Mongol period of Ismaili history, by an anonymous author.
Bātin
In Ismailism, things have an interior meaning that is reserved for a special few who are in tune with the Imām or are the Imām himself. This is called bātin.
'Aql
As with other Shia, Ismāʿīlīs believe that the understanding of God is derived from the first light in the universe, the light of 'Aql, which in Arabic roughly translates as 'Intellect' or to 'bind' (Latin: Intellectus). It is through this Universal Intellect ('aql al-kull) that all living and non-living entities know God, and all of humanity is dependent and united in this light. Contrastingly, in Twelver thought this includes the Prophets as well, especially Muhammad, who is the greatest of all the manifestations of 'Aql.
God, in Ismaʻili metaphysics, is seen as above and beyond all conceptions, names, and descriptions. He transcends all positive and negative qualities, and knowledge of God as such is above all human comprehension.
For the Shia, the Light (nur) of the Imamate is the Universal Intellect, and consequently, the Imam on earth is the focus of manifestation (mazhar) of the Intellect.
Acts of worship
Approach to the traditional five pillars of Islam
With respect to the traditional five pillars of Islam, Isma'ilism has some difference. The Nizari Ismaili Muslims are required to pray what is known as the Du'a (a specific Nizari Ismaili prayer) three times a day. Salah in other forms are not obligatory, but Ismailis can offer them as well.
Zakat or charity in Isma'ilism resembles the Zakat of other Muslims. Along with zakat, Isma'ilis pay a tithe, a percentage of their asset to the Ismaili Imamate for use in development projects in the eastern world, to benefit Isma'ilis and have grown beyond that mission to encompass projects in areas where there are many faiths and ethnicities and where Ismailis do not live. The zakat rates historically differed depending on the asset type: 2.5% of animals, 5% of minerals, and 10% of crops. Among Khoja Ismailis, the zakat is 12.5% of cash income and among other Ismailis of Iran, Syria, Central Asia, and China, the zakat is 10% of cash income and other %s of non-cash assets like crops and livestock.
In terms of fasting (sawm) during Ramadan and at other times, the Nizari and Musta'ali sects believe in a metaphorical as well as a literal meaning of fasting. The literal meaning is that one must fast as an obligation, such as during Ramadan, and the metaphorical meaning is seeking to attain the Divine Truth and striving to avoid worldly activities which may detract from this goal. In particular, Isma'ilis believe that the esoteric meaning of fasting involves a "fasting of the soul", whereby they attempt to purify the soul simply by avoiding sinful acts and doing good deeds. Still, many Nizari Ismailis around the world fast during the month of Ramadan every year. In addition, the Nizari also fast on "Shukravari Beej" which falls on a Friday that coincides with the New Moon.
Many Ismaili sects do not ascribe to mainstream Islamic beliefs regarding the Hajj, considering it instead to metaphorically mean visiting the Imam himself, that being the greatest and most spiritual of all pilgrimages. Since the Druze do not follow shariah, they do not believe in a literal pilgrimage to the Kaaba in Mecca as other Muslims do, while the Mustaali (Bohras) as well as the Nizaris still hold on to the literal meaning as well, performing hajj to the Ka'aba and also visiting the Imam (or in a secluded time, the Dai, who is the representative or vicegerent of the Imam) to be Hajj-e Haqiqi.
Additional Isma'ili pillars
Beyond the traditional five pillars of worship in Islam, Isma'ilis observe an additional two pillars, the first being taharah, which translates from Arabic as "purity." Similar to the more general concept of ritual purity in Islam, taharah denotes a pure soul and includes bodily purity and cleanliness; without taharah of the body, clothes, and ma'salla, prayers are not believed to be accepted.
For the Isma'ilis, jihad is the last of the Seven Islamic Pillars, and for them it means a struggle against one's own soul; striving toward righteousness.
Walayah
Another central act of worship for Ismailis is walayah, which translates from Arabic as "guardianship" and denotes "Love and devotion for God, the Prophets, the Aimmat and Imām uz Zaman, and Dai." It also denotes Ta'at (following every order without protest, but with one's soul's happiness, knowing that nothing is more important than a command from God and that the command of His vicegerents is His Word). In Ismāʿīlī doctrine, God is the true desire of every soul, and he manifests himself in the forms of Prophets and Imāms; to be guided to his path, one requires a messenger or a guide: a Dai. For the true mawali of the Imam and Dai, heaven is made obligatory. And only with this crucial walayat, they believe, will all the other pillars and acts ordained by Islam be judged or even looked at by God.
Branches
Nizari
The largest part of the Ismāʿīlī community, the Qasim-Shahi Nizari Ismāʿīlīs, today accept Prince Karim Aga Khan IV as their 49th Imām, who they claim is descended from Muḥammad through his daughter Fāṭimah az-Zahra and 'Ali, Muḥammad's cousin and son-in-law. The 46th Ismāʿīlī Imām, Aga Hassan ʻAlī Shah, fled Iran in the 1840s after being blamed for a failed coup against the Shah of the Qajar dynasty. Aga Hassan ʻAlī Shah settled in Mumbai in 1848.
Islamic marriage contract reforms by the Aga Khan III
History
The Nizari Ismaili Imams (known as the Aga Khans since the 18th century have used their power to institute reforms that affected personal lives of men and women in the community. Aga Khan III, the 48th Nizari Ismaili Imam, was passionate in this movement. He came into his role at an early age, due to his father's early death, so his mother, Lady Ali Shah, played an influential role during his early years. The influence of women during his rule continued in his later years with his wife Umm Habiba. Imam Aga Khan III ruled from 1885 to 1957 and the current 49th Imam, his grandson, Imam Aga Khan IV commenced his rule in 1957. A majority of Aga Khan III's efforts sought to reform Ismaili marriage contract laws which have significantly impacted women within the Nizari Ismaili community.
Reforms (on marriage, divorce, segregation and education)
The focus of Imam Aga Khan III's message was to promote the idea that women were free and independent. In a message to his followers in 1926, he proclaimed that:
"I do not want Ismaili women dependent on anyone—their parents, husbands, or anyone except God...I have no doubt that the whole spirit and teaching of my ancestor the Holy Prophet encouraged the evolution of all legitimate freedom and legitimate equality before men and women".
The Aga Khan also played a pivotal role in promoting women's participation in the affairs of the Ismaili community. He criticized practices such as veiling, gender segregation, and the acts of Pardah (masking oneself from the public) and zenana (restraint on women from leaving the home). In addition, the Ismaili community from various parts of the world worshipped jointly, often in multiple languages. This has led to a general absence of racial segregation. Women play are actively engaged in all aspects of ritual practice, reflecting the inclusive and egalitarian values espoused by the Imam.
Aga Khan III believed economic independence was key to achieving this equality and freedom. By becoming educated and earning their own livelihood, women would no longer be a burden on their parents or spouses. He proclaimed:
"I am trying to guide our young women's lives into entirely new channels. I want to see them able to earn their livings in trades and professions, so that they are not economically dependent on marriage, nor a burden on their fathers and brother[s]".
In effect, marriage would no longer be imposed on women due to economic necessity. The Aga Khan III realized that education was at the forefront of this reform and encouraged parents who only had enough money to send one child to school to send their daughters. And this advocacy for education was not limited to elementary literacy. To ensure girls had access to education, there was a minimum marriageable age instituted (for both boys and girls) and child marriage was banned. Moreover, marriage against the will of the bride was outlawed as brides were to sign their marriage contracts according to their choice. Other reforms in marriage laws included decisions on polygamy and divorce. In 1905, polygamy was permitted with the condition of the "maintenance of the first wife" and later that was changed to only be allowed for specific reasons. In 1962, polygamy was outlawed within the Nizari Ismaili community. Women were allowed to divorce their husbands and for a husband to divorce his wife, he was required to stand before a council which ultimately decided whether the divorce was granted or denied. Additionally, Aga Khan III took efforts to eliminate and mitigate the stigma around divorces and divorced women.
Barriers to Realization of Reforms
A discrepancy exists between the rights offered to women through these reforms and the actual realization of the practice of those rights. Cultural norms and views continue to guide many members of the community who criticize the reforms as being influenced from western values. The Aga Khan responded to this critique by claiming that:
"While the words of the Koran remain the same, every generation, every century, every period must have a new and different interpretation of the past, otherwise Islam will die and will not survive the competition of some healthy less rigid competitors".
Additional barriers to practice of reforms include the fact that the councils implementing the forms are often majority male who may still adhere to patriarchal norms. The laws of the countries in which Ismaili women reside also impact the implementation of reforms. Sharia law, common in most Sunni majority countries, is often in contrast to the Ismaili reforms and so residents of these countries must adhere to the country's rules and regulations. The situation of Ismaili women depends on factors including their government and its laws, economic ability, resource availability, and global conditions.
Muhammad-Shahi Nizari/Mumini
The offshoot of the Muhammad-Shahi or Mumini Nizari Ismailis who follow the elder son of Shams al-Din (Nizari) Muḥammad d. 1310, the 28th Qasim-Shahi Imam, named ʻAlāʼ ad-Dīn Mumin Shāh d. 1337 (26th Imam of the Muhammad-Shahi or Mumini Nizari Ismailis) and his son Muhammad Shah d 1404, the twenty-seventh Imam. They follow this line of Imams until the disappearance of the 40th Imam al-Amir Muhammad al-Baqir in 1796 when they lost contact with him while he resided in India. The bulk of this group joined the Qasim-Shahi Nizaris led by the Aga Khan in 1887. There are 15,000 followers of this line of Nizari Imams in Syria today, locally called the Jafariyah who follow the Shafi‘i Fiqh in the absence of their Imam.
There is also a historical dispute as to whether Imam Qasim Shah was a brother or a paternal uncle to ʻAlāʼ ad-Dīn Mumin Shāh. The most famous Imam of this line of Nizari Imams was Shah Tahir bin Radi al-Din II al-Husayni ad-Dakkani, the 31st Imam who died in 1549. He was famous for converting the sultan of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate Burhan Nizam Shah I to Shia Islam. His father the 30th Imam Radi al-Din II bin Tahir who died in 1509, came from Sistan to Badakshan and established his rule of the region. He was killed and a regional Timurid dynasty ruler Mirza Khan established his rule over the region.
Musta'ali
In time, the seat for one chain of Dai was split between India and Yemen as the community split several times, each recognizing a different Dai. Today, the Dawoodi Bohras, which constitute the majority of the Mustaali Ismāʿīlī accept Mufaddal Saifuddin as the 53rd Dāʿī al-Muṭlaq. The Dawoodi Bohras are based in India, along with the Alavi Bohra. Minority groups of the Sulaymani, however, exist in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. In recent years, there has been a rapprochement between the Sulaymani, Dawoodi, and Alavi Mustaali sub-sects.
The Mustaali sects are the most traditional of the three main groups of Ismāʿīlī, maintaining rituals such as prayer and fasting more consistently with the practices of other Shia sects. It is often said that they resemble Sunni Islam even more than Twelvers do, though this would hold true for matters of the exterior rituals (zahir) only, with little bearing on doctrinal or theological differences.
Dawoodi Bohra
The Dawoodi Bohras are a very close-knit community who seeks advice from Dai on spiritual and temporal matters.
Dawoodi Bohras is headed by the Dāʻī al-Mutlaq, who is appointed by his predecessor in office. The Dāʻī al-Mutlaq appoints two others to the subsidiary ranks of māzūn (Arabic Maʾḏūn مأذون) "licentiate" and Mukāsir (). These positions are followed by the rank of ra'sul hudood, bhaisaheb, miya-saheb, shaikh-saheb, and mulla-saheb, which are held by several of Bohras. The 'Aamil or Saheb-e Raza who is granted the permission to perform the religious ceremonies of the believers by the Dāʻī al-Mutlaq and also leads the local congregation in religious, social, and community affairs, is sent to each town where a sizable population of believers exists. Such towns normally have a masjid (commonly known as a mosque) and an adjoining jamaa'at-khaana (assembly hall) where socio-religious functions are held. The local organizations which manage these properties and administer the social and religious activities of the local Bohras report directly to the central administration of the Dāʻī al-Mutlaq.
While the majority of Dawoodi Bohras have traditionally been traders, it is becoming increasingly common for them to become professionals. Some choose to become Doctors, consultants or analysts as well as a large contingent of medical professionals. Dawoodi Bohras are encouraged to educate themselves in both religious and secular knowledge, and as a result, the number of professionals in the community is rapidly increasing. Dawoodi Bohras believe that the education of women is equally important as that of men, and many Dawoodi Bohra women choose to enter the workforce. Al Jamea tus Saifiyah (The Arabic Academy) in Mumbai, Surat, Nairobi and Karachi is a sign to the educational importance in the Dawoodi community. The academy has an advanced curriculum that encompasses religious and secular education for both men and women.
Today there are approximately one million Dawoodi Bohra. The majority of these reside in India and Pakistan, but there is also a significant diaspora residing in the Middle East, East Africa, Europe, North America and the Far East.
The ordinary Bohra is highly conscious of his identity, and this is especially demonstrated at religious and traditional occasions by the appearance and attire of the participants. Dawoodi Bohra men wear a traditional white three-piece outfit, plus a white and gold cap (called a topi), and women wear the rida, a distinctive form of the commonly known burqa which is distinguished from other forms of the veil due to it often being in color and decorated with patterns and lace. The rida's difference from the burqa, however, is significant beyond just the colour, pattern, and lace. The rida does not call for covering of women's faces like the traditional veil. It has a flap called the 'pardi' that usually hangs on the back like the hood of a jacket but it is not used to conceal the face. This is representative of the Dawoodi Bohra community's values of equality and justice for women, which they believe, is a tenet of the Fatimid Imamate's evolved understanding of Islam and the true meaning of women's chastity in Islam. The Dawoodi Bohra community also do not prevent their women from coming to mosques, attending religious gatherings or going to places of pilgrimage. It is often regarded as the most peaceful sect of Islam and an example of true Sufism; it has been critically acclaimed on several occasions even by Western governments such as those of the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, and particularly the United States for its progressive outlook towards gender roles, adoption of technology, promotion of literature, crafts, business and secular values. However, the Dawoodi Bohras are highly single-minded about inter-caste or inter-faith marriage. They do not oppose it but do not encourage it either. If a Dawoodi Bohra member does marry into another caste or religion, he or she is usually advised to ask his or her spouse to convert to Islam and, specifically, into the community.
They believe that straying away from the community implies straying away from Ma'ad – the ultimate objective of this life and the meaning of the teachings of Islam, which is to return to where all souls come from and re-unite with Allah. Besides, converting someone to Islam has high spiritual and religious significance as doctrines espouse that making someone a Muslim or Mu'min confers the Sawab (the reward of good deeds) equivalent to that of 40 Hajjs and 40 Umrahs (visiting Mecca and the Kaaba during days other than that of Hajj).
The position of Da'i al-Mutlaq is currently disputed after the demise of the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohra community, Mohammed Burhanuddin. Two claimants emerged for the position of 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq, Mufaddal Saifuddin and Khuzaima Qutbuddin, and a case is pending in the Bombay High Court to resolve the matter. Qutbuddin has since died and appointed his son Taher Fakhruddin as his successor.
Besides speaking the local languages, the Dawoodis have their own language called Lisānu l-Dāʻwat "Tongue of the Dāʻwat". This is written in the Persian alphabet but is derived from Urdu, Gujarati, and Arabic and Persian.
Sulaymani
Founded in 1592, the Sulaymani are mostly concentrated in Yemen but are also found in Pakistan and India. The denomination is named after its 27th Daʻī, Sulayman bin Hassan. They are referred to and prefer to be referred to as Ahle-Haq Ismaʻilis and Sulaymanis and not with the Bohras suffix.
The total number of Sulaymanis currently are around 300,000, mainly living in the eastern district of Jabal Haraz in northwest Yemen and in Najran, Saudi Arabia. Beside the Banu Yam of Najran, the Sulaymanis are in Haraz, among the inhabitants of the Jabal Maghariba and in Hawzan, Lahab and Attara, as well as in the district of Hamadan and in the vicinity of Yarim.
In India there are between 3000 and 5000 Sulaymanis living mainly in Vadodara, Hyderabad, Mumbai and Surat. In Punjab, Pakistan, there is a well-established Sulaymani community in Sind. Some ten thousand Sulaymanis live in rural areas of Punjab known to the Sulaymani as Jazeera-e Sind; these Sulaymani communities have been in the Jazeera-e Sind from the time of Fatimid Imam-Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah when he sent his Daʻīs to Jazeera-e Sind.
There are also some 900–1000 Sulaymanis mainly from South Asia scattered around the world, in the Persian Gulf States, United States, Canada, Thailand, Australia, Japan and the United Kingdom.
Alavi Bohra
The ʻAlavi Bohras, popularly and incorrectly known as Alya Bohras, follow a different line of succession of Duʼaat (missionaries) from the 29th daʼi onwards after the split from Daʼudi Bohras in Ahmedabad in 1621 CE. They believe the rightful daʼi was a grandson of the 28th daʼi named ʻAli Shams al-Din b. Ibrahim (d. 1046 AH/1637 CE). They are named after this ʻAli, calling themselves ʻAlavis, and their mission ad-Daʼwat ul-Haadiyat ul-ʻAlaviyah. Three daʼis later, in 1110 AH/1699 CE, the seat of the ʻAlavi Daʼwat was moved from Ahmedabad to Vadodara by 32nd daʼi, acting on the will of 31st daʼi (except for a brief interlude in Surat for 20 years 1158–1178 AH/1745-1764 CE). Since then Vadodara remains the headquarters of the ʻAlavis to this day. The ʻAlavi Bohras have a library of 450 Ismaʻili manuscripts, some up to 500 years old, at their centre in Vadodara.
Currently, ʻAlavi Bohras are a close-knit organized community numbering approximately 8000, with the majority of them settled in Vadodara, where they have their own locality. They have their own masjids and musafirkhanas in places like Mumbai, Surat, Ahmedabad, Nadiad in India. Some have migrated to the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, UAE and Europe. Like majority of Bohra communities, ʻAlavi Bohras are mostly traders and dominate the optical and furniture market in Vadodara. They are now increasingly venturing into professions such as law, medicine, engineering, business management, computer sciences. Beings Ismaʻili-Taiyebis they follow strictly Fatimid spiritual hierarchical set-up, law, dress code, customs, beliefs, eating habits, lifestyle, ethics and customary traditions, etc.
While lesser-known and smallest in number, Alavi Bohras have their spiritual and temporal head as the 45th dāʿī al-muṭlaq, Haatim Zakiyuddin. The doctrines of Alavi Bohras is centered on the recognition of the Imam. It continues to be the most important foundation among Bohras. In fact, dai al-mutlaq acts as a direct representative of the concealed Imam as he receives required guidance from him. During this time of the concealment of 21st Fatimid Imam at-Taiyeb and his progeny, the religious hierarchy of the Alavi Bohras is headed by the Dāʻī al-Mutlaq, who is appointed by his predecessor in office and similar as of Dawoodi Bohra.
Hebtiahs Bohra
The Hebtiahs Bohra are a branch of Mustaali Ismaili Shia Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 39th Da'i al-Mutlaq in 1754.
Atba-i-Malak
The Atba-i Malak jamaat (community) are a branch of Mustaali Ismaili Shia Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 46th Da'i al-Mutlaq, under the leadership of Abdul Hussain Jivaji. They have further split into two more branches, the Atba-i-Malak Badar and Atba-i-Malak Vakil.
Progressive Dawoodi Bohra
The Progressive Dawoodi Bohra is a reformist sect within Musta'li Ismai'li Shia Islam that broke off circa 1977. They disagree with mainstream Dawoodi Bohra, as led by the Da'i al-Mutlaq, on doctrinal, economic and social issues.
Druze
While on one view there is a historical nexus between the Druze and Ismāʿīlīs, any such links are purely historical and do not entail any modern similarities, given that one of the Druze's central tenets is trans-migration of the soul (reincarnation) as well as other contrasting beliefs with Ismāʿīlīsm and Islam. Druze is an offshoot of Ismailism. Many historical links do trace back to Syria and particularly Masyaf. The Druze faith is often classified as a branch of Isma'ili; although according to various scholars Druze faith "diverge substantially from Islam, both Sunni and Shia". The Druze faith further split from Isma'ilism as it developed its own unique doctrines, and finally separated from both Ismāʿīlīsm and Islam altogether; these include the belief that the Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh was God incarnate.
Even though the faith originally developed out of Isma'ilism, most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslims, Druze also are not considered Muslims by those belonging to orthodox Islamic schools of thought (see Islam and Druze). Ibn Taymiyyah also pointed out that Druze were not Muslims, and neither 'Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book) nor mushrikin, rather they were kuffār (Infidel).
Satpanth
Satpanth is a subgroup of Nizari Ismailism and Ismaili Sufism formed by conversions from Hinduism 700 years ago by Pir Sadardin (1290–1367) and 600 years ago in the 15th century by his grandson Pir Imam Shah (1430–1520), they differ slightly from the Nizari Khojas in that they reject the Aga Khan as their leader and are known more commonly as Imam-Shahi. There are villages in Gujarat which are totally 'Satpanthi' such as Pirana near Ahmedabad where Imam Shah is buried. It is also the older form of Nizari Ismaili practice originating from the Kutch community of Gujarat. Pir Sadardin gave the first converts to Ismailism the name 'Satpanth' because they were the followers of the 'True Path.' They were then given the title of Khoja to replace their title of Thakkar.
Extinct branches
Böszörmény
According to the historian Yaqut al-Hamawi, the Böszörmény (Izmaelita or Ismaili/Nizari) denomination of the Muslims who lived in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 10–13th centuries, were employed as mercenaries by the kings of Hungary. However following the establishment of the Christian Kingdom of Hungary their community was either Christianized or became crypto-Muslims by the end of the 13th century and later assimilated into the Bektashi Order following the Ottoman conquest of Hungary.
Hafizi
This branch held that whoever the political ruler (caliph) of the Fatimid Caliphate was, was also the Imam of the Time, after the reign of Al-Amir, Al-Hafiz was recognized as the Imam of the Time as well as his descendants. The Hafizi Ismaili sect had 26 Imams. The Hafizi sect lived on into the 14th century AD with adherents in Northern Egypt and Syria but had died out by the 15th century AD.
Seveners
A branch of the Ismāʿīlī known as the Sab'īyah "Seveners" hold that Ismāʿīl was the seventh and final Ismāʿīlī Imam, and that his son, Muhammad ibn Isma'il, would return from Occultation and bring about an age of justice as Mahdi. However, most scholars believe this group is either extremely small or non-existent today. The Qarmatians were the most active branch of the Seveners.
Inclusion in Amman Message and Islamic Ummah
The Amman Message, which was issued on 9 November 2004 (27th of Ramadan 1425 AH) by King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein of Jordan, called for tolerance and unity in the Muslim world. Subsequently, the "Amman Message" Conference took place in Amman, Jordan on 4–6 July 2005, and a three-point declaration was issued by 200 Muslim academics from over 50 countries focusing on the three issues of:
Defining who is a Muslim;
Excommunication from Islam (takfir); and
Principles related to delivering religious edicts (fatāwa).
The three-point declaration (later known as The Three Points of the Amman Message) included both the Ja'fari and Zaydi Shia madhāhib (schools of jurisprudence) among the eight schools of jurisprudence that were listed as being in the Muslim fold and whose adherents were, therefore, to be considered as Muslim by definition and therefore cannot be excluded from the world community of Muslims.
The Aga Khan, the 49th Imam of the Ismailis, was invited to issue a religious edict for and on behalf of the Ismailis, which he did by a letter explicitly stating that the Ismailis adhered to the Ja'fari school as well as other schools of close affinity including the Sufi principles concerned with a personal search for God.
The summarization by Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad explicitly delineates on page 11 the place of the Ismailis as being within the Ja'fari school as stated by the Aga Khan.
Ismailism amongst Shia Islam
The Shia belief throughout its history split over the issue of the Imamate. The largest branch is the Twelvers, followed by the Ismailis then the Zaidis and Kaysanite. All the groups follow a different line of Imamate linked together as shown in the chart below.
A schematic of the development of important branches
See also
Banu Yam
Böszörmény
Brethren of Purity
Fatimid Caliphate
Ghulat
Hosay
Khoja
List of extinct Shia sects
List of Ismaili castles
List of Isma'ili imams
List of Isma'ili missionaries
List of the Order of Assassins
Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai
Nasir Khusraw
Nizari Ismaili state
Pamir Ismaʻilis
Satpanth
References
Citations
Sources
External links
"Ismaʿilism" at the Encyclopaedia Iranica
Institute of Ismaili Studies
Esoteric schools of thought |
44904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%20alliance | Red–green alliance | In politics, a red–green alliance or red–green coalition is an alliance of "red" (often social-democratic or democratic socialist) parties with "green" (often green and/or occasionally agrarian) parties. The alliance is often based on common left political views, especially a shared distrust of corporate or capitalist institutions. While the "red" social-democratic parties tend to focus on the effects of capitalism on the working class, the "green" environmentalist parties tend to focus on the environmental effects of capitalism.
Red–green coalition governments
There have been a number of red–green governments in Europe since the 1990s.
In Germany, a red–green coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and Alliance '90/The Greens led by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder formed the federal government from September 1998 to September 2005.
In France, the 'Plural Left' coalition of the Socialist Party (PS), The Greens, French Communist Party and allies governed from 1997 until 2002. The Ayrault government which governed from May 2012 until March 2014 had ministers affiliated with the PS, Radical Party of the Left (PRG) and Europe Ecology – The Greens. The second Valls government (August 2014 to December 2016) and Cazeneuve Government (December 2016 to May 2017) were both formed of ministers from the PS, PRG and Ecologist Party.
In Finland, Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen's first and second cabinets contained ministers from the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP), including Lipponen himself, and the Green League. The Green League participated in government from April 1995 until May 2002. The Rinne Cabinet formed in June 2019 is formed by the SDP as largest party, in coalition with the Green League, agrarian Centre Party, Swedish People's Party and Left Alliance.
In Norway, the Red-Green Coalition of the Labour Party, Socialist Left Party and Centre Party governed Norway as a majority government from the 2005 general election until 2013. The 'green' element was the Centre Party, an agrarian party with green as its official color.
In Iceland, the First and Second Cabinets of Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir were formed from a coalition of the Social Democratic Alliance and Left-Green Movement, governing from February 2009 to May 2013.
In Italy, from 1996 to 2001 and 2006–2008, the Prodi I, D'Alema I, D'Alema II, Amato II and Prodi II Cabinets included the social-democratic Democrats of the Left (later to become the Democratic Party) as the largest party, with the Federation of the Greens receiving at least one ministry. However, unlike a straightforward red–green alliance, these centre-left cabinets involved a broad range of political parties that were Catholic-inspired Christian left, social-liberal and even communist backgrounds.
In Denmark, the Thorning-Schmidt government, which governed from October 2011 to February 2014, contained the Social Democrats as the largest party in coalition with the Social Liberals and Socialist People's Party, the latter being a green party and member of the European Green Party and Global Greens.
In Sweden, the Löfven I Cabinet established on 3 October 2014 was a minority government coalition of the Social Democratic Party and Greens. This coalition was renewed on 21 January 2019 as the Löfven II Cabinet and 9 July 2021 as the Löfven III Cabinet, before being replaced on 30 November 2021 by the Andersson Cabinet, formed by the Social Democrats alone with external support from the Greens, Left Party and agrarian Centre Party.
In Portugal, the First António Costa Cabinet established on 26 November 2015 was a minority government led by the Socialist Party with external support from the Left Bloc, Portuguese Communist Party and The Greens, which governed until 26 October 2019.
Red–red–green coalition
A red–red–green coalition or red–green–red coalition is a left-wing alliance of two "red" social democratic, democratic socialist, or socialist parties with one "green" environmentalist party. In France, Jean-Luc Mélenchon's New Ecologic and Social People's Union is an example of a left–green alliance.
Radical red–green alliances
Political parties or joint electoral lists have been formed over the years, most often between socialists and left-oriented greens. Example include:
GreenLeft of the Netherlands: a political party that began in 1989 as a political alliance comprising the Communist Party of the Netherlands, Pacifist Socialist Party and the Christian left parties Evangelical People's Party and Political Party of Radicals. The alliance had been known as Rainbow for the 1989 European elections.
Unity List – The Red–Greens of Denmark: a political party, originally a political alliance, formed in 1989 by the Left Socialists (VS), Communist Party of Denmark (DKP) and Socialist Workers Party (SAP).
The Nordic Green Left Alliance was a European political alliance formed by the Left Alliance (Finland), the Left-Green Movement (Iceland), the Left Party (Sweden), the Socialist Left Party (Norway) and the Socialist People's Party (Denmark). The MEPs of the NGLA sat in the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group in the European Parliament, although the MEPs of the Socialist People's Party sat in The Greens–European Free Alliance (G/EFA) group and later joined the European Green Party.
Left Ecology Freedom (SEL): a former political party in Italy that was initially formed as a political alliance comprising socialists, greens and social democrats. The political alliance was itself a partial successor to the short-lived The Left – The Rainbow electoral alliance which had existed in Italy from December 2007 until May 2008 comprising the Federation of the Greens (FdV), the Communist Refoundation Party, Party of Italian Communists and the Democratic Left (SD). In 2022 a new alliance, New Energies, composed of the successor of SEL and SD Italian Left and the successor of FdV Green Europe, was formed.
The Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), a Greek party formed by the merger of a broad set of left-wing and eco-socialist parties, many of which were themselves formerly red–green alliances, such as the Coalition of Left, of Movements and Ecology (Synaspismos), Renewing Communist Ecological Left (AKOA), and Ecosocialists of Greece. The SYRIZA-led cabinet of Alexis Tsipras contains ones junior minister, Giannis Tsironis, from the Ecologist Greens.
Green–Left Coalition of Croatia: formed by the We can! and Green Alternative – Sustainable Development of Croatia and by the left-wing New Left and Workers' Front (the latter left the alliance).
Green Left of Hungary: was a merger of Alliance of Green Democrats and the Workers' Party of Hungary 2006.
Red–green alliances with centre-left parties
There are also red/green political alliances and/or electoral agreements between social-democratic or liberal parties cooperate with green parties
In Canada, the term red–green alliance has been used to describe the limited co-operation between the Liberal Party of Canada which uses red as its colour, and the Green Party of Canada, which is centre-left but not seen as being as radical as many of its overseas sister parties and take a more moderate stance than New Democratic Party.
A red–green alliance of sorts occurred during the campaign leading up to the 2008 London mayoral election. Incumbent mayor Ken Livingstone, candidate for the Labour Party, formed an electoral pact with the Green Party mayoral candidate Siân Berry via the supplementary voting system, in which Labour voters were encouraged to place the Green candidate as their second preference, and vice versa.
In Italy, The Olive Tree and The Union coalitions comprised the Federation of the Greens along with social-democratic, social Christian, centrist and other parties in a broad heterogenous centre-left alliance. The successor party to the Olive Tree, the Democratic Party, maintains an internal faction of greens called the Democratic Ecologists.
In Australia, the term red–green alliance has been used to describe the co-operation between the centre-left Australian Labor Party and the Australian Greens. The Greens supported Labor to form the minority government in 2010. As the Greens is the third party in the Australian Senate which hold the balance power from crossbench, the Labor minority government needed to rely support from the Greens from 2010 to 2013.
In New Zealand, after the 2017 general election, the Labour and the Greens signed a memorandum of understanding. This formed a loose relationship between the two parties with the goal of working together when possible to unseat the incumbent National Government. Later, the two parties also agreed to a set of budget responsibility rules, committing both parties to sustainable surpluses and capping debt, amongst other rules. Following the 2020 election, a Labour majority government was formed, supported by the Greens through a confidence and supply arrangement.
In Hungary, Unity comprised the social democratic Hungarian Socialist Party and Democratic Coalition and the green Dialogue for Hungary alongside smaller liberal parties.
In France, New Ecological and Social People's Union includes the left-wing La France Insoumise and French Communist Party, the centre-left Socialist Party and the green Ecologist Pole.
See also
Black-red-green coalition
Eco-socialism
German governing coalition
Green ban — a strike undertaken to advance environmentalist or conservationist goals
Green Left (disambiguation)
Greens and Left Alliance
Green socialist (disambiguation)
Jamaica coalition (politics)
Red–green–brown alliance
Red–red–green coalition
Social Movement Unionism
Traffic light coalition
References
Alliance 90/The Greens
Democratic socialism
Eco-socialism
Green politics
Social democracy
Social Democratic Party of Germany |
159845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen%20Basilio | Carmen Basilio | Carmen Basilio (born Carmine Basilio, April 2, 1927 – November 7, 2012) was an American professional boxer who was the world champion in both the welterweight and middleweight divisions, beating Sugar Ray Robinson for the latter title. An iron-chinned pressure fighter, Basilio was a combination puncher who had great stamina and eventually wore many of his opponents down with vicious attacks to the head and body.
In 1957, The Ring magazine named Basilio Fighter of the Year and he won the Hickok Belt, a trophy that was awarded to the top professional athlete of the year. The Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA) named him Fighter of the Year in 1955 and 1957. Basilio also holds the distinction of being in The Ring magazine's Fight of the Year in five consecutive years (1955–59), a feat unmatched by any other boxer.
In 2002, Basilio was voted by The Ring magazine as the 40th greatest fighter of the last 80 years. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 1990.
Boxing career
Journeyman
Basilio began his professional boxing career by facing Jimmy Evans on November 24, 1948, in Binghamton, New York. He knocked Evans out in the third round, and five days later he beat Bruce Walters in only one round. By the end of 1948, he had completed four bouts.
He started 1949 with two draws, against Johnny Cunningham on January 5 and against Jay Perlin 20 days later. Basilio campaigned exclusively inside the state of New York during his first 24 bouts, going 19-3-2 during that span. His first loss was at the hands of Connie Thies, who beat him in a six-round decision on 2 May 1949. He fought Cunningham three more times during that period. Basilio won by knockout in two rounds on their second meeting, Cunningham won by a decision in eight in their third fight, and Basilio won by a decision in eight in their fourth.
In the middle of that 24-bout span, 1950 rolled over and Basilio met former world champion Lew Jenkins, winning a 10-round decision.
For fight number 25, Basilio decided that it was time to campaign outside of New York state, so he went to New Orleans, where he boxed his next six fights. In his first bout there, he met Gaby Farland, who held him to a draw. He and Farland later had a rematch, Basilio winning by a knockout in the first round. He also boxed Guillermo Giminez there twice, first beating him by knockout in eight and then by knockout in nine. In his last fight before returning home, he lost by a decision in 10 to Eddie Giosa.
For his next seven bouts, Basilio only went 3-3-1, but he was able to avenge his loss to Giosa by winning a ten-round decision over him in Syracuse.
In 1952, Basilio went 6-2-1. He beat Jimmy Cousins among others that year, but he lost to Chuck Davey and Billy Graham. The draw he registered that year was against Davey in the first of the two meetings that year.
Rise in the ranks
In 1953. Basilio started winning big fights and rose in the welterweight division rankings. He secured his first world title fight, against Cuba's Kid Gavilán for Gavilán's world welterweight championship.
Before fighting against Gavilan, he beat former world lightweight champion Ike Williams and had two more fights with Graham, avenging his earlier loss to Graham in the second bout between them with a 12-round decision win and drawing in the third. Basilio lost a 15-round decision to Gavilan and went for a fourth meeting with Cunningham, this time winning by a knockout in four. Then he and French fighter Pierre Langois began another rivalry with a 10-round draw in the first bout between the two.
In 1954, Basilio went undefeated in eight bouts, going 7-0-1 with 2 knockouts and defeating Langois in their rematch by decision.
World Champion
In 1955, Basilio began by beating Peter Müller by decision. After that, Basilio was once again the number one challenger, and on June 10 of that year he received his second world title try, against world welterweight champion Tony DeMarco. Basilio became world champion by knocking out DeMarco in the 12th round.
After winning the title, Basilio had two non-title bouts, including a ten-round decision win over Gil Turner, before he and DeMarco met again, this time with Basilio as the defending world champion. Their second fight had exactly the same result as their first bout: Basilio won by a knockout in 12.
For his next fight, in 1956, Basilio lost the title in Chicago to Johnny Saxton by a decision in 15. Saxton's manager, mafioso Frank "Blinky" Palermo", was later jailed along with his partner Frankie Carbo for fixing fights. Basilio said of losing his title to the referees' decision: "It was like being robbed in a dark alley." In an immediate rematch that was fought in Syracuse, Basilio regained the crown with a nine-round knockout, and then, in a rubber match, Basilio kept the belt with a knockout in two.
After that, he went up in weight and challenged ageing 36- year-old world middleweight champion Sugar Ray Robinson, in what may have been his most famous fight. He won the middleweight championship of the world by beating Robinson in a 15-round split decision on September 23, 1957. The day after, he had to abandon the welterweight belt, in accordance with boxing's then rules. In 1957 Basilio won the Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year.
Decline
In 1958, he and Robinson met in a rematch on March 25 and Robinson barely regained the title with a controversial 15-round split decision. Although Basilio's left eye was totally swollen shut from the 6th round on, many of the ringside press thought Basilio won the fight.
From that moment, and until his retirement in 1961, he fought only sporadically, but three of his last fights were attempts to recover the world middleweight title, losing twice to Gene Fullmer: by a TKO in 14 at San Francisco and by a TKO in 12 in Fullmer's home state of Utah (in Salt Lake City), and also later, when he lost a 10-round decision to defending world champion Paul Pender.
In between those fights, he was able to beat Art Aragon, by knockout in eight and former world welterweight champion Don Jordan by decision in ten. His fight with Pender for the title was also his last fight as a professional boxer.
Senate Testimony
In 1960, Basilio testified before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and the Monopoly during its investigation of the International Boxing Club of New York and the influence of organized crime on boxing. Basilio told the Subcommittee about Frankie Carbo and Frank "Blinky" Palmero and Carbo's aide, Gabriel Genovese, a cousin of Mafia Don Vito Genovese who was convicted in 1959 of being an unlicensed boxing manager. He called for a house cleaning of professional boxing. His testimony revealed that his former managers had to pay off organized crime for his title shots and that he essentially had a behind the scenes manager in Genovese
Evidence submitted to the subcommittee showed that Basilio's on-the-record managers, John DeJohn and Joseph Netro, paid Carbo frontman Gabriel Genovese $39,334.41 and approximately $25,000, respectively, during the time Basilio fought for and defended his welterweight and middleweight titles.
Record
Carmen Basilio retired with a ring record of 56 wins, 16 losses and 7 draws, with 27 wins by knockout.
Post-boxing life
After his retirement, Basilio worked for a time at the Genesee Brewery in Rochester, NY. Later Carmen, a high-school dropout, taught physical education at Le Moyne College in Syracuse. Basilio, who was also a member of the United States Marine Corps at one point in his life, was able to enjoy his retirement. Carmen was associated with a sausage company, frequently confused with a separate sausage company run by his brother Paul, for which he was a salesman.
During the 1970s, his nephew Billy Backus became world welterweight champion after having a shaky start to his own boxing career, and Basilio declared on the day that Backus became champion that, to him, Billy's winning the title was better than his winning it himself.
In 1990, Ed Brophy decided to build the International Boxing Hall Of Fame in Canastota, New York, to honor the two world champions who were born there: Basilio and his nephew. Although Backus isn't a member of the Hall Of Fame, Basilio is, along with many of the fighters he met inside the ring.
In the late 1990s, Basilio became seriously ill, requiring triple bypass heart surgery. Doctors were able to repair his heart.
Basilio was interviewed for an HBO documentary on Sugar Ray Robinson called "The Bright Lights and Dark Shadows of a Champion". He mentioned that although he respected Robinson's talents in the ring, he did not like him as a person.
In 2010, "Title Town USA, Boxing in Upstate New York" by historian Mark Allen Baker was published by The History Press in 2010 and identifies Canastota as the epicenter of Upstate New York's rich boxing heritage. The book includes chapters on both Carmen Basilio and Billy Backus. The introduction was written by Edward P. Brophy Executive Director of the International Boxing Hall of Fame. He died aged 85 in 2012, and is survived by his wife Josephine Basilio.
Championships and accomplishments
Cauliflower Alley Club
Boxing Honoree (1994)
Professional boxing record
See also
List of welterweight boxing champions
List of middleweight boxing champions
List of left-handed boxers
References
External links
Eastside Boxing
Carmen Basilio's bio at the Internet Movie Database
Carmen Basilio interviewed by Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview October 26, 1957
N.Y. Times Obituary for Carmen Basilio
Strange Days: The Johnny Saxton Story, The Cruelest Sport
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/National_Boxing_Association%27s_Quarterly_Ratings:_1953
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/National_Boxing_Association%27s_Quarterly_Ratings:_1955
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/National_Boxing_Association%27s_Quarterly_Ratings:_1956
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/National_Boxing_Association%27s_Quarterly_Ratings:_1957
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/National_Boxing_Association%27s_Quarterly_Ratings:_1958
1927 births
2012 deaths
Boxers from New York (state)
American people of Italian descent
Middleweight boxers
Welterweight boxers
World boxing champions
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
United States Marines
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
People from Canastota, New York
American male boxers |
44781627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predigerkloster | Predigerkloster | The Predigerkloster was a monastery of the Dominican Order, established around 1234 and abolished in 1524, in the imperial city of Zürich, Switzerland. Its church, the Predigerkirche, is one of the four main churches in Zürich, and was first built in 1231 as a Romanesque church of the then Dominican monastery. In the first half of the 14th century it was converted, the choir between 1308 and 1350 rebuilt, and a for that time unusually high bell tower built, regarded as the highest Gothic edifice in Zürich.
History
Early years
The city of Zürich supported at that time the popular mendicant orders by attributing them free plots in the suburbs and asked them to support the construction of the city wall in return. In the east of the area, the city's fortification was built in the late 11th or 12th century. The first Dominican friars settled, according to the chronicler Heinrich Brennwald, outside of the city walls of medieval Zürich at Stadelhofen in 1230 AD, and in 1231 it was first mentioned that in Zurich was a new monastery under construction. In the Schweizerchronik of 1513, Heinrich Brennwald calls for the arrival of the Dominicans in Zurich the year 1230. In two documents from 1231 a Dominican oratorio is mentioned. In 1232 a sale of land to Hugo von Ripelin, then the paddock prior, is mentioned. Initially, against the resistance of the Grossmünster canons, the Dominican's inclusion in Zürich was granted in 1233/1235, "because they tirelessly drove the little foxes in the vineyard of the Lord".
Located at the medieval Neumarkt quarter, the commonly named Predigerkloster was mentioned for the first time in 1234 AD as a monastery of the Dominican Order. The monastery consisted of a Romanesque church in the same place as the today's Predigern church, and the three-winged building complex attached to the north of the church. In 1254 the establishment of a cemetery at Zähringerstrasse was allowed to the so-called "prayer" (used for Dominican friars, the 'blackfriars') abbey, and repealed in 1843. The monastery was built at the edge of the city on a flat terrace between the now subterranean Wolfbach and today's Hirschengraben road. The monastery area was delimited by a wall from the urban environment. Remnants of this wall were found in 1995 on the present Predigerplatz square. The hospital was erected in the west, beyond the Wolfbach stream at the location of today's Spitalgasse, before the Dominicans settled in Zürich. In the decades in which the convent was built, the new fortifications, which are depicted on the Murerplan of 1576, was built at that location. The Neumarkt quarter arose at the same time and was settled increasingly by Beguines. Among other things, the orthogonal structure of the monastery, the town fortifications and the Chorgasse and Predigergasse lane are evident, and especially the latter is important for this quarter; it leads from Neumarkt in a straight line to the southern portal, which was the main entrance to the church. The northern part of the convent was predominantly used for agricultural purpose.
Influence
The order purchased 28 houses in the 13th and early 14th century, and was in close connection to the city nobility and landed gentry in Zürich and the surrounding area, among them the Bilgeri family (Grimmenturm) and the House of Rapperswil, where they were received after their expulsion to 1348 to asylum in Rapperswil. Memorial measurement had to be held until the 14th century at Grossmünster, because thus the most income was achieved. Until the Reformation in Zürich, all income obtained with the funerals had also to be delivered to the Grossmünster abbey.
Because of its situation in the province of the order Teutonia, the convent influenced most of German-speaking Switzerland. It was in charge of the pastoral care of the nun's monasteries Oetebach and Winterthur-Töss as well as the urban communities of the female Beguines, who lived nearby the Dominican and Franciscan mendicants in separate quarters outside the convents. After the founding of the Dominican convents in Bern, Chur and Zofingen, remained under the pastoral care of the canton of Zürich – the counties of Baden and Uznach, the cantons Obwalden, Nidwalden and Zug as well as parts of Glarus, Uri and Gaster, and the border areas around Schwarzwald and Klettgau. In 1259 Count Rudolf IV von Rapperswil, Countess Elisabeth's father, donated certain duties and lands "in den Widen" for the construction of the Dominikanerinnenkloster Maria Zuflucht. Initially, the Dominican nuns were supported by the Dominican convent in Zürich, because of its close relationship to the House of Rapperswil. After the founding of the monastery, the Dominican friars in Chur took over the pastoral assistance of the monastic community in Weesen.
Decline
The extremely ambitious dimensions of the Dominican's Baroque church were designed in the early 14th century. But already in the 1330s, the construction was set, and remained unfinished for years. The second phase of building ended in a much more harmonious construction, and much substance of the Romanesque building was saved, for example, almost the entire Romanesque transept remained. Historical events are the explanation for that change. The revolution of 1336 that Rudolf Brun and his entourage brought to power was followed by a period of economic uncertainty reaching its peak with the plague of 1348/49, the persecution and killing of the Jewish citizens of the so-called Synagogengasse in 1349, as well as the "Zürich night of murder" (Mordnacht) by 1350, a failed counter coup of Brun's opposition under the son of Johann I (Habsburg-Laufenburg), Johann II. Unlike the Franciscan and the Augustinian orders, the Preachers in Zürich pleaded to the Pope, another opponent of the political situation in Zürich, and therefore the convent was forced to leave the city for several years. Its exile led to Winterthur and Kaiserstuhl and finally to Rapperswil, whose counts were the most prominent opponents of Brun's regime. This development represents the beginning of the general decline of the Zürich Dominican convent.
Within the city, as the other "mendicant" orders, the Predigern have been reduced to the function of area pastors. The convent was disestablished on 3 December 1524, worship in the church was discontinued, and the buildings and income of the monastery were assigned to the adjoining Heilig-Geist-Spital.
Buildings of the convent
The former convent buildings were used, with the monastery buildings becoming a hospital. After the construction of the new hospital in 1842, they became the so-called "Versorgungsanstalt" where chronically ill, old, incurable mental patients were housed; the contemporaries complained until in 1870 when the Burghölzli sanatory was built. The convent buildings were sold in 1873 to the city of Zurich, which used it to house destitute citizens. But the old convent building burned down on 25 June 1887, its ruins were dismantled in the same year, and the open space was used for celebrations.
On 28 June 1914, the citizens of Zürich agreed to the establishment of the Central Library (German: Zentralbibliothek), that was completed according to the plans by Hermann Fietz in 1917. So the cantonal library was outsourced, but in 1919 moved back, and again moved to make room for today's Staatsarchiv Zürich; therefore since 1982, the premise is used for the library, in particular for the so-called Musikabteilung.
See also
Predigerkirche Zürich
References
Literature
Dölf Wild, Urs Jäggin, Felix Wyss: Die Zürcher Predigerkirche – Wichtige Etappen der Baugeschichte. Auf dem Murerplan beschönigt? – Untersuchungen an der Westfassade der Predigerkirche. Amt für Städtebau der Stadt Zürich, Zürich 2006.
Dölf Wild: Stadtmauern. Ein neues Bild der Stadtbefestigungen Zürichs (= Stadtgeschichte und Städtebau in Zürich. Schriften zu Archäologie, Denkmalpflege und Stadtplanung. 5). Schrift zur Ausstellung im Haus zum Haus zum Rech, Zürich, 6. Februar bis 30. April 2004. Amt für Städtebau, Baugeschichtliches Archiv, Zürich 2004, .
Dölf Wild: Das Predigerkloster in Zürich. Ein Beitrag zur Architektur der Bettelorden im 13. Jahrhundert. Monographien der Kantonsarchäologie Zürich 32, Hochbaudepartement der Stadt Zürich, Amt für Städtebau, Archäologie, Zürich 1999, .
Walter Baumann: Zürichs Kirchen, Klöster und Kapellen bis zur Reformation. Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ), Zürich 1994, .
Martina Wehrli-Johns: Geschichte des Zürcher Predigerkonvents (1230–1524). Mendikantentum zwischen Kirche, Adel und Stadt. Hans Rohr, Zürich 1980, .
Ruined abbeys and monasteries
Dominican convents
1231 establishments in Europe
13th-century establishments in Switzerland
Demolished buildings and structures in Zürich
Religious buildings and structures in Zürich
Fortifications of Zürich
1524 disestablishments in Europe
16th-century disestablishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy
Buildings and structures demolished in 1887 |
548395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights%20of%20the%20Cross%20with%20the%20Red%20Star | Knights of the Cross with the Red Star | The Knights of the Cross with the Red Star (, , , postnominal initials: O.Cr., O.Crucig.), also known as the Military Order of the Crusaders of the Red Star is a Catholic religious order present in the Czech Republic and Austria. It is the only religious order originating from Bohemia and the only male religious order in the world founded by a woman. The spirituality of the Order nowadays consists of two pillars: The first is the pastoral care in the former so-called incorporated parishes, the second is the hospitaller charisma given to the Order in its beginnings by its founder, St. Agnes of Bohemia.
The Order is currently a community of canons regular. The institute of lay brothers, which existed in the Order throughout history, ceased to exist during the 18th century. The superior general of the Order receives an abbatial benediction and uses the title of Grand Master and General. His seat is in the Prague Crusader Monastery at the Old Town foot of the Charles Bridge.
The Order has 18 members, as of 1 January 2021.
History of the Order
Medieval age
In 1233, St. Agnes of Bohemia founded a hospital fraternity of Franciscan tertiaries at her monastery in Prague. This community, inspired by the nursing military orders, was dedicated to the care of elderly, sick and other needy people. In 1235 the hospital was richly endowed by the Queen of Bohemia, Agnes's mother, with property formerly belonging to the Teutonic Knights. A few years later, in 1237 the Order had been formally constituted under the Rule of St. Augustine by Pope Gregory IX. Despite relatively clear origins of the Order, its beginnings used to be subject of legends, especially in the Baroque period: Traditionally its roots were traced back to Holy Land. Nevertheless, in a parchment Breviary of the Order, dated 1356, the account of foundation contains no allusion to such a crusader lineage.
The Order moved to its present residence at the foot of the Prague Bridge in 1252, where its members not only took care of the hospital, but also became bridge keepers. The addendum "at the foot of the Prague Bridge" was attached to its name. The Order eventually spread its activities into other places in the Czech lands (České Budějovice, Cheb, Litoměřice, Stříbro, Znojmo-Hradiště, etc.). Thanks to Agnes's sister, Princess Anna, the Order expanded even to Silesian capital Wrocław. Members of the Order used to wear arms, a custom which was confirmed in 1292 by the Pope Nicholas IV. The Grand Master is still invested with a sword. The Order has been later on recognized as a military order by popes Clement X and Innocent XII.
During the Hussite Wars in the 15th century, the mission of many order hospitals was interrupted and some of order houses (commanderies) completely disappeared. At critical moments, the residence of the Grand Master was also temporarily moved to Cheb. However, the Prague hospital continued to serve and survived the turbulent period throughout the wars. After the end of the revolutionary years, there was a certain transformation of the role of the order clergy: Due to the shortage of Catholic secular priests, the members of the Order began to be appointed as parish priests. Yet the Order never gave up hospitality and this charisma has persisted in various forms to the present day.
Early modern period
Thanks to several capable Grand Masters, the Order entered the early modern period in quite good condition. In 1562 the Grand Master Antonín Brus of Mohelnice even became Archbishop of Prague. This appointment marks the end of a long period of sede vacante of the St. Adalbert's See. Since then, archbishops of Prague had held the post of Grand Master for almost a hundred and fifty years. The Order thus gained a prestigious role, yet at the same time it was obliged to economically support the impoverished Prague Diocese and to finance its development.
Of this long period, the last two Grand Master on the St. Adalbert's See, Arnost Vojtěch of Harrach and Jan Bedřich of Waldstein, are worth mentioning. Arnost Vojtěch of Harrach became the head of the Order in 1623 and was appointed Cardinal by Pope Urban VIII in 1626. He died in 1667, making him the longest serving Grand Master of the Order. After his death, Jan Bedřich of Waldstein became a new Grand Master, building on the work of his predecessor. He continued the reconstruction of the monastery at Charles Bridge, which he completed with the construction of a new church designed by the architect J. B. Mathey. In 1692, Jan Bedřich of Wallenstein, with the help of his later successor and then Prior of the Order, Jiří Ignác Pospíchal, completed the building of St. Agnes Hospital, which stood on the site of today's Slavia Café at the corner of Národní třída in Prague.
The Order flourished also in the first half of the 18th century. Grand Master John Francis Franchimont of Frankenfeld was granted by Pope Clement XI the right to use mitre and other pontifical insignia (crosier, pectoral cross, ring) for himself and his successors. This right was later given also to the provost at the monastery of St. Hippolytus in Hradiště near Znojmo. (After the reforms related to the Second Vatican Council, only the Grand Master of the Order has this privilege.) During the 18th century the Order spread its activities to various places outside the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. In 1723 it was installed at the hospital of St. Martin and Leopold in Bratislava, in 1733 at the Karlskirche in Vienna. In 1770 Maria Theresa invested the Order with the administration of the prominent parish at Buda Castle. During this period, the Order hired great artists of the Baroque era. Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer built the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Karlovy Vary, while Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach built the Church of St. Charles Borromeo in Karlsplatz, Vienna. The painters Václav Vavřinec Reiner, Petr Brandl, Karel Škréta and Michael Willmann used to work for the Order.
19th century
Even the last third of the 18th century was marked by significant changes in the life of the Order. Under the Josephine reforms, the hospitals in Prague (Písané lázně) and in Bratislava at St. Martin and Leopold were abolished. The trend towards the reduction of the role of the Order in health and social services was ongoing throughout the 19th century. The initiative of Grand Master Josef Antonín Köhler, who founded the first children's a nursery in Bohemia in Prague-Karlín, can be described as a certain substitute, or perhaps a new expression, of the Order's original charisma. Overall, though, the focus of the Order's work was shifted to pastoral care in parishes.
During this period the Order was forced to give up most of its foreign locations for political reasons (Bratislava 1786, Wrocław 1810, Budapest 1882). However, these losses were compensated, especially in the late 19th and early 20th century, by the expansion of activities even in new locations in the Czech lands (Karlovy Vary-Rybáře, Věteřov).
From the history of the first half of the 19th century, we can also mention the fate of the Order's member Fr. Karl Anton Postl, who illicitly left the Order in 1823 during a spa stay in Karlovy Vary and his trace was thereafter lost. It was only after his death that his further life story came to light: After his desertion from the Order, Postl became a successful writer, publishing under the pseudonym Charles Sealsfield.
Perhaps the most remarkable moment in the history of the Order in the 19th century was 3 December 1874. On this day St. Agnes of Bohemia, the founder of the Order, was beatified by Pope Pius IX. An important milestone was thus passed on the way to her later canonization, i.e. declaration as a saint.
Even in the 19th century and especially at the beginning of the 20th century, the Order continued to carry out ambitious architectural projects. In addition to continual repairs and reconstruction of churches, parishes and estates, there are also larger construction projects. In the middle of the 19th century, the wing of the so-called Generalate of the Prague monastery was raised by one floor. At the very beginning of the 20th century, new churches and parishes were built in Karlovy Vary-Rybáře, Milhostov, Řevnice and Věteřov. All this culminates in the extensive reconstruction of the monastery near Charles Bridge, which was designed by the architect Josef Sakař and completed in 1912. Only the church, the Generalate and the late-gothic parts of the so-called Old Priory have been preserved. The other mostly early Baroque buildings were replaced by modern Art Nouveau – Neo-Baroque buildings. However, the efforts did not focus only on architecture. At this time, other important artists worked for the Order, particularly those from the so-called National Theatre Generation: Josef Václav Myslbek, František Ženíšek and Václav Brožík.
The economic aspect of the Order's life cannot be overlooked either, though it will require further historical research. However, we already know that the Order's brewery near Charles Bridge was the first one in the Czech lands to start bottling beer (1841).
20th and 21st centuries
1900–1945
The first decade of the service of Grand Master František Xaver Marat was marked by extensive building development of the Order, which was crowned by the reconstruction of the monastery at Charles Bridge (1908-1912). The tasks that awaited his successor and the second longest serving Grand Master Josef Vlasák were of a completely different nature. He took office during the hard years of World War I, continued through the difficult period of the First Republic followed by the years of Nazi occupation, and passed away during the Stalinist period of the Communist regime.
During the World War I, the Grand Master had to deal with a severe shortage of food for both the monastery and its hospital. After 1918, in the turbulent atmosphere of the young Czechoslovak republic and in the anti-Catholic sentiment that resonated in Czech society, there were talks about the dissolution of monasteries. This suppression would have had fatal consequences for the Order operating at that time only in the Czech lands. In this context, the Grand Master was preparing the possible relocation of the entire Order to the United States. Fortunately for the Church, the situation eventually stabilized, and the Order was able to continue to serve in its traditional locations. Despite the economic difficulties caused by the Czechoslovak land reform and the Great Depression, the Order continued its social activities and generously financed the restoration of the Convent of Saint Agnes in Prague - Na Františku and constructions of new churches in Prague's suburbs.
After the Munich Agreement in 1938, when part of Czechoslovakia fell to Nazi Germany, a significant number of the Order's parishes (in western Bohemia) found themselves outside the Czechoslovak borders.
Due to the sudden situation and with regard to the spiritual needs of the faithful in the parishes administered by the Order, an agreement was signed between the Order and the Cistercian Abbey of Vyšší Brod. The aim of the agreement was mutual assistance in pastoral care: The Crusaders took over the administration of Cistercian parishes in territories with Czech-speaking population; reciprocally some Crusader parishes in territories ceded to Germany were administered by Cistercians of Vyšší Brod.
In 1941, just before the death of the Archbishop of Prague, Cardinal Karel Kašpar, the Grand Master of the Order was forced by the Nazis to move to Brno, where he found shelter in the Augustinian Abbey in Old Brno. A year later, in 1942, the Order was forced by the German occupiers to leave its convent near Charles Bridge. At the end of the war, the Order even had to give up the ministry at the main church of the Order, St. Francis at Charles Bridge. During the war, some of the Order members used to be persecuted by Nazis: Fr. Karel Weis and Fr. Ladislav Sirový were imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp. The end of World War II in May 1945 enabled the revival of religious life in the monastery near Charles Bridge. Due to the forced transfer of the German population of Czechoslovakia, the German-speaking members of the Order left for Germany along with their parishioners in 1946.
1948–1989
As part of "Action K", the monastery was seized by the State Security (StB) on 27 April 1950. The Grand Master of the Order was destined to spend the rest of his life in the parish of St. Peter in Poříčí in respect of his advanced age. Other members of the Order were transported to concentration monasteries in Broumov, Králíky and Želiv. Certain members of the Order administering the Order´s parishes used to be persecuted and even imprisoned. Fr. A. Dragoun was convicted even twice: Firstly in 1951, then again in 1959. The longest sentence was imposed on Fr. J. Šebesta, a priest of the Order from the Parish Františkovy Lázně. He was sentenced to 17 years, part of which he would spend in a forced labour camp in the uranium ore mines in Jáchymov. The second longest sentence was imposed on Fr. B. Rákosník, priest of the Order from the Parish Kynšperk nad Ohří. He was sentenced to 13 years. Other members of the Order are then given less severe sentences. However, there were also members of the Order who, for various reasons, became involved with the totalitarian regime (Fr. Jan Mára, Fr. František Xaver Dítě). The vacant buildings of the monastery were first handed over to the Ministry of Health, then became one of the State Security (StB) headquarters. Nevertheless, the priests of the Order could still continue to serve at the main church of the Order – throughout the communist period there was always at least one Crusader priest at St. Francis. These priests of the Order who have not been withdrawn from “state approval” used to serve in various parishes. Member of the Order Fr. František Verner became the first librarian of the so-called Post-Conciliar Library (a library to help implement the reforms of the Second Vatican Council) founded by Archbishop of Prague František Tomášek. Since the death of Grand Master Josef Vlasák in December 1958, the office had been vacant until 1988. In 1988, at the time of the mitigation of the state's anti-church policy, Dr. Ladislav Sirový was elected the 46th Grand Master and General of the Order. He was installed in office by Cardinal František Tomášek in a private ceremony in the chapel of the Prague Archbishop's Palace.
12 November 1989 became an important milestone in the history of the Order when its founder, St. Agnes of Bohemia, was canonized in Rome by Pope John Paul II.
1989 till the present
After the Velvet Revolution in November 1989, the Order has returned to its monastery next to the Charles Bridge. The tragic event of 12 February 1992 marked the further course of the Order: The Grand Master Ladislav Sirový dies after a serious car accident. Regarding the personal situation, the election of a new Grand Master was not proceeded with. Bishop František Lobkowicz OPraem temporarily took over the administration of the Order by the will of the Holy See. It was only in 2001 that Fr. Jiří Kopejsko, a long-time provost at the Order's pilgrimage site at Chlum Svaté Maří, became the 47th Grand Master of the Order. After his retirement in 2011, he was succeeded by the current 48th Grand Master Josef Šedivý, former parish priest of the Parish Věteřov near Kyjov, Doctor of Pharmacy by degree.
In 2015, a member of the Order, Fr. Jaroslav Ptáček, was honoured by Pope Francis. For his merits for the Order and especially for the Order's youth, he was awarded with the high papal decoration Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice.
Throughout the post-communist period, the Order has been striving to fulfil the charism of its saint founder: While Crusader priests still serve in former so-called incorporated parishes in the Czech Republic and Austria, the Order lives up to its original mission (patronage of the Girls Catholic High School, sponsorship of the Hospital of the Sisters of Mercy of St. Borromeo, foundation of the Crusader Nursing Service and the Crusader Home Hospice).
Churches of the Order
Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Borotice)
Church of the Corpus Christi and the Virgin Mary (Český Krumlov)
Church of Saint Bartholomew (Cheb)
Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and of Saint Mary Magdalene (Chlum Svaté Maří)
Church of Saints Fabian and Sebastian (Chotilsko-Živohošť)
Chapel of Saint Jude and Thaddeus (Dobřichovice)
Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (Františkovy Lázně)
Church of Saint Mary Magdalene (Karlovy Vary)
Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Kynšperk nad Ohří)
Church of Saint Wenceslaus (Loket)
Church of Saint John the Baptist (Mašovice)
Church of Saint Nicholas (Milhostov)
Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (Nový Knín)
Church of Saint Sigismund (Popice)
Chapel of the Holy Trinity and Saint Wenceslaus (Prague-Ďáblice)
Church of Saint George (Prague-Hloubětín)
Church of Saint Peter (Prague-New Town)
Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (Prague-Old Town)
Church of All Saints (Prague-Slivenec)
Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Tachov)
Church of Saint Martin (Tursko)
Church of Saints Peter and Paul (Unhošť)
Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius (Věteřov)
Church of Saint Charles Borromeo (Vienna)
Church of Saint Hippolytus (Znojmo)
See also
Puchner's Ark
References
Military orders (monastic society)
Canons regular
Christianity in the Czech Republic
Christianity in Vienna
1233 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1230s
Christian religious orders established in the 13th century |
1074610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal%20Divinity%20School | Episcopal Divinity School | The Episcopal Divinity School (EDS) is a theological school in New York City that trains students for service with the Episcopal Church. It was affiliated with Union Theological Seminary from 2018 to 2023. Known throughout the Anglican Communion for progressive teaching and action on issues of civil rights and social justice, its faculty and students were directly involved in many of the social controversies surrounding the Episcopal Church in the latter half of the 20th century and at the start of the 21st.
Until 2017, EDS was a seminary of the Episcopal Church based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. As an independent seminary, EDS offered Master of Divinity (M.Div.), Master of Arts in Theological Studies (MATS), and Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) degree programs, as well as a certificate in Anglican studies program. It had a longtime relationship with Harvard Divinity School that included cross-registration. It was a member of the Boston Theological Institute, a consortium of seminaries and divinity schools that share library and academic resources and allow cross-registration for courses. From 2010 to 2017, EDS shared part of its campus, offered cross-registration, and pooled resources with Lesley University.
Established to train people for ordination in the Episcopal Church, the seminary also trained students from other denominations; since 2011, members of the Metropolitan Community Church could train for ordination in their church, receiving specific instruction on their church's polity.
History
The Episcopal Divinity School (EDS) was founded in 1974 by combining the Episcopal Theological School (ETS) and the Philadelphia Divinity School (PDS). Both institutions were facing bankruptcy at the time and by basing the new school on ETS' campus and otherwise combining resources the new institution was able to ensure a modicum of financial stability.
The Philadelphia Divinity School was founded in Philadelphia in 1857 as the Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal Church by Alonzo Potter, Bishop of Pennsylvania.
The Episcopal Theological School was founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1867 by Boston businessman Benjamin Tyler Reed. ETS had from its inception a close relationship with adjacent Harvard University, which was Unitarian at the time. ETS also had a close relationship with PDS. Its first dean was John Seely Stone, who had previously taught at PDS.
Affiliation with Union Theological Seminary and move to New York
In 2016, the school's board of trustees decided that the school would cease granting degrees after the end of the 2016–2017 academic year. After several months of evaluating how it could continue to support the school's mission of theological education, the board of trustees decided to affiliate EDS with Union Theological Seminary in New York City and sell its Cambridge campus. All of EDS' current students were transferred to other institutions, and contracts with all faculty and staff were ended. Despite being called a "relocation," no person from EDS in Cambridge was employed at Union. The City of Cambridge had expressed interest in reusing the campus for affordable housing. However, under the terms of a contract approved by the EDS board in 2010, Lesley University co-owned the campus and EDS could not sell the property without its permission. In 2018, Lesley purchased the rest of EDS's former Cambridge campus, making Lesley the sole owner. The move to Union, and thus New York, occurred despite the proximate location of the long-standing General Theological Seminary there. Students who enrolled in the EDS at Union Anglican studies program earned a Master of Divinity degree from Union which fulfilled requirements for ordination in the Episcopal Church.
Upon its disaffiliation from Union Theological Seminary in 2023, all Episcopal Divinity School M.Div. students joined the new UTS Anglican Studies Program.
As of March 31, 2023 the Episcopal Divinity School still owns a former annex at 7 and 9 Phillips Street in Cambridge.
Churchmanship
PDS and ETS had both attempted to insulate themselves from affiliations with partisan factions within the church. Where other seminaries that existed or would come to exist within the Episcopal Church often affiliated themselves with either the high church or low church movements, PDS and ETS focused on broad social and academic matters rather than issues of churchmanship as such. This may affiliate them with broad church movements, although neither institution explicitly identified themselves as such. EDS has continued in that tradition.
Social issues
PDS, ETS and EDS have all been known for their focus on pastoral action around progressive social issues.
African-American education
From its inception, PDS admitted and trained African-American students, which was not done anywhere else in the world. The Episcopal Church itself, originally as the Church of England under the Bishop of London in British colonies in North America, had early seen several attempts from within at including African-American and indigenous American peoples in the full life of the church; the first person to be baptized in the Church of England in North America was a Native American person. Social values, particularly with the rise of racial slavery in North America, meant that there were considerable obstacles to such practices, and debates over whether it was right to baptize African-American slaves were
controversial. Clergy who baptized slaves were often expelled from their parishes by the wealthy vestries which held their contracts. The church was largely controlled by affluent whites and despite rare actions by clergy, African-American slaves and ex-slaves were largely excluded from participation in the life of the church.
In 1968, ETS hired its first African-American professor, Robert Avon Bennett.
Education and ordination of women
In the 1880s, PDS begin training women as deaconesses. In 1929 women were first admitted at PDS in small numbers to theological education programs designed for those preparing to teach religion in colleges.
ETS became the first Episcopal seminary to hire a woman, in 1941, to its full-time faculty.
In 1974, after the formation of EDS, 11 women known as the Philadelphia Eleven were "irregularly" ordained to the priesthood of the Episcopal Church. Several EDS faculty members took part in the ordination and two of the new priests, Carter Heyward and Suzanne Hiatt, were employed as EDS faculty. The affiliation of EDS with this ordination would cause many bishops to refuse to send their postulants for ordination to EDS to receive a theological education. EDS retained a reputation for controversy stemming from this incident even after the Episcopal Church as a whole voted to ordain women to the priesthood in 1976. EDS quickly became the first Episcopal seminary to have women teaching in all fields of study.
Civil rights
In 1956, Bishop Henry Knox Sherrill, who graduated from ETS in 1914, spoke out at a press conference on September 18, 1956, in favor of racial integration for the whole church. He said, “integration in the whole church is inevitable; it is fundamental to the heart of the Gospel.”
In 1964, members of the ETS community marched in Boston to protest the racially motivated Birmingham church bombings. In the following year, ETS students and faculty traveled to Alabama to take part in the Selma to Montgomery marches. Several students sought to return to Alabama after the Selma marches to continue to work for racial integration in that state. Jonathan Myrick Daniels, one of those students, was shot and killed outside a store in Hayneville, Alabama, while trying to protect a young African-American woman, Ruby Sales, from a gunman. Sales would go on to attend ETS herself and work for civil rights, founding an inner-city mission dedicated to Daniels who is remembered as a martyr of the Episcopal Church and is remembered regularly at EDS.
LGBT rights
In the 1960s, ETS students who were suspected of being homosexual were dismissed, but as church and social opinion began to slowly turn in favor of tolerance of homosexuals, EDS would become a leading center of studies on LGBT issues within the Episcopal Church and the wider Anglican Communion. In 1974, ethics professor William Hayden McCallum came out as a gay man to the school community. Associate professor and priest Carter Heyward came out as a lesbian to the church in a nationwide publication in 1979. By the 1980s, EDS permitted same-sex couples to live in campus housing as it did heterosexual couples previously. In 1995, when St. John's Memorial Chapel was opened to marriage services by Dean William Rankin, both heterosexual marriages and same-sex unions were permitted, contrary to the trend in the Episcopal Church at the time. In 1999, the school's then dean, Steven Charleston, was the author of the Cambridge Accord, an attempt to reach consensus over the human rights of homosexual people, notwithstanding differences within the Anglican Communion over the moral status of homosexual acts. In 2009, Katherine Hancock Ragsdale became the Dean of EDS, the first openly lesbian person to be dean of an Episcopal seminary. However, in 2015, she indicated she would not seek an extension to her term as Dean – which expired at the end of June – after disputes with faculty regarding changes to the residential seminary model.
Deans
Episcopal Theological School
1867 Francis Wharton
1876–1889 George Zabriskie Gray
1889–1893 William Lawrence
1894–1919 George Hodges
1920–1940 Henry Bradford Washburn
1940–1944 Angus Dun
1944-1956 Charles Taylor <episcopal news service Dec 20, 1979>
1957–1968 John B. Coburn
1969–1974 Harvey H. Guthrie
Episcopal Divinity School
1974–1976 Harvey H. Guthrie and Edward Harris
1976–1985 Harvey H. Guthrie
1985–1993 E. Otis Charles
1993–1998 William Rankin
1999–2008 Steven Charleston
2009–2015 Katherine Hancock Ragsdale
2018–present Kelly Brown Douglas
See also
List of Episcopal Divinity School people
References
Further reading
A History of Episcopal Divinity School: In celebration of its 25th anniversary by Matthew Peter Cadwell, published by The Trustees of the Episcopal Divinity School, 2000
Installation Address by Katherine Hancock Ragsdale, Dean and President of Episcopal Divinity School, October 23, 2009
A Brief History of the Episcopal Church by David L. Holmes
External links
Official website
Episcopal Church (United States)
Anglican seminaries and theological colleges
Seminaries and theological colleges in Massachusetts
Universities and colleges established in 1974
Universities and colleges in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Episcopal Church in Massachusetts
Harvard Square
1974 establishments in Massachusetts
Educational institutions disestablished in 2017
2017 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) |
8924392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Charles%20Stirling | Edward Charles Stirling | Sir Edward Charles Stirling (8 September 1848 – 20 March 1919) was an Australian anthropologist and the first professor of physiology at the University of Adelaide.
Early life
Stirling was born at "The Lodge" Strathalbyn, South Australia, the eldest son of the Hon. Edward Stirling and his wife Harriett, née Taylor His father was the illegitimate child of a Scottish planter in Jamaica and an unknown woman of colour. He was a partner in Elder Stirling and Company before that firm became Elder Smith and Company, was a nominated member of the 1855 Legislative Council, and was an elected member of the 1857 Legislative Council. Edward Snr. migrated to South Australia after receiving £1000 from his father, Archibald, who had owned slaves in Jamaica.
Stirling was educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. with honours in natural science in 1869, M.A. and M.B. in 1872, and M.D. in 1880. Stirling was admitted to the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) in 1874.
Career
Stirling was appointed house surgeon at St George's Hospital, London, and in early 1878 became assistant surgeon and lecturer on physiology and operative surgery. Stirling returned to South Australia in 1875 and on 27 June 1877 married Jane, eldest daughter of Joseph Gilbert, and took his new wife to London for medical treatment. Their daughter Jane Harriet was born in London April 1878. Stirling returned to Adelaide for good in 1881, and in the following year was appointed lecturer in physiology at the University of Adelaide where he helped found the medical school.
In 1884 Stirling was elected to the South Australian Legislative Assembly for North Adelaide and sat for three years. There he proved an innovator and speaker for the rights of women, becoming the first person in Australasia to introduce a bill for women's suffrage. On 22 July 1885, the year after his election, he proposed the following motion for women's suffrage:
'That in the opinion of this House, women… who fulfil the conditions and possess the qualifications on which the parliamentary franchise for the Legislative Council is granted to men, shall, like them, be admitted to the franchise for both Houses of Parliament.'
He then expanded on his argument for women's suffrage using the following quote from Plato:
'There is no natural difference between the sexes except in strength and both should equally participate in the Government of the State.'
By this time he had four daughters of his own, and he wanted them to grow up in a fairer society. Then in 1886 he introduced a formal bill for women's suffrage into the South Australian parliament. Although this bill was not passed, a few years later South Australia was the first of the Australian colonies to give women the vote.
Not only was Stirling committed to the political rights of women, but he also believed in their right to a proper education. He lectured at the Advanced School for Girls, and also campaigned for women to be admitted to Adelaide University's School of Medicine. His own five daughters benefited from an excellent education, and Harriet (1878–1943) went on to earn an OBE for her work with mothers and children, and Jane (1881–1966) earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Adelaide University and later played viola in the South Australian Orchestra.
Edward Charles Stirling was appointed the first President of the State Children's Council by its founder Catherine Helen Spence. A later President was his oldest daughter Harriet (OBE), who also founded the Mothers and Babies Health Association with Helen Mayo.
Stirling had other interests and duties. He was chairman of the South Australian Museum committee in 1884–5 and in 1889 became honorary director of the museum. In 1890 he went overland with South Australia's Governor, Lord Kintore, from Port Darwin to Adelaide and collected much flora and fauna including several specimens of the marsupial mole Notoryctes typhlops, described and illustrated in his paper in the Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia, 1891, p. 154. In 1893 he investigated at Lake Callabonna a remarkable deposit of fossil bones, and with A. H. C. Zietz reconstructed the complete skeleton of the enormous marsupial Diprotodon australis and partially reconstructed an immense wombat and a bird allied to the New Zealand moa. Also in 1893, Stirling and Zietz described five new species of Australian lizards. He was also responsible for the collection of human remains of Indigenous Australians, some of which were shipped to overseas institutions. In the 21st century, the Museum started pursuing an active policy of repatriation and reburial of these remains.
In 1894 Stirling was the medical officer and anthropologist of the Horn scientific expedition to Central Australia, and wrote the extensive anthropology report which appears in volume four of the report of the expedition. He was appointed director of the Adelaide museum in 1895 and built up there a remarkable collection including invaluable specimens relating to aboriginal life in Australia. In 1900 he became professor of physiology at Adelaide university, and for many years continued to take a prominent part in university affairs. He retired from the directorship of the museum at the end of 1912, but in 1914 was made honorary curator in ethnology. He had announced his intention of retiring from the university at the end of the year but died after a short illness on 20 March 1919.
Stirling was interred at the North Road Cemetery, where his grave now lies near those of several other family members. He was survived by his wife and five daughters (two sons predeceased him).
Private life
In 1882, E. C. Stirling settled near the Adelaide Hills town of Stirling which had been named after his father. He named his 6½-acre property St Vigeans, after the Scottish town where his father had gone to school. A fine two-storey house was constructed in 1882–83, and during the following decades, Stirling himself oversaw the establishment of one of Australia's finest private botanical gardens which included trees and shrubs imported from interstate and overseas. As a fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society of London he had access to many species of plants. A major feature of his gardens were South Australia's first rhododendrons, one of which was named Mrs E C Stirling, and several new varieties were developed by Edward and his head-gardener.
Family
Edward Charles Stirling married Jane Gilbert (1848–1936) on 27 June 1877. Their offspring were:
Harriet Adelaide "Harrie" Stirling JP OBE (15 April 1878 – 19 May 1943), philanthropist
Anna Florence Stirling (1879–1939) married S (Sydney) Russell Booth (died 1949) in 1910
Jane Winifred "Jeannie" Stirling (1881–1966); studied science at Uni, played viola in SA Orchestra, married Thorburn Brailsford Robertson on 8 July 1910
(Alice) Mary Stirling (1884–1925); an Exhibition (form of scholarship) to be competed for among Hills schools was raised in her memory
Nina Eliza Emmeline Stirling (1888–1976) married Maxwell Jaffrey on 29 August 1927
Edward Taylor Stirling (1889–1897) died falling from a tree aged 7;
Gilbert Lancelot Stirling (1893–1893)
Stirling's brother John Lancelot Stirling also played a prominent role in South Australian public life.
His eldest sister Mary Eliza Collingwood Stirling married William James Ingram MP on 10 November 1874.
Honours and awards
Stirling received many honours, of which he particularly valued being admitted as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1893. In the same year, he was also awarded an CMG Other awards included the Queen Regent of Holland's Gold Medal for 'services to art and science' in 1892, and an honorary Doctorate in Science from Trinity College Cambridge in 1910. He was also an honorary fellow of the Anthropological Society of Great Britain, fellow of the Medical and Chirurgical Society, and was knighted in 1917.
Legacy
Stirling was interested in gardening, in the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and in the welfare of children – he was president of the state children's council. He was a surgeon, physiologist, anthropologist, palaeontologist and legislator, although not sufficiently specialised to reach the highest rank in any one of these departments. With Dr Joseph. C. Verco Stirling wrote a valuable article on hydatid disease for Allbutt's System of Medicine, he fostered and brought to maturity the young medical school at the University, and he did significant work in developing the Adelaide museum. Stirling was involved in the struggle to create the Flinders Chase sanctuary on Kangaroo Island. Stirling ranks among the best all-round scientists of his day in Australia.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Primary sources including certificates recording birth, examination results, marriage, name change and death [private records held by AS Pope – files: ‘Stirling, EC’, work, documents, cuttings, life, will, photographs.
Hale, HM 1956, The First Hundred Years of the South Australian Museum 1856–1956, Records of the SA Museum, Vol XII, 18 June 1956, Adelaide.
Last, Peter 1949, ‘The Founder of the Adelaide Medical School’, The AMSS Review, November 1949, pp 7–21.
Waite, Edgar R 1929, The Reptiles and Amphibians of SA, Government Printer, Adelaide, pp 102, 125–128
Mt Barker Courier:
Oral history: ES Booth (SOHC/MLSA OH295).
External links
1848 births
1919 deaths
Australian anthropologists
Edward
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
People educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide
Academic staff of the University of Adelaide
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Burials at North Road Cemetery
People from Strathalbyn, South Australia
Australian people of Scottish descent
Australian people of Jamaican descent |
52673005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken%20Promises%20%28Agents%20of%20S.H.I.E.L.D.%29 | Broken Promises (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) | "Broken Promises" is the ninth episode of the fourth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D., it follows Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they are attacked by a rogue Life Model Decoy (LMD). It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's films. The episode was written by Brent Fletcher and directed by Garry A. Brown, serving as the first in the second "pod" of episodes for the season, subtitled LMD.
Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, and is joined by series regulars Ming-Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, Henry Simmons, and John Hannah. Recurring guest star Mallory Jansen portrays Aida, the LMD that attacks S.H.I.E.L.D. A second version of Aida is also introduced, with Jansen wearing a slightly different costume to highlight the change. Another storyline follows recurring guest star Parminder Nagra as Senator Ellen Nadeer and Manish Dayal as her brother Vijay. For this subplot, Henstridge had to learn a Southern American accent and film a rare action sequence for her character.
"Broken Promises" originally aired on ABC on January 10, 2017, and was watched by 4.66 million viewers within a week of its release according to Nielsen Media Research. Critical response to the episode was mostly positive, with reviewers feeling the episode was a strong beginning to the LMD arc and praising the comedic performances of Simmons and guest star Natalia Cordova-Buckley. However, the Nadeer subplot received mixed responses, with some considering it to be a "step back" for the series.
Plot
After gaining control of the Darkhold, the Book of Sins, S.H.I.E.L.D. looks to destroy it to keep it from being used for evil. Agent Leo Fitz and Dr. Holden Radcliffe are sent to clear the memory of the android Aida they have built, as she has read the book. However, Aida's reading of the Darkholds secrets appears to have granted her sentience, she overpowers the pair. She then takes control of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s systems, and attacks the secret facility in search of the book.
Vijay Nadeer recovers at a family home after spending several months inside an Inhuman Terrigen cocoon. He is looked after by his sister, Senator Ellen Nadeer, who is the leader of the Humans First political movement; the siblings have a hatred for aliens after their mother died during an alien attack, and agreed that if either was "infected" and revealed as an Inhuman, the other would kill them. Nadeer orders a group of Watchdogs—anti-Inhuman terrorists she has aligned herself with—to kill her brother. He asks her to spare him, as he has not shown any sign of Inhuman abilities, but when S.H.I.E.L.D. Director Jeffrey Mace arrives with Agents Daisy Johnson and Jemma Simmons after Simmons had helped Vijay escape his cocoon, Vijay exhibits enhanced reflexes. Ellen convinces Vijay to go with her rather than S.H.I.E.L.D., but as they escape in a helicopter, Ellen kills her brother and dumps his body in a lake, where it is enveloped in another Terrigen cocoon.
Agent Phil Coulson gives the location of the Darkhold to Agent Melinda May, who Aida has replaced with a Life Model Decoy—an android replica. From this, Aida finds the book. Fitz is able to take back control of the facility's systems before Aida can escape, and Agent Alphonso "Mack" Mackenzie beheads the android with his ax. Radcliffe later laments about this to a new model of Aida, as he believes the book holds the secret to eternal life and wants it for himself. He had programmed the original Aida's apparent sentience in an attempt to steal the Darkhold, but must now rely on the May LMD to retrieve it for him.
Production
Development and writing
In December 2016, the mid-season finale episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., "The Laws of Inferno Dynamics", ended with the android Aida seemingly replacing main character Melinda May with a Life Model Decoy, a replica android. Executive producer Jed Whedon explained that LMDs would be the subject of the season's next "pod" of episodes, subtitled LMD. He also said that the reintegration of Daisy Johnson into S.H.I.E.L.D. would be explored following her vigilante actions in the previous pod, Ghost Rider, and executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen added that at least the first episode of the second pod would deal with the mystery surrounding Senator Ellen Nadeer and her Inhuman brother.
On changing from Ghost Rider to LMD, Whedon explained that the Life Model Decoy technology is "something that we've been wanting to get to, and now we're finally able to get to ... We want everything to feel like its own mini world, and to have its own flavor. So we do think you'll come into the next section [of episodes] and immediately feel like, 'Oh, this is a different kind of story.'" The first episode of the new pod was revealed to be titled "Broken Promises". At the end of the month, Marvel announced that the episode would be written by Brent Fletcher, and directed by series producer Garry A. Brown.
Ahead of the episode's airing, actress Natalia Cordova-Buckley said that the episode would see some "stability" for the characters Alphonso "Mack" Mackenzie and Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez, after the pair begin a relationship in the mid-season finale. Cordova-Buckley noted that actor Henry Simmons and herself are both minorities, and that Rodriguez is an Inhuman character, allowing the series to explore an interracial relationship "based on respect and love" that viewers can "compare to the world we're living in". The episode also introduces a second model of Aida, with actress Mallory Jansen saying that "Aida 2.0" would be programmed by Radcliffe to be more ruthless, and would have to learn from scratch everything the first version had learned during the season. The character's costume is a darker shade of gray than that worn by the original Aida to reflect these changes. The episode features a reference to the film Chopping Mall (1986). Jim Wynorski, the director of Chopping Mall, messaged Fletcher thanking him for referencing the film and sent Fletcher an autographed Blu-ray of the film.
Casting
In December 2016, Marvel confirmed that main cast members Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson, Ming-Na Wen as Melinda May, Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake, Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz, Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons, Henry Simmons as Alphonso "Mack" Mackenzie, and John Hannah as Holden Radcliffe would be starring. The guest cast for the episode includes Natalia Cordova-Buckley as Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez, Jason O'Mara as Director Jeffrey Mace, Mallory Jansen as Aida, Parminder Nagra as Senator Ellen Nadeer, John Pyper-Ferguson as Terrence Shockley, Manish Dayal as Vijay Nadeer, Patrick Cavanaugh as Burrows, Blaise Miller as Agent Nathanson, Shari Vasseghi as Sunjna Nadeer and Bryan Keith as Zack Bynum. Cordova-Buckley, O'Mara, Jansen, Nagra, Dayal, Cavanaugh, and Miller reprise their roles from earlier in the series.
Filming
For the sequence in which Jemma Simmons goes undercover as a Washington, D.C. lobbyist, Henstridge had to use a Southern American accent. The British actress, who had never used any American accent during her career, explained that she used the accent because the episode originally included dialogue that explained her disguise's Southern origins, though they were ultimately cut. To prepare, Henstridge listened "to some recordings during the breaks" in filming. For the ensuing fight sequence, the production had only a short time to film at the "close of a late shoot". For the fight's final stunt, Henstridge had one attempt to smash a fake glass over a stunt man's head, which she felt "turned out OK".
Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins
The backstory of Ellen and Vijay Nadeer, introduced in this episode, revolves around their mother's death during the Chitauri invasion of New York, as seen in the film The Avengers. A short sequence depicting the character's death during the events of the film is shown as a dream Vijay has while recovering from his time in an Inhuman cocoon. A similar storyline to this was featured in the MCU series Jessica Jones, where another antagonistic character's backstory features a loved one dying during the Chitauri invasion.
Release
"Broken Promises" was first aired in the United States on ABC on January 10, 2017. It began streaming on Netflix, along with the rest of the fourth season, on June 15, 2017.
Reception
Ratings
In the United States the episode received a 0.8/3 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, meaning that it was seen by 0.8 percent of all households, and 3 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast. It was watched by 2.72 million viewers. Within a week of its release, "Broken Promises" had been watched by 4.66 million U.S. viewers.
Critical response
Reviewing the episode for Nerdist, Joseph McCabe said that any doubts he had about the series moving on from the Ghost Rider storyline "are more or less eliminated", feeling that the episode's take on a robotic antagonist was "Avengers: Age of Ultron done right ... where it most obviously improves on the overstuffed second Avengers film is in the humor department, with a running commentary from Mack that references most every killer android movie of the 1980s." McCabe called the Nadeer storyline "the dark heart and soul" of the episode, and praised the series continued confidence in "mirror[ing] real world events" with the hatred shown towards Inhumans. At IGN, Terri Schwartz scored the episode 9 out of 10 for an "amazing" episode, calling the transition from Ghost Rider to LMD smooth, and praising the choice to have humans be the real monsters in the end of the monster-robot episode; Schwartz felt the Nadeer storyline complimented the Aida storyline well, and that the Radcliffe reveal was a smart direction to take the series.
Alex McCown-Levy at The A.V. Club graded the episode a "B+", praising the reveal that Radcliffe was behind Aida's "sentience", which he felt was well supported by the series' development of the character. He also praised the back-and-forth between Mack and Rodriguez as "the best running gag of the episode", and called the Nadeer storyline "surprisingly strong". McCown-Levy accredited the episode's success to Fletcher's writing, saying "both clumsy exposition and subtle character exchanges are handled with aplomb". Marc Buxtom of Den of Geek called the change to LMD "pretty enjoyable", feeling the series "remains the old comfy slipper of the current slate of superhero shows ... Agents Of SHIELD remains consistently fun and steady without ever sparking tonnes of interest or buzz." Buxtom praised Aida as an effective "big bad", and Mack and Rodriguez's storyline as "one of the highlights of the episode", but was critical of the Nadeer storyline. He called the arc "your typical X-Men stand-in stock plot ... after the freshness of the Ghost Rider half of the season, this just feels like a step back.
Colliders Evan Valentine gave "Broken Promises" 3 stars out of 5, indicating a good episode that "doesn't maintain the heights of [the series'] days with Ghost Rider in the driver's seat, but it does manage to remain a solid entry on the airwaves." He felt that the opening scene, in which Aida fixes her own bullet wounds, was an interesting way to "reel" in viewers without the excitement of Ghost Rider, and said his favorite part of the episode was Mack's hatred of robots and constant pop culture references. Valentine was very critical of the Nadeer subplot: he felt that the Watchdogs had been "pretty much played out at this point"; that the Inhuman storyline had become stale after the previous two seasons, and now the "breath of fresh air" that was Ghost Rider is gone; and that the Nadeers' backstory comes across as a repeat given a similar storyline on Marvel's Jessica Jones. Kevin Fitzpatrick, writing for ScreenCrush, said that the episode "got off to the best possible start" given the change to LMD was "obviously less of an immediate hook" than Ghost Rider. He felt the episode overcame cliche by mixing standard set pieces with Mack and Rodriguez's comedy, and by having "as much fun with a killer robot showdown as possible, and then reveal[ing] a more sensibly long-term threat". However, Fitzpatrick criticized the Nadeer storyline as "flat" and dragging the rest of the episode down.
Accolades
Simmons and Cordova-Buckley were named as honorable mentions for TVLines "Performer of the Week" for the week of January 9, 2017, for their performances in this episode. The site praised the pair for their comedic performances, keeping the episode "light and lively—and marvelously meta."
References
External links
"Broken Promises" at ABC
2017 American television episodes
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4) episodes
Television episodes directed by Garry A. Brown (producer)
Television episodes written by Brent Fletcher |
41025802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundasupatti | Mundasupatti | Mundasupatti () is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language period comedy film written and directed by Ram Kumar and produced by C. V. Kumar under his banner Thirukumaran Entertainment and Fox Star Studios. It stars Vishnu Vishal and Nandita Swetha, with Kaali Venkat, Ramdoss, and Anandaraj in supporting roles.
The film is set in the 1980s in a fictional village called Mundasupatti, where people believe bad luck will befall them if they are photographed. The story illustrates what happens when two photographers visit the village. It is based on a short film which was directed by Ram Kumar himself in 2011 for the TV show Naalaya Iyakunar.
Principal photography commenced in August 2013, with Sathyamangalam being served as the primary location for the film. The shoot was completed within 57 days. The film's technical crew includes Sean Roldan as the music director, while cinematography and editing for the film were handled by P. V. Shankar and Leo John Paul respectively.
Mundasupatti released on 13 June 2014 to positive critical response and became a hit at the box office.
Plot
Gopi, a Sathyamangalam-based photographer, and his assistant Alagumani arrive at a remote village called Mundasupatti on an assignment. The natives of this village are superstitious; they fear getting photographed, believing it will lead to death.
Cast
Vishnu Vishal as Gopi
Nandita Swetha as Kalaivani
Kaali Venkat as Azhagumani
Ramdoss as Muniskanth
Anandaraj as Zamindar Ekambaram
Gajaraj Subburaj as Kalaivani's father
Kovai Uma as Kalaivani's mother
Aadesh Bala as Shanmugam
Vinod Sagar as Mokkaiyan
Supergood Subramani as Priest
Winner Ramachandran
Kambam Meena
Production
Ram Kumar had shot about 10 short films for the TV show, Naalaya Iyakunar. When Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi released, he said he was inspired to make his own film. He took a year off to work on the script and to select his actors. He called it a challenge to convert the script for a short film into a full-length one and stated that he had added new characters for the film version.
Vishnu Vishal was cast for the lead role, with the director stating that he wanted "someone who is funny, but very subtly so". Vishnu, who had till then only played characters that were emotional, for the first time attempted a full-length comedy role, who felt it was "very refreshing" and added that "for the first time, I could relate to my character". Nandita Swetha was signed for the lead female role, and Ram said that he wanted "someone who is dusky" for the role of Kalaivaani, adding that he was impressed by her performance in Attakathi. Kaali Venkat who had been part of the original short film played the assistant to Vishnu's character. Ramdoss, seen in small roles previously, was given the role of an aspiring actor, a "fantastic role", according to him, that, he said, gave him "a lot of scope for acting".
The filming started on 28 August 2013 and was completed by October 2013. The film was shot in 57 days, in Sathyamangalam, which has houses that are over a 100 years old. Vishnu's Hollywood Photo Studio was located at Nirmala Theatre Road, Sathyamangalam.
Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack was composed by independent musician Sean Roldan. It was the first film project he had signed on, although two of his soundtrack albums got released before the release of Mundasupatti. Sean Roldan had composed seven tracks for the film, besides singing three of them. The lyrics for the songs were written by Muthamil and GKB. The soundtrack album was launched along with the film's trailer on 9 May 2014 at the Suryan FM 93.5 Radio station, Chennai.
The songs as well as the score received very positive feedback by critics. Behindwoods gave it 3.25 out of 5 stars and called it "one of the most enterprising albums of this year". Musicaloud.com gave it a score of 8.5 out of 10 and wrote, "There seems to be no stopping Sean Roldan". Rediff wrote, "Sean Roldan's rustic songs and background score are definitely the highlights of the film, especially the folk styled Rasa Maharasa and the beautiful melody Idhu Enna". Deccan Chronicle wrote, "The [other] standout of the film was Sean Roldan's background and music. His catchy but affectionate songs fit very well with the clayey tones of the film – which is to say that they mould and reshape the landscape in lieu with the plot". Milliblog reviewed "Like Santhosh Narayanan, Sean Roldan is truly on a roll with his inventive spin on conventional Tamil film music." The Rare Field reviewed as "Composer Sean Roldan hits the bulls-eye yet again, and with Mundasupatti, he has a hat-trick on his hands!"
Release
The satellite rights of the film were sold to STAR Vijay. To promote the film the makers had created an interactive application on the website, www.mymundasupattistyle.com that allowed visitors to create their own avatars akin to characters from Mundasupatti. The idea was well received and had gone viral on the social networking sites.
A special screening of Mundasupatti was arranged for distributors and exhibitors couple of days prior to the release. Subsequently, the film opened across nearly 207 screens in Tamil Nadu, which was considered "very high for a Vishnu film". The film released on 13 June 2014 alongside five other Tamil releases, but according to Sify.com, it got "the best of screens and prime shows in multiplexes".
Reception
Critical reception
The film received generally positive feedback from critics. The Times of India gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Director Ram Kumar, who is the latest promising find from the TV show Naalaya Iyakkunar, certainly knows how to end a joke with a punchline. The film is a tad overlong ... and some of the comedy feels repetitive but Ram Kumar manages to keep things playful and entertaining at all times ... that we look past some of the indulgences". Sify.com wrote, "Mundasupatti is a rip-roaring rocker! It is a full length laugh riot which is fresh and entertaining. The wacky story and treatment of debutant director Ram Kumar, makes it tickling and an absolute fun ride". Deccan Chronicle gave 3.5 out of 5 and wrote, "They say that a tragedy today is bound to be a comedy tomorrow – an unfortunate incident, a set of beliefs to explain that incident, and the culture of fear and superstition that this broods are all probable misnomers that we all will look back at and have a mighty laugh. Take it a step further by adding situational comedy to an initial tragedy and what we have is a film that succeeds in many levels with the possible muse of timing and pacing". Silverscreen.in wrote, "Mundasupatti is set in the 80s. Fascinatingly so. It is perhaps a bizarrely comical version of a Stephen Leacock essay, but fashionably vintage and very Indian". The New Indian Express wrote, "the debutant director has lived up to the expectations, establishing his credentials with his very first effort. The plot is refreshing, the screenplay engaging, the dialogue sparkling with wit and humour. The director moves his narration deftly and with confidence. Mundasupatti with no big names to boast of, yet again proves it. It's a film not to be missed".
Baradwaj Rangan wrote, "I wish more had been done with the central conceit. This is not a lazy film by any stretch. But a comedy should be light on its feet. Linger too much, and it can begin to seem out of focus". Behindwoods gave it 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Mundasupatti could have used some trimming as it gets slightly tedious at times but the feeling while coming out, is one of satisfaction. This debut offering from director Ram Kumar has turned out to be a worthy product from the CV Kumar – Fox Star Studios camp" and concluded that the film is "A feel-good comedy entertainer". Indiaglitz gave 3 out of 5 and wrote, "though being predictable, this one glues you to the seat for an enjoyable two and half hours. Revolving entirely around the sentiments attached to camera, with a young and vibrant crew, the film is a thorough entertainer". Rediff.com gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars and called the film "an entertaining rom-com" and "a decent attempt by debutant D Ram Kumar", but criticized that "the narration is extremely slow paced and the film too long, taking away some of the fun". Hindustan Times gave 2.5 out of 5 and concluded, "Mundasupatti has some delightful moments of freshness to offer". Rajasekar S, from Cinemalead called Mundasupatti as a long and tiring ride, rating it at a half baked 2.5 out of 5.
Box office
Mundasupatti collected 3.1 crore in its opening weekend in Tamil Nadu, which was the highest ever opening for a C V Kumar film. The film collected in Chennai in first weekend.
References
External links
2014 films
Indian comedy films
2014 comedy films
Features based on short films
2010s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Sean Roldan
Fox Star Studios films
Films about superstition
2014 directorial debut films |
17901388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll%20Domination | Doll Domination | Doll Domination is the second and final studio album by American girl group the Pussycat Dolls, released on September 19, 2008, by Interscope Records. The album's release was preceded by the departure of the group's longest-standing member Carmit Bachar. Development began in February 2008 where the group worked with previous collaborators Sean Garrett, Polow da Don and Timbaland and new ones such as Darkchild, J-Roc and Chase N. Cashe. Polow da Don, R. Kelly and Snoop Dogg also make guest performances on the album. Several songs on Doll Domination were originally recorded for the lead singer Nicole Scherzinger's debut solo album, Her Name is Nicole, which was shelved after the under-performance of its preceding singles.
The album consists of a mixture of pop and R&B songs that also blend elements of dance, electropop with lyrics that tackle fame, sexuality and relationships. All of the lead and background vocals were sung by Scherzinger with support from Melody Thornton, whilst the remaining group members are only credited for background vocals. Upon release, Doll Domination received mixed reviews from music critics. The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 becoming the group's highest charting album. It experienced similar peaks in international territories, debuting at number three in Canada and number four in Australia and the United Kingdom. Doll Domination was later reissued in multiple versions throughout 2009. The album was supported with a world tour titled Doll Domination Tour in 2009.
The album was preceded by the release of the US Billboard Hot 100 top-ten single "When I Grow Up" and the UK top-ten hit "Whatcha Think About That" (featuring Missy Elliott). Other successful singles were "I Hate This Part", "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)", and "Hush Hush; Hush Hush", all of which reached the top ten in numerous countries worldwide. Although "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" became a number-one hit in Australia, Ireland, Finland, among other countries, the single caused tension within the group as Scherzinger was billed as a featured artist. Despite their commercial success, unhappiness of Scherzinger's spotlight and prominence within the group grew leading to a public outburst by Thornton during the tour. In early 2010, the group disbanded to pursue solo projects, before reforming in 2019 with the promise of new music. In 2019, the R. Kelly collaboration "Out of This Club" was removed from digital retailers and streaming services, following the airing of the Surviving R. Kelly documentary and subsequent abuse allegations against the singer.
Background
The Pussycat Dolls's previous album PCD (2005) was a commercial success, selling up to 2.9 million records in the United States. The album featured three top ten hits, including the international breakthrough single "Don't Cha". The success brought the group a wide array of spin-offs, which included a CW reality series, Pussycat Dolls Present: The Search for the Next Doll (2007). The show was executively produced by the Pussycat Dolls founder Robin Antin, her brother Steven Antin, record executive Jimmy Iovine, and television producers McG and Ken Mok. The goal of the show was to select a seventh member to the group who would join them in recording their second studio album and future tour endeavors. Its finale on April 24, 2007 revealed Asia Nitollano to be the winner of the competition. Following her win, she joined the group in a performance of their single "Don't Cha". However, several months later, it was revealed that Nitollano had quit the group shortly after the finale aired to pursue a solo career.
Over the course of two years (2005–07), lead singer Nicole Scherzinger recorded 75–100 songs for her planned solo debut album. In March 2007, Scherzinger announced that her debut studio album would be titled Her Name is Nicole and was initially scheduled for a release in late summer. In September 2007, Scherzinger released her debut single, "Baby Love" featuring will.i.am, achieving moderate success. After the lack of success of the other three singles: "Whatever U Like" (featuring T.I.), "Supervillain", and "'Puakenikeni", and a number of push backs, Scherzinger decided not to release any further singles, and at her request, Her Name is Nicole was shelved and shifted back focus back on the Pussycat Dolls's second album. Additionally, several songs recorded for Her Name is Nicole were given by Scherzinger to the Pussycat Dolls as she felt that the songs were better suited for the group.
On March 3, 2008, Carmit Bachar announced via the group's website that she had left the group intending to pursue a solo career. At the time of her departure, she had been the longest member of the group, joining in 1995 when they were a burlesque act. On March 10, they performed for the first time without Bachar for the Operation MySpace concert which honored US troops stationed in Kuwait.
On August 12, 2008, the group unveiled the album artwork for the standard edition of the album. The cover depicts each member on motorcycles that bears a medallion displaying their initials. Maura of Idolator saw the cover as a step for the four members besides Scherzinger "to finally break through and maybe, someday, have personalities of their own."
Musical styles and compositions
Doll Domination comprises sixteen tracks on the standard edition and twenty-one on the deluxe edition—five of which are songs credited to each individual member. In terms of musical composition, critics noted that it follows the same formula as their debut album; self-assuring themes, sultry lyrics and thumping dance beats.
The album opens up with "When I Grow Up" an uptempo R&B and electropop song which is centered around the desire to be famous when one grows up. Nic Oliver from musicOMH opined that the track "sets the template for the rest of the album." "Bottle Pop" which features Snoop Dogg consists of "breathy vocals, funky electronica and sexual innuendo." Whatcha Think About That" is a mid-tempo electropop and R&B song which is built around a distinctive bhangra-ish guitar riff. The song features three verses from American female rapper Missy Elliott who joins the group "for a boy-baiting session." The fourth track "I Hate This Part" is an emotive ballad speaking about the conversation before a breakup. "Takin' Over the World" "goes for these [girls] idea of global-pop" over "cool electro grooves." The sixth track, "Out of This Club" which features American singer R. Kelly and producer Polow da Don is "a slow jam" consisting of "rudimentary piano melodies" and a "plush beat against a romantic chorus." "Who's Gonna Love You", a leftover from Her Name Is Nicole, has been noted to have Janet Jackson influences, as well as "shimmering 80s gloss." In "Happily Never After" Scherzinger narrates the story of a woman who walks out on a dead-end relationship. "Magic" uses Middle Eastern rhythms.
Release and promotion
Doll Domination was first released in Germany on September 19, 2008. In their native country, the album was released on September 23, 2008. Six months after the original, Interscope Records released Doll Domination 2.0 in Australia on April 24, 2009. Doll Domination 2.0 features ten songs, including the remix of "Hush Hush; Hush Hush" and several newly recorded songs. Nick Bond of MTV Australia commented although "confusing [...] releasing a succinct package of the better songs from 'Doll Domination' is actually the smartest move they've made for a while." He ended the review writiby ng, "whileWit's looking increasingly unlikely that the group will survive to a third album, this mini-greatest hits makes for a fitting send-off."
On August 3, 2009, Doll Domination 3.0 was released in the UK using the original cover art. It includes all of the songs from the Standard Edition as well as songs from the Mini Collection. It does not include any of the solo songs from the original deluxe edition, nor "Lights, Camera, Action" (featuring New Kids on the Block) or "Top of the World".
Singles
The album's lead single "When I Grow Up" was released on May 27, 2008 and serviced to contemporary hit radio stations on June 1, 2008. The single was received favorably by contemporary music critics, many of whom highlighted it as a stand-out track from Doll Domination. The song peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the group's highest-charting single since "Buttons" (2006). The accompanying music video was nominated in five categories at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, and went on to win Best Dance Video.
"Whatcha Think About That", which features guest vocals by American recording artist Missy Elliott, was released and serviced to contemporary hit radio stations on September 9, 2008 as the second single. The song failed to enter the Billboard Hot 100, however it did manage to peak at number nine on the UK Singles Chart. The burlesque-inspired video was directed by Diane Martel and was released in October 6.
"Out of This Club", a collaboration between R. Kelly and Polow da Don, was sent to urban contemporary stations on October 12, 2008 as the third single in the United States. The song debuted and peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles, a component chart that represents the 25 songs that failed to make an impact on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
"I Hate This Part" was released on October 14, 2008 as the second international single and impacted contemporary hit radio stations on October 20, 2008 as the third single in the United States. The song received positive feedback from music critics, who commended the song's production and Scherzinger's vocals. The song peaked at number eleven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and topped the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart. It additionally peaked within the top-ten of several international singles charts including in Australia and New Zealand. The accompanying music video was released on October 11, and was filmed in Los Angeles featuring a desert-themed concept.
On February 23, 2009, a remix of "Bottle Pop" was released in New Zealand replacing Snoop Dogg with Devolo. The version featuring Snoop Dogg was released on March 6 as the fourth single in Australia and some European countries. In Oceania, the song achieved a moderate success peaking within the top-twenty in Australia and New Zealand. In the United States, the song topped the Hot Dance Club Play chart.
Re-release singles
Following A. R. Rahman's win at the 2009 Academy Awards for Best Original Song and Best Original Score for "Jai Ho" and the soundtrack of Slumdog Millionaire, the English pop version entitled "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" was released the day after. Nicole Scherzinger was credited as a featured artist, creating tension within the group. The track peaked at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100, after charging eighty-five places to make the largest weekly leap from number 100. Internationally, it achieved greater success across Europe and Oceania, reaching the top of the charts in 17 countries including Australia, Finland and Ireland. The accompanying music video recreated the last scene from the movie Slumdog Millionaire.
"Hush Hush; Hush Hush" was solicited to contemporary hit radio stations on May 26, 2009 as the final single of Doll Domination. The song peaked at number seventy-three and forty-one on the United States and Canada respectively. Internationally, the single reached number two in Turkey, ten in Australia, and the top twenty in most European countries. Additionally, the song went on to become the group's sixth consecutive number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart.
Live performances
The Pussycat Dolls first performed "When I Grow Up" on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on May 20, 2008, on June 1 at the 2008 MTV Movie Awards and on June 12 on So You Think You Can Dance. The album was additionally promoted through an episode of the documentary series E! True Hollywood Story, which premiered through E! on May 23 and hosted VH1's special Maxim Hot 100 on May 27. In August 2008, the Pussycat Dolls traveled to Asia to open the 2008 MTV Asia Awards in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, performing "Buttons" and "When I Grow Up" on August 2 and appeared on the second day of the Singfest music festival in Singapore on August 4. On August 29, they performed "When I Grow Up" on Today and several days later performed at the annual charity fundraiser event Fashion Rocks. The group then performed five songs at a Walmart Soundcheck showcase: "I Hate This Part", "Takin' Over the World" and "When I Grow Up" from Doll Domination, and "Buttons" and "Don't Cha" from PCD. Towards the end of September 2008 they traveled to the United Kingdom and performed "When I Grow Up" at the Vodafone Awards, GMTV, This Morning and the Sound and One Night Only and appeared on the covers of The Big Issue and QX.
On October 14, the group traveled to Australia to perform at the Sydney Opera House as part of a series of concerts promoting Xbox 360 and the video game Lips; the following day they performed a two-song set on Sunrise. On October 28, the group performed "Whatcha Think About That" along with Missy Elliott on Dancing with the Stars. On November 21, they performed a medley of "I Hate This Part" and "When I Grow Up" at the 2008 American Music Awards. The performance included stripper poles, and the girls donned all-rubber outfits. On December 12, the group performed "I Hate This Part" on The Hills Finale Live from NYC. The group went on to perform on January 7 on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, on January 18 they performed along with "When I Grow Up" on the 2009 NRJ Music Awards in Cannes, France. The Pussycat Dolls first performed "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" for the first time on television on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on March 10 wearing Indian-inspired outfits. Several days later they performed "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" and "I Hate This Part" on MuchOnDemand and on March 28 performed a medley of "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" and "When I Grow Up" at the Kids' Choice Awards.
Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 51, which indicates "mixed or average reviews", based on 12 reviews. Writing for Billboard, Mariel Concepcion provided a favorable review, opining that the album has all "the elements (self-assuring themes, sultry lyrics and lots of skin-tight latex) to mimic the victory of [PCD]." Steve Jones of USA Today agreed with Concepcion, but added they are "more interested in pushing their brand than pushing boundaries". Writing for Slant Magazine, Sal Cinquemani found that "it was smart to spotlight the, talents of the other pussycats" following the cancellation of Her Name is Nicole. Writing for The Washington Post, Allison Stewart noted that Scherzinger has "more of a central role" and viewed Doll Domination as "a consolation prize" after the multiple delays on her solo album. Jon Pareles of The New York Times noted that the ballads "are a move toward expanding the franchise" seeking "a little empathy along with the attitude". In a more mixed review, Rolling Stones Christian Hoard singled out several songs but concluded that the record "sounds like the Dolls just threw everything they had against the charts to see if anything would stick."
Elan Priya of The Times wrote that the album "lacks any distinct personality". August Brown from the Los Angeles Times noted that the tracks don't come "within [the] sniffing distance of 'Don't Cha,' [...] Instead, they act out as a "a series of signifiers to other, more interesting, moments in recent pop culture." Likewise, Ken Capobianco of The Boston Globe stated that the album does not live up to their debut album PCD. Margeaux Watson of Entertainment Weekly graded the album a C− criticizing Doll Domination'''s longevity "especially for a group that brazenly emphasizes style over substance." Glenn Gamboa of Newsday wrote, "as far as music is concerned, they are not the dominators, they are the dominated," adding that "they sound like they are at the mercy of their songwriters and producers, making for huge swings in quality. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic found it ironic that a group coming from a burlesque revue sings songs about "empowerment, heartbreak, love, fame and wealth, but never about sex." He ended his review writing, "it's a lot better to hear pinups sing a song of striptease than a song of love." Nic Oliver from musicOMH was also more negative of the record, opining that it is an "album heading straight for the bargain bins" under the file "dispiriting". Katie Toms of The Guardian criticised the album for being "aimed at five-year-old girls".
On his list of the five worst albums of 2008, Chris Willman from Entertainment Weekly placed Doll Domination fifth, criticizing the song's "double entendres" aimed at their "target audience of 15-year-olds". IGN ranked Doll Domination third on their list of the ten worst albums, commenting that it the "record stands out because it is so exceptionally retched." It was voted as the third worst album in the 2008 Popjustice Readers' Poll.
Commercial performance
In the United States, Doll Domination debuted at number-four on the Billboard 200 chart selling 79,000 copies in the week ending September 29, according to Nielsen Music. In addition, Doll Domination attained their highest peak on the Billboard 200 however, it also marked their lowest first week sales of an album, with PCD selling 99,000 copies. During its second week of release, Doll Domination dropped to number fourteen. According to Billboard, the album was a commercial disappointment in the U.S. selling less than 400,000 copies by April 2009 which led to the decision to re-release newer versions of the album including Doll Domination 2.0. In Canada, Doll Domination entered at number three on the albums chart with sales of 12,000 in the week ending October 11, 2008. The album managed to chart for only 5 weeks, and was certified platinum by the Music Canada for shipments exceeding 80,000 copies.
In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four on the UK Albums Chart dated September 28, 2008, selling 31,823 units and eclipsing the number eight debut (23,800 sales) and number seven peak of their debut album PCD. On November 28, 2008 the album was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). As of May 2009, Doll Domination has sold a total of 205,881 copies in the UK—less than a sixth as many as the PCD, which has sold 1,246,769 copies. In France, Doll Domination debuted at number sixteen on the French Albums Chart on September 29, 2008, staying at that spot for two weeks. It has been certified Gold by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
Tour
During the summer of 2008, Ashley Roberts first mentioned the group's intentions to tour in 2009. In October the group announced the first set of dates in the United Kingdom with American R&B singer-songwriter Ne-Yo as an opening act in select UK dates. The following month more European dates were announced along with dates in Oceania for which American recording artist Lady Gaga was announced as the main opening act in both legs. The first leg of Doll Domination Tour began at the Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Centre in Aberdeen, Scotland on January 18, 2009 and concluded on February 25 at the Belgrade Arena in Belgrade, Serbia. Before continuing in Oceania, the group opened for Britney Spears' Circus Tour in North America from March 3 to May 3. The tour resumed on May 16 at the Vector Arena in Auckland, New Zealand and concluded on July 31 at the Beirut International Exhibition & Leisure Center in Beirut, Lebanon. Jessica Sutta suffered a back injury during the first Sydney show, leaving the group performing as a foursome throughout the following shows. Twenty-three shows were submitted to Billboards boxscore grossing $14.3 million, with 231,711 fans attending the performances. During the tour, the group's dissatisfaction over Scherzinger's prominence led to a public outburst by Thornton. While opening for The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009) in Glendale, Arizona, Melody Thornton addressed the crowd during their break saying, "[...] let me give a shout-out to my family. Thank you for supporting me, even if I'm not featured" referring to the billing of the song, and encouraging the audience to follow their dreams and to "never let anyone stomp on them, ever." Less than a year later, the group formerly disbanded following an initial hiatus.
Track listing
Original release
Re-releases
In some international territories, the version of "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" included on the album is the "R.F. remix".
Notes
signifies a co-producer
signifies a vocal producer
signifies an additional producer
*"Out of This Club" has been removed from digital stores and streaming services as of January 20, 2019 due to the sexual abuse allegations against R. Kelly.
The bonus tracks are appended at the end of the second disk on the deluxe edition, instead of the first.
"Lights, Camera, Action" appears as the seventeenth track on the Japanese edition of the album, prior to "Baby Love (J.R. remix)". However, in selected European territories and the Australian edition, "Lights, Camera, Action" appears while "Baby Love (J.R. remix)" is omitted from the album. All other regional editions include "Baby Love (J.R. remix)" as the seventeenth track, and instead omit "Lights, Camera, Action".
*"Baby Love (J.R. remix)” is credited to being performed by Nicole Scherzinger featuring will.i.am on digital editions of the album, but on physical editions there is no mention of alternative performers besides The Pussycat Dolls, there also is no listing of it being the J.R. remix of the song. The Japan edition of the album, however, does list both that it’s the J.R. remix and that it features will.i.am. Although, it still does not give reference to being by Nicole Scherzinger, as opposed to the Pussycat Dolls.
"When I Grow Up" samples "He's Always There" as written by Jim McCarty and Paul Samwell-Smith performed by the Yardbirds.
"Whatcha Think About That" samples "Je M'appelle Jane" as written by Mickael Furnon performed by Jane Birkin.
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Doll Domination''.
Performance credits
Nicole Scherzinger – all lead vocals, background vocals
Melody Thornton – additional lead vocals, background vocals
Jessica Sutta – additional background vocals
Ashley Roberts - additional vocals
Kimberly Wyatt – additional vocals
Snoop Dogg – vocals (track 2)
Missy Elliott – vocals (track 3)
R. Kelly – vocals (track 6)
Polow Da Don – vocals (track 6), additional vocals (track 7)
New Kids on the Block – vocals (track 6)
Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins – additional vocals (track 1)
Rock City – additional vocals (track 1)
Candice Nelson – additional background vocals (tracks 9–11, 15)
Pino Palladino – bass guitar
Greg Phillinganes – keyboards, additional background vocals
Steve Jordan – drums
Captain Kirk Douglas – guitar
Technical and production
Julian Peploe – art direction
Matthew Rolston – photography
Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins – production (tracks 1, 12), vocal production, mixing (track 1)
Paul Foley – recording (track 1)
Mike "Handz" Donaldson – recording (track 1)
Roberto "Tito" Vazquez – recording (track 1)
Spike Stent – mixing (track 1)
Sean "The Pen Garrett – production, instrumentation, programming (track 2)
Fernando Garibay – production, instrumentation, programming (track 2)
Clubba Langg – co-production (track 2)
Miles Walker – recording (track 2)
Chris Jackson – recording (track 2)
Mike Hogue – assistant recording (track 2)
Chris Kasych – assistant recording (track 2)
Brian Schunck – assistant recording (track 2)
Matt Wheeler – assistant recording (track 2), recording (tracks 3, 5, 14)
Kennard Garrett – keyboards (track 2)
Raymond "Rayza" Oglesby – keyboards, additional drum programming (track 2)
Tony Maserati – mixing (track 2)
Jamal "Polow Da Don" Jones – production (tracks 3, 7, 17)
Ron Fair – production (tracks 4, 13, 16), vocal production (tracks 3, 4, 7, 13), string arrangement and conduct (tracks 3, 7, 13, 16), vocal arrangement (track 7) wind chimes (track 16)
Ester Dean – vocal production (track 3)
Mike "Angry" Eleopoulos – recording (tracks 3, 4, 13, 16)
Tal Herzberg – recording (tracks 3, 4, 13), Pro Tools (tracks 3, 4, 13, 16) co-production (track 16)
Tony Terrebonne – recording (track 3)
Aubry "Big Juice" Delaine – recording (track 3)
Tony Terrebonne – recording (track 3)
Johnathan Merritt – assistant recording (tracks 3, 4)
Bryan Morton – assistant recording (track 3)
Jason Perry – keyboards (track 3)
Melvin Jones – trumpet (track 3)
Lissy Rosemond – banjo (track 3)
Eric Florence – tuba (track 3)
Dave Pensado – mixing (tracks 3–5, 12–14)
Jaycen Joshua – mixing (tracks 3–5, 12–14)
Andrew Wuepper – mixing assistant (tracks 3, 13)
Jonas Jeberg – production, recording, instruments, programming (track 4)
Peter Mokran – mixing (tracks 4, 7)
Eric Weaver – mixing assistant (tracks 4, 7)
Chase N Cashe – production (tracks 5, 14)
Daniel Groover – guitars (track 5)
R. Kelly – production, arrangement, mixing assistant (track 6)
Ian Mereness – recording, programming (track 6)
Abel Garibaldi – recording (track 6)
Jeff Meeks – recording, programming (track 6)
Eric Schlotzer – recording, programming (track 6)
Donnie Lyle – guitars (track 6)
Patrick Hayes – guitars (track 6)
Eric Schlotzer – recording, programming (track 6)
Donnie Lyle – guitars (track 6)
Patrick Hayes – guitars (track 6)
Steve Baughman – recording (track 7)
Tony Terrebone – recording (track 7)
Nicole Scherzinger – vocal arrangement (track 7)
Shea Taylor – production (track 8)
Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith – co-production (track 8)
Mike Tocci – recording (track 8)
Daniel Laporte – additional recording (track 8)
Moses "Big Mo" Laporte – additional recording (track 8)
Robert "R.T." Taylor – acoustic guitar (track 8)
Bart Bucsko – electric guitar (track 8)
Glenn Kamp – drums (track 8)
Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing (track 8)
Timbaland – production (tracks 9–11, 14)
Jerome "Jroc" Harmon – production (tracks 9–11, 14)
Chris Godbey – recording, mixing (tracks 9–11, 14)
Julian Vasquez – recording (tracks 9–11, 14)
Fareed Salamah – recording (tracks 9–11, 14)
Ron Taylor – additional pro-tools editing (tracks 9–11, 14)
Dan Warner – additional guitars (tracks 10, 11)
Lashawn Daniels – vocal production (track 12)
Jordan Omley – vocal production (track 12)
Tito Vasquez – recording (track 12)
Mike "Handz" Donaldson – recording (track 12)
Paul Foley – recording (track 12)
Quiz & Larossi – production, instruments, programming (track 13)
Frank Wolf – strings recording (track 13)
Jonathan Merrit – assistant engineers (tracks 13, 16)
Keith Gretlein – assistant engineers (track 13)
Greg De Pante – assistant engineers (track 13)
Hit-Boy – productions (track 14)
Kara Dioguardi – co-production (track 14)
Allen Sides – string recording (track 16)
Ryan Shanahan – assistant engineers (track 16)
Mike Houge – assistant engineers (track 16)
Gary Grin – piano (track 16)
Gary Novak – piano (track 16)
John Goux – guitar (track 16)
Rusty Anderson – guitar (track 16)
Jack Joseph Puig – mixing (track 16)
Dean Nelson – mixing assistant (track 16)
Nelly – vocal production (track 17)
Adam Messinger – vocal production (track 17)
Charts
Weekly charts
2008 Year-end charts
2009 Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
References
External links
The Pussycat Dolls albums
2008 albums
Albums produced by Hit-Boy
Albums produced by R. Kelly
Albums produced by Rodney Jerkins
Albums produced by Polow da Don
Albums produced by Ron Fair
Albums produced by Sean Garrett
Albums produced by Timbaland
Albums produced by Ne-Yo
Albums produced by Cutfather
Interscope Records albums
Interscope Geffen A&M Records albums
Albums produced by Fernando Garibay |
423085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana%20Krall | Diana Krall | Diana Jean Krall (born November 16, 1964) is a Canadian jazz pianist and singer known for her contralto vocals. She has sold more than 15 million albums worldwide, including over six million in the US. On December 11, 2009, Billboard magazine named her the second greatest jazz artist of the decade (2000–2009), establishing her as one of the best-selling artists of her time.
Krall is the only jazz singer to have had eight albums debuting at the top of the Billboard Jazz Albums. To date, she has won three Grammy Awards and eight Juno Awards. She has also earned nine gold, three platinum, and seven multi-platinum albums.
Early years
Krall was born on November 16, 1964, in Nanaimo, British Columbia, the daughter of Adella A. (née Wende), an elementary school teacher, and Stephen James "Jim" Krall, an accountant. Krall's only sibling, Michelle, is a former member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). Krall's father played piano at home, and her mother sang in a community choir. Krall began studying piano herself at the age of four and took exams through The Royal Conservatory of Music. In high school, she was a member of a student jazz group; at 15, she began playing professionally in local restaurants. Krall won a scholarship to attend the Berklee College of Music in Boston, where she studied from 1981 to 1983, before spending time in Los Angeles to play jazz. She returned to Canada to record her first album in 1992.
Career
Krall recorded her first album, Stepping Out, for Justin Time Records in 1992; the album was released in 1993. She was accompanied by bassist John Clayton and drummer Jeff Hamilton. It caught the attention of producer Tommy LiPuma, who produced her second album, Only Trust Your Heart (1995).
Her third album, All for You: A Dedication to the Nat King Cole Trio (1996), was nominated for a Grammy and continued for 70 weeks in the Billboard jazz charts. Love Scenes (1997) quickly became a hit record with the trio of Krall, Russell Malone (guitar), and Christian McBride (bass).
In August 2000, Krall partnered with Tony Bennett for a 20-city tour, and in 2008–09 they worked together again for a song on the TV series Spectacle: Elvis Costello with...
Orchestral arrangements by Johnny Mandel provided the background for her fifth studio album When I Look in Your Eyes (1999), her first released through Verve Records. The band mix was kept, following arrangements on The Look of Love (2001) created by Claus Ogerman; this record achieved platinum status and reached the top 10 of the Billboard 200. The title track from the album, a cover of the Casino Royale standard popularized in the late 1960s by Dusty Springfield and Sérgio Mendes, reached number 22 on the adult contemporary chart.
In September 2001, Krall began a world tour. Her concert at the Paris Olympia was recorded and released in 2002 as her first live record, Live in Paris (issued with a different European title, A Night In Paris). The album included covers of Billy Joel's "Just the Way You Are" (a hit on U.S. smooth jazz radio) and Joni Mitchell's "A Case Of You", and was also released as a video album.
The 2001 movie "The Score" (US and Germany), starring Robert De Niro and Marlon Brando, featured a recording of Krall's entitled: "I'll Make It Up As I Go." This song accompanies the film's ending credits (chapter 12) and was composed by fellow Canadian David Foster.
After marrying English singer-songwriter Elvis Costello in 2003, Krall worked with him as a lyricist and began to compose her own songs, resulting in the album The Girl in the Other Room. Released in April 2004, it quickly rose to the top five in the United Kingdom and made the Australian top 40 album charts. She also joined Ray Charles on his Genius Loves Company album in 2004 for the song "You Don't Know Me", and her 2004 performance at Bell Centre, Montreal on June 29 was released as her second live CD and DVD, Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival, released on November 23, 2004.
In late May 2007, Krall was featured in a Lexus ad campaign. That year she also sang "Dream a Little Dream of Me" with piano accompaniment by pianist Hank Jones for an "all-star" tribute album We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Song (2007) produced by Phil Ramone.
Quiet Nights, produced by Krall and Tommy LiPuma, was released on March 31, 2009, and consisted of mainly bossa nova standards.
Krall produced Barbra Streisand's album Love Is the Answer, released on September 29, 2009.
In 2011, Krall went on a private retreat to Sri Lanka. In September 2012, she accompanied Paul McCartney at Capitol Studios in a live performance of his album Kisses on the Bottom, which was shown live on the internet. On September 13, 2012, Krall performed "Fly Me to the Moon" at astronaut Neil Armstrong's memorial service in Washington, D.C.
Her 11th studio album, Glad Rag Doll, produced by T Bone Burnett, was released on October 2, 2012, and covered mainly jazz tunes from the 1920s and 1930s. Her next, Wallflower, released on February 3, 2015, by Verve Records and produced by David Foster, tackled more recent composers including the Eagles (two songs), Elton John and Bernie Taupin ("Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word"), 10cc ("I'm Not in Love"), Neil Finn ("Don't Dream It's Over"), and Gilbert O'Sullivan ("Alone Again (Naturally)"). The album's title song is from Bob Dylan's "Bootleg Series", and Paul McCartney gave her his blessing to include I'll Take You Home Tonight, a previously unreleased original song he'd written for his own jazz-flavoured Kisses on the Bottom album.
On May 5, 2017, Krall released her thirteenth album, Turn Up the Quiet, produced by Krall and Tommy LiPuma again. The album won a Juno Award as vocal jazz album of the year in 2018.
On September 14, 2018, a joint album between Krall and Tony Bennett, Love Is Here to Stay, was released. The album features the song "Fascinating Rhythm", originally recorded by Bennett in 1949, which earned him a Guinness World Record for the "longest time between the release of an original recording and a re-recording of the same single by the same artist" — 68 years and 342 days.
September 2020 brought the release of her sixteenth studio album, This Dream of You, named after Krall's rendition of the Bob Dylan song from his 2009 album Together Through Life. The album's dozen tracks were selected from over 30 unused recordings previously laid down by Krall with her longtime producer Tommy LiPuma before his death in 2017. The album was completed in May 2020 with production finished by Krall herself, and included the jazz standard "Autumn in New York" for which a video was created to raise awareness for New York Cares, the largest volunteer organization in New York City founded in 1987.
Personal life
Krall and British musician Elvis Costello were married on December 6, 2003, at Elton John's estate outside London. Their twin sons, Dexter Henry Lorcan and Frank Harlan James, were born December 6, 2006, in New York City.
Krall's mother died of multiple myeloma in 2002, within months of the deaths of Krall's mentors Ray Brown and Rosemary Clooney.
Honours
Canadian honours
National honours
Officer of the Order of Canada – 2005
Provincial and territorial honours
Member of the Order of British Columbia – 2000
Honorary doctorates
Honorary Ph.D. (Fine Arts) from the University of Victoria
Other awards and recognitions
Induction into Canada's Walk of Fame – 2004
Nanaimo Harbourfront Plaza was renamed Diana Krall Plaza – 2008
Honorary Board Member of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation
Steinway & Sons Artist, performing exclusively with Steinway pianos in recording sessions, concerts, and public appearances
Discography
Stepping Out (1993)
Only Trust Your Heart (1995)
All for You: A Dedication to the Nat King Cole Trio (1996)
Love Scenes (1997)
When I Look in Your Eyes (1999)
The Look of Love (2001)
Live in Paris (2002) (aka. A Night in Paris)
The Girl in the Other Room (2004)
Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival (2004)
Christmas Songs (2005)
From This Moment On (2006)
Quiet Nights (2009)
Glad Rag Doll (2012)
Wallflower (2015)
Turn Up the Quiet (2017)
Love Is Here to Stay with Tony Bennett (2018)
This Dream of You (2020)
Filmography
Awards
See also
Wallflower World Tour (2016)
References
External links
– official site
[ Diana Krall] at Billboard.com
1964 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian pianists
20th-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian pianists
21st-century Canadian women singers
Ballad musicians
Berklee College of Music alumni
Canadian contraltos
Canadian expatriate musicians in the United States
Canadian women jazz singers
Canadian jazz pianists
Canadian jazz singers
Canadian women pianists
Crossover jazz singers
Elvis Costello
Grammy Award winners
Impulse! Records artists
Jack Richardson Producer of the Year Award winners
Juno Award for Album of the Year winners
Juno Award for Artist of the Year winners
Juno Award for Vocal Jazz Album of the Year winners
Justin Time Records artists
Mainstream jazz pianists
Members of the Order of British Columbia
Musicians from British Columbia
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Nanaimo
Rhythm and blues pianists
Smooth jazz singers
The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni
Torch singers
Traditional pop music singers
Verve Records artists
Women jazz pianists
20th-century women pianists
21st-century women pianists |
30128660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi%20Nakamoto | Satoshi Nakamoto | Satoshi Nakamoto is the name used by the presumed pseudonymous person or persons who developed Bitcoin, authored the bitcoin white paper, and created and deployed bitcoin's original reference implementation. As part of the implementation, Nakamoto also devised the first blockchain database. Nakamoto was active in the development of bitcoin up until December 2010.
There has been widespread speculation about Satoshi Nakamoto's true identity, with various people posited as the person or persons behind the name. Though Nakamoto's name is Japanese, and he stated in 2012 that he was a man living in Japan, most of the speculation has involved software and cryptography experts in the United States or Europe.
Development of bitcoin
Nakamoto stated that work on the writing of the code for Bitcoin began in 2007. On 18 August 2008, he or a colleague registered the domain name bitcoin.org, and created a web site at that address. On 31 October, Nakamoto published a white paper on the cryptography mailing list at metzdowd.com describing a digital cryptocurrency, titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System".
On 9 January 2009, Nakamoto released version 0.1 of the Bitcoin software on SourceForge and launched the network by defining the genesis block of bitcoin (block number 0), which had a reward of 50 bitcoins. Embedded in the coinbase transaction of this block is the text: "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks", citing a headline in the UK newspaper The Times published on that date. This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp and a derisive comment on the alleged instability caused by fractional-reserve banking.
Nakamoto continued to collaborate with other developers on the Bitcoin software until mid-2010, making all modifications to the source code himself. He then gave control of the source code repository and network alert key to Gavin Andresen, transferred several related domains to various prominent members of the bitcoin community, and stopped his recognized involvement in the project.
Nakamoto owns between 750,000 and 1,100,000 bitcoin. In November 2021, when Bitcoin hit its still-highest value of over US$68,000, that would have made his net worth up to US$73 billion, making him the 15th-richest person in the world at the time.
Characteristics and identity
Nakamoto has never revealed personal information when discussing technical matters, though has at times provided commentary on banking and fractional-reserve banking. On his P2P Foundation profile as of 2012, Nakamoto claimed to be a 37-year-old male who lived in Japan; however, some speculated he was unlikely to be Japanese due to his native-level use of English.
Some have considered that Nakamoto might be a team of people. Dan Kaminsky, a security researcher who read the bitcoin code, said that Nakamoto could either be a "team of people" or a "genius"; Laszlo Hanyecz, a developer who had emailed Nakamoto, had the feeling the code was too well designed for one person; Gavin Andresen has said of Nakamoto's code: "He was a brilliant coder, but it was quirky."
The use of British English in both source code comments and forum postings, such as the expression "bloody hard", terms such as "flat" and "maths", and the spellings "grey" and "colour", led to speculation that Nakamoto, or at least one individual in a consortium claiming to be him, was of Commonwealth origin. The reference to London's Times newspaper in the first bitcoin block mined by Nakamoto suggested to some a particular interest in the British government.
Stefan Thomas, a Swiss software engineer and active community member, graphed the timestamps for each of Nakamoto's bitcoin forum posts (more than 500); the chart showed a steep decline to almost no posts between the hours of 5 a.m. and 11 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time. This was between 2 p.m. and 8 p.m. Japan Standard Time, suggesting an unusual sleep pattern for someone supposedly living in Japan. As this pattern held even on Saturdays and Sundays, it suggested that Nakamoto was consistently asleep at this time.
Possible identities
The identity of Nakamoto is unknown, but speculations have focussed on various cryptography and computer science experts, most of non-Japanese descent.
Hal Finney
Hal Finney (4 May 1956 – 28 August 2014) was a pre-bitcoin cryptographic pioneer and the first person (other than Nakamoto himself) to use the software, file bug reports, and make improvements. He also lived a few blocks from a man named 'Dorian Satoshi Nakamoto', according to Forbes journalist Andy Greenberg. Greenberg asked the writing analysis consultancy Juola & Associates to compare a sample of Finney's writing to Nakamoto's, and found it to be the closest resemblance they had yet come across, including when compared to candidates suggested by Newsweek, Fast Company, The New Yorker, Ted Nelson, and Skye Grey. Greenberg theorized that Finney may have been a ghostwriter on behalf of Nakamoto, or that he simply used his neighbor Dorian's identity as a "drop" or "patsy whose personal information is used to hide online exploits"; however, after meeting Finney, seeing the emails between him and Nakamoto and his bitcoin wallet's history (including the very first bitcoin transaction from Nakamoto to him, which he forgot to pay back) and hearing his denial, Greenberg concluded that Finney was telling the truth. Juola & Associates also found that Nakamoto's emails to Finney more closely resemble Nakamoto's other writings than Finney's do. Finney's fellow extropian and sometimes co-blogger Robin Hanson assigned a subjective probability of "at least" 15% that "Hal was more involved than he's said", before further evidence suggested that was not the case.
Dorian Nakamoto
In a high-profile 6 March 2014 article in the magazine Newsweek, journalist Leah McGrath Goodman identified Dorian Prentice Satoshi Nakamoto, a Japanese American man living in California, whose birth name is Satoshi Nakamoto, as the Nakamoto in question. Besides his name, Goodman pointed to a number of facts that circumstantially suggested he was the Bitcoin inventor. Trained as a physicist at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Nakamoto worked as a systems engineer on classified defense projects and computer engineer for technology and financial information services companies. Nakamoto was laid off twice in the early 1990s and turned libertarian according to his daughter and encouraged her to start her own business "not under the government's thumb." In the article's seemingly biggest piece of evidence, Goodman wrote that when she asked him about Bitcoin during a brief in-person interview, Nakamoto seemed to confirm his identity as the Bitcoin founder by stating: "I am no longer involved in that and I cannot discuss it. It's been turned over to other people. They are in charge of it now. I no longer have any connection."
The article's publication led to a flurry of media interest, including reporters camping out near Dorian Nakamoto's house and subsequently chasing him by car when he drove to do an interview. Later that day, the pseudonymous Nakamoto's P2P Foundation account posted its first message in five years, stating: "I am not Dorian Nakamoto." During the subsequent full-length interview, Dorian Nakamoto denied all connection to Bitcoin, saying he had never heard of the currency before, and that he had misinterpreted Goodman's question as being about his previous work for military contractors, much of which was classified. In a Reddit "ask-me-anything" interview, he claimed he had misinterpreted Goodman's question as being related to his work for Citibank. In September, the P2P Foundation account posted another message saying it had been hacked, raising questions over the authenticity of the message six months earlier.
Nick Szabo
In December 2013, blogger Skye Grey linked Nick Szabo to the Bitcoin white paper using an approach he described as stylometric analysis. Szabo is a decentralized currency enthusiast and had published a paper on "bit gold", one of the precursors of Bitcoin. He is known to have been interested in using pseudonyms in the 1990s. In a May 2011 article, Szabo stated about the Bitcoin creator: "Myself, Wei Dai, and Hal Finney were the only people I know of who liked the idea (or in Dai's case his related idea) enough to pursue it to any significant extent until Nakamoto (assuming Nakamoto is not really Finney or Dai)."
Financial author Dominic Frisby provides much circumstantial evidence but, as he admits, no proof that Nakamoto is Szabo. Szabo has denied being Nakamoto. In a July 2014 email to Frisby, he said: "Thanks for letting me know. I'm afraid you got it wrong doxing me as Satoshi, but I'm used to it." Nathaniel Popper wrote in The New York Times that "the most convincing evidence pointed to a reclusive American man of Hungarian descent named Nick Szabo."
Craig Wright
On 8 December 2015, Wired wrote that Craig Steven Wright, an Australian academic, "either invented bitcoin or is a brilliant hoaxer who very badly wants us to believe he did". Craig Wright took down his Twitter account and neither he nor his ex-wife responded to press inquiries. The same day, Gizmodo published a story with evidence supposedly obtained by a hacker who broke into Wright's email accounts, claiming that Satoshi Nakamoto was a joint pseudonym for Craig Steven Wright and computer forensics analyst David Kleiman, who died in 2013. Wright's claim was supported by Jon Matonis (former director of the Bitcoin Foundation) and bitcoin developer Gavin Andresen.
Wright has stated that he chose the family name "Nakamoto" in honor of Japanese philosopher Tominaga Nakamoto (1715–1746), whom Wright learned about from his Japanese martial arts instructor, and the accompanying given name "Satoshi" after the Pokémon character Satoshi, because his name was anglicized as "Ash", and thus "Satoshi" represents the current financial system that must be burned into ash in order to make way for cryptocurrency.
A number of prominent Bitcoin promoters remained unconvinced by the reports. Subsequent reports also raised the possibility that the evidence provided was an elaborate hoax, which Wired acknowledged "cast doubt" on their suggestion that Wright was Nakamoto. Bitcoin developer Peter Todd said that Wright's blog post, which appeared to contain cryptographic proof, actually contained nothing of the sort. Bitcoin developer Jeff Garzik agreed that evidence publicly provided by Wright does not prove anything, and security researcher Dan Kaminsky concluded Wright's claim was "intentional scammery".
In May 2019, Wright started using English libel law to sue people who denied he was the inventor of bitcoin, and who called him a fraud. In 2019, Wright registered US copyright for the bitcoin white paper and the code for Bitcoin 0.1. Wright's team claimed this was "government agency recognition of Craig Wright as Satoshi Nakamoto"; the United States Copyright Office issued a press release clarifying that this was not the case (as they primarily determine whether a work is eligible for copyright, and do not investigate legal ownership, which, if disputed, is determined by the courts).
Other candidates
In a 2011 article in The New Yorker, Joshua Davis claimed to have narrowed down the identity of Nakamoto to a number of possible individuals, including the Finnish economic sociologist Dr. Vili Lehdonvirta and Irish student Michael Clear, who was in 2008 an undergraduate student in cryptography at Trinity College Dublin. Clear strongly denied he was Nakamoto, and so did Lehdonvirta.
In October 2011, writing for Fast Company, investigative journalist Adam Penenberg cited circumstantial evidence suggesting Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry could be Nakamoto. They jointly filed a patent application that contained the phrase "computationally impractical to reverse" in 2008, which was also used in the Bitcoin white paper by Nakamoto. The domain name bitcoin.org was registered three days after the patent was filed. All three men denied being Nakamoto when contacted by Penenberg.
In May 2013, Ted Nelson speculated that Nakamoto was Japanese mathematician Shinichi Mochizuki. Later, an article was published in The Age newspaper that claimed that Mochizuki denied these speculations, but without attributing a source for the denial.
A 2013 article in Vice listed Gavin Andresen, Jed McCaleb, or a government agency as possible candidates to be Nakamoto.
In 2013, two Israeli mathematicians, Dorit Ron and Adi Shamir, published a paper claiming a link between Nakamoto and Ross Ulbricht. The two based their suspicion on an analysis of the network of Bitcoin transactions, but later retracted their claim.
In 2016, the Financial Times said that Nakamoto might have been a group of people, mentioning Hal Finney, Nick Szabo and Adam Back as potential members. In 2020, the YouTube channel Barely Sociable claimed that Adam Back, inventor of Bitcoin predecessor Hashcash, is Nakamoto. Back subsequently denied this.
Elon Musk denied he was Nakamoto in a tweet on 28 November 2017, responding to speculation the previous week in a Medium post by a former SpaceX intern.
In 2019, journalist Evan Ratliff claimed drug dealer Paul Le Roux could be Nakamoto.
In 2021 developer Evan Hatch proposed cypherpunk Len Sassaman of COSIC as a possible candidate. Sassaman had been mentioned on bitcointalk on March 15, 2013 when a user suggested Sassaman was Satoshi.
In popular culture
A bust of Satoshi Nakamoto was installed in Hungary in 2021.
References
People associated with Bitcoin
People associated with cryptocurrency
Unidentified people
Possibly living people
Cypherpunks
1975 births |
64634738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop%20Maynard | Pop Maynard | George "Pop" Maynard (6 January 187229 November 1962) was an English folk singer and marbles champion. The folk singer Shirley Collins considers Maynard to have been the "finest traditional English singer, matched only by Harry Cox".
Life and family
George Maynard was born on 6 January 1872 or, as he put it, on Old Christmas Day in Smallfield, Burstow, Surrey, about north of the village of Copthorne, West Sussex, where he lived for his entire life. He was the eleventh of twelve children of James Maynard and his wife Elizabeth (née Skinner), four of whom died in infancy. Maynard was baptised on 3 February 1872 at the Church of St Bartholomew in Burstow, when his father's profession was given as "labourer".
Maynard attended school on-and-off until the age of 12. He worked with his father and brothers, in the winter as a woodman cutting wood for the hoop trade, in the summer harvesting, hedging and ditching. He and his family also supplemented their income by poaching rabbits and pheasants. He did not regret his poaching, saying "I should go out again if I had my time over again, before I should let my family go short of anything."
Every year for 52 years Maynard would travel to Kent to work in the hop fields. The 1939 Register was taken on 29 September during the hop season, and Maynard, then aged 57, was registered at Moorden Farm, Leigh, Kent that night. During one of these annual trips, Maynard met his wife Mary Ann (Polly) Wiles, at a hop farm called Salmans Farm, Chiddingstone, Kent. They married in September 1895 in Chiddingstone.
The couple had seven children, of whom two daughters and four sons survived to adulthood. They lived at first in a tiny house in Borer's Yard, Copthorne, then in a cottage in Spring Gardens, Copthorne. Polly died in 1920, and Maynard remained a widower for more than 40 years. He died on 29 November 1962.
Music
In Maynard's youth there was no recorded music, and singing was part of the family and the community.
The idea that a singer was someone exclusive was not there then. Everybody sang. Some sung well, some didn't, but singing was as normal as breathing. We sang up the woods, we sang anywhere. You sang when you felt in the mood - you'd be in the pub and someone would start a song and all of a sudden the whole place lit up. It was never, "Well, let’s have a sing" - it either happened or it didn't.
Maynard learned songs from his father and other family members. He augmented his repertoire by learning songs from ballad sheets (broadsides) that were hawked round the villages. Itinerant workers also brought new material. Maynard picked up songs during his annual migration to the hop fields, for example "The Irish Hop-Pole Puller", a cockney comic song. At the hop farms there were Londoners and workers from Ireland and from other counties of England, and evenings and Sundays were spent drinking and singing. At home, Maynard, who admitted to feeling lonely after being widowed, was in one of the local pubs most evenings, singing and playing traditional games, such as shove ha'penny, skittles, quoits, darts, and marbles.
Maynard's repertoire as recorded by Ken Stubbs comprised 65 songs. The recordings were selective, and Stubbs estimated that Maynard's complete repertoire of songs committed to memory would have been in the hundreds. Maynard and his community were not concerned about the sources of their songs, singing popular songs of the day as well as traditional material, but the folk-song collectors dismissed the songs of music hall origin as unauthentic, and few of them were recorded, a choice which Stubbs came to regret. According to Stubbs, Maynard's personal favourites were the traditional broken-token song "The Banks of Claudy" (Roud 266), which he had sung at his own wedding and those of his children, an Irish song "The Brave Irish Soldier" (Roud 3226), and one of music hall origin, "The Old Rustic Bridge" (Roud 3792). Some songs were original lyrics to traditional tunes, for example "Shooting Goshen's Cocks Up" (Roud 902), written by Maynard's friend Fred Holman to celebrate a poaching incident. Poaching was a favourite topic for songs in Maynard's repertoire, for example "The Gallant Poachers" (Roud 793) and "While Gamekeepers Lie Sleeping" (Roud 363), as well as songs about the sea.
Much of his repertoire was also sung by the Copper Family, although there had been little interchange between the Weald musicians including Maynard, and the Coppers over the South Downs in Rottingdean. Several of Maynard's favoured songs, including "Banks of Claudy" and "While Gamekeepers Lie Sleeping", are better known in versions by the Coppers. A few songs seem to have come uniquely from Maynard though. Maynard's longevity meant that he provided a bridge between the first (transcription-based) and second (field-recording-based) British folk revivals and kept alive songs which might otherwise have been forgotten. As Mike Yates noted:
Many of these songs, once common, are now seldom encountered. Cecil Sharp, for instance, noted four versions of "Locks and Bolts" at the turn of the century as did George Gardiner also. However, to my knowledge, Pop is the only English singer to have been recorded singing it—a sad come-down for this splendid ballad ... The same can be said for his version of "A Sailor in the North Country" ... which must once have enjoyed a widespread popularity, judging by its frequent appearance on song sheets.
Influence
Maynard's repertoire and style were influential on the emerging folk singers of the second folk revival. His songs were recorded by Bert Lloyd, Cyril Tawney, Peter Bellamy, Martin Carthy, and many others. He was noted for his ear for pitch, strong sense of rhythm, and smooth phrasing. In an interview in 2017, Shirley Collins described her encounters with Maynard in his final years.
I used to go to Cecil Sharp House to look in the library and listen to recordings. One day in the cellar was a Sussex singer in his 70s called George Maynard. To meet this man and hear him sing in the flesh was absolutely wonderful, even though his voice was old — a bit like the one I’ve got now. You can’t keep your beautiful voice all your life. I fell in love with both George and "Polly on the Shore", which is a song about a sea battle, and the loss of love and life during the Napoleonic wars.
When Collins recorded "Polly on the Shore" on her 1970 album Love, Death and the Lady with her sister Dolly, she wrote:
From George Maynard, of Copthorne, Sussex. It was one of the great good fortunes in my life to hear George sing in the flesh, back in 50's. Even though he was then in his eighties, he was still able to sing tunefully and gracefully, and had a remarkable stock of songs. He was a complete countryman, and well-known as a marbles and shove ha'penny player. ... This song epitomes George to me, with its sweetness and dignity.
Maynard remains significant to the next generation of traditional singers. Folk supergroup The Furrow Collective, winner of Best Group in the 2017 BBC Folk Awards, included "Our Captain Calls" from Maynard's repertoire on their 2014 album At Our Next Meeting. Singer Emily Portman wrote:
Martin Carthy introduced me to George "Pop" Maynard's singing when I was 17. It was the first time I'd heard anything quite like it: an old man with a crackling voice, banging his stick to keep time and gripping me with his storytelling. It was the first song I performed unaccompanied and it brought about a sea-change in my whole approach to singing.
The second British folk revival
From the early 1950s, the second British folk revival brought for the first time an interest in Maynard's music from outside his immediate circle. He was "collected" over this period by many folklorists, including Peter Kennedy, Mervyn Plunkett, Reg Hall, Ken Stubbs and Frank Purslow, and all known recordings of him date from this period, the last ten years of his life.
Plunkett had recorded Maynard in 1955 and was organising music sessions in local Sussex pubs. Kennedy was one of the presenters of the BBC folk music radio programme As I Roved Out, which was broadcast during the 1950s, and he brought a team to one of these sessions, at the Cherry Tree pub in Copthorne, in February 1956. The session included traditional musicians and singers, including Maynard, and also step dancers.
The programme was broadcast on the BBC Light Programme on 24 June 1956, and brought with it increasing fame for Maynard. At the same time Kennedy recorded 14 of the 15 tracks that would comprise Maynard's Topic Records album Ye Subjects of England, though this would not be released until 1976. The only commercial recording that was released during Maynard's lifetime was his track "Polly on the Shore" recorded by Plunkett in 1956 for the EP 4 Sussex Singers, though this was only released in 1961.
In October 1957, Plunkett organised a coach trip to Cecil Sharp House for the English Music Festival, a competitive event run by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (EFDSS). The party included Maynard and three other singers, and a full band of local musicians, including Reg Hall. Hall describes it as "a great day out", but the music had a mixed reception.
We shocked many of the people there and confused some of the adjudicators, who were used to genteel settings of folk songs. One of them, The Times music critic, criticised Pop Maynard for allegedly not knowing his words and for having a poor standing posture. Very few of the audience had ever heard a country singer before, and even fewer had ever heard country pub music. Some of them, it seemed, were excited by it.
The trips did continue though. Maynard performed three times on BBC radio, noting that "we went on three different times, and they gave us a guinea each, each time." Plunkett brought several musicians including Maynard to perform in A Sussex Concert at Cecil Sharp House in March 1958, and later to make a second attempt at the EFDSS English Music Festival competition. The day after the festival, 11 October 1958, they took part in a grand concert Folk Music of the British Isles organised by the EFDSS at the Royal Festival Hall. Maynard, now 86 years old, was brought on to the RFH stage to sing two verses of "Rolling in the Dew" in his usual unaccompanied style, and was then expected to hand over to Jeannie Robertson to finish the song. The intention was to demonstrate the assimilation process in folk music, showing a Sussex song being adapted by a Scottish singer, but Hall observed that "Pop was confused and upset and Jeannie was clearly embarrassed by such unimaginably crass stage direction." Hamish Henderson glossed over the event in his notes about "Rolling in the Dew" on Robertson's 1960 EP Lord Donald: "In 1958, in the Royal Festival Hall, Jeanne made a hit with this song after Sussex veteran, Pop Maynard, had given his own fine traditional version."
An extensive collection of hitherto-unknown pub recordings of Maynard, made by Brian Matthews in 1959–60, was released by Musical Traditions Records in 2000 as a double CD Down the Cherry Tree. Described as "for completists", having been recorded on basic equipment in a noisy pub environment, this complements the more selective Maynard tracks, also recorded by Matthews, on the same label's Sussex compilation Just Another Saturday Night.
Maynard was last known to sing in public at his 90th birthday party in the Cherry Tree, Copthorne, in January 1962.
Marbles
In his lifetime, Maynard acquired celebrity for his marbles-playing well before he was known outside his locality for his singing. His nickname "Pop" was a tribute to his skill at marble-popping.
The British and World Marbles Championship is said to date back to 1588. The modern competition takes place every Good Friday at the Greyhound pub in Tinsley Green, West Sussex, and has run continuously since 1932, with exceptions for World War II and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.
Maynard was first a member of a world champion team when Copthorne defeated the London Passenger Transport Board in 1941. In subsequent world championships, Maynard was filmed regularly and appeared on British Pathé News.
When the Copthorne Spitfires won the world championship in 1948, Maynard was team captain, and he was seen on national television. In 1949 the Copthorne Spitfires lost in the semi-finals, when the commentator noted:
Marbles skill is handed down from father to sons, as from Pop Maynard, 73, to sons Arthur, Perce and George. The Copthorne Spitfires, an all-Maynard family team play Tinsley Green in the semi-final.
Maynard continued to compete through the 1950s. In July 1954, his reputation brought Maynard the opportunity to fly to Le Touquet at the invitation of its mayor to play exhibition matches. His final world championship was Easter 1962, in the year of his death at the age of 90. Marbles historian Sam McCarthy recalls the official commentator describing Maynard's play that year to be "as quick and agile as a two-year-old".
Sources
Discography
All known releases are listed below. Tracks re-issued on compilations are not listed.
4 Sussex Singers (EP, Collector Records JEB7, UK, 1961)
Recorded by Mervyn Plunkett. There is one track from each of George Spicer, Pop Maynard, Jean Hopkins and Jim Wilson. Maynard sings Polly on the Shore (Roud 811), recorded in West Hoathly in October 1956.
No longer available.
Rumpsy Bumpsy Pop's in the Pub (Cassette, Folktracks 080-C60, UK, 1975. Later as CD, Folktrax FTX-280)
Recorded by Peter Kennedy in The Cherry Tree public house in Copthorne, February 1956. Some of this material was used for Kennedy's radio programme As I Roved Out. Features Maynard with a chorus of friends, including George Holman, Jean Hopkins, Mervyn Plunkett and Ken Stubbs.
No longer available.
Ye Subjects of England Traditional Songs From Sussex (LP, Topic Records 12T286, UK, 1976. Also as digital download TSDL286, UK, 2009)
Recorded by Peter Kennedy in Maynard's home, Copthorne, Sussex, 3 December 1955.
Recordings from this sesion also appear on several volumes of the Topic anthology The Voice of the People and other Topic compilations.
Rolling in the Dew "Pop" Maynard at Home (Cassette, Folktracks 427-C60, UK, 1985. Later as CD, Folktrax FTX-279)
Songs and interviews recorded by Peter Kennedy at Maynard's cottage December 1955.
No longer available.
Down the Cherry Tree (CD, Musical Tradition Records MTCD 400-401 UK, 2000)
All the songs and fragments Brian Matthews recorded from Pop Maynard in 1959-60, at three of his local pubs.
A selection from Matthews' recordings also appears on Just Another Saturday Night (MTCD 309-310, 2000).
Audio-visual collections
Sussex Traditions
The Sussex Traditions database of Sussex Folklife and Lore has drawn together material about Maynard from several sources. They include
Clippings about Maynard from local newspaper the East Grinstead Courier.
Audio recording of a thirty-minute interview with Maynard conducted by Ken Stubbs.
Field recordings of Maynard, made by Ken Stubbs, Brian Matthews, Tony Wales and Jim Ward.
Transcriptions from the Plunkett Collection of lyrics of field recordings.
Transcriptions made by Ken Stubbs from his field recordings of Maynard's singing, published in Stubbs' book of folk songs The Life of a Man.
Vaughan Williams Memorial Library
The library holds field recordings of Maynard by Ken Stubbs and Brian Matthews, and song transcriptions by Mervyn Plunkett and Frank Purslow in its digital archive.
British Library Sounds
Reg Hall English, Irish & Scottish Folk Music & Customs Collection
Includes field recordings of Maynard made by Mervyn Plunkett, Frank Purslow, Ken Stubbs, and Reg Hall himself.
Peter Kennedy Collection
None of Kennedy's field recordings of Maynard were provided to the British Library as part of this collection, but it includes a few photographs of Maynard.
See also
Music of Sussex
Notes
References
English folk singers
1872 births
1962 deaths
People from Worth, West Sussex
People from Tandridge (district)
People from Copthorne, West Sussex
Topic Records artists |
1593456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiyot%20language | Wiyot language | Wiyot (also Wishosk) or Soulatluk (lit. 'your jaw') is an Algic language spoken by the Wiyot people of Humboldt Bay, California. The language's last native speaker, Della Prince, died in 1962.
Wiyot, along with its geographical neighbor, the Yurok language, were first identified as relatives of the Algonquian languages by Edward Sapir in 1913, though this classification was disputed for decades in what came to be known as the Ritwan controversy. Due to the enormous geographical separation of Wiyot and Yurok from all other Algonquian languages, the validity of their genetic link was hotly contested by leading Americanist linguists; as Ives Goddard put it, the issue "has profound implications for the prehistory of North America". However, by the 1950s, the genetic relationship between the Algonquian languages and Wiyot and Yurok had been established to the satisfaction of most, if not all, researchers, giving rise to the term Algic to refer to the Algonquian languages together with Wiyot and Yurok.
The Wiyot Tribal Government is fostering a revival of the language through videos, online dictionaries, and an annual Wiyot language calendar.
Phonology
Consonants
Karl V. Teeter published the first modern descriptive grammar of Wiyot in 1964. His data, supplied by Della Prince soon before her death, was crucial to the establishment of the genetic relationship between Algonquin and Wiyot, and effectively ended the scholarly conflict surrounding the issue. All of the linguistic data below comes from his work, published by the University of California Press.
The consonants of Wiyot, as recorded by Teeter, are given in this chart, with a Practical Orthography in boldface and the IPA equivalents in brackets.
The grapheme is used for the fricative word-initially and for the stop otherwise.
Vowels
Syllables
Wiyot syllables always begin with consonants or consonant clusters, which are followed by a vowel. This vowel may be long or short. If the vowel is short, the syllable must end in the same consonant that begins the next syllable. Therefore, all non-final syllables are heavy, acquiring either a CVV or CVC structure. Word final syllables may or may not be heavy.
These syllable-final consonants are lengthened in speech, but do not appear as doubled letters in transcription. For example, in the word , meaning 'flounder', the 'l' is lengthened. Thus, the first syllable ends with 'l', and the second begins with 'l', and both syllables are considered heavy.
Teeter describes the "weight" of Wiyot syllables as one of the language's most salient features for speakers of English. He adds that voiced sounds tend to be exceptionally long in spoken Wiyot, a feature that adds to the perceived phonological heaviness of the language.
Pitch accent
In speech, Wiyot words are grouped into pitch accent phrases, which are separated by commas when written. Within these phrases, regular patterns of syllable stress and vowel length emerge. Stress, pitch and vowel length increase gradually from the beginning of the accent phrase until the culminative syllable in the accent phrase is reached, after which pitch precipitously drops, except when it is the final syllable of the accent phrase. In such a situation, the accent phrase would end on a high pitch.
The vowel of the culminative syllable bears either an acute or grave accent, the latter indicating a high pitch, and the former a high pitch which rapidly falls. The grave accent appears only when the culminative syllable is the final syllable of a breath group, which are groups of accent phrases.
The ends of breath groups are marked by periods, and are notably lower in relative pitch. Accent phrases towards the end of a breath group follow the same pattern of gradual lengthening and pitch increase, though the relative pitch is lower with respect to the preceding accent phrases. Breath groups end with a general weakening of articulatory force, which is followed by a noticeable interval of silence.
Despite the intricacies of pitch involved in Wiyot, the total pitch range of the spoken language is only a fraction of that of English, for example.
Example
'She began to throw aside the boards of the house, thinking in vain, 'I'll take that man back.' She never took him back.'
This fragment of Wiyot narration consists of two breath groups: the first contains five accent phrases, the second contains just one. The first accent phrase of the first breath group, , carries the stress on the fourth syllable. The vowel of this 'culminative syllable', an 'e', carries an acute accent and is pronounced at a higher pitch than any other in the phrase. It is also lengthened relative to the other vowels in the phrase. After this culminative syllable, pitch and length decrease rapidly through the end of the accent phrase.
The second breath group contains just one accent phrase, . Here, the culminative syllable comes at the end of the accent phrase, indicating that pitch and length increase through the phrase until the final vowel, which starts on a high pitch that rapidly falls. This articulation is indicated with a grave accent over the 'i'. These accents only appears when the culminative syllable is the last syllable of a breath group, as in this example.
Processes
Teeter recorded many morphonemic processes that Wiyot words and phrases undergo. A few are listed below.
Aspirated stops, such as and , undergo deaspiration when in word-final position. Thus, in the word , , meaning 'spruce root' is aspirated, ; when the same morpheme appears in isolation, though, it is articulated without the final aspiration, .
When any element ending in /o/ is followed by another element beginning in or , is inserted. In the example , 'I don't see it', follows the negating element , and itself conveys no meaning.
When any two vowels, or any three consonants that cannot occur as a phonological cluster, are combined due to morphological construction, the general tendency is for the second element to be eliminated. This is not true in the case of a laryngeal combining with a consonant cluster, in that order. In such a situation, the initial laryngeal element is eliminated.
Morphology
Wiyot is a highly synthetic, agglutinative language. Words or, more specifically, accent phrases, are formed by joining stems and affixes. Wiyot employs both prefixation and suffixation, meaning that affixes appear both before and after stems. Both verb and noun forms are constructed this way, though the particulars of each system are different.
Verb morphology
Stems
Stems are non-affixal morphemes, and can appear individually or as compounds. For example, , meaning 'out', can appear as the only stem of a given word, or be joined to another stem, such as , 'go'. Their compound, , 'go out', is also a stem.
Stems are either initial or medial. Initial stems may appear, as their name implies, as the first or only stems in a given word. Most stems belong to this class. , for example, is the initial stem in the above-mentioned compound . All initial stems start with a consonant.
Medial stems may not appear as the initial or sole stem in a word, and therefore must be combined with an initial. Medials, such as , always begin with a vowel. Medial stems may also occur as the second member of a compound with a special initial . This compound has essentially the same meaning as the medial itself. For example, the medial , meaning 'throw' or 'jump', can appear with an initial 'l-' as , meaning 'throw'.
Affixes
Wiyot affixes are classified as either derivational, inflectional or syntactic.
Derivational affixes are attached to stems and serve to classify them. Together, stems and derivational affixes form 'themes', which can be further modified by inflectional and syntactic affixes.
The stem , meaning 'laugh', may take the derivational affix and become , or 'laugh at'. Thus, serves to create an impersonal transitive verb theme with as the stem. There are many derivational affixes, most of which correspond to a complicated set of rules: stems can belong to one of eleven categories that determines which set of derivational affixes it may take. Therefore, to form an impersonal transitive verb theme like , for example, there are 10 other possible affixes that occur with stems from other categories. Furthermore, certain derivational affixes occur only when affixed to specific stems.
Inflectional affixes encode the subject and object of the theme. Wiyot makes a sharp distinction between definite and indefinite subjects, and each of these classes has its own set of inflectional affixes. Certain classes of Wiyot verbs can also take benefactive and instrumental affixes. The benefactive characterizes the verb as being done to a third person object for the benefit of a second object. Instrumental affixes convey that action is performed using a device of some kind. Instrumental and benefactive affixes directly encode for the subject of the verb and thus do not appear with inflectional affixes for subject. Therefore, the most inflectional affixes a verb can possibly take is three.
Inflectional affixes can be either terminal or nonterminal in nature. Terminal affixes, when added to verb or noun themes, can complete words, while nonterminal affixes require additional affixation.
The noun form , meaning 'he/she laughs at me', contains two inflectional affixes that modify the verb form shown above: is the nonterminal suffix that encodes a first person object, and is the terminal suffix for a third person subject.
Syntactic affixes, many of which are prefixes, also known as preverbs, are affixed to verb themes and often convey aspectual information. For example, in the phrase , meaning 'finally it starts to get dark', the verb theme , 'to get dark', is modified by two syntactic suffixes, and . means 'finally', and marks the inchoative aspect, translated here as 'it starts'. is also inflected for the third person subject by the inflectional terminal suffix . Verbs form can take up to four preverbs, which appear in a fixed order according to their syntactic class. There are nine classes in total, with the lower numbers appearing earlier in the verb form.
Some examples of preverbs include:
Class I: , the cessative aspect. 'They just got through eating'
Class II: , the perfect tense. 'He had come down.'
Class VI: , the emphatic negative. 'They never eat.'
The position numbers fix the relative positions of these preverbs when they appear in combination. Thus, to create a perfect cessative construction using the inflected verb theme , would have to precede to form , 'He had just come down'.
Preverbs, in addition to aspect, often convey tense and mood.
Noun morphology
Derivation
Wiyot nouns are often derived from verbs, and typically serve to fill out and expound upon the various relationships and categories already expressed in verb forms. Like verbs, nouns consist of stems and affixes.
Nominalization is the most important process in Wiyot for deriving nouns. Typically, nouns are created from verbs by adding one of twelve nominalizing affixes to the verb complex. The most common nominalizing suffix is , and there are many examples of nominalized forms that employ it. ( is also the most common third person inflectional suffix in Wiyot, and both the nominalizing and inflectional suffixes appear in the same position. This gives rise to some degree of morphological ambiguity in many cases.)
is a nominalized form meaning 'swan'; it is derived from the homonymous verb meaning 'he makes it dry'.
means 'robin', and is derived from the homonymous verb meaning 'he is dry on the eyes'.
A less ambiguous, more obviously derived example employs the nominalizing suffix : , meaning 'football', is the nominalized form of the verb meaning 'it goes with a kicking motion'.
Inflection
Nouns are inflected for four categories: the subordinative, possessive, locative and vocative.
Subordinative inflection, indicated by a suffix added to a noun theme, expresses that the inflected noun belongs to another nominal concept- a person, perhaps. Nouns can also be subordinated to an indefinite nominal concept using the suffix . The definite subordinative suffixes are , and . An example of a definite subordinate inflection is the noun form , meaning 'his teeth', which consists of the subordinate noun theme and the inflectional suffix .
Possessive inflection is conveyed using prefixes. There are three different sets of possessive prefixes, though the majority of Wiyot nouns are inflected using only one of these. This most productive set distinguishes three persons: first- ; second- ; third- . The final seen in these stems is often dropped in spoken Wiyot. , meaning 'your strawberries', includes the second person pronoun from this first set, .
The second set applies only to inalienable nouns, or nouns that must be possessed, such as body parts. Curiously, the words for 'wood' and 'enemy' belong in this category of Wiyot nouns, as well. The set only distinguishes two persons: first- ; second- . Third person possession of inalienable nouns tends to be conveyed using a subordinative derivational suffix. Pronouns from this second set tend to replace the initial consonants of the themes they are affixed to. Thus, in the noun form , meaning 'your teeth', the second person possessive prefix for inalienable nouns replaces the initial consonant of , 'teeth'. Within the second set, there is also an indefinite or absolutive prefix .
The third set is limited largely to kinship terms and the word for 'nose'. In the third set, the second person possessive is articulated by aspirating the initial phoneme of the noun theme. Thus, , meaning 'maternal aunt', becomes , 'your maternal aunt'. There is no marking of a first person possessive in this category, and, as in the second set, a third person possessive is indicated by the use of a subordinative derivational suffix.
Locative inflection is indicated by one of two affixes: the suffix and the prefix . Both have general meanings which can be translated as 'at, on, near, above, over, under, behind, etc.'.
is employed with the great majority of Wiyot nouns, as in , meaning 'on the hill', and , 'in the smoke'. is used with the inalienable nouns and kinship terms mentioned above. 'On your teeth' is expressed ( appears after all prefixes that are followed by b or w).
There is a single vocative prefix, , that occurs with kinship terms. It appears affixed to , meaning 'mother', in the form .
Pronouns
Wiyot personal pronouns are generally used to emphasize the subjects or objects indicated in verb forms. The personal pronouns distinguish three persons, each with a singular and plural variant. Thus, this set of pronouns is frequently used to clarify number in verb forms, as Wiyot verbs themselves do not. The first person plural pronoun , for example, is often employed alongside verb complexes that are inflected for the indefinite third person or impersonal, such as in the example , meaning 'we saw'. Here, is inflected for an indefinite third person, though unambiguously expresses 'we'.
Syntax
Verbs are the core of Wiyot grammar, and verbal phrases are the most important part of Wiyot sentences. Verb complexes- inflected verb themes combined with syntactic affixes- form sentences along with nominal phrases. Verb phrases themselves frequently encode subject, object and instrumental information, but the actual entities being signified are rarely named. Noun and pronoun phrases serve to provide this information. The transitivity of the verb complex determines the classes of noun forms that may occur in the sentence; nominal phrases serve to specify subject and object information, so intransitive verbs, which lack inflection for object, would not appear in combination with a nominal phrase for the object.
Preverb sequences, which consist of up to four syntactic prefixes, are the first step in expanding the derived and inflected verbal form. A great deal of morphological information can be conveyed in this prefixed element: aspect, mode and tense are all commonly expressed using preverbs, as is quantitative information and polarity.
Nominal forms round out and complete Wiyot sentences, frequently serving as adjuncts to verbal phrases. Nouns are categorized as either principal or modifying phrases. Principal phrases include nominalized forms and possessive phrases, while modifying phrases typically refer to a time or place in which a verbal phrase occurs. For example, is a principal nominal form meaning 'large, longish object'; is a modifying nominal form meaning 'right now'.
Pronominal phrases further elucidate verbal complexes, and can be employed as noun forms themselves. , for example, can take the nominalizing affix and be treated as a nominal phrase.
These elements are combined relatively freely to form sentences; the limited corpus of Wiyot text indicates a wide variety of syntactic organizations. Most Wiyot sentences are in the indicative mood, as are all of the examples given below.
Literally translated, the sentences means 'but they don't see it here', though the verb form is here employed idiomatically to mean 'grow', giving a translation of 'but it doesn't grow here'. is a modifying nominal phrase, translated in this example as 'here'; means 'here' and is an adversative postposition translated as 'but'. is the verbal phrase: is the negative preverb, from position class IV, and is an articular preverb, while is the verb 'see' inflected for the indefinite third person.
. 'That white man is surprised about something'. is a nominal phrase meaning 'something'; it serves as the object of the sentence. is also a nominal phrase and serves to clarify the subject of the verbal phrase. is a demonstrative article meaning 'that'; means 'white man'. Finally, is a verb, 'to be surprised', inflected for the definite third person.
Revitalization
With the death of Della Prince in 1962, Wiyot became an extinct language. However, in recent years, the federally recognized Wiyot tribe has been attempting to revitalize the language. The tribe advertises language courses on its website and publishes Wiyot texts for distribution, such as a calendar. As of 2014, Wiyot does not appear to have any fluent speakers.
References
Bibliography
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dixon, Roland; & Kroeber, Alfred L. (1913). New linguistic families in California. American Anthropologist, 5, 1–26.
Elsasser, Albert B. (1978). Wiyot. In R. F. Heizer (Ed.), California (pp. 153–163). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 8) (W. C. Sturtevant (Ed.)). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Goddard, Ives. (1975). Algonquian, Wiyot, and Yurok: Proving a distant genetic relationship. In M. D. Kinkade, K. L. Hale, & O. Werner (Eds.), Linguistics and anthropology in honor of C. F. Voegelin (pp. 249–262). Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press.
Goddard, Ives. (1979). Comparative Algonquian. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 70–132). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Goddard, Ives. (1990). Algonquian linguistic change and reconstruction. In P. Baldi (Ed.), Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology (pp. 99–114). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Golla, Victor. (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. .
Haas, Mary R. (1958). Algonkian-Ritwan: The end of a controversy. International Journal of American Linguistics, 24, 159–173.
Michelson, Truman. 1914. Two alleged Algonquian languages of California. American Anthropologist, 16, 361–367.
Michelson, Truman. 1915. Rejoinder (to Edward Sapir). American Anthropologist, 17, 4–8.
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (hbk); .
Reichard, Gladys. 1925. Wiyot grammar and texts. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
Sapir, Edward. 1913. Wiyot and Yurok, Algonkin languages of California. American Anthropologist, 15, 617–646.
Sapir, Edward. (1915)a. Algonkin languages of California: A reply. American Anthropologist, 17, 188–194.
Sapir, Edward. (1915)b. Epilogue. American Anthropologist, 17, 198.
Teeter, Karl V. (1964)a. Algonquian languages and genetic relationship. In Proceedings of the ninth international congress of linguists (pp. 1026–1033). The Hague: Mouton.
Teeter, Karl V. (1964)b. The Wiyot language. University of California publications in linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
External links
Wiyot Tribe – Language
Language Geek: Wiyot Fonts
Wiyot language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
OLAC resources in and about the Wiyot language
Wiyot and Hupa Language Bibliography
"It is the desire of the Live Your Language Alliance to hear and speak the traditional languages of the Tolowa, Karuk, Yurok, Hupa, Tsnungwe, Wiyot, Mattole, and Wailaki."
Algic languages
Extinct languages of North America
Indigenous languages of California
Wiyot
1962 disestablishments in California
Languages extinct in the 1960s |
11732399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkaradevi%20Temple | Sarkaradevi Temple | Sarkaradevi Temple is one of the most important temples in South India. It is situated Chirayinkeezhu town in Thiruvananthapuram district.Tradition accords a remote antiquity to this temple. Its main deity is Bhadrakali (Goddess Durga). The Sarkaradevi Temple assumed a significant status for many reasons and rose to historical importance mainly with the introduction of the famous Kaliyoot festival by Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma, the Travancore sovereign, in 1748. The Sarkaradevi Temple have some basic attachment with Nakramcode Devi Temple which located in Avanavanchery, Attingal.
History
Chirayinkeezhu Taluk being directly under the immediate administration of the Attingal, Kerala Swarupam, the Attingal Ranis where entrusted by the Travancore Raja with the conduct of the elaborate festival of Kaliyoot. The Attingal Rani being related to the Travancore royal family through adoption from the Kolathunadu royal family. From the time of Venad Kings, had enjoyed independent rights in several respects over the neighbouring regions and temples and at times even over the entire Venad. Even the King Marthanda Varma annexed Attingal to Travancore, soon after ascending the throne Marthanda Varma decided to assume direct control over Attingal 'estate'. The Ranis seem to have been allowed to continue in their independent status in many respects. Hence it was no wonder that when the former decided to introduce Kaliyoot festival in the Sarkaradevi Temple of Chirayinkeezhu Division, he entrusted the responsibility to the Attingal Ranis, even though the finances came directly from the Travancore royal treasury.
The Attingal Ranis in turn bestowed the members of the military family of Niranam poets, as Kannassa, they were probably Nair Panikkers or members of the Kaniyar caste, which makes their claim to mastery of Sanskrit a significant feature as Kaniyar, being adept in Astrology and Ayurveda, they were accepted by the Kings. When two princesses were adopted from Kolathunad, some senior members of the Ponnara family are said to have accompanied them as bodyguards to Attingal, where the former were settled by the Venad Kings. The descendants of the family are still residing there, with the responsibility of supervising the grand festival. Even now the responsibility is continuing with the descendants of the Ponnara family. One of the most important peculiarities of this temple is that it is the only temple in South Kerala where such elaborate Kaliyoot festival is conducted. Another festival which makes the temple the center of attraction is the Meenabharani mahotswavam which is conducted for ten days in the month of March–April every year. Famous Malayalam Film Actor Prem Nazir donated an elephant to the Sarkara Devi Temple.
Festivals
Kaliyoot
Kaliyoottu was originally a practice that existed in the north Malabar. The credit of bringing this ritual to southern parts of Kerala belongs to King Marthanda Varma of Odanad (1729–1758). Legend has it that King Marthanda Varma tried several times to annexe the Kingdom of Kayamkulam. Though he was defeated and disappointed all these times he was so determined that he decided to try again. With this obstinate vision he made another arrangement for war. On his way to Kayamkulam the king chose the big ground near the Sarkara temple to take rest.
Soon he was surrounded by local people and their leaders. It was from them the king happened to hear about the powers of the Sarkara Devi. He promised that he would offer her a Kaliyoot if she blesses him to win the war. He became victorious in that war and kept his promise.
The chief festival in the temple is the Kaliyoot festival, which falls in the Malayalam month of Kumbham (February/March). The object of the festival is to offer the first harvest to the Goddess. The rituals and ceremonies related to the festival extend up to nine days. It also involves a dramatic presentation of the story related to the genesis of Kali and the confrontation between Kali and the demon Darika, which represents good and evil respectively.
Kaliyoot is the dramatic presentation of the genesis of Bhadrakali and Darika the representatives of good and evil respectively, their confrontation and later the extermination of Darika in devotional terms and with rhythmic footsteps.
The colossal body of Bhadrakali was jet black. She had three burning eyes and her mouth was like a huge cave. Two long saber like teeth were projecting out from it. Her black hair rolled down like a tumultuous river. She had innumerable arms and each holding a separate weapon. It was impossible to look at her face.
She went into battle against Danavendra and Darika.
The demon army was no match to Goddess Bhadrakali. All of them were crushed and killed. Then Danavendra was killed. Finally, Bhadrakali chopped the head of demon Darika.
Kaliyoot is a synthesis of older agrarian art tradition is a further established by the fact that the time chosen for performing Kaliyoot after Makara Koithu (the Malayalam month of Makaram corresponds to the season of the second harvest season in Kerala. Koithu is a Malayalam term for harvest) and that Kali appears under the guise of a pulaya (the pulaya caste is the traditional agricultural labouring community in Kerala.) girl in the Kali drama.
The object of Kaliyoot festival is to offer the elementary harvest to the Amma (the divine Mother), the defender of the land. The ritual art of Kaliyoot was originally celebrated in North Malabar to propitiate Goddess Kali was brought to Travancore and Sarkara Temple by King Marthanda Varma (1729–1758). There is a historical legend connected with it. For expanding the domain of this kingdom, Marthanda Varma Maharaja tried to capture Kayamkulam province several times. All his efforts were in vain and he felt disappointed. But he did not give away his ambition. His one and only motive was the defeat Kayamkulam Raja. With the unyielding desire he was forced to make another arrangement for a war. On his way to Kayamkulam it is said that he chose the big ground near the Sarkara temple to take rest.
Learning of the arrival of the Maharaja the Karakkar and Kalarigurukkars (The grand teachers of military techniques at the Kalari) assembled together to have a glimpse of the Maharaja. Hearing the Raja's stories of defeat at Kayamkulam, they suggested that the only way to his triumph was to offer a Kaliyoot to Sarkaradevi. In conformity with their suggestion the Maharaja decided to offer Kaliyoot to Sarkaradevi and finally became successful in the war.
Kaliyoot festival is a 9 day long festival with rituals and traditional ceremonies conducted in the temple premises. The first 7 days ceremonies are dramatic visualisations of stories leading to the war between Bhadrakali and Darika. The ceremonies takes its peak with the 8th and 9th day ceremonies,"Mudi uzhichil" and "Nilathil poru" respectively.
On the 8th day of ceremonies, Bhadrakali herself goes out in search of Darika, but returns at the end of the day without finding the demon king. This function is one of the most important ritual associated with the festival as on this day the deity offers blessings to the devotees directly.
The famous "Nilathil poru" (ground fight) takes place at the 9th and last day of ceremonies which visualises the killing of demon King Darika by Bhadrakali and thus spreading the prevalence of truth over the evil.
The 8th and 9th day functions in the Kali drama festival are a visual treat and the colorful ceremonies takes hours for completion. The men from the Ponnara family are assigned with the Kali, Durga, and Darika costumes.
The basic text titled Kaliyoot Mahotmyam authored by Niranam poets connect Kaliyoot as a devotional offering. After the construction of the stage for the chief performance the pernu and the invoking of the spirit of the Goddess into lamps, the chief rites of the first days begin and ends with compromising talk between Bhadrakali and Darika is known as "Mudithalam Thullal".
Meenabharani Festival
The Meenabharani festival is the second great annual festival in the temple of Sarkara Devi Temple. This festival often falls on the occasion of the annual special pooja of Attavishesham. During the period of king Dharma Raja and his success or Marthanda Varma orders were given for the elaborate conduct of the festival and the expenses like paddy, incurred for the same were recorded.(Mathilakam Records, churana 937, ola, 1639, 1750–51, Kerala State Archives, Trivandrum) The festival of Meenabharani is celebrated for ten days and it is believed that on the tenth day the benevolent Goddess appears and showers her blessings on the devotees. The Meenabharani festival generally starts with Kodiyettu (flag hoisting), nine days before the auspicious day of Bharani which is considered as the birth star of Sarkaradevi. It ends on the tenth day with Arat (holy immersion) of the deity in the temple tank. There are very interesting ceremonies connected with this festival. On all days recital of the exploits of the Goddess is staged by special teams of people. On the ninth day an important function is conducted in this temple known as Pallivetta. It is believed that during this function Sarkara devi disappears from the temple and she went for hunting. The Goddess is taken in procession as for hunting with the accompaniment of five caparisoned elephants and firetorches to the Bhagavathy palace. Through this hunting she tried to avoid powers of malice and maintain peace and security in this vicinity. During the earlier period animal sacrifices were conducted along with this performance. However, animal sacrifices were avoided during the later periods. Now this function ends with the return procession of the deity and the cutting of a coconut with a bow and arrow. After that the ceremonial Arat of the deity is conducted.
There are various stories passed on through generations about Sarkara temple. Most of the locals come together for the festival season. Chirayinkeezhu has a large number of expatriate workers. They all come together for Meenabharani irrespective of faith. Sarkara devi is commonly referred in Malayalam as "Sarakara Ponnammachi"
See also
List of Hindu temples in Kerala
Temples of Kerala
Vellayani Devi Temple
External links
References
Sree Sarkaradevi Temple
Hindu temples in Thiruvananthapuram district
Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram district
Devi temples in Kerala |
70337278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench%20rats | Trench rats | Trench rats were rodents that were found around the frontline trenches of World War I. Due to massive amounts of debris, corpses, and a putrid environment, rats at the trenches bred at a rapid pace. The rats likely numbered in the millions. The rats played a role in damaging the soldiers' health, psyche and morale and were responsible for lack of sleep, adding to the filthy conditions and unsanitary hygiene in the trenches. As such, the trench rats left a lasting impression on the Allied soldiers who served on the Western Front, with veterans who served in the French and British armies speaking about their horrible experiences with rats during interviews. Attempts to solve the rat problem were not effective during the war. Although they could be found in abundance during World War I, these rats appeared to decrease rapidly after the war ended.
The rats' contribution to the terrible environment in the trenches aided in the avoidance of using trenches in future wars, especially in Europe, where their negative legacy remains to this day, memorialized through media portrayals. Trench rats are often viewed with a pessimistic connotation associated with the worst of trench life and warfare, especially in their depiction in movies. They have also been portrayed in a positive light in poems, such as "Break of Day in the Trenches" by Isaac Rosenberg, as well as in modern fictional history videos as a metaphor for the life of a French soldier living in the trenches.
World War I
One of the most widespread problems that many soldiers of the Allied and Central powers in Europe faced during World War I was the abundance of rats they were forced to live alongside during the war. High numbers of soldiers, both alive and dead, stationed along the trenches dug into the Western Front, in constrained, outdoor spaces with a severe lack of available cleanliness procedures led to trench rats becoming a common occurrence.
In the trenches
When living in the trenches along the Western Front, food and waste created by soldiers drew the rats in. The environment in the trenches was optimal for a rat's breeding ground: with an abundance of corpses, food, shelter, water and waste, the rats were able to breed quickly. Rats could be found wherever soldiers were; where they ate, where they slept, where they fought. There are estimations that show it is possible there were more rats than soldiers in trenches. Rats, being nocturnal creatures, would often be active during times when soldiers were trying to rest. Only those with high enough status would be given "anti-rat beds" while the rest of the soldiers would have practically no form of protection against them. It was not uncommon for rats to crawl across the faces of sleeping soldiers or even eat food straight from soldiers' hands as they became more accustomed to human presence. Attempts to separate food from the rats would prove to be futile, as rats were bold and snatched the food from the pockets of sleeping soldiers anyway. In addition to eating the food rations of soldiers, rats also had a proclivity to eat the candles of soldiers, taking away a source of light in an already dangerous environment.
Impact on soldiers
Physical effects on soldiers
Rats are known for carrying various contagious diseases. The close proximity between the soldiers and the rats led to these diseases being spread throughout the trenches. The most common of these would be typhus, bartonellosis (also known as trench fever), and leptospirosis. These diseases could take a massive toll on the soldiers, with trench fever possibly pulling a soldier away from the front lines for months at a time. Rats were carriers of lice. Lice can also transmit disease and played a role in spreading trench fever amongst the soldiers.
Trench rats also gnawed on those who were wounded, sleeping or unable to protect themselves. In one instance, a British soldier recounted in an interview that one of his fellow countrymen had his forehead bitten while he had been asleep, with the wound being severe enough to warrant a visit to the infirmary.
Psychological effects on soldiers
Trench rats contributed to many different psychological effects on the human psyche given their ability to disrupt sleep and reduce the overall quality of the soldiers' rest. The noises rats made in no man's land during night would sometimes cause soldiers to believe enemies were mounting an attack, leading them to grow paranoid and shoot out into the empty space between trenches. Rats also scurried across the soldiers' faces and bodies when they slept, which was another cause for awakening. On top of all of this, rats were known to eat the irretrievable dead bodies of soldiers left in no man's land, and the nibbling of rats eating bodies could be heard in the trenches during periods of silence between active warfare.
On the other hand, the situation with the rats also allowed some reprieve to the soldiers stationed along the Western Front. Due to long periods of inactivity in the trenches with an abundance of rats, rat hunting became a sport and a source of entertainment for the Allied soldiers to stave off boredom. Because ammunition needed to be conserved for battles, killing the rats with bayonets was acceptable and eventually became a pastime for the soldiers. Rats also served as companions, with some soldiers keeping them as pets to escape the brutality of the war around them.
Overall, the negative experiences with the trench rats that the Allied soldiers experienced on the Western Front far outweighed those of the positive and many British and French veterans who served there would later recall rats as an integral part of their worst experiences in the trenches, amongst the mud, rain, lice, trench foot and death.
Attempted solutions
Ammunition had to be conserved for fighting the enemy, therefore soldiers were dissuaded from using bullets to kill the numerous rats in the trenches. Other methods of killing rats were acceptable, be it through animals or bayonets although other attempted solutions were also implemented. Soldiers were often given monetary incentive to kill trench rats when they could. For example, in the French army, the quartermaster's office promised a bonus of 50 cents for each rat tail presented. At other times, rat-catchers were also hired by the army to catch the rats in the trenches as soldiers could not and were scared to fall asleep due to the rodents.
Chemicals
One of the first attempted solutions for ridding the trenches of rats was to use chemicals. Widespread use of gases composed of arsenic trioxide, carbon disulfide, and scillitin (squills extract) were used. Due to the high toxicity of the gases, these methods were abandoned after they were shown to have more effect on the soldiers themselves rather than the rats they were targeting.
Animals
Another method was bringing in other animals to catch the rats. For example, cats and dogs were kept by soldiers in the trenches to "help maintain hygiene" by culling the rodent population. Terrier dogs were especially useful, more so than cats, as they were bred to kill vermin and for hunting purposes which was applied to eliminating rats in the trenches. As such, many terriers were used as 'ratting dogs'.
After the war
After World War I, the French used chloropicrin gas to destroy the remaining rat infestation from the trenches, flushing them from their burrows and causing the rats to asphyxiate on the gas. Although the lack of scholarship and media coverage on the topic of trench rats in World War I suggests the decrease in their population, and therefore, the success of such procedures, it is unknown whether all the trench rats had been eradicated at the time after the use of chemicals to flush them out and what happened to the trench rats living within the trench system after the war was over.
Legacy
World War II
Overall, the presence of trench rats likely contributed to the psychological effects on soldiers post-World War I. As such, trench warfare was no longer as frequently used in World War II partly because of its high cost of human life and long-lasting effects on soldiers due to post-traumatic stress disorder. Another reason why trenches were no longer used was because in World War II, military tactics changed to favor aerial combat and with the emergence of improved technology which enhanced mobility on the battlefield, such as the use of tanks and armoured personnel carriers, which then allowed soldiers some form of protection against enemy fire while advancing against enemy lines.
In media
As they could be found in the majority of the trenches along the Western Front, trench rats were an integral part of popular culture at the front both during and after the war, especially in France and among the Allied countries. However, the rats themselves were less commonly referenced because the soldiers often refer to it more generally as an aspect of trench warfare. Although they were often depicted in a negative light, some media used rats as metaphors for the life of a soldier living in the trenches. They were present in music, photos and artistic representations - such was the culture of the trenches.
In fictional portrayal
Trench rats are often portrayed in modern films about World War I, with specific films such as Deathwatch (2002), Passchendaele (2008) and 1917 (2019) showing scenes where the rats chewed off an injured soldier's legs, came out of a corpse and ate from the rations hung up by soldiers—portraying the rats in a horrifying light.
In Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front, they are referred to as "corpse-rats," described as having "shocking, evil, naked faces," and are said to have attacked and eaten two large cats and a dog.
Contrarily, in Ferdinand: A Country Rat in the Trenches (2016), a short animated film about World War I from the viewpoint of a French soldier, director Jean-Jacques Prunés uses the trench rat as a metaphor for the experience of a soldier living in the trenches. Prunés' portrayal instead humanizes and generates a sympathy for an animal that is often associated with the worst connotations of World War I and life in the trenches.
In poems
In Isaac Rosenberg's poem, "Break of Day in the Trenches", the speaker contemplates the folly of war, viewing the trench rat as an outsider to the conflict while questioning how it understands the destruction of war. There is irony used in the poem as an insignificant creature such as a rat could successfully complete the herculean effort of crossing to the other side, for example, when the speaker depicts of the ability of the rat to touch both a German's hand and a British soldier's hand, connecting both enemies and be "cosmopolitan" by being able to cross 'No man's land' to either the British or German trenches. In a sense, the poem portrays the rat in a positive light as the speaker believes it could perform amazing feats, such as crossing 'No man's land' with no repercussions, that no ordinary German or British soldier could on the battlefield.
In song
With numerous trench rats present in the trenches, the infantry who served in the French army created songs about their everyday experiences. One song specifically depicted rats as the only thing that the soldiers were fearful of - "Les canons, les canons, j'men fous. J'ai peur des rats", which is translated into "The guns, the guns, I don't care. I'm afraid of rats". The lyrics suggest that the French saw the rats in a negative light, perhaps due to the actions of the rats - their unhygienic nature as well as their tendencies to steal food and gnaw at corpses.
In scholarly resources
There has been more scholarship and news articles on trench rats from the countries whose troops served in the trenches along the Western Front such as France and Britain. This is because the trenches had been dug by both the Central and Allied armies had been created along the Western Front near France and Belgium, and this front's military strategy was distinguished by stalemates and trench warfare. More focus has been placed on trench rats by the French, likely due to the location of the trenches, as they had mostly been dug on French soil and as such it would have been easier to send French reporters to report on the issue than those from other Allied countries. On the other hand, there has been less scholarship from the Eastern Front on trench rats as their military strategies have been focused on making breakthroughs with large advances and making sweeping movements rather than on trench warfare.
References
Bibliography
Control, PGM & SON Pest (2021-11-12). "World War I – Trench Rats". PGM Pest Control. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). "Encyclopedia - Trench Rats". www.firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
"Eastern Front | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
FERDINAND A COUNTRY RAT IN THE TRENCHES, retrieved 2022-03-18.
"Histoires 14-18 : Il y a cent ans, Gaspard, le rat des tranchées". France 3 Hauts-de-France (in French). Retrieved 2022-03-18.
Humbert, Bryce; Bailey, Joseph (2020-07-29). "Trench Warfare in World War 1".
"La boue, les poux et les rats dans les tranchées de la prmière guerre mondiale". www.histoire-en-questions.fr. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
'Life in the trenches', URL: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/new-zealanders-in-belgium/a-soldiers-lot, (Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 20-Sep-2017.
Soppelsa, Peter (2021). "Losing France's Imperial War on Rats". Journal of the Western Society for French History. 47. .
"The trenches and trench warfare", World War One, Cambridge University Press, pp. 198–203, retrieved 2022-03-18.
"Trench Rats Facts & Information | Free GCSE Worksheet". School History. 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
"Voices of the First World War: Trench Life". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
"William Osler and investigation on trench nephritis". GIN (in Italian). 2016-02-18. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
Further reading
"How the French Soldiers Wage War on Trench Rats". Scientific American. 114 (16): 399–411. 1916. .
"The Invasion of Trenches by Rats". Nature. 102 (2551): 53–53. 1918-09-01. . .
Staff, Guardian (2016-01-12). "Rat-hunting in the trenches: archive, 12 January 1916". The Guardian.
World War I
Trench warfare
Rats
Rodents and humans |
5260228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprostocetus | Aprostocetus | Aprostocetus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. The genus was erected by John O. Westwood in 1833. This very large group (about 800 described species) of parasitoid wasps has a global distribution.
Species
Widespread species
A. antiguensis – Caribbean, Florida
A parasitoid recorded on the coccid scale insect Ceroplastes floridensis and the tischeriid moth Tischeria heliopsisella
A. asthenogmus – Palaearctic, North Africa, Indomalaya, Seychelles, Caribbean
A parasitoid of blattid cockroaches of the genus Periplaneta
A. beatus – Australia (Queensland), Oceania, southern Africa
A parasitoid of various bugs – members of the families Cicadellidae, Delphacidae and Tropiduchidae are recorded as hosts
A. bruzzonis – Holarctic
A parasitoid of tortoise beetles of the genus Cassida
A. ceroplastae -Holarctic, Near East and also introduced into parts of Africa and Australia for biocontrol purposes
A parasitoid of various coccid scale insects
A. crino – Holarctic, Indomalaya
A parasitoid of crickets of the genus Oecanthus
A. diplosidis – Cosmopolitan
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. dubius – Indonesia, New Guinea
A parasitoid of katydids in the Sexavaini
A. fasciatus – Northern South America, Caribbean, India
A parasitoid of various gall midges
A. fidius – Central and southern United States, Caribbean
A parasitoid of various gall midges
A. formosanus – Hawaii, South East Asia, Madagascar
A parasitoid on various delphacid bugs
A. gala – Caribbean, Florida, Australia, India
A parasitoid recorded on various gall midges and curculionid weevils
A. hagenowii – Cosmopolitan, used in North America for biocontrol of cockroaches
A parasitoid of various cockroaches, also recorded from bark beetles and evaniid wasps
A. leucone – Holarctic
A. longicauda – Holarctic
A. marylandensis – Central and eastern United States, Caribbean
A parasitoid recorded on a wide range of hosts including gall midges, curculionid weevils, aphidid aphids, gelechiid and tortricid moths and fellow eulophids
A. megameli – Philippines, Hawaii
A parasitoid on the delphacid bug Megamelus proserpina
A. microcosmus – Holarctic, Neotropical and Afrotropical regions, Indomalaya and Australia
Host unknown but associated with Hyparrhenia hirta
A. microscopicus – Holarctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. minutus – Holarctic, Neotropical, North Africa
A parasitoid recorded on a huge range of hosts including many Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Neuroptera
A. neglectus – Holarctic, North Africa, Near East and Indomalaya
A parasitoid on various lady beetles, also recorded on the aphidid aphid Myzus cerasi
A. niger – Indomalaya, Australia
A parasitoid on the triozid bug Trioza fletcheri
A. pallipes – Holarctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges, also recorded on the eriocraniid moth Eriocrania semipurpurella
A. pausiris – Holarctic
A parasitoid recorded on the gall midge Dasineura leguminicola and chloropid flies of the genus Lipara
A. percaudatus – Europe, India
A parasitoid of crickets of the genus Oecanthus
A. pygmaeus – Holarctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges and apid bees
A. sicarius – Former Yugoslavia, Africa, Near East
A parasitoid recorded on various coccid scale insects and the buprestid beetle Agrilus sinuatus
A. sobrius – Nearctic, Russia
A parasitoid of gall midges of the genus Asphondylia, also recorded on a fellow chalcidoid, the eurytomid Bruchophagus gibbus
A. strobilanae – Holarctic
A parasitoid recorded on various gall midges and tortricid moths, also recorded on a fellow chalcidoid, the torymid Torymus azureus
A. terebrans – Holarctic
A. toddaliae – Near East, Madagascar
A parasitoid of coccid scale insects of the genus Ceroplastes
A. venustus – Holarctic
A parasitoid recorded on various gall midges and eurytomid wasps of the genus Bruchophagus
A. zosimus – Holarctic, North Africa and New Zealand
A parasitoid recorded on a very wide range of insects including Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Parasitized in turn by the eupelmid Eupelmus allynii
Palaearctic species
A. aartseni – Greece
A. acron – Czech Republic
A. aega – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of the gall midge Dasineura glechomae
A. aethiops – Palaearctic
Recorded as a parasitoid on a variety of insects including bean weevils, gall midges, gall wasps and other chalcidoids (family Eurytomidae)
A. agevilleae – Italy, Slovakia
A parasitoid of the gall midge Agevillea abietis
A. agrus – Palaearctic
A. albae – China (Shaanxi province)
A parasitoid of the bark beetle Cryphalus exiguus
A. alveatus – Palaearctic, North Africa
A parasitoid recorded on the gall midge Massalongia rubra and the gall wasp Rhodites mayri
A. amenon – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of the gall midge Dasineura ulmariae
A. andalusicus – Spain
A parasitoid of gall wasps of the genus Plagiotrochus
A. annulatus – Central Europe
A parasitoid recorded on the gall midge Asphondylia sarothamni and some coccid scale insects
A. anodaphus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of the gall midge Rhopalomyia ptarmicae
A. apama – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of various gall midges
A. apiculatus – Palaearctic
A. aquaticus – Palaearctic
Host unknown but associated with Phragmites australis
A. aquilus – Britain
A parasitoid of the gall midge Dasineura trifolii
A. arathis – Britain
A. arenarius – Europe
A. aristaeus – Palaearctic
A. arrabonicus – Palaearctic
Host unknown but associated with Alopecurus pratensis
A. arsenjevi – Far eastern Russia
A. artemisiae – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of gall midges of the genus Rhopalomyia
A. artemisicola – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of the gall midge Contarinia artemisiae
A. askewi – France
Host unknown but associated with Daucus carota
A. atticus – Greece
A parasitoid of gall midges of the genus Cystiphora
A. aurantiacus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of gall wasps of the genus Diplolepsis
A. avetjanae – Armenia
A parasitoid of the gall wasp Diplolepsis fructuum
A. azoricus – Azores
A. bakkendorfi – Denmark
A parasitoid associated with gall producing insects on Astragalus glycyphyllos
A. balasi – Central Europe
A parasitoid of moths – recorded on gracillariids of the genus Phyllocnistis and the tortricid Pseudargyrotoza conwagana
A. beringi – Far eastern Russia
A. beroe – Britain
A. beyazus – Iran
A. biorrhizae – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of the gall wasp Biorhiza pallida (which causes oak apples)
A. blandus – Far eastern Russia
A. blastophagusi – China (Heilongjiang)
A parasitoid of the bark beetles Ips subelongatus and Tomicus pilifer
A. boreus – Europe
A parasitoid of the tephritid fruit flies Euleia heraclei and Philophylla heraclei
A. bouceki – Spain
A. brachycerus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges, also recorded on the nepticulid moth Nepticula argyropeza
A. brevipennis – Czech Republic, Slovakia
A. bucculentus – Armenia, Turkey, Israel
A parasitoid on a fellow chalcidoid – the eurytomid Eurytoma amygdali
A. calamarius – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. calvus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid recorded on the cockroach Loboptera decipiens and the evaniid wasp Zeuxevania splendidula
A. capitigenae – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the gall midge Bayeria capitigena
A. capnopterus – Southern Europe
A. catius – Palaearctic
A. caudatus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the gall midge Dasineura alopecuri
A. cebennicus – France
A. cecidomyiarum – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges, also recorded on the gall wasp Biorhiza pallida (which causes oak apples)
A. celtidis – Europe
A parasitoid on leaf beetles of the genus Pyrrhalta, also recorded on the gracillariid moth Lithocolletis lantanella
A. cerricola – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the gall midge Macrodiplosis dryobia
A. chakassicus – Russia
A parasitoid on the gall midge Dasineura rozhkovi
A. ciliatus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the gall midge Rabdophaga heterobia
A. citrinus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges, also recorded on the gall wasp Aylax rogenhoferi
A. citripes – Europe
A parasitoid on various dytiscid beetles, also recorded on the lasiocampid moth Dendrolimus pini
A. clavicornis – Palaearctic
A parasitoid recorded on various gall midges, aphids and scale insects
A. claviger – Palaearctic
A. coccidiphagus – Britain
A parasitoid on kermesid scale insects of the genus Kermes
A. collega – Europe
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. constrictus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid recorded on brentid beetles of the genus Apion and gall midges of the genus Oligotrophus
A. cracens – Southern Europe, Turkey
A parasitoid on the buprestid beetle Coraebus rubi
A. craneiobiae – Northern Europe
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. crassiceps – Central Europe
A. crypturgus – China (Shaanxi province)
A parasitoid on various bark beetles
A. csokakoensis – Palaearctic
A. culminis – France
A. cultratus – Britain
A. curtivena – France
A. cycladum – Greece
Host unknown but associated with Thymelaea hirsuta
A. cyniphidum – Central Europe
A parasitoid on various gall wasps
A. dauci – - Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. debilitatus – France
A. deceptor – France
A. dendroctoni – China (Guizhou province)
A parasitoid on various bark and longhorn beetles
A. deobensis – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the tenthredinid sawfly Pontania viminalis
A. dezhnevi – Far eastern Russia
A. distichus – Central Europe
A. diversus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid recorded on a wide range of insects including curculionid weevils, gall midges and gracillariid and lyonetiid moths
A. doksyensis – Czech Republic
A. domenichinii – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges and gall wasps
A. dotus – Britain
A parasitoid of the gall midge Dasineura ulmariae
A. dryocoetae – Sweden
A. dryocosmi – China (Zhejiang province)
A parasitoid on the gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus
A. durmitorensis – former Yugoslavia
A. elegantulus – France
A. eleuchia – Western Europe
A parasitoid of the gall midge Cystiphora sonchi
A. elongatus – Europe, Near East
A parasitoid of variouschalcidoids and gall midges
A. emesa – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the gall midge Dasineura alopecuri
A. epicharmus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. epilobiellus – Netherlands
A parasitoid on the gall midge Dasineura epilobii
A. epilobii – Central Europe
A parasitoid on the gall midge Dasineura epilobii
A. eratus – Britain
A. ericae – France
A parasitoid on the gall midge Cecidomyia ericoscopariae
A. eriophyes – Europe, Near East
A parasitoid on various eriophyid mites
A. ermaki – Far eastern Russia
A. escherichi – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. esherensis – Britain
A. euagoras – Britain
A. eupatorii – Palaearctic
A. eupolis – Britain
A. eurystoma – Palaearctic
A. eurytomae – Palaearctic, Near East
A parasitoid on various gall wasps – also recorded on the eurytomid Eurytomus rosae
A. eurytus – Europe
A parasitoid recorded on a wide range of insects including apionid beetles, ledrid bugs, gall wasps and eurytomid chalcidoids
A. extensus – France
A. fabicola – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the gall midge Lasioptera fabae
A. facetus – Russia (Adygea)
A. femoralis – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various weevils (family Curculionidae) and moths (families Gracillariidae and Lyonetiidae)
A. flavicapitus – Far eastern Russia
A. flavifrons – Italy, Madeira
A parasitoid on the agromyzid fly Cerodontha pygmaea
A. flavovarius – Europe
A parasitoid on various gall midges, also recorded on the gracillariid moth Lithocolletis platani
A. flumenius – Far eastern Russia
A. fonscolombei – Palaearctic
A. foraminifer – France
A. forsteri – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall wasps
A. fukutai – China (Hebei), Taiwan
A parasitoid on various longhorn beetles
A. fulvipes – Palaearctic
A. fusificola – France
A parasitoid on the gall wasp Plagiotrochus fusifex
A. garganensis – Greece, Italy
A. gaus – Europe
A parasitoid on the gall midge Dasineura leguminicola
A. glandicola – France
A parasitoid on the gall wasp Callirhytis glandium
A. gnomus – Palaearctic
A. graciliclava – Greece
A. grahami – Moldova
A parasitoid on curculionid weevils of the genus Lignyodes
A. grandicauda – Far eastern Russia
A. grandii – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. gratus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. grylli – Palaearctic
A. habarovi – Far eastern Russia
A. hanka – Far eastern Russia
A. hedqvisti – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the bark beetle Tomicus minor
A. hians – Madeira
A. holomelas – Hungary
Host unknown but associated with Quercus cerris
A. holoxanthus – Eastern Palaearctic
A. humilis – Western Europe
A parasitoid of gall midges of the genus Mayetiola
A. hyperfuniculus – Far eastern Russia
A. ibericus – Spain
A. ilexi – China (Jiangxi)
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. impurus – Switzerland
A. incrassatus – Britain
Host unknown but associated with Carex spp
A. invidus – Southern Europe, Near East
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. ione – Britain
A. krusenschterni – Far eastern Russia
A. lacaena – Britain
A. lachares – Europe
A. lacunatus – Britain
A. larzacensis – Palaearctic
A. laticeps – France
A. leptocerus – Palaearctic
A. leptoneuros – Palaearctic
A parasitoid recorded on various kermesid scale insects and also on the tortricid moth Carpocapsa pomonella and the fellow eulophid Tetrastichus pachyneurus
A. levadiensis – Greece
A. ligus – Britain
A. lituratus – Poland
A. longiclava – Far eastern Russia
A. longipectus – Southern Russia (Astrakhan Oblast)
A. longiscapus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. longispinus – Far eastern Russia
A. longistigma – Far eastern Russia
A. longulus – Europe
A. lutescens – Spain
A parasitoid on the fellow chalcidoid Blascoa ephedrae (Pteromalidae)
A. luteus – Europe
A parasitoid on various gall midges and fellow eulophids (including Aprostocetus elongatus)
A. lycidas – Europe, North Africa
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. lycidoides – Greece
A. lysippe – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the gall midge Dasineura crataegi
A. malagensis – Spain
A. mandanis – Europe
A parasitoid on various delphacid bugs
A. masculinus – France
A. massonianae – China (Guizhou)
A parasitoid on the bark beetle Cryphalus massonianus
A. maurus – Hungary
A. mazaeus – Britain
A. menius – Palaearctic
A. meridionalis – Southern Europe
A. meroe – Western Europe
A. metra – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. micantulus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the gall midge Dasineura abietiperda
A. microocellus – Far eastern Russia
A. mimulus – Greece
A. minimus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of gall midges of the genus Rabdophaga
A. miridivorus – France, Italy
A parasitoid of various mirid bugs
A. moldavicus – Moldova
A parasitoid on the gall midge Dasineura mali
A. morairensis – Spain
A. muiri – China (Guangdong)
A. mycerinus – Palaearctic
Host unknown but associated with Salix spp
A. myrsus – Britain
A parasitoid on the gall midge Contarinia rumicis
A. natans – Central Russia, Ukraine
A parasitoid on various dytiscid beetles
A. nigriventris – Far eastern Russia
A. novatus – Europe
A parasitoid on the gall midge Agevillea abietis
A. nubigenus – Palaearctic
A. nymphis – Britain
A. obliquus – Palaearctic
A. occidentalis – Southern Europe, Canary Islands, Madeira
A. oculisetatus – Far eastern Russia
A. oreophilus – Europe
A parasitoid recorded on the leaf beetle Cryptocephalus pini and the gall wasp Cynips caputmedusae
A. orestes – Central Europe
A. orithyia – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of various flies (gall midges and the chloropid Lipara lucens)
A. oropus – Britain
A. ovivorax – Europe
A parasitoid of the cricket Oecanthus pellucens
A. pachyneuros – Europe
A parasitoid on various kermesid scale insects and fellow chalcidoids
A. pallidipedes – Far eastern Russia
A. pallidipes – Japan
A. palustris – Northern Europe
A. pantshenkoi – Southern Russia
A. paralus – Britain
A. peischula – Far eastern Russia
A. perfulvescens – Greece
A. perone – Northern Europe
A. phillyreae – Palaearctic
Host unknown but associated with Phillyrea spp
A. phineus – Europe
A. phloeophthori – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the bark beetle Phloeophthorus rhododactylus
A. phragmiticola – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa
A. phragmitinus – Europe
Host unknown but associated with Phragmites spp
A. ping – Spain
A. plagioderae – Moldova
A parasitoid on the leaf beetle Plagiodera versicolora
A. plangon – Britain
A. planiusculus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on sesiid moths of the genus Chamaesphecia
A. polygoni – Central Europe
Host unknown but associated with Polygonum persicaria
A. popovi – Far eastern Russia
A. problematicus – Hungary
A parasitoid recorded on the gall wasp Chilaspis nitida and gracillariid moths of the genus Lithocolletis
A. productus – Palaearctic
A. prolidice – Palaearctic
A. prolixus – China (Hebei), Taiwan
A parasitoid on the longhorn beetle Apriona germarii
A. prosymna – Britain
A. pseudopodiellus – Europe
A parasitoid on lestid damselflies of the genus Lestes
A. ptarmicae – Europe
A parasitoid of gall midges of the genus Rhopalomyia
A. rhacius – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of the gall midge Dasineura trifolii
A. rhipheus – Europe
A. rhode – Britain
A. rimskykorsakovi – Central Russia
A. roesellae – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges, also recorded on fellow chalcidoids and the yponomeutid moth Argyresthia conjugella
A. rubi – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of the gall midge Lasioptera rubi
A. rubicola – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of the gall midge Lasioptera rubi
A. rufescens – Western Europe
A parasitoid of the gall wasp Neuroterus quercusbaccarum
A. rufiscapus – Britain
A. rufus – Europe
A parasitoid on dytiscid beetles of the genus Dytiscus
A. rumicis – Northern Europe
A parasitoid on brentid weevils of the genus Apion
A. salictorum – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. schambala – Far eastern Russia
A. scoticus – Britain
A parasitoid of the gall midge Jaapiella veronicae
A. sensuna – Switzerland
A. serratularum – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various tephritid flies, also on gelechiid moths of the genus Metzneria
A. setosulus – Central Europe
A. sibiricus – Far eastern Russia
A parasitoid of the coccid scale insect Eulecanium secretum
A. silaceus – Greece
A. silvestris – Far eastern Russia
A. spassk – Far eastern Russia
A. specularis – France
A. stenus – Europe
A. stigmaticalis – Britain
Host unknown but associated with Betula pubescens
A. subanellatus – Palaearctic
Host unknown but associated with Agrostis spp.
A. subcylindricus – Czech Republic
A. subplanus – Central Europe
A. subterraneus – Hungary
A parasitoid of the gall midge Planetella frireni
A. suevius – Europe
A parasitoid on various leaf beetles
A. taiga – Far eastern Russia
A. tanaceticola – Northern Europe
A parasitoid of the gall midge Rhopalomyia tanaceticola
A. taxi – Europe
Host unknown but associated with Taxus baccata
A. tenuiradialis – Europe
A. tiliaceae – Czech Republic
A parasitoid of the gall midge Didymomyia tiliacea
A. tilicola – Palaearctic
A parasitoid of the gall midge Contarinia tiliarum
A. tompanus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on apionid beetles of the genus Apion
A. torquentis – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. totis – Britain
A. trjapitzini – Palaearctic, Near East
A parasitoid on various coccid scale insects, also recorded on a fellow chalcidoid, the encyrtid Microterys hortulanus
A. truncatulus – France
A. tymber – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. vaccus – Britain
A. vassolensis – Central Europe
A. veronicae – Britain
A parasitoid of the gall midge Jaapiella veronicae
A. verticalis – Britain
A. verutus – Palaearctic
Host unknown but associated with various grasses
A. viatorum – Madeira
A. vicinus – Far eastern Russia
A. viridescens – Central Europe
A parasitoid of the gall midge Cecidomyia baeri
A. viridinitens – Palaearctic
A. volgodonicus – Southern Russia
A. voranus – Britain
A. westwoodii – Central and Southern Europe
A parasitoid of gall midges of the genus Asphondylia
A. wrangeli – Far eastern Russia
A. xanthomelas – Central Europe
A. xanthopus – Palaearctic
A parasitoid on various moths, also recorded on the bark beetle Carphoborus minimus
A. xeuxes – Britain
A. zerovae – Ukraine, Central Russia
A. zoilus – Palaearctic
Host unknown but associated with Alopecurus pratensis
Indomalayan species
A. ajmerensis – India (Rajasthan)
A parasitoid on the mealybug Coccidohystrix insolita
A. annulicornis – India (Rajasthan)
A parasitoid on the mealybug Coccidohystrix insolita
A. asphondyliae – India (Karnataka)
A parasitoid on the gall midge Asphondylia pongamiae
A. bangaloricus – India (Karnataka)
A parasitoid on the kerriid scale insect Kerria lacca
A. basalis – Indonesia (South Moluccas)
A. coimbatorensis – India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. distinguendus – Indonesia (South Moluccas)
A parasitoid on the delphacid bug Perkinsiella saccharicida
A. flavidus – India (Andhra Pradesh)
A. holochlorus – Indonesia (South Moluccas)
A. homochromus – Indonesia (South Moluccas)
A parasitoid on the delphacid bug Perkinsiella vastatrix
A. java – Indonesia (Java, Bali)
A. kuriani – India (Orissa)
A parasitoid on various pyralid moths
A. lasallei – India (Uttarakhand)
A parasitoid on various coccid scale insects
A. lecanii – Indonesia (Java, Bali)
A parasitoid on various coccid scale insects
A. maculatus – India (Uttar Pradesh)
A parasitoid on the mealybug Ferrisia virgata
A. metallicus – Indonesia (South Moluccas)
A. nainitalensis – India (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh)
A parasitoid on the kerriid bug Kerria lacca
A. nigricornis – India (Uttar Pradesh)
A parasitoid on the mealybug Nipaecoccus vastator
A. plesispae – Indonesia (Java, Bali)
A parasitoid on the leaf beetle Plesispa reichei
A. psyllidis – India (Uttar Pradesh)
Host unknown but associated with Grewia asiatica
A. purpureus – Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Malaysia
A parasitoid on a wide range of scale insects, also recorded on some fellow chalcidoids
A. sankarani – India
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. santalinus – India (Karnataka)
A parasitoid on the coccid scale insect Ceroplastes actiniformis
A. tarsalis – Indonesia (South Moluccas)
A parasitoid on delphacid bugs of the genus Perkinsiella
A. versicolor – Sri Lanka
A parasitoid recorded on various hymenopterans and moths
A. yoshimotoi – India (Uttar Pradesh)
Host unknown but associated with Mangifera indica
Afrotropical species
A. aeruginosus – Seychelles
A. agnatus – Seychelles
A. ambilobei – Madagascar
A. ankaratrae – Madagascar
A. aphloiae – Madagascar
A. aspidomorphae – Kenya, Uganda
A parasitoid on tortoise beetles of the genera Aspidomorpha and Conchyloctenia
A. brevistylus – Central Africa
A parasitoid on the diopsid fly Diopsis thoracica
A. camerounensis – Cameroon
A. cassidocida – Senegal
A parasitoid on tortoise beetles of the genus Aspidomorpha
A. dineuri – Republic of Congo
A parasitoid recorded on the pyralid moth Sylepta derogata and the braconid wasp Apanteles sagax
A. dolichocerus – Seychelles
A. ghananensis – Ghana
A. gowdeyi – Uganda
A parasitoid on the coccid scale insect Pulvinaria jacksoni
A. gravans – Eritrea, Tanzania
A parasitoid on the coccid scale insect Coccus viridis and the mealybug Ferrisiana chrysophyllae
A. hanangensis – Tanzania
A. harongae – Madagascar
A. hofferi – Algeria
A. lamiicidus – Ghana, Nigeria
A parasitoid on longhorn beetles of the genus Tragocephala
A. leroyi – Democratic Republic of the Congo
A. leucopterae – Tanzania
A parasitoid on various lyonetiid moths of the genus Leucoptera, also recorded on fellow eulophids of the genus Eulophus
A. longiscutulum – Tanzania
A. marinikius – Algeria
A. melichlorus – Ghana
A. microfuniculus – Algeria
A. negetae – Senegal
A parasitoid on the noctuid moth Negeta luminosa
A. nigriceps – Seychelles
A. pauliani – Madagascar
A parasitoid on gall-producing insects on Plectronia spp
A. phytolymae – Côte d'Ivoire
A parasitoid of the psyllid bug Phytolyma lata
A. procerae – West Africa
A parasitoid on various gall midges, also recorded on the pyralid moth Chilo phaeosema
A. regnieri – Congo, Kenya
A. roseveari – Central Africa
A parasitoid on the psyllid bug Phytolyma lata
A. salebrosus – Central Africa
A parasitoid on the psyllid bug Phytolyma lata
A. scutellaris – Tanzania
A. senegalensis – Senegal
A. spinicornis – Rwanda
A. stictococci – West Africa
A parasitoid on stictococcid scale insects of the genus Stictococcus
A. theioneurus – Kenya, Madagascar, Seychelles
A parasitoid recorded on the pyralid moth Chilo partellus and the braconid wasp Cotesia sesamiae
A. trichionotus – Central Africa
A parasitoid on the psyllid bug Phytolyma lata
A. ugandaensis – Uganda
A parasitoid on the stictococcid scale insect Stictococcus gowdeyi
Nearctic species
A. ajax – Northern United States
A. americanus
A. animus – Mexico, New Mexico
A. anthophilus – South eastern Canada, north eastern United States
A parasitoid recorded on the gall midge Rhopalomyia anthophila and the totricid moth Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana
A. anthracinus – Western North America
A parasitoid on the buprestid beetle Agrilus angelicus
A. banksii – Eastern United States
A parasitoid on a fellow eulophid, Horismenus nitans
A. blastophagi – Eastern United States
A parasitoid on the gall wasp Callirhytis blastophaga
A. blattae – Eastern United States
A parasitoid on cockroaches of the genus Parcoblatta
A. burksi – California
A parasitoid on various gall wasps
A. cassidis – Eastern United States
A parasitoid on various leaf beetles
A. cincinnatus
A. esurus – Canada, United States
A parasitoid recorded on a very wide range of insects – mainly Lepidoptera (Arctiidae, Lasiocampidae, Lymantriidae, Noctuidae, Oecophoridae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae) but also Coleophoridae (Coccinellidae), Diptera (Tephritidae) and Hymenoptera (Encyrtidae)
A. faustus – Central and western United States
A parasitoid on tephritid flies of the genus Rhagoletis
A. florida – Florida
A. garryana – Western Canada and United States
A parasitoid of various gall wasps
A. gelastus – Florida
A parasitoid on various psyllid and triozid bugs
A. gibboni – Central United States
A parasitoid on the languriid beetle Languria mozardi
A. granulatus
A. hesperius – Illinois
A parasitoid on the gall wasp Diplolepis ignota
A. hibus – California
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. hillmeadia – Maryland
A. homeri – Western United States
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. impexus – Virginia
A parasitoid on the gall wasp Disholcaspis quercusglobulus
A. irvingi – New Mexico
A. ischnopterae – Central and eastern United States
A parasitoid on various ectobiid cockroaches
A. juniperi – Canada, northern United States
A parasitoid recorded on various hosts including the eriophyid mite Trisetacus quadrisetus, the curculionid weevil Anthonomus juniperinus and various gall midges
A. kansasia – Kansas
A. lasius – Central United States
A parasitoid on the gall midge Asteromyia agrostis
A. longicorpus – New Mexico
A parasitoid on the tortricid moth Rhyacionia frustrana
A. marcovitchi – United States
A parasitoid recorded on various hosts including gall midges, fellow chalcidoids and the curculionid weevil Anthonomus juniperinus
A. marilandia – Maryland
A. meltoftei – Greenland
A. milleri – California
A parasitoid on the gelechiid moth Recurvaria milleri
A. mymaridis – Illinois
A parasitoid on lestid damselflies of the genus Lestes
A. nebraskensis – Eastern Canada, United States
A parasitoid on various gall midges, also recorded on the curculionid weevil Hypera nigrirostris
A. neuroteri – Central and eastern United States
A parasitoid on gall wasps of the genus Neuroterus
A. novus – Central and eastern United States
A. Oklahoma – Central United States
A parasitoid on fellow chalcidoids (family Eurytomidae)
A. oncideridis – West Virginia
A parasitoid on the longhorn beetle Oncideres cingulata
A. orbitalis – Mexico, California
A. oviductus – Maryland
A. pandora – Oregon
A parasitoid on the saturniid moth Coloradia pandora
A. pattersonae – United States
A parasitoid on various gall wasps
A. politi – Eastern and southern United States
A parasitoid on the gall wasp Xanthoteras politum
A. polynemae – Central and eastern United States
A parasitoid on various Odonata and the fairyfly Polynema needhami
A. psyllaephagus – Arizona
A parasitoid on the triozid bug Trioza collaris
A. punctatifrons – Arizona
A parasitoid on the lyonetiid moth Paraleucoptera albella
A. rosae – North America
A parasitoid on gall wasps of the genus Diplolepis
A. semiauraticeps – United States
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. silvaticus – North America
A parasitoid on various moths, also recorded on the diprionid sawfly Neodiprion swainei
A. smilax - Florida
gall inducer on Smilax havanensis
A. strobilus – North America
A parasitoid on various gall midges, also recorded on the tortricid moth Barbara colfaxiana and the ichneumon wasp Glypta evetriae
A. tesserus – Northern United States
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. varicornis – Northeastern United States
A parasitoid on various tortricid moths
A. verrucarii – United States
A parasitoid on gall wasps of the genus Neuroterus
Neotropical species
A. acutipennis – Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
A. arachnophagus – Argentina, Uruguay
A parasitoid on various araneid and theridiid spiders.
A. ashmeadi – Grenada
A. baccharidis – Chile
A. bahiensis – Brazil (Bahia)
Host unknown but associated with Ocotea opoifera
A. basilaris – Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
A. basimaculata – Nicaragua
A. bondari – Brazil (Bahia)
A parasitoid on the pauliniid grasshopper Paulinia elegans
A. brasiliensis – Brazil (Mato Grosso)
A. cacus – Brazil (Bahia)
A. chapadae – South America
A parasitoid recorded on a wide range of insects including weevils, gall midges, coccid scale insects, gelechiid moths and braconid wasps
A. cleonica – Brazil (Bahia)
A. colliguayae – Chile
Phytophagous, causing galls on Colliguaja odorifera
A. coxalis – Grenada
A. cupreus – Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
A. daimachus – Brazil (Bahia)
A. elevatus – Grenada
A. februus – Brazil (Bahia)
A. femoratus – Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
A. hyalinipennis – Paraguay
A. ignigenus – Argentina
A. infulatus – Argentina
A. longicornis – Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
A. melleus – Brazil (Pará)
A. narcaeus – Chile
A. naucles – Chile
Host unknown but associated with Prosopis tamarugo
A. norax – Chile
A parasitoid on the lasiocampid moth Macromphalia dedecora
A. phryno – Brazil (Bahia)
A. polypaea – Chile
A. punctifrons – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
A. riverai – South America
A parasitoid of theridiid spiders of the genus Latrodectus
A. similis – Grenada
A. socialis – Chile
A. thomasi – Chile
A. vaquitarum – South America, Caribbean
A parasitoid recorded on the curculionid weevil Lachnopus coffeae and the elachistid moth Donacivola saccharella
A. viridis – Grenada
A. vulgaris – Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
A. xenocles – Chile
A parasitoid of coccid scale insects of the genus Ceroplastes
A. zemani – South America
A parasitoid of various coccid scale insects
Australasian species
A. acomatus – Queensland
A. acuminativentris – Queensland
A. acuminatus – Queensland
A. acutiventris – Queensland
A. aeneithorax – Queensland
A. aeneoculex – Queensland
A parasitoid of leaf beetles of the genus Galeruca
A. aeneon – Queensland
A. aenosus – Queensland
A. aeneus – Queensland
A. affinis – Queensland
A. anna – Queensland
A. arses – Tasmania
A. atrellus – Queensland
A. atristigma – Queensland
A. atriventris – Queensland
A. aura – Queensland
A. auriflavus – Queensland
A parasitoid associated with gall producing insects on Eucalyptus
A. aurios – Queensland
A. auriscutellum – Queensland
A. auriventris – Queensland
A. australicus – Queensland
A. baucis – Western Australia
A. bicolor – Queensland
A. bilongifasciatus – Queensland
A. boswelli – Queensland
A. boussingaulti – Queensland
A. brevis – Queensland
A. brevistigma – South Australia
A. brunneiventris – Queensland
A. brunneus – Queensland
A. burmeisteri – Northern Territory
A. cinctiventer – Queensland
A. cinctiventris – New South Wales
A. cobdeni – Queensland
A. consimilis – Queensland
A. consobrinus – Queensland
A parasitoid associated with gall producing insects on Eucalyptus
A. cressoni – Queensland
A. culex – Queensland
A. darwini – Queensland
A. darwinianus – Queensland
A. decii – Queensland
A. dei – Queensland
A. dymas – Tasmania
A. eucalypti – South Australia
A parasitoid on fellow chalcidoids: recorded on Rhicnopletella spp. (Eulophidae) and Neomegastigmus ater (Torymidae)
A. fannius – Tasmania
A. fasciativenter – Tasmania
A. fasciativentris – New South Wales
A. fasciativentrosus – Queensland
A. filiformis – New South Wales
A. flavellinus – Queensland
A. flavellus – Queensland
A. flavicaput – Queensland
A. flavicollis – Queensland
A. flavicornis – Queensland
A. flavios – Queensland
A. flavipostscutellum – Queensland
A. flaviscapus – Queensland
A. flaviscutellum – Queensland
A. flavobasalis – Queensland
A. flavus – Queensland
A. froggatti – New South Wales
A. fulgens – Queensland
A. fulvipostscutellum – Queensland
A. fuscipennatus – South Australia
A. fuscipennis – Queensland
A. fuscitibiae – Tasmania
A. fuscosus – Queensland
A. fuscus – Queensland
A. gloriosus – Queensland
A. glycon – Tasmania
A. gobius – Queensland
A. gregi – Queensland
A. grotiusi – Queensland
A. guttatus – Queensland
A. haeckeli – Queensland
A. handeli – Queensland
A. hetaericos – Queensland
A. hexguttativentris – Queensland
A. hyalinus – Queensland
A. imago – New South Wales
A. imperialis – Queensland
A. indigenus – Queensland
A. inghamensis – Queensland
A. intentatus – Queensland
A. io – Queensland
A. ion – Queensland
A. kelloggi – Queensland
A. latithorax – Queensland
A. lelaps – Western Australia
A. lenini – Queensland
A. limbus – Tasmania
A. lineatus – Queensland
A. longiclavus – Queensland
A. longipennis – Queensland
A. longiventris – Queensland
A. lustris – Queensland
A. mahometi – Queensland
A. marginatus – Queensland
A. margiscutellum – Queensland
A. margiscutum – Queensland
A parasitoid associated with gall producing insects on Eucalyptus
A. margiventris – Queensland
A. margiventrosus – Queensland
A. maximus – Queensland
A. meridialis – Queensland
A. meridianus – Victoria
A. mesmeri – Queensland
A. minutissimus – Queensland
A. mirus – Queensland
A. misericordia – Queensland
A. montanus – Queensland
A. monticola – Queensland
A. morum – Queensland
A. multifasciatus – Queensland
A. necopinatus – Queensland
A. neis – Tasmania
A. nelsonensis – Queensland
A. nigriclava – Queensland
A. nigrithorax – Queensland
A. nomadis – Queensland
A. novifasciatus – Queensland
A. nubilipennis – Queensland
A. nugatorius – Queensland
A. nympha – Queensland
A. obscurus – Queensland
A. occultus – Queensland
A. octoguttatus – New South Wales
A. pallidicaput – Queensland
A. pallidiventris – Queensland
A. parvulus – Queensland
A. pax – Queensland
A. perkinsi – Queensland
A. perobscurus – South Australia
A. perpulcher – Queensland
A. platoni – Queensland
A. polychromus – Northern Territory
A. pomosus – Queensland
A. pontiac – South Australia
A. postscutellatus – Queensland
A. proto – Tasmania
A. pulcher – Queensland
A. pulchrinotatus – Queensland
A. pullus – Queensland
A. purpureicorpus – Queensland
A. purpureithorax – Queensland
A. purpureivarius – Queensland
A. quadrifasciatus – Queensland
A. quadriguttativentris – Queensland
A. quadrimaculae – Queensland
A. quadrimaculatus – Queensland
A. queenslandensis – Queensland
A. quinqnigrimaculae – Victoria
A parasitoid associated with gall producing insects on Eucalyptus
A. rieki – Queensland
A. rotundiventris – Queensland
A. rufiscutellum – Queensland
A. saintpierrei – Queensland
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. saltensis – Queensland
A. salto – Queensland
A. saltus – Queensland
A. sannio – Queensland
A. sannion – Queensland
A. schilleri – Queensland
A. secus – Queensland
A parasitoid associated with gall producing insects on Eucalyptus
A. semiflaviceps – Queensland
A. septemguttatus – Queensland
A. sexguttatus – Queensland
A. seymourensis – Queensland
A. silvarum – Queensland
A. silvensis – Queensland
A. speciosissimus – Queensland
A. speciosus – Queensland
A. spissigradus – Queensland
A. subfasciativentris – Queensland
A. sublustris – Queensland
A. sulcatus – Queensland
A. sulfureiventris – Queensland
A parasitoid on various gall midges
A. susurrus – Queensland
A. tarsatus – Queensland
A. teiae – Queensland
A parasitoid on lymantriid moths of the genus Teia, also recorded on the leaf beetle Galeruca semipullata
A. tenuis – Queensland
A. thalesi – Queensland
A. transversifasciatus – New South Wales
A. tricolor – Queensland
A parasitoid associated with gall producing insects on Eucalyptus
A. trifasciatus – Queensland
A. trimaculosus – Queensland
A. unfasciativentris – Queensland
A. valens – Tasmania
A. varicolor – Queensland
A. variegatus – Queensland
A. verus – Victoria
A. victoriensis – Victoria
A parasitoid on various gall wasps
A. viridicyaneus – Queensland
A. viridiflavus – Queensland
A. viridiscapus – Queensland
A. viridithorax – Queensland
A. vivatus – Queensland
A. wallacei – Queensland
A. walsinghami – Victoria
A. xanther – Northern Territory, Queensland
A. xanthicolor – Queensland
A. xenares – New South Wales, Tasmania
A. zaleucus – Tasmania
References
External links
Fauna Europaea
Nomina Insecta Nearctica
Universal Chalcidoidea Database
Eulophidae
Cosmopolitan insects |
3942385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarthur%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Macarthur, New South Wales | Macarthur is a region in the south-west part of the Greater Sydney area, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The region includes the local government areas of the City of Campbelltown, Camden Council, and Wollondilly Shire. It covers an area of 3,067 square kilometres and has a population of close to 310,000 residents. The region geographically forms the foothills between the Blue Mountains and Southern Highlands regions.
The region is bounded at the north by Glenfield; at the south by Yanderra; at the east by the town of Appin; and at the west by the hamlet Nattai.
Most of the area is taken up by the semi-rural Wollondilly Shire; most of the population lives within the satellite city of Campbelltown and its surrounding suburbs.
The region is one of the fastest-growing regions in the Sydney metropolitan area, with many new modern suburbs sprouting up in recent decades such as Glen Alpine, Macquarie Links, Harrington Park, Blair Athol, Mount Annan, Currans Hill, Englorie Park, Picton, Oran Park, Gregory Hills, Gledswood Hills, Spring Farm and Catherine Field.
Etymology
The region is named after John Macarthur and Elizabeth Macarthur who were founders and pioneers of the Australian wool industry. Founded on land owned by the Macarthurs and surveyed by Sir Thomas Mitchell, the town of Camden was named for Lord Camden, who, during his brief tenure as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies had secured the initial land grant for John Macarthur who was then in England. The original Macarthur family property covered the three local councils (Camden Council, Campbelltown City Council and Wollondilly Shire) that are within the region.
Geography
The region is generally regarded as the area where the city of Sydney meets rural countryside of regional New South Wales, and is considered to be part of the south west part of the Greater Sydney area. Campbelltown and Camden were once rural towns which formed the nucleus of new urban communities created following the Three Cities Structure Plan 1973.
The Wollondilly Shire which makes up the largest Southern part of the region is a mostly rural region with small scale industry and commerce. Notably, the Wollondilly supplies much of Sydney Metropolitan and surrounding areas with water from Warragamba Dam, Cataract Dam in Appin, Cordeaux Dam in Wilton and Avon and Nepean Dams even though located in the Wingecarribee Shire is accessed via road through Wollondilly's Bargo.
The region has thus far recorded two earthquakes in history – one occurring in Appin on March 17, 1999, and one in Picton on March 9, 1973. The Picton one had a damage total of $2.8 million, with some minor damage in Bowral and Wollongong. The earthquakes had a magnitude scale of 4.8 and 5.6, respectively.
Councils
The administrative towns of the Macarthur Region are:
Campbelltown where the seat of chambers of the Campbelltown City Council is based.
Oran Park where the seat of chambers of the Camden Council is based.
Picton where the seat of chambers of the Wollondilly Shire Council is based.
Camden Council announced in May 2012 that it will transfer its administrative headquarters to Oran Park.
History
The history of the region begins over 40,000 years ago and is contained in the continuing culture of the Tharawal people. The land still contains reminders of their past lives in rock engravings, cave paintings, axe grinding grooves and shell middens. Their culture also remains in the surviving songs, stories and descendants. The lands of the Tharawal language Nation extended from approximately Botany Bay to Shoalhaven and to the foothills of the mountain ranges. The principal symbol of the Tharawal nation is the lyrebird.
European history began in 1788 shortly after settlement at Sydney Cove, when the colony's entire herd of cattle (four cows and two bulls) strayed from their enclosure and were lost. In 1795 a greatly enlarged herd of 61 cattle were discovered on the grassy land between the Nepean River and Georges River. This area was promptly named the "Cowpastures" – and was deemed a restricted area to provide ongoing protection for the herd; this restriction was short-lived as the herd, deemed too aggressive to be tamed, was destroyed. The early settlement of the area was described by Lachlan Macquarie in his journals, whose accounts include the description of Elizabeth Macarthur being met in a 'miserable' bark hut, the only accommodation then existing at Camden Park. In 1803, John Macarthur had been granted 5,000 acres (20 km²) at the Cowpastures and began grazing Merino sheep. His sons William and James introduced viticulture and a commercial nursery, and a successful dairy was founded by Emily Stone, James' wife.
The region is steeped in history with statesmen, adventurers, larrikins and villains all having an association with the Macarthur region which makes it a tourist destination.
Local attractions
Major attractions of Camden are:
Australian Botanic Garden, Mt Annan, Mount Annan
Mount Annan Botanic Gardens is a botanic garden opened in 1988. It is currently the largest botanic gardens in Australia and is administered by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. It is home to a large collection of native plants, and includes facilities such as picnic areas (with barbecues), walking trails and a restaurant.
Camden Park Estate, Camden
Camden Park Estate was the country property of Australian Wool Pioneers John Macarthur and his wife Elizabeth Macarthur, and became the principal residence of their family after John's death. Centrepiece of the original 2023.5 hectares (5000 acres) granted to Macarthur by the Governor of New South Wales, at the request of Lord Camden, is Camden Park House, designed by John Verge in the neo-Palladian style favoured by the colony's wealthy pastoral 'exclusives', and built between 1832 and 1834; Macarthur himself did not live to see the house completed. Currently, the house remains on 388.5 hectares (960 acres) of the original estate. Macarthur's descendants still reside on the house and property.
Adjacent to Camden Park, though once within its extent, is Belgenny Farm, which is popularly called the "Birthplace of Australia's Agriculture". Designed by architect Henry Kitchen, Belgenny Cottage was built c1821 and was mentioned in Kitchen's submission to Commissioner John Thomas Bigge's enquiry into the state of the colony under Governor Lachlan Macquarie. This original 'cottage ornée', which was demolished in the early 1900s and replaced with the current weatherboard structure, was used by the family when visiting the property until the construction of Camden Park House on an adjacent hilltop. John Macarthur himself died in the cottage in 1834, and was buried in the family cemetery immediately to the south. Currently, the farm is home to descendants of sheep that were brought by the Macarthurs and has a functioning vineyard that produces wine as well as orchards. A 2010 archaeological survey and dig to the north of Belgenny may have determined the location of the original 'miserable hut'.
Camden Valley Golf Resort, Catherine Field
Camden Valley Golf Resort, opened in 1964 by architect Prosper Ellis, is a popular 27 hole golf course. Facilities include a clubhouse and brasserie.
Wollondilly Shire
Major attractions of Wollondilly are:
Sydney Skydivers at Picton
Sydney Skydivers is Australia's largest multi-state skydive operator in Australia and operates a Skydiving Centre off the Hume Highway junction off Picton. This Skydiving Centre is the closest self-contained Skydiving Centre near Sydney that does tandem and various other forms of skydiving.
The Centre is located 55min from the Sydney CBD and operates 7 days a week. The head office of Sydney Skydivers is located at 677 Tower Road Bankstown Airport. Skydiving is only from the centre at Picton.
Antill Park Country Golf Club, Picton
Antill Park Country Golf Club is the largest golf course in the Wollondilly Shire. It has 18 holes. Moreover, the Golf Clubhouse was built in 1863 by John Macquarie Antill Snr., and is historic to the local area.
Wirrimbirra Sanctuary, Bargo
Wirrimbirra Sanctuary is a small 95 hectare reserve and property that is under the authority of the National Trust of Australia that was given by Thistle Harris who opened the park in the 1960s. Thistle opened reserve as a tribute to her late husband and preserve 'Bargo Brush' plants and animals as Bargo is believed to be the first areas where colonial explorers saw the lyrebird, koala and wombat.
The sanctuary is open to the public where it promotes Australian environmental and wildlife issues, propagates Australian native plants and showcase native Australian animals. Currently, a dingo sanctuary is being constructed.
Mushroom Tunnel, Picton
Mushroom Tunnel is located just off the Remembrance Driveway (Old Hume Highway) heading towards Tahmoor and was built in 1867. It is considered one of the earliest pre-Federation railway tunnels in New South Wales. In 1919 the 65-metre-long tunnel fell into disuse when a new railway deviation was built. The tunnel then served as a mushroom farm and ammunition storage facility during the war years. Currently the tunnel is empty although it is popular with ghost-hunters due to many local folk tales claiming that it is haunted. Subsequently, it has been featured by both print and television media.
NSW Rail Museum, Thirlmere
Thirlmere Lakes National Park, Couridjah
Thirlmere Lakes National Park is part of the Blue Mountains Heritage Area in which the park consists of 5 important freshwaters lakes that are abundant in waterbirds and native reeds. The lakes are among the last undisturbed lakes within the proximity of Sydney and are believed to have high ecosystem-related and environmental scientific value. (For more information, see Thirlmere Lakes National Park.)
Campbelltown City
Major attractions of Campbelltown are:
Macarthur Square, Campbelltown
Macarthur Square is the biggest shopping centre in the Macarthur region and caters for the entire region. It contains over 300 shops and includes the department stores Big W, Target and David Jones. Macarthur Square is located in the suburb of Ambarvale, New South Wales, which is about 1 km south of Campbelltown's CBD. It is located adjacent to Macarthur railway station and University of Western Sydney, Macarthur.
Eschol Park House, Eschol Park
Campbelltown City Arts Centre, Campbelltown
Campbelltown City Arts Centre is one of the largest art galleries and exhibitions centres in the Macarthur Region. It is home to Campbelltown Bicentennial Art Gallery, which contains both permanent contemporary art collections and temporary exhibitions. The centre also does art workshops and performing arts.
The centre is well known for promoting multicultural-themed art and Indigenous Australian art.
The Japanese Tea Garden is also found within the arts centre. It was a gift from the Japanese city of Koshigaya, the sister city of Campbelltown.
Campbelltown Sports Stadium, Leumeah
The Campbelltown Sports Stadium caters for 21,000 and has grandstand seating for 9,000. It is one of the home stadiums for the Wests Tigers NRL Team. Moreover, the team's leagues club is located adjacent to the stadium as well as an athletics centre and large tennis court complex. Campbelltown Sports Stadium is also the home of the region's new A-League club Macarthur FC.
Campbelltown Catholic Club, Campbelltown
Campbelltown Catholic Club is the largest club in the Macarthur Region. The club notably owns and has shares in The Cube (Campbelltown Convention Centre), Aquafit Gym and the Rydges Hotel located adjacent to the club.
Organisations and media
Macarthur Tourism – The official tourism organisation of the Macarthur Region. It looks after the tourism of three 3 councils of the Region; Wollondilly, Camden and Campbelltown.
Macarthur Credit Union – The official local credit union bank that caters exclusively for the residents of the Wollondilly, Camden and Campbelltown.
Macarthur Chronicle – A News Limited owned organisation that manage the three local edition newspapers to the specific LGAs that make up the region: Macarthur Chronicle Wollondilly, Macarthur Chronicle Campbelltown and Macarthur Chronicle Camden. The organisation is based in Campbelltown.
C91.3 – A commercial radio station broadcasting on 91.3 FM.
Vintage FM – A commercial radio station broadcasting on 88.7 FM.
2MCR – A community radio station broadcasting on 100.3 FM.
Astronomy
The Campbelltown Rotary Observatory is located at the University of Western Sydney (Campbelltown Campus) and Macarthur Astronomical Society holds public lectures at the Macarthur Astronomy Forum and public observing nights at selected locations.
References
Sources
The State Planning Authority of NSW, 1973, The New Cities of Campbelltown, Camden and Appin: Structure Plan.
External links
Macarthur Tourism official website
Picton Chamber of Commerce
Regions of Sydney
South Western Sydney |
24791194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862%20in%20the%20United%20States | 1862 in the United States | Events from the year 1862 in the United States. You forgot the invention of A1 steak sauce in the middle of the Civil war...
Incumbents
Federal government
President: Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois)
Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin (R-Maine)
Chief Justice: Roger B. Taney (Maryland)
Speaker of the House of Representatives: Galusha A. Grow (R-Pennsylvania)
Congress: 37th
Events
January
January 3 – American Civil War: Battle of Cockpit Point fought in Virginia.
January 8 – American Civil War: Battle of Roan's Tan Yard in Missouri.
January 10 – John Gately Downey, 7th Governor of California, is succeeded by Amasa Leland Stanford.
January 19 – American Civil War: Battle of Mill Springs in Kentucky.
January 30 – The first U.S. ironclad warship, , is launched at Greenpoint, Brooklyn.
January 31 – Alvan Graham Clark makes the first observation of Sirius B, a white dwarf star, through an eighteen-inch telescope at Northwestern University.
In the Great Flood of 1862, San Francisco receives of rainfall for January, its highest monthly rainfall on record, and the “rain year” total from July 1861 to June of is also the highest ever.
February
February 1 – Julia Ward Howe's Battle Hymn of the Republic is published for the first time in the Atlantic Monthly.
February 6 – American Civil War: General Ulysses S. Grant gives the Union Army its first major victory of the war, by capturing Fort Henry, Tennessee.
February 15 – American Civil War: General Ulysses S. Grant attacks Fort Donelson, Tennessee and captures it the next day.
February 21 – American Civil War: Battle of Valverde fought near Fort Craig in New Mexico Territory.
February 22 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is officially inaugurated in Richmond, Virginia, to a 6-year term as president of the Confederate States of America.
March
March 7 – American Civil War: The Battle of Pea Ridge – The Confederates are shut out of Missouri.
March 8 – American Civil War: The ironclad (formerly USS Merrimack) is launched at Hampton Roads, Virginia.
March 8–9 – American Civil War: Battle of Hampton Roads – The first battle between two ironclad warships, and .
March 13 – American Civil War: The U.S. federal government forbids all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.
March 14 – American Civil War: Battle of New Bern fought in North Carolina.
March 26–28 – American Civil War: Battle of Glorieta Pass – In New Mexico, Union forces succeed in stopping the Confederate invasion of New Mexico Territory.
April
April 5 – American Civil War: Battle of Yorktown – The battle begins when Union forces under General George B. McClellan close in on the Confederate capital Richmond, Virginia.
April 6–7 – American Civil War: Battle of Shiloh – Union Army under General Ulysses S. Grant defeats the Confederates near Shiloh, Tennessee.
April 10 – American Civil War: Battle of Fort Pulaski – Union blockade closes Savannah, Georgia. The Parrott rifle, a field artillery weapon, demonstrates its ability to make masonry forts obsolete.
April 12 – American Civil War: Great Locomotive Chase (Andrews' Raid) – Union volunteers steal Confederate steam railroad locomotive The General in an attempt to sabotage the Western and Atlantic Railroad.
April 16 – Slavery in Washington, D.C., ends when the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act becomes law.
April 25 – American Civil War: Capture of New Orleans – Forces under Union Admiral David Farragut occupy the Confederate city of New Orleans, Louisiana, securing access to the Mississippi.
April 26
American Civil War: The besieged Confederate garrison at Fort Macon, North Carolina surrenders.
The California Anti-Coolie Act.
May
May 2 – The California State Normal School (later San Jose State University) is created by an Act of the California legislature.
May 5 – American Civil War: Battle of Williamsburg – McClellan and Longstreet fight an inconclusive battle in Williamsburg, Virginia.
May 9 – United States Naval Academy is relocated from Annapolis, Maryland to Newport, Rhode Island.
May 11 – American Civil War: The ironclad CSS Virginia is scuttled in the James River northwest of Norfolk, Virginia.
May 15 – President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill into law creating the United States Bureau of Agriculture (later renamed the Department of Agriculture).
May 20 – President Abraham Lincoln signs the Homestead Act into law.
June
June 1 – American Civil War:
Robert E. Lee takes command of the Army of Northern Virginia.
Battle of Fair Oaks – Both sides claim victory.
June 4 – American Civil War: Confederate troops evacuate Fort Pillow on the Mississippi River, leaving the way clear for Union troops to take Memphis, Tennessee.
June 5 – President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill into law allowing for the appointment of diplomats to Liberia and Haiti, the first time Congress had recognized a Black government.
June 6 – American Civil War: Battle of Memphis – Union forces capture Memphis, Tennessee, from the Confederates
June 8 – American Civil War: Battle of Cross Keys – Confederate forces under General Stonewall Jackson save the Army of Northern Virginia from a Union assault on the James Peninsula led by General George B. McClellan.
June 12 – John Winter Robinson, Secretary of State of Kansas, is convicted and removed from office as the result of a bond scandal, becoming the first state executive officers to be impeached and removed from office in U.S. history.
June 19 – Congress passes legislation outlawing slavery in U.S. territories.
June 26 – American Civil War: Battle of Mechanicsville – Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats Union General George McClellan in the first of the Seven Days' Battles.
July
July – Taps first sounded in the Union Army.
July 1
President Abraham Lincoln signs into law the Pacific Railway Acts, authorizing construction of the first transcontinental railroad.
The Bureau of Internal Revenue, forerunner of the Internal Revenue Service, is founded.
July 2 – President Abraham Lincoln signs the Morrill Land Grant Act into law, creating land-grant colleges to teach agricultural and mechanical sciences across the U.S.
July 8 – Theodore Timby is granted a U.S. patent for discharging guns in a revolving turret, using electricity.
July 16 – American Civil War: David G. Farragut becomes the first United States Navy rear admiral.
July 23 – American Civil War: Henry W. Halleck takes command of the Union Army.
July 24 – Martin van Buren, 8th president of the United States, dies at Kinderhook, New York, aged 79.
July 29 – American Civil War: Confederate spy Belle Boyd is arrested by Union forces after her lover betrays her.
August
August 2 – American Civil War: Skirmish at Taberville, Missouri – Union forces force Confederate troops to march south, near Taberville.
August 5 – American Civil War: Battle of Baton Rouge – Along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Confederate troops drive Union forces back into the city.
August 6 – American Civil War: The Confederate ironclad is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering damage in a battle with near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
August 9 – American Civil War: Battle of Cedar Mountain – Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope at Cedar Mountain, Virginia.
August 14 – U. S. President Abraham Lincoln meets with a group of prominent African-Americans – the first time a president has done so. He suggests Black people should migrate to Africa or Central America, but this advice is rejected.
August 17 – Dakota War: A Lakota (Sioux) uprising begins in Minnesota as Lakota Sioux attack white settlements along the Minnesota River. They are overwhelmed by the U.S. military six weeks later.
August 19
Dakota War: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way.
Horace Greeley publishes an editorial, "The Prayer of Twenty Millions", in the New York Tribune, in which he urges President Abraham Lincoln to make abolition of slavery an official aim of the Union war effort.
August 28–30 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Bull Run – Confederate forces inflict a crushing defeat on Union General John Pope.
August 29 – Bureau of Engraving and Printing is formed and begins operation.
September
September 1 – American Civil War: Battle of Chantilly – Confederate General Robert E. Lee leads his forces in an attack on retreating Union troops in Chantilly, Virginia, driving them away.
September 2 – American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Second Bull Run.
September 5 – American Civil War: In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia, into Maryland.
September 17
American Civil War: Battle of Antietam – Union forces defeat Confederate troops at Sharpsburg, Maryland, in the bloodiest day in U.S. history, with over 22,000 casualties.
American Civil War: The Allegheny Arsenal explosion results in the single largest civilian disaster during the war, with 78 workers – mostly young women – being killed.
September 19 – American Civil War: Battle of Iuka – Union troops under Major General William Rosecrans defeat a Confederate force commanded by Major General Sterling Price at Iuka, Mississippi.
September 22 – American Civil War: Preliminary announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln: From January 1, 1863, slaves in the Confederate States will be considered free.
October
October 8 – American Civil War: Battle of Perryville – Union forces under General Don Carlos Buell halt the Confederate invasion of Kentucky by defeating troops led by General Braxton Bragg at Perryville, Kentucky.
October 11 – American Civil War: In the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam, Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart and his men loot Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, during a raid into the North.
October 24 – American Civil War: Tonkawa massacre – 300 members of the Confederacy-supporting Tonkawa tribe members taking refuge at the Wichita Agency (modern-day Fort Sill) are attacked by a large group of pro-Union Indians. An estimated 137 Tonkawas are killed, including their chief, Ha-shu-ka-na ("Can't Kill Him"). The completely-demoralized survivors flee to Fort Griffin in Texas in 1863. They return to Indian Territory in 1885 and settle near Fort Oakland (modern-day Tonkawa, Oklahoma).
November
November 4 – Richard Jordan Gatling patents the Gatling gun.
November 5
American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln removes George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army. Ambrose Burnside is assigned command of the Army of the Potomac.
Dakota War: In Minnesota, more than 300 Santee Sioux are found guilty of rape and murder of white settlers and are sentenced to hang.
November 14 – American Civil War: Union President Abraham Lincoln approves General Ambrose Burnside's plan to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia (this leads to a dramatic Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13).
November 28 – American Civil War: Battle of Cane Hill – Union troops led by General John Blunt push back Confederate forces commanded by General John Marmaduke into northwestern Arkansas' Boston Mountains.
December
December 1 – In his State of the Union Address, President Abraham Lincoln reaffirms the necessity of ending slavery as affirmed in the Emancipation Proclamation.
December 2 – The first U.S. Navy hospital ships enter service.
December 12 – American Civil War: Yazoo Pass Expedition – Union ironclad gunboat is sunk by a remotely-detonated "torpedo" (naval mine) while clearing mines from the Yazoo River, the first armored ship sunk by mine.
December 13 – American Civil War: Battle of Fredericksburg – The Union Army suffers massive casualties and abandons attempts to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.
December 17 – General Order No. 11, expelling all Jews in his military district, is issued by General Ulysses S. Grant (it is rescinded a few weeks later).
December 20 – American Civil War: Confederate Army Brigadier General Nathan Bedford Forrest occupies Trenton, Kentucky.
December 26 – Dakota War: William D. Duly hangs 38 Dakota Sioux in Minnesota.
December 26–29 – American Civil War: Battle of Chickasaw Bayou – Another victory for the Confederate Army, outnumbered 2 to 1, results in 6 times as many Union casualties, defeating several assaults coordinated by Union commander William T. Sherman.
December 30 – sinks off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
December 31 – American Civil War:
President Abraham Lincoln signs an act that admits West Virginia to the Union (thus dividing Virginia in two).
The Battle of Stones River opens near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
Undated
A smallpox epidemic breaks out in California.
Stephen Foster writes "Willie Has Gone to War" (lyrics by George Cooper).
Ongoing
American Civil War (1861–1865)
Births
January 9 – Carrie Clark Ward, silent film character actress (died 1926)
January 10 – Harriet Mabel Spalding, litterateur and poet (died 1935)
January 15 – Loie Fuller, dancer (died 1928)
January 24 – Edith Wharton, fiction writer (died 1937)
January 31 – Robert Ford, American outlaw, killer of Jesse James (died 1892)
February 2
George Arthur Boeckling, businessman, president of Cedar Point Pleasure Company (died 1931)
Edward Nelson Woodruff, politician (died 1947)
February 7 – Bernard Maybeck, Arts and Crafts architect (died 1957)
February 18 – Charles M. Schwab, steel magnate (died 1939)
March 2 – John Jay Chapman, writer (died 1923)
March 13 – Jane Delano, founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service (died 1919)
March 21 – Elmer Samuel Hosmer, composer (died 1945)
March 24 – Frank Weston Benson, Impressionist painter (died 1951)
March 25 – William E. Johnson, leader of the Anti-Saloon League (died 1945)
April 2 – Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia University and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 1947)
April 11 – Charles Evans Hughes, lawyer and statesman (died 1948)
April 26 – Edmund C. Tarbell, Impressionist painter (died 1938)
May 6
Jeff Davis, 20th Governor of Arkansas from 1901 to 1907 and U.S. Senator from Arkansas from 1907 to 1913 (died 1913)
Oscar Underwood, U.S. Senator from Alabama from 1915 to 1927 (died 1929)
May 18 – William Schmedtgen, illustrator (died 1936)
May 27 – John Kendrick Bangs, author and satirist (died 1922)
June 10 – Caroline Louise Dudley, later Mrs. Leslie Carter, stage and silent screen actress (died 1937)
June 12 – James H. Brady, U.S. Senator from Idaho from 1913 to 1918 (died 1918)
June 18 – Carolyn Wells, prolific novelist and poet (died 1942)
July 15 – Frank Putnam Flint, U.S. Senator from California from 1905 to 1911 (died 1929)
July 16 – Ida B. Wells, journalist, suffragist and anti-lynching crusader (died 1931)
July 27 – Arthur Starr Eakle, mineralogist (died 1931)
July 29 – Robert Reid, Impressionist painter (died 1928)
August 11 – Carrie Jacobs-Bond, songwriter (died 1946)
August 15 – Adam Emory Albright, painter (died 1957)
August 16 – Amos Alonzo Stagg, football player (died 1965)
August 30 – Lawrence C. Phipps, U.S. Senator from Colorado from 1919 to 1931 (died 1958)
September 7 – Edgar Speyer, international financier and philanthropist (died 1932 in Germany)
September 11
Hawley Harvey Crippen, medical practitioner and uxoricide (hanged 1910 in the United Kingdom)
O. Henry, born William Sydney Porter, short-story writer (died 1910)
October 6
Joseph Weldon Bailey, U.S. Senator from 1901 to 1911 (died 1929)
Albert J. Beveridge, U.S. Senator from Indiana from 1899 to 1911 (died 1927)
October 26 – Thomas J. Preston, Jr., Professor of Archeology at Princeton University, second husband of Frances Cleveland (widow of President Grover Cleveland) (died 1955)
November 3 – Henry George, Jr., politician (died 1916)
November 14 – George Washington Vanderbilt II, businessman (died 1914)
November 19 – Billy Sunday, baseball player, evangelist and prohibitionist (died 1935)
December 3 – Charles Grafly, sculptor (died 1929)
December 5 – William Walker Atkinson, spiritual writer (died 1932)
December 16 – John Fox, Jr., novelist and journalist (died 1919)
Deaths
January 10 – Samuel Colt, inventor (born 1814)
January 18 – John Tyler, tenth president of the United States from 1841 to 1845, tenth vice president of the United States from March to April 1841 (born 1790)
February 11 – Luther V. Bell, psychiatric physician (born 1806)
February 20 – William Wallace "Willie" Lincoln, third son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln (born 1850)
March 2 – Frederick W. Lander, railroad surveyor, poet and Union general, died of pneumonia contracted on active service (born 1821)
March 18 – Charles Bird King, portrait artist who notably painted Native American delegates visiting Washington, D.C. (born 1785)
April 6
Albert Sidney Johnston, Confederate general, killed during Battle of Shiloh (born 1803)
Fitz James O'Brien, science fiction pioneer (born 1828 in Ireland)
April 10 – W. H. L. Wallace, Union general, died of wounds received at Battle of Shiloh (born 1821)
April 12 – Theodore Frelinghuysen, running mate of Henry Clay in 1844 (born 1787)
April 19 – Louis P. Harvey, Governor of Wisconsin (born 1820)
May 6 – Henry David Thoreau, transcendentalist author and philosopher (born 1817)
May 21
Edwin Pearce Christy, founder of Christy's Minstrels, suicide by defenestration (born 1815)
John Drew Sr., actor, died in domestic accident (born 1827 in Ireland)
July 24 – Martin Van Buren, eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841, eighth vice president of the United States from 1833 to 1837 (born 1782)
August 30 – John Hugh Means, 64th governor of South Carolina from 1850 to 1852 (born 1812)
September 1 – Philip Kearny, United States Army officer (born 1815)
September 18? – Septimus Norris, steam locomotive designer (born 1818)
November 17 – Mary Whitwell Hale, teacher, school founder, and hymnwriter (born 1810)
December 13 – Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb, Confederate general, killed during Battle of Fredericksburg (born 1823)
December 18 – Barbara Fritchie, Civil War patriot (born 1766)
See also
Timeline of United States history (1860–1899)
References
Further reading
External links
1860s in the United States
United States
United States
Years of the 19th century in the United States |
23150180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant%20chondroid%20syringoma | Malignant chondroid syringoma | A malignant chondroid syringoma (also known as a "malignant mixed tumour" or "MCS" ) is a very uncommon cutaneous (skin) condition characterised by an adnexal eccrine tumour.
It is commonly reported to present on the trunk and extremities and behave in an aggressive manner. MCS is a cancerous subtype of its benign counterpart, chondroid syringoma, and is the least common variation that has an approximated prevalence of less than 0.005%. These tumours mainly arise "from sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and ectopic salivary glands" (Tural, Selçukbiricik, Günver, Karışmaz, and Serdengecti, 2013) and are rarely encountered in radiopathological and clinical practice. The tumours commonly appear with an asymptomatic "slow-growing, painless, solid subcutaneous or intradermal nodules with a normal margin" (Obaidat, Alsaad, and Ghazarian, 2007) and make up for less than one percent of all primary skin tumours. Commonly appearing in the limbs and body, these asymmetrical tumours range from two millimetres to more than three centimetres. MCS is one of the rarest subtypes of tumours and usually requires aggressive surgery to terminate. Despite accounting for only a small number of tumours recorded each year, malignant mixed tumours are easily confused with other skin conditions (such as epidermal cyst, pilar cyst, calcifying epithelioma, or a solitary trichoepithelioma (Tural, Selçukbiricik, Günver, Karışmaz, and Serdengecti, 2013)) and have high potential for recurrence after surgical excision. The aggressiveness of malignant chondroid syringoma varies, as 49% of cases have had local recurrence whereas some demonstrate regional lymph node or osseous metastasis. The rare neoplasms generally do not follow a determinate development path and are often difficult to diagnose.
Histologically, these malignant mixed tumours have epithelial and mesenchymal components and are very large, nodular, circumscribed, and nonulcerated. They are morphologically identical to pleomorphic adenoma and have a female predilection. They range from developing deep dermal to subcutaneous nodules and metastasise at a very high rate. Malignant mixed tumours can emerge "de nova or more rarely develop from a cartilaginous syringoma."(IADVL, 2004)
Causes
Currently malignant mixed tumours do not have a definitive predisposing factor; however, prior physical injury has been proposed as a potential risk for the emergence of these tumours. Chondroid syringoma less than three centimetres are shown to have a heightened risk of malignancy. Other critical indicators include excessive mucoid matrix, – a connective tissue tumour with a myxoid background that is composed of "clear, mucoid substance – numerous mitoses, and poorly differentiated chondroid components." (Metzler, Schaumburg-Lever, Hornstein, and Rassner, 1996)
Diagnosis
Diagnosing malignant mixed tumours is difficult as there many types of tumours and their variants. Malignant chondroid syringoma is particularly challenging to distinguish from other skin tumours as it is prone to the absence of definitive symptoms and an ambiguous clinical presentation. Some signs that help determine diagnosis of malignancy include: "mitosis, nuclear atypia, pleomorphism, lymphatic invasion, and local recurrence" (IADVL, 2004). Though it is usually found within women in the forties, the youngest-recorded case was fourteen years old and the oldest was eighty-six. The tumour is described as invasive and is clinically characterised by faster growth than the benign chondroid syringoma. They can generally be diagnosed when presenting "an epithelial component, eccrine or apocrine differentiation and myoepithelial component of fluctuating prominence" (IADVL, 2004). Diagnosis is recommended to follow microscopic analysis to ensure correct examination.
Treatment
There currently is no established guideline for the standardised treatment of malignant chondroid syringomas, due to their rarity. However, the efficacy of treatment for malignant mixed tumours depends on the time of diagnosis. An immediate and broad surgical excision "with clear margins" (Tural, Selçukbiricik, Günver, Karışmaz, and Serdengecti, 2013) is considered curative and to be the most successful treatment. This treatment aims for the most efficacious disease control. It is largely agreed that chemotherapy and radiotherapy are ineffective yet are sometimes still recommended, yet radiotherapy reacts positively to skeletal metastasis. Combination chemotherapy for MCS is reported as unbeneficial. MCS is reported to have a high and continual risk of recurrence of metastasis, some patients experiencing metastasis nearly twenty years after the primary examination. Thus this necessitates consistent clinical follow-up in order to maintain a benign state of the tumour and achieve disease control.
Prognosis
Malignant mixed tumours have a poor prognosis that is deemed unpredictable due to its spread being lymphatic or blood-borne. As there have only been a limited number of cases that have been reported, prognostic points are challenging to confirm, however mainly "include size, histological type, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis" (Garcia, Atun, and Fernando, 2016). The outcome of the prognosis is dependent on early diagnosis and complete resection. The standard duration between diagnosis and reappearance was "23 months, 50 months, and 66 months for local recurrence, nodal metastasis, and distant metastasis, [respectively]" (Watarai, Amoh, Aki, Takasu, Katsuoka, 2011). In terms of prognosis regarding recorded patients, "27% of patients died from their disease."(Tural, Selçukbiricik, Günver, Karışmaz, and Serdengecti, 2013) As early as "nine weeks"( Malik, Saxena, and Kamath, 2013) succeeding clinical surgeries, had reports of patients' deaths been recorded. It has also been recorded that "one patient survived twelve years after their diagnosis."(Ka, Gnangnon, and Diouf, 2016) The tumour has a "60% rate of metastasis and mortality in the order of 25%" (Ka, Gnangnon, and Diouf, 2016) with the highest recordings of metastases being found in "lymph nodes and lung and less commonly, bone and brain." (Ka, Gnangnon, and Diouf, 2016)
Recorded Cases
Facial localisation of a malignant chondroid syringoma
Written by Tural Selçukbiricik, Günver, Karışmaz, and Serdengecti, this report investigates the case of a slow growing bump on the face of a thirty-four-year-old woman. After undergoing an excisional biopsy, it was revealed that the nodule had developed into neurofibroma. Originally the patient had undergone excision however she sustained recurrence in under a year of the surgery. She continued to undergo excision and this led to the diagnosis of malignant chondroid syringoma. To remove the tumour, the patient first had a pathological and histopathological examination to examine the metastisation and growth pattern. According to Tural Selçukbiricik, Günver, Karışmaz, and Serdengecti, “the tumour had an expansive growing pattern and a few pleomorphic, atypical cells, and a rare mitotic activity.”(Tural Selçukbiricik, Günver, Karışmaz, and Serdengecti, 2013) They also completed thoracic, abdominal, and cranial CT scans to determine the state of metastasis. The patient has a routine check-up of every three months to ensure no recurrence occurs and so far, has not had any relapse for two years following her procedure.
Malignant chondroid syringoma of the scalp
This 2013 case report by Malik, Saxena, and Kamath investigates the “large, fungating, and ulcerated growth”(Malik, Saxena, and Kamath, 2013) on the scalp of a sixty-one-year-old woman. The tumour was painless and developed gradually over nine months. An initial diagnosis determined the growth to be a squamous cell malignancy of the scalp. The patient was suggested to have a CECT scan of their head. The scan revealed dural invasion and a surgical excision with primary closure was performed. The histopathology findings revealed:“small groups as well as scattered pleomorphic epithelial cells having hyperchromatic nuclei and scanty cytoplasm with one to two mitotic figures of high power field, surrounded by abundant basophilic chondromyxoid stroma, diagnostic of malignant CS.”The woman died two days after her operation after yielding a “high-grade fever and altered sensorium.”(Malik, Saxena, and Kamath, 2013)
Multifocal and recurrent malignant chondroid syringoma
This report follows the development of MCS on a sixty-four-year-old male patient. The masses were described as skin lesions that had developed in a nodular fashion on the patient's right arm. To remove the growths, the patient underwent may surgical procedures where the nodules were effectively excised. The growth was described as a:“ten centimetre, firm, lobulated mass with skin ulceration and muscle involvement was removed. Microscopic examination revealed infiltrating nests of medium to large epithelial cells embedded in a chondromyxoid matrix with few scattered plasmacytoid myoepithelial cells. There was brisk mitosis as well as large areas of tumour necrosis. All auxiliary lymph nodes were negative for tumour.” (Garcia, Atun, and Fernando, 2016)From this information, Garcia, Atun, and Fernando diagnosed the patient with malignant chondroid syringoma. After the surgery, the patient developed further growths on the scalp, face, body, upper right arm, and right foot. He was recommended chemotherapy however died before treatment began.
Lymph node metastasis after excision
This journal, written by Watarai, Amoh, Aki, Takasu, and Katsuoka discusses a case of malignant chondroid syringoma on a forty-six-year-old man and the state his diagnosis 12 years after excision. Originally in 1996, the man observed an “asymptomatic, enlarging nodule” (Watarai, Amoh, Aki, Takasu, and Katsuoka, 2011) on the sole of his right foot and proceeded to undergo an initial biopsy where he was not diagnosed. Physically, the nodule was “solitary, dome-shaped, skin coloured, and firm,” (Watarai, Amoh, Aki, Takasu, and Katsuoka, 2011) and was 30 mm x 30 mm. The tumour underwent excision utilising a three-millimetre margin. The nodule was then replaced with grafting of the transplanted skin. The findings were as follows.“The surgical specimen showed a lobular proliferation of tumour cells with glandular differentiation associated with a few mitotic cells, embedded in a mucinous stroma. Immunohistochemistry showed that the majority of tumour cells were positive for PAS diastase, toluidine blue, cytokeratins (CAM5.2, CK7), S-100 protein and GCDFP-15.”Although some abnormal tumours cells were present, the recorded findings the man was diagnosed with chondroid syringoma. An ultrasound and radiography were performed and revealed no indication of metastasis. However, in 2008, the man observed inflammation in his right groin area. Another ultrasound revealed a new mass also measuring 30 mm x 30mm, which was then excised. Examination of this new tumour revealed more abnormal tumour cells compared to the first nodule of the sole of the foot. The original diagnosis was thus re-examined to be consisting of malignant chondroid syringoma cells. The patient was then treated with radiation. After eighteen months he presented no evidence of recurrence or further distant metastasis.
History
Hirsch and Helwig gave malignant chondroid syringoma its name in 1961 in ‘Chondroid Syringoma: Mixed Tumour of Skin, Salivary Gland Type.’ "Atypical mixed tumours of the skin,"(Hirsch and Helwig, 1961) their term for tumours characterised by "histological stigma of malignancy, local invasion, and satellite tumour nodules without proven metastases" is employed even now. As of 2011, only 43 cases have been reported.
Terminology
Malignant mixed tumours also go by other names including: "malignant mixed tumour of skin, cutaneous malignant mixed tumour, metastasising chondroid syringoma, and aggressive chondroid syringoma." (Ka, Gnangnon, and Diouf, 2016)
See also
List of cutaneous conditions
Neoplasm
References
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts |
17288869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20Dallas%20Mavericks%20season | 2008–09 Dallas Mavericks season | The 2008–09 Dallas Mavericks season was the 29th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The season marked by the arrival of former NBA Coach of the Year, Rick Carlisle who was hired on May 9, 2008 following the firing of Avery Johnson after the 2008 NBA playoffs.
Finishing at 50–32 as the number six seed, the Mavericks defeated the San Antonio Spurs in the opening round of the playoffs in five games to advance to the conference semi-finals for the first time since 2006. They were, however, unable to defeat the Carmelo Anthony-led Denver Nuggets in the next round as they lost in five games. The Nuggets would go on to the conference finals, where they lost to the eventual champion Los Angeles Lakers in six games.
Key dates
June 26: The 2008 NBA draft will take place in New York City.
July 1: The free agency period will start.
Draft picks
Roster
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%; width: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #0B60AD; color: #D3D3D3; text-align: center;" | 2008–09 Dallas Mavericks final roster
|- style="background-color: #072156; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! Players !! Coaches
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="sortable" style="background:transparent; margin:0px; width:100%;"
! Pos. !! # !! Nat. !! Name !! Height !! Weight !! DOB (Y–M–D) !! From
|-
Regular season
Standings
Record vs. opponents
Game log
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1
| October 30
| Houston
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (36)
| Josh Howard (11)
| Jason Kidd (12)
| American Airlines Center20,066
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| November 1
| @ Minnesota
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (21)
| Jason Kidd (9)
| Jason Kidd (7)
| Target Center16,893
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| November 3
| Cleveland
|
| Josh Howard (18)
| DeSagana Diop (9)
| Jason Kidd (6)
| American Airlines Center19,923
| 1–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4
| November 4
| @ San Antonio
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (30)
| Josh Howard (12)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| AT&T Center17,398
| 2–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5
| November 7
| @ Denver
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (23)
| Dirk Nowitzki, Jason Kidd, Brandon Bass (10)
| Jason Kidd (9)
| Pepsi Center19,175
| 2–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 6
| November 9
| @ L.A. Clippers
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (33)
| Gerald Green (12)
| Jason Kidd (9)
| Staples Center14,249
| 2–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 7
| November 11
| L.A. Lakers
|
| Jason Terry (21)
| Erick Dampier (16)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| American Airlines Center20,391
| 2–5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 8
| November 13
| @ Chicago
|
| Josh Howard (21)
| Erick Dampier (18)
| Dirk Nowitzki (5)
| United Center21,751
| 2–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 9
| November 14
| Orlando
|
| Josh Howard (25)
| Josh Howard, Erick Dampier (9)
| Jason Kidd (6)
| American Airlines Center20,085
| 2–7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 10
| November 16
| @ New York
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (39)
| Dirk Nowitzki (15)
| Jason Kidd (9)
| Madison Square Garden19,271
| 3–7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 11
| November 18
| @ Charlotte
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (32)
| Erick Dampier (11)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| Time Warner Cable Arena10,935
| 4–7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 12
| November 19
| @ Houston
|
| Jason Terry (31)
| Dirk Nowitzki (12)
| Jason Kidd (7)
| Toyota Center18,203
| 5–7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 13
| November 21
| Memphis
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (25)
| Jason Kidd (13)
| Jason Kidd (6)
| American Airlines Center20,035
| 6–7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 14
| November 25
| Indiana
|
| Jason Terry (29)
| Dirk Nowitzki (12)
| Jason Kidd (13)
| American Airlines Center19,996
| 7–7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 15
| November 28
| @ L.A. Lakers
|
| Jason Terry (29)
| Dirk Nowitzki (12)
| Jason Kidd (11)
| Staples Center18,997
| 7–8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 16
| November 29
| @ Sacramento
|
| Jason Terry (24)
| Erick Dampier (13)
| Jason Kidd (8)
| ARCO Arena12,650
| 8–8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 17
| December 2
| L.A. Clippers
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (29)
| Dirk Nowitzki (10)
| Jason Kidd (8)
| American Airlines Center19,670
| 9–8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 18
| December 4
| Phoenix
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (39)
| Erick Dampier (14)
| Jason Kidd (8)
| American Airlines Center19,813
| 10–8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 19
| December 6
| Atlanta
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (24)
| Dirk Nowitzki, Erick Dampier (11)
| Jason Kidd (8)
| American Airlines Center19,966
| 11–8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 20
| December 9
| San Antonio
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (35)
| Dirk Nowitzki (10)
| Jason Kidd (12)
| American Airlines Center19,937
| 11–9
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 21
| December 11
| Charlotte
|
| Jason Terry (26)
| Dirk Nowitzki (13)
| Jason Kidd (7)
| American Airlines Center19,736
| 12–9
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 22
| December 13
| Oklahoma City
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (46)
| Brandon Bass (9)
| Jason Kidd (7)
| American Airlines Center20,190
| 13–9
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 23
| December 15
| Denver
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (27)
| Erick Dampier (15)
| José Juan Barea (9)
| American Airlines Center19,969
| 13–10
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 24
| December 17
| @ Toronto
|
| Jason Terry, Dirk Nowitzki (27)
| Dirk Nowitzki (10)
| Jason Terry (8)
| Air Canada Centre18,832
| 14–10
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 25
| December 19
| @ New Jersey
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (24)
| Erick Dampier (7)
| Jason Kidd (7)
| Izod Center9,889
| 14–11
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 26
| December 21
| @ Washington
|
| Jason Terry (25)
| James Singleton (13)
| Jason Kidd (11)
| Verizon Center15,582
| 15–11
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 27
| December 23
| Memphis
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (21)
| Erick Dampier (9)
| Jason Kidd (11)
| American Airlines Center20,200
| 16–11
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 28
| December 25
| @ Portland
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (30)
| Jason Kidd (12)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| Rose Garden20,643
| 17–11
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 29
| December 26
| @ Utah
|
| Jason Terry (26)
| Jason Kidd, Dirk Nowitzki, Erick Dampier (8)
| Jason Kidd (9)
| EnergySolutions Arena19,911
| 17–12
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 30
| December 28
| @ L.A. Clippers
|
| Josh Howard (29)
| Brandon Bass, Josh Howard, Erick Dampier (9)
| Josh Howard (7)
| Staples Center16,685
| 18–12
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 31
| December 30
| Minnesota
|
| Jason Terry (29)
| Dirk Nowitzki (13)
| Jason Kidd (16)
| American Airlines Center20,264
| 19–12
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 32
| January 2
| Philadelphia
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (31)
| Erick Dampier (14)
| Jason Kidd (9)
| American Airlines Center20,327
| 20–12
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 33
| January 4
| @ Memphis
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (28)
| José Juan Barea, Jason Kidd (6)
| Jason Kidd (5)
| FedExForum11,731
| 20–13
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 34
| January 6
| L.A. Clippers
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (34)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| José Juan Barea, Jason Kidd (8)
| American Airlines Center19,794
| 21–13
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 35
| January 8
| New York
|
| Josh Howard (19)
| Brandon Bass (11)
| Dirk Nowitzki (7)
| American Airlines Center19,779
| 22–13
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 36
| January 9
| @ Phoenix
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (19)
| Dirk Nowitzki (7)
| Jason Kidd (7)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 22–14
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 37
| January 11
| @ Sacramento
|
| Jason Terry (33)
| Dirk Nowitzki (8)
| Jason Kidd (7)
| ARCO Arena12,294
| 22–15
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 38
| January 13
| @ Denver
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (44)
| Dirk Nowitzki (14)
| Jason Kidd (7)
| Pepsi Center14,158
| 22–16
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 39
| January 14
| New Orleans
|
| Jason Terry (28)
| Dirk Nowitzki (13)
| Jason Kidd (7)
| American Airlines Center19,947
| 22–17
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 40
| January 17
| Utah
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (39)
| Brandon Bass (9)
| Jason Kidd (15)
| American Airlines Center20,325
| 23–17
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 41
| January 19
| @ Philadelphia
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (24)
| Jason Kidd (12)
| Jason Kidd (6)
| Wachovia Center14,503
| 24–17
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 42
| January 21
| @ Milwaukee
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (30)
| Erick Dampier (8)
| Jason Terry (5)
| Bradley Center13,898
| 24–18
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 43
| January 23
| @ Detroit
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (26)
| Dirk Nowitzki (7)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| The Palace of Auburn Hills22,076
| 25–18
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 44
| January 25
| @ Boston
|
| Jason Terry (27)
| Dirk Nowitzki, Erick Dampier, Jason Kidd (7)
| Jason Kidd (5)
| TD Banknorth Garden18,624
| 25–19
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 45
| January 28
| Golden State
|
| Jason Terry (22)
| Brandon Bass, Erick Dampier (11)
| Jason Kidd (9)
| American Airlines Center19,864
| 26–19
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 46
| January 31
| @ Miami
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (30)
| Dirk Nowitzki (7)
| Jason Kidd (11)
| American Airlines Arena19,600
| 27–19
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 47
| February 2
| @ Orlando
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (29)
| Erick Dampier (7)
| Jason Kidd (8)
| Amway Arena16,551
| 28–19
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 48
| February 4
| Portland
|
| Josh Howard (23)
| Dirk Nowitzki (11)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| American Airlines Center19,767
| 29–19
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 49
| February 5
| @ Utah
|
| Josh Howard (18)
| Dirk Nowitzki (6)
| Jason Kidd (8)
| EnergySolutions Arena19,911
| 29–20
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 50
| February 7
| Chicago
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (44)
| Erick Dampier (10)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| American Airlines Center20,349
| 30–20
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 51
| February 10
| Sacramento
|
| Antoine Wright, Josh Howard (23)
| Erick Dampier (16)
| Jason Kidd (12)
| American Airlines Center19,667
| 31–20
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 52
| February 12
| Boston
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (37)
| Dirk Nowitzki (8)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| American Airlines Center20,285
| 31–21
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 53
| February 18
| New Jersey
|
| Josh Howard (24)
| Josh Howard (10)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| American Airlines Center19,878
| 32–21
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 54
| February 20
| @ Houston
|
| José Juan Barea (26)
| Dirk Nowitzki (11)
| José Juan Barea, Jason Kidd (5)
| Toyota Center18,195
| 32–22
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 55
| February 21
| Sacramento
|
| Brandon Bass, Josh Howard (20)
| James Singleton (12)
| Jason Kidd (11)
| American Airlines Center20,223
| 33–22
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 56
| February 24
| @ San Antonio
|
| Josh Howard (19)
| James Singleton (14)
| Jason Kidd (4)
| AT&T Center18,797
| 33–23
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 57
| February 25
| Milwaukee
|
| Josh Howard (27)
| Brandon Bass (11)
| Jason Kidd (9)
| American Airlines Center19,558
| 34–23
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 58
| February 27
| Oklahoma City
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (41)
| Dirk Nowitzki, James Singleton (9)
| Jason Kidd (13)
| American Airlines Center20,007
| 35–23
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 59
| March 1
| Toronto
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (24)
| James Singleton (16)
| Jason Kidd (15)
| American Airlines Center19,688
| 36–23
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 60
| March 2
| @ Oklahoma City
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (28)
| James Singleton (6)
| Dirk Nowitzki (6)
| Ford Center18,527
| 36–24
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 61
| March 4
| San Antonio
|
| Josh Howard (29)
| Dirk Nowitzki (12)
| Jason Kidd (9)
| American Airlines Center20,316
| 37–24
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 62
| March 5
| @ New Orleans
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (27)
| Erick Dampier (9)
| Jason Terry (4)
| New Orleans Arena17,230
| 37–25
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 63
| March 7
| Washington
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (34)
| Dirk Nowitzki (9)
| Jason Kidd (11)
| American Airlines Center20,150
| 38–25
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 64
| March 10
| @ Phoenix
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (34)
| Dirk Nowitzki (13)
| Dirk Nowitzki, José Juan Barea (4)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 39–25
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 65
| March 11
| @ Portland
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (29)
| Dirk Nowitzki, Jason Kidd (10)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| Rose Garden20,286
| 40–25
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 66
| March 13
| @ Golden State
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (27)
| James Singleton (11)
| Jason Kidd (11)
| Oracle Arena18,751
| 40–26
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 67
| March 15
| @ L.A. Lakers
|
| Jason Terry (29)
| James Singleton (10)
| Jason Kidd (9)
| Staples Center18,997
| 40–27
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 68
| March 17
| Detroit
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (30)
| Erick Dampier (13)
| José Juan Barea (8)
| American Airlines Center20,427
| 41–27
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 69
| March 19
| @ Atlanta
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (23)
| Dirk Nowitzki (12)
| Jason Kidd (6)
| Philips Arena17,499
| 41–28
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 70
| March 20
| @ Indiana
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (23)
| James Singleton (11)
| José Juan Barea (6)
| Conseco Fieldhouse17,232
| 42–28
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 71
| March 25
| Golden State
|
| Jason Terry, Dirk Nowitzki (26)
| Erick Dampier (10)
| José Juan Barea, Jason Kidd (7)
| American Airlines Center19,862
| 43–28
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 72
| March 27
| Denver
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (26)
| Dirk Nowitzki (11)
| José Juan Barea, Jason Terry (4)
| American Airlines Center20,310
| 43–29
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 73
| March 29
| @ Cleveland
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (20)
| Ryan Hollins (12)
| Jason Kidd (8)
| Quicken Loans Arena20,562
| 43–30
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 74
| March 31
| @ Minnesota
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (23)
| Dirk Nowitzki (12)
| Jason Kidd (13)
| Target Center12,111
| 44–30
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 75
| April 1
| Miami
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (30)
| Josh Howard, Brandon Bass (8)
| Jason Kidd (11)
| American Airlines Center20,021
| 45–30
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 76
| April 3
| @ Memphis
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (35)
| Dirk Nowitzki (9)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| FedExForum15,126
| 45–31
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 77
| April 5
| Phoenix
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (28)
| James Singleton, Brandon Bass (6)
| Jason Kidd (20)
| American Airlines Center20,301
| 46–31
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 78
| April 8
| Utah
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (31)
| Erick Dampier (10)
| Jason Kidd (10)
| American Airlines Center20,017
| 47–31
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 79
| April 10
| New Orleans
|
| Dirk Nowitzki, Josh Howard (25)
| Brandon Bass (13)
| Jason Kidd (15)
| American Airlines Center20,370
| 48–31
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 80
| April 12
| @ New Orleans
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (29)
| Dirk Nowitzki (14)
| Jason Kidd (6)
| New Orleans Arena16,640
| 48–32
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 81
| April 13
| Minnesota
|
| Dirk Nowitzki (34)
| Erick Dampier (13)
| Jason Kidd (8)
| American Airlines Center19,900
| 49–32
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 82
| April 15
| Houston
|
| Jason Terry (23)
| Dirk Nowitzki (15)
| Jason Kidd (12)
| American Airlines Center20,350
| 50–32
Playoffs
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| April 18
| @ San Antonio
| W 105–97
| Josh Howard (25)
| Erick Dampier (11)
| Jason Kidd (5)
| AT&T Center18,797
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| April 20
| @ San Antonio
| L 84–105
| Jason Terry (16)
| Dirk Nowitzki (6)
| Jason Kidd (5)
| AT&T Center18,797
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| April 23
| San Antonio
| W 88–67
| Dirk Nowitzki (20)
| Erick Dampier (9)
| José Juan Barea (6)
| American Airlines Center20,491
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4
| April 25
| San Antonio
| W 99–90
| Josh Howard (28)
| Dirk Nowitzki (13)
| Jason Kidd (7)
| American Airlines Center20,829
| 3–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5
| April 28
| @ San Antonio
| W 106–93
| Dirk Nowitzki (31)
| Erick Dampier (12)
| Jason Kidd (6)
| AT&T Center18,797
| 4–1
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1
| May 3
| @ Denver
| L 95–109
| Dirk Nowitzki (28)
| Dirk Nowitzki (10)
| José Juan Barea (5)
| Pepsi Center19,631
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| May 5
| @ Denver
| L 105–117
| Dirk Nowitzki (35)
| Dirk Nowitzki (9)
| Jason Kidd (7)
| Pepsi Center19,890
| 0–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| May 9
| Denver
| L 105–106
| Dirk Nowitzki (33)
| Dirk Nowitzki (16)
| Jason Kidd (5)
| American Airlines Center20,620
| 0–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4
| May 11
| Denver
| W 119–117
| Dirk Nowitzki (44)
| Dirk Nowitzki (13)
| Jason Kidd (6)
| American Airlines Center20,523
| 1–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5
| May 13
| @ Denver
| L 110–124
| Dirk Nowitzki (32)
| Dirk Nowitzki (10)
| Jason Kidd (9)
| Pepsi Center19,962
| 1–4
|-
Awards and records
Awards
Week/Month
Dirk Nowitzki was named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played from November 23 through November 29.
Dirk Nowitzki was named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played from December 7 through December 13.
Dirk Nowitzki was named Western Conference Player of the Month for games played in April.
All-Star
Dirk Nowitzki was voted to his 8th NBA All-Star Game.
Season
Jason Terry, NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award
Dirk Nowitzki, 1st Team All-NBA
Transactions
Free agents
Additions
{| cellspacing="0"
| valign="top" |
Subtractions
References
Dallas Mavericks seasons
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas |
11065490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303%20South%20Pacific%20cyclone%20season | 2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season | The 2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season was the most active and longest tropical cyclone season since 1997–98, with ten tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W. The season started earlier than normal, with two systems developing before the official start of the season on November 1, 2002, while the final system dissipated on June 9, 2003, after the season had officially ended on April 30. During the season, tropical cyclones were officially monitored by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) in Nadi, Fiji and the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres in Brisbane, Australia and Wellington, New Zealand. The United States Armed Forces through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), also monitored the basin and issued unofficial warnings for American interests. RSMC Nadi attaches a number and an F suffix to tropical disturbances that occur within the basin, while the JTWC designates significant tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix. RSMC Nadi, TCWC Wellington and TCWC Brisbane all use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale and estimate windspeeds over a ten-minute period, while the JTWC estimates sustained winds over a one-minute period, which are subsequently compared to the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSHS).
The season began with Tropical Depression 17F on July 3, several months prior to the official start of the season. In late December, the strongest cyclone of the season, Cyclone Zoe severely affected many islands in the South Pacific, particularly the island of Tikopia. Zoe remained the strongest cyclone recorded in the Southern Hemisphere until Winston surpassed. Shortly after, in mid-January, Cyclone Ami struck Fiji as a Category 3 cyclone, where it caused US$51.2 million in damage. Cyclone Erica caused considerable damage to New Caledonia as a Category 4 cyclone, causing numerous power outages. The final storm of the season, Cyclone Gina, formed well outside the bounds of the conventional tropical cyclone season, existing entirely in the month of June and causing some damage to Tikopia. As a result of tropical cyclones in the 2002–03 season, US$67.2 million in damages was caused, along with 20 fatalities.
Seasonal forecasts
During November 2002, New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research predicted that there would be an eastwards shift in activity during the season, with more tropical cyclones than normal expected to the east of the date line, due to well established weak to moderate El Niño conditions. As a result, the island nations of Wallis and Futuna, Niue, Samoa, Tokelau, and the Southern Cook Islands were predicted to experience a higher than average number of tropical cyclones. The Solomon Islands, Fiji, Tuvalu, Tonga, French Polynesia, New Zealand and the Northern Cook Islands were predicted to experience an average number of tropical cyclones, while Southern Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and New Caledonia were predicted to experience a reduced number of tropical cyclones. In January 2003, NIWA issued an updated outlook, listing the Northern Cook Islands and French Polynesia as areas predicted to experience an above average number of tropical cyclones. In contrast, Vanuatu was predicted to experience below average cyclone activity. The Solomon Islands and Tonga were now predicted to experience a reduced number of tropical cyclones, with all other countries expected to face the same risk as the November outlook.
Seasonal summary
After three seasons of below average cyclone activity, the 2002–03 season was slightly above average, featuring ten cyclones and seven severe tropical cyclones. One of the cyclones, Cyclone Erica, originated from the Australian region but later moved into the South Pacific, where it impacted New Caledonia. Throughout the season, a moderately warm El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) generated a shift of cyclone activity away from Australia and towards the open waters of the southern Pacific. As a result, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) between November 2002 and June 2003 was negative, averaging -7.2. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Pacific were above average; for most of the tropical regions, SSTs were above 29 °C (84 °F). At various times, Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) pulses increased convective activity and thus cyclone development in the basin. Five pulses of the MJO and Equatorial Rossby waves (ER) were responsible for most of the cyclone activity during the season. Cyclone Zoe, the strongest cyclone of the season, was the only cyclone with no connection to any identified MJO or ER wave. By April, an easterly trade wind anomaly took place, signifying the end of the El Niño pattern that had persisted for much of the year.
Over the course of the season, cyclones were active for a total of 40 days, and severe tropical cyclones were active for a total of 19 days, both above average. A total of five tropical disturbances formed during 2002, of which two were cyclones. The first disturbance of the season, Tropical Depression 17F, along with another depression, 01F, formed well before the start of the cyclone season on July 3 and October 21 respectively. Cyclone Yolande was the first cyclone of the season, forming on November 29, but did not impact any land masses. In December, two disturbances formed, Tropical Depression 03F and Cyclone Zoe. The latter was the season's strongest cyclone and the strongest cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, affecting areas of the Solomon Islands.
In the first half of 2003, thirteen disturbances formed, of which eight developed into tropical cyclones; six intensified further and became severe tropical cyclones. January 2003 featured four disturbances and three cyclones. Cyclones Ami and Beni were both severe tropical cyclones, with the first extensively impacting Fiji. The month of February was less active compared to January; only two disturbances formed, Cyclone Dovi and Tropical Disturbance 10F, although Dovi would become a Category 5 cyclone on the Australian cyclone scale. March was slightly more active than February; the month featured three tropical depressions and two severe tropical cyclones, Cyclone Erica and Cyclone Eseta, although Erica originally formed west of 160°E. After an easterly wind anomaly arose in April, cyclone activity was suppressed during the month, totalling three tropical disturbances and one cyclone. In June, Cyclone Gina formed as a result of a strong ER wave and later became a severe tropical cyclone, well after the end of the season. Its dissipation on June 9 marked the end of the cyclone season.
Systems
Tropical Cyclone Yolande
Cyclone Yolande developed on November 29 from a broad area of thunderstorms embedded within a monsoonal trough, originating from a westerly wind burst associated with El Niño conditions; the same area of disturbed weather would later generate Typhoon Pongsona on December 2. At the time, the tropical depression was moving towards the southeast, but strong wind shear displaced the cyclone's strongest winds and convection northeast of its circulation center. Convective activity fluctuated under strong diurnal temperature variation. After moving into an area of less wind shear, the system was able to organize and develop good outflow currents. This was reflected with a slight drop in minimum barometric pressure down to . As a result, at 2255 UTC on December 4, the depression attained cyclone status and was given the name Yolande, east of Tonga. After being named, Cyclone Yolande began to accelerate into an area of strong wind shear, and convection became increasingly displaced from the center of circulation. By 1200 UTC on December 5, the convection was already sheared from the northwest of the circulation center, and as such the cyclone was downgraded to depression status. By this time, Yolande had completed a transition into an extratropical cyclone, after interacting with a baroclinic zone to the southwest. Yolande's extratropical remnants continued to track towards the southeast before dissipating entirely on December 11, to the southeast of Papeete, French Polynesia. As a result of remaining at sea, Yolande only caused minimal damage.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Zoe
Severe Tropical Cyclone Zoe was the second-most intense tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere in recorded history, severely affecting areas of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Cyclone Zoe developed from the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) on January 23, east of Tuvalu. Initially developing slowly as a tropical depression, the predecessor to Zoe moved toward the west-southwest under the influence of a high-pressure area. However, the storm entered an area of very favorable cyclone conditions. After reaching cyclone strength on December 25, rapid intensification ensued. By the next day, Zoe had already strengthened to a severe tropical cyclone. On December 27, Zoe attained wind speeds equivalent to Category 5 status on both the Australian and Saffir–Simpson hurricane scales. An upper-level trough of low pressure forced Zoe towards the southwest, moving into the vicinity of the Solomon Islands. The next day, Zoe intensified to a record low barometric pressure of , with winds of . However, conditions would deteriorate, and the cyclone would consequently weaken. By January 1, the storm had already degenerated into an extratropical cyclone, and its remnants dissipated just three days later.
Cyclone Zoe severely impacted the islands of the Solomon island chain, particularly the islands of Tikopia and Anuta. In Anuta, agricultural activities were disrupted. Various fruit trees and crops, especially in gardens on the island's hills, were destroyed by high winds and heavy rain. In addition, communications with other islands were disrupted. The impact on Tikopia was much greater; agricultural productivity on the island was said to have been wiped out. Fruit trees were estimated only to begin producing fruit again at least two years after Zoe's impact. Topsoil was left dry by the cyclone, preventing any immediate replacement of lost crops.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Ami
Severe Tropical Cyclone Ami was one of the worst cyclones ever to affect Fiji. Cyclone Ami developed from a low-pressure area east of Tuvalu on January 12. The storm moved slowly towards the southwest early in its existence. Influenced by an upper-level trough, Ami slowed down and began moving towards the south and then southeast. The cyclone attained severe tropical cyclone intensity on January 13. Ami made its first landfall at Vanua Levu, before subsequently making another landfall on Taveuni. Ami reached peak intensity as an equivalent Category 3 cyclone on the Australian cyclone scale on January 14. Accelerating to the southeast, the cyclone began to cross over cool sea surface temperatures and encountered wind shear. Ami transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the day after.
Cyclone Ami severely impacted parts of Fiji, mainly through flooding. Numerous landslides and power outages were caused by the heavy rains. The damage was particularly severe in Labasa, where the entire city was inundated. Sugar cane production decreased by 15%, and other crops also suffered heavily. In Tonga, damage was not as severe, but two ships were grounded. Ami caused F$104.4 million (US$51.2 million) in damages and 14 deaths, primarily on Fiji. Following the deaths and damage, the name "Ami" was later retired.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Beni
Severe Tropical Cyclone Beni was an intense tropical cyclone that affected areas of the southern Pacific Ocean, particularly in New Caledonia. It developed from a tropical disturbance on January 20 south of the Solomon Islands, and at first moved slowly towards the west. On January 25, the disturbance gained enough strength and organization to be named Beni. It quickly made a clockwise loop, maintaining its intensity, and later headed south. After fluctuating in intensity, Beni entered more conducive conditions and began to strengthen, this time heading southeast. Traveling between Vanuatu and New Caledonia, Beni reached its peak intensity as a Category 5 tropical cyclone on January 29, the highest rating on the Australian cyclone scale, with winds of . It only maintained this intensity for a short time before an increase in wind shear and less favorable conditions induced its weakening. After nearing Vanuatu, a strengthening ridge forced Beni towards the southwest, away from Vanuatu. The cyclone made its closest approach to the island of New Caledonia on January 30, but only as a marginal Category 1 cyclone. Continuing to weaken under strong wind shear, Beni was downgraded to a tropical depression the same day. After crossing New Caledonia, Beni exited the South Pacific basin and entered the Australian region.
During Beni's existence, parts of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Queensland were affected by the storm. The cyclone caused flooding and a food shortage in the Solomon Islands. An estimated 2,000 people were evacuated as a result. Rough seas and storm surge, as well as strong gusts, were the primary effects of Beni on Vanuatu and New Caledonia. New Caledonia was hit by power outages, and Vanuatu mainly suffered beach erosion.
Tropical Cyclone Cilla
Cyclone Cilla affected several islands in the South Pacific. The cyclone developed from a monsoon trough on January 26 northwest of Fiji, and initially moved to the east in conditions unfavourable for cyclones. After wind shear lessened, Cilla reached its peak intensity on January 28, attaining maximum winds of sustained over 10 minutes. After slightly weakening, Cilla was able to intensify again to match this intensity on January 29. Strong vertical wind shear conditions then returned, and Cilla transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.
Cilla dropped heavy rainfall over islands along its path. As a depression the storm dropped rain over Fiji, which had already been effected by Cyclone Ami just two weeks earlier. Damage in Tonga was mostly limited to vegetation and fruit trees; damage to infrastructure was relatively minor. Rain also fell on American Samoa, although no damage was reported. After the season, the name "Cilla" was retired.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Dovi
Cyclone Dovi developed on February 5 from an area of circulation within the SPCZ near the northern Cook Islands. Dovi therefore saw favourable conditions throughout much of its existence. Due to a mid–level ridge to the east, the cyclone progressed on a southward track. Dovi eventually steered to the southwest, and continued to intensify steadily after fluctuating due to diurnal temperature variations, becoming a Category 1 equivalent on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale on February 8. An anticyclone positioned to the west of the system moved closer to Dovi, providing an improved environment. After developing an eye later that day, Dovi attained its maximum wind speeds of sustained over 10 minutes. The cyclone then again steered towards the south, encountering high wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures. As a result, Dovi quickly weakened as its convection was displaced. While its outflow in its western and southern quadrants remained favorable, elsewhere outflow was deteriorating. On February 10, Dovi's minimum barometric pressure was as it moved south-southeast at . The weakening Dovi became an extratropical cyclone on February 11. The remnants continued drifting southwest; the Meteorological Service of New Zealand in Wellington stopped issuing information on it on February 13.
Despite its close proximity to islands along its path, Dovi caused only minimal damage. Oceanic swells and storm surge were felt in some coastal areas. Strong winds were reported in the southern Cook Islands and Niue. Damage to banana plantations on Palmerston Island was reported, but Dovi caused no fatalities.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Eseta
Cyclone Eseta developed on March 10 from an area of disturbed weather that originated in the vicinity of Vanuatu. At the time the cyclone was in very favourable conditions, in an area with warm sea–surface temperatures, low wind shear, and with development enhanced by an MJO pulse traversing the area at the time. After convection began to wrap around the center of circulation, the low–pressure area was named Eseta. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began issuing warnings on Eseta at 1200 UTC on March 10; Eseta had a minimum pressure of at the time. As the cyclone was on the western periphery of a mid–level ridge, it moved in a south-southeastwardly direction, initially at . It then intensified quickly, and the next day developed a ragged eye. As it began to curve around the mid–level ridge, its forward speed increased to . Favorable conditions continued on March 12, and Eseta underwent rapid intensification, with its barometric pressure falling to a minimum of . Wind speeds increased to sustained for 10 minutes. However, the cyclone only maintained this intensity for 12 hours before entering an area of strong vertical wind shear. It continued to accelerate in forward speed, but shower activity became elongated and the eye dissipated. The next day, Eseta had a forward speed of . As a result, the cyclone lost tropical characteristics on March 14. The JTWC issued its last warning on Eseta at 0000 UTC on March 4 as it became extratropical. Eseta was absorbed by a front the next day.
Although Eseta was well offshore of any islands in the Pacific, rains and wind caused some damage. Western regions of Fiji reported heavy rain and flooding as the cyclone passed to its south. As a weakening cyclone, Eseta passed over the Tongan island of Eua, destroying fruit trees and kava crops. No deaths were reported due to Eseta.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Erica
Severe Tropical Cyclone Erica was a powerful cyclone considered the worst to affect New Caledonia since Cyclone Beti. It developed from a monsoonal trough on March 4 just off Queensland in the Australian cyclone region. Once it entered the South Pacific cyclone region on March 12, Erica steadily intensified in a favourable environment, reaching peak intensity on March 13 as a Category 4 equivalent on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. On that day Erica paralleled the coast of New Caledonia, before making landfall on the southern end of the island at L'Île-des-Pins. At the same time the cyclone entered an area with strong wind shear and thus began to weaken. After passing the island, an extratropical transition began, weakening the cyclone as it moved southeast. On March 15, Erica completed its transition into an extratropical cyclone and fully dissipated the next day.
Cyclone Erica severely impacted the island nation of New Caledonia, causing intense winds and heavy rain. An estimated 892 families were affected by the cyclone on the island, and two people were killed. As many as 60% of people on the west coast lost power. On March 17 only seventeen of the sixty-six secondary schools on the island were functioning. After the storm it was feared that the existing dengue fever epidemic on the island would spread. Erica caused US$15 million in damages, primarily on New Caledonia.
Tropical Cyclone Fili
Cyclone Fili formed on April 13 from an area of convection northeast of Fiji. As marginal windshear abated, the disturbance began to organise, and cyclonic rotation was noted. A tropical upper tropospheric trough to the southwest helped enhance upper-level divergence in the system. RSMC Nadi began issuing warnings at 0000 UTC on April 14. Despite forecasts that Fili would merge with an extratropical cyclone, overnight convective organisation improved. Dvorak satellite estimates gave a rating of 3.0, implying winds of . The JTWC issued their only warning on Fili at 0600 UTC on April 14. RSMC Nadi named the storm Fili at 1800 UTC on the same day, east-southeast of Tongatapu. At the time, Fili was travelling southeast at . During the day a nearby upper-level trough helped accelerate Fili southeast and then southward. However, Fili quickly lost tropical characteristics under intense wind shear, becoming an extratropical cyclone the next day and merging with a cold front by 1200 UTC on March 15. No damage was reported as a result of Fili due to its distance from land masses.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Gina
A westward-moving tropical disturbance persisted northeast of Vanuatu, with persistent convection extending toward the Solomon Islands. On June 4, both the JTWC and RSMC Nadi classified the system as a tropical depression. With a ridge to the south, it moved to the west-southwest, quickly intensifying into Tropical Storm Gina by June 5 about east-southeast of Honiara. By 0000 UTC on June 7, the JTWC upgraded Gina to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, after an eye became evident on satellite images. Interaction with the nearby remnants of Tropical Cyclone Epi caused convection to decrease. On June 7, FMS reported that Gina attained peak intensity as a low-end Category 3 tropical cyclone on the Australian intensity scale, with winds of . The JTWC recorded winds of . A compact cyclone with a well-defined eye, Gina encountered stronger wind shear and cooler waters. After turning southeast and then east-southeast in response to a rapidly approaching trough, Gina quickly deteriorated as the convection became displaced from the centre. By June 9, the centre became uncertain as Gina stalled to the west-northwest of Port Vila. Winds diminished below gale force the next day.
Gina struck the island of Tikopia that had already sustained catastrophic damage from Cyclone Zoe less than two months previously. The storm brought high winds and torrential rains that triggered landslides. Dozens of homes were damaged and many areas newly re-planted after Cyclone Zoe were devastated again. The impacts of Gina reportedly set back recovery efforts by nearly six months. A total of 112 newly built houses and 128 newly built kitchens were severely damaged, and another 37 homes sustained minor damage. The newly planted winter crop was lost due to sea spray, and 143 bags of rice, given as relief supplies after Cyclone Zoe, were lost. Following the storm, additional relief supplies and food were rushed to residents to ensure their safety. These consisted of local foods, sago and mesh wiring, worth $14,400. A ship carrying five people became stranded in the Coral Sea during the storm when their engine failed on June 7. A mayday signal was put out by the captain but rough seas produced by the storm hampered rescue efforts. The five were safely rescued later that day, but two more people were discovered to be missing.
Other systems
During the opening days of the tropical cyclone year 2002–03, a westerly wind burst occurred and lead to the formation of Typhoon Chataan and Tropical Depression 17F. The system was first noted as a tropical depression during July 3, while it was located about to the northwest of Honiara in the Solomon Islands of Guadalcanal. Over the next couple of days the system moved westwards before it was last noted during July 5. During October 21, Tropical Disturbance 01F developed about to the northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu. It moved southeast and developed into a poorly organised tropical depression. It remained disorganized and accelerated towards the southeast, and was last noted by RSMC Nadi at 1800 UTC on October 22. On December 10, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 03F had developed within a trough of low pressure, about to the northeast of Pago-Pago on the American Samoan island of Tutuila. The depression drifted towards the south, and was classified as a tropical depression the next day. Further development of the depression was prevented by dry air wrapping into the system and vertical windshear displacing convection. The depression was no longer monitored by RSMC Nadi on December 15 after it had become sheared, but it was briefly referred to as a "weak tropical depression" on December 19 and 20.
On January 30, the poorly organised Tropical Disturbance 08F developed within a convergence zone about to the northeast of Apia on the Samoan island of Upolu. Over the next few days the system remained weak and poorly organized, and was classified as a tropical depression during February 5. The depression then moved westwards, before dissipating on February 9. Tropical Disturbance 10F developed on February 15, about to the north of the Fijian Dependency of Rotuma Island. The system was poorly defined and disorganised, while convection surrounding the system was mostly confined to the southern and eastern flanks of the low level circulation. Over the next few days the disturbance remained weak and was last noted during February 21, while nestled within the Solomon Islands. On March 6, Tropical Depression 11F developed under an upper trough of low pressure about to the northeast of Nadi, Fiji. Convection surrounding the depression was displaced to the north of the low level circulation center. The depression remained weak over the next couple of days, and was last noted during March 8. A fairly disorganized tropical disturbance developed during April 6, within a monsoonal convergence zone, about to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu. It was initially located within an area of weak vertical windshear, but was expected to move into an area of stronger vertical windshear over the following 24 hours and gradually become extratropical. During the next day, as the disturbance moved southwards, it was assigned the designation 14F, before it was dropped by RSMC Nadi during April 8, as convection surrounding the system became sheared and displaced. On April 13, Tropical Disturbance 15F developed within a monsoon trough, about to the southeast of Apia, Samoa. The system moved towards the south, with convection surrounding it poorly organised, and displaced to the north of the depression's low level circulation centre. The depression was then last noted, during the next day as Tropical Depression 16F developed into Tropical Cyclone Fili.
Seasonal effects
|-
| || July 3–5 || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#||| None || None || None ||
|-
| || October 21–22 || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| None || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#||| Tonga || None || None ||
|-
| || December 10–13 || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji || Severe || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#||| Tuvalu, Fiji, Tonga || || 17 ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#||| Solomon Islands, VanuatuNew Caledonia, Australia || || 1 ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#|Category 1 tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Fiji, Tonga || Minimal || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Cook Islands || Minimal || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| Eseta || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#||| Fiji || || None ||
|-
| Erica || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#||| Queensland, Solomon IslandsVanuatu, New Caledonia || || 2 ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Tonga || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#||| Solomon Islands || None || None ||
|-class="sortbottom"
!colspan=10; align=center|Season Aggregates
|-class="sortbottom"
! 18 systems !! July 3 – June 9 !! !! !! !! !! !! 20 !!
|}
See also
List of Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons: 2002, 2003
Pacific hurricane seasons: 2002, 2003
Pacific typhoon seasons: 2002, 2003
North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2002, 2003
List of off-season South Pacific tropical cyclones
Notes
References
External links
South Pacific cyclone seasons
Articles which contain graphical timelines
2002 SPAC
2003 SPAC |
4057850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20State%20Route%2015 | Georgia State Route 15 | State Route 15 (SR 15) is a state highway that travels south-to-north across the entire length of the U.S. state of Georgia, east of its centerline. This route is part of a multi two-state route 15 that begins at Florida and ends at Georgia at the North Carolina state line. It connects the Florida state line, south-southeast of Folkston with the North Carolina state line, in Dillard, via Folkston, Vidalia, Sandersville, Athens, Demorest, and Clayton.
SR 15 used to travel through Hazlehurst, Glenwood, and Dublin, which is now the path of SR 19. It used to travel from Dublin to Wrightsville, which is now the path of US 319/SR 31. It also used to travel from Athens, through Arcade and Jefferson, to Commerce, which is now the route of SR 15 Alt.
Route description
SR 15 enters Georgia just south of Folkston as a four-lane highway, along with US 1, US 23, US 301, and SR 4. In Homeland, US 301 branches off to the north while the other four routes plus SR 121, head northwest. After about , SR 15 and SR 121 also branch off from US 1/US 23/SR 4, as a two-lane highway, crossing US 82/SR 520 (South Georgia Parkway) in Hoboken. The two state routes continue northwest through Blackshear, where they cross US 84/SR 38. After that, the two state routes continue to stay together, heading north through the community of Bristol. Soon after, SR 121 branches off to the north while SR 15 heads northwest to rejoin US 1 and SR 4 at Baxley. North of Baxley, the three highways continue, remaining a four-lane highway all the way to the Altamaha River. Approximately past the river crossing, SR 15 branches off to the northwest again, where SR 29 begins and follows SR 15. At Vidalia, SR 15 and SR 29 turn west and follow US 280/SR 30 for several miles to the community of Higgston. The two highways head north from there through the community of Tarrytown and then on to Soperton. SR 29 heads northwest of Soperton while SR 15, along with SR 78, continues north, reaching an interchange with I-16, and goes to Adrian. The two state routes continue northwest to Wrightsville, where SR 78 departs eastward. SR 15 continues by itself through the adjacent cities of Tennille and Sandersville. Through these cites, most of SR 15 has been widened to four lanes, and it briefly picks up SR 24. North of Sandersville, SR 15 crosses SR 24/SR 540 (Fall Line Freeway) and then heads north through the community of Warthen and onto Sparta. Through Sparta, SR 15 makes a few turns, briefly picking up SR 16 and SR 22. North of Sparta, it picks up SR 77, and continues north through White Plains and Siloam. At Siloam, SR 15 has an interchange with I-20. SR 77 departs to the north while SR 15 continues northwest to Greensboro, passing beneath I-20, but without direct access. In Greensboro, SR 15 makes two more turns, briefly following US 278/SR 12 through downtown. SR 15 continues northwest to Watkinsville, after which it joins US 129/US 441. It travels together with US 441 as a mostly four-lane highway throughout the rest of their course in Georgia.
The three highways, along with several others, circle around the east side of Athens along the SR 10 Loop (Athens Perimeter Highway) and head north through the town of Nicholson and around the east side of Commerce via a bypass. The highways then have an interchange with I-85, and head between the towns of Baldwin and Cornelia, where they become a limited access freeway for a short time and rejoin US 23. The three highways remain together and head through the cities of Tallulah Falls, Clayton, and Dillard before crossing into North Carolina.
History
1920s
SR 15 was established at least as early as 1919 on three segments. The southern segment extended from the current southern terminus through Folkston, Waycross, and Alma, and ended at Hazlehurst. The central segment extended from SR 27 in Lumber City to SR 19/SR 30 west-southwest of Mount Vernon. The northern segment extended from SR 30 in Mount Vernon to Athens, through Jefferson to its current northern terminus. There was no indication if SR 15 traveled between the separate segments, though. By the end of September 1921, the portion of SR 15 from west-southwest of Mount Vernon to Wrightsville was shifted westward, to travel north-northwest to Dublin and had a separate segment from SR 26 east-northeast of Dublin to Wrightsville (again no indication of SR 15 between the two segments). Its former path from Mount Vernon to Adrian was redesignated as part of SR 56. By October 1926, US 1 was designated on SR 15 from the Florida state line to north-northeast of Alma. US 129 was designated on SR 15 from just south of Watkinsville to Jefferson. Three segments had a "completed hard surface": a portion southwest of Waycross, a portion in the south-southwest part of Athens, and the Cornelia–Clarkesville segment. By October 1929, SR 4 was designated on US 1/SR 15 from the Florida state line to north-northeast of Alma. This segment, as well as a portion south of Sandersville, had a completed hard surface.
1930s
By the middle of 1930, the southern terminus was truncated to the point it previously left the concurrency with US 1/SR 4 north-northeast of Alma. Four segments had a completed hard surface: a portion in the northwestern part of Athens, from southeast of Jefferson to southwest of Commerce, the Baldwin–Cornelia segment, and the Clarkesville–North Carolina segment. Between November 1930 and the beginning of 1932, US 23 was designated on the Baldwin–North Carolina segment. In January 1932, SR 29 was established on SR 15's current path from US 1/SR 4 in South Thompson through Vidalia to SR 56 in Soperton. In March, the Watkinsville–Athens segment was completed. The next month, SR 24 was extended from Athens to Commerce, on what is now SR 15's. Also, the Tennille–Sandersville segment was also completed. Nearly two years later, SR 121 was established from US 84/SR 50 in Hoboken to SR 38 in Blackshear. Later that year, the southern terminus of the northern segment of SR 15 was shifted west-southwest to Dublin, to connect with its central segment. From just north of the Appling–Jeff Davis county line to Hazlehurst, SR 15 had a completed hard surface. About one year later, the Johnson County portion of the Dublin–Wrightsville segment was completed. During the first half of 1936, two segments of SR 15 were completed: the Laurens County portion of the Dublin–Wrightsville segment and a short portion south-southeast of Baldwin. Later that year, the northern half of the Homer–Baldwin segment was completed. By the end of the year, the Treutlen County portion of the Vidalia–Soperton segment of SR 29 was also completed. In the first quarter of 1937, SR 78 was established from Soperton north to Adrian and north-northwest to Wrightsville. In the third quarter of the year, three segments of SR 15 were completed: the entire southern segment (from north of Alma to Hazlehurst), a portion north-northeast of Lumber City, and from the Hancock–Greene county line to just north-northwest of Greensboro. The next year, SR 121 was extended southward to US 1/SR 4 in Racepond and northward to Baxley. Two segments of SR 15 were completed: the Athens–Jefferson and Homer–Baldwin segments. By July 1939, the Vidalia–Soperton segment, as well as a portion in the southeastern part of Commerce, of SR 29, and a portion in the southern part of Wrightsville on SR 78, was completed. Later that year, the entire Commerce–Homer segment of SR 15, as well as the northern half of the South Thompson–Vidalia segment of SR 29, was completed. By the end of the year, all of SR 15 north of Watkinsville, as well as a portion of SR 24 in the extreme northern part of Athens, was completed.
1940s
In 1940, the Wrightsville–Tennille segment of SR 15, as well as the portion of SR 78 from Soperton to north-northwest of Adrian, was completed. In the second half of 1941, the Adrian–Wrightsville segment of SR 78 was completed. The next year, a portion of SR 15 southeast of Sparta, as well as the southern half of the South Thompson–Vidalia segment of SR 29, was completed. Between January 1945 and November 1946, US 319 was designated on the Dublin–Wrightsville segment of SR 15. Three segments of SR 15 and one segment of SR 24 were "hard surfaced": from Lumber City to north of Glenwood, from Sandersville to just south of Warthen, the Sparta–Greensboro segment, and the Jackson County portion of SR 24. By February 1948, the Sandersville–Sparta segment of SR 15, the Pierce County portion of the Hoboken–Blackshear segment of SR 121, a portion of SR 121 south-southeast of Baxley, and the entire Athens–Commerce segment of SR 24 were all hard surfaced. By April 1949, US 441 was designated on the Watkinsville–Athens and Commerce–Baldwin segments of SR 15 and the Athens–Commerce segment of SR 24. Two segments of SR 15 were hard surfaced: a portion south-southeast of Dublin and the Oconee County portion of the Greensboro–Watkinsville segment.
1950s and 1960s
By August 1950, US 23 was designated on US 1/SR 4 from the Florida state line to north of Alma and on the southern segment of SR 15 from north of Alma to Hazlehurst. The Wheeler County portion of SR 15 and the Greene County portion of its Greensboro–Watkinsville segment, as well as the Blackshear–Bristol segment of SR 121, was hard surfaced. By the beginning of 1952, US 441 was designated on US 23/SR 15 from Baldwin to the North Carolina state line. The Glenwood–Dublin segment of SR 15 and the Racepond–Hoboken and Bristol–Baxley segments of SR 121 were hard surfaced. Between July 1957 and June 1960, SR 15 was re-extended to the Florida state line, on its current path, to Wrightsville. Its former path from north of Alma to Dublin was redesignated as SR 19; its former path from Dublin to Wrightsville, on US 319, was redesignated as SR 31. The paths of SR 15 and SR 24 between Athens and Commerce were swapped. By June 1963, SR 350 was established from US 129/SR 15 in the northwestern part of Athens to US 29/SR 8 in the northeastern part of the city. SR 15 and SR 24 between Athens and Commerce were swapped back. The path of SR 15 between Tallulah Falls and Tiger was shifted southwest on a more direct path. Its former path on US 23/US 441 was redesignated as SR 343. By the beginning of 1966, SR 24's northern terminus was truncated to Watkinsville. SR 15 replaced the Watkinsville–Athens segment, and SR 15 Alt. replaced the Athens–Commerce segment. US 29 was designated on SR 350 from the US 129/SR 15 interchange, which also had US 29 Temp. and US 441 Temp., to the US 29/SR 8 interchange. US 441 Temp. was designated on it from the US 129/SR 15 interchange to the US 441/SR 15 Alt. interchange. A western extension of SR 350, ending at US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10, was under construction. Also, SR 350 was under construction east-southeast just slightly from the US 29/SR 8 interchange. US 23/US 441/SR 15 between Tallulah Falls and a point about halfway between Clayton and Mountain City was shifted eastward; at this time, SR 343 was decommissioned. In 1966, SR 350 was decommissioned. US 29 was designated on the freeway from the western terminus to where it, as well as SR 8, depart the freeway. This interchange also had SR 8 Bus. and SR 106. SR 8 was designated on the entire length of the freeway. Its former path through the city was redesignated as SR 8 Bus., still concurrent with US 78/SR 10. In 1967, US 29 was extended on the freeway one interchange to the east. At this interchange, SR 72 was extended southeast to end here, concurrent with US 29/SR 8.
1970s and 1980s
In 1971, the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15 in the Baldwin–Demorest area was shifted westward. Their former path became US 23 Bus./US 441 Bus./SR 15 Loop. In 1976, SR 72 was indicated to be "projected mileage" from this point south to US 78/SR 10, then southwest and west to end at US 441/SR 15. In 1980, the Athens freeway was completed along its proposed extension's path, with US 129/US 441/SR 15 designated on it. The path of SR 15 in the Clarkesville area was shifted eastward, off of US 23/US 441 and partially onto SR 115. The next year, the portion of the Athens freeway between US 29/SR 8/SR 72 and US 78/SR 10 on the northeastern part was downgraded to a divided highway. In 1983, US 129/US 441/SR 15 Alt. was designated on the freeway from the then-current southern terminus to their current respective interchanges. In 1985, US 441 Temp. was no longer shown on maps. SR 72's western terminus was truncated to the far northeastern part of the city, at its current location. In 1986, a western cut-off, designated as SR 773, was proposed on a more direct path between two intersections with US 23/US 441/SR 15 from south of Tallulah Falls and into the city. The next year, SR 10 was designated on the Athens freeway from the US 129/US 441/SR 15 to the eastern US 78/SR 10 Bus. interchange. Its old path through downtown, still concurrent with US 78, was redesignated as SR 10 Bus. At this time, SR 72 was re-extended to the northeastern interchange. The path of US 23/US 441/SR 15 in the Tallulah Falls area was shifted westward, onto the proposed path of SR 773. The former path was redesignated as SR 15 Loop. In 1988, SR 10 in Athens was shifted back to downtown, with SR 10 Loop designated on the city's freeway. US 78 was shifted to the southern side of the freeway, with its former path redesignated as US 78 Bus. A southern bypass of Demorest and Clarkesville, designated as a northern extension of SR 365, was proposed from SR 365's then-current northern terminus at US 23/US 441/SR 15 south-southeast of Demorest to SR 115 south-southeast of Hollywood. At this time, SR 365 Spur was proposed from SR 115 at SR 365's proposed extension north-northwest to Hollywood. The next year, an eastern bypass of the main part of Commerce, designated as SR 759, was proposed from US 441/SR 15 south-southeast of Commerce to another intersection north-northeast of the city. SR 365 extended east-northeast on its previously proposed path to SR 115 south-southeast of Hollywood. An eastern bypass of Hollywood and Turnerville, designated as SR 835, was proposed from SR 17 just south of Hollywood to US 23/US 441/SR 15 south-southwest of Tallulah Falls.
1990s and 2000s
In 1991, the paths of SR 15 and SR 15 Alt. between Athens and Commerce were swapped. SR 759 around Commerce was completed. An eastern bypass of Homer, designated as SR 765, was proposed from US 441/SR 15/SR 164 south-southeast of Homer to US 441/SR 15 north-northeast of the city. Also, the path of US 23/SR 15 in the Demorest–Hollywood area was shifted off of US 441 and onto SR 365 from south-southeast of Demorest to south-southeast of Hollywood, then north-northwest on the proposed path of SR 365 Spur to Hollywood. The next year, a slightly western rerouting of US 129/US 441/SR 15 in the southern part of Athens, designated as SR 901, was proposed from US 129/US 441/SR 15 southwest of their southern interchange with the Athens freeway north-northwest to Timothy Road just north of the freeway. The path of US 441/SR 15 in the Commerce area was shifted eastward, replacing SR 759. The former path of US 441, on SR 334 and SR 98, was redesignated on US 441 Bus. A southeastern bypass of Hollingsworth, designated as SR 876, was proposed from US 441/SR 15 south-southeast of Hollingsworth to SR 198 southeast of the community. A cutoff, north-northeast of Hollingsworth, was proposed as an unnumbered road from Hollingsworth to US 441/SR 15 north-northwest of it. The path of US 441, from south-southeast of Demorest to Hollywood, was shifted southeast, onto the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15/SR 365. The former path of US 441 was redesignated as a northern extension of US 441 Bus. In 1993, the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15, from Hollywood to Tallulah Falls, was shifted eastward, onto the proposed path of SR 835. The next year, the cutoff north-northeast of Hollingsworth, now proposed as SR 877, was extended to SR 105 just east of the southern end of US 441/SR 15 concurrency. In 1995, US 29/SR 8 was also shifted to the southern side of the freeway, concurrent with US 78/SR 316. SR 72's western terminus was once again truncated to its current location. In 1997, the path of US 441/SR 15, from Homer–Cornelia, was shifted eastward, onto the proposed path of SR 876. In 2001, the path of US 129/US 441/SR 15 in Athens was shifted westward, onto the proposed path of SR 901. They were placed on a southern concurrency with the freeway for less than . This brief concurrency ended at Macon Highway. The next year, US 129/US 441/SR 15 was shifted off of Macon Highway and onto the Athens freeway. SR 877 was canceled. Two years later, the unsigned SR 422 designation was applied to the Athens freeway. The path of US 441/SR 15 in Homer area was shifted eastward, onto the proposed path of SR 765.
Major intersections
Special routes
Sparta connector route
State Route 15 Connector (SR 15 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 15 that existed in Sparta. Between April 1949 and August 1950, it was established from SR 16 northeast of the city to SR 15/SR 22 north of it. Between June 1955 and July 1957, the path of SR 15 in the Sparta area was shifted northeast, replacing SR 15 Conn.
Athens spur route
State Route 15 Spur (SR 15 Spur) was a very short-lived spur route of SR 15 that existed completely within the city limits of Athens. In 1952, it was established from US 441/SR 15 in the southern part of the city north-northwest to US 129/SR 15 in the western part of it. The next year, it was decommissioned.
Athens–Commerce alternate route
State Route 15 Alternate (SR 15 Alt.) is a alternate route of SR 15. It consists of a series of streets, roads, and highways that form a south-to-north-oriented highway in Clarke and Jackson counties in the northeastern part of the state. SR 15 Alt.'s southern terminus is in Athens at the interchange of Milledge Avenue and US 29/US 78/US 129/US 441/SR 8/SR 10 Loop/SR 15 (Athens Perimeter Highway) and Macon Highway. The segment along Milledge Avenue winds by the campus of the University of Georgia. This street features stately homes and mansions, some of which house college fraternities and sororities. SR 15 Alt. follows Prince Avenue northwest after the northern end of Milledge Avenue. As SR 15 Alt. leaves Athens, it becomes concurrent with US 129, where it is known as Jefferson Road. Upon entering Jefferson, SR 15 Alt. splits from US 129 to the northeast and becomes an independent highway. Its northern terminus is in the northeastern part of the city of Commerce at its intersection with US 441 (sometimes referred to as the Commerce Bypass) and SR 59. This intersection is the north end of SR 15 Alt.'s concurrency with US 441 Bus.
The entire length of SR 15 Alt. that is concurrent with US 129, from Athens to Arcade, is part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense.
Between June 1963 and the beginning of 1966, it was established from US 129/US 441 Temp./SR 15 in Athens north-northeast on Lumpkin Street, east-northeast on US 78/SR 8/SR 10 (Broad Street), north-northwest on Thomas Street with SR 8, curved to the north-northeast on Madison Avenue, and traveled northwest on Hobson Avenue. At US 29/US 441 Temp./SR 350, US 441 joined it in a concurrency. In Commerce, it split off of US 441 temporarily to the northeast and curved to the north-northwest to rejoin it at the spot where SR 98 also joined it. At an intersection with SR 15/SR 326, the alternate route ended. In 1966, the path of SR 8 in Athens was shifted northward onto the Athens freeway. Its former path through the city, partially on SR 15 Alt., was redesignated as SR 8 Bus.
Jackson–Banks County spur route
State Route 15 Spur (SR 15 Spur) was a spur route of SR 15 that existed on the Jackson–Banks county line, northeast of Commerce. In the second half of 1957, it was established from US 441/SR 15 just south of the county line to SR 59 just north of it. In 1981, the path of SR 59 in this area was shifted eastward, replacing all of SR 15 Spur.
Baldwin spur route
State Route 15 Spur (SR 15 Spur) was a spur route of SR 15 that existed in Baldwin. Between the beginning of 1938 and the beginning of 1951, it was established from US 441/SR 15 to US 23/SR 13. In 1972, it was redesignated as SR 15 Conn.
Baldwin connector route
State Route 15 Connector (SR 15 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 15 that existed in Baldwin. The roadway that would become SR 15 Conn. was established between the beginning of 1938 and the beginning of 1951 as SR 15 Spur from US 441/SR 15 to US 23/SR 13. In 1972, it was redesignated as SR 15 Conn. In 1981, the path of US 441/SR 15 in Baldwin was shifted westward, replacing the connector route.
Baldwin–Cornelia loop route
State Route 15 Loop (SR 15 Loop) was a very short-lived loop route of SR 15 that existed in Baldwin and Cornelia. In 1971, the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15 in the Baldwin–Demorest area was shifted westward, bypassing Cornelia. The former path was redesignated as US 23 Bus./US 441 Bus./SR 15 Loop. The next year, SR 105 was extended through the area, replacing the loop route.
Cornelia alternate route
State Route 15 Alternate (SR 15 Alt.) was an alternate route of SR 15 that existed entirely within the city limits of Cornelia. Between June 1963 and the beginning of 1966, it was established from US 23/US 441/SR 15 (Wells Street), to the northwest and north-northeast, and curved to the north-northwest on Clarkesville Street to a second intersection with US 23/US 441/SR 15. In 1972, this highway was redesignated as SR 105 Alt.
Cornelia connector route (1965–1972)
State Route 15 Connector (SR 15 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 15 that existed entirely within the city limits of Cornelia. Between June 1963 and the beginning of 1966, it was established from US 23/US 441/SR 15 east-northeast to SR 15 Alt. In 1972, this highway was redesignated as SR 105 Conn.
Cornelia connector route
State Route 15 Connector (SR 15 Conn.) is a connector route that exists almost entirely within Cornelia. It is known locally as Level Grove Road, and is designed to facilitate northbound to southbound traffic between US 441/SR 15 and US 23/SR 365 (Tommy Irvin Parkway).
The roadway that would eventually become SR 15 Conn. was established between the beginning of 1976 and the beginning of 1982, as an extension of US 123 and SR 13. Between the beginning of 1987 and the beginning of 1995, US 123 and SR 13 were truncated off of this path, and SR 13 Conn. was designated in their place.
Cornelia spur route
State Route 15 Spur (SR 15 Spur) was a spur route of SR 15 that existed entirely within the city limits of Cornelia. Between June 1963 and the beginning of 1966, it was established on Main Street from SR 15 Alt. north-northwest to US 23/US 441/SR 15 (which also used the Main Street name). In 1972, this highway was redesignated as SR 105 Spur.
Clarkesville connector route
State Route 15 Connector (SR 15 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 15 that existed entirely within the city limits of Clarkesville. The roadway that would eventually become SR 15 Conn. was established between the beginning of 1951 and the beginning of 1962, as an unnumbered road from US 23/US 441/SR 15 northwest to US 23/US 441/SR 15/SR 115/SR 197. Between the beginning of 1966 and the beginning of 1976, SR 15 Conn. was designated on this path, but with SR 15 shifted eastward, off of the northern intersection. Between the beginning of 1987 and the beginning of 1995, SR 15 Conn. was redesignated as SR 197 Conn.
Tallulah Falls spur route
State Route 15 Spur (SR 15 Spur) was a spur route of SR 15 that partially existed in Tallulah Falls. The roadway that would eventually become SR 15 Spur was established between January and September 1938 as an unnumbered road between two intersections with US 23/SR 15. Its southern terminus was southwest of Tallulah Falls, and its northern terminus was west-northwest of it. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, SR 15 Spur was designated on this road. In 1953, the northern terminus was shifted to north-northwest of the town. Between June 1954 and June 1955, its southern terminus was shifted to being south-southwest of Tallulah Falls, and its northern terminus was shifted into the town. Between June 1963 and the beginning of 1966, its southern terminus was shifted to south of town. In 1969, its southern terminus was shifted to south-southeast of town. Between the beginning of 1979 and March 1980, SR 15 Spur was decommissioned.
Tallulah Falls loop route
State Route 15 Loop (SR 15 Loop) is a loop route of SR 15 that exists completely within the city limits of Tallulah Falls. It begins at an intersection with US 23/US 441/SR 15. The loop travels to the east and curves to the northeast to a turnoff that leads to Tallulah Lodge. It passes a U.S. Post Office for the town and Indian Springs Trading Post and curves to the north-northwest. At the Tallulah Point Overlook, it begins heading west-northwest and reaches its northern terminus, a second intersection with US 23/US 441/SR 15.
In 1987, the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15 in the Tallulah Falls area was shifted westward. Its former path was redesignated as SR 15 Loop.
See also
References
External links
Georgia Roads (Routes 1 - 20)
Georgia State Route 15 on State-Ends.com
Georgia State Route 15 CONN on State-Ends.com
015
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13621829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateliers%20de%20Constructions%20Electriques%20de%20Charleroi | Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi | SA Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi (ACEC) was a Belgian manufacturer of electrical generation, transmission, transport, lighting and industrial equipment, with origins dating to the late 19th century as a successor to the Société Électricité et Hydraulique founded by .
After World War II the company expanded into electronics, and became a contractor to the nuclear industry. The company was acquired by Westinghouse in 1970; in 1985 Westinghouse's share was acquired by Société Générale de Belgique (SGB) and Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE).
The company operated at a loss during the 1980s, and was split and sold; Alstom and its affiliates acquired the majority of the company, along with ABB and Alcatel Bell and others. The remnants of the company were merged into Union Minière in 1989, forming ACEC Union Minière.
History
Background, 1878–1904
In 1878 Julien Dulait (1855–1926), son of steelworks engineer Jules Dulait began experiments into electrical and hydraulic machines; with co-worker Désiré Barras he created an electricity generating machine powered by an hydroelectric turbine. In 1881 the Compagnie générale d'Electricité was formed in Charleroi with Dulait as consulting engineer, constructing machines to Dulait's designs and those of Zénobe Gramme.
In 1886 the company was renamed becoming Société anonyme Électricité et Hydraulique à Charleroi (E&H), by this time the factory was producing dynamos with over 100 kW power. By 1900 the company had supplied electric lighting to the cities of Liege, Charleroi and Schaerbeek, and opened a new factory in Marcinelle/Marchienne. In 1904 the company supplied trams for a line in Cointe, Liege- – the first entirely Belgian built trams.
The company's product range included dynamos, lifts, carbon arc lamps, electric traction motors for trams and drilling equipment.
In 1898, the company established a factory in France in Jeumont (France/Belgium border).
On 7 July 1904, the company became Ateliers de Constructions électriques de Charleroi (ACEC), having been acquired by Baron Edouard Empain; Empain made an entry into the electrical industry in an attempt to counter German companies' share of the Belgian market.
The Jeumont, France factory was renamed Ateliers de constructions électriques du Nord et de l'Est (ACENE) in 1906; much later (1960s) becoming part of Jeumont Schneider.
ACEC, 1904–1970
After foundation in 1904 the company expanded in the next decade, establishing several new factories including ones for electrical cables, machine and tool making, and large scale machines. In 1914 the company began manufacturing motor vehicles, with an electric transmission system, to the design of Balachowsky & Caire. During World War I the factory was stripped of machines by occupying German forces.
In the interwar period ACEC began to produce vacuum-based electronics, including mercury arc rectifiers – in 1929 mercury-arc rectifiers were installed on Bruxelles tram system replacing rotary converters. The company also produced a high-power test installation, capable of producing 2.5GW in short circuit, with currents and voltages of up to 267kA and 250kV.
In 1939 ACEC began to collaborate with Constructions Electriques de Belgique (CEB), with the two companies rationalising their combined production.
During the buildup to World War II the factory was commissioned to manufacture 75mm anti-aircraft guns, 47mm antitank guns and other weapons, as well as variable-pitch propellers and parts for Hispano-Suiza aircraft. After the outbreak of war preparations were made to relocate the factories – some production was restarted at a Hispano-Suiza factory near Tarbes, France. The Charleroi plant was initially taken under the control of the German armed forces. By 1942 raw materials, and manufactured parts and tools were beginning to become scarce, in 1942/2 workers at the plant began to be commandeered to work in factories in Germany mainly those of AEG, Siemens and Brown-Boveri.
In 1947 the collaboration with CEB concluded with the two companies merging, forming ACEC Herstal.
ACEC also acted as a contractor and equipment supplier to the nuclear industry, supplying sensor and handling systems including fuel rod handling, pumps for coolant systems and instrumentation, as well as conventional power plant equipment such as main generators, pumps, control systems, instrumentation and computer systems. In 1957, the company entered into a licensing arrangement with Westinghouse relating to PWR reactors.
In the three decades after World War II the company also expanded into the electronics industry, starting to manufacture products including tape recorders, televisions, and radios.
The Société Electro Meccanique (SEM) (Ghent) was absorbed in 1960/1.
In 1970, it became a member of the Westinghouse group. Over the next two decades the company was restructured and its various operations sold off; much of the company was acquired by Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE).
ACEC breakup, 1970–1989
The ACEC cable factory was split as a separate company câblerie de Charleroi in 1971, and acquired by Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE) in 1986, as of 2012 a factory in Charleroi is part of Nexans Benelux (Nexans group) and manufacturers medium and high voltage electric (up to 500kV) cable.
Westinghouse reduced its shareholding to less than 50% by the late 1970s,
In 1985, Inductotherm Industries acquired four induction heating businesses from ACEC, including Elphiac (Herstal, Belgium, joint company with Philips).
The Société Générale de Belgique (SGB) and Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE) agreed to acquire Westinghouse's (42%) share in the company in 1985, becoming joint majority shareholders.
The company restructured in the 1980s, reducing its workforce from over 5000 in 1985 to 2200 in 1998. The company reported losses of over 4 billion Belgian francs (BF) in 1986, and over 500million loss in 1987. In 1988 the company was still in very poor financial condition; in the first half of 1988 it lost 570million BF on revenues of nearly 4billion Belgian francs. The main shareholders of ACEC's owner SGB (Suez group and Carlo De Benedetti) announced that the company was to be sold.
Many of the company's divisions were acquired by CGE subsidiaries (Alstom, Alcatel). Rail vehicle traction equipment manufacturer Kiepe Elektrik (acquired 1973) was sold to Alstom in 1988. The automation and energy divisions became majority owned by CGEE Alsthom (CGE subsidiary) as ACEC Automatisme SA, and ACEC Energie SA. The rail transport equipment subsidiary became a 100% owned subsidiary of Alsthom as ACEC Transport SA. in 1989; a plant in Herstal was closed, and traction motor manufacture ceased at Charleroi, moving to one of Alstom's French sites.
ABB acquired ACEC's mechanical engineering facilities in Ghent in 1988, effective April 1989, forming ACEC Turbo Power Systems SA (ATPS). The steel construction business "ACEC construction soudée" was sold to Cassart (Fernelmont, Belgium).
ACEC-SDT (space, defence, telecommunications) was merged into Alcatel-Bell (CGE majority owner, via Alcatel NV) forming Acatel-Bell-SDT.
By June 1989, the SGB was the only remaining shareholder of ACEC, trading of shares was suspended on 5 July 1989, in July 1989 the remnants of the company, considered essentially valueless, with estimated liabilities of over 7billion BF were merged into the company Union Minière, forming Acec-Union Minière. The merger, where ACEC absorbed UM, allowed to compensate the tax on UM's profits by carrying forward ACEC's losses.
ACEC Union Minière, 1989–1992
The information technology company ACEC-OSI was absorbed into Tractebel subsidiary Trasys (Belgium) in 1989.
The pump machinery division was (ACEC centrifugal pumps) acquired (from ACEC Union Minière) by BW/IP in 1992. BW/IP successor Flowserve closed the Charleroi pump factory in 1997.
After the sale of the centrifugal pumps division, no significant parts of ACEC remained in the Union Minière; it was renamed Umicore in 1992.
See also
Manx Electric Railway rolling stock, retains original power cars from the late 1890s with E&H traction motors.
Tihange Nuclear Power Station and Doel Nuclear Power Station, Belgian nuclear powerplants; all (Doel 1–4, and Tihange 1–3) had equipment supplied by ACEC in consortia with other companies.
, and ; built with ACEC equipment – in particular electric manoeuvring propellers.
ACEC Cobra, ACEC developed armoured vehicle (1977) with electric transmission.
References
Further reading
External links
ACEC
Engineering companies of Belgium
Electrical engineering companies
Companies based in Hainaut (province) |
73931261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20atrocities%20committed%20against%20Polish%20prisoners%20of%20war | German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war | During the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, Nazi Germany carried out a number of atrocities involving Polish prisoners of war (POWs). During that period, the Wehrmacht is estimated to have mass murdered at least 3,000 Polish POWs, with the largest atrocities being the Ciepielów massacre of 8 September 1939 (~300 victims) and the Zambrów massacre of 13–14 September (~200 victims). Most of those atrocities are classified as war crimes of the Wehrmacht. Jewish soldiers with the Polish Army were also more likely than others to be victims of various atrocities.
A number of other atrocities against Polish POWs occurred later in the war, particularly on the Eastern Front, with the largest atrocities in 1945 committed at Podgaje (~200 victims) and Horka (~300 victims).
Background
Before the war began, the Wehrmacht high command issued many radical and racist communiqués to its soldiers. In them, it warned soldiers against the alleged "fanatic" hatred of Poles towards the Germans and warned them to expect guerrilla warfare, sabotage and diversion, likely to be organized by Polish soldiers dressed in civilian clothes. This mentality likely increased the number of atrocities committed by the Germans on both Polish prisoners of war and civilians. According to Geoffrey P. Megargee, such war crimes were the result of contempt for Poles and Polish soldiers, encouraged by Nazi propaganda, which described them as German-hating Untermenschen; and lack of preparation, resources, and will to secure surrendered Polish soldiers. In addition, plans formulated by the German General Staff, prior to the invasion, authorized the SS to carry out security tasks on behalf of the army that included the imprisonment or execution of Polish citizens, whether Jewish or gentile.
Further, German officers often treated Polish soldiers of disorganized units captured behind German lines as partisans, not as regular soldiers, and felt justified in ordering their summary executions. On 4 September 1939, the Einsatzgruppen operating in Poland received an instruction to immediately court-martial and execute all alleged Polish partisans (Freischärler). In fact, this instruction led to mass executions of members belonging to Polish paramilitary formations and ad-hoc citizens watches (Straże Obywatelskie). These individuals were routinely labeled as "partisans" and summarily executed, even though they openly carried weapons and wore identifying marks or armbands as required by the Hague Convention.
Invasion of Poland
Numerous examples exist in which Polish soldiers were killed after capture; on the first day of invasion (1 September 1939), Polish prisoners of war (POWs) were murdered by the Wehrmacht at Pilchowice, Czuchów, Gierałtowice, Bojków, Lubliniec, Kochcice, Zawiść, Ornontowice and Wyry. Timothy Snyder, an American historian wrote that over 3,000 POWs were killed in at least 63 separate shooting actions in which they were often forced to take their uniforms off. German historian Jochen Böhler also provided the same estimate, writing that the Wehrmacht mass murdered at least 3,000 Polish POWs during the campaign. Polish-American historian Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the victims to be 1,000 POWs executed by the German army in September 1939, several hundred more executed by Gestapo, and about 1,200 members of the National Defense, as well as other volunteers like the post office workers involved in the Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig.
Polish historian Tomasz Sudoł notes that several dozen of larger incidents can be documented, and that the number of smaller incidents – such as executions of individual soldiers – is "significant", but hard to estimate. With regards to the larger incidents, he mentions, chronologically, the massacres at:
Bydgoszcz, where over 40 members of the local Citizens Watch, despite being guaranteed security by the Wehrmacht upon the capitulation, were handed over to the Einsatzgruppen and executed on 5 September. Some of them were beaten to death.
Serock, where over 80 Polish prisoners of war were killed by the German troops (the of 5 September 1939);
, where 19 Polish officers, prisoners of war, were executed on 6 September; several additional soldiers were executed around the same time in the nearby village of Longinówka;
Mszczonów, where 11 Polish prisoners were executed by the 4th Panzer Division on 8 September;
Piaseczno, where 21 Polish prisoners were executed, also on 8 September;
Ciepielów, where about 300 POWs were killed (the Ciepielów massacre of 8 September 1939, carried out by the 29th Motorized Infantry Division);
Stare Kozłowice, where 5 POWs were executed by the 2nd Light Division on 12 September;
Szczucin, where about 40 POWs and 30 civilians were killed, also on 12 September (the );
Zambrów, where a further 200 POWs were killed (the Zambrów massacre on the night of 13–14 September 1939);
Śladów, where 252 prisoners of war (POW)s, or according to other sources – about 150 POWs and 150 civilians, were shot or drowned, probably by the 4th Panzer Division (the of 18 September);
Majdan Wielki, where 42 POWs were killed (the of 20 September)
Urych (formerly Urycz), where about 70–100 POWs were herded into a barn and burned alive (the of 22 September)
Sochaczew's district of , where 50 POWs were killed (the of 22 September, sometimes called the Sochaczew massacre), and
Zakroczym, where several hundred POWs were killed (the Zakroczym massacre of 28 September).
There were also incidents such as the Katowice massacre on 4 September, where among the 80 or so victims of local militia, it is estimated that there were some Polish soldiers who failed to evacuate with the larger formations.
In addition to massacres of POWS, there have been instances of refusal to provide medical aid to wounded soldiers, torture and other abuse of prisoners and repression against families and other relatives of the soldiers.
The prisoners in the temporary POW camp in Żyrardów, captured after the Battle of the Bzura, were denied any food and starved for ten days. In some cases Polish POWs were burned alive. Units of the Polish 7th Infantry Division were massacred after being captured in several individual acts of revenge for their resistance in combat. On 11 September, Wehrmacht soldiers threw hand grenades into a school building where they kept Polish POWs. In one documented incident, German tanks shelled a clearly marked Polish field hospital. On 14 September 1939, troops of the 206th Infantry Division perpetrated a massacre of 30 Polish POWs and 23 civilians in Olszewo, in revenge for the losses suffered in the battle against the Suwalska Cavalry Brigade.
Most of those atrocities are classified as war crimes of the Wehrmacht, as they occurred during the period of military occupation of Poland (untll 25 September).
Fate of the Jewish POWs
As a prelude to The Holocaust, Polish POWs of Jewish origin were routinely selected and shot on the spot.
In transit camps for the Polish prisoners of war (Dulags) as well as in Stalags where privates and non-commissioned officers were held, the German military authorities established "inner ghettos" where Jewish POWs, were segregated from non-Jewish soldiers of the Polish Armed Forces. The treatment of Jewish POWs was harsher, and they were often assigned the most strenuous and degrading labor tasks. The Germans had plans to establish "inner ghettos" in Oflags as well, but in many cases they encountered opposition from Polish officers. Ultimately, for reasons unknown, "inner ghettos" for Jewish officers were only created in certain Oflags.
In December 1939 the German military authorities initiated the process of releasing the Jewish privates and NCOs from Stalags. In most cases, these soldiers were transferred to the labor camp at Lipowa Street in Lublin, which at that time also served as a transit camp for Jewish POWs. Due to the harsh conditions during transportation, many of them perished from freezing temperatures or died of starvation in the freight cars. The fate of approximately 500 Jewish POWs, who before the war had resided in Polish territories now annexed by Nazi Germany, was particularly tragic. In February 1940, as the Judenrat in Lublin refused to accommodate them, the Germans forced the POWs to undertake a march on foot, enduring freezing temperatures, to the city of Biała Podlaska, located 130 kilometers away. During this "death march", several hundred POWs were murdered. The remaining POWs were transferred from Lipowa Street camp to ghettos in the General Government before the end of May 1940. When Operation Reinhard commenced, they shared the same fate as other Jews.
Between December 1940 and February 1941, a minimum of 2,120 Jewish POWs, who had previously lived in Polish territories that were annexed by the Soviet Union, were permanently imprisoned at the Lipowa Street camp. The majority of them were murdered during the operation Harvest Festival in November 1943.
The fate of the Jewish officers was different. They remained in Oflags and majority of them survived the war.
Warsaw Uprising
On 1 August 1944, the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK) initiated an uprising against the Nazis in Warsaw. In accordance with the Hague Convention, the insurgents openly carried weapons and wore identifying white and red Home Army armbands. On 30 August 1944, the governments of the United States and United Kingdom officially recognized the Home Army as an integral part of the Polish Armed Forces in the West. They also issued a warning that any reprisals against its soldiers would be punished after the war. Additionally, on 3 September 1944, the issued a communique acknowledging the combatant status of Home Army members. However, despite these declarations, the German forces continued to execute captured insurgents, including the wounded, until the final days of the uprising.
On 2 September 1944, following the capture of Warsaw's Old Town, German forces and their collaborators massacred at least 1,000 Polish POWs. Among the victims were predominantly severely wounded soldiers who had been left behind after the evacuation of Home Army forces through the city's sewers to Śródmieście. The methods of execution included shooting and burning individuals alive. In some instances, Polish nurses who had stayed with the wounded soldiers were raped and subsequently executed.
Executions of POWs and massacres in military hospitals also took place during the battles in other districts of Warsaw, including Wola, Ochota, Mokotów, Powiśle, Solec. In the case of the latter, after the district was ultimately captured by German forces on 23 September 1944, some victims, including five nurses and military chaplain Fr Józef Stanek, were hanged by SS members. On 27 September 1944, following the fall of Mokotów, approximately 140 AK soldiers who had become disoriented in the sewers and mistakenly surfaced near the German barracks were executed by members of the Ordnungspolizei at Dworkowa Street.
Captured insurgents were routinely executed by German forces until the end of September 1944. However, when the negotiations on the capitulation of Warsaw started, a different approach was adopted. According to the capitulation treaty, which was signed on October 3, 1944, the German side agreed to respect the combatant status of AK soldiers. Consequently, after the capitulation of the Polish forces in Warsaw, approximately 15,000 insurgents, including around 900 officers, were taken captive and sent to POW camps in Germany.
Atrocities during the final stage of the war
Polish prisoners of war were also executed later in the war. Piotrowski writes that "some Polish officers captured in 1944 in Hungary and several hundred POWs from the Polish People's Army captured in 1944–45 were also killed." In February 1945, during the breakthrough of the Pomeranian Wall, approximately 150–200 POWs were executed by the Germans in Podgaje, an event known as the Podgaje massacre of 2 February 1945.
Some Polish POWs were executed after being captured trying to escape from German internment camps, including 37 officers captured during the escape from German prisoner-of-war camp Oflag VI-B in Dössel in 1943, and six Polish airman among the few dozen of Allied victims of the Great Escape in 1944 from the camp Stalag Luft III in Żagań (the Stalag Luft III murders).
During the Battle of Bautzen in April 1945, Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS units committed numerous war crimes against POWs and wounded soldiers from the Polish Second Army. One of the most notorious crimes occurred on 26 April 1945, near the village of Horka, close to Crostwitz. In that location, Wehrmacht soldiers massacred the hospital column of the Polish 15th Sanitary Battalion, resulting in the deaths of around 300 POWs, including wounded soldiers and members of the medical personnel.
Aftermath
German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war have been poorly documented until recently. Much of the wartime documentation written by the Polish Red Cross was lost during the war, and the prisoner-of-war massacres from 1939 were often overshadowed by the subsequent crimes committed on civilian population.
Even after the war ended, as late as mid-1970s, some German courts dismissed accusations that German troops committed war crimes, claimed that the executed individuals were not wearing military uniforms, or that the evidence of atrocities is lacking or poorly documented.
Much of the pioneering research on this topic was done in the mid-20th century by Polish historian Szymon Datner. More recent research into this has been carried out by German historian Jochen Böhler. Tomasz Sudoł, writing in 2011, noted that the topic of German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war is still an understudied field with a number of questions waiting to be properly researched.
See also
German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war
The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
Katyn massacre
Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II
References
Further reading
Szymon Datner (1961). Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu na jeńcach wojennych w II wojnie światowej [Wehrmacht crimes against prisoners of war in World War II]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej
Jochen Böhler „Tragische Verstrickung" oder Auftakt zum vernichtungskrieg? – Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 ["Tragic entanglement" or prelude to the war of annihilation? – The Wehrmacht in Poland 1939], in: Klaus-Michael Mallmann/ Bogdan Musial (Hrsg.): Genesis des Genozids – Polen 1939–1941 Darmstadt 2004, p. 36–56,
Jochen Böhler, Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce [Wehrmacht crimes in Poland]. Kraków: Wydawnictwo "Znak", 2009
Nazi war crimes in Poland
Massacres in Poland
Massacres of Poles
Invasion of Poland |
4823998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOBEC3G | APOBEC3G | APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic subunit 3G) is a human enzyme encoded by the APOBEC3G gene that belongs to the APOBEC superfamily of proteins. This family of proteins has been suggested to play an important role in innate anti-viral immunity. APOBEC3G belongs to the family of cytidine deaminases that catalyze the deamination of cytidine to uridine in the single stranded DNA substrate. The C-terminal domain of A3G renders catalytic activity, several NMR and crystal structures explain the substrate specificity and catalytic activity.
APOBEC3G exerts innate antiretroviral immune activity against retroviruses, most notably HIV, by interfering with proper replication. However, lentiviruses such as HIV have evolved the Viral infectivity factor (Vif) protein in order to counteract this effect. Vif interacts with APOBEC3G and triggers the ubiquitination and degradation of APOBEC3G via the proteasomal pathway. On the other hand, foamy viruses produce an accessory protein Bet () that impairs the cytoplasmic solubility of APOBEC3G. The two ways of inhibition are distinct from each other, but they can replace each other in vivo.
Discovery
It was first identified by Jarmuz et al. as a member of family of proteins APOBEC3A to 3G on chromosome 22 in 2002 and later also as a cellular factor able to restrict replication of HIV-1 lacking the viral accessory protein Vif. Soon after, it was shown that APOBEC3G belonged to a family of proteins grouped together due to their homology with the cytidine deaminase APOBEC1.
Structure
APOBEC3G has a symmetric structure, resulting in 2 homologous catalytic domains, the N-terminal (CD1) and C-terminal (CD2) domains, each of which contains a coordination site. Each domain also has the typical His/Cys-X-Glu-X23–28-Pro-Cys-X2-Cys motif for cytidine deaminases. However, unlike the typical cytidine deaminases, APOBEC3G contains a unique alpha helix between two beta sheets in the catalytic domain that could be a cofactor binding site. (Figure 1)
CD2 is catalytically active and vital for deamination and motif specificity. CD1 is catalytically inactive, but very important for binding to DNA and RNA and is key to defining the 5’->3’ processivity of APOBEC3G deamination. CD2 has no deaminase activity without the presence of CD1.
Native APOBEC3G is composed of monomers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, and higher order oligomers. While it is thought that APOBEC3G functions as a dimer, it is possible that it actually functions as a mix of monomers and oligomers.
The D128 amino acid residue, which lies within CD1 (Figure 1), appears to be particularly important for APOBEC3G interactions with Vif because a D128K point mutation prevents Vif-dependent depletion of APOBEC3G. Additionally, amino acids 128–130 on APOBEC3G form a negatively charged motif that is critical for interactions with Vif and the formation of APOBEC3G-Vif complexes. Furthermore, residues 124-127 are important for encapsidation of APOBEC3G into HIV-1 virions and the resulting antiretroviral activity.
Mechanism of action
APOBEC3G has been widely studied and several mechanisms that negatively affect HIV-1 replication have been identified.
Cytidine deamination and hypermutation
APOBEC3G and other proteins in the same family are able to act as activation-induced (cytidine) deaminases (AID). APOBEC3G interferes with reverse transcription by inducing numerous deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine mutations in the negative strand of the HIV DNA primarily expressed as complementary DNA (cDNA) in a 3’->5’processive manner. Because APOBEC3G is part of the APOBEC superfamily and acts as an AID, it is likely that the mechanism mediated by APOBEC3G for cytidine deamination is similar to that of an E. coli cytidine deaminase that is known to be highly homologous to APOBEC1 and AID around the nucleotide and zinc-binding region. The predicted deamination reaction is driven by a direct nucleophilic attack on position 4 of the cytidine pyrimidine ring by the zinc-coordinated enzyme. Water is needed as a source of both a proton and hydroxyl group donor (Figure 2). The deamination (and resulting oxidation) at position 4 yields a carbonyl group and results in a change from cytidine to uridine.
The deamination activity ultimately results in G→A hypermutations at “hot spots” of the proviral DNA. Such hypermutation ultimately destroys the coding and replicative capacity of the virus, resulting in many nonviable virions. APOBEC3G has a much weaker antiviral effect when its active site has been mutated to the point that the protein can no longer mutate retroviral DNA. It was originally thought that the APOBEC3G-mediated deamination can also indirectly lead to viral DNA degradation by DNA repair systems attracted to the mutated residues. However, this has been discounted because human APOBEC3G reduces viral cDNA levels independently of DNA repair enzymes UNG and SMUG1.
Interference with reverse transcription
APOBEC3G interferes with reverse transcription of HIV-1 independent of DNA deamination. tRNA3Lys typically binds to the HIV-1 primer binding site to initiate reverse transcription. APOBEC3G can inhibit tRNA3Lys priming, thereby negatively affecting viral ssDNA production and virus infectivity. It is predicted that reverse transcription is also negatively affected by APOBEC3G binding to viral RNA and causing steric alterations.
Interference with viral DNA integration
APOBEC3G was associated with interference of viral DNA integration into the host genome in a manner dependent on functional catalytic domains and deaminase activity. Mbisa et al. saw that APOBEC3G interferes with the processing and removal of primer tRNA from the DNA minus strand, thus leading to aberrant viral 3’ long terminal repeat (LTR) DNA ends. These viral DNA ends are inefficient substrates for integration and plus-strand DNA transfer. As a result, HIV-1 provirus formation is inhibited.
Biological function
HIV encapsidation
APOBEC3G mRNA is expressed in certain cells, referred to as non-permissive cells, in which HIV-1 cannot properly infect and replicate in the absence of Vif. Such cells include physiologically relevant primary CD4 T lymphocytes and macrophages. The encapsidation of APOBEC3G into HIV-1 virions is very important for the spread of APOBEC3G and the exertion of anti-retroviral activity. Encapsidation of APOBEC3G may occur by at least the following four proposed mechanisms (Figure 3): 1. Non-specific packaging of APOBEC3G 2. APOBEC3G interaction with host RNA 3. APOBEC3G interaction with viral RNA 4. Interaction of APOBEC3G with HIV-1 Gag proteins. Only the latter two mechanisms have been extensively supported.
The amount that is incorporated into virions is dependent on the level of APOBEC3G expression within the cell producing the virion. Xu et al. conducted studies with PBMC cells and found that, in the absence of Vif, 7±4 APOBEC3G molecules were incorporated into the virions and resulted in potent inhibition of HIV-1 replication.
In addition to deterring replication of exogenous retroviruses, A3G also acts upon human endogenous retroviruses, leaving similar signatures of hypermutations in them.
Disease relevance
APOBEC3G is expressed within the non-permissive cells and is a key inhibitory factor of HIV-1 replication and infectivity. However, Vif counteracts this antiretroviral factor, enabling production of viable and infective HIV-1 virions in the presence of APOBEC3G activity . In particular, Vif prevents incorporation of APOBEC3G into HIV-1 virions and promotes destruction of the enzyme in a manner independent of all other HIV-1 proteins.
While APOBEC3G has typically been studied as a vital protein exhibiting potent antiviral effects on HIV-1, recent studies have elucidated the potential of APOBEC3G-mediated mutation to help to facilitate the propagation HIV-1. The number of deaminations in the preferred regions varies from one to many, possibly dependent on the time of exposure to APOBEC3G. Additionally, it has been shown that there is a dose response between intracellular APOBEC3G concentration and degree of viral hypermutation. Some HIV-1 proviruses with APOBEC3G-mediated mutation have been shown to thrive because they carry too few mutations at APOBEC3G hotspots or because recombination between a lethally APOBEC3G-restricted provirus and a viable provirus has occurred. Such sublethal mutagenesis contributes to greater genetic diversity among the HIV-1 virus population, demonstrating the potential for APOBEC3G to enhance HIV-1's ability to adapt and propagate.
References
External links
Further reading
EC 3.5.4
HIV/AIDS |
36380570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2/15th%20Battalion%20%28Australia%29 | 2/15th Battalion (Australia) | The 2/15th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served during World War II. Formed in May 1940 primarily from Queensland volunteers, the battalion saw action in North Africa in 1941–1942 as part of the 20th Brigade, which was part of the 7th Division before being reassigned to the 9th Division.
After completing training in Palestine, in early 1941, the 2/15th took up positions along the front line in the Western Desert, before being pushed back to Tobruk. Between April and October 1941, along with a garrison of British and other Australian personnel, the battalion helped to hold the strategically important port, which had been surrounded following the landing of German troops at Tripoli. It was withdrawn by sea in late October 1941 as the 9th Division was relieved by the British 70th Division. Following its withdrawal from Tobruk, the battalion re-formed at Gaza before undertaking garrison duties in Syria. In mid-1942, the 2/15th returned to North Africa to fight in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein.
In early 1943, the 2/15th returned to Australia and was re-organised and re-trained for jungle warfare. It took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943–1944 and Borneo in 1945, before being disbanded in 1946.
History
Formation
The 2/15th Battalion was raised at Victoria Barracks in Brisbane on 26 April 1940 from Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) volunteers. It was one of three infantry battalions assigned to the 20th Brigade that were initially part of the 7th Division, the other two being the 2/13th and 2/17th Battalions. The battalion had an authorised strength of around 900 personnel like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, and was organised into four rifle companies – designated 'A' through to 'D' – each consisting of three platoons; these were supported by a battalion headquarters and a headquarters company with six specialist platoons: signals, pioneer, anti-aircraft, transport, administrative and mortars.
Upon formation, the 2/15th was placed under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Marlan, an Australian Staff Corps officer of the Permanent Military Forces who arrived on promotion from major, having previously served in World War I with the 20th Battalion. The colours initially chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 15th Battalion, a unit that had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were initially purple and red in a diamond shape, but after representations from World War I veterans the colour patch was changed to brown over dark blue, in a rectangle shape. The patch was placed inside a grey diamond border added to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; this would change following the unit's involvement in the fighting at Tobruk, when it adopted a 'T'-shaped UCP consisting of blue and green.
Following the battalion's establishment, Marlan set about choosing a cadre of senior commissioned and non-commissioned personnel around which to build the battalion. These personnel included the battalion second-in-command, the quartermaster and adjutant, as well as senior enlisted soldiers to undertake administrative and instructional work. These were recruited from several of the existing Queensland-based Militia battalions including the 25th, 42nd and 47th Battalions. One member recruited at the time had served with the 15th Battalion that had been raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force, during World War I.
After the first groups of personnel began arriving at Redbank, in south-east Queensland, in the middle of May, the battalion's headquarters moved to the camp and basic training commenced in June under instructors from the Australian Instructional Corps. In early July, the majority of the battalion was transported by train to Pinkenba, and from there to Darwin, in Australia's north, aboard the troopship Zealandia. Tasked with defending the port and its surrounds, the battalion was based around Vestey's meatworks near Mindil Beach, and in the months that followed was occupied with vital asset protection and area defence in between individual and collective training exercises. Personnel were joined by the majority of their vehicles, including 14 tracked Bren carriers in August, as well as a group of reinforcements. In October, elements of the battalion were used as stevedores during a wharf labourers' strike.
In the absence of the Darwin personnel, the battalion's rear details shifted from Redbank to Grovely where route marches were carried out in the Samford Valley. In late October, the rear details personnel returned to Redbank at the end of the month where more equipment was received. The main body of the battalion remained in Darwin, forming part of the town's defensive garrison. They were relieved by the 2/25th Battalion in late October 1940, and embarked again on the Zealandia. Sailing via Bowen where shore leave was granted, the 2/15th reached Hamilton, in Brisbane, in early November to marry up with the rear details at Redbank. Further training was undertaken at Redbank at this time before the whole battalion entrained for Brisbane on Christmas Day, embarking aboard the Queen Mary bound for Sydney. There, the ship joined up with a larger convoy that was bound for the Middle East theatre.
Middle East
Sailing via Colombo, the battalion disembarked in Bombay, transferring to the Rohna for the remainder of the journey. Transitting the Suez Canal, it disembarked at El Kantara, in Egypt, in February 1941. En route to the Middle East, the 20th Brigade was reassigned to the 9th Division, as part of a reorganisation of the Australian divisions in the Middle East prior to I Corps' deployment to Greece. Upon arrival in Egypt, the battalion moved to a base in Gaza dubbed Kilo 89, where it concentrated with the 2/13th and 2/17th Battalions, which had arrived earlier in Palestine as the 9th Division attempted to make good its equipment and training deficiencies. The battalion's war equipment, including vehicles, arrived in mid-February and throughout the month the troops were introduced to the Bren light machine gun, firing it for the first time at the Jaffa Range and practicing constructing defensive systems in preparation for desert warfare. Individual training undertaken at this time was aimed at identifying those who would be unfit for the coming battle, and many were subsequently transferred to the divisional guard battalion.
In early March 1941, the 2/15th entrained at Gaza and moved to Mersa Matruh, as the 9th Division began to relieve the 6th Division along the front line in the Western Desert so that the latter could be transferred to Greece, where a German invasion was expected. A few days later the battalion was moved to Tobruk. From there it moved by road in captured Italian vehicles to Derna and on to Tochra, then Benghazi, and eventually Barce. Throughout early April, the 2/15th became involved in the large-scale withdrawal that followed the landing of German forces around Tripoli as part of Axis efforts to reinforce the Italians in North Africa following British gains in western Egypt and Cyrenaica during Operation Compass in 1940–41. The battalion subsequently fell back east along the coast towards Tobruk. During the retreat about 180 men, including the battalion's commanding officer, Marlan, were taken prisoner when their headquarters was surrounded by a force of 18 tanks and unsuccessfully attempted to fight their way out. These men spent several years in captivity, being held initially in camps in North Africa before moving to Italy and later Germany; some managed to escape either in North Africa, or from Italy; several eventually rejoined the battalion, while others linked up with Italian or Yugoslavian partisans with whom they fought against German forces later in the war.
Lieutenant Colonel Robert Ogle took over command of the battalion following Marlan's capture. It subsequently joined the defence of Tobruk, as part of the defensive garrison that held the strategically important port after it was placed under siege by the advancing German and Italian forces. The battalion remained there for over six months conducting patrols and raids, and holding positions around the perimeter until late October 1941, when the bulk of the 9th Division, less the 2/13th Battalion and two companies from the 2/15th, were withdrawn by sea and replaced by British troops from the 70th Division. The 2/15th's casualties during the withdrawal from Benghazi and the siege of Torbuk amounted to 45 killed in action or died of wounds, one accidentally killed, 103 wounded in action and 205 captured.
The 2/15th was subsequently withdrawn to Gaza, where it stayed into the new year, before moving to Syria, where it formed part of the Allied occupation force established there at the end of the Syria–Lebanon campaign. In July 1942, in the face of a heavy German onslaught that threatened to break through to Suez, the 9th Division was hurriedly moved back to North Africa. The 2/15th subsequently took part in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein during the remainder of the year. Throughout August, the 2/15th subsequently held a position in the north-east sector of the line from Hill 33 to the coast. On 1 September, the 2/15th participated in the 9th Division's diversionary attack south of Tel-el-Eisa, codenamed Operation Bulimba, which was planned as a response to German offensive actions further south during the lead-up to the final assault in late October and early November 1942. In heavy fighting near Point 23, a low rocky outcrop, the battalion lost about half of its fighting strength, sustaining 183 casualties, amidst heavy hand-to-hand fighting as the battalion came up against heavy resistance after penetrating a German minefield. Ogle's carrier struck a mine during the operation, and he was seriously wounded. The battalion's role in the September attack, including the efforts of Corporal Horton McLachlan, who received the Distinguished Conduct Medal, was later depicted in a painting by Ivor Hele. Among the casualties at El Alamein was the 2/15th's recently appointed replacement commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Keith Magno, who was mortally wounded by artillery fire after the battalion was heavily shelled while forming up during an attack around Trig 29 – a valuable piece of high ground south-west of Tel-el-Eisa – on 28 October. Casualties over both periods the battalion fought around Alamein totaled 81 killed, 23 died of wounds, 276 wounded and seven captured.
New Guinea and Borneo
By early 1943 the Australian Army's focus had shifted to operations in the Pacific theatre against the Japanese, and the 9th Division received orders to return to Australia to join the other two 2nd AIF divisions, the 6th and 7th, which had departed earlier in 1942. A divisional parade was held in Gaza, after which the 2/15th embarked upon the transport Acquitania and sailed with a large convoy established under Operation Pamphlet as part of the final stage in the withdrawal of the 2nd AIF divisions from the Middle East. After a journey of just over a month, the Acquitania berthed at Sydney in late February 1943. During this time the battalion was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Raymond Barham.
After disembarking in Sydney, the troops received three weeks of leave during which time they were allowed to return to their homes. The 9th Division then carried out welcome home marches across Australia, with the 2/15th taking part in the march through Brisbane. After this, the division was transported to Kairi on the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland where it was converted to the jungle establishment and began training for operations against the Japanese. The reorganisation saw the battalion establishment drop to around 800 men, and the loss of many vehicles and heavy equipment. Lieutenant Colonel Colin Henry Grace was appointed to command the battalion in May 1943 and would do so for the rest of the war. Amphibious training was carried out at Trinity Beach, near Cairns, with the US 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment in July 1943.
Following training, the battalion was deployed to New Guinea, arriving in Milne Bay in early August 1943. It saw action in the final stages of the Salamaua–Lae campaign in September 1943. The 2/15 took part in the landing at Lae, the first amphibious operation undertaken by Australian forces since the failed Gallipoli campaign in 1915. During the operation, the 2/15th was initially assigned the task of securing the beachhead following the 20th Brigade's landing. After being relieved it joined the advance west towards the town, slowed by heavy rains that turned the many creeks in the area into raging torrents, which were invariably covered by heavy Japanese fire from the opposite bank.
Later in September, after Lae had fallen to troops of the 7th Division advancing from Nadzab, the 20th Brigade undertook a follow-up operation further east, an opposed amphibious landing at Scarlet Beach, as part of Allied efforts to secure the Huon Peninsula. During the landing, the 2/15th formed the 20th Brigade's reserve force, coming ashore around Katika due to a navigational error; here it fought to dislodge strongly entrenched Japanese forces as the Australians established a beachhead. This was followed by the capture of Finschhafen, during which the 2/15th advanced alongside the 2/17th Battalion. The battalion's main effort was focused around securing a crossing over the Bumi River northwest of Finschhafen. After the town had been captured, it was tasked with expanding the Australian beachhead further west towards Kumawa as part of the drive on Sattelberg. For his actions during the battalion's attack around Kumawa on 13 October 1944, Corporal William Woods – who had destroyed two machine gun positions singlehandedly after most of his section had been wiped out – was recommended for the Victoria Cross, the only member of the battalion to be nominated for the award. It was subsequently downgraded to a Distinguished Conduct Medal.
After a short period of rest while Sattelberg was captured by the 26th Brigade, in late November the 2/15th joined the advance to Wareo, capturing Nongora village, crossing the Song River, and then undertaking patrols through the Christmas Hills until relieved by elements of the 4th Brigade, which pushed the Australian advance along the coast, forcing the Japanese north towards Sio as the Australians sought to secure the Huon Peninsula. In late December, the 20th Brigade rotated back into the lead, and the 2/15th took over from the 22nd Battalion around the Tunom River, where the battalion headquarters came under aerial attack. After a brief pause near the flood swollen Tunom, the advance continued throughout December and into January 1944 with minor skirmishes punctuating the battalion's advance. Finally, on 21 January, at the edge of the Sazomu River, the order arrived for the 2/15th to be withdrawn to Finschhafen for rest prior to repatriation to Australia. The fighting in New Guinea cost the battalion 30 killed in action, six dead from wounds, four dead from accidents and 119 wounded.
The 2/15th Battalion returned to Australia in mid-March 1944 aboard the Klipfontein. After docking in Brisbane, a 42-day leave period followed before the battalion came together again at Ravenshoe to begin the process of rebuilding in preparation for the next phase of the war. Between June and August, training progressed from individual instruction up to brigade-level exercises as the unit was re-constituted for its next campaign. During training it experienced a high turnover of personnel and a large influx of reinforcements, including several officers, was received in the middle of 1944 from the disbanded 62nd Battalion, a Queensland-based Militia battalion that had previously been assigned to Merauke Force. A long period of training followed the battalion's return to Australia in early 1944, as there was a degree of uncertainty about the Australian Army's role in future operations in the Pacific after the US military assumed primary responsibility for combat operations in the theatre. Nevertheless, in the final months of the war the 2/15th took part in efforts to recapture North Borneo as part of Operation Oboe Six. After a battalion-level exercise in early 1945, the 2/15th sailed from Australia aboard the Charles Lummis in early May.
Staging out of Morotai Island, a detachment of the battalion landed on Muara Island on 10 June 1945, disembarking from US-operated LVTs and securing the island without opposition, while later, other elements from the 2/15th were put ashore on the peninsula around Brunei Town, as part of Allied operations to secure northern Borneo. While the main Australian force advanced towards Kuching and the oil fields around Seria, two companies of the 2/15th served as a "floating reserve" for the 2/13th Battalion's landing around Lutong, while the main body of the 2/15th subsequently moved inland towards Limbang, and began patrolling along the Limbang and Pandaruan Rivers that forked inland from the bay, using landing craft for mobility, and securing several small villages around the edge of the bay. Limbang was taken on 18 June, and two days later the two detached companies rejoined the battalion. Subsequently, several engagements were fought with the Japanese during patrols in June and July, but these were mainly small-scale; two members of the battalion were killed in an ambush around Brunei in late June, the heaviest fighting occurring in early July, when a patrol killed over 20 Japanese in a short but sharp encounter. By the end of July, a draft of 170 long-service personnel were released to return to Australia in early August, just as the war came to an end. Casualties for the 20th Brigade were light; the 2/15th suffered five battle casualties during its last campaign, two killed and three wounded.
Disbandment
After the war, the 2/15th remained on Brunei until November when it moved to Mempakul as personnel were returned to Australia in drafts based on priority of discharge. A small group of personnel volunteered at this time to undertake occupation duties in Japan and were subsequently transferred to the 66th or 67th Battalions. In early December, the battalion's vehicles were returned and after the appropriate clearances were received, the remaining cadre was transported to Labuan. From there, they sailed back to Australia aboard the Pachaug Victory, arriving at Brett's Wharf, in Brisbane on 19 December. The cadre moved into a camp at Chermside, where they completed unloading of stores and equipment before a short Christmas leave. Early in the new year, the final administrative tasks were completed and the last group of personnel were posted for demobilisation and discharge. Finally, the 2/15th was officially disbanded on 21 January 1946.
During its service a total of 2,758 men served with the 2/15th Battalion, of whom 191 were killed or died of wounds, another 25 died on active service, 501 were wounded, and 212 were captured. Members of the 2/15th received three Distinguished Service Orders, 10 Military Crosses, seven Distinguished Conduct Medals, 18 Military Medals, one British Empire Medal, 47 Mentions in Despatches and nine Commander-In-Chief Commendation Cards. In addition, four were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire.
Battle honours
The 2/15th Battalion received the following battle honours:
North Africa 1941–43, El Adem Road, Alam el Halfa, West Point 23, Finschhafen, Scarlet Beach, Bumi River, Defence of Scarlet Beach, Nongora, Borneo, Brunei, Miri, Defence of Tobruk, The Salient 1941, El Alamein, South-West Pacific 1943–45, Lae–Nadzab, Liberation of Australian New Guinea and Sio.
These honours were subsequently entrusted in 1961 to the 15th Battalion, a Queensland-based part-time unit that was the successor to the unit of the same designation that had been raised during World War I.
Commanding officers
The following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/15th:
Lieutenant Colonel Robert Francis Marlan (1940–1941);
Lieutenant Colonel Robert William George Ogle (1941–1942);
Lieutenant Colonel Charles Keith Massy Magno (1942);
Lieutenant Colonel Raymond James Barham (1942–1943);
Lieutenant Colonel Colin Henry Grace (1943–1945).
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
External links
Operation Bulimba by Ivor Hele, a painting depicting the 2/15th in action at Tel el Eisa
15
15
15
1940 establishments in Australia
1946 disestablishments in Australia |
5976236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoyles%20%28comics%29 | Gargoyles (comics) | Gargoyles is a fictional team of characters appearing in comic book series by Slave Labor Graphics and Creature Comics which appeared between 2006 and 2009. It was based on the 1994 animated television series Gargoyles, and was written by series co-creator Greg Weisman. The comic continued the storyline of the first two seasons, but ignores much of the third season, The Goliath Chronicles.
Dynamite Entertainment will remaster and republish these comics in 2023. A new line of comics serves as Season 4 of the show, again written and overseen by Greg Weisman, with issue 1 releasing on December 7, 2022.
Storyline
The comic acted as a continuation of the animated series after episode 65, picking up after the climactic second season finale, "Hunter's Moon, Part III". The first two issues of the comic translate episode 66 "The Journey", which was the only third season Gargoyles episode Weisman considers to be canonical (as well as the only third season episode Weisman wrote). Issue #3 of the Gargoyles comic then began a completely new storyline, which deliberately ignored the rest of the events of the televised third season.
Weisman has confirmed that the in-universe timeline of the comic starts in 1996, just after the conclusion of the final episode of the series' second season. Issue #10 was the first issue set in 1997.
Production
In June 2005, it was announced that a series of Disney-licensed, bi-monthly Gargoyles comic books would be created by Slave Labor Graphics in association with CreatureComics. Gargoyles #1 was released on June 21, 2006 and promptly sold out, ensuring a second printing. After an extended delay, Gargoyles #2 was released on December 13, 2006. Issue #6 contains an error: the artwork on page 12 and 16 was switched, even though the text is correct. Slave Labor has acknowledged this error, and the corrected issue was reprinted on November 14.
Greg Guler, character designer for the original TV series, and Stephanie Lostimolo have produced the cover art for each issue. Story art is primarily being produced by David Hedgecock and colored by Dustin Evans, although issues #4, #5, and #6 were drawn by guest artists. Gargoyles #6 used the unpublished script that Weisman wrote for the Marvel series.
In August 2008, Greg Weisman announced that, due to Disney increasing its licensing fees, Slave Labor Graphics would not be renewing its license of Gargoyles after it ran out on August 31, 2008. The final two issues of Bad Guys and four of Gargoyles were released in the comic trades collecting both series in August 2009. Weisman also stated that SLG President Dan Vado has not given up on the Gargoyles franchise, and hopes to pursue the idea of Gargoyles graphic novels in the future.
Spin-offs
One of Greg Weisman's planned Gargoyles spin-offs, Bad Guys, appeared as a black-and-white six-issue limited series in 2007/08. The first issue was released on November 28, 2007. The series was written by Weisman and drawn by Karine Charlebois, with cover art by Greg Guler and Stephanie Lostimolo.
Had the comics continued, Gargoyles: Pendragon would have been next in line, followed by Gargoyles: Timedancer. Each of these would have also appeared as a six-issue black-and-white limited series.
On April 19, 2023, Dynamite Entertainment announced a prequel miniseries, titled Gargoyles: Dark Ages, which would follow the Wyvern Clan's alliance with Prince Malcolm. The miniseries is set for release in July 2023.
Issues
Note that Gargoyles issues #9–12 and Bad Guys issues #5–6 were only published in the collections.
Gargoyles (Slave Labor Graphics)
Gargoyles: Bad Guys
Gargoyles (Dynamite)
{| class="wikitable"
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! Title !! Issue # !! Release date
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| colspan="6" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
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| colspan="1" rowspan="3" | "A Little Crazy" || align="center" | 1 || align="center" | December 7, 2022
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Letters: Jeff Eckleberry Colors and art: George Kambadais||Cover Artist: David Nakayama
|-
| colspan="6" | While Dracon and Brod are held at Rikers, warfare erupts between their respective gangs. Maggie prepares to give birth to her and Talon's child, while Thailog and Sevarius make plans to disrupt Maggie and Talon's lives and abduct their child.
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" | "Idyll or Nightmare" || align="center" | 2 || align="center" | January 25, 2023
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Letters: Jeff Eckleberry Colors and art: George Kambadais||Cover Artist: David Nakayama
|-
| colspan="6" | Goliath, Angela, Katana and Broadway leave to visit the Labyrinth Clan but find the clan knocked out, with Maggie and Mary kidnapped to Sevarius' lab. Talon assumes that Xanatos is behind the kidnapping and both clans fly to his office to confront him. Meanwhile, Dominic Dracon is released from prison, and his daughter Antoinette visits Tony at Rikers to discuss how to stop the war between the Dracon and Brod gangs before their uncle Dino gets involved.
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" | "Miracle Child" || align="center" | 3 || align="center" | February 8, 2023
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Letters: Jeff Eckleberry Colors and art: George Kambadais||Cover Artist: David Nakayama
|-
| colspan="6" | Goliath calms Talon down from killing Xanatos on the basis that Xanatos himself previously experienced a kidnapping of his child. Xanatos joins the clans on a raid of Sevarius' lab. While a fight breaks out between Thailog and the clans, Mary helps Maggie deliver a baby boy, who shows no signs of inheriting his parents' mutant abilities or features. Thailog, disappointed by the news, gives up and allows the Manhattan and Labyrinth clans to leave. Maggie and Talon name the boy Michael Peter Maza, after the names of their respective grandfathers.
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" | "Tale Old As Time" ||4 || align="center" | March 22, 2023
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Letters: Jeff Eckleberry Colors and art: George Kambadais||Cover Artist: David Nakayama
|-
| colspan="6" | Dino Dracon plans to bring down four rival crime families and the NYPD. Two teenagers, Peter and Rosie, are kidnapped by gangsters wearing gargoyle masks. Goliath and Hudson, who are flying by for unrelated reasons, intervene against the gangmembers, but helicopters from the Gargoyle Task Force fly in to capture Goliath while the gangmembers get away with the teenagers.
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" | "Render Unto Caesar" || align="center" | 5 || align="center" | April 26, 2023
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Letters: Jeff Eckleberry Colors and art: George Kambadais||Cover Artist: David Nakayama
|-
| colspan="6" | Goliath is captured by the city's Gargoyle Task Force, and Hudson is convinced by Bluestone to stand down. Goliath is detained at Rikers, but when Brooklyn leads a rescue, Goliath orders him to abort the attempt and leave him at Rikers. Pretrial deliberations ensue between ADA Yale and defense attorney Tobe Crest. Meanwhile, Dino Dracon's gangmembers send competing proofs of life to Peter and Rosie's parents, who are leaders of two of the crime families, resulting in the parents planning to go to war with each other.
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |"Underwater" || align="center" | 6 || align="center" | May 31, 2023
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Letters: Colors and art: ||Cover artist: David Nakayama
|-
| colspan="6" | Brooklyn feels the strain of leadership as hopes for Goliath’s release from prison grow dimmer by the hour. Can the members of the Manhattan Clan put aside their differences before the crime syndicates of New York combine to crush the entire city?
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" | "Everywhere" || align="center" | 7 || align="center" | July 5, 2023
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Letters: Jeff Eckleberry Colors and art: George Kambadais||Cover Artist: David Nakayama
|-
| colspan="6" | Demona is back!! Launching a new and exciting storyline, Gargoyles #7 is the perfect jumping-on point for new readers. Goliath is in prison! Dino Dracon is on the rampage! And Demona returns to Manhattan, determined to gather the three new keys to power! Do Brooklyn and the Clan have a prayer of stopping her without Goliath?! Um...probably not.
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" | "Mayday" || align="center" | 8 || align="center" | August 2, 2023
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Letters: Jeff Eckleberry Colors and art: George Kambadais||Cover Artist: David Nakayama
|-
| colspan="6" | Goliath's going on trial! But an old enemy would rather Goliath never made it to court! ATTACK ON RIKERS, a.k.a. Cellmates Make Strange Bedfellows!!
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" | "Your Witness" || align="center" | 9 || align="center" | September 13, 2023
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Letters: Jeff Eckleberry Colors and art: George Kambadais||Cover Artist: David Nakayama
|-
| colspan="6" | THE TRIAL OF GOLIATH BEGINS! With a district attorney intent on proving that Gargoyles should not be considered people, Goliath will rely on influential human friends to speak on his behalf, including the love of his life, NYPD Detective ELISA MAZA...
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" | "Trick-Or-Treat" || align="center" | 10 || align="center" | October 18, 2023
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Letters: Jeff Eckleberry Colors and art: George Kambadais||Cover Artist: David Nakayama
|-
| colspan="6" | It's young Gnash's first Halloween in Manhattan, and you're invited to come along as he heads out to find friends on the one night of the year when Gargoyles can roam the city unbothered! Unfortunately, he's about to run afoul of the masked Quarrymen, who are out to hunt down any Gargoyle foolish enough to brave the streets on All Hallow's Eve. That means Brooklyn, Katana, Lexington, Broadway, Angela, and even Goliath are in real danger! Will they survive this cruel trick, or become a treat for the marauding Quarrymen?
Gargoyles: Dark Ages (Dynamite)
Collections
Reception
The SLG series was met with positive reviews, with many readers saying they wished the series did not end after only 12 issues.
Awards
References
External links
Save the Gargoyles Comic!...And Other Gargoyles News
Gargoyles Comic Interview with Weisman – March, 2006
Wondercon 2007 Panel Greg Weisman – March 4, 2007
GREG WEISMAN TALKS "THE AMAZING SPIDER-MAN" & "GARGOYLES" – March 8, 2007
Greg Weisman's interview on BAD GUYS & GARGOYLES comic books – October 2, 2007
Charlebois' BAD GUYS & GARGOYLES – October 18, 2007
Greg Weisman discusses the new Gargoyles comic series – July, 2008
Comics based on television series
Disney Comics titles
Disney comics titles
Gargoyles (TV series)
Comics about time travel |
3971702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation%20Suisse%20de%20D%C3%A9minage | Fondation Suisse de Déminage | Fondation suisse de déminage (FSD) is a Swiss non-governmental organisation specialising in mine action. Since its creation in 1997, FSD has carried out operations in some 30 countries on four continents. Its programmes include the following four components: humanitarian demining, explosive ordnance risk education, victim assistance, and stockpile destruction and management. In 25 years, more than 1.4 million items of explosive ordnance have been neutralised by FSD.
Based in Geneva, the organisation in 2023 employed more than 500 staff in eight countries. FSD is a ZEWO label holder since 2003, a Swiss label that certifies organisations are transparent and trustworthy to donors. The organisation also holds the ISO 9000:2015 certification.
History
FSD was founded in 1997 in Fribourg under the name of "Fédération suisse de déminage" by Michel Diot, Henri Leu, Hansjörg Eberle and six other members. The first project aimed to train Bosnian asylum seekers who had fled to Switzerland in mine clearance so that they could participate in the reconstruction of their country.
Between 1998 and 2002, FSD launched additional mine action projects in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Pakistan, Albania, Afghanistan, Lebanon and Sri Lanka.
In 2001, FSD signed a cooperation agreement with the World Food Programme (WFP) to enable the safe delivery of food aid in Afghanistan and to secure WFP facilities and infrastructure. A similar collaboration was established in Iraq as early as 2003, followed by a series of other agreements between FSD and UN agencies, including in Sudan and Ukraine.
In the aftermath of the attack on the UN headquarters in Baghdad, several FSD staff members helped to evacuate survivors from the bombed building and provided first aid to the injured, putting themselves at considerable risk. FSD received a merit award from the United Nations in recognition of the bravery and dedication beyond the call of duty of its team members in Baghdad.
In 2003, the Swiss Demining Federation transformed from an association under Swiss law to a Foundation and was renamed, "Fondation Suisse de déminage".
Missions
The main objective of FSD is to protect civilian populations from mines and explosive remnants of war. Its activities include locating and destroying unexploded ordnance and abandoned mines and ammunition, raising awareness of the dangers of explosive ordnance, assisting victims of accidental explosions, and destroying stockpiles of weapons and ammunition. FSD is also involved in research projects to continuously search for new technologies to enhance and improve safety and efficiency in mine action, including the use of specialised drones and satellite imagery.
In addition to the clearance of explosive hazards, FSD also extends its mandate to include decontaminating soils of toxic and polluting substances and support to ongoing peace processes in post-conflict areas through reconstruction, rehabilitation and socio-economic development for vulnerable communities and displaced people.
Mine action
Africa
Angola
The mine problem in Angola is a result of decades of fighting during the Angolan War of Independence and the subsequent civil war. In 2007, FSD was mandated by the Angolan government to carry out a demining needs assessment.
Burundi
Burundi endured a decade of civil war leaving the country littered with explosive remnants of war, placed without a dispersal plan. In 2003, the government ratified the Ottawa Treaty, and the National Council for the Defence of Democracy (CNDD-FDD) and signed the Geneva Call commitment in the presence of an FSD delegation. Due to a partnership between UNDP, UNICEF, FSD and MAG, with funding from Swiss cooperation and the Government of Burundi, humanitarian mine clearance projects began.
FSD established a project supporting the peace process, based on the creation of a national mine action authority, assessments of the impact of mines on local communities and risk education in mined areas. In 2006, FSD also conducted a general community survey across the country, in which 97% of all mine-affected communities were visited and assessed. The results of this survey formed the basis for demining activities in the following two years. The approach proposed by FSD was based on a partnership with the International Centre for Research and Initiatives for Dialogue (CIRID), a Burundian NGO based in Geneva.
Burundi was declared landmine-free in 2011.
Central African Republic
In collaboration with Association FSD France, FSD has been carrying out humanitarian projects in the Central African Republic since 2014, even though the country is marred by a decade-long civil war. An awareness-raising campaign on the risks of handling unexploded and abandoned weapons and ammunition was launched in 2014. Between 2015 and 2017, FSD implemented a project of humanitarian and dignified reburial of people who had been summarily buried outside of recognised cemeteries, as well as armed violence reduction campaigns. In 2017, FSD started a project to rehabilitate Batangafo town located in the Ouahm-Fafa prefecture. Since 2019, FSD has run a programme in support of demilitarisation, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants as part of the Khartoum Peace Agreement, including through the rehabilitation of infrastructure. Activities to support socio-economic development and to promote the reintegration of former combatants are also implemented. Within the framework of its projects, FSD signed an agreement with the “Jeunesse pionnière nationale” to support the training of young people in the implementation of its projects.
Chad
The explosive contamination of Chad is largely as a result of the 1973 Chadian–Libyan War and 30 years of internal conflict. The contamination is a permanent threat to the local populations, and has a negative impact on the socio-economic development of Borkou, Ennedi and Tibesti, which are among Chad’s poorest regions.
From 2017 to 2022, FSD was part of the PRODECO clearance project, launched in 2017 by the European Union, in consortium with three other organisations: Humanity and Inclusivity, MAG and Secours Catholique Développement (SECADEV), a local victim support NGO. Within the framework of this project, the role of FSD was to provide administrative, logistical, managerial and technical support to the national mine action authority (HCND - High Commission for National Demining). FSD also provided technical support to update the national demining database (IMSMA) used for the collection of clearance data and the production of maps and reports. The project came to an end in 2022.
Democratic Republic of Congo
The Democratic Republic of Congo has experienced numerous conflicts of varying intensity since 1996 without the extent of actual mine contamination being known. FSD's involvement in the country dates back to November 2003, at the request of UNMAS, and aimed to set up two emergency demining teams benefitting local communities and humanitarian aid organisations in Bunia. The deployment and mission orders of the teams were placed under the responsibility of the Mine Action Coordination Centre (UNMACC) established by the UN in Kinshasa within its peacekeeping force, MONUSCO. FSD recruited and trained around twenty local staff. Operations were suspended in 2005 due to lack of funding.
Libya
FSD began demining operations in 2011 and after several deployments and varied operations, left the country in 2018.
To coordinate the mine action response after the first Libyan Civil War in 2011, the UN and international NGOs joined forces to form a "Joint Mine Action Coordination Team" (JMACT) of which FSD was a member. The USA-funded FSD’s programme to locate and destroy explosive remnants of war in Libya's ex-combat zones to prevent possible weapons, such as anti-aircraft missiles, from falling into the hands of terrorists. The programme started in 2011 and initially included two combat clearance teams before focusing efforts around the city of Sirte after the death of Colonel Gadafi. From 2013 to 2018, FSD conducted its humanitarian clearance activities from Tripoli and ammunition management and storage disposal and training in Hun and Waddan for a mixture of Libyan police and military engineer personnel.
In 2013, under a separate programme, FSD implemented a country wide survey of former Libyan ammunition storage areas based out of Benghazi under funding from the US Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Fund (NDF). This provided data on quantities of ordnance that had been stored, the state and security of storage facilities and informed future ordnance management and disposal needs.
Mali
After a decade of conflict between multiple armed groups and the 2020 Malian coup d'état, Mali faces an ever-growing threat from explosive devices. In 2014 this was initially from conventional weapons, mines and ordnance but quickly grew into armed non-state actors using improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Mali does not have a national mine action authority and therefore remains dependent on external entities to coordinate demining efforts.
From 2013 to 2014, FSD carried out an explosive ordnance risk education project and an ammunition safety management project in collaboration with UNICEF, UNMAS and other international actors. This programme enabled the training of several experts on-site to ensure a sustainable transfer of skills.
Mozambique
When FSD’s programme started in Mozambique in 2006, the country was one of the most heavily mined in the world. FSD's project provided technical support and capacity building in humanitarian demining, victim assistance and mine risk education to the Regional Office of the National Institute for Demining (IND). In 2008, the IND team trained by FSD achieved promising results, marking the end of this project. In 2015, Mozambique was declared landmine-free.
Sudan
Since its independence in 1956, Sudan has experienced several civil wars, which have left a legacy of mines and explosive remnants of war. FSD was mandated in February 2004 through UNOPS to support the Sudanese mine action authorities and UNMAS, thus sending teams to the Nuba Mountains region. Additionally, FSD started a skills transfer partnership with the Khartoum-based NGO FPDO (Friends of Peace and Development Organization). In May 2006, FSD trained national staff to conduct mine clearance in the Kassala and the Red Sea State.
At the same time, FSD conducted missions to support disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration for development efforts around the Darfur and Malakal.
South Sudan
In 2004, FSD signed a partnership agreement with the local NGO SIMAS « Sudan Integrated Mine Action Services» and the World Food Programme pledging to recruit, train and mentor deminers in southern Sudan and to support the work of the United Nations Advance Mission in the Sudan (UNAMIS). In late 2005, FSD deployed 30 expatriates and 250 local deminers as part of a clearance programme to secure key access routes from the south of the country to Juba enabling the World Food Programme to distribute aid and facilitate the return of refugees. With the support of FSD in 2007, SIMAS employed, trained, and deployed its first demining team after receiving accreditation from the United Nations Mine Action Office (UNMAS). In partnership with FSD, SIMAS organised a workshop in 2010 in Juba for representatives of the Transitional Government of Southern Sudan, the Southern Sudan Demining Authority, UNMAO and UNICEF, in response to the low level of support for mine action in South Sudan and the decline of international funding. FSD continued to support SIMAS for many years after this with technical advice, proposal writing and mentoring until 2016.
Asia & Pacific
Afghanistan
Afghanistan is one of the most mine-affected countries in the world. Many civilians are still killed or maimed every year by accidental explosions. FSD operations in Afghanistan began in 2001 with the dispatch of clearance teams to support the deployment of the World Food Programme and the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in Kandahar and later in Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and Kabul. In 2010, FSD started a clearance programme in the remote mountainous region of Darwaz (Badakhshan province) and conducted mine risk education sessions and, from 2019 onwards, a programme of socio-economic assistance to mine victims. FSD continues its work in the area despite the uncertain situation since the 2021 Taliban offensive.
Laos
From 2004 to 2010, FSD supported WFP's food security programme and carried out clearance and rehabilitation of rice fields, irrigation systems and fish farms, as well as road improvements in the eastern districts of Savannakhet. In September 2007, FSD cleared the Sekong area in partnership with CARE Australia as part of their livelihoods improvement project. In parallel to its demining work, FSD assisted local entities by providing training in explosive ordnance disposal. Additionally, FSD participated in drafting national clearance standards and in the creation of a national database for the National Regulatory Authority. In 2008 and 2009, FSD developed training standards for national authorities to govern the quality of technical training in Laos and to ensure that international training standards are followed.
Pakistan
Pakistan has a significant number of victims of mines and explosive remnants of war. The contamination of the country is the result of various armed conflicts with India, the Soviet-Afghan War, followed by the anti-government incursion and occupation of some districts by the Taliban in 2009. Extensive fighting in the Northwest Frontier Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa resulted in a mass displacement of over 2.8 million people. Their removal from combat zones was quickly followed by their return to an environment highly contaminated by explosive remnants of war, the context in which FSD began its work.
From 2009 to 2011, FSD ran a large-scale project that focused on raising awareness of the danger of explosive remnants of war. In association with the Sustainable Peace and Development Organisation (SPADO) and with the Organisation for Basic Education and Vocational Training (Best), FSD trained twenty teams from afflicted areas to teach safety skills to the affected population.
The Philippines
FSD's programme in the Philippines began in 2005 with technical support to the peace process between the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front on the island of Mindanao. In close collaboration with Association FSD France, FSD carried out technical and non-technical survey work, mine risk education and the facilitation of clearance of explosive remnants of war. In 2020, a mine risk education campaign was launched on social networks following restrictions related to COVID-19. In 2022, FSD conducted more than 586 mine risk education sessions for 24,000 people. During the same period, contamination surveys were conducted in more than 600 villages, including 234 at-risk areas, of which 81 were subsequently decontaminated.
Sri Lanka
During Sri Lanka's 26-year civil war, thousands of anti-personnel mines were laid. According to information from the National Mine Action Centre, the total remaining contaminated area was still 23,306,478 square metres in 2019.
From 2002 to 2013, FSD ran one of the largest clearance programmes in Sri Lanka. The programme began after a formal request for assistance from UNDP, which in turn mandated FSD to build national capacity for future District Mine Action Office (DMAO) operations. In addition, FSD cleared districts in the north and east of the country for the duration of the programme. After the resumption of hostilities in 2006, efforts shifted from local capacity building to emergency mine and explosive remnants of war awareness campaigns. As NGOs were not allowed to carry out risk education, FSD worked with community liaison officers to understand the local mine action priorities of displaced people and to carry out awareness sessions.
To allow the return of displaced persons as soon as possible, demining operations continued with four Dok-Ing MV-4 machines and other mechanical means. The clearance of wells from explosive ordnance by specific FSD teams also had a major impact, as it required them to be cleaned out completely, thus ensuring access to drinking water for the local population. In addition, FSD collaborated with the Regional Mine Action Bureau (RMAC) and the Sri Lankan Electricity Board. Demining operations also supported the Master Plan of the Mahaweli Development Programme.
Vietnam
Vietnam suffers from massive mine and ERW contamination. Since the end of the Vietnam War, according to government estimates, more than 40,000 people have fallen victim to these explosive remnants.
Throughout 2007, FSD developed close contacts with the Vietnamese government through the Vietnamese Embassy in Bern. Two assessment missions were conducted to evaluate the needs in three central provinces.
South America
Colombia
For 50 years, Colombia has experienced internal struggles between government forces, the FARC and ELN guerrillas and the paramilitary group AUC. Thirty of Colombia's 32 departments are affected by the presence of explosive devices.
FSD initially provided ad hoc support to the Colombian government's Mine Observatory from 2004 and supported the CCCM (Colombian campaign to ban landmines). Since 2010, FSD contributed to the training of local experts, and after the signing of the Peace Accords in 2016, the organisation provided technical assistance to "Descontamina Colombia" (the national mine action authority in Colombia), which coordinates mine and explosive remnants of war clearance operations, mine risk education, data management and victim assistance. As part of its support to Descontamina Colombia, FSD was instrumental in the drafting of national mine action standards.
In addition, FSD contributed to the drafting and publication of the environmental decree # 1195, 2017 aimed at reducing the environmental impact of humanitarian demining interventions throughout the country, especially in natural parks and other areas of high ecological value.
Europe & Central Asia
Albania
Albania was contaminated by mines and unexploded remnants of war mainly as a result of the Kosovo War in 1998-1999.
FSD deployed a demining programme in the country in October 2000 at the initiative of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and with the support of the Swiss Department of Defence (DDPS), and began by conducting a contamination assessment. In May 2001, FSD was accredited by the Albanian government and recruited and trained about 50 local staff in humanitarian mine clearance, so that it operations could begin in the north of the country. The programme ended in 2004.
In 2009, Albania declared itself officially mine-free.
Armenia
Armenia's mine contamination is mainly the result of First Nagorno-Karabakh War from 1988 to 1994. As of 2012, FSD organised training to prepare non-technical surveys requested by the Armenian Ministry of Defence. These investigations focused on areas close to the border with Turkey, avoiding the restricted military zone and the Kapan region. From 2013 to early 2015, FSD ran a local skills development programme. The organisation also contributed to the development of the Armenian National Mine Action Standards (NMAS) and supported the Armenian Centre for Humanitarian Demining in the establishment and management of the National Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) database.
Bosnia-Herzegovina
The Bosnian War, which took place from 1992 to 1995, resulted in heavy contamination of the country with mines and unexploded ordnance. From 1997 to 1999, FSD maintained a project in collaboration with the UN Mine Action Centre. The programme consisted of two humanitarian demining projects in densely populated areas of Sarajevo. To this end, FSD trained former Bosnian military personnel in mine clearance and employed 16 local deminers.
Croatia
The minefields in Croatia are remnants of the Croatian War of Independence. From 1998 to 1999, FSD carried out a demining programme in the village of Kusonje on behalf of the Swiss association Causes Communes. This represented the first humanitarian demining operation carried out by an NGO on Croatian territory.
Kosovo
The 1999 international conflict in Kosovo created a serious problem of explosive remnants of war. ICRC signed an agreement with FSD in 2000. Under this agreement, FSD clearance teams responded to urgent requests referred to them by ICRC. The teams worked with local communities to directly involve them in the technical response to the problem of mines and explosive remnants in their villages. In early 2001, due to the decrease in emergencies, FSD restructured its programme into a single unit specialising in combat zone demining. The FSD programme was visited several times by official delegations from the UN, OSCE and KFOR.
Tajikistan
FSD has been active in Tajikistan since 2003, carrying out various projects in mine clearance, destruction of stockpiles of weapons and ammunition and capacity building. The programme started with assessments and surveys determining the extent and characteristics of the country's contamination, before moving on to actual mine clearance operations. As part of its programmes, FSD has deployed several methods of demining (manual, mechanical, and with dogs). In recent years, FSD has focused on supporting the Tajik authorities in the safe destruction of stockpiles of weapons and ammunition, including man-portable air defence systems (MANPADS) and in 2023 will once again return to demining.
In 2010, FSD cleared most of the areas contaminated during the Tajikistani Civil War and focused on clearing mine belts laid by former Soviet forces on the Tajik side of the Tajikistan/Afghanistan border. That same year, Norwegian People's Aid joined FSD. Due to a lack of funding, FSD was forced to cease its clearance operations in Tajikistan in 2018 but continued its efforts to destroy stockpiles of weapons and ammunition. By the end of the humanitarian demining programme, FSD had handed over 38 million square metres of land.
Ukraine
FSD's involvement in Ukraine dates back to early 2015, with a mine risk education programme in the Donbas region. After obtaining its accreditation for humanitarian demining in the country in 2017, FSD launched a mine and explosive remnants disposal programme in the eastern part of Ukraine, in areas under Ukrainian government control. In 2022 following the Russian invasion, fighting intensified and spread throughout the country and FSD's activities were initially reoriented to provide emergency humanitarian aid (food, shelter, medicine, fuel, etc.). As soon as the security situation allowed, large scale survey, demining and risk education operations resumed with increased staffing and resources in the provinces of Chernihiv and Kharkiv.
FSD’s teams in Ukraine also developed significant capacity to survey and clear agricultural land in partnership with WFP and the clearance of urban areas with armoured rubble removal machines and specialist personnel.
In 2023, the FSD set up a new project in Ukraine in partnership with the World Food Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Ukraine produces food for 400 million people in peacetime, so this project aims to enable the small farms in Kharkiv province to return to cultivating their land sustainably. To achieve this, the FSD has provided mine clearance, risk education and non-technical surveys.
Middle East
Iraq
Four wars in less than thirty years have left Iraq heavily contaminated by mines and explosive remnants of war. FSD's first intervention in Iraq began in 2003 with a humanitarian clearance programme as well as technical assistance for the World Food Programme. In 2016, following the occupation of part of Iraq by the Islamic State group, FSD launched a humanitarian clearance project focusing on artisanal landmines and improvised explosive devices. In the first year, FSD removed more than 5,000 explosive devices and secured millions of square meters of land, particularly in Kurdistan and the northern provinces of Iraq. FSD also ran an explosive ordnance risk education project with over 500 sessions delivered to approximately 16,000 men, women, boys and girls in Mosul district that year. In September 2020, FSD also started a project to support, mentor and develop a local national demining NGO in Iraq (SHO).
Lebanon
Lebanon faces a complex threat of explosive devices stemming mainly from four events: the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (1978 - 2000), the Lebanese Civil War (1975 - 1990), the Israeli–Lebanese conflict in 2006 and, more recently, the Syrian civil war spill over (2011 - 2017). FSD's humanitarian clearance project was launched in 2006. It consisted of four teams of eight people under the aegis of UNMAC (United Nations Mine Action Centre) in conjunction with LMAC (Lebanese Mine Action Centre). At the end of the project, more than 587,546 square meters were secured and returned to the community.
Other humanitarian activities
In addition to mine action, FSD carries out projects in the following areas: support for peace and development, emergency humanitarian assistance and environmental activities for depollution, the protection of biodiversity and resilience against climate change.
Peace and development
Activities supporting peace processes are linked to mine action, particularly during negotiations on access to previously mined land and its development for community use. For example, FSD signed a cooperation agreement with the Sri Lankan government and with the Tamil National Army, also known as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), helping to consolidate the peace process.
FSD has been involved in the peace process in the Philippines since 2005, providing technical expertise to the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). On the 5th of May 2010, the two former belligerents signed a peace agreement providing for the implementation of a joint demining project, proposed by FSD and the local NGO Philippines Campaign to Ban Landmines.
In the Central African Republic, FSD offered vocational training to help former rebel combatants reintegrate into society and to assist vulnerable communities to recover with improvement to basic facilities and socio-economic development opportunities.
Emergency aid
From time to time, when struck by disaster where FSD has open programmes, FSD provides emergency humanitarian aid in the event of natural disasters or active armed conflict in its areas of operation. Examples include the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka and the war in Ukraine in spring 2022.
Environment
In the environment sector, FSD focuses on many depollution operations such as cleaning up land polluted by persistent organic pollutants or heavy metals and reducing the risks posed by uranium mines in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. FSD also has operations contributing to building resilience against climate change and improving food security in Tajikistan, Central African Republic, Afghanistan and Colombia.
Innovation and technology
FSD takes an active role in pursuing the development of new technologies to support mine clearance and all of its work to increase safety and efficiency in its operations. In 2016, FSD published a study on the use of drones during humanitarian crises. FSD also worked with the European Space Agency in 2015 to 2018 looking into the use of remote sensing (drones and satelites) to enhance demining capacity. It also joined the technical steering committee of the Odyssey2025 project, which ended in 2020, to support the development of drones capable of detecting PFM-1 mines. Since 2016, FSD has been working in partnership with the Urs Endress Foundation on the FindMine project, aimed at developing a drone capable of locating mines and explosive remnants of war.
Support and funding
FSD's humanitarian operations are funded by governments, multilateral organisations, foundations and private donations. Major donors include the European Union, the European Commission (EC), EuropeAid, UNOPS, the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), UNICEF, the US Department of State PM/WRA, the governments of Australia, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, Swiss cantons and cities, foundations and private donors.
The FSD Group
The FSD Group, a consolidated entity, includes Fondation suisse de déminage (FSD), Association FSD France and Crosstech SA (a wholly owned commercial subsidiary of FSD).
Association FSD France
In 2005, FSD was joined by a new French partner, Association FSD France. This sister organisation is subject to the French law of 1901 on associations. Its objective is to expand the mine action activities already carried out by FSD. Its main donor is the European Commission.
Crosstech SA
Crosstech SA is a commercial company wholly owned by FSD. It was established by FSD in 2006 with the objective of implementing mandates that cannot be implemented by humanitarian NGOs.
See also
Ottawa Treaty (Mine Ban Treaty)
Mine clearance agencies
Demining
References
Mine warfare and mine clearance organizations
Organisations based in Geneva
Foundations based in Switzerland |
3592846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20franchise | Media franchise | A media franchise, also known as a multimedia franchise, is a collection of related media in which several derivative works have been produced from an original creative work of fiction, such as a film, a work of literature, a television program or a video game. Bob Iger, chief executive of the Walt Disney Company, defined the word franchise as "something that creates value across multiple businesses and across multiple territories over a long period of time".
Transmedia franchise
A media franchise often consists of cross-marketing across more than one medium. For the owners, the goal of increasing profit through diversity can extend the commercial profitability of the franchise and create strong feelings of identity and ownership in its consumers. Those large groups of dedicated consumers create the franchise's fandom, which is the community of fans that indulge in many of its mediums and are committed to interacting with and keeping up with other consumers. Large franchise-based fandoms have grown to be even more popular in recent years with the rise of social media platforms, as many fans seek to interact with one another for discussion, debate and even to create their own fan-made pieces of media revolving around the franchise, on websites like tumblr, Reddit and Fandom. In the case of successful transmedia franchises, each different medium should expand the target demographic and fandom, build the interest of the consumers and add to the overarching story and narrative of the franchise itself. A connection between the characters, settings, and other elements of the media franchise do still exist within the different mediums, regardless of the fact that they are being presented in sometimes completely different ways, such as the shared, interweaving storylines and elements of the Spider-Man films, television shows, comics and video games. Espen Aarseth describes the financial logic of cost-recovery for expensive productions by identifying that a single medium launch is a lost opportunity, the timeliness of the production and release is more important than its integrity, the releases should raise brand awareness and the cross-ability of the work is critical for its success.
American Idol was a transmedia franchise from its beginnings, with the first season winner Kelly Clarkson signing with RCA Records and having the release of A Moment Like This becoming a #1 hit on Billboard Hot 100. The success resulted in a nationwide concert tour, an American Idol book that made the bestseller list and the film From Justin to Kelly. A transmedia franchise however is often referred to by the simpler term "media franchise". The term media franchise is often used to describe the popular adaptation of a work into films, like the popular Twilight book series that was adapted into the five films of The Twilight Saga. Other neologisms exist to describe various franchise types including metaseries, which can be used to describe works such as Isaac Asimov's Foundation series.
Multimedia franchises usually develop through a character or fictional world becoming popular in one medium, and then expanding to others through licensing agreements, with respect to intellectual property in the franchise's characters and settings. As one author explains, "For the studios, a home-run is a film from which a multimedia 'franchise' can be generated; the colossally expensive creation of cross-media conglomerates predicated on synergistic rewards provides an obvious imperative to develop such products." The trend later developed wherein franchises would be launched in multiple forms of media simultaneously; for instance, the film The Matrix Reloaded and the video game Enter the Matrix were produced at the same time, using the same actors on the same sets, and released on the same day. Several other franchises throughout the 2000s had films and games release within days of each other, including King Kong, Star Wars, Harry Potter, Disney, DC Comics, Marvel Comics, The Lord of the Rings, The Chronicles of Narnia, Pirates of the Caribbean, and Transformers.
Canon content
Transmedia franchises occasionally release content through certain mediums that is not canon to the main or greater story that the franchise is built around, meaning that the elements of said content do not truly exist in the main timeline of the franchise. Canon content often times breaks continuity, leading fans to speculate or seek to confirm which mediums are canon and which are not, which can get confusing if the franchise does not provide an answer themselves since entire mediums can be non-canon to the greater story, with a popular example occurring. On the other hand, specific episodes, volumes or parts of a series can be canon while others in the same medium are not, such as the fact that only some of the Battlestar Galactica comics are canon, with a large amount of them breaking the continuity of the main story.
Japan
In Japanese culture and entertainment, media mix (wasei-eigo: , mediamikkusu) is a strategy to disperse content across multiple representations: different broadcast media, gaming technologies, cell phones, toys, amusement parks, and other methods. It is the Japanese term for a transmedia franchise.
The term media mix gained its circulation in late 1980s but the origins of the strategy can be traced back to the 1960s with the proliferation of anime, with its interconnection of media and commodity goods. Some of the earlier popular Japanese franchises such as Vampire Hunter D in the 1980s and Pokémon in the late 1990s, acted as benchmarks in the country's transmedia dominance. The latter in particular began as a video game available on Nintendo's Game Boy, and crossed through the mediums of television, film, news, and other non-media related realms, such trading cards, merchandise, and more. A number of Japanese media franchises have gained considerable global popularity, and are among the world's highest-grossing media franchises. For example, Pokémon's penetration into the American market of the franchise along with others of Japanese origin, such as Yu-Gi-Oh!, gave rise to the recognition of what is variously called transmedia storytelling, crossmedia, transmediation, media synergy, etc.
Researchers argue that the 1963 Tetsuwan Atomu marked a shift in Japanese marketing: from the focus on the content of the commodity to "overlapping the commodity image with the character image".
The book Anime's Media Mix: Franchising Toys and Characters in Japan by Marc Steinberg details the evolution of the media mix in Japan.
Japanese terminology
, recast as anime
, recast as drama
, recast as computer game
, recast as novel
or , recast as manga
, recast as movie
Development to other forms
Fiction
Long-running franchises were common in the early studio era, when Hollywood studios had actors and directors under long-term contract. Examples include Andy Hardy, Ma and Pa Kettle, Mickey Mouse, Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Bulldog Drummond, Superman, Wonder Woman, Spider-Man, Hulk, X-Men, Tarzan, and Batman. The longest-running modern film franchises include James Bond, Godzilla and King Kong, Friday the 13th, A Nightmare on Elm Street, Universal Monsters, and Star Trek. In such cases, even lead actors are often replaced as they age, lose interest, or their characters are killed. Spin-offs and adaptations of popular pieces of media within a franchise can even be created, which ultimately leads to the creation of brand worlds.
Since the creation of Disneyland in 1955, bringing fictional media franchises to life through the theme parks slowly became increasingly popular as the way to perfectly blend tourism and real-life involvement with media itself. Similar to transmedia, the concept of bringing fictional media into a non-fictional space where fans can immerse themselves in real-life versions of elements from the fictional worlds they love, adds to the overall narrative the franchise creates through its other mediums. Marvel's Avenger's Campus park is one of the many franchise-based theme parks created in recent times, following the creation of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Studio's Islands of Adventure and Star Wars' Galaxy's Edge at Disneyland and Disney World.
Media franchises tend to cross over from their original media to other forms. Literary franchises are often transported to film, such as Nancy Drew, Miss Marple, and other popular detectives, as well as popular comic book superheroes. Television and film franchises are often expanded upon in novels, particularly those in the fantasy and science fiction genres, such as The Twilight Zone, Star Trek, Doctor Who and Star Wars. Similarly, fantasy, science fiction films and television shows are frequently adapted into animated television series, video games, or both.
A media franchise does not have to include the same characters or theme, as the brand identity can be the franchise, like Square Enix's Final Fantasy or the National Lampoon series, and can suffer from critical failures even if the media fictional material is unrelated.
Non-fiction
Non-fiction literary franchises include the ...For Dummies and The Complete Idiot's Guide to... reference books. An enduring and comprehensive example of a media franchise is Playboy Enterprises, which began expanding well beyond its successful magazine, Playboy, within a few years after its first publication, into such enterprises as a modeling agency, several television shows (Playboy's Penthouse, in 1959), and even its own television channel. Twenty-five years later, Playboy released private clubs and restaurants, movie theaters, a radio show, direct to video films, music and book publishing (including original works in addition to its anthologies of cartoons, photographs, recipes, advice, articles or fiction that had originally appeared in the magazine), footwear, clothing of every kind, jewelry, housewares (lamps, clocks, bedding, glassware), guitars and gambling, playing cards, pinball machines and pet accessories, billiard balls, bedroom appurtenances, enhancements, plus countless other items of merchandise.
Non-fiction media franchises also exist in the television and film mediums, with reality TV being one of the most well-known examples; ranging from competition shows like The Amazing Race to the day-in-the-life episodes of the many different Real Housewives series. Documentaries and docuseries are other highlights of the non-fiction branch of media franchises, such as the popular Planet Earth series, which serves as both a film and television transmedia franchise.
Television franchise timeline
See also
Lists of multimedia franchises
List of highest-grossing media franchises
Media convergence
Media multiplier
Narrative consumption
Database consumption
Film series
List of highest-grossing films
Prequel
Sequel
Spin-off (media)
Spiritual sequel
Standalone film
List of television show franchises
Tie-in
Transmedia storytelling
Transmediation
Trilogy
List of video game franchises
List of best-selling video game franchises
List of longest-running video game franchises
List of space science fiction franchises
Bibliography
Marc Steinberg, Anime's Media Mix: Franchising Toys and Characters in Japan.
Further reading
Mizuko Ito:
"The Gender Dynamics of the Japanese Media Mix"
"Mobilizing the Imagination in Everyday Play: The Case of Japanese Media Mixes"
"Technologies of the Childhood Imagination: Yugioh, Media Mixes, and Everyday Cultural Production"
References
External links
Slate: "The Midas Formula (How to create a billion-dollar movie franchise)"
Box Office Mojo: Film franchise earning comparison
Western culture
Franchise |
27750970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice%20Crew | Justice Crew | Justice Crew is an Australian dance and music group consisting of John and Len Pearce, Lukas Bellesini, Paul Merciadez, Samson Smith, and Solo Tohi. Although the group is Australian, members Samson and Solo are from New Zealand. The group originally formed in 2009 as a dance troupe and rose to fame the following year as winners of the fourth season of Australia's Got Talent. Justice Crew subsequently signed a record deal with Sony Music Australia and became recording artists. As of 2018, they are an independent music group.
Justice Crew's first three singles "And Then We Dance", "Friday to Sunday" and "Dance with Me" achieved moderate success on the ARIA Singles Chart. The group earned their first number-one single with "Boom Boom", which was certified six times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association. Subsequent singles "Best Night" and "Everybody" were top-ten hits, and "Que Sera" became their second number-one single. Since becoming recording artists, Justice Crew has been nominated for eight ARIA Music Awards and has toured with international artists such as Chris Brown, Janet Jackson, One Direction, Kesha and Pitbull.
History
2009–2011: Formation, Australia's Got Talent and music releases
The members of Justice Crew were originally in two separate dance troupes, but they merged as one group in 2009. Justice Crew learnt all their dance moves from YouTube videos such as Michael Jackson's. They entered the 2009 World Hip Hop Dance Championships competition held in Las Vegas, as one of the several groups who represented Australia. Justice Crew placed 13th in the competition.
After being inspired by Britain's Got Talent winners Diversity, Justice Crew decided to audition for the fourth season of Australia's Got Talent in 2010. They wanted to "encourage young people to follow their dreams and believe that anything is possible." Justice Crew won the season and were awarded a prize of $250,000.
In August 2010, it was announced that Justice Crew had signed a record deal with Sony Music Australia. Their debut single "And Then We Dance", released on 27 August 2010, peaked at number 26 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for sales of 70,000 copies. It was followed by the release of their first video album also titled And Then We Dance on 27 September 2010. The album featured a documentary of Justice Crew's first dance experiences as individuals and how they came together as a group. It also showcased their dance routines and individual tricks. Justice Crew's second single "Friday to Sunday", released on 17 December 2010, peaked at number 18 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified double platinum for sales of 140,000 copies.
Justice Crew's third single "Dance with Me", which features American rapper Flo Rida, was released on 29 March 2011 to moderate success; it peaked at number 44 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold for sales of 35,000 copies. The following month, Justice Crew and Jessica Mauboy were the supporting acts for Chris Brown's Australian leg of his F.A.M.E. Tour. Justice Crew later embarked on the Dance with Me Live Tour, their first headlining concert tour, across Australia in August 2011 and ended in September 2011. After the release of their fourth single "Sexy and You Know It", Justice Crew toured with Janet Jackson on the Australian leg of her Number Ones: Up Close and Personal tour in October 2011. Justice Crew released their first compilation album Justice Crew Party Mix on 18 November 2011, which features a DJ mix of five of their songs and fourteen songs from other artists, as well as a bonus DVD. The album debuted at number five on the ARIA Compilation Albums Chart.
2012–2018: Live by the Words
From January to February 2012, Justice Crew embarked on their Sexy and You Know It Live Tour across Australia. In April 2012, Justice Crew and Johnny Ruffo were the supporting acts for One Direction's Australian leg of their Up All Night Tour. The group's fifth single "Boom Boom", released on 2 July 2012, became their first number-one single on the ARIA Charts and was certified six times platinum for sales of 420,000 copies. On 1 October 2012, it was announced that Justice Crew had signed to Pitbull's record label Mr. 305 Inc., a joint venture with RCA Records, to release "Boom Boom" in the United States. The group's seventh single "Best Night", released on 30 November 2012, peaked at number seven on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified double platinum. Their next single "Everybody", released on 11 October 2013, peaked at number six and was certified double platinum.
Justice Crew represented Australia at the ABU TV Song Festival in Hanoi, Vietnam on 26 October 2013, performing a mix of "Boom Boom" and "Best Night". On 24 January 2014, they released a cover of "I Am Australian" with Dami Im, Jessica Mauboy, Nathaniel Willemse, Samantha Jade and Taylor Henderson, to coincide with the Australia Day celebrations. The song peaked at number 51 on the ARIA Singles Chart.
Justice Crew embarked on the #HypeTour, their third headlining concert tour, across Australia in April 2014 with special guest Jai Waetford.
In May 2014, Justice Crew released their tenth single "Que Sera", which debuted at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart and remained at number one for nine consecutive weeks. It was certified five times platinum for sales of 350,000 copies. The group's eleventh lead single "Rise & Fall" was released on 24 October 2014, and debuted at number 11. Their debut studio album Live by the Words was released on 28 November 2014, and debuted at number seven on the ARIA Albums Chart. Justice Crew embarked on the Live & Local Tour, their fourth headlining concert tour, across regional New South Wales in January 2016. This was followed by the 'What We Do' tour throughout September and October 2016.
2019: America's Got Talent and "So Long"
In January 2019, Justice Crew competed in America's Got Talent: The Champions, but were eliminated in the first episode. On 18 January 2019, Justice Crew independently released "So Long".
Other ventures
Commercial endorsements
In June 2010, Justice Crew appeared in one of the television commercials promoting the second season of The X Factor Australia. In December 2010, they appeared in promotional images for underwear label Sly. In May 2011, Justice Crew appeared in Swisse Vitamins' television commercials dancing to their single "Dance with Me". In January 2012, the group appeared in Meat and Livestock Australia spokesman Sam Kekovich's music video for his Australian rendition of Aqua's "Barbie Girl", which was released to promote the lamb industry.
Philanthropy
In 2010, Justice Crew began running free dance lessons. The lessons became so popular they caught the eye of Karen Day who helped get some funding and helped Justice perform at some major events. The free dance lessons became a program known as MMAD Moves and came under a charity known as Musicians Making a Difference (MMAD) which is an organisation that inspires young people through dance & music. MMAD teamed up with The Salvation Army to connect the program with a key partner. Justice Crew have previously joined various Salvation Army corps, including Miranda, New South Wales and Hurstville, New South Wales. They also regularly perform at annual Christmas Carol events such as the Carols in the Domain and Carols in the City, where performers donate their time to raise money for various charities.
In 2011, four members of Justice Crew made a surprise appearance at Canowindra High School's anti-bullying day launch. They performed for the students and communicated that bullies should back off as part of the school's "back off bully" campaign.
Members
Current members
John Len Ruela Adamo Pearce and Lenny "Len" John Ruela Pearce are twin brothers from Sydney. They are of Filipino and Australian descent. They were inspired to learn hip-hop dance from viewing a film when they were younger. John and Len attended Hunters Hill High School. They created a dance group at school called the Athelites which consisted of close friends. The group performed at various dance competitions such as Groove, Looze Control and have performed in the Opera House. Len individually produces pop and house music under his solo alias Wippy Lion. Len is also part of the deep house-pop duo Rumor along with Mitchell Curley. In 2021, John joined The Wiggles as an auxiliary member.
Lukas Bellesini also known as Wildrok, was previously involved in B-boying crews such as Mass Mayhem and Anarchy Tribe. He has won dance competitions such as the 2007 Australian B-boy Championships and has appeared as contestant on So You Think You Can Dance Australia.
Paul Eric Merciadez, also known as Paulie, has previously performed in dance crews such as Barbie Boyz and Psyke for dance competitions which included Groove, Looze Control, Showdown and The Easter Show. Although he never had any experience in dancing, Merciadez was asked to perform a dance as part of group called Youth For Chicks in 2006. Merciadez then began B-boying in 2007.
Samson Cosray Smith is originally from New Zealand and moved to Sydney in 2007. Samson began break dancing in 2002. Since moving to Sydney, he has been introduced to other styles of dance such as krumping and hip-hop. Before becoming a member of Justice Crew, Samson travelled and toured around various countries including Germany, Hong Kong and the United States, dancing, performing and teaching.
Solo Tohi is from New Zealand and moved to Sydney to pursue a career in dance. He is of Tongan, New Zealander and Tanzanian descent. Solo is a self-taught dancer who began his love of break dancing after being introduced to B-boying at 11 years of age, by his mother, Liya Lupala, as an alternative to traditional sports paths. Liya, working with a youth worker Sam, from the Newtown Youth Center in Donald Maclean Street Newtown, where local Newtown youth used to hang out after school helped Solo establish the Newtown break dance crew called CMB (City Mission Breakers). It was a family and community affair, in which younger brothers often joined in, to perform publicly with their older siblings in the CMB crew. Including Solo's younger brother Tumaini "TJ" Lupala, who often performed with 'official' CMB boys, from 3 years of age, doing gymnastic stunts like being thrown by the boys in a set, flips and head spins. They are also now 17.
Former members
Omar Kamara, also known as Scrap, is of African Australian descent. He left Justice Crew in 2011.
Anastasios Tass Repousis, also known as Kid Taz, is a B-boy dancer who started dancing in 2004 because his father was an old school B-boy in the 1980s. Before becoming a member of Justice Crew, Repousis was a member of dance crews such as Hybrid Formz, Psalms, Rebelance and Pussy Cat Ballz. He has won several dance competitions throughout 2007, 2008 and 2009, and served as a back-up dancer for American rapper Vanilla Ice. Repousis had also made it through the top 100 of the 2009 season of So You Think You Can Dance Australia. He also left Justice Crew in 2011.
Emmanuel Rodriguez, also known as E-Man, is a self-taught amateur dancer from Orange, New South Wales. Rodriguez began break dancing at the age of 12 as a way to stay out of trouble and express himself. He moved to Sydney to become a B-Boy. Rodriguez has performed in several dance competitions, including the 2009 season of So You Think You Can Dance Australia, in which he placed in the final 20. Rodriguez was axed from Justice Crew in 2014, with Pearce comparing Rodriguez to '... a star (sports) player hogging the ball or wanting the spotlight'.
Discography
Live by the Words (2014)
Tours
Headlining
Dance with Me Live Tour (2011)
Sexy and You Know It Live Tour (2012)
#HypeTour (2014)
Live & Local Tour (2016)
What We Do Tour (2016)
Pop Dat Buckle Tour (2017)
Kick Ons Tour (2017)
So Long Tour (2018)
X Tour (2019)
X Tour Part 2 (2019)
Supporting
Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour: Australian leg (2011)
Janet Jackson's Number Ones: Up Close and Personal Tour: Australian leg (2011)
One Direction's Up All Night Tour: Australian leg (2012)
Pitbull's Planet Pit World Tour: Australian leg (2012)
Jay Sean's I'm All Yours Tour : Australian leg (2012)
Reece Mastin's Summer Nights Tour: Australian leg (2012–13)
Pitbull and Kesha's North American Tour (2013)
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Official website
Australia's Got Talent winners
Australian dancers
Breakdancing groups
Australian electronic dance music groups
New South Wales musical groups
Australian hip hop groups |
1223718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20F.%20Noble | David F. Noble | David Franklin Noble (July 22, 1945 – December 27, 2010) was a historian and critic of technology, science and education, best known for his seminal work on the social history of automation. In his final years he taught in the Division of Social Science and the department of Social and Political Thought at York University in Toronto, Canada. Noble held positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Smithsonian Institution, and Drexel University, as well as many visiting professorships.
Noble died suddenly in a Toronto hospital after contracting a virulent strain of pneumonia that caused septic shock and kidney failure.
Noble was born in New York City.
Career
Noble obtained an undergraduate degree in history and chemistry from the University of Florida and a doctorate from the University of Rochester. He worked as a biochemist at various institutions before becoming an assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dismissed after being denied tenure in 1984, he landed at York University. Between 1986 and 1994, Noble taught in the Department of History and Politics at Drexel University. In 1997 he served as the inaugural Hixon-Riggs Visiting Professor of science, technology, and society at Harvey Mudd College. Noble taught at York University until his death.
Pedagogy
During his entire teaching career Noble refused to grade students, based on the idea from critical pedagogy of the harm caused by grading.
Written work
America by Design
Noble's first book, America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism (1977), a revision of his University of Rochester dissertation under Christopher Lasch, was published to unusually prominent reviews. Robert Heilbroner hailed it as a work that "makes us see technology as a force that shapes management in an industrial capitalist society," while The New York Times called the book a "significant contribution" owing to its uncommon leftist perspective on American technology. Many academic reviewers praised the book's bold argument about the corporate control of science and technology, although some including Alfred Chandler expressed reservations about its forthright Marxist thesis.
Forces of Production
In Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation (1984, 1st edition; 2011, 2nd edition) Noble recounts the history of machine tool automation in the United States. He argues that CNC (computerized numerical control) machines were introduced both to increase efficiency and to discipline unions which were stronger in the US in the period immediately following World War II. Forces of Production argues that management wanted to take the programming of machine tools, which as "machines for making machines" are a critical industrial product, out of the hands of union members and transfer their control, by means of primitive programming, to non-union, college-educated white-collar employees working physically separate from the shop floor. Noble's research argues that, in practical terms, the separation was a failure. The practice angered and alienated union machinists, who felt that their practical and night-school knowledge of applied science was being disregarded. In response, they sat back while watching the programmed machines produce what Noble described as "scrap at high speed." Noble then went on to argue that management compromised with the unions, in a minor violation of the US's 1948 Taft–Hartley Act (which reserved all issues except pay and benefits to management discretion), to allow the union men to "patch" and even write the CNC programs. Although Noble focuses strictly, in Forces of Production, on the narrow and specialist area of machine tools, his work may be generalized to issues in MIS software where the end users are restive when told to accept the product of analysts ignorant of the real needs of the business or the employee. David also wrote the Introduction to the second edition of Mike Cooley's Architect or Bee? published in the US in 1982 by South End Press.
Last writing
Pursuing his critique of the role of the university, since 2004 Noble was active in bringing attention to what he identified as issues of social justice. These included the notion of the increasing corporatization of the Canadian public university, and defending the idea of academic freedom and the role of the tenured academic as public servant. Noble's most recent book, Beyond the Promised Land: The Movement and the Myth, is a sweeping historiography of what he described as the myth of the promised land, connecting the disappointments of the Christian religious story of redemption and salvation with the rise of global capitalism and the response to these disappointments by recent social justice movements.
Political activism
In 1983 Noble co-founded the National Coalition for Universities in the Public Interest with Ralph Nader and Leonard Minsky to try "to bring extra-academic pressure to bear upon university administrations who were selling out their colleagues and the public in the pursuit of corporate partnerships."
Noble's leftist politics and supposedly aggressive tactics gave him a rocky career. He was denied tenure at MIT, forced to leave his appointment at the Smithsonian Institution, and blocked from giving the commencement address at Harvey Mudd College because the administration argued he was "anti-technology." His appointment to the J.S. Woodsworth Chair in the Humanities at Simon Fraser University was suspended following what Noble and others saw as irregularities in the hiring process.
In 1998, he was awarded the Joe A. Callaway Award for Civic Courage, which "recognizes individuals who take a public stance to advance truth and justice, at some personal risk." The award honored Noble's decades as "a singular voice in seeking to fight the commercialization of higher education and to protect one of society's most precious assets, an independent intellectual capacity to engage the serious issues of our day."
Corporatization and commercialization
In the 1990s, Noble criticized the way in which "second-tier" universities accessible to the majority have been forced, owing to budget pressures absent at well-endowed "first-tier" universities, to adopt overly corporate-friendly policies. According to Noble, these policies subordinate the educational mission to a more careerist vision in which students were taught "practical" subjects, but in such narrow ways that they are, in effect, less broadly employable. In his 1998 paper Digital Diploma Mills, Noble wrote: "universities are not only undergoing a technological transformation. Beneath that change, and camouflaged by it, lies another: the commercialization of higher education". Noble argued that high technology, at these universities, is often used not to improve teaching and research, but to over-control and overwork junior faculty and graduate students, expropriate the intellectual property of leading faculty, and, through various mechanisms such as the recorded lecture, replace the visions and voices of less-prestigious faculty with the second-hand and reified product of academic "superstars".
“Tail that Wags the Dog”
In his broad-based critique of what he viewed as an academic-industrial system, Noble questioned Israel's strategic role in Western institutions on a broad basis. In late November 2004, at York University, Noble garnered controversy for handing out flyers entitled "The York University Foundation: The Tail That Wags the Dog (Suggestions for Further Research)" at a campus event. The information sheets alleged that the Foundation, York University's principal fund-raising body, was biased by the presence and influence of pro-Israel lobbyists, activists and persons involved in Jewish agencies, whom he identified as the "tail", and that this bias affected the political conduct of York's administration in important ways, through their power to "wag the dog". In particular, Noble (who was of Jewish descent himself) claimed that there was a connection between alleged "Pro-Israeli influence" on the York Foundation and the university administration's treatment of vocal pro-Palestinian campaigners on campus and to a later-scuttled project to build a Toronto Argonauts football stadium on the campus. York University responded with a public statement that "condemned the material in the flyer as offensive." In 2006 Noble launched a $25-million libel suit at the Ontario Superior Court of Justice against a series of individuals and of York University, Jewish, and Israeli organizations for defamation and conspiracy, accusing them of having improperly criticized his "Tail That Wags the Dog" campaign as antisemitic. In 2007, Noble's grievance against York that his academic freedom had been violated was settled, with the arbitrator saying, "York breached Article 10.01 of the Collective Agreement by failing to respect Professor Noble’s rights as an academic. Indeed, it may be said that York failed to extend Professor Noble even the most basic of courtesies that might reasonably be expected to be enjoyed by a faculty member."
Jewish holidays
Noble and York University also were in the news in October 2005 with regard to his vocal opposition to the university's policy, adopted in 1974, of cancelling classes during the three days marking the Jewish High Holidays. Noble originally stated he would defy the policy and hold classes nonetheless, however, in the end he pledged instead to cancel his classes on all religious holidays observed by any student in his classes, including for example, all Muslim holidays. In April 2006 Noble lodged a complaint with the Ontario Human Rights Commission, alleging that cancellation of classes during certain Jewish holidays constituted discrimination against non-Jewish students. In 2008 he held a class when the university was closed for one of those holidays. When York independently changed its policy the discrimination matter was withdrawn. In his complaint, Noble also alleged that York engaged in a campaign of reprisal against him. The Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario found no reprisal and dismissed Noble's complaint in its entirety.
York Public Access
In his final years at York, Noble was involved in creating an organization called York Public Access as an alternative to what he identified as an increased corporate slant in the approach taken by York University's official media relations department.
Books
See also
Critique of technology
Jeremy Rifkin
Michael Adas
Mike Cooley
References
20th-century American historians
21st-century American historians
American social historians
Social historians
Historians of technology
Historians of the United States
American Marxist historians
Jewish American historians
Anti-corporate activists
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Jewish Canadian writers
Canadian Marxists
Jewish socialists
American male non-fiction writers
University of Rochester alumni
Academic staff of York University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Harvey Mudd College faculty
Historians from California
Historians from New York (state)
Writers from New York City
1945 births
2010 deaths |
57150338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Budapest%20Honv%C3%A9d%20FC | History of Budapest Honvéd FC | Budapest Honvéd Football Club is a professional football club based in Budapest, Hungary.
1900s
The club was founded on 10 August 1908 as Kispesti Atlétikai Club – Athletic Club of Kispest by Dr. Bálint Varga, a teacher. However the club's earliest members could not agree on a club constitution until 3 August 1909 and this is generally recognised as the club's foundation date. When the club was originally formed, Kispest was still a village, distinct from the city of Budapest.
1920s
During the first three decades of its existence, the club was little more than a village team and enjoyed only moderate success, winning a single Hungarian Cup in 1926.
On 8 December 1926 the first match of the 1925–26 Magyar Kupa final was played between Kispesti AC and Budapesti EAC. The match ended with a 1–1 draw at the Hungária körúti Stadion. On 19 December 1926 Kispesti AC beat Budapesti EAC 3–2 in the third repeated final of the 1925–26 Magyar Kupa final at the Postás pálya. The third Kispest goal came in the 157th minute by Győző Gregor.
During the 1930s the team included Rezső Rozgonyi and Rezső Somlai who both represented Hungary at the 1934 World Cup and Ferenc Puskás I, the father of Ferenc Puskás, and later a coach at the club during the 1940s.
1940s
In 1943 both Ferenc Puskás and József Bozsik made their debut for Kispest FC. Between 1947 and 1948 the club was coached by the legendary Hungarian coach Béla Guttman. In November 1948, Guttmann attempted to take off fullback Mihály Patyi at whose play he was furious, leaving the team with 10 players. Encouraged by his team captain, Ferenc Puskás Jr, Patyi remained on the pitch. Guttman retired to the stands, refusing to coach the team, quitting on the spot. This was his final game in charge of the team, and he departed soon after the falling out.
The club's golden age really began in 1949 when it was taken over by the Hungarian Ministry of Defence and it became the Hungarian Army team. The man behind the take-over was Gusztáv Sebes, the coach of the national team. Sebes was inspired by the Austrian Wunderteam and the Italy team that won two World Cups in the 1930s. Both teams were predominantly drawn from one or at most two clubs and Sebes wanted a similar system in Hungary.
In January 1949 when Hungary became a communist state, the resulting nationalisation of football clubs gave Sebes the opportunity. The two biggest Hungarian clubs at the time were Ferencvárosi TC and MTK Hungária FC. However while the secret police, the ÁVH took over MTK, Ferencváros was considered unsuitable because of its right-wing and nationalist traditions. Sebes turned instead to Kispesti AC. The Kispest name was dropped as the village was absorbed into District XIX of Budapest and the club was renamed Budapesti Honvéd SE. The name derives from Honvédség, the name of the Hungarian Army, and the word honvéd, which literally means defender of the homeland is also used to refer to an army private.
The Mighty Magyars
The Kispest AC team already included Ferenc Puskás and József Bozsik but army conscription now enabled Honvéd to recruit Sándor Kocsis, Zoltán Czibor and László Budai from Ferencváros, Gyula Lóránt from Vasas SC and the goalkeeper Gyula Grosics. Sebes was effectively able to use Honvéd as a training camp for the national team. During the early 1950s these Honvéd players formed the backbone of the legendary Mighty Magyars, helping Hungary become Olympic Champions in 1952, Central European Champions in 1953, defeat England twice and reach the 1954 World Cup final.
European Cup
Honvéd itself also benefited, winning the Hungarian League in 1949–50, 1950, 1952, 1954, and 1955. The club's reputation spread beyond Hungary and on 13 December 1954 they played Wolverhampton Wanderers, the reigning English League champions, in a prestige friendly. Honvéd were leading 2–0 at half-time, but eventually lost 3–2. They also played, and lost to, Red Star Belgrade (then 7th in the Yugoslav league). It was games like this that led to establishment of the European Cup in 1955.
In 1956 Honvéd qualified for the second European Cup competition and in the first round they were drawn against Athletic Bilbao. Honvéd lost the away leg 2–3, but before the home leg could be played, the Hungarian Revolution had collapsed back in Budapest and the Soviet Union had invaded. The players decided against going back to Hungary and arranged for the return game with Athletic to be played at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels. However, early in the game the Honvéd goalkeeper was injured and, with no substitutes permitted, Zoltán Czibor had to go into goal. Despite drawing 3–3 they went out 6–5 on aggregate.
Honvéd World Tour
Elimination from the 1956–57 European Cup left Honvéd in limbo. The players, declining to return to Hungary, summoned their families from Budapest and, despite opposition from FIFA and the then Soviet-controlled Hungarian Football Federation, Béla Guttmann organised a fundraising tour of Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Among the most notable matches were a 5–5 draw with a Madrid XI and a 4–3 win over CF Barcelona. Honvéd declined a Mexican offer of political asylum and an invitation to join their national league and instead accepted an offer to play in a tournament in Brazil with CR Flamengo and Botafogo. By now FIFA had declared the team illegal and banned them from using the Honvéd name. After returning to Europe, the players parted ways. Some, including József Bozsik, László Budai, Gyula Lóránt and Gyula Grosics, returned to Hungary while others, including Zoltán Czibor, Sándor Kocsis and Ferenc Puskás, found new clubs in Western Europe. Czibor and Kocsis eventually signed for FC Barcelona while Puskás joined Real Madrid.
The Post-Revolution era
The defection of Zoltán Czibor, Sándor Kocsis and Ferenc Puskás severely weakened Honvéd and in 1957 they only avoided relegation after the Hungarian Football Federation decide to expand the first division. Despite the emergence of Lajos Tichy and Lajos Kocsis, the post-Revolution era was not kind to Honvéd. There only successes came in the Mitropa Cup in 1959, when they beat MTK Hungária FC in the final 6–5 on aggregate, and in 1964 when they won the Hungarian Cup.
The Second Golden Age
In 1980 with Lajos Tichy as coach and a squad that included Imre Garaba, Honvéd won their first Hungarian League title in twenty five years. During the 1980s and early 1990s players such as Kálmán Kovács, Lajos Détári, Béla Illés, Gábor Halmai and István Vincze helped Honvéd win another seven titles. They also won league and cup doubles in 1985 and 1989 and won the Hungarian Cup and in 1996.
Kispest Honvéd FC
In 1991 the club revived the Kispest name and became Kispest Honvéd FC. However the name change marked the beginning of a decline in the club's fortunes. In 2003 they were relegated, but they returned to the first division the following season. However, Kispest Honvéd Sports Circle Ltd, the company that owned the club, owed millions of Hungarian forints in taxes and in October 2004 went into liquidation. The company practised a policy that treated its players as self-employed contractors rather than employees and as result, significantly reduced the club's tax burden. However, the tax authorities objected and were supported by the courts, leaving the club in arrears with no means of paying them. Rival directors argued over who owed how much tax and eventually the Hungarian League intervened. As a result, a new club, Budapest Honvéd FC, was formed and allowed to take the place of Kispest Honvéd FC in the first division on the condition that the tax debt was paid off.
In August 2007 the fences in front of the stands were removed at the Bozsik József Stadion signalling a new dawn for Hungarian football. Also in 2007, Mihály Tóth returned from Fredrikstad FK and signed a three-year contract with the club.
In the UEFA Cup 2007-08 season Honvéd faced with the Moldovan Nistru Otaci in the first round of the qualifiers. In the first leg Honvéd drew 1–1 away, and at home the result was the same. In the penalty-shootout Honvéd won 5–4. In the second round Honvéd played with the German Hamburger SV. In the first leg Honvéd drew 0–0, while away in the Imtech Arena, in Hamburg they were beaten by 4–0.
In the Intertoto Cup 2008 Honvéd played with the Kazakh Zhetysu and won both legs. The final result was 2–1 away, while at home Honvéd won 4–2. In the second round Honvéd played with the Czech Teplice and won 3–1 away, while lost 2–0 at home. As a consequence, Honvéd won on away goals. In the third round the team played with the Austrian Sturm Graz. The first leg finished goalless in Graz, Austria. Both teams made a stand against racism and discrimination. The second match was won by Sturm, therefore Honvéd was eliminated from the Intertoto Cup.
In the 2008-09 Magyar Kupa season Honvéd played in the final against Győri ETO FC. In the first leg Honvéd won 1–0 in Győr, while the second leg finished goalless which resulted the triumph of the team on 1–0 aggregate. As a consequence the team could play in the Europa League.
In the 2009-10 Europa League season Honvéd entered the third round. Honvéd played with the Turkish Fenerbahçe. The first match was won by Fenerbahçe by 5–1, while at home the result was 1–1. The team was eliminated on 6–2 aggregate.
2010s
Although Honved finished fourth in the 2011–12 season of the Hungarian League, they could participate in the UEFA Europa League 2012–13 season because Győr were banned from any European competitions. Honved faced with bronze medal winner of the Albanian First Division Flamurtari Vlorë in the first round of the Europa League. The first leg was won by Honved 1–0 away. Honved won the second leg as well by beating the Albanian club by 2–0 at home. In the second round, they faced Russian Premier League club Anzhi Makhachkala, featuring star players Roberto Carlos and Samuel Eto'o. The first leg of the match was played near the Russian capital, Moscow in Ramenskoye in the stadium of FC Saturn Moscow since UEFA did not allow the match to be played in Dagestan. Anzhi won the match by 1–0.
Although Honvéd were not the highest-spending club in the Hungarian Championship 2016-17 Nemzeti Bajnokság I, they won their 14th title, mostly on the backs of an exceptional youth program and stable management, ending a 24-year dearth.
Honvéd also qualified for the 2017-18 UEFA Champions League season.
The club won the 2019-20 Magyar Kupa season by beating Mezőkövesd SE in the final 2–1 at the Puskás Aréna on 3 June 2020.
2020s
On 27 May 2023, Honvéd lost 2-1 to Puskás Akadémia FC at the Pancho Aréna, Felcsút on the 33rd match day of the 2022–23 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season, while Vasas SC drew with Fehérvár FC that resulted in the relegation to the Nemzeti Bajnokság II.
On 31 October 2023, Máté Pinezits was sacked due to negative performance
References
External links
Budapest Honvéd FC |
34805601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306%20FC%20Basel%20season | 2005–06 FC Basel season | The 2005–06 season was Fussball Club Basel 1893's 113th in existence and the club's 12th consecutive season in the top flight of Swiss football. Werner Edelmann was confirmed as the club's chairman for the fourth successive season at the AGM. FCB played their home matches in the St. Jakob-Park, in the Basel quarter St. Alban in the south-east of the city.
Overview
Christian Gross was head coach for the seventh successive season. A number of players left the squad. Marco Zwyssig retired from active football. Sébastien Barberis was released on a free transfer, after eight years with the club and he moved on to FC Bulle. Philipp Degen transferred to Borussia Dortmund and Benjamin Huggel transferred to Eintracht Frankfurt. Goalkeeper Thomas Mandl returned to Austria and signed for Admira Wacker Mödling and defender Kléber returned to Brazil, signing for Santos. The two Argentinian strikers Christian Giménez and Julio Hernán Rossi also left the club, Giménez in August and Rossi during the winter break. Giménez parting was somewhat peculiar, he forced his immediate departure to the French team Olympique de Marseille by refusing to play against Werder Bremen.
Basel made a few signings before the start of the 2005–06 season. For example, forward Eduardo, who was signed permanently from Toulouse, following his successful loan spell. The young forward Felipe Caicedo was signed in from Rocafuerte Fútbol Club. Midfielders Baykal Kulaksızoğlu was signed in from FC Thun and Papa Malick Ba from CS Sfaxien, goalkeeper Louis Crayton was signed in from Concordia Basel and a number of youngsters advanced from the U-21 team including Ivan Rakitić and Zdravko Kuzmanović.
The FC Basel aims for the 2005–06 season were to retain the league title, win the cup and as well as to qualify for the UEFA Champions League group stage.
FC Basel started the season with various warm-up matches. These included teams from the Swiss lower league as well as teams from France, Croatia and the Ukraine. They played six pre-season friendlies including the Uhrencup in Grenchen, winning four matches, but losing in the Uhrencup 0–2 against 1. FC Kaiserslautern and drawing the second match in this competition 2–2 against Trabzonspor. The six mid-season friendlies all ended with a victory.
During the winter break, the team had their traditional winter break soccer camp in La Manga, Spain. The defenders Daniel Majstorović and Kōji Nakata were brought in to replace Lyon-bound Patrick Müller and Murat Yakın who was to retire at the end of the season. The team played two games in their soccer camp, drawing 2–2 against German team Hamburger SV and beat local team Ciudad de Murcia 2–1. The other three winter break matches were played in Switzerland. Basel beat Locarno and beat Wohlen, bur lost against Rapid București. Of their 17 friendlies in this season, Basel won 13 matches, drew two and lost two.
The Campaign
Domestic league
There were ten teams competing in the top tier 2005–06 Swiss Super League. The teams played a double round-robin in the first half of the season and then another double round-robin in the second half. There were three points for a victory and one each for a draw. The champions would enter the second qualifying round of the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League. The championship runners-up and the third placed team would enter the UEFA Cup first qualifying round. The bottom placed team would be relegated, the second last team would play a play-off against relegation.
Basel's priority aim for the season was to win the league championship for the third time in a row. Despite the 3-0 defeat by FC Thun in the second round, Basel started the season well and led the championship right until the last day of the league campaign. On 26 February 2006, FC Basel broke their own club record of 52 unbeaten league games at St. Jakob Park, later extending it to 59. The unbeaten home run ended on the final day of the season with a last-minute goal from Zürich's Iulian Filipescu giving Zürich their first national championship since 1980–81. A 60th straight home league match undefeated, would have made Basel champions for third time in a row. The final score was 1-2 in favour of Zürich. The title was lost on goal difference.
The last minute loss of the Championship and the subsequent riots, the so-called Basel Hooligan Incident, meant that the club would suffer the consequences. As well as a huge fine, the first two home games of their 2006–07 season were held completely without fans, behind closer doors. The following three matches were held with just a part of the stadium capacity, without the fans from the "Muttenzer Kurve" (the eastern fan block).
Domestic cup
Basel's clear aim for the Swiss Cup was to win it. In the first round of the 2005–06 Cup Basel were drawn away against lower league team Solothurn. Basel won this 4–1, with goals from David Degen, and Eduardo and twice Mladen Petrić. In round two they were drawn away against local lower league team Old Boys. Basel won this 6–1 and here Mile Sterjovski scored four goals and Zdravko Kuzmanović scored the other two. However, despite an early goal from Julio Hernán Rossi and two further goals from Matías Delgado, Basel were defeated in the third round home tie against FC Zürich 3–4. Basel's domestic cup aim was clearly missed. Second tier Sion won the trophy at the end of the season, beating Young Boys in the final after a penalty shoot-out.
Europe
Champions League qualifying round
As Swiss champions, Basel entered the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round and their aim was to reach the group stage. However, they were drawn against German Bundesliga club Werder Bremen and they lost 4-2 on aggregate. Three goals in eight second-half minutes in the return leg swung the tie decisively in the German side's favour.
Werder Bremen (10 August 2005)
Goals in either half from David Degen and substitute Julio Hernán Rossi ensured Christian Gross's side the advantage before the return leg at the Weserstadion on 24 August. However, the German team still had every confidence of overturning the deficit, thanks to Miroslav Klose's strike on 72 minutes. Thomas Schaaf's men were behind after 27 minutes after some lax defending. Goalkeeper Andreas Reinke was stranded after Scott Chipperfield's shot had been blocked and Degen made no mistake when well placed. The wayward defending continued into the second half, allowing Argentinian striker Rossi to double the home team's advantage on 52 minutes by drilling through Reinke's legs to the obvious delight of a sell-out 29,000 crowd at St. Jakob Park. Yet the home fans were given pause for thought when Germany forward Klose pulled one back in the closing stages.
Return match (24 August 2005)
Three goals in eight second-half minutes swing the tie decisively in the German side's favour. Until the opening goal Basel had protected Pascal Zuberbühler's goal with some ease, but a fortuitous deflection unhinged their defence after 63 minutes. A clearance from the Basel defence hit Patrick Owomoyela on the chest and the ball bounced into the penalty area, Bremen striker Ivan Klasnić was quickest to react and he tapped the ball into the empty net from close range. Basel found themselves further in arrears moments later when Johan Micoud was fouled in the penalty area by Reto Zanni. Tim Borowski made no mistake, slotting the ball into the bottom left-hand corner. The home side then guaranteed their spot into the draw for the next round, with Klasnić's second goal after 72 minutes. The striker latched on to Daniel Jensen's pass to send a left-footed strike in off the post beyond Zuberbühler from 15 metres.
UEFA Cup
Subsequently Basel dropped into the 2005–06 UEFA Cup, where they met Bosnian club NK Široki Brijeg in the first round.
NK Široki Brijeg (15 September 2005, 29 September 2005)
In the first leg of the first round Basel played at home in the St. Jakob-Park and Matías Delgado scored a hat-trick as Basel won 5–0. The return match in Široki Brijeg was also won. Basel sealed a 6–0 aggregate win to qualify for the Group stage.
Group stage
Here Basel were then drawn into Group E, alongside Strasbourg, Roma, Red Star Belgrade and Tromsø.
RC Strasbourg (20 October 2005)
Basel lost their first home match against Strasbourg 0–2 after defender Patrick Müller was sent off for pulling down Amara Diané in the 33rd minute. Diané himself had put the guests one up in the 15th minute and fellow Ivorian Arthur Boka scored a second ten minutes later.
Red Star Belgrade (3 November 2005)
An away win against Red Star Belgrade in the second match day. Rossi ran on to a pin-point pass from Matías Delgado with just two minutes remaining as Basel vanquished memories of their 0-2 defeat by RC Strasbourg on Matchday 1. It completed a well-earned turnaround after Milan Purović had given the home side the lead midway through the first half. Basel soon drew level when Delgado converted a penalty on the half-hour mark, paving the way for a thrilling win.
Tromsø IL (1 December 2005)
The Basel side rallied from being 1-3 down after 29 minutes to secure an unlikely 4-3 win to move second, while eliminating Tromsø. Tromsø had gone ahead as early as the second minute when Lars Iver Strand headed in Ole Andreas Nilsen's cross. Basel attempted to respond and came close a minute later, only for Eduardo to header over the bar, while 60 seconds later Matías Delgado also shot wide. Petrić did equalise as he fired in a left-footed shot after Smiljanić had headed Patrick Müller's free-kick into his path. However, Tromsø regained their lead three minutes later when Ole Martin Årst collected Joachim Walltin's pass before hitting an angled shot into the net from 12 metres. After 29 minutes the visitors opened up a 3-1 lead and this time Årst was the provider, playing the ball from the right for Strand to score his second of the evening. Basel piled on the pressure in the second half but were almost caught out when Patrice Bernier's header forced a save from Pascal Zuberbühler. Delgado reduced arrears when he converted a cross from Petrić just after the hour and it was all-square six minutes later when Scott Chipperfield headed in a Julio Hernán Rossi cross. With 16 minutes remaining, Basel took the lead for the first time as David Degen collected an Eduardo pass and scored from close range. Basel secured the most unlikely of wins to move into second place in the standings.
AS Roma (14 December 2005)
An away defeat against Roma followed. Roma pressed from the very first moment and it was inevitable that Rodrigo Taddei put the home team one up after just 12 minutes. But Basel reacted and fought back. Ivan Ergić saw his header rebound from the cross bar after 25 minutes and Delgado's shot rebounded from the post just two minutes later, but the equaliser did not fall. In fact Francesco Totti put the home team two up just seconds before the half time whistle and shortly after the start of the second period Shabani Nonda added a third goal. With this three goal lead, AS Roma just tried to control the game and played just in midfield. Towards the end of the game Basel turned up their efforts and after 78 minutes Mladen Petrić pulled a goal back. But it wasn't enough to turn the game and Basel lost 1-3. Because, at the same time, Strasbourg scored the 2-2 equaliser in the fourth minute of over time against Red Star Belgrade, with some luck Basel qualified for the knock-out stages.
AS Monaco (15 February 2006)
In the round of 32 Basel were drawn against AS Monaco and the first leg of this tie was played in St. Jakob-Park. Having dropped to ninth spot in the domestic league, Monaco were eager to impress on the continental stage, but always appeared vulnerable against a solid Basel outfit. The Swiss side took control of the match from the off, and went close to breaking the deadlock in the 19th minute as Lucas Bernardi cleared Eduardo's goalbound header from Mladen Petrić's long free-kick. Six minutes later Petrić dispossessed Monaco's Maicon and fizzed a fierce shot narrowly wide. Monaco playmaker Camel Meriem tested Pascal Zuberbühler in the 31st minute, and teenager Serge Gakpé was close to scoring on his European debut as the visitors pressed. Petrić, Matías Delgado and Mile Sterjovski all threatened Guillaume Warmuz's goal early in the second half, while the Monaco keeper also frustrated Bruno Berner and Petrić again before he was finally beaten by David Degen, the midfielder finishing coolly following Eduardo's pass in the 78th minute.
AS Monaco return match (23 February 2006)
After being eliminated from the Champions League in the third qualifying round back in August, Monaco president Michal Pastor had made UEFA Cup success the club's main priority, saying: "We must win it. It's a question of honour." AS Monaco FC's pledge to win the UEFA Cup this season was broken as FC Basel 1893's Swedish defender Daniel Majstorović secured a priceless equaliser at the Stade Louis II. The home side had been handed a 21st-minute lead when on-loan striker Christian Vieri converted from the penalty spot after Jaroslav Plašil was brought down by Matías Delgado. However, Basel took what proved to be the decisive advantage eleven minutes into the second period as Mladen Petrić's cross from the left was headed by Majstorović past Flavio Roma to leave Monaco needing at least two goals for victory. While substitute Olivier Kapo had a couple of good efforts late on, but Basel's nerve held and another goal was not scored. Basel won 2-1 on aggregate.
RC Strasbourg (9 March 2006)
Then, in the round of 16 Basel were drawn against Strasbourgh and were able to revenge themselves for the defeat in the Group stage. Matías Delgado scored one and set up the other as the Swiss side took the initiative, right from the start. Just eight minutes had elapsed when Argentinian midfielder Delgado picked himself up after an Edgar Loué foul and curled a superb free-kick around the wall to break the deadlock. The French team fought back in the second half, before Zdravko Kuzmanovic scored following another Delgado free kick to secure a healthy two-goal lead to take to Stade de la Meinau a week later.
RC Strasbourg return match (16 March 2006)
In the Stade de la Meinau in front of just 8,000 spectators, Brazilian striker Eduardo gave the visitors a third-minute advantage, tapping in Mladen Petrić's unselfish square ball. However, Rudy Carlier soon levelled for the home team. That lifted Strasbourg and Alexander Farnerud saw three efforts denied, before Eduardo destroyed their hopes with an emphatic volley from David Degen's left-wing cross. There were still only 26 minutes on the clock and although the game calmed down before half-time, Basel began the second period with renewed verve as Boris Smiljanić and Mile Sterjovski forced impressive saves from Nicolas Puydebois. Cédric Kanté eventually made it 2-2 at the other end with 12 minutes remaining, but it was too little, too late as the Swiss side progressed to the quarter-finals.
Middlesbrough (30 March 2006)
Basel were drawn against Middlesbrough in the quarter-finals and played the first leg at home at St. Jakob-Park. Two goals just before half-time inflicted a serious blow to the English Premiership side as Basel made the best of difficult conditions. On 43 minutes Matías Delgado collected his seventh goal of the competition when his hopeful long-range effort took a wicked bounce off the greasy surface and arced over the unfortunate Mark Schwarzer. The Australian international was beaten again before the interval as David Degen earned Basel a valuable first-leg two goal cushion. It was a deserved strike for Degen, whose tireless running proved a constant threat to the visitors' shaky defence. After Eduardo glanced a header wide on ten minutes, he was given a clearer opening when he met Degen's pullback, before testing Schwarzer with a shot on the turn. Middlesbrough, meanwhile, were limited to half-chances as Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink drove a free-kick off target midway through the half, while a swerving attempt from Gaizka Mendieta forced Pascal Zuberbühler to tip over. With opportunities at a premium for Middlesbrough, Basel were rewarded for their endeavour through Delgado's opener, before Degen outpaced a sluggish back line to latch on to Eduardo's through-ball and drill a low shot beyond Schwarzer. The timing was terrible for Steve McClaren's men, but they responded well after the break. Hasselbaink drew a diving stop from Zuberbühler three minutes into the second period and Chris Riggott went even closer as he met a corner with a towering header. It cannoned off the crossbar, however, and Delgado repeated the feat at the other end with a free-kick as the game opened up. Riggott was on more familiar defensive duty on 70 minutes, his goalline block denying substitute Scott Chipperfield.
Middlesbrough return match (6 April 2006)
Travelling to the Riverside Stadium for the return match, Basel took an early lead. Christian Gross' Basel always looked in control, having earned a 2-0 victory on home soil during the previous week, and their grip on the tie was further strengthened by Eduardo's close-range finish midway through the first half. Mark Viduka struck twice either side of half-time to breathe fresh life into the Middlesbrough's challenge, however, and when Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink found the net with a thunderous strike moments after the dismissal of Basel's Swedish defender Daniel Majstorovic, the momentum was with the home side. With time almost up, Massimo Maccarone slid in the winning goal from a tight angle to crown a remarkable comeback and earn a last-four tie against FC Steaua Bucuresti. The home team came close to halving their deficit in the opening seconds as Pascal Zuberbühler failed to collect George Boateng's high ball under pressure from Yakubu Ayegbeni, but the Nigerian international's angled shot towards the unguarded goal rolled into the side-netting. Basel then served notice of their attacking intent as Mile Sterjovski was left unmarked from a free-kick to flick an effort wide, but Middlesbrough failed to heed the warning and another set-piece proved their undoing in the 23rd minute, Boris Smiljanić nodding Mladen Petrić's free-kick across goal for Eduardo to tap in at the far post. That left the home side needing to score four times to stay in the competition, and they replied rapidly as Yakubu's physical presence unsettled the Basel defence and Viduka collected the loose ball before drilling a shot past Zuberbühler. The Basel goalkeeper preserved his side's two-goal aggregate advantage as the interval approached, however, stretching to palm Yakubu's effort around the post after a slick passing move had sliced open the visitors.
Urged on by tremendous home support Middlesbrough began the second period in frenetic fashion, with half-time substitute Hasselbaink and Viduka both forcing Zuberbühler into action. However, the Basel goalkeeper was powerless three minutes before the hour, Viduka collecting Yakubu's defence-splitting pass and rounding the goalkeeper to roll in before Majstorovic was sent off for a second bookable offence. Hasselbaink raised home hopes almost immediately with a thunderous shot from the edge of the area and just as it seemed Basel would hold out, Zuberbühler parried Fábio Rochemback's effort and Maccarone slid in the rebound from an acute angle to spark wild celebrations. Middlesbrough had fought back to win the match 4–1 and the tie 4–3.
Conclusion
Middlesbrough beat Steaua București 4–3 in the semi-final and advanced to the final, but here they were beaten 4–0 by Sevilla. In spite of being knocked out in the quarter-finals, the cup run was considered a success for Basel. Matías Emilio Delgado ended the 2005–06 UEFA Cup season as the contest's top goal scorer.
Club
Management
Kit
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Other information
Players
First team squad
Transfers
Summer
In
Out
Winter
In
Out
Results
Friendlies
Pre-season
Winter break friendlies
Swiss Super League
First half of season
Second half of season
Final league table
Swiss Cup
2005–06 Swiss Cup
UEFA Champions League
For more information, see 2005–06 UEFA Champions League
Third qualifying round
Werder Bremen won 4–2 on aggregate.
UEFA Cup
First round
All times CET
Basel won 6-0 on aggregate.
Group stage / Group E
Round of 32
Basel won 2–1 on aggregate.
Round of 16
Basel won 4-2 on aggregate.
Quarter-finals
Middlesbrough won 4-3 on aggregate.
References
Sources
Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2015/2016. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG.
Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2017/2018. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG.
Die ersten 125 Jahre / 2018. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel.
FCB squad 2005–06 at fcb-archiv.ch
Switzerland 2005–06 at RSSSF
External links
FC Basel official site
FC Basel seasons
Basel |
35071229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameraman%20Gangatho%20Rambabu | Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu | Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu () is a 2012 Indian Telugu-language political action film written and directed by Puri Jagannadh. The film stars Pawan Kalyan, Tamanna, and Gabriela Bertante, Prakash Raj and Kota Srinivasa Rao. Mani Sharma composed the soundtrack and background score, while Shyam K. Naidu and S. R. Shekhar handled the cinematography and editing. It was the second collaboration between Kalyan and Jagannadh after 12 years since Badri (2000).
Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu was released worldwide on 18 October 2012 and received mixed reviews from critics. Later the film was dubbed in Malayalam as Jananayakan and Tamil as Makkalveeran and it was also dubbed and released in Hindi as Mera Target in 2015.
Plot
Ram Prakash “Rambabu” is a short-tempered mechanic who has a kind heart as well as a tendency to react to various social incidents shown or published in the electronic media. After studying his personality, Ganga, a cameraman from NC Channel, offers a job as a journalist to Rambabu, who accepts it. Jawahar Naidu, who is the state's ex-CM Jawahar Naidu tries to collapse the government and regain the post of CM, where he is strongly supported by his son Rana Babu, a newbie to politics.
Dasaradh Ram is a reputed journalist who supplies proof of the scams and atrocities committed by Jawahar Naidu, only to be brutally murdered by Rana Babu. Although everyone, including the police, is aware that Rana Babu is behind this. Rambabu valiantly opposes him and gets him arrested. However, Rana Babu is released from prison with the help of his political contacts, and he challenges Rambabu to become the CM by using the media. A war ensues between Rambabu and Rana Babu where Rambabu enters politics. For gaining political mileage, Rana Babu starts a movement opposing the presence of other states people in Andhra Pradesh and makes it a big movement and even injuring Rambabu severely, but he is rescued by Smitha, who works for a rival news channel.
Rambabu later joins Smitha's news channel after getting discharged from the hospital. Rambabu tricks Rana Babu into making some controversial statements on air, thus destroying the momentum of the movement. For making his position in politics, Rana Babu makes Jawahar Naidu deliver his last speech and kills him, which is recorded by Rana Babu's driver, who later calls Rambabu and Smitha to show them the video. After this, Smitha arrives and shoots Rambabu, where she steals the video and makes a deal with Rana Babu to disclose the whole for a hefty price.
With the support of the young blood influenced by his speech, Rambabu reaches the building where Rana Babu hosted a party for his colleagues. Rambabu sends a message to the police commissioner that Rana Babu's guests should vacate the building to avoid being killed by the people along with Rana Babu. Before leaving, Smitha orders to telecast the video, only to be murdered by Rana Babu. Rana Babu arrives outside with his pistol and shoots Rambabu, but Rana Babu is killed in a stampede and Rambabu reaches the ambulance accompanied by Ganga.
Cast
Pawan Kalyan as Ram Prakash “Rambabu”, a mechanic-turned-journalist
Tamannaah Bhatia as Ganga, NC Channel cameraman and Rambabu's love interest
Gabriela Bertante as Smitha, rival news channel worker
Prakash Raj as Rana Prathap Naidu, Jawahar Naidu's son
Kota Srinivasa Rao as Ex-Chief Minister Jawahar Naidu, the opposition leader
Brahmanandam as Bobby
Nassar as Chandrasekhara Reddy, the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
Surya Kumar as Dasaradh Ram
Ali as SRK
Dharmavarapu Subramanyam as MD
M. S. Narayana as Rambabu's uncle
Tanikella Bharani as Rana's uncle
Prudhvi Raj as MLA
Scarlett Mellish Wilson as a bar dancer in the song "Joramochindhi"
Controversy
The film led to a massive political tension in the state of Andhra Pradesh with the film's characters being compared to the political leaders during the Telangana Movement and the Andhra politics during the tenure of Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy as the CMRS Politburo member. D. Sharavan said that deleting some scenes from the film would not pacify the people of Telangana and demanded a total ban on its screening.
The Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) also sought a ban on the movie, saying that it not only showed their leaders in poor light but also ridiculed their chiefs N. Chandrababu Naidu and Karunanidhi. TDP activists staged a protest demanding a ban on the movie in Kurnool district of the Rayalaseema region. To end the controversy, the makers of Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu were forced to remove the objectionable content from the film. Finally, Puri Jagannadh said no references were made about T-movement nor TDP chief Chandrababu Naidu (Bolli dialogue) and he cannot do anything if people come with their own interpretation of the scenes.
Production
Development
Pawan Kalyan had previously worked with Puri Jagannadh in Badri, which also was Puri's debut movie. On 18 January 2012, Puri Jagannath announced on his Twitter account that Pawan had agreed to do a film with him and filming would begin in mid-2012. On 25 January 2012 Puri announced that the film would be produced by DVV Danayya on Universal Media banner and that filming would begin in May 2012 after Pawan completed filming for Gabbar Singh. On 10 February 2012, Puri Jagannath revealed on his Twitter that he was in Bangkok and had completed writing the first half of the film. He also announced that the film would be titled Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu and released the logo of the film on his Twitter. It was reported that Puri has completed writing the script. The film was officially launched on 14 March 2012 at Puri Jagannath's office in Hyderabad. It was soon announced that S. R. Shekhar, who worked for Puri's previous four movies, will be handling the film's editing and Shyam K. Naidu will work as the cinematographer. It was also reported that Mani Sharma would give the soundtrack for the film. This would be Puri Jagannath's 25th film.
Casting
It was announced on 14 March 2012 that Prakash Raj, Brahmanandam, Ali, Tanikella Bharani, and Kota Srinivasa Rao were cast for vital roles in the film. It was reported that Pawan Kalyan would be seen in the role of a news reporter and the female lead will be played by Tamanna. Gabriela Bertante, who performed an item number in Puri Jagannadh's Devudu Chesina Manushulu, was chosen to play the second female lead role. Scarlett Wilson has been roped for an item song.
Filming
Filming was set to begin in the second week of May 2012 after Puri finished Devudu Chesina Manushulu. It was also reported that a major part of the filming would take place in Hyderabad. The first schedule of the film started on 15 June 2012 at Saradhi Studios and shifted to Padmalaya.The police faced a tough situation to handle the crowd at the shooting spot. The second schedule of the film began on 9 July 2012. By August, filming of the talkie part was completed and the shooting was wrapped up in September after the remaining (two) songs in the film were shot. A fight scene was shot at Ramoji Rao City. Puri originally planned to shoot climax with real-life Pawan fans, but due to the weather, it was postponed. A set resembling that of a media office was erected at Saradhi studios for 30 million by art director CHINNA.
Distribution rights
"Exilir India Entertainments" company secured the theatrical distribution rights for Australia and New Zealand. The theatrical distribution rights of the film for the Vizag region were sold for 41 million. Telugu film production company 14 Reels Entertainment secured the theatrical screening rights of the film for Krishna District.
Release
The teaser on the making of the film was released on 2 September 2012. The film has got a U/A certificate without any cuts from the Central Board of Film Certification on 11 October 2012. The film was released on 18 October 2012 in over 1600 screens. On the second day of its release following protests by Telangana supporters against objectionable scenes which they claimed hurt their sentiments and allegedly belittling the pro-Telangana movement, the screening of the film was stopped in many theatres across Telangana region. As the controversy surrounding objectionable scenes in the film continues to affect its screening in several Telangana districts, a committee constituted by the Government has recommended cuts and modifications of nine scenes. The film was also dubbed and released in Hindi as Mera Target in 2015.
Critical reception
The film received mixed reviews.
The Times of India gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated that "The first half of the film goes on a fruity note while the film's racy second half keeps you going". Rediff wrote: "With Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu, Puri Jagannadh is trying to look for an idealistic situation". The Way2movies website gave a rating of 3.25/5 for the film and stated that "A sincere attempt by Puri Jagannadh. Watch Pawan Kalyan's terrific on-screen presence in Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu". Idlebrain gave 3.25/5 and wrote: Strengths of the film are Pawan Kalyan's explosive performance and Puri Jagan's superb characterization/dialogues. On the flip side, the holistic approach and strong villain characterization is missing in the film. There is enough firepower in the movie to make it commercially work. The 123telugu website also gave a rating
3.25/5 for the film and stated that 'Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu’ is a movie that works primarily due to Pawan Kalyan's sheer force and powerful on-screen presence. A good second half, solid punch dialogues and a terrific performance from Pawan elevate the movie. A better script and more involving characters would have helped the movie. The film will be a great watch for those who are interested in politics, and a decent one for regular movie lovers.". The SuperGoodMovies website also gave a 3.25/5 for the film and stated that "Go and Watch Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu for Powerstar Pawan Kalyan's best performance. Cameraman Gangatho Rambabuis packaged with full of entertainment. A hit for Pawan Kalyan this year". The Oneindia Entertainment website has stated that what strikes viewers is the way Puri has presented this subject on screen. Pawan Kalyan's performance stands out in it. It is a good treat for both class and mass audience, and it is a must-watch film for the Powerstar fans. Telugu cinema wrote: "Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu is a treat for Pawan Kalyan's fans and for Puri's fans, with its central theme actually going above and beyond the star and the star-director".
Box office
The film started well at the box office and collected 500 million(Gross) but dropped after and the film became Above Average flick at the box office. The film has collected approximately in the US in 1 week (nett). The film has completed 50 days in 72 centers on 6 December 2012 in Andhra Pradesh.
Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu Collected (Share) day 1 collection and it collected 350 million (share)in its lifetime.
Home media
The VCD's, DVD's and Blu-ray discs of the film were released into the market through Aditya Video company on 17 January 2013.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack of the film was released without audio launch through Aditya Music label on 2 October 2012. The music of the film was composed by Mani Sharma collaborating with Puri Jagan and with Pawan for the second time. The album consists of six songs. The lyrics for all songs were penned by Bhaskarabhatla. The audio songs of the film were well received by the audience.
Awards
2nd South Indian International Movie Awards
SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu) – Geetha Madhuri for "Melikalu"
TSR – TV9 National Film Awards
Tamannaah Bhatia for Best Heroine
References
External links
2012 films
2010s Telugu-language films
2012 action films
Indian action films
Journalism adapted into films
2012 masala films
Political action films
Films directed by Puri Jagannadh
Films scored by Mani Sharma
Films about photojournalists
Films about journalists
Films about the mass media in India
Films about mass media people
Fictional television stations |
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