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4542266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent%20application | Patent application | A patent application is a request pending at a patent office for the grant of a patent for an invention described in the patent specification and a set of one or more claims stated in a formal document, including necessary official forms and related correspondence. It is the combination of the document and its processing within the administrative and legal framework of the patent office.
To obtain the grant of a patent, a person, either legal or natural, must file an application at a patent office with the jurisdiction to grant a patent in the geographic area over which coverage is required. This is often a national patent office, but may be a regional body, such as the European Patent Office. Once the patent specification complies with the laws of the office concerned, a patent may be granted for the invention described and claimed by the specification.
The process of "negotiating" or "arguing" with a patent office for the grant of a patent, and interaction with a patent office with regard to a patent after its grant, is known as patent prosecution. Patent prosecution is distinct from patent litigation which relates to legal proceedings for infringement of a patent after it is granted.
Definition
The term patent application refers to the legal and administrative proceedings of requesting the issuance of a patent for an invention, as well as to the physical document and content of the description and claims of the invention, including its procedural paper work.
The first of those—the request for a legal privilege to which the applicant is entitled if the application is well founded—is temporal by its nature. It ceases to exist as soon as the application is withdrawn or refused, or a patent is granted. The informational content of the document as filed (or in other, prosaic words, the piece of paper), is a historical fact that persists and exists in perpetuity. The expression "application" is often employed without being conscious of its ambiguity. The expression is capable of misleading even experienced professionals.
Geographic scope
Depending upon the office at which a patent application is filed, that application could either be an application for a patent in a given country, or may be an application for a patent in a range of countries. The former are known as "national (patent) applications", and the latter as "regional (patent) applications".
National applications
National applications are generally filed at a national patent office, such as the United Kingdom Patent Office, to obtain a patent in the country of that office. The application may either be filed directly at that office, or may result from a regional application or from an international application under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), once it enters the national phase.
Regional applications
A regional patent application is one which may have effect in a range of countries. The European Patent Office (EPO) is an example of a Regional patent office. The EPO grants patents which can take effect in some or all countries contracting to the European Patent Convention (EPC), following a single application process.
Filing and prosecuting an application at a regional granting office is advantageous as it allows patents in a number of countries to be obtained without having to prosecute applications in all of those countries. The cost and complexity of obtaining protection is therefore reduced.
International applications
The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is operated by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and provides a centralised application process, but patents are not granted under the treaty.
The PCT system enables an applicant to file a single patent application in a single language. The application, called an international application, can, at a later date, lead to the grant of a patent in any of the states contracting to the PCT. WIPO, or more precisely the International Bureau of WIPO, performs many of the formalities of a patent application in a centralised manner, therefore avoiding the need to repeat the steps in all countries in which a patent may ultimately be granted. The WIPO coordinates searches performed by any one of the International Searching Authorities (ISA), publishes the international applications and coordinates preliminary examination performed by any one of the International Preliminary Examination Authorities (IPEA). Steps such as naming inventors and applicants, and filing certified copies of priority documents can also be done centrally, and need not be repeated.
The main advantage of proceeding via the PCT route is that the option of obtaining patents in a wide range of countries is retained, while the cost of a large number of applications is deferred. In most countries, if a national application succeeds, damages can be claimed from the date of the international application's publication.
Types
Patent offices may define a number of types of applications, each offering different benefits and being useful in different situations. Each office utilizes different names for the types of applications, but the general groups are detailed below. Within each group there are specific type of applications, such as patents for inventions (also called "utility patents" in the U.S.), plant patents, and design patents, each of which can have their own substantive and procedural rules.
Standard application
A standard patent application is a patent application containing all of the necessary parts (e.g. a written description of the invention and claims) that are required for the grant of a patent. A standard patent application may or may not result in the grant of a patent depending upon the outcome of an examination by the patent office it is filed in. In the U.S., a standard patent application is referred to as a "non-provisional" application.
Provisional application
Provisional patent applications can be filed with a small number of patent offices, particularly with the USPTO. In order for a US provisional application to establish a priority date for a future full (i.e. non-provisional) standard patent application, the disclosure in the provisional must be enabling. Claims are not required in a provisional application, although it is advised to have them, since claims may contribute to enabling disclosure.
The disclosure in a provisional application may, within a limited time (one year in the U.S.), be incorporated into a standard patent application, if a patent is to be pursued. Otherwise, the provisional application expires, does not get published, and does not become a prior art to other patent applications. No enforceable rights can be obtained solely through the filing of a provisional application. Full (non-provisional) application may have additional information added (i.e. experimental data), and for the purposed of prior art analysis (such as novelty and non-obviousness), the non-provisional application will have two priority dates.
Continuation application
In certain offices a patent application can be filed as a continuation of a previous application. Such an application is a convenient method of including material from a previous application in a new application when the priority year has expired and further refinement is needed. Various types of continuation application are possible, such as continuation and continuation-in-part.
Divisional application
A divisional patent application is one which has been "divided" from an existing application. A divisional application can only contain subject matter in the application from which it is divided (its parent), and retains the filing and priority date of the parent. Divisional applications are useful if a unity of invention objection is issued, in which case further inventions can be protected in divisional applications.
Preparation, filing, and prosecution
The process of obtaining the grant of a patent begins with the preparation of a specification describing the invention. That specification is filed at a patent office for examination and ultimately a patent for the invention described in the application is either granted or refused.
Patent specification
A patent specification is a document describing the invention for which a patent is sought and setting out the scope of the protection of the patent. As such, a specification generally contains a section detailing the background and overview of the invention, a description of the invention and embodiments of the invention and claims, which set out the scope of the protection. A specification may include figures to aid the description of the invention, gene sequences and references to biological deposits, or computer code, depending upon the subject matter of the application. Most patent offices also require that the application includes an abstract which provides a summary of the invention to aid searching. A title must also generally be provided for the application.
Each patent office has rules relating to the form of the specification, defining such things as paper size, font, layout, section ordering and headings. Such requirements vary between offices.
Since a description cannot generally be modified once it is filed (with narrow exceptions), it is important to have it done correctly the first time.
The patent application generally contains a description of the invention and at least one claim purporting to define it. A patent application may also include drawings to illustrate the invention. Furthermore, an abstract is generally required.
For example, an international (PCT) application "must contain the following elements: request, description, claim or claims, one or more drawings (where drawings are necessary for the understanding of the invention), and abstract." specifies what the description of an international application should contain in more details.
As another example, a European patent application consists of "a request for the grant of a European patent, a description of the invention, one or more claims, any drawings referred to in the description or claims, and an abstract." specifies what the description of a European patent application should contain in more details.
Claims
The claims of a patent specification define the scope of protection granted by the patent. The claims describe the invention in a specific legal style, setting out the essential features of the invention in a manner to clearly define what would infringe the patent. Claims are often amended during prosecution to narrow or expand their scope.
The claims may contain one or more hierarchical sets of claims, each having one or more main, independent claim setting out the broadest protection, and a number of dependent claims which narrow that protection by defining more specific features of the invention.
In the U.S., claims can be amended after a patent is granted, but their scope cannot be broadened beyond what was originally disclosed in the specification. No claim broadening is allowed more than two years after the patent issues.
Filing date
The filing date of an application sets a cutoff date after which any public disclosures cannot form prior art (but the priority date must also be considered), and also because, in most jurisdictions, the right to a patent for an invention lies with the first person to file an application for protection of that invention (See: first to file and first to invent). It is therefore generally beneficial to file an application as soon as possible.
To obtain a filing date, the documents filed must comply with the regulations of the patent office in which it was filed. A full specification complying with all rules may not be required to obtain a filing date. For example, in the U.K., claims and an abstract are not required to obtain a filing date, but can be added later. However, since no subject matter can be added to an application after the filing date, it is important that an application disclose all material relevant to the application at the time of filing. If the requirements for the award of a filing date are not met, the patent office notifies the applicant of the deficiencies. Depending upon the law of the patent office in question, correction may be possible without moving the filing date, or the application may be awarded a filing date adjusted to the date on which the requirements are completed. A filed application generally receives an application number.
Priority claim
A patent application may claim priority from one or more previously filed applications to take advantage of the filing date of these earlier applications (in respect of the information contained in these earlier applications). Claiming priority is desirable because the earlier effective filing date reduces the number of prior art disclosures, increasing the likelihood of obtaining a patent.
The priority system is useful in filing patent applications in many countries, as the cost of the filings can be delayed by up to a year, without any of the applications made earlier for the same invention counting against later applications.
The rules relating to priority claims are in accordance with the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, and countries which provide a priority system in conformity with the Paris Convention are said to be convention countries. These rules should not be confused with the rules under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), outlined above.
Security issues
Many national patent offices require that security clearance is given prior to the filing of a patent application in foreign countries. Such clearance is intended to protect national security by preventing the spread and publication of technologies related to (amongst others) warfare or nuclear arms.
The rules vary between patent offices, but in general all applications filed are reviewed and if they contain any relevant material, a secrecy order may be imposed. That order may prevent the publication of the application, and/or the foreign filing of patents relating to the invention.
Should it be desired to file an application in a country other than an inventor's country of residence, it may be necessary to obtain a foreign filing licence from the inventor's national patent office to permit filing abroad. Some offices, such as the USPTO, may grant an automatic license after a specified time (e.g., 6 months), if a secrecy order is not issued in that time.
Publication
Patent applications are generally published 18 months after the earliest priority date of the application. Prior to that publication the application is confidential to the patent office. After publication, depending upon local rules, certain parts of the application file may remain confidential, but it is common for all communications between an Applicant (or his agent) and the patent office to be publicly available.
The publication of a patent application marks the date at which it is publicly available and therefore at which it forms full prior art for other patent applications worldwide.
Patent pending
The expression patent pending is a warning that an alleged invention is the subject of a patent application. The term may be used to mark products containing the invention to alert a third party to the fact that the third party may be infringing a patent if the product is copied after the patent is granted. The rules on the use of the term to mark products vary among patent offices, as do the benefits of such marking. In general, it is permissible to apply the term patent pending to a product if there is, in fact, a patent pending for any invention implemented in the product.
Patentable subject matter
Patents are granted for the protection of an invention, but while an invention may occur in any field, patent laws have restrictions on the areas in which patents can be granted. Such restrictions are known as exclusions from patentability.
The scope of patentable subject is significantly larger in the U.S. than in Europe. For example, in Europe, things such as computer software or methods of performing mental acts are not patentable. The subject of what should be patentable is highly contentious, particularly as to software and business methods.
Search and examination
After filing, either systematically or, in some jurisdictions, upon request, a search is carried out for the patent application. The purpose of the search is to reveal prior art which may be relevant to the patentability of the alleged invention (that is, relevant to what is claimed, the "claimed subject-matter"). The search report is published, generally with the application 18 months after the priority date of the application, and as such is a public document. The search report is useful to the applicant to determine whether the application should be pursued or if there is prior art which prevents the grant of a useful patent, in which case the application may be abandoned before the applicant incurs further expense. The search report is also useful for the public and the competitors, so that they may have an idea of the scope of protection which may be granted to the pending patent application.
In some jurisdictions, including the U.S., a separate search is not conducted, but rather search and examination are combined. In such case, a separate search report is not issued, and it is not until the application is examined that the applicant is informed of prior art which the patent office examiner considers relevant.
Examination is the process of ensuring that an application complies with the requirements of the relevant patent laws. Examination is generally an iterative process, whereby the patent office notifies the applicant of its objection (see Office action). The applicant may respond with an argument or an amendment to overcome the objection. The amendment and the argument may then be accepted or rejected, triggering further response, and so forth, until a patent is issued or the application is abandoned or refused. Because patent application examination may be a lengthy process, many patent offices including United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and other national patent offices have introduced several programs of prioritized examination. These programs targeted specific domains or small firms. Post-program studies have found that small firms (less than 500 employees) are almost 4 times more likely than large firms to apply for accelerated examination the prioritized patenting, moreover patents examined through the Track One Program at USPTO were up to 44% more likely to be cited.
Issue or grant
Once the patent application complies with the requirements of the relevant patent office, a patent is granted further official fees, and in some regional patent systems, such as the European patent system, validating the patent requires that the applicant provide translations of the application in the official languages of states in which they desire protection.
The date of issue effectively terminates prosecution of a specific application, after which continuing applications cannot be filed, and establishes the date upon which infringement may be charged. Furthermore, an issue date for an application in the U.S. filed prior to 1995 also factors into the term of the patent, whereas the term of later filings is determined solely by the filing date.
Post-issue or grant
Many jurisdictions require periodic payment of maintenance fees to retain the validity of a patent after it is issued and during its term. Failure to timely pay the fees results in loss of the patent's protection.
The validity of an issued patent may also be subject to post-issue challenges of various types, some of which may cause the patent office to re-examine the application.
Patentees
The person to whom a patent is granted is known as the patentee, the owner of the patent, the patent proprietor, or the patent holder. Once a patent has been granted with respect to a particular country, anyone who wishes to exploit the invention commercially in that country must obtain the patentee's authorization. In principle, anyone who exploits a patented invention without the patentee's authorization commits an illegal act. Protection is granted for a limited period, generally 20 years. Once a patent expires, the protection ends, and the invention enters the public domain (also known as being "off patent"). The patentee no longer holds exclusive rights to the invention, which then becomes available for commercial exploitation by others.
Rights conferred by a patent
The rights conferred by a patent are described in the patent law of the country in which the patent is granted. The patent owner's exclusive rights generally consist of the following:
in the case of a product patent, the right to prevent third parties from making, using, offering for sale or selling the product, or importing it for these purposes, without the owner's consent; and
in the case of a process patent, the right to prevent third parties from using the process without the owner's consent; and to prevent third parties from using, offering for sale or selling the products obtained directly by that process, or importing them for these purposes, without the owner's consent.
The patentee is not given a statutory right to exploit the invention, but rather a statutory right to prevent others from commercially exploiting it. Patentees may give permission, or grant a license, to other parties to use their inventions on mutually agreed terms. They may also sell their patent rights to someone else, who then becomes the new patent owner. There are certain exceptions to the principle that a patented invention cannot legally be exploited without the authorization of the patent owner. These exceptions take into account the balance between the legitimate interests of the patent holder and those of competitors, consumers and others. For example, many patent laws allow a patented invention to be exploited without the patentee's authorization: private acts for non-commercial purposes; acts for experimental purposes or scientific research; and acts for obtaining regulatory approval for pharmaceuticals. In addition, many laws provide for various situations under which compulsory licenses may be granted and government's use of patented inventions without the authorization of the patent owner may be allowed in the wider public interest.
Trends in patents applications
In 2020, 3.3 million patent applications were filed worldwide. This represents an increase of 1.6% on 2019.
Note: World totals are WIPO estimates using data covering 161 patent offices. These totals include applications filed directly with national and regional offices and applications entering offices through the Patent Cooperation Treaty national phase (where applicable). China’s pre-2017 data are not comparable due to a change in methodology. Due to this break in the data series, and to the high number of filings in China, it is not possible to report an accurate 2017 growth rate at world level.
In 2020, women accounted for 16.5% of all inventors listed in Patent Cooperation Treaty applications and men the remaining 83.5%. The proportion of women inventors has increased from 11.3% in 2006 to 16.5% in 2020. Moreover, the proportion of women inventors has grown in every region of the world over the past decade. About 33.7% of PCT applications named at least one woman as inventor in 2020, and 95.9% named at least one man as inventor. The share of PCT applications with at least one woman as inventor has risen from 22% in 2006 to 33.7% in 2020, while the share for those with at least one man as inventor has decreased within the same period, from 97.3% down to 95.9%.
The gender gap among PCT inventors varies considerably across countries. Within the top 20 origins, Spain (27.2%), China (22.4%) and the Republic of Korea (20.5%) had the largest proportion of inventors who were women in 2020. Conversely, Germany (10.8%), Japan (10.4%) and Austria (8.1%) had the smallest.
Fields of technology related to the life sciences had comparatively high shares of PCT applications with women inventors in 2020. Women represented more than one-quarter of inventors listed in published PCT applications in the fields of biotechnology (29.5%), food chemistry (29.4%), pharmaceuticals (28.6%), analysis of biological materials (25.9%) and organic fine chemistry (25.2%).
See also
Backlog of unexamined patent applications
INID codes
Kokai
Glossary of patent law terms
List of patent offices
Patent caveat, a type of provisional application used by the USPTO until 1909
Patent model, a miniature model of an invention required by the USPTO until 1880
Proof of concept
United States Statutory Invention Registration
Notes
Sources
References
Further reading
Eugenio Archontopoulos, Dominique Guellec, Niels Stevnsborg, Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, Nicolas van Zeebroeck, When small is beautiful: measuring the evolution and consequences of the voluminosity of patent applications at the EPO , 2006, No 06-019.RS, Working Papers CEB from Université Libre de Bruxelles, Solvay Business School, Centre Emile Bernheim (CEB) (pdf)
Application, patent |
297431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20Days%20in%20May | Seven Days in May | Seven Days in May is a 1964 American political thriller film about a military-political cabal's planned takeover of the United States government in reaction to the president's negotiation of a disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union. The film, starring Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, Fredric March, and Ava Gardner, was directed by John Frankenheimer from a screenplay written by Rod Serling and based on the novel of the same name by Fletcher Knebel and Charles W. Bailey II, published in September 1962.
Background
The book was written in late 1961 and into early 1962 during the first year of the Kennedy administration, reflecting some of the events of that era. In November 1961, President John F. Kennedy accepted the resignation of vociferously anti-communist general Edwin Walker, who had been indoctrinating the troops under his command with radical right-wing ideas and personal political opinions, including describing Harry S. Truman, Dean Acheson, Eleanor Roosevelt, and other active public figures as communist sympathizers. Although no longer in uniform, Walker continued to make headlines as he ran for governor of Texas and made speeches promoting strongly right-wing views. In the film version of Seven Days in May, Fredric March, portraying the narrative's fictional president Jordan Lyman, mentions General Walker as one of the "false prophets" who were offering themselves to the public as leaders.
As Fletcher Knebel and Charles W. Bailey II, primarily political journalists and columnists, collaborated on the novel, they also conducted interviews with another highly controversial military commander, the newly appointed Air Force chief of staff General Curtis LeMay, who was angry with Kennedy for refusing to provide air support for the Cuban rebels in the Bay of Pigs Invasion. The character of General James Mattoon Scott was believed to have been inspired by both LeMay and Walker.
President Kennedy had read the novel Seven Days in May shortly after its publication and believed that the scenario could actually occur in the United States. According to director John Frankenheimer, the project received encouragement and assistance from Kennedy through White House press secretary Pierre Salinger, who conveyed to Frankenheimer Kennedy's wish that the film be produced. In spite of Defense Department opposition, Kennedy arranged to visit the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port for a weekend when the film needed to shoot outside the White House.
Plot
During the Cold War, the unpopular U.S. President Jordan Lyman has signed a nuclear disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union, and ratification by the Senate produced a wave of dissatisfaction, especially among Lyman's political opposition and the military, who believe the Russians cannot be trusted. His popularity reaches an all-time low of 29%, and rioting about the treaty occurs right outside the White House. The presidential physician warns him of a dangerous cardiac condition which he blithely disregards, too busy to take a prescribed two-week vacation.
United States Marine Corps Colonel "Jiggs" Casey is the director of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He serves its chairman, four-star United States Air Force general James Mattoon Scott, a highly-decorated air ace.
Casey stumbles upon evidence that Scott is leading the Joint Chiefs to stage a coup d'etat to remove Lyman in seven days. Under the plan, disguised as a training exercise, a secret army unit known as ECOMCON, training at a secret Texas base, will take control of the country's telephone, radio, and television networks while the president, participating in a staged "alert," is seized. Scott, who is busy advancing his charismatic public persona through nationally televised anti-treaty rallies, plans to head a military junta. Although personally opposed to Lyman's policies, Casey is appalled by the plot and alerts Lyman.
Still somewhat skeptical, Lyman gathers a circle of trusted advisors to investigate: Secret Service White House detail chief Art Corwin, Treasury Secretary Christopher Todd, longtime advisor Paul Girard, and Raymond Clark, the senior U.S. senator from Georgia and a close friend of 21 years.
Casey has deduced that the heads of all U.S. military branches but the Navy support Scott's coup scheme, with Vice Admiral Barnswell, then aboard an aircraft carrier in the Mediterranean, apparently the only invited officer to decline. Lyman cancels a previous commitment to participate in Scott's alert, pretending he will be away for a fishing weekend. He then dispatches Girard to Gibraltar to obtain Barnswell's confession, sends the alcoholic Clark to Texas to locate the secret base, and tasks Casey to gather dirt on the general's private life. Meanwhile, the Secret Service surreptitiously films evidence of an attempt to kidnap the president during the phony fishing trip, removing all doubts about the existence of a plot.
Girard successfully secures Barnswell's confession in writing, but it disappears during a plane crash in Spain. Clark is taken captive when he reaches the secret base and held incommunicado. Exploiting Casey's longtime friendship with the base's deputy commander Colonel Henderson, Clark convinces Henderson of the actual intent of the impending "alert." Henderson frees Clark and leads an escape back to Washington but is abducted and confined in a military stockade. In a radiophone conference call with the president, Barnswell denies knowledge of any conspiracy.
Knowing he cannot prove Scott's guilt, Lyman nevertheless calls Scott to the White House to demand that he and the other conspirators resign. Scott refuses and denies the existence of any plot. Lyman argues that a coup would prompt the Soviets to launch a preemptive nuclear strike. Scott maintains that the American people are behind him. Lyman challenges him to resign and run for office in order to seek power legitimately, but Scott is unmoved. Lyman restrains himself from confronting Scott with damning letters that Casey had obtained from Scott's old mistress Eleanor Holbrook. Casey, who has his own romantic interest in Holbrook, eventually returns them to her.
Scott meets the other three Joint Chiefs and reasserts his intention to execute the coup. He plans a nighttime network broadcast, but Lyman holds an afternoon press conference to announce he has fired the four men. As he speaks, Barnswell's confession, recovered from the plane crash, is handed to him and he delays the conference. In the interim, copies of the confession are delivered to Scott and the other plotters. As the conference resumes, Scott abandons the plan and, devastated, returns home when Lyman announces that the other three conspirators have resigned.
Lyman delivers a speech on the state of the nation and its values, declaring that the nation gains strength through peace rather than by conflict. The press corps applauds.
Cast
Burt Lancaster as US Air Force General James Mattoon Scott, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Kirk Douglas as USMC Colonel Martin "Jiggs" Casey
Fredric March as US President Jordan Lyman
Ava Gardner as Eleanor Holbrook
Edmond O'Brien as US Senator Ray Clark
Martin Balsam as Paul Girard, White House Chief of Staff
Andrew Duggan as Colonel "Mutt" Henderson, friend of Jiggs Casey
Hugh Marlowe as Harold McPherson, TV commentator who is one of the conspirators
Whit Bissell as US Senator Fred Prentice, another conspirator
Helen Kleeb as Esther Townsend, secretary to the president
George Macready as Chris Todd, Secretary of the Treasury
Richard Anderson as Colonel Ben Murdock, aid to Scott and a conspirator
Bart Burns as Art Corwin, head of Secret Service
Uncredited speaking roles (in order of appearance)
Malcolm Atterbury, as Horace, the president's physician: "Why, in God's name, do we elect a man president and then try to see how fast we can kill him?"
Jack Mullaney, as LTJG Grayson: "All properly decoded in four point oh fashion and respectfully submitted by yours truly, Lieutenant junior grade Dorsey Grayson.")
Charles Watts, as Stu Dillard, Washington insider: "Oh, Senator, pardon me, come along, I want you to meet the wife of the Indian ambassador."
John Larkin, as Colonel John Broderick, one of the conspirators: "Well, well, well, if it isn't my favorite jarhead himself, Jiggs Casey."
Colette Jackson, as the woman speaking to Senator Clark in Charlie's Bar, near secret base in Texas: "You wonder what the country's comin' to. All those boys sittin' up in the desert never seein' no girls. Why, they might as well be in stir."
John Houseman, as Vice Admiral Farley C. Barnswell, defaulted conspirator: "I'm sorry, sir. I can only recount to you the situation as it occurred. I signed no paper. He took nothing with him."
Rodolfo Hoyos Jr., as Captain Ortega, in charge of the airplane crash site in Spain: "There were only two American nationals on board—a Mrs. Agnes Buchanan from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and a Mister Paul Girard. His destination was Washington."
Fredd Wayne, as Henry Whitney, official from the American embassy in Spain: "You find any effects of the Americans? Anything at all?"
Tyler McVey, as General Hardesty, NORAD commander: "Barney Rutkowski, Air Defense. He's screaming bloody murder about those twelve troop carriers dispatched to El Paso."
Ferris Webster (editor of the film), as General Barney Rutkowski: "There's some kind of a secret base out there, Mr. President, and I think I should have been notified of it."
Production
Kirk Douglas and director John Frankenheimer were the moving forces behind the filming of Seven Days in May; the film was produced by Edward Lewis through Douglas's company Joel Productions and Seven Arts Productions. Frankenheimer recruited screenwriter Rod Serling. Douglas intended to star in the film along with his frequent costar Burt Lancaster. Douglas offered Lancaster the General Scott role, while Douglas agreed to play Scott's assistant. Frankenheimer commissioned Nedrick Young to rewrite the scene in which Casey visits Holbrook at her apartment.
Lancaster's involvement nearly caused Frankenheimer to withdraw from the project, as the two men had conflicted during the production of Birdman of Alcatraz two years earlier. Only Douglas's assurances that Lancaster would behave kept Frankenheimer on the project. Lancaster and Frankenheimer were at peace during the filming, but Douglas and Frankenheimer sparred with one another. Frankenheimer was very happy with Lancaster's performance, especially the long scene toward the end between Lancaster and March, saying that Lancaster was "perfect" in his delivery. Frankenheimer stated decades later that he considered Seven Days in May among his most satisfying work. He saw the film as putting "a nail in the coffin of McCarthy."
The filming took 51 days and, according to the director the production, it was a happy affair, with all of the actors and crew displaying great reverence for Fredric March. Many of Lancaster's scenes were shot at a later time as he was recovering from hepatitis. Ava Gardner, whose scenes were shot in just six days, thought that Frankenheimer favored the other actors over her. Frankenheimer remarked that she was sometimes "difficult." Martin Balsam objected to Frankenheimer's habit of shooting pistols behind him during important scenes. Frankenheimer had been briefly stationed in the mailroom at the Pentagon early in his Korean war service and stated that the sets were totally authentic, praising the production designer. Further providing authenticity, many of the scenes in the film were loosely based on real-life events of the Cold War.
In an early example of guerrilla filmmaking, Frankenheimer photographed Balsam ferrying to the supercarrier in San Diego without prior permission. Another example occurred when Frankenheimer wanted a shot of Douglas entering the Pentagon, but unable to receive permission, he rigged a camera in a parked car.
Frankenheimer recruited well-known producer and friend John Houseman to play Vice Admiral Farley C. Barnswell in his uncredited acting debut. Houseman agreed in return for a fine bottle of wine (seen during the telephone scene). Several scenes, including one with standins for nuns, were shot inside the recently built Washington Dulles International Airport, and the production team was the first to ever film there. The alley and car-park scene was shot in Hollywood, and other footage was shot in the Californian desert in 110-degree heat. The secret base and airstrip were specially built in the desert near Indio, California, and an aircraft tail was used in one shot to create the illusion of a whole plane off screen. The original script had Lancaster dying in a car crash at the end after hitting a bus, but this was dropped in favor of a scene showing him leaving for home in his limousine, a scene that was shot in Paris during production of The Train (1964).
Presidential press secretary Pierre Salinger conveyed to Frankenheimer that President Kennedy had read the book and hoped that the film would be produced. Kennedy arranged a visit to the family compound in Hyannis Port one weekend so that the riot scene could be filmed outside the White House.
Frankenheimer considered the scene in which Douglas's character visits the president to be a masterful bit of acting which would have been very difficult for most actors to sustain. He had done similar scenes on many television shows, and not only the acting but also every camera angle and shot were extensively planned and rehearsed. Frankenheimer paid particular attention to ensuring that all three actors in the scene were in focus for dramatic impact. Many of Frankenheimer's signature techniques were used in scenes such as this throughout the film, including his "depth of focus" shot with one or two people near the camera and another or others in the distance and the "low angle, wide-angle lens" (set at f/11) which he considered to give "tremendous impact" on a scene.
The film is set in 1970, several years in the future from the time of its release. The most obvious efforts are the appearance of the year itself, including on a Pentagon display and the registration sticker on the rear license plate of Senator Prentice's Bentley sedan. Other nods include a situation room which was designed to seem futuristic, as well as the utilization of then-futuristic technology of video teleconferencing and the recently issued and exotic-looking M16 rifle. Additionally, the concept of a nuclear treaty between Cold War powers anticipated the actual existence of one.
Soundtrack
David Amram, who had previously scored Frankenheimer's The Manchurian Candidate (1962), originally provided music for the film, but Lewis was unsatisfied with his work. Jerry Goldsmith, who had worked with the producer and Douglas on Lonely Are the Brave (also 1962) and The List of Adrian Messenger (1963), was signed to rescore the project.
Goldsmith composed a very brief score (lasting around 15 minutes) using only pianos and percussion; he later scored Seconds (1966) and The Challenge (1982) for Frankenheimer.
In 2013, Intrada Records released Goldsmith's music for the film on a limited-edition CD (paired with Maurice Jarre's score for The Mackintosh Manalthough that film was produced by Warner Bros. while Seven Days in May was theatrically released by Paramount. The entire Seven Arts Productions library had been acquired by Warner Bros. back in 1967.
Reception
Seven Days in May premiered on February 12, 1964 in Washington, D.C., to good critical notices and audience response.
The film was nominated for two 1965 Academy Awards, for Edmond O'Brien for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration/Black-and-White for Cary Odell and Edward G. Boyle. In that year's Golden Globe Awards, O'Brien won for Best Supporting Actor, and Fredric March, John Frankenheimer, and composer Jerry Goldsmith received nominations.
Frankenheimer won a Danish Bodil Award for directing the Best Non-European Film, and Rod Serling was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Drama.
Evaluation in film guides
Steven H. Scheuer's Movies on TV (1972–73 edition) gives Seven Days in May its highest rating of four stars, recommending it as "an exciting suspense drama concerned with politics and the problems of sanity and survival in a nuclear age", with the concluding sentences stating, "benefits from taut screenplay by Rod Serling and the direction of John Frankenheimer, which artfully builds interest leading to the finale. March is a standout in a uniformly fine cast. So many American-made films dealing with political subjects are so naive and simple-minded that the thoughtful and, in this case, the optimistic statement of the film is a welcome surprise." By the 1986–87 edition, Scheuer's rating was lowered to 3½ and the conclusion shortened to, "which artfully builds to the finale", with the final sentences deleted. Leonard Maltin's TV Movies & Video Guide (1989 edition) gives it a still lower 3 stars (out of 4), originally describing it as an "absorbing story of military scheme to overthrow the government", with later editions (including 2014) adding one word, "absorbing, believable story..."
Videohound's Golden Movie Retriever follows Scheuer's later example, with 3½ bones (out of 4), calling it a "topical but still gripping Cold War nuclear-peril thriller" and, in the end, "highly suspenseful, with a breathtaking climax." Mick Martin's & Marsha Porter's DVD & Video Guide also puts its rating high, at 4 stars (out of 5) finding it, as Videohound did, "a highly suspenseful account of an attempted military takeover..." and indicating that "the movie's tension snowballs toward a thrilling conclusion. This is one of those rare films that treat their audiences with respect." Assigning the equally high rating of 4 stars (out of 5), The Motion Picture Guide begins its description with "a taut, gripping, and suspenseful political thriller which sports superb performances from the entire cast", goes to state, in the middle, that "proceeding to unravel its complicated plot at a rapid clip, SEVEN DAYS IN MAY is a surprisingly exciting film that also packs a grim warning", and ends with "Lancaster underplays the part of the slightly crazed general and makes him seem quite rational and persuasive. It is a frightening performance. Douglas is also quite good as the loyal aide who uncovers the fantastic plot that could destroy the entire country. March, Balsam, O'Brien, Bissell, and Houseman all turn in topnotch performances and it is through their conviction that the viewer becomes engrossed in this outlandish tale."
British references also show high regard for the film, with TimeOut Film Guides founding editor Tom Milne indicating that "conspiracy movies may have become more darkly complex in these post-Watergate days of Pakula and paranoia, but Frankenheimer's fascination with gadgetry (in his compositions, the ubiquitous helicopters, TV screens, hidden cameras and electronic devices literally edge the human characters into insignificance) is used to create a striking visual metaphor for control by the military machine. Highly enjoyable." In his Film Guide, Leslie Halliwell provided 3 stars (out of 4), describing it as an "absorbing political mystery drama marred only by the unnecessary introduction of a female character. Stimulating entertainment." David Shipman in his 1984 The Good Film and Video Guide gives 2 (out of 4) stars, noting that it is "a tense political thriller whose plot is plotting".
Remake
The film was remade in 1994 by HBO as The Enemy Within with Sam Waterston as President William Foster, Jason Robards as General R. Pendleton Lloyd, and Forest Whitaker as Colonel MacKenzie "Mac" Casey. This version followed many parts of the original plot closely, while updating it for the post–Cold War world, omitting certain incidents and changing the ending.
See also
List of American films of 1964
Politics in fiction
A Very British Coup, a 1988 three-episode serial, based on Chris Mullin's novel about an attempted right-wing overthrow of a left-wing British government
References
Further reading
Covers an actual plot during the Kennedy administration and within the Joint Chiefs of Staff to start a war.
External links
Seven Days in May at TV Guide (revised form of this 1987 write-up was originally published in The Motion Picture Guide)
1964 films
1960s political thriller films
American political thriller films
American black-and-white films
Bryna Productions films
Cold War films
United States presidential succession in fiction
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films about coups d'état
Films about fictional presidents of the United States
Films about nuclear war and weapons
Films based on American novels
Films based on thriller novels
Films directed by John Frankenheimer
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films set in Texas
Films set in New York (state)
Films set in 1970
Films set in the future
Films about United States Army Special Forces
Paramount Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Rod Serling
Films about World War III
American neo-noir films
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in Spain
1960s English-language films
1960s American films |
6152104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riom%20Trial | Riom Trial | The Riom Trial (; 19 February 1942 – 21 May 1943) was an attempt by the Vichy France regime, headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain, to prove that the leaders of the French Third Republic (1870–1940) had been responsible for France's defeat by Germany in 1940. The trial was held in the city of Riom in central France, and had mainly political aims – namely to project the responsibility of defeat onto the leaders of the left-wing Popular Front government that had been elected 3 May 1936.
The Supreme Court of Justice (), created by a decree issued by Pétain on 30 July 1940, was empowered to judge:
The period examined by the court was from 1936 (the beginning of the Popular Front administration, under Léon Blum) to 1940 and Paul Reynaud's cabinet.
The trial, supported by the Nazis, had the secondary aim of demonstrating that the responsibility of the war rested with France (which had officially declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, two days after the invasion of Poland) and not with Adolf Hitler and his policies.
Once started in February 1942, the trial did not go according to plan. The defendants were largely successful in rebutting the charges, and won sympathetic coverage in the international press. The trial was eventually suspended in March 1942, and formally abandoned in May 1943.
Context
There were originally seven defendants at the Riom Trial, though Pétain later withdrew the charges against Paul Reynaud and Georges Mandel without explanation, surrendering them to the Germans instead; Mandel was later executed by the Vichy regime's Milice. The five who stood trial were:
Léon Blum (born 1872), leader of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) socialist party and a two-time Prime Minister of France (4 June 1936 to 22 June 1937 and 13 March 1938 to 10 April 1938) during the rule of the left-wing coalition Popular Front. As a Jew, Blum was a target of particular hatred for the Vichy regime and the Nazis, and he was widely seen as the principal defendant in the trial. Blum was defended by Samuel Spanien who was Secrétaire de la Conférence du barreau de Paris.
Édouard Daladier (born 1884), Prime Minister of France from 10 April 1938 to 21 March 1940, former member of the Radical-Socialist Party. He was among the 27 French deputies and senators who had fled Metropolitan France on 21 June 1940 from Bordeaux on board the ship Massilia, a month before the vote on constitutional changes that dissolved the Third Republic and gave extraordinary powers to Pétain. Daladier was arrested on his arrival in Vichy-governed French Morocco on 8 August 1940.
Maurice Gamelin (born 1872), former commander-in-chief of the French Army during the May–June 1940 Battle of France
Guy La Chambre (1898), former Minister for the French Air Force
Robert Jacomet, former Controller-General of Army Administration
More than 400 witnesses were called, many of them soldiers who were supposed to testify that the French army was not adequately equipped to resist the Wehrmacht invasion of May–June 1940. It was alleged that Blum's legislation, enacted after the 1936 Matignon Agreements which had introduced the 40-hour working week and paid leave for workers and had nationalised some businesses, had undermined France's industrial and defence capabilities. The left-wing Popular Front government was also held to have been weak in suppressing "subversive elements and revolutionists."
Owing to the changing international context, including the June 1941 invasion of the USSR, and deterioration of popular support for the Vichy regime, Marshal Philippe Pétain decided to speed up the process. He thus announced on the radio, prior to the beginning of the trial, that he would himself condemn the guilty parties after having heard the advice of the Political Justice Council (Conseil de justice politique) which he had set up. Pétain was entitled to such an act after the Constitutional decree of 27 January 1941. The newly created Political Justice Council handed in its conclusions on 16 October 1941. After Pétain's condemnation of the political responsibles, the Riom Trial was supposed to try the men as citizens. Although the president of the court, Pierre Caous, declared at the outset that the trial was not to be a political one, it was widely seen as a show trial, in France and abroad.
Opening
The trial began on 19 February 1942 before the Vichy regime's Supreme Court of Justice, which was empowered by a decree to "judge whether the former ministers, or their immediate subordinates, had betrayed the duties of their offices by way of acts which contributed to the transition from a state of peace to a state of war before September 1939, and which after that date worsened the consequences of the situation thus created." The crimes with which the defendants were charged were retrospectively created, i.e. at the time these acts were allegedly carried out, they had not been illegal. This was contrary to the principle of nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali which forbids retroactive application of penal law.
Gamelin, the former commander-in-chief of the French Army, refused to recognise the right of the court to try him and maintained complete silence. La Chambre and Jacomet were seen as minor figures. Daladier and Blum were thus left to carry the burden of the defence. Blum, who was a lawyer as well as a politician and polemicist, turned on what was widely recognised as a brilliant performance, cross-examining the government's witnesses and exposing the falsity and illegitimacy of the charges. He argued that the largest reductions in defence spending under the Third Republic had taken place under governments in which both Pétain and Pierre Laval, the Vichy regime's Prime Minister, had held offices. On the other hand, he showed that the Popular Front had made the greatest war efforts since 1918. Blum even defended the French Communist Party (PCF), declaring about Jean-Pierre Timbaud, a Communist who had been executed along with 26 other communist hostages in retaliation for the assassination of a Nazi official (Karl Hotz), the following: "I was often opposed to him. However, he has been executed by a firing-squad and died singing the Marseillaise... Thus, I have nothing to add concerning the PCF."
Although the court was supposed to investigate only the period from 1936 to 1940, excluding military operations from September 1939 to June 1940, the defendants refused to accept this and demonstrated how the responsibility of the defeat of 1940 rested mainly on failures of the French general staff. They also showed that the June 1940 armistice agreed by the Vichy government had been signed even though the French Army still possessed considerable forces in metropolitan France.
Suspension and ending
Journalists from neutral countries were allowed to cover the trial, and their reports praised the conduct of the defendants, particularly Blum, and condemned the basis of the trial, although they conceded that president of court Caous had conducted the trial fairly. This generated sympathy for the defendants in many countries: Eleanor Roosevelt sent Blum a telegram on his birthday in April 1942, and on 7 December 1942 The New York Times published an article titled "To Léon Blum". The Vichy state-controlled press in France, however, reported the opening of the trial with great fanfare, but thereafter reported less and less of the proceedings, as most of them were unfavourable to the regime.
By April the Germans were increasingly irritated by what they saw as the incompetent conduct of the trial. Hitler declared on 15 March 1942: "A trial is taking place these days in France, whose main characteristic is that not a word is spoken about the guilt of those responsible for this war. Only a lack of preparation for war is being discussed. We are here looking at a mentality which is incomprehensible to us but which is perhaps better suited than any other to reveal the causes of this new war".
It was then decided that the trial should be stopped in order to avoid further disappointment. The German ambassador to Vichy France, Otto Abetz, on orders from Germany, told Laval that the trial was becoming detrimental and should be abandoned.
On 14 April 1942 the trial was suspended, allegedly so that "additional information" could be obtained. It formally ended on 21 May 1943. Blum and Daladier were later deported to Germany and interned at Buchenwald concentration camp in the section reserved for high-ranking prisoners. As the Allied armies approached Buchenwald, they were transferred to Dachau, near Munich, and in late April 1945, together with other notable inmates, to Tyrol. They were rescued in May 1945.
See also
Battle of France
Vichy France
The Vichy 80
Strange Defeat, book by French historian Marc Bloch on causes of the 1940 defeat of France
Popular Front
Julia Bracher, "Riom 1942: Le Procès", Omnibus, 2012 (trial transcripts, decrees and the diaries of Daladier and Blum, in French)
References
External links
"Il y a cinquante ans le procès de Riom", by Jean-Pierre Azéma (published in Le Monde on 17 February 1992)
French Third Republic
Legal history of Vichy France
Trials in France
1942 in France
1943 in France
Treason trials |
16886563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremotherium | Eremotherium | Eremotherium (from Greek for "steppe" or "desert beast": ἔρημος "steppe or desert" and θηρίον "beast") is an extinct genus of giant ground sloth in the family Megatheriidae. Eremotherium lived in the southern North America, Central America, and northern South America from the Pliocene, around 5.3 million years ago, to the end of the Late Pleistocene, around 10,000 years ago. Eremotherium was widespread in tropical and subtropical lowlands and lived there in partly open and closed landscapes, while its close relative Megatherium lived in more temperate climes of South America. Both genera reached the size of today's elephants and were among the largest mammals in the Americas. Characteristic of Eremotherium was its robust physique with comparatively long limbs and front and hind feet especially for later representatives- three fingers. However, the skull is relatively gracile, the teeth are uniform and high-crowned. Like today's sloths, Eremotherium was purely herbivorous and was probably a mixed feeder that dined on leaves and grasses. Eremotherium was a generalist that could adapt its diet to the respective local and climatic conditions of many regions. Finds of Eremotherium are common and widespread, with fossils being found as far north as South Carolina in the United States and as far south as Rio Grande Do Sul, and many complete skeletons have been unearthed.
Only two valid species are known, Eremotherium laurillardi and E. eomigrans, the former was named by prolific Danish paleontologist Peter Lund in 1842 based on a tooth of a juvenile individual that had been collected from Pleistocene deposits in caves in Lagoa Santa, Brazil alongside fossils of thousands of other megafauna. Lund originally named it as a species of its relative Megatherium, though Austrian paleontologist Franz Spillman later created the genus name Eremotherium after noticing its distinctness from other megatheriids.
History and naming
The taxonomic history of Eremotherium largely involves it being confused with Megatherium and the naming of many additional species that are actually synonymous with E. laurillardi. For many years fossils from the genus have been known, with records from as early as 1823 when fossil collectors J. P. Scriven and Joseph C. Habersham collected several teeth, skull, and mandible fragments, including a nearly complete set of mandibles, from Quaternary age deposits in Skidaway Island, Georgia in the United States. The fossils were not described until 1852 however, when American paleontologist named Megatherium mirabile, based on the specimens (specimen numbers USNM 825-832 + 837) but the species has since been synonymized with Eremotherium laurillardi. The first published discovery was only a year after M. mirabile was discovered, when portions of 2 teeth that had been also collected from Skidaway Island were referred to Megatherium later in 1823 by Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell. 20 more fossils from the island were reported in 1824 by naturalist William Cooper, including mandibular, limb, and dental remains, that now reside at the Lyceum of Natural History in New York, that had also been collected by Joseph C. Habersham.
Several other discoveries from Georgia and South Carolina were described as Megatherium throughout the 1840s and 1850s, like in 1846 when Savannah scholar William B. Hodgson described some "Megatherium" fossils from Georgia that had been donated by Habersham, including portions of several skulls, in a collection that included fossils of several other Pleistocene megafauna like mammoths and bison. These were all described in more detail by Joseph Leidy in 1855, but they were not all referred to Eremotherium until the late 20th century. In 1842, Richard Harlan named a new species of the turtle Chelonia, Chelonia couperi, based on a supposed femur, or thigh bone, that had been found in the Brunswick Canal in Glynn County, Georgia and dated to the Pleistocene. It was not until 1977 that further analysis demonstrated that the "femur" was actually a clavicle from Eremotherium. It is unknown, which publication was published first - according to the regulations of the ICZN, the species name of the first publication would have priority, even if it was attached to another genus - but the species name E. couperi is rarely used, while E. laurillardi is more widely used and has been adopted by more scientists.
Fossils from South America were first described by Danish paleontologist and founder of Brazilian paleontology Peter Wilhelm Lund when he established a new species of Megatherium based on two teeth (specimen number ZMUC 1130 and 1131) from Lapa Vermella, a cave in the valley of the Rio de la Velhas in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais under the name Megatherium laurillardi, the first named species now assigned to Eremotherium. Lund diagnosed the species based on the size of the teeth, which were only a quarter the size of Megatherium americanum, the greatest representative of Megatherium, and he believed that it was a tapir-sized animal. Today, the teeth are considered to be from a juvenile of E. laurillardi and adults reached or exceeded the size of M. americanum. Two years earlier, Lund had already figured teeth found at Lapa Vermella, which he assigned to Megatherium americanum due to their dimensions, which he figured alongside those of M. laurillardi in the 1842 publication. They also have been referred to Eremotherium laurillardi. For many years, E. laurillardi's holotype was speculated to actually have come from a dwarf species of Eremotherium while the larger fossils belonged to another distinct species like E. rusconii, a species that was erected by Samuel Schaub in 1935 for giant fossils from Venezuela, though it was initially thought to be a species of Megatherium. However, this view is mostly contradicted and argues that at least in the Late Pleistocene in South and North America there was only a single species, E. laurillardi, which had a strong sexual dimorphism. Discoveries of extensive material of Eremotherium at sites such as those at Nova Friburgo in Brazil and Daytona Beach in Florida further prove that the two were synonymous and lacked any major differences between populations.
Fossils of Eremotherium from Mexico were first described in 1882 by French scientist Alfred Duges, though they consisted only of a fragmentary left femur, as a new species of the South American Scelidotherium, naming it S. guanajatense. The femur had been found in Pleistocene deposits in Guanajuato, Mexico, but the fossil has since been lost and the species is a synonym of E. laurillardi. Another species that is currently considered valid was described in 1997 by Canadian zoologist Gerardo De Iuliis and French paleontologist Pierre-Antoine St-Andréc based on a single, approximately 39 cm long femur from the Pleistocene strata in Ulloma, Bolivia as Eremotherium sefvei, though it was first described in 1915 as a fossil of Megatherium. E. sefvei's geologic aging is less definite can only be placed in the general Pleistocene, but it is the smallest representative of Eremotherium and all post-Miocene megatheriids.
Two years later in 1999, De Iuliis and Brazilian paleontologist Carlos Cartelle erected another species of Eremotherium now seen as valid, E. eomigrans, based on a partial skeleton, the holotype, that had been unearthed from the latest Blancan (Latest Pliocene) layers of Newberry, Florida, USA, though many other fossils from the area were referred to it. Many of the fossils were isolated and had been recovered from sinkholes, river canals, shorelines, and hot springs, with few of the specimens being associated skeletons. So far, the latter has only been found in North America and reached a size similar to E. laurillardi, but comes from the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene and bares a pentadactyl, or five fingered, hand in contrast to the tridactyl hands of Megatherium and E. laurillardi.
The genus name Eremotherium was not erected until 1948 by Franz Spillmann, erecting a new species, E. carolinese, as the type species of the genus based on a 65 cm long skull with associated lower jaw, both fossils come from the Santa Elena Peninsula in Ecuador, and the species name was after the local village of Carolina. Although it was the type species of the genus for many years, the species has since been synonymized with E. laurillardi and has been replaced by it as the type species. The generic name Eremotherium is derived from the Greek words ἔρημος (Erēmos "Steppe", "desert") and θηρίον (Thērion "animal") after the landscape in Santa Elena Peninsula that E. carolinese was unearthed from. The following year, French taxonomist Robert Hoffstetter introduced the genus Schaubia for Samuel Schaub's Megatherium rusconii because he recognized its generic distinctness from Megatherium, though the genus name was preoccupied, so it was renamed Schaubtherium the following year. It was not until 1952 that he recognized similarities to Spillmann's Eremotherium and synonymized the two. Another dubious genus and species, Xenocnus cearensis, was dubbed in 1980 by Carlos de Paula Couto based on a partial unciform (wrist bone), though he mistook as the astragalus (tarsal bone) of a megalochynid, that had been found in Pleistocene deposits in Itapipoca, Brazil. Paula Couto even created a new subfamily, Xenocninae, for the genus, but reanalysis in 2008 proved that the fossil was instead from Eremotherium laurillardi.
Description
Size
Eremotherium rivalled the closely related Megatherium in size, reaching an overall length of and a height of while on all fours, but could attain a height of about when it reared up on its hind legs. Weight estimates vary, with a range of . In any case, it is one of the largest land-dwelling mammals of that time in the Americas, along with the proboscideans that migrated from Eurasia. As a ground-dwelling sloth, it had relatively shorter and stronger limbs compared to modern arboreal sloths and also had a longer tail.
Skull
The skull of Eremotherium was large and massive, but lighter in build compared to Megatherium. A complete skull measured 65 cm in length and was up to 33 cm wide at the zygomatic arches; at its highest, it reached 19 cm in height. The forehead line was clearly straight and not as wavy as in Megatherium. The nasal bone was shortened compared to the skull of Megatherium, giving it an overall truncated cone appearance. Further differences to Megatherium existed at the premaxillary bone: In Eremotherium this had an overall triangular shape and was only loosely connected to the upper jaw, whereas in Megatherium the premaxillary bone had a quadrangular shape, as well as a firm connection to the upper jaw. The occipital bone is semicircular in posterior view and sloped backwards in lateral view. The articular surfaces as the point of attachment of the cervical spine curved far outwards and were relatively larger than in tree sloths and numerous other ground sloths. The parietal bones had a far outward curved shape, which was partly caused by the large cranial cavity with a volume of 1600 cm³. The strong zygomatic arch was closed, unlike today's sloths, but like the latter it had a massive bony outgrowth pointing downwards and backwards from the anterior base of the arch. In addition, a third outgrowth protruded diagonally upwards. The downward pointing bony process was clearly steeper than in other sloths. The eye socket was shallow and small and slightly lower than in Megatherium or modern sloths.
The lower jaw was about long, both halves were connected by a strong symphysis, which extended forward in a spatulate shape and ended in a rounded shape. Typical for all representatives of the Megatheriidae was the clearly downward curved course of the lower edge of the bone body, which resulted from the different length of the teeth. In Eremotherium this caused the lower jaw to be deep below the symphysis, 15 cm below the second tooth and 12.5 cm below the fourth. The thickness of the curvature of the lower margin of the mandible increased significantly in the course of individual development, but the ratio of the height of the mandibular body to the length of the tooth row remained largely the same. This differs markedly from Megatherium, in which the height of the mandible increased not only in absolute terms, but also relatively in relation to the length of the dentition. The mandibular body was also very thick, leaving little space for the tongue. The crown process rose up to , and the articular process was only slightly lower. At the posterior, lower end there was a strong, clearly notched angular process, the upper edge of which was approximately at the level of the masticatory plane. At the anterior edge of the lower jaw there was a strong mental foramen. The dentition was typical for sloths, but in contrast to today's representatives it consisted of completely homodont teeth, which is a characteristic feature of megatherians. Each branch of the jaw had 5 teeth in the upper jaw and 4 in the lower jaw, so in total Eremotherium had 18 teeth. They resembled molars and, except for the front one, were quadrangular in shape, usually a good long in large individuals and very high-crowned (hypsodont) with a height of . They had no roots and grew throughout their entire life. The enamel was also missing. However, two transverse, sharp-edged ridges were typically formed on the chewing surface to help grind food. The entire upper row of teeth grew up to long, while the lower reached up to .
Postcrania
Almost all of the poscranial skeleton is known. The vertebrae were massively shaped, both at the vertebral bodies and at the lateral transverse processes. However, the vertebral bodies were compressed in length, so that the tail appeared rather short overall and generally did not exceed the length of the lower limb sections. The humerus represented a long tube with a bulky lower joint end. The total length was about . Distinctive, ridge-like muscle attachments on the middle shaft were typical. The forearm bones had much shorter lengths, with the spoke measuring about 67 cm, and the ulna in length. Massive was the femur, which had the broad build characteristic of megatherians and was narrowed in front and behind. It had an average length of 74 cm, the largest bone found so far was long and wide. The third trochanter, a prominent muscle attachment point on the shaft, typical of xenarthrans, was absent in Eremotherium as in all other megatherians. The shinbone and fibula were only fused together at the upper end and not also at the lower end as in Megatherium. In this case, the tibia became about 60 cm long. The forelegs ended in hands with three fingers (III to V). The two inner phalanges (I and II) were fused together with some elements of the carpus, such as the trapezium, to form a unit, the metacarpal-carpal complex (MCC). Thus, Eremotherium clearly deviates from Megatherium and other closely related forms, which possessed four-fingered hands. In Eremotherium, the metacarpal of the third digit was the shortest, measuring 19 cm in length, while those of the fourth and fifth were almost the same length, and respectively. The phalanx (the third phalanx) of the third and fourth fingers had a long and pointedly curved shape, which suggests correspondingly long claws. The fifth finger had only two phalanges and consequently no claw was formed there. (An exception is the older form E. eomigrans, whose hands, in contrast to other megateria, were still five-fingered, with claws on digits I to IV.) The foot, as in all megatheriids, was also three-fingered (digits III to V). It resembled the hand with an extremely short metatarsal of the third finger. That of the fourth finger reached , that of the fifth in length. Deviating from the hand, only the middle digit (III) had three phalanges with a terminal phalanx bearing a long claw. The two outer digit had only two phalanges. This structure of the foot is typical for evolved megatherians.
Palaeobiology
Locomotion
The predominantly quadrupedal locomotion took place on inwardly turned feet, with the entire weight resting on the outer, fifth and possibly fourth phalanges (a pedolateral gait), whereby the talus was subject to massive reshaping. Likewise, the hands were turned inwards, in a position somewhat resembling the forefeet of the similarly clawed Chalicotheriidae, a now extinct group of odd-toed ungulates. It also suggests that locomotion was rather slow. It was also unable to perform digging activities, as has been demonstrated for other large ground sloths, which can also be seen in the construction of the forearm, just as the manipulation of objects was minimised due to the limited ability of the fingers to move in relation to each other. However, Eremotherium was able to stand up on its hind legs and pull branches and twigs with its hands, for example to reach the foliage of tall trees for feeding, as well as defensive strikes with its long claws were possible. The standing up was supported by the strong tail, similar to what is still the case today with armadillos and anteaters. The massive tail vertebrae in the front area of the tail suggest a strong musculature. Among other things, this concerns the coccygeus muscle, which attaches to the ischium and fixes the tail. Less well developed, on the other hand, were the epaxial muscles, which could cause the tail to straighten up.
Social behaviour
Due to some group finds of several individuals at individual sites, such as in El Bajión in Chiapas in Mexico with four animals or in Tanque Loma on the Santa Elena in Ecuador with 22 individuals, some scientists discuss whether Eremotherium possibly lived and roamed in small, herd-like groups. Especially in Tanque Loma, the individuals recorded are composed of at least 15 adults and six juveniles. They were all found in close association in a single horizon, and they are interpreted as being contemporary with each other. The possible group was thought to have gathered at a waterhole and died there relatively abruptly due to an unknown event. On the other hand, sometimes clustered occurrences of Eremotherium such as the 19 individuals from the sinkhole of Jirau in Brazil are considered to be accumulations over a long period of time. In the case of the likewise giant ground sloth Lestodon from central South America, experts also interpret mass accumulations of remains of different individuals in part as evidence of phased group formation. Living tree sloths live solitary lives.
Diet
Eremotherium possessed extremely high-crowned teeth, which, however, did not reach the dimensions of those of Megatherium. As the teeth lack enamel, this hypsodonty may not be an expression of specialisation on grass as food, unlike mammals with enamel in their teeth. The different expression of high-crownedness in the two large ground sloths is probably rather to be sought in adaptation to divergent habitats—more tropical lowlands in Eremotherium and more temperate regions in Megatherium. From an anatomical point of view, the only moderately wide snout and the large total chewing surface of the teeth advocate a diet adapted to mixed plant foods. The average surface area of all teeth available for chewing food is 11,340 mm², which roughly corresponds to the values of the closely related Megatherium, but clearly exceeds those of the Lestodon, which is also giant but has a much broader snout. The latter genus belongs to the more distantly related Mylodontidae and was probably a specialised grazer. Moreover, the total purchase area is within the range of variation of present-day elephants, some of which also prefer mixed plant diets. Support for this view comes from various isotopic analysis on the teeth of Eremotherium. Thus, the animals probably fed on grass in rather open landscapes, but on foliage in largely closed forests. Carbon isotopes and stereo microwear analysis suggest that an individual from the Late Pleistocene (34,705-33,947 cal yr BP), of Goiás, Brazil, was a mixed feeder, suggesting a high proportion of shrubs and trees, this is in contrast to the presumed diet from specimens from Northeast Brazil, which had a diet of C4 herbaceous plants. A 2020 discovery in Ecuador found 22 individuals ranging in age from juveniles to adults preserved together in anoxic marsh sediments, suggesting that Eremotherium may have been gregarious.
Relationship with humans and extinction
The disappearance of Eremotherium coincides with the Quaternary Extinction Event, which saw the arrival of humans in the Americas and the extinction of many megafauna, large or giant animals of an area, habitat, or geological period, extinct and/or extant that were larger than or a comparable size to humans, such as mammoths, glyptodonts, and other ground sloths. One of the latest finds of Eremotherium is from Ittaituba on Rio Tapajós, a tributary of the Amazon, that dates to 11,340 BP and includes several skull and lower jaw fragments. In a similar period, the finds at Barcelona in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Norte come from strata dating from 11,324 to 11,807 years ago. There is no direct evidence of hunting by humans of Eremotherium. A possible indication of interaction is a tooth of Eremotherium that some authors have suggested had been modified by Paleoindians, which was unearthed from a doline on the site of the São-José farm in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. However, other authors have regarded the idea as poorly evidenced, and the modification was more likely the result of natural processes.
Classification
Eremotherium is a genus of the extinct ground sloth family Megatheriidae, which includes large to very large sloths in the group Folivora, which, together with the Megalonychidae and the Nothrotheriidae, form the superfamily Megatherioidea. The Megatherioidea also includes the three-toed sloths of the genus Bradypus, one of the two sloth genera still alive today. Eremotherium's closest relative in Megatheriidae is the namesake of the family Megatherium, which was endemic to South America, slightly larger, and preferred more open habitats than Eremotherium. Pyramiodontherium and Anisodontherium are also part of this subfamily, but are smaller and older, dating to the Late Miocene of Argentina. All of these genera belong to the subfamily Megatheriinae, which includes the largest and most derived sloths. The direct phylogenetic ancestor of Eremotherium is unknown, but may be linked to Proeremotherium from the Codore Formation in Venezuela, which dates to the Pliocene. The genus has numerous characteristics that are akin to those of Eremotherium, but are more primitive. Little is known about the evolution of the genus Eremotherium. It may have evolved in the Early Pliocene in South America, where only a few sites from this period are known, and dispersed by crossing the Isthmus of Panama, i.e. the formation of the land bridge connecting North and South America, in the course of the Great American Biotic Interchange. The oldest fossils come from the Pliocene of the southern United States in North America, suggesting that the species instead evolved there before colonizing South America. The discovery of Proeremotherium also supports this hypothesis, indicating that these or other close ancestors of Eremotherium first migrated to North America and evolved there, then moved back southward to South America after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, similar to the glyptodont Glyptotherium.
The following phylogenetic analysis of Megatheriinae within Megatheriidae was conducted by Brandoni et al., 2018 that was modified from Varela et al. 2019 based on lower molariform and astragalus morphology:
Fossil distribution
Finds of Eremotherium are widespread, but are limited to the tropical and subtropical lowland regions of the Americas. Fossils have come from more than 130 sites. In South America, fossils have been unearthed from as far west as northern Peru via Ecuador, Colombia to the east in Guayana and the Amazon basin. The southernmost discovery was in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande Do Sul, while further south in the Pampas and in mountainous states, the close relative Megatherium lived. In North America, fossils are known from the southern United States in Georgia to Texas to South Carolina and on the east coast from Florida to New Jersey. The oldest finds known so far come from the US state of Florida and belong to the more uncommon species E. eomigrans, which were found in Haile in a water-filled doline (locality 7c), 6 km northeast of Newberry in Alachua County. They comprise several partial skeletons and several isolated bones and are between 2.1 and 1.8 million years old, which corresponds to the beginning of the Lower Pleistocene. Additional finds from Florida such as from the Kissimmee River, which are too unspecific in order to be able to precisely date, the maximum age is 2.5 million years and thus from the transition from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene.
References
Prehistoric sloths
Prehistoric placental genera
Pliocene xenarthrans
Pleistocene xenarthrans
Zanclean first appearances
Holocene extinctions
Pliocene mammals of North America
Pleistocene mammals of North America
Rancholabrean
Irvingtonian
Blancan
Neogene Costa Rica
Neogene United States
Pleistocene Costa Rica
Pleistocene El Salvador
Pleistocene Guatemala
Pleistocene Honduras
Pleistocene Mexico
Pleistocene Nicaragua
Pleistocene Panama
Pleistocene United States
Fossils of Costa Rica
Fossils of El Salvador
Fossils of Guatemala
Fossils of Honduras
Fossils of Mexico
Fossils of Nicaragua
Fossils of Panama
Fossils of the United States
Pliocene mammals of South America
Pleistocene mammals of South America
Lujanian
Ensenadan
Uquian
Chapadmalalan
Montehermosan
Neogene Venezuela
Pleistocene Bolivia
Pleistocene Brazil
Pleistocene Colombia
Pleistocene Ecuador
Pleistocene Venezuela
Fossils of Bolivia
Fossils of Brazil
Fossils of Colombia
Fossils of Ecuador
Fossils of Venezuela
Fossil taxa described in 1948
Taxa named by Peter Wilhelm Lund |
3952036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Lee%20Moss | Annie Lee Moss | Annie Lee Moss (August 9, 1905 – January 15, 1996) was a communications clerk in the US Army Signal Corps in the Pentagon and alleged member of the American Communist Party. She was believed to be a security risk by the FBI and her superiors at the Signal Corps, and was questioned by United States Senator Joseph McCarthy in his role as the chairman of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. The highly publicized case was damaging to McCarthy's popularity and influence.
Early years
She was born as Annie Lee Crawford in 1905 in South Carolina. She had six siblings, and her father was a tenant farmer. Her family moved to North Carolina, where she left high school to work as a domestic servant and a laundress. She married Ernest Moss in 1926, and they moved to Durham, North Carolina, where she worked in the tobacco industry.
Career
Moss began her career in the federal government as a dessert cook in government cafeterias. In 1945, she moved to a job as a clerk in the General Accounting Office and in 1949 secured a civil-service position as an Army Signal Corps communications clerk at the Pentagon. A widowed mother, Moss had steadily improved her position since moving to Washington, DC, in the early 1940s. She bought a home in 1950, and by 1954 had an annual income of $3,300 (about $ today)
a year, well above the median for black women at the time.
In accordance with a loyalty review program introduced by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, Moss was investigated by the loyalty board of the General Accounting Office in October 1949. The next year, when Moss was promoted to communications clerk at the Pentagon, she was reinvestigated by the Army's Loyalty-Security Screening Board. The result of this investigation was that Moss was suspended from her position with the recommendation that she be discharged. She appealed this decision and was cleared by the Army board in January 1951.
Charges, appearance before McCarthy
In September 1951, the FBI notified the General Accounting Office of evidence Moss had been a member of the Communist Party in the mid-1940s, but at that time the army did not reopen the case. This evidence came from Mary Stalcup Markward, who, working as an informant for the FBI, had joined the Communist Party from 1943 to 1949. Markward held such positions as membership director and treasurer for the party. She reported regularly to the FBI, gave them copies of party documents, membership lists, and detailed accounts of meetings and activities. In February 1954, Markward testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee. Although she could not identify Moss personally, she testified that she had seen Annie Lee Moss's name and address on the Communist Party's membership rolls in 1944.
At this point, Moss came to Senator Joseph McCarthy's attention. McCarthy, in his capacity as chairman of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, was looking into charges of Communist infiltration of the army, specifically at the Army Signal Corps laboratories at Fort Monmouth.
Moss and her attorney, George E.C. Hayes, appeared before McCarthy's committee on March 11, 1954, at a session open to the public. McCarthy had made headlines with the case, claiming that Moss was "handling the encoding and decoding of confidential and top-secret messages". This was incorrect, as the Army pointed out: Moss handled only unreadable, encrypted messages, and had no access to the Pentagon code room.
McCarthy left the hearing room shortly after Moss's testimony began, leaving his chief counsel Roy Cohn to handle the rest of the questioning. Moss was a small, soft-spoken, and seemingly timid woman who appeared to be a far cry from the intellectuals and political activists who were usually the target of McCarthy's investigations. She stated that she rarely read newspapers and had not even heard of Communism until 1948. She had difficulty with multisyllable words when asked to read a document before the committee, and responded "Who's that?" when asked if she knew who Karl Marx was, evoking laughter from the audience. She denied the charges, saying, "Never at any time have I been a member of the Communist Party and I have never seen a Communist Party card", and "I didn't subscribe to the Daily Worker and I wouldn't pay for it".
Cohn's examination of Moss quickly ran into difficulty. After he noted that a "Communist activist" named Rob Hall was known to have visited Moss's home, it was pointed out (by Robert F. Kennedy, then the minority counsel for the committee) that two Rob Halls were in Washington: one was a known Communist who was white, and the other was a union organizer who was African American. Moss said that the Rob Hall she knew was "a man of about my complexion". As the hearing proceeded, it became clear that both the senators and the spectators were favoring Moss over Cohn and McCarthy. When Cohn asserted that he had corroboration of Markward's testimony from a confidential source, Senator John McClellan rebuked him for alluding to evidence he was not actually presenting. Chairman Karl Mundt ruled that Cohn's comments be stricken from the record. McClellan responded:
You can't strike these statements made by counsel here as to evidence that we're having and withholding. You cannot strike that from the press nor from the public mind once it's planted there. That's the – that is the – evil of it. I don't think it's fair to a witness, to a citizen of this country, to bring them up here and cross-examine them, then when they get through, say 'we've got something, the FBI's got something on you that condemns you.' It is not sworn testimony. It is convicting people by rumor and hearsay and innuendo.
As had happened several times already, loud applause erupted from the spectators.
Senator Stuart Symington then suggested that, as with Rob Hall, the case against Moss might be a matter of mistaken identity. Moss immediately agreed, saying three women named Annie Lee Moss were in Washington, DC. Symington said, "I may be sticking my neck out and I may be wrong, but I've been listening to you testify this afternoon and I think you're telling the truth." Again there was loud and prolonged applause.
See It Now and other coverage
A cameraman from Edward R. Murrow's television show See It Now had filmed the Moss hearing, and the case was the subject of the episode broadcast on March 16, 1954. The previous week's show had been Murrow's famous "A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy" broadcast, which was deeply critical of McCarthy (and the subject of the 2005 film Good Night, and Good Luck). Murrow opened the Annie Lee Moss show saying it would present a "little picture about a little woman", and closed it with a sound recording of a speech by Dwight D. Eisenhower in which the President praised the right of Americans to "meet your accuser face to face". The public's response to both shows was highly favorable, and because of them Murrow is widely credited with contributing to the eventual downfall of McCarthy. Support for Moss and criticism of McCarthy was widespread. In one of the more famous quotations from the McCarthy era, John Crosby wrote in the New York Herald Tribune, "The American People fought a revolution to defend, among other things, the right of Annie Lee Moss to earn a living, and Senator McCarthy now decided she has no such right." Reporting on public opinion in McCarthy's home state, Drew Pearson wrote, "Wisconsin folks saw her as a nice old colored lady who wasn't harming anyone and they didn't like their senator picking on her".
Aftermath of the hearing
McCarthy's popularity was on the wane at the time of the Moss hearing, and the publicity around the case accelerated the process. He would soon be embroiled in the Army–McCarthy hearings which also significantly eroded his standing with the public and in the Senate. In December 1954, he was censured by the Senate, and spent the rest of his career in relative obscurity. He died in 1957.
Moss had been suspended from her position when McCarthy announced his interest in the case. In January 1955, she was rehired to a nonsensitive position in the army's finance and accounts office, and she remained an army clerk until her retirement in 1975. She died in 1996, aged 90.
Later evidence against Moss
Since Markward's information included an address for Annie Lee Moss, and Moss confirmed this address in her testimony, the possibility of mistaken identity was never a very realistic one. In 1958, the Subversive Activities Control Board investigated a related case and confirmed Markward's testimony that Moss's name and address had appeared on the Communist party rolls in the mid-1940s. Several sources have reported this as proving that Moss was a Communist. More substantive is the evidence contained in Moss's FBI file, some of which was not revealed until the file was released through a Freedom of Information Act request. Andrea Friedman describes this evidence as "perhaps a dozen pieces of paper – included a list of 'party recruits' that identified Moss by name, race, age, and occupation; membership lists from two Communist party branches, the Communist Political Association, and various ad hoc committees containing Moss's name and address, as well as the number of her Communist Party membership book; and receipt records from 1945 for Daily Worker subscriptions". Friedman concludes that Moss most likely had indirect contact with Communists through her cafeteria workers' union, and at most was probably a "casual recruit to the Communist Party, attracted by its social and economic justice politics", and later abandoned any associations with them.
See also
McCarthyism
Milo Radulovich
References
Further reading
Anti-communism in the United States
American communists
Victims of McCarthyism
1905 births
1996 deaths
People from Durham, North Carolina
People from Washington, D.C.
African-American government officials |
16501979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20minor%20planets%3A%20181001%E2%80%93182000 | List of minor planets: 181001–182000 |
181001–181100
|-bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181001 || || — || July 3, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || HOF || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=002 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181002 || || — || July 5, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || V || align=right data-sort-value="0.92" | 920 m ||
|-id=003 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181003 || || — || July 7, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || EUT || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=004 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181004 || || — || July 7, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=005 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181005 || || — || July 4, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=006 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181006 || || — || July 10, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=007 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181007 || || — || July 10, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || EOS || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=008 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181008 || || — || July 5, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=009 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181009 || || — || July 13, 2005 || RAS || A. Lowe || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=010 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181010 || || — || July 1, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=011 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181011 || || — || July 1, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AGN || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=012 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181012 || || — || July 2, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=013 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181013 || || — || July 9, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=014 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181014 || || — || July 9, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MIS || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=015 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181015 || || — || July 11, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=016 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181016 || || — || July 11, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AGN || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=017 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181017 || || — || July 11, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=018 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181018 || || — || July 12, 2005 || Bergisch Gladbach || W. Bickel || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=019 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181019 || || — || July 2, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HYG || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=020 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181020 || || — || July 3, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || KOR || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=021 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181021 || || — || July 9, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=022 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181022 || || — || July 10, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || V || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=023 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181023 || || — || July 7, 2005 || Mauna Kea || C. Veillet || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=024 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181024 || || — || July 7, 2005 || Mauna Kea || C. Veillet || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=025 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181025 || || — || July 28, 2005 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=026 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181026 || || — || July 29, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || WIT || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=027 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181027 || || — || July 28, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=028 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181028 || || — || July 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=029 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181029 || || — || July 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || NYS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=030 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181030 || || — || July 28, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || NYS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=031 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181031 || || — || July 29, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=032 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181032 || || — || July 29, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=033 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181033 || || — || July 29, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || NYS || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=034 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181034 || || — || July 28, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || KOR || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=035 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181035 || || — || July 28, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=036 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181036 || || — || July 28, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=037 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181037 || || — || July 29, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=038 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181038 || || — || July 29, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.7 km ||
|-id=039 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181039 || || — || July 30, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=040 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181040 || || — || July 31, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=041 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181041 || || — || July 30, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=042 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181042 || || — || July 16, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=043 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181043 Anan || 2005 PV || || August 4, 2005 || Nakagawa || H. Hori, H. Maeno || — || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=044 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181044 || || — || August 1, 2005 || Siding Spring || SSS || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=045 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181045 || || — || August 1, 2005 || Siding Spring || SSS || EOS || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=046 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181046 || || — || August 2, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || MAS || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=047 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181047 || || — || August 4, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=048 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181048 || || — || August 6, 2005 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton || MEL || align=right | 6.6 km ||
|-id=049 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181049 || || — || August 4, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=050 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181050 || || — || August 2, 2005 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=051 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181051 || || — || August 6, 2005 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=052 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181052 || || — || August 4, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || NYS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=053 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181053 || || — || August 4, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=054 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181054 || || — || August 4, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=055 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181055 || || — || August 4, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || KOR || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=056 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181056 || || — || August 11, 2005 || Pla D'Arguines || R. Ferrando, M. Ferrando || HNS || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=057 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181057 || || — || August 9, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=058 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181058 || || — || August 6, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=059 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181059 || || — || August 22, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=060 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181060 || || — || August 22, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=061 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181061 || || — || August 24, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=062 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181062 || || — || August 24, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=063 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181063 || || — || August 24, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || URS || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=064 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181064 || || — || August 24, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=065 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181065 || || — || August 24, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=066 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181066 || || — || August 24, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=067 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181067 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || 7:4 || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=068 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181068 || || — || August 24, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=069 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181069 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=070 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181070 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.92" | 920 m ||
|-id=071 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181071 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Campo Imperatore || CINEOS || HYG || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=072 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181072 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Campo Imperatore || CINEOS || — || align=right | 6.3 km ||
|-id=073 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181073 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Campo Imperatore || CINEOS || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=074 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181074 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=075 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181075 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=076 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181076 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || EUN || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=077 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181077 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=078 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181078 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=079 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181079 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=080 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181080 || || — || August 22, 2005 || Siding Spring || SSS || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=081 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181081 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=082 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181082 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=083 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181083 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=084 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181084 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Campo Imperatore || CINEOS || GEF || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=085 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181085 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=086 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181086 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || MEL || align=right | 6.3 km ||
|-id=087 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181087 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=088 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181088 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || HYG || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=089 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181089 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || EOS || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=090 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181090 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=091 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181091 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MAS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=092 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181092 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=093 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181093 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=094 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181094 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Haleakala || NEAT || TEL || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=095 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181095 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=096 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181096 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=097 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181097 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || KOR || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=098 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181098 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.7 km ||
|-id=099 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181099 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=100 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181100 || || — || August 29, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || MAS || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|}
181101–181200
|-bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181101 || || — || August 29, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=102 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181102 || || — || August 29, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=103 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181103 || || — || August 29, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=104 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181104 || || — || August 29, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || NYS || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=105 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181105 || || — || August 29, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || CHA || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=106 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181106 || || — || August 29, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=107 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181107 || || — || August 24, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=108 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181108 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Saint-Véran || Saint-Véran Obs. || EOS || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=109 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181109 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Siding Spring || SSS || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=110 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181110 || || — || August 30, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=111 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181111 || || — || August 24, 2005 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=112 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181112 || || — || August 25, 2005 || Campo Imperatore || CINEOS || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=113 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181113 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || PAD || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=114 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181114 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || KOR || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=115 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181115 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=116 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181116 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || HOF || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=117 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181117 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 7.3 km ||
|-id=118 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181118 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=119 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181119 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=120 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181120 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=121 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181121 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=122 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181122 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=123 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181123 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || AGN || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=124 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181124 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=125 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181125 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=126 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181126 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=127 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181127 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || PAD || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=128 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181128 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=129 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181129 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MRX || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=130 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181130 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=131 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181131 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=132 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181132 || || — || August 29, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=133 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181133 || || — || August 30, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 6.0 km ||
|-id=134 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181134 || || — || August 28, 2005 || Siding Spring || SSS || GEF || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=135 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181135 || || — || August 30, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=136 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181136 Losonczrita || || || August 25, 2005 || Piszkéstető || Piszkéstető Stn. || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=137 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181137 || || — || August 30, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=138 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181138 || || — || August 30, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=139 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181139 || || — || August 26, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=140 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181140 || || — || August 31, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.1 km ||
|-id=141 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181141 || || — || August 29, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=142 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181142 || || — || August 31, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=143 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181143 || || — || August 31, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || SYL7:4 || align=right | 6.9 km ||
|-id=144 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181144 || || — || August 27, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || K-2 || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=145 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181145 || || — || August 24, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=146 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181146 || || — || August 31, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=147 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181147 || || — || September 4, 2005 || Marly || Naef Obs. || EOS || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=148 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181148 || || — || September 3, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=149 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181149 || || — || September 5, 2005 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=150 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181150 || || — || September 6, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 6.7 km ||
|-id=151 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181151 || || — || September 8, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=152 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181152 || || — || September 1, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=153 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181153 || || — || September 10, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=154 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181154 || || — || September 6, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || KOR || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=155 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181155 || || — || September 11, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=156 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181156 || || — || September 13, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=157 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181157 || || — || September 14, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || ALA || align=right | 5.7 km ||
|-id=158 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181158 || || — || September 13, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || EOS || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=159 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181159 || || — || September 13, 2005 || Apache Point || A. C. Becker || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=160 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181160 || || — || September 23, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || VER || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=161 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181161 || || — || September 23, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=162 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181162 || || — || September 23, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=163 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181163 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || EOS || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=164 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181164 || || — || September 26, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HYG || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=165 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181165 || || — || September 23, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=166 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181166 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=167 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181167 || || — || September 23, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=168 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181168 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=169 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181169 || || — || September 25, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HYG || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=170 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181170 || || — || September 26, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=171 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181171 || || — || September 26, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || KOR || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=172 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181172 || || — || September 27, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || ALA || align=right | 7.2 km ||
|-id=173 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181173 || || — || September 27, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=174 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181174 || || — || September 27, 2005 || Junk Bond || D. Healy || VER || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=175 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181175 || || — || September 23, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || 7:4 || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=176 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181176 || || — || September 23, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=177 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181177 || || — || September 23, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || 7:4 || align=right | 8.3 km ||
|-id=178 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181178 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=179 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181179 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=180 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181180 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=181 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181181 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 6.0 km ||
|-id=182 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181182 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=183 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181183 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=184 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181184 || || — || September 25, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || EOS || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=185 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181185 || || — || September 25, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=186 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181186 || || — || September 25, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=187 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181187 || || — || September 25, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=188 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181188 || || — || September 26, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=189 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181189 || || — || September 27, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || CHA || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=190 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181190 || || — || September 27, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=191 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181191 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=192 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181192 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || PAD || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=193 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181193 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=194 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181194 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=195 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181195 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=196 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181196 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=197 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181197 || || — || September 25, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=198 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181198 || || — || September 25, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=199 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181199 || || — || September 25, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=200 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181200 || || — || September 26, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|}
181201–181300
|-bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181201 || || — || September 27, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=202 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181202 || || — || September 27, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=203 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181203 || || — || September 28, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || ADE || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=204 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181204 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MRX || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=205 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181205 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=206 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181206 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=207 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181207 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || KOR || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=208 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181208 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=209 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181209 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=210 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181210 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=211 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181211 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=212 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181212 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || HYG || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=213 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181213 || || — || September 29, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || XIZ || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=214 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181214 || || — || September 30, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=215 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181215 || || — || September 30, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=216 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181216 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=217 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181217 || || — || September 22, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=218 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181218 || || — || September 22, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=219 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181219 || || — || September 24, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || TIR || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=220 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181220 || || — || September 23, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=221 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181221 || || — || September 30, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=222 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181222 || || — || October 1, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=223 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181223 || || — || October 1, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=224 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181224 || || — || October 1, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=225 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181225 || || — || October 3, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=226 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181226 || || — || October 1, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || 7:4 || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=227 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181227 || || — || October 1, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=228 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181228 || || — || October 9, 2005 || Ottmarsheim || Ottmarsheim Obs. || — || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=229 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181229 || || — || October 2, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=230 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181230 || || — || October 1, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AGN || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=231 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181231 || || — || October 3, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || SYL7:4 || align=right | 8.1 km ||
|-id=232 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181232 || || — || October 6, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || ANF || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=233 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181233 || || — || October 7, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || KOR || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=234 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181234 || || — || October 7, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || VER || align=right | 5.9 km ||
|-id=235 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181235 || || — || October 7, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=236 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181236 || || — || October 6, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=237 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181237 || || — || October 8, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=238 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181238 || || — || October 1, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=239 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181239 || || — || October 1, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=240 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181240 || || — || October 26, 2005 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=241 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181241 Dipasquale || || || October 28, 2005 || Vallemare di Borbona Obs. || V. S. Casulli || VER || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=242 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181242 || || — || October 23, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || 628 || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=243 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181243 || || — || October 22, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || MRX || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=244 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181244 || || — || October 22, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || URS || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=245 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181245 || || — || October 22, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 6.0 km ||
|-id=246 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181246 || || — || October 22, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=247 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181247 || || — || October 22, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.7 km ||
|-id=248 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181248 || || — || October 26, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || 7:4 || align=right | 6.7 km ||
|-id=249 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181249 Tkachenko || || || October 30, 2005 || Andrushivka || Andrushivka Obs. || fast? || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=250 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181250 || || — || October 24, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=251 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181251 || || — || October 25, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || HYG || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=252 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181252 || || — || October 24, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=253 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181253 || || — || October 26, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=254 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181254 || || — || October 26, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || 3:2 || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=255 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181255 || || — || October 27, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=256 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181256 || || — || October 25, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || SHU3:2 || align=right | 12 km ||
|-id=257 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181257 || || — || October 27, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=258 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181258 || || — || November 1, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=259 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181259 || || — || November 1, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=260 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181260 || || — || November 3, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=261 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181261 || || — || November 4, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=262 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181262 || || — || November 4, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || EOS || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=263 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181263 || || — || November 10, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HYG || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=264 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181264 || || — || November 10, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || HYG || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=265 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181265 || || — || November 1, 2005 || Apache Point || A. C. Becker || VER || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=266 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181266 || || — || November 21, 2005 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=267 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181267 || || — || November 22, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=268 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181268 || || — || November 22, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=269 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181269 || || — || November 28, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 6.6 km ||
|-id=270 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181270 || || — || November 25, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=271 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181271 || || — || November 29, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=272 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181272 || || — || November 29, 2005 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.2 km ||
|-id=273 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181273 || || — || December 1, 2005 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || KOR || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=274 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181274 || || — || December 5, 2005 || Pla D'Arguines || Pla D'Arguines Obs. || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=275 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181275 || || — || December 1, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || SHU3:2 || align=right | 6.8 km ||
|-id=276 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181276 || || — || December 1, 2005 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=277 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181277 || || — || December 21, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=278 bgcolor=#C2FFFF
| 181278 || || — || December 22, 2005 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || L5 || align=right | 11 km ||
|-id=279 bgcolor=#C2FFFF
| 181279 Iapyx || || || January 22, 2006 || Tenagra II || J.-C. Merlin || L5 || align=right | 14 km ||
|-id=280 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181280 || || — || March 2, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MAR || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=281 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181281 || || — || May 25, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.87" | 870 m ||
|-id=282 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181282 || || — || May 25, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=283 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181283 || || — || July 19, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=284 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181284 || || — || July 21, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.92" | 920 m ||
|-id=285 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181285 || || — || July 21, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=286 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181286 || || — || July 21, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=287 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181287 || || — || July 24, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=288 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181288 || || — || July 20, 2006 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=289 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181289 || || — || July 21, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=290 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181290 || || — || July 21, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=291 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181291 || || — || August 11, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 8.2 km ||
|-id=292 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181292 || || — || August 13, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || NYS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=293 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181293 || || — || August 13, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || NYS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=294 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181294 || || — || August 13, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=295 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181295 || || — || August 15, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=296 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181296 || || — || August 12, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=297 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181297 || || — || August 15, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.90" | 900 m ||
|-id=298 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181298 Ladányi || 2006 QY || || August 17, 2006 || Piszkéstető || K. Sárneczky || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=299 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181299 || || — || August 17, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.93" | 930 m ||
|-id=300 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181300 || || — || August 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|}
181301–181400
|-bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181301 || || — || August 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=302 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181302 || || — || August 17, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || JUN || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=303 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181303 || || — || August 18, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.87" | 870 m ||
|-id=304 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181304 || || — || August 17, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=305 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181305 || || — || August 17, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || FLO || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=306 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181306 || || — || August 18, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=307 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181307 || || — || August 19, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || NYS || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=308 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181308 || || — || August 19, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=309 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181309 || || — || August 22, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || JUN || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=310 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181310 || || — || August 17, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=311 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181311 || || — || August 17, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=312 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181312 || || — || August 24, 2006 || San Marcello || A. Boattini, L. Tesi || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=313 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181313 || || — || August 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.99" | 990 m ||
|-id=314 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181314 || || — || August 20, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=315 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181315 || || — || August 21, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=316 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181316 || || — || August 21, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=317 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181317 || || — || August 22, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=318 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181318 || || — || August 24, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=319 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181319 || || — || August 24, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || EUN || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=320 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181320 || || — || August 27, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || H || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=321 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181321 || || — || August 23, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=322 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181322 || || — || August 21, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=323 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181323 || || — || August 24, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=324 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181324 || || — || August 24, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.80" | 800 m ||
|-id=325 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181325 || || — || August 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=326 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181326 || || — || August 22, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || H || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=327 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181327 || || — || August 16, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.97" | 970 m ||
|-id=328 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181328 || || — || August 16, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=329 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181329 || || — || August 22, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=330 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181330 || || — || August 28, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=331 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181331 || || — || August 23, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || H || align=right data-sort-value="0.74" | 740 m ||
|-id=332 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181332 || || — || August 23, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || FLO || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=333 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181333 || || — || August 25, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=334 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181334 || || — || August 28, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || AEO || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=335 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181335 || || — || August 29, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || ADE || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=336 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181336 || || — || August 16, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=337 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181337 || || — || August 16, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=338 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181338 || || — || August 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.81" | 810 m ||
|-id=339 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181339 || || — || August 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=340 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181340 || || — || August 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.74" | 740 m ||
|-id=341 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181341 || || — || September 12, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.94" | 940 m ||
|-id=342 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181342 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=343 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181343 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=344 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181344 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.94" | 940 m ||
|-id=345 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181345 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=346 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181346 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=347 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181347 || || — || September 15, 2006 || Goodricke-Pigott || R. A. Tucker || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=348 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181348 || || — || September 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=349 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181349 || || — || September 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=350 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181350 || || — || September 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=351 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181351 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=352 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181352 || || — || September 12, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=353 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181353 || || — || September 13, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=354 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181354 || || — || September 12, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=355 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181355 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.96" | 960 m ||
|-id=356 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181356 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HNS || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=357 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181357 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=358 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181358 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=359 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181359 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=360 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181360 || || — || September 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=361 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181361 || || — || September 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.85" | 850 m ||
|-id=362 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181362 || || — || September 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=363 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181363 || || — || September 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=364 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181364 || || — || September 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=365 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181365 || || — || September 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=366 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181366 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=367 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181367 || || — || September 14, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=368 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181368 || || — || September 16, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=369 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181369 || || — || September 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=370 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181370 || || — || September 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=371 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181371 || || — || September 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=372 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181372 || || — || September 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=373 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181373 || || — || September 16, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || BAR || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=374 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181374 || || — || September 16, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=375 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181375 || || — || September 16, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || FLO || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=376 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181376 || || — || September 16, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=377 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181377 || || — || September 17, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.87" | 870 m ||
|-id=378 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181378 || || — || September 17, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.97" | 970 m ||
|-id=379 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181379 || || — || September 17, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MIS || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=380 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181380 || || — || September 17, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=381 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181381 || || — || September 17, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.90" | 900 m ||
|-id=382 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181382 || || — || September 17, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=383 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181383 || || — || September 16, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=384 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181384 || || — || September 19, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=385 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181385 || || — || September 19, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || V || align=right data-sort-value="0.87" | 870 m ||
|-id=386 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181386 || || — || September 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=387 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181387 || || — || September 17, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=388 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181388 || || — || September 18, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || GEF || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=389 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181389 || || — || September 18, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=390 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181390 || || — || September 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=391 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181391 || || — || September 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=392 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181392 || || — || September 23, 2006 || Piszkéstető || K. Sárneczky, Z. Kuli || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=393 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181393 || || — || September 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MAS || align=right data-sort-value="0.90" | 900 m ||
|-id=394 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181394 || || — || September 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HEN || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=395 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181395 || || — || September 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=396 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181396 || || — || September 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AST || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=397 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181397 || || — || September 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HEN || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=398 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181398 || || — || September 19, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || V || align=right data-sort-value="0.89" | 890 m ||
|-id=399 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181399 || || — || September 21, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=400 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181400 || || — || September 24, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|}
181401–181500
|-bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181401 || || — || September 24, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=402 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181402 || || — || September 24, 2006 || Junk Bond || D. Healy || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=403 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181403 || || — || September 19, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=404 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181404 || || — || September 19, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=405 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181405 || || — || September 21, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || HNS || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=406 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181406 || || — || September 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=407 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181407 || || — || September 17, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=408 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181408 || || — || September 20, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=409 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181409 || || — || September 25, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=410 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181410 || || — || September 24, 2006 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=411 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181411 || || — || September 25, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.93" | 930 m ||
|-id=412 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181412 || || — || September 25, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=413 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181413 || || — || September 25, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=414 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181414 || || — || September 25, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=415 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181415 || || — || September 26, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=416 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181416 || || — || September 26, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.92" | 920 m ||
|-id=417 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181417 || || — || September 27, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.99" | 990 m ||
|-id=418 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181418 || || — || September 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=419 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181419 Dragonera || || || September 28, 2006 || OAM || OAM Obs. || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=420 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181420 || || — || September 26, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=421 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181421 || || — || September 26, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=422 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181422 || || — || September 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=423 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181423 || || — || September 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=424 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181424 || || — || September 28, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=425 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181425 || || — || September 28, 2006 || Goodricke-Pigott || R. A. Tucker || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=426 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181426 || || — || September 17, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=427 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181427 || || — || September 19, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || JUN || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=428 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181428 || || — || September 26, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=429 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181429 || || — || September 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=430 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181430 || || — || September 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.91" | 910 m ||
|-id=431 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181431 || || — || September 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || V || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=432 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181432 || || — || September 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=433 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181433 || || — || September 28, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=434 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181434 || || — || September 28, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AGN || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=435 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181435 || || — || September 28, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=436 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181436 || || — || September 28, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=437 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181437 || || — || September 28, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=438 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181438 || || — || September 30, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || V || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=439 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181439 || || — || September 30, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=440 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181440 || || — || September 27, 2006 || Apache Point || A. C. Becker || TIR || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=441 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181441 || || — || September 28, 2006 || Apache Point || A. C. Becker || HYG || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=442 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181442 || || — || September 19, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=443 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181443 || || — || September 28, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || NYS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=444 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181444 || || — || October 10, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=445 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181445 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || SUL || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=446 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181446 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=447 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181447 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=448 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181448 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=449 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181449 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MIS || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=450 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181450 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=451 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181451 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=452 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181452 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.77" | 770 m ||
|-id=453 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181453 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.00 km ||
|-id=454 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181454 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MRX || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=455 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181455 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=456 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181456 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || V || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=457 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181457 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=458 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181458 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=459 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181459 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=460 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181460 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.90" | 900 m ||
|-id=461 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181461 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=462 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181462 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=463 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181463 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HEN || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=464 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181464 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || FLO || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=465 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181465 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=466 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181466 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=467 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181467 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=468 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181468 || || — || October 13, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || V || align=right data-sort-value="0.80" | 800 m ||
|-id=469 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181469 || || — || October 10, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=470 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181470 || || — || October 10, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=471 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181471 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=472 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181472 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=473 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181473 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=474 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181474 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=475 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181475 || || — || October 13, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=476 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181476 || || — || October 13, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HOF || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=477 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181477 || || — || October 13, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=478 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181478 || || — || October 13, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=479 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181479 || || — || October 13, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=480 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181480 || || — || October 13, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=481 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181481 || || — || October 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=482 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181482 || || — || October 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HOF || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=483 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181483 Ampleforth || || || October 15, 2006 || Côtes de Meuse || M. Dawson || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=484 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181484 || || — || October 12, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 6.5 km ||
|-id=485 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181485 || || — || October 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=486 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181486 || || — || October 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || V || align=right data-sort-value="0.83" | 830 m ||
|-id=487 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181487 || || — || October 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KAR || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=488 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181488 || || — || October 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=489 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181489 || || — || October 11, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || EUN || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=490 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181490 || || — || October 13, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || V || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=491 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181491 || || — || October 1, 2006 || Apache Point || A. C. Becker || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=492 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181492 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Wrightwood || J. W. Young || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=493 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181493 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=494 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181494 || || — || October 16, 2006 || San Marcello || Pistoia Mountains Obs. || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=495 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181495 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=496 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181496 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || EMA || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=497 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181497 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=498 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181498 || || — || October 17, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || THM || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=499 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181499 || || — || October 17, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=500 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181500 || || — || October 17, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|}
181501–181600
|-bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181501 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=502 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181502 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || WIT || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=503 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181503 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=504 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181504 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HEN || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=505 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181505 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=506 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181506 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=507 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181507 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=508 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181508 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || fast? || align=right data-sort-value="0.91" | 910 m ||
|-id=509 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181509 || || — || October 17, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=510 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181510 || || — || October 21, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || Tj (2.98) || align=right | 8.9 km ||
|-id=511 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181511 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=512 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181512 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || ADE || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=513 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181513 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=514 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181514 || || — || October 17, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=515 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181515 || || — || October 17, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=516 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181516 || || — || October 17, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AGN || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=517 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181517 || || — || October 17, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=518 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181518 Ursulakleguin || || || October 17, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=519 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181519 || || — || October 17, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || NYS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=520 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181520 || || — || October 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.94" | 940 m ||
|-id=521 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181521 || || — || October 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=522 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181522 || || — || October 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=523 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181523 || || — || October 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=524 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181524 || || — || October 18, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=525 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181525 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=526 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181526 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=527 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181527 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=528 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181528 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=529 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181529 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=530 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181530 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=531 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181531 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=532 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181532 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=533 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181533 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=534 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181534 || || — || October 20, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=535 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181535 || || — || October 21, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=536 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181536 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=537 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181537 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=538 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181538 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=539 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181539 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=540 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181540 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=541 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181541 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || EUN || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=542 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181542 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=543 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181543 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || GEF || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=544 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181544 || || — || October 19, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=545 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181545 || || — || October 20, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=546 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181546 || || — || October 22, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=547 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181547 || || — || October 31, 2006 || 7300 Observatory || W. K. Y. Yeung || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=548 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181548 || || — || October 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=549 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181549 || || — || October 23, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=550 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181550 || || — || October 27, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=551 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181551 || || — || October 27, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=552 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181552 || || — || October 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=553 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181553 || || — || October 27, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=554 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181554 || || — || October 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || 628 || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=555 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181555 || || — || October 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=556 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181556 || || — || October 28, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.87" | 870 m ||
|-id=557 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181557 || || — || October 28, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=558 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181558 || || — || October 28, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MRX || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=559 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181559 || || — || October 28, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=560 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181560 || || — || October 28, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || KOR || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=561 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181561 || || — || October 28, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=562 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181562 Paulrosendall || || || October 20, 2006 || Kitt Peak || M. W. Buie || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=563 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181563 || || — || October 27, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=564 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181564 || || — || October 17, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=565 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181565 || || — || November 10, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=566 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181566 || || — || November 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || EOS || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=567 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181567 || || — || November 11, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=568 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181568 || || — || November 9, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=569 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181569 Leetyphoon || || || November 9, 2006 || Lulin Observatory || H.-C. Lin, Q.-z. Ye || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=570 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181570 || || — || November 10, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=571 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181571 || || — || November 10, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=572 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181572 || || — || November 10, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=573 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181573 || || — || November 11, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=574 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181574 || || — || November 10, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HOF || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=575 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181575 || || — || November 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || WIT || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=576 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181576 || || — || November 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=577 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181577 || || — || November 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=578 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181578 || || — || November 11, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || EOS || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=579 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181579 || || — || November 11, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || V || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=580 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181580 || || — || November 12, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || HOF || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=581 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181581 || || — || November 14, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || FLO || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=582 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181582 || || — || November 12, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=583 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181583 || || — || November 13, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=584 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181584 || || — || November 13, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=585 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181585 || || — || November 14, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=586 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181586 || || — || November 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=587 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181587 || || — || November 15, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=588 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181588 || || — || November 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=589 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181589 || || — || November 15, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=590 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181590 || || — || November 15, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=591 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181591 || || — || November 15, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=592 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181592 || || — || November 15, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=593 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181593 || || — || November 9, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || HOF || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|-id=594 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181594 || || — || November 8, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=595 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181595 || || — || November 15, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || MAS || align=right data-sort-value="0.80" | 800 m ||
|-id=596 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181596 || || — || November 18, 2006 || Pla D'Arguines || R. Ferrando || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=597 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181597 || || — || November 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=598 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181598 || || — || November 17, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || VER || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=599 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181599 || || — || November 17, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || NEM || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=600 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181600 || || — || November 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || 615 || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|}
181601–181700
|-bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181601 || || — || November 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=602 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181602 || || — || November 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=603 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181603 || || — || November 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=604 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181604 || || — || November 16, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.94" | 940 m ||
|-id=605 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181605 || || — || November 16, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=606 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181606 || || — || November 16, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=607 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181607 || || — || November 17, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=608 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181608 || || — || November 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=609 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181609 || || — || November 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=610 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181610 || || — || November 19, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=611 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181611 || || — || November 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=612 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181612 || || — || November 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AGN || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=613 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181613 || || — || November 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=614 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181614 || || — || November 19, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AST || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=615 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181615 || || — || November 20, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=616 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181616 || || — || November 25, 2006 || Goodricke-Pigott || R. A. Tucker || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=617 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181617 || || — || November 20, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=618 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181618 || || — || November 20, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || 3:2 || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=619 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181619 || || — || November 23, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=620 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181620 || || — || November 23, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AGN || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=621 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181621 || || — || November 23, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HEN || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=622 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181622 || || — || November 17, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || EOS || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=623 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181623 || || — || November 25, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=624 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181624 || || — || November 27, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=625 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181625 || || — || November 27, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=626 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181626 || || — || December 8, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=627 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181627 Philgeluck || || || December 8, 2006 || Tenagra II || J.-C. Merlin || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=628 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181628 || || — || December 9, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=629 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181629 || || — || December 9, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=630 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181630 || || — || December 9, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=631 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181631 || || — || December 10, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=632 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181632 || || — || December 10, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=633 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181633 || || — || December 10, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || SHU3:2 || align=right | 6.6 km ||
|-id=634 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181634 || || — || December 11, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=635 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181635 || || — || December 12, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=636 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181636 || || — || December 12, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=637 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181637 || || — || December 12, 2006 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=638 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181638 || || — || December 11, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || WIT || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=639 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181639 || || — || December 12, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NEM || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=640 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181640 || || — || December 13, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=641 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181641 || || — || December 13, 2006 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=642 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181642 || || — || December 12, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || HYG || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=643 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181643 || || — || December 17, 2006 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=644 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181644 || || — || December 20, 2006 || Palomar || NEAT || — || align=right | 7.3 km ||
|-id=645 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181645 || || — || December 22, 2006 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=646 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181646 || || — || January 10, 2007 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || EOS || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=647 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181647 || || — || February 9, 2007 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || 3:2 || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=648 bgcolor=#C2FFFF
| 181648 || || — || March 6, 2007 || Palomar || NEAT || L5 || align=right | 12 km ||
|-id=649 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181649 || || — || October 11, 2007 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MAS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=650 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181650 || || — || October 16, 2007 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=651 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181651 || || — || October 30, 2007 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || HOF || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=652 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181652 || || — || November 2, 2007 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=653 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181653 || || — || November 2, 2007 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=654 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181654 || || — || November 5, 2007 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=655 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181655 || || — || November 14, 2007 || RAS || A. Lowe || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=656 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181656 || || — || November 7, 2007 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=657 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181657 || || — || November 13, 2007 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=658 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181658 || || — || November 12, 2007 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=659 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181659 || || — || December 3, 2007 || Catalina || CSS || KOR || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=660 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181660 || || — || December 30, 2007 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.74" | 740 m ||
|-id=661 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181661 Alessandro || || || December 29, 2007 || Suno || Suno Obs. || EOS || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=662 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181662 || || — || December 31, 2007 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=663 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181663 || || — || January 7, 2008 || Lulin Observatory || LUSS || V || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=664 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181664 || || — || January 10, 2008 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=665 bgcolor=#C2FFFF
| 181665 || || — || January 12, 2008 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || L5 || align=right | 15 km ||
|-id=666 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181666 || || — || January 13, 2008 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=667 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181667 || || — || January 10, 2008 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=668 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181668 || || — || January 10, 2008 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MAS || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=669 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181669 || || — || January 11, 2008 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=670 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181670 Kengyun || || || January 28, 2008 || Lulin Observatory || C.-S. Lin, Q.-z. Ye || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=671 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181671 || || — || January 31, 2008 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=672 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181672 || || — || January 31, 2008 || Mount Lemmon || Mount Lemmon Survey || — || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=673 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181673 || || — || January 30, 2008 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=674 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181674 || || — || February 7, 2008 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.80" | 800 m ||
|-id=675 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181675 || || — || February 9, 2008 || RAS || A. Lowe || HIL3:2 || align=right | 11 km ||
|-id=676 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181676 || 2213 P-L || — || October 22, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=677 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181677 || 2617 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=678 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181678 || 2667 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.90" | 900 m ||
|-id=679 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181679 || 2724 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=680 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181680 || 4290 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.83" | 830 m ||
|-id=681 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181681 || 4746 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=682 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181682 || 4786 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=683 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181683 || 4803 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || MAS || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=684 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181684 || 6330 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=685 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181685 || 6645 P-L || — || September 27, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=686 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181686 || 6712 P-L || — || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=687 bgcolor=#FA8072
| 181687 || 9568 P-L || — || October 22, 1960 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=688 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181688 || 2331 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.90" | 900 m ||
|-id=689 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181689 || 3093 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || PLS || EOS || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=690 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181690 || 3174 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=691 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181691 || 4089 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=692 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181692 || 4621 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=693 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181693 || 5096 T-2 || — || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=694 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181694 || 1049 T-3 || — || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || PLS || BRA || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=695 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181695 || 3007 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=696 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181696 || 3113 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=697 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181697 || 5185 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 6.9 km ||
|-id=698 bgcolor=#FA8072
| 181698 || 5684 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=699 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181699 || 5701 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || PLS || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=700 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181700 || || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|}
181701–181800
|-bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181701 || || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=702 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181702 Forcalquier || || || September 15, 1988 || Haute Provence || E. W. Elst || ERI || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=703 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181703 || 1988 TS || — || October 13, 1988 || Kushiro || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda || — || align=right | 6.6 km ||
|-id=704 bgcolor=#FA8072
| 181704 || 1989 NA || — || July 2, 1989 || Palomar || E. F. Helin || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=705 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181705 || 1989 RY || — || September 3, 1989 || Haute Provence || E. W. Elst || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=706 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181706 || || — || October 31, 1991 || Kushiro || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda || — || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=707 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181707 || || — || March 1, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=708 bgcolor=#C2E0FF
| 181708 || 1993 FW || — || March 28, 1993 || Mauna Kea || D. C. Jewitt, J. X. Luu || cubewano (hot) || align=right | 186 km ||
|-id=709 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181709 || || — || March 19, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || 628 || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=710 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181710 || || — || September 17, 1993 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=711 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181711 || || — || September 22, 1993 || La Silla || H. Debehogne, E. W. Elst || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=712 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181712 || || — || October 9, 1993 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || GER || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=713 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181713 || || — || October 9, 1993 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || — || align=right | 2.0 km ||
|-id=714 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181714 || || — || October 9, 1993 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || — || align=right | 4.7 km ||
|-id=715 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181715 || || — || October 9, 1993 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=716 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181716 || || — || January 18, 1994 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=717 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181717 || || — || April 6, 1994 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=718 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181718 || || — || September 28, 1994 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=719 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181719 || || — || October 26, 1994 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.87" | 870 m ||
|-id=720 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181720 || || — || December 31, 1994 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=721 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181721 || || — || January 29, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.84" | 840 m ||
|-id=722 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181722 || 1995 CU || — || February 1, 1995 || San Marcello || A. Boattini, L. Tesi || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=723 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181723 || || — || February 24, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=724 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181724 || || — || March 27, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.00 km ||
|-id=725 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181725 || || — || March 31, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || JUN || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=726 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181726 || || — || June 29, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=727 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181727 || || — || August 25, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AEG || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=728 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181728 || || — || September 17, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || V || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=729 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181729 || || — || September 18, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.9 km ||
|-id=730 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181730 || || — || September 22, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=731 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181731 || || — || September 24, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=732 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181732 || || — || September 18, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=733 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181733 || || — || October 15, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.94" | 940 m ||
|-id=734 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181734 || || — || October 23, 1995 || San Marcello || L. Tesi, A. Boattini || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=735 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181735 || || — || October 17, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.83" | 830 m ||
|-id=736 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181736 || || — || October 19, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=737 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181737 || || — || October 25, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.82" | 820 m ||
|-id=738 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181738 || || — || October 17, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=739 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181739 || || — || October 23, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=740 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181740 || || — || November 14, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=741 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181741 || || — || November 15, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=742 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181742 || || — || November 17, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=743 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181743 || || — || December 14, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || 637 || align=right | 2.5 km ||
|-id=744 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181744 || || — || December 18, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.92" | 920 m ||
|-id=745 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181745 || || — || December 22, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=746 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181746 || || — || January 13, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.88" | 880 m ||
|-id=747 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181747 || || — || January 16, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HYG || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=748 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181748 || || — || February 26, 1996 || Siding Spring || R. H. McNaught || H || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=749 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181749 || || — || March 12, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HYG || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=750 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181750 || || — || March 19, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=751 bgcolor=#C2FFFF
| 181751 Phaenops || || || April 17, 1996 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || L5 || align=right | 15 km ||
|-id=752 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181752 || || — || May 11, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=753 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181753 || || — || September 7, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=754 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181754 || || — || September 13, 1996 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=755 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181755 || || — || October 4, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MRX || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=756 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181756 || || — || October 7, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AGN || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=757 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181757 || || — || October 7, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=758 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181758 || || — || October 10, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=759 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181759 || || — || October 4, 1996 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=760 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181760 || || — || October 7, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KOR || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=761 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181761 || || — || November 10, 1996 || Sudbury || D. di Cicco || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=762 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181762 || || — || November 6, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.78" | 780 m ||
|-id=763 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181763 || || — || November 10, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MAS || align=right | 1.00 km ||
|-id=764 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181764 || || — || November 10, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=765 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181765 || || — || December 1, 1996 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=766 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181766 || || — || January 12, 1997 || Kleť || Kleť Obs. || — || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=767 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181767 || || — || February 1, 1997 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=768 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181768 || || — || February 6, 1997 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=769 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181769 || || — || February 13, 1997 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=770 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181770 || || — || March 10, 1997 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=771 bgcolor=#FA8072
| 181771 || || — || April 5, 1997 || Haleakala || NEAT || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=772 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181772 || || — || June 6, 1997 || Mauna Kea || C. Veillet || EUN || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=773 bgcolor=#C2FFFF
| 181773 || || — || June 2, 1997 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || L5 || align=right | 11 km ||
|-id=774 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181774 || || — || June 7, 1997 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || — || align=right | 7.2 km ||
|-id=775 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181775 || || — || October 3, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=776 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181776 || || — || October 2, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || — || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=777 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181777 || || — || October 2, 1997 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NEM || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=778 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181778 || || — || October 21, 1997 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HIL3:2 || align=right | 7.9 km ||
|-id=779 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181779 || || — || October 28, 1997 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || ADE || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=780 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181780 || || — || November 23, 1997 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.87" | 870 m ||
|-id=781 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181781 || || — || December 23, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=782 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181782 || || — || January 2, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=783 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181783 || || — || January 25, 1998 || Modra || A. Galád || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=784 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181784 || || — || January 22, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=785 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181785 || || — || January 25, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=786 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181786 || || — || January 29, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=787 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181787 || || — || February 23, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=788 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181788 || || — || February 23, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.92" | 920 m ||
|-id=789 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181789 || || — || February 24, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || AGN || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=790 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181790 || || — || February 23, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || KAR || align=right | 1.9 km ||
|-id=791 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181791 || || — || March 8, 1998 || Xinglong || SCAP || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.92" | 920 m ||
|-id=792 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181792 || || — || March 20, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=793 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181793 || || — || April 18, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=794 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181794 || || — || April 22, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HYG || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=795 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181795 || || — || April 21, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=796 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181796 || || — || April 23, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=797 bgcolor=#FA8072
| 181797 || || — || June 19, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=798 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181798 || || — || June 26, 1998 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=799 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181799 || || — || July 24, 1998 || Caussols || ODAS || NYS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=800 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181800 || || — || August 22, 1998 || Xinglong || SCAP || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|}
181801–181900
|-bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181801 || || — || August 17, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.99" | 990 m ||
|-id=802 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181802 || || — || August 26, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=803 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181803 || || — || August 24, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || MEL || align=right | 7.4 km ||
|-id=804 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181804 || || — || August 24, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || TIR || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|-id=805 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181805 || || — || August 24, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || MEL || align=right | 7.1 km ||
|-id=806 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181806 || || — || August 19, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=807 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181807 || || — || August 19, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.8 km ||
|-id=808 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181808 || || — || August 25, 1998 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || NYS || align=right | 2.2 km ||
|-id=809 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181809 || || — || September 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=810 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181810 || || — || September 14, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.92" | 920 m ||
|-id=811 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181811 || || — || September 14, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=812 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181812 || || — || September 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.89" | 890 m ||
|-id=813 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181813 || || — || September 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=814 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181814 || || — || September 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=815 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181815 || || — || September 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=816 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181816 || || — || September 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=817 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181817 || || — || September 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=818 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181818 || || — || September 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=819 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181819 || || — || September 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=820 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181820 || || — || September 18, 1998 || Caussols || ODAS || H || align=right data-sort-value="0.95" | 950 m ||
|-id=821 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181821 || || — || September 20, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || SUL || align=right | 2.7 km ||
|-id=822 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181822 || || — || September 17, 1998 || Xinglong || SCAP || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=823 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181823 || || — || September 21, 1998 || Višnjan Observatory || Višnjan Obs. || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=824 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181824 Königsleiten || || || September 24, 1998 || Drebach || G. Lehmann, J. Kandler || NYS || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=825 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181825 || || — || September 23, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=826 bgcolor=#FA8072
| 181826 || || — || September 22, 1998 || Bergisch Gladbach || W. Bickel || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=827 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181827 || || — || September 26, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=828 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181828 || || — || September 17, 1998 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=829 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181829 Houyunde || || || September 25, 1998 || Xinglong || SCAP || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=830 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181830 || || — || September 26, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=831 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181831 || || — || September 26, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.5 km ||
|-id=832 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181832 || || — || September 26, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=833 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181833 || || — || September 26, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=834 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181834 || || — || September 26, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=835 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181835 || || — || September 26, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=836 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181836 || || — || September 26, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=837 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181837 || || — || September 26, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 7.0 km ||
|-id=838 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181838 || || — || September 18, 1998 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=839 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181839 || || — || October 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=840 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181840 || || — || October 13, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=841 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181841 || || — || October 14, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=842 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181842 || || — || October 15, 1998 || Caussols || ODAS || NYS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=843 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181843 || || — || October 13, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=844 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181844 || || — || October 15, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=845 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181845 || || — || October 11, 1998 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=846 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181846 || || — || October 20, 1998 || Caussols || ODAS || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=847 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181847 || || — || October 16, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || 7:4 || align=right | 6.9 km ||
|-id=848 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181848 || || — || October 23, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=849 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181849 || || — || October 17, 1998 || Xinglong || SCAP || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=850 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181850 || || — || October 24, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=851 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181851 || || — || October 17, 1998 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=852 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181852 || || — || November 10, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=853 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181853 || || — || November 21, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=854 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181854 || || — || November 21, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=855 bgcolor=#C2E0FF
| 181855 || || — || November 18, 1998 || Kitt Peak || M. W. Buie || other TNOcritical || align=right | 128 km ||
|-id=856 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181856 || || — || December 9, 1998 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=857 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181857 || || — || December 8, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=858 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181858 || || — || December 8, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || MAS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=859 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181859 || || — || December 8, 1998 || Caussols || ODAS || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=860 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181860 || || — || December 10, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.1 km ||
|-id=861 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181861 || || — || December 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=862 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181862 || || — || December 14, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=863 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181863 || || — || December 12, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=864 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181864 || || — || January 10, 1999 || Xinglong || SCAP || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=865 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181865 || || — || January 19, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=866 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181866 || || — || February 14, 1999 || Caussols || ODAS || — || align=right | 2.8 km ||
|-id=867 bgcolor=#C2E0FF
| 181867 || || — || February 10, 1999 || Mauna Kea || D. C. Jewitt, C. Trujillo, J. X. Luu || res3:7 || align=right | 147 km ||
|-id=868 bgcolor=#C2E0FF
| 181868 || || — || February 11, 1999 || Mauna Kea || J. X. Luu, C. Trujillo, D. C. Jewitt || SDOcritical || align=right | 141 km ||
|-id=869 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181869 || || — || February 11, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || ADE || align=right | 3.6 km ||
|-id=870 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181870 || || — || February 8, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=871 bgcolor=#C2E0FF
| 181871 || || — || February 12, 1999 || Mauna Kea || C. Trujillo, J. X. Luu, D. C. Jewitt || res4:7critical || align=right | 152 km ||
|-id=872 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181872 Cathaysa || || || March 21, 1999 || Apache Point || SDSS || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=873 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181873 || || — || April 12, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=874 bgcolor=#C2E0FF
| 181874 || || — || April 18, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Kitt Peak Obs. || other TNO || align=right | 176 km ||
|-id=875 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181875 || || — || May 13, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=876 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181876 || || — || May 12, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=877 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181877 || || — || June 11, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=878 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181878 || 1999 OT || — || July 17, 1999 || Bergisch Gladbach || W. Bickel || — || align=right | 3.3 km ||
|-id=879 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181879 || || — || August 9, 1999 || Prescott || P. G. Comba || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.97" | 970 m ||
|-id=880 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181880 || || — || August 6, 1999 || Cerro Tololo || J. W. Parker || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.91" | 910 m ||
|-id=881 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181881 || || — || August 8, 1999 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=882 bgcolor=#FA8072
| 181882 || || — || September 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || PHO || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=883 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181883 || || — || September 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || PHO || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=884 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181884 || || — || September 8, 1999 || Ondřejov || L. Kotková || TIR || align=right | 2.6 km ||
|-id=885 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181885 || || — || September 9, 1999 || Višnjan Observatory || K. Korlević || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=886 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181886 || || — || September 9, 1999 || Eskridge || G. Bell, G. Hug || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=887 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181887 || || — || September 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=888 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181888 || || — || September 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.96" | 960 m ||
|-id=889 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181889 || || — || September 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=890 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181890 || || — || September 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=891 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181891 || || — || September 8, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=892 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181892 || || — || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.98" | 980 m ||
|-id=893 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181893 || || — || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=894 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181894 || || — || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=895 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181895 || || — || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.94" | 940 m ||
|-id=896 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181896 || || — || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=897 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181897 || || — || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=898 bgcolor=#FA8072
| 181898 || || — || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=899 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181899 || || — || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=900 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181900 || || — || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.2 km ||
|}
181901–182000
|-bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181901 || || — || September 6, 1999 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.88" | 880 m ||
|-id=902 bgcolor=#C2E0FF
| 181902 || || — || September 6, 1999 || Mauna Kea || C. Trujillo, J. X. Luu, D. C. Jewitt || SDOcritical || align=right | 155 km ||
|-id=903 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181903 || || — || September 8, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.6 km ||
|-id=904 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181904 || || — || September 8, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.1 km ||
|-id=905 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181905 || || — || September 20, 1999 || Ondřejov || L. Kotková || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=906 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181906 || || — || September 29, 1999 || Višnjan Observatory || K. Korlević || — || align=right | 3.2 km ||
|-id=907 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181907 || || — || September 29, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=908 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181908 || || — || September 29, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=909 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181909 || || — || October 12, 1999 || Ondřejov || P. Pravec, P. Kušnirák || — || align=right | 3.8 km ||
|-id=910 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181910 || || — || October 2, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.0 km ||
|-id=911 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181911 || || — || October 3, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=912 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181912 || || — || October 2, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.79" | 790 m ||
|-id=913 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181913 || || — || October 3, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.86" | 860 m ||
|-id=914 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181914 || || — || October 4, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.82" | 820 m ||
|-id=915 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181915 || || — || October 4, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=916 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181916 || || — || October 6, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.1 km ||
|-id=917 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181917 || || — || October 9, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || THM || align=right | 2.9 km ||
|-id=918 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181918 || || — || October 10, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.79" | 790 m ||
|-id=919 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181919 || || — || October 10, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || FLO || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=920 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181920 || || — || October 11, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 3.5 km ||
|-id=921 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181921 || || — || October 11, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HYG || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=922 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181922 || || — || October 11, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.96" | 960 m ||
|-id=923 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181923 || || — || October 3, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=924 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181924 || || — || October 4, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=925 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181925 || || — || October 4, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=926 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181926 || || — || October 6, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=927 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181927 || || — || October 6, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=928 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181928 || || — || October 6, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=929 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181929 || || — || October 6, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.6 km ||
|-id=930 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181930 || || — || October 6, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || EUP || align=right | 7.6 km ||
|-id=931 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181931 || || — || October 6, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.1 km ||
|-id=932 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181932 || || — || October 6, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.00 km ||
|-id=933 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181933 || || — || October 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=934 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181934 || || — || October 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.95" | 950 m ||
|-id=935 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181935 || || — || October 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=936 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181936 || || — || October 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.92" | 920 m ||
|-id=937 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181937 || || — || October 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=938 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181938 || || — || October 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || VER || align=right | 5.3 km ||
|-id=939 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181939 || || — || October 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=940 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181940 || || — || October 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || 3:2 || align=right | 8.1 km ||
|-id=941 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181941 || || — || October 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || HYG || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=942 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181942 || || — || October 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.5 km ||
|-id=943 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181943 || || — || October 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=944 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181944 || || — || October 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=945 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181945 || || — || October 13, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=946 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181946 || || — || October 13, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=947 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181947 || || — || October 15, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 5.6 km ||
|-id=948 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181948 || || — || October 15, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=949 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181949 || || — || October 1, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=950 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181950 || || — || October 2, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.8 km ||
|-id=951 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181951 || || — || October 1, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=952 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181952 || || — || October 5, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || — || align=right | 1.4 km ||
|-id=953 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181953 || || — || October 7, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || HYG || align=right | 5.4 km ||
|-id=954 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181954 || || — || October 15, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.91" | 910 m ||
|-id=955 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181955 || || — || October 3, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.0 km ||
|-id=956 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181956 || || — || October 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.91" | 910 m ||
|-id=957 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181957 || || — || October 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.91" | 910 m ||
|-id=958 bgcolor=#FA8072
| 181958 || || — || October 30, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=959 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181959 || || — || October 31, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.84" | 840 m ||
|-id=960 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181960 || || — || October 28, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || ALA || align=right | 7.5 km ||
|-id=961 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181961 || || — || October 31, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right data-sort-value="0.85" | 850 m ||
|-id=962 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181962 || || — || October 31, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=963 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181963 || || — || October 16, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 4.3 km ||
|-id=964 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181964 || || — || October 16, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || URS || align=right | 6.9 km ||
|-id=965 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181965 || || — || October 18, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || V || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=966 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181966 || || — || October 20, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.7 km ||
|-id=967 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181967 || || — || October 30, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.96" | 960 m ||
|-id=968 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181968 || || — || October 30, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || TIR || align=right | 5.5 km ||
|-id=969 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181969 || || — || November 2, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.76" | 760 m ||
|-id=970 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181970 || || — || November 2, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || FLO || align=right data-sort-value="0.84" | 840 m ||
|-id=971 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181971 || || — || November 2, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.88" | 880 m ||
|-id=972 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181972 || || — || November 12, 1999 || Farra d'Isonzo || Farra d'Isonzo || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.96" | 960 m ||
|-id=973 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181973 || || — || November 3, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.4 km ||
|-id=974 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181974 || || — || November 3, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || FLO || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=975 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181975 || || — || November 3, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=976 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181976 || || — || November 4, 1999 || Catalina || CSS || NYS || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=977 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181977 || || — || November 4, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=978 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181978 || || — || November 4, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | 3.7 km ||
|-id=979 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181979 || || — || November 4, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.3 km ||
|-id=980 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181980 || || — || November 4, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.81" | 810 m ||
|-id=981 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181981 || || — || November 4, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 3.9 km ||
|-id=982 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181982 || || — || November 5, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HYG || align=right | 4.4 km ||
|-id=983 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181983 || || — || November 4, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 2.3 km ||
|-id=984 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181984 || || — || November 5, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=985 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181985 || || — || November 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=986 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181986 || || — || November 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 3.4 km ||
|-id=987 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181987 || || — || November 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.87" | 870 m ||
|-id=988 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181988 || || — || November 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.82" | 820 m ||
|-id=989 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181989 || || — || November 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || EUT || align=right data-sort-value="0.88" | 880 m ||
|-id=990 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181990 || || — || November 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=991 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181991 || || — || November 4, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || NYS || align=right data-sort-value="0.73" | 730 m ||
|-id=992 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181992 || || — || November 9, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || VER || align=right | 4.0 km ||
|-id=993 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 181993 || || — || November 9, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || HYG || align=right | 4.2 km ||
|-id=994 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181994 || || — || November 14, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.2 km ||
|-id=995 bgcolor=#E9E9E9
| 181995 || || — || November 14, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.8 km ||
|-id=996 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181996 || || — || November 14, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=997 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181997 || || — || November 6, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=998 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181998 || || — || November 12, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right data-sort-value="0.97" | 970 m ||
|-id=999 bgcolor=#fefefe
| 181999 || || — || November 29, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || — || align=right | 1.1 km ||
|-id=000 bgcolor=#d6d6d6
| 182000 || || — || November 16, 1999 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || URS || align=right | 5.0 km ||
|}
References
External links
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (180001)–(185000) (IAU Minor Planet Center)
0181 |
31515698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisuke%20Fujiwara | Keisuke Fujiwara | Keisuke Fujiwara ( Fujiwara Keisuke,; born September 17, 1982) is a Japanese mixed martial artist with a background in kickboxing.
Biography
Kickboxing
While studying at art school, Fujiware joined Oguni-Gym to learn kickboxing. He got a license as a professional kickboxer. In 2004, he moved to Akimoto Dojo Jungle Junction and started leaning MMA.
Debut in 3 rules
On November 23, 2006, Fujiwara made a debut in a grappling match of ZST. He fought against Masato Arai, but the bout was decided as a draw because of time over.
On August 26, 2007, he made a debut in a MMA match of ZST. He fought against Hitoshi Makino and won by submission with triangle choke.
On May 20, 2007, he knocked out Ichiro Sugita during the 1st round, and won the Genesis tournament at bantamweight in ZST.
On February 24, 2008, he made a debut in kickboxing match under shoot boxing rule against Tatsuya Umemiya. He won by TKO when he cut Umemiya's right eye during 1st round.
Winning first title
On May 24, 2009, he fought against Yukito for the vacant 1st bantamweight title of ZST. He won by TKO with punches and became the 1st champion.
On October 25, 2009, he was offered to fight against Tomoya Miyashita in DREAM, but lost by unanimous decision after 3rd round.
On February 20, 2010, he had a rematch against Shunichi Shimizu to defend his ZST title, and retained his title by decision after 5th round. After the bout, he announced that he wanted to challenge DREAM again.
On November 25, 2010, he fought against Mariusz Cieśliński, a Polish kickboxer, in Poland under K-1 rule, but lost by unanimous decision.
On February 6, 2011, he had a rematch against Toshihiro Shimizu to defend his ZST title, and retained his title by submission with triangle choke during 5th round.
On May 29, 2011, he challenged DREAM again to participate in the bantamweight tournament.
Fighting Records
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Win
|align=center| 16–9–5
| Kohei Kuraoka
| TKO (punches)
| Zst 43: 12th Anniversary
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 4:28
|Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
|align=center| 15–9–5
| Alan Yoshihiro Yamaniwa
| Draw (time limit)
| Zst: Zst in Yokosuka Vol.1
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| Yokosuka, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
|align=center| 15–9–4
| Naohiro Mizuno
| Decision (Split)
| Shooto - 2nd Round 2014
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
|align=center| 15–8–4
| Ulka Sasaki
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Shooto - 1st Round 2014
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 4:35
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 15–7–4
| Takumi Murata
| Decision (unanimous)
| ZST.37
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 14–7–4
| Hideto Okada
| Decision (majority)
| ZST.36
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
|align=center| 13–7–4
| Shunichi Shimizu
| Decision (unanimous)
| ZST.33 - 10th Anniversary
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
|align=center| 13–6–4
| Aslan Toktarbaev
| Decision (unanimous)
| Rings - Vol.2: Conquisito
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 13–5–4
| Kenichi Ito
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| ZST - Battle Hazard 6
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 12–5–4
| Tetsuya Fusano
| Decision (unanimous)
| ZST.31
|
|align=center| 5
|align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
|align=center| 11–5–4
| Melvin Blumer
| Decision (unanimous)
| ZST.30
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
|align=center| 11–4–4
| Kenji Osawa
| Decision (unanimous)
| Dream.17
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
|align=center| 11–3–4
| Masakazu Imanari
| Decision (unanimous)
| Dream: Fight for Japan!
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 11–2–4
| Toshihiro Shimizu
| Submission (triangle choke)
| ZST.27
|
|align=center| 5
|align=center| 3:46
| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 10–2–4
| Naohiro Hasegawa
| Submission (triangle choke)
| ZST.25
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 2:06
| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
|align=center| 9–2–4
| Tatsumitsu Wada
| Draw
| ZST Battle Hazard 04
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 9–2–3
| Ichiro Sugita
| KO (punch)
| ZST.24
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 1:20
| Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 8–2–3
| Shunichi Shimizu
| Decision (unanimous)
| ZST.23
|
|align=center| 5
|align=center| 5:00
| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
|align=center| 7–2–3
| Tomoya Miyashita
| Decision (unanimous)
| Dream 12
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| Osaka, Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
|align=center| 7–1–3
| Wataru Inatsu
| Draw
| ZST.21
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 7–1–2
| Yuichiro Shirai
| TKO (punches)
| ZST.20
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 4:37
| Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 6–1–2
| Ryosuke Tamura
| KO (punch)
| ZST.19
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 2:33
| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 5–1–2
| Shunichi Shimizu
| KO (punch)
| ZST.18
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 0:56
| Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 4–1–2
| Tokuaki Ninomiya
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| ZST.15
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 1:04
| Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
|align=center| 3–1–2
| Ranki Kawana
| TKO (doctor stoppage)
| ZST.14
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:59
| Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 3–0–2
| Toshihiro Shimizu
| Submission (triangle choke)
| ZST SWAT! 13
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 1:22
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
|align=center| 2–0–2
| Ranki Kawana
| Draw
| ZST.13
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 2–0–1
| Ichiro Sugita
| KO (front kick)
| ZST SWAT! 11, Tournament Final
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 0:29
| Ōta, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 1–0–1
| Satoshi Shinhori
| Decision (unanimous)
| ZST SWAT! 10, Tournament Semi-final
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Ota, Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
|align=center| 0–0–1
| Hitoshi Makino
| Draw
| ZST SWAT! 09
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
| Ōta, Tokyo, Japan
|
Professional grappling
|- bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
| 2006-11-23 || Draw ||align=left| Masato Arai || ZST.11 || Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan || Time Over || 1 || 5:00
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:
Professional kickboxing
|- bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2010-11-25 || Loss ||align=left| Mariusz Cieśliński || KOK World GP 2010 in Warsaw || Warsaw, Poland || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|- bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2008-09-12 || Loss ||align=left| Koya Shimada || Shoot boxing 2008 Road to S-cup 5 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-06-28 || Win ||align=left| Akihiro Okuwa || Shoot boxing Young Caesar Cup 2007 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 2:00
|- bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
| 2008-05-18 || Draw ||align=left| Akihiro Okuwa || ZST.17 || Tokyo, Japan || Time Over || 2 || 3:00
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-02-24 || Win ||align=left| Tatsuya Uematsu || ZST.16 || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (Cut) || 1 || 1:58
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:
Titles
ZST Genesis Tournament 2007 Bantamweight winner
ZST Bantamweight champion
References
External links
Official blog
Profile from Akimoto Dojo Jungle Junction
1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Saitama Prefecture
Japanese male mixed martial artists
Bantamweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing kickboxing
Japanese male kickboxers |
612479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20line | Hydrogen line | The hydrogen line, 21 centimeter line, or H I line is a spectral line that is created by a change in the energy state of solitary, electrically neutral hydrogen atoms. It is produced by a spin-flip transition, which means the direction of the electron's spin is reversed relative to the spin of the proton. This is a quantum state change between the two hyperfine levels of the hydrogen 1 s ground state. The electromagnetic radiation producing this line has a frequency of (1.42 GHz), which is equivalent to a wavelength of in a vacuum. According to the Planck–Einstein relation , the photon emitted by this transition has an energy of []. The constant of proportionality, , is known as the Planck constant.
The hydrogen line frequency lies in the L band, which is located in the lower end of the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is frequently observed in radio astronomy because those radio waves can penetrate the large clouds of interstellar cosmic dust that are opaque to visible light. The existence of this line was predicted by Dutch astronomer H. van de Hulst in 1944, then directly observed by E. M. Purcell and his student H. E. Ewen in 1951. Observations of the hydrogen line have been used to reveal the spiral shape of the Milky Way, to calculate the mass and dynamics of individual galaxies, and to test for changes to the fine-structure constant over time. It is of particular importance to cosmology because it can be used to study the early Universe. Due to its fundamental properties, this line is of interest in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. This line is the theoretical basis of the hydrogen maser.
Cause
An atom of neutral hydrogen consists of an electron bound to a proton. The lowest stationary energy state of the bound electron is called its ground state. Both the electron and the proton have intrinsic magnetic dipole moments ascribed to their spin, whose interaction results in a slight increase in energy when the spins are parallel, and a decrease when antiparallel. The fact that only parallel and antiparallel states are allowed is a result of the quantum mechanical discretization of the total angular momentum of the system. When the spins are parallel, the magnetic dipole moments are antiparallel (because the electron and proton have opposite charge), thus one would expect this configuration to actually have lower energy just as two magnets will align so that the north pole of one is closest to the south pole of the other. This logic fails here because the wave functions of the electron and the proton overlap; that is, the electron is not spatially displaced from the proton, but encompasses it. The magnetic dipole moments are therefore best thought of as tiny current loops. As parallel currents attract, the parallel magnetic dipole moments (i.e., antiparallel spins) have lower energy.
In the ground state, the spin-flip transition between these aligned states has an energy difference of . When applied to the Planck relation, this gives:
where is the wavelength of an emitted photon, is its frequency, is the photon energy, is the Planck constant, and is the speed of light. In a laboratory setting, the hydrogen line parameters have been more precisely measured as:
λ = 21.106114054160(30) cm
ν = 1420405751.768(2) Hz
in a vacuum.
This transition is highly forbidden with an extremely small transition rate of , and a mean lifetime of the excited state of around 11 million years. Collisions of neutral hydrogen atoms with electrons or other atoms can help promote the emission of 21-cm photons. A spontaneous occurrence of the transition is unlikely to be seen in a laboratory on Earth, but it can be artificially induced through stimulated emission using a hydrogen maser. It is commonly observed in astronomical settings such as hydrogen clouds in our galaxy and others. Because of the uncertainty principle, its long lifetime gives the line an extremely small natural width, so most broadening is due to Doppler shifts caused by bulk motion or nonzero temperature of the emitting regions.
Discovery
During the 1930s, it was noticed that there was a radio "hiss" that varied on a daily cycle and appeared to be extraterrestrial in origin. After initial suggestions that this was due to the Sun, it was observed that the radio waves seemed to propagate from the centre of the Galaxy. These discoveries were published in 1940 and were noted by Jan Oort who knew that significant advances could be made in astronomy if there were emission lines in the radio part of the spectrum. He referred this to Hendrik van de Hulst who, in 1944, predicted that neutral hydrogen could produce radiation at a frequency of due to two closely spaced energy levels in the ground state of the hydrogen atom.
The 21 cm line (1420.4 MHz) was first detected in 1951 by Ewen and Purcell at Harvard University, and published after their data was corroborated by Dutch astronomers Muller and Oort, and by Christiansen and Hindman in Australia. After 1952 the first maps of the neutral hydrogen in the Galaxy were made, and revealed for the first time the spiral structure of the Milky Way.
Uses
In radio astronomy
The 21 cm spectral line appears within the radio spectrum (in the L band of the UHF band of the microwave window to be exact). Electromagnetic energy in this range can easily pass through the Earth's atmosphere and be observed from the Earth with little interference. The hydrogen line can readily penetrate clouds of interstellar cosmic dust that are opaque to visible light. Assuming that the hydrogen atoms are uniformly distributed throughout the galaxy, each line of sight through the galaxy will reveal a hydrogen line. The only difference between each of these lines is the Doppler shift that each of these lines has. Hence, by assuming circular motion, one can calculate the relative speed of each arm of our galaxy. The rotation curve of our galaxy has been calculated using the hydrogen line. It is then possible to use the plot of the rotation curve and the velocity to determine the distance to a certain point within the galaxy. However, a limitation of this method is that departures from circular motion are observed at various scales.
Hydrogen line observations have been used indirectly to calculate the mass of galaxies, to put limits on any changes over time of the fine-structure constant, and to study the dynamics of individual galaxies. The magnetic field strength of interstellar space can be measured by observing the Zeeman effect on the 21-cm line; a task that was first accomplished by G. L. Verschuur in 1968. In theory, it may be possible to search for antihydrogen atoms by measuring the polarization of the 21-cm line in an external magnetic field.
Deuterium has a similar hyperfine spectral line at 91.6 cm (327 MHz), and the relative strength of the 21 cm line to the 91.6 cm line can be used to measure the deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratio. One group in 2007 reported D/H ratio in the galactic anticenter to be 21 ± 7 parts per million.
In cosmology
The line is of great interest in Big Bang cosmology because it is the only known way to probe the cosmological "dark ages" from recombination (when stable hydrogen atoms first formed) to reionization. Including the redshift, this line will be observed at frequencies from 200 MHz to about 15 MHz on Earth. It potentially has two applications. First, by mapping the intensity of redshifted 21 centimeter radiation it can, in principle, provide a very precise picture of the matter power spectrum in the period after recombination. Second, it can provide a picture of how the universe was re‑ionized, as neutral hydrogen which has been ionized by radiation from stars or quasars will appear as holes in the 21 cm background.
However, 21 cm observations are very difficult to make. Ground-based experiments to observe the faint signal are plagued by interference from television transmitters and the ionosphere, so they must be made from very secluded sites with care taken to eliminate interference. Space based experiments, even on the far side of the Moon (where they would be sheltered from interference from terrestrial radio signals), have been proposed to compensate for this. Little is known about other foreground effects, such as synchrotron emission and free–free emission on the galaxy. Despite these problems, 21 cm observations, along with space-based gravitational wave observations, are generally viewed as the next great frontier in observational cosmology, after the cosmic microwave background polarization.
Relevance to the search for non-human intelligent life
The Pioneer plaque, attached to the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft, portrays the hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen and used the wavelength as a standard scale of measurement. For example, the height of the woman in the image is displayed as eight times 21 cm, or 168 cm. Similarly the frequency of the hydrogen spin-flip transition was used for a unit of time in a map to Earth included on the Pioneer plaques and also the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes. On this map, the position of the Sun is portrayed relative to 14 pulsars whose rotation period circa 1977 is given as a multiple of the frequency of the hydrogen spin-flip transition. It is theorized by the plaque's creators that an advanced civilization would then be able to use the locations of these pulsars to locate the Solar System at the time the spacecraft were launched.
The 21 cm hydrogen line is considered a favorable frequency by the SETI program in their search for signals from potential extraterrestrial civilizations. In 1959, Italian physicist Giuseppe Cocconi and American physicist Philip Morrison published "Searching for interstellar communications", a paper proposing the 21 cm hydrogen line and the potential of microwaves in the search for interstellar communications. According to George Basalla, the paper by Cocconi and Morrison "provided a reasonable theoretical basis" for the then-nascent SETI program. Similarly, Pyotr Makovetsky proposed SETI use a frequency which is equal to either
× ≈
or
2 × ≈
Since is an irrational number, such a frequency could not possibly be produced in a natural way as a harmonic, and would clearly signify its artificial origin. Such a signal would not be overwhelmed by the H I line itself, or by any of its harmonics.
See also
Balmer series
Chronology of the universe
Dark Ages Radio Explorer
Hydrogen spectral series
H-alpha, the visible red spectral line with wavelength of 656.28 nanometers
Rydberg formula
Timeline of the Big Bang
Footnotes
References
Further reading
Cosmology
External links
— PAST experiment description
Hydrogen physics
Emission spectroscopy
Radio astronomy
Physical cosmology
Astrochemistry
Hydrogen |
44984793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Israel | Lee Israel | Leonore Carol "Lee" Israel (December 3, 1939 – December 24, 2014) was an American author known for committing literary forgery. Her 2008 confessional autobiography Can You Ever Forgive Me? was adapted into the 2018 film of the same name starring Melissa McCarthy as Israel.
Early life and education
Israel was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family. Her parents were Jack and Sylvia Israel; she also had a brother, Edward. She graduated from Midwood High School, and in 1961 from CUNY's Brooklyn College.
Career
Israel began a career as a freelance writer in the 1960s. Her profile of Katharine Hepburn, whom Israel had visited in California shortly before the death of Spencer Tracy, ran in the November 1967 edition of Esquire magazine. Israel's magazine-writing career continued into the 1970s. In the 1970s and 1980s, she published biographies of the actress Tallulah Bankhead, the journalist and game-show panelist Dorothy Kilgallen, and the cosmetics tycoon Estée Lauder. The Kilgallen book was well received upon its publication in 1979, and appeared on The New York Times Best Seller List. Novelist and book reviewer Rita Mae Brown told readers of The Washington Post in 1979 that Kilgallen had expressed much curiosity about Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby, despite the prevalence of show business gossip in her newspaper column. Brown added that Israel's book “deserves to be ranked with serious biography just as its subject deserves to be ranked a serious journalist” despite the possibility that some “political movements would probably find even the mention of [Kilgallen’s] name a cause for hilarity.”
In her 2008 memoir Can You Ever Forgive Me?, Israel claimed that in 1983, four years after the Kilgallen publication, she had received an advance from Macmillan Publishing to begin a project on Estee Lauder, "about whom Macmillan wanted an unauthorized biography — warts and all. I accepted the offer though I didn't give a shit about her warts." Israel also claimed that Lauder repeatedly attempted to bribe her into dropping the project. In the book, Israel discredited Lauder's public statements that she was born into European aristocracy and attended church regularly in Palm Beach, Florida. In 1985, Lauder wrote an autobiography that her publisher timed to coincide with Israel's book. Israel's book was panned by critics and was a commercial failure. "I had made a mistake," Israel said of the episode. "Instead of taking a great deal of money from a woman rich as Oprah, I published a bad, unimportant book, rushed out in months to beat [Lauder's own memoir] to market." After this failure, Israel's career went into decline, compounded by alcoholism and a personality that some found difficult.
Literary forgery
By 1991, Israel's career as a writer of books and magazine articles had ended. She had tried and failed to support herself with wage labor. To make money, she began forging letters (estimated to total more than 400) of deceased writers and actors. Later, she began stealing actual letters and autographed papers of famous persons from libraries and archives, replacing them with forged copies she had made. She and an accomplice, Jack Hock, sold forged works and stolen originals. (Hock had been released from prison a short time earlier for the armed robbery of a taxicab driver). This continued for over a year until two undercover FBI agents questioned Israel on a Manhattan sidewalk outside a delicatessen from which they saw her exit, according to her memoir.
It is unclear how her forgeries were detected, but in her memoir she indicates that her ability to sell letters ended abruptly and universally. She mentions in her memoir that a Noël Coward expert insisted that Coward would not have referenced his homosexual activities so enthusiastically in letters at a time when such behavior would be punished with a prison sentence. Researchers have doubted that Coward believed authorities in Jamaica, where he lived from 1956 until his death, in his native United Kingdom or in the United States might tamper with his mail. These researchers have noted that Israel never had Coward make an explicit reference to a sexual act. They believe the sheer abundance of letters being sold by Israel aroused suspicion among autograph collectors, dealers and used bookstore owners. Other researchers believe they became suspicious of paper with anachronistic watermarks. Some researchers suspect Israel's use of very ordinary (aged) paper raised an alarm because the sophisticated letter writers were likely to have owned the finest stationery.
Israel's memoir makes clear that her name suddenly became toxic among autograph collectors, dealers and used book merchants no matter exactly how they caught on. Moreover, she criticizes the guild of autograph brokers: before they became suspicious, they never required her to recite her prepared lies about how a letter came into her hands. Israel points out that their own code of conduct required all of them to be able to attest unquestioningly to a detailed account of the provenance of each document.
Her criminal prosecution was set in motion not over the forgeries she was selling to collectors, but over the forgeries she was slipping into library and museum files to replace the genuine letters she was stealing. The forgeries she sold had not involved interstate commerce or great sums of money, and so were overlooked by the FBI and other law enforcement. But when autograph dealer David Lowenherz learned that an Ernest Hemingway letter he had purchased from Israel's accomplice, Jack Hock, was supposed to be in the Columbia University archives, it was then discovered that Columbia's letter had been replaced by a forgery and Israel had signed the register for having examined that folder.
At this point, the FBI was called in and an investigation showed that Israel had stolen authentic letters, replacing them with forged copies, from several institutional collections. According to David Lowenherz, Israel and Hock were arrested together by the FBI when they met at a bank to cash Lowenherz's check from a sale.
In Israel's memoir, where she cites FBI documents from her case file, her story of her encounter with the FBI differs from the account by Lowenherz. She describes her encounter with two FBI agents on a sidewalk outside a Manhattan delicatessen where she had waited for Jack Hock to meet her so they could count the cash from a sale he had made (she had caught him stealing when they had met at her home several weeks earlier). Israel claims Hock failed to show up at the delicatessen and she decided to return to her home in case he had gone there, instead.
When Israel exited the delicatessen, her memoir goes on to say, she was startled by a man's voice shouting "Lee!", and she noticed that another man "appeared to be with him". "The man in my face showed me a big star affixed to his wallet that glinted in the sunlight. The lunch-hour crowd milled around us." She told them she needed to consult with her lawyer. The two agents on the sidewalk left without arresting her or telling her what was going to happen next. They did tell her that Jack Hock was in federal custody and he had requested that she never try to contact him again.
She immediately returned to her apartment and started to destroy all evidence of her crimes, discarding in public trash cans more than a dozen typewriters she had used to emulate the look of the famous writers' letters. By the time she was served with a federal warrant ordering her to save this evidence, it had already been destroyed. Israel also claims she was never arrested or handcuffed, instead receiving summonses for federal court dates, though Lowenherz's account contradicts hers on this point.
In June 1993, Israel pleaded guilty in federal court to conspiracy to transport stolen property, for which she served six months under house arrest and five years of federal probation. Additionally, she was barred by almost all libraries and archives, ending any opportunity to resume her career as a biographer. She eventually supported herself copy editing for Scholastic magazines.
Even after her exposure and sentencing, some of her forgeries were still being sold by reputable dealers as authentic—and at substantially greater prices than she had been paid for them. Some were even quoted in published books as if they were real. Israel later expressed pride in her criminal accomplishments, especially the forgeries.
Memoir controversy
Some reviewers of Israel's memoir questioned Simon & Schuster's decision to publish it, because she would profit from the sales. One reviewer wrote, "What this is is a hilarious memoir of a self-described miscreant and her pursuit of a meal ticket. Ironically, in a joke the reader will share, by purchasing her book we all participate in buying her that meal." Upon the publication of the memoir in 2008, Naomi Hample, a New York City bookstore owner who had purchased some of Israel's forged letters in 1992, was quoted by The New York Times as saying, "I'm certainly not angry anymore, though it was an expensive and very large learning experience for me. And she's really an excellent writer. She made the letters terrific."
Death
Lee Israel died in New York City on December 24, 2014, from myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells. According to a New York Times obituary, she had lived alone and had no children. Regarding her family, she wrote in her memoir, "I had a brother with whom I had never had much in common."
Biopic
In April 2015, it was announced that a film version of Can You Ever Forgive Me?, starring Julianne Moore and directed by Nicole Holofcener, would be produced. In July 2015, Moore said she had been fired from the project. In May 2016, it was confirmed that Melissa McCarthy would play Israel, while Marielle Heller would direct the film. Filming of Can You Ever Forgive Me? took place in New York City in early 2017.
The film held its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on September 1, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 19, 2018. For her portrayal of Israel, McCarthy was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.
Bibliography
Miss Tallulah Bankhead (1972), a biography of Tallulah Bankhead
Kilgallen (1980), a biography of Dorothy Kilgallen
Estée Lauder: Beyond the Magic (1985), an unauthorized biography of Estée Lauder
Can You Ever Forgive Me?: Memoirs of a Literary Forger (2008)
References
Further reading
External links
Lee Israel research notes, Billy Rose Theatre Division, The New York Public Library:
1970s
Files on Vanessa Redgrave, 1982–1987
1939 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American Jews
American biographers
American memoirists
American women memoirists
Brooklyn College alumni
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Forgers
Jewish American writers
Journalists from New York City
Writers from Brooklyn |
62879489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Biggest%20Loser%20%28season%2018%29 | The Biggest Loser (season 18) | The Biggest Loser (season 18) is the eighteenth season of the American reality television series The Biggest Loser which premiered on January 28, 2020. Season 18 marks the series' return from a four-year hiatus and is intended to not only show people the necessity of weight loss, but also the necessity of living a healthy lifestyle. It is the first season to air on the USA Network; the preceding seventeen seasons originally aired on NBC. Bob Harper who served as a trainer in previous seasons (as well as host of the final NBC season) returns as the host in season 18. The twelve contestants were trained by professionals Steve Cook and Erica Lugo.
Format changes
The format is similar to that of seasons on NBC. Significant changes include:
Prizes were reduced to $100,000 (plus a trip and a home gym) for the Biggest Loser and $25,000 for the At-Home Winner.
Temptation challenges, in which contestants were tempted to consume high-calorie foods for potential rewards, were eliminated.
All eliminations were made solely on the basis of weight lost; all voting was eliminated.
All contestants were given a one-year membership to show sponsor Planet Fitness gyms, access to a nutritionist, and a support group.
Contestants
Contestants are listed in chronological order of elimination.
Weigh-ins and Eliminations
Contestants are listed in reverse chronological order of elimination.
Teams
Steve’s Team
Erica’s Team
Standings
Week's Biggest Loser (Team or Individuals)
BMI
Underweight (less than 18.5 BMI)
Normal (18.5 – 24.9 BMI)
Overweight (25 – 29.9 BMI)
Obese Class I (30 – 34.9 BMI)
Obese Class II (35 – 39.9 BMI)
Obese Class III (greater than 40 BMI)
Winners
$100,000 Winner (among the finalists)
$25,000 Winner (among the eliminated contestants)
Weigh-In Difference History
Notes
Kyle's 7-pound weight loss in week 7 was displayed as 8 pounds due to a 1-pound advantage earned at the challenge.
Micah's 7-pound weight loss in week 8 was displayed as 8 pounds due to a 1-pound advantage earned at the challenge.
Jim's 10-pound weight loss in week 9 was displayed as 11 pounds due to a 1-pound advantage earned at the challenge.
Weigh-In Percentage History
Weekly Summaries
Week 1: "Time for Change"
First aired January 28, 2020
The series premieres with twelve contestants arriving at The Biggest Loser ranch where they will compete to lose the most weight by the end of the show. Contestants are divided into two teams: a blue team and a red team. Steve Cook serves as personal trainer for the blue team while Erica Lugo trains the red team. Following the division of the contestants into two teams, they make their way to the weigh-in room to establish their starting weight. The heaviest contestant is Robert, weighing in at 409 pounds. The heaviest female contestant is Phi, weighing in at 357 pounds. Shortly after their first workout, the contestants compete in their first challenge: a one-mile run. Phi had a difficult time keeping up, and despite encouragement from trainer, Erica, finished in last place by six minutes. The blue team won the challenge and with it a six-pound advantage in the final weigh-in.
Contestants enter a last-chance workout, in which they are pushed to their limits the night of the weigh-in. Katarina is shown vomiting into a bucket after an intense workout. Following the workout, contestants are weighed to determine who has lost the least weight and will be eliminated. Having won the week's challenge, the blue team received a 6-pound advantage, but ultimately lost despite the advantage. Robert was eliminated after having lost the least percentage of body weight out of his team members. It is revealed in a video clip that Robert now weighs 361 pounds, having lost 48 pounds, and along with future eliminated contestants, he is in the running for the At-Home Prize for weight lost after being eliminated.
Week 2: "A Big Loss"
First aired February 4, 2020
The blue team is upset by the loss of Robert. Delores says she feels as if her team had been cheated, and she insists that Phi should have gone home instead of Robert. Phi responds by explaining why she's proud of her 6-pound weight loss. After having lost the previous week, trainer Steve Cook repeatedly reminds the blue team that they are down a contestant and need to work harder. Megan becomes frustrated at Steve for these constant reminders, and is shown making snide remarks towards him. Despite this, she admits in support group that she does in fact trust Steve, and continues to follow his instructions. Other contestants spoke during support group about the psychological factors holding them back in this competition. Delores and Megan talked about issues of while Dom admits that he has quit everything he has ever done, and that he misses his daughter tremendously.
For the weekly challenge, each team must move eight 150-pound tires from a mud pit. The challenge was particularly difficult for Kristi who complained of knee trouble. For the second week in a row, the blue team won the challenge and with it a 5-pound advantage. At the weekly weigh-in, Phi and Kim had lost the least weight on their respective teams. The red team lost the weigh-in, and as a result Phi was eliminated from the competition having lost 6 pounds that week. In a video clip at the end of the episode, Phi reveals that she now weighs 336 pounds after having lost 21 pounds.
Week 3: "Supporting the Team"
First aired February 11, 2020
Week 4: "Messages From Home"
First aired February 18, 2020
Week 5: "Diving In"
First aired February 25, 2020
Week 6: "Overcoming Obstacles"
First aired March 3, 2020
The red and blue teams compete in an obstacle course challenge but Teri suffers an injury and snaps her ankle and is in a boot.
Megan from the blue team goes home.
Week 7: "Going Solo"
First aired March 10, 2020
The red team and blue team become one as the contestants transition from teams to singles. From now on, it is each contestant's individual percentage of weight loss that determines whether or not he/she falls below the yellow line.
Kyle was the winner of this week's challenge, receiving a 1 lb advantage at the weigh-in. At the weigh-in, Kim loses 4 pounds, falling below the red line and is automatically eliminated. Kim reveals in a video clip that she has been able to further her weight-loss journey at home.
Week 8: "Boosting Morale"
First aired March 17, 2020
In their support group, contestants received video messages from family members to encourage them.
The weekly challenge involved circuit training with five exercises. Contestants rode an assault bike, pushed weighted sleds, rowed, pulled tires, and threw sandbags. Micah won the challenge after finishing the course in just over 6 minutes, and with it gained an advantage of 1 pound in the weekly weigh-in. Kristi was eliminated after having lost the least that week. The top 4 are Jim, Micah, Kyle, and Teri. Kristi reveals in a video clip that she now weighs 198 pounds, with a total weight loss of 66 pounds.
Week 9: "Final Four"
First aired March 24, 2020
At this week's support group, the final four contestants watch videos of themselves on day 1, telling them how well they're doing now and warning them to never go back to who they were then. Jim's video leaves him in tears. He said he knew he was big, but he never saw himself like that.
The contestants competed in the same challenge they did in week 1: the one-mile run. This time, the winner of the challenge would be the most improved and would receive a 1-pound advantage at the weigh-in. Micah finished first, followed by Kyle, who was followed by Jim. With an improvement rate of almost 37%, Jim won the challenge and received a 1-pound advantage.
The contestants participate in their last last-chance workout on The Biggest Loser ranch. This week, Kyle and Micah train with Erica, while Jim and Teri train with Steve. This was to switch things up a little bit, and so the contestants wouldn't find themselves bored after doing most of the same workouts every day.
At the weigh-in, Jim loses 10 pounds and reaches a total weight loss of 105 pounds in just nine weeks. His weight loss counts as 11 pounds with his one-pound advantage. Micah loses 8 pounds and reaches a total weight loss of 72 pounds. Kyle loses 7 pounds and reaches a total weight loss of 63 pounds. Teri, the last woman standing, is the last to weigh in, hoping she can secure a spot as a finalist. She ended up only losing 1 pound, due to what she described as a bodily plateau after losing 6 pounds three weeks in a row. Teri reached a total weight loss of 51 pounds. With a percentage of weight loss of 0.49%, Teri was eliminated, making Jim, Kyle, and Micah the three finalists.
Finale
First aired March 31, 2020
All twelve contestants return to The Biggest Loser campus for one final weigh-in, to see where they've come since they started. One person will win $100,000 and the title of The Biggest Loser. One of the eliminated contestants will win the $25,000 At-Home Prize.
A final support group was held to show off the contestants' success and discuss personal victories, both physically and mentally/emotionally. Tests were done a second time, and the results were much better than those during week 1.
The top three at-home contestants weighed in. Teri weighed in first, having lost a total of 70 pounds for a percentage of 27.34%. Megan weighed in second, having lost 83 pounds for a percentage of 28.62%. Kristi weighed in last, having lost 73 pounds for a percentage of 27.65%. Megan was announced to be the winner of the $25,000 at-home prize.
The three finalists weighed in last, to see who would be crowned The Biggest Loser and win the grand prize of $100,000. Micah weighed in first, having lost a total of 99 pounds for a percentage of 30.37%. Kyle weighed in second, having lost a total of 86 pounds for a percentage of 28.48%. Jim weighed in last, having to have lost at least 117 pounds to win. Jim lost a total of 144 pounds, for a percentage of 37.40%, and officially became the eighteenth Biggest Loser.
It is revealed in a video clip after the final weigh-in that Jim had lost 11 more pounds since the finale, weighing in at 230 pounds, having lost a total of 155 pounds.
References
The Biggest Loser
2020 American television seasons |
2292957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen%20Callil | Carmen Callil | Dame Carmen Thérèse Callil, (15 July 1938 – 17 October 2022) was an Australian publisher, writer and critic who spent most of her career in the United Kingdom. She founded Virago Press in 1973 and received the Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature in 2017. She has been described by Gail Rebuck as "the most extraordinary publisher of her generation".
Early life and education
Callil was born in Melbourne, Victoria, on 15 July 1938. Her father, Frederick Alfred Louis Callil, was a barrister and lecturer in French at the University of Melbourne who died when Callil was eight years old. He was of Lebanese descent; his father claimed to be the first Lebanese person to emigrate to Australia. Her widowed mother, Lorraine Clare Allen, raised four children, of whom Callil was the third.
Callil was educated at Star of the Sea Convent and at Loreto Mandeville Hall. She then studied at the University of Melbourne, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in History and Literature in 1960. She emigrated from Australia one week later and settled in London.
Career
In the same year she left for Europe, and, after a period in Italy, settled in London in 1964. She worked for Marks & Spencer as a buying assistant, then, after placing an advertisement in The Times ("Australian, B.A. wants job in book publishing"), began work at Hutchinson in 1965.
From 1967 to 1970, she was publicity manager of the paperback imprint Panther Books. An example of her work was when Callil lobbied BBC producer Lorna Pegram to employ B. S. Johnson to talk about his 1969 book The Unfortunates for the TV series Release. Johnson's book had eight parts that could be read in many different orders. With barely any negotiation, the interview was ready months before the book was ready for publication. The film included Johnson holding a mock-up of the book that was not at all similar to the final publication.
Callil later took responsibility for all imprints of Granada Publishing, and then at Anthony Blond and André Deutsch. She left to work for Ink, a countercultural newspaper founded by Richard Neville, Andrew Fisher, Felix Dennis and Ed Victor in 1971. Ink was an offshoot of Oz and was intended to be a bridge between the underground press of the 1960s and the national newspapers of that time. Launched in May 1971, it collapsed in February 1972, following the Oz obscenity trial.
At Ink, Callil met Marsha Rowe and Rosie Boycott, who founded the feminist magazine Spare Rib in June 1972. In 1973, Callil founded Virago Press (initially known as Spare Rib Books), to "publish books which celebrated women and women's lives, and which would, by so doing, spread the message of women's liberation to the whole population", through the work of new and neglected women writers. Rowe and Boycott became directors of Virago in its first years.
Also in 1972, Callil launched a book publicity company, Carmen Callil Limited. Harriet Spicer became Callil's assistant. This company, run by Spicer and Callil, helped to finance Virago in its early years, together with Callil's inheritance from her grandfather. Further assistance came from Quartet Books, with whom the first nine Virago titles were published. Ursula Owen became a part-time editor in 1974, before becoming a full-time director later that year, with considerable responsibility for the content of the Virago publishing list. In 1976, Virago became an independent company, with Callil, Owen and Spicer as directors, shortly to be joined by Lennie Goodings and Alexandra Pringle.
In 1982, Callil was appointed managing director of Chatto & Windus (which had acquired Virago), where she remained until 1994, continuing also as chairman of Virago until 1995. In 1994, she was Editor-At-Large for the worldwide group of Random House publishing companies. At Virago, among other business and editorial aspects of the company she was responsible for the creation and development of the Virago Modern Classics list (choosing a distinctive green colour for the books' spines), which brought back into print many hundreds of the best women's works of the past.
Callil left book publishing in 1994, and for some years divided her time between London and Caunes-Minervois in France. As a writer and critic, she has contributed reviews and features to many newspapers and journals, in addition to undertaking occasional radio and television work. From 1985 to 1991, she was a member of the Board of Channel 4 Television.
In 1996, Callil chaired the Booker Prize for Fiction panel of judges, which included Jonathan Coe, Ian Jack, A. L. Kennedy and A. N. Wilson. She was a judge for the 2011 Man Booker International Prize but resigned in protest after her co-judges Rick Gekoski and Justin Cartwright chose Philip Roth as the winner.
Callil's 2006 book, Bad Faith: A Forgotten History of Family & Fatherland, told the story of Dr Anne Darquier, for seven years Callil's psychiatrist until her suicide in 1970, after which came "the shocking revelation that her father had been Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, Commissioner for Jewish Affairs in Vichy France and known as the French Eichmann." Callil's book well reviewed and shortlisted for the Samuel Johnson Prize, having involved extensive research carried out on several continents, as Callil "set herself the task of dealing out retroactive justice, not only for Darquier's heinous actions as a Nazi collaborator, but also for the dark, immovable shadow he cast over his daughter's life."
In 2010, Callil was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (RSL). In 2017, she was awarded the RSL's Benson Medal for exceptional contribution to literature, alongside Mary-Kay Wilmers and Margaret Busby. In 2018, Callil featured in the exhibition Rights for Women: London's Pioneers in their Own Words, staged at Senate House Library, University of London.
In her 2020 book,Oh Happy Day: Those Times and These Times, Callil "traced the turbulent history of her British ancestors from impoverished working class to deportation to Australia for petty crimes." As The Herald'''s reviewer acknowledges: "In research terms, Oh Happy Day is a phenomenal achievement. Callil ... has dug deep into books, newspapers, historical archives, parish records and court documents to provide a meticulous account not only of the lives of her relatives who were 'busy insects of the yearly industrial revolution', but also of the broader historical context." Peter Conrad's review in The Observer concluded: "In its often tearful compassion, its eloquent rage and its vengeful delight in proletarian snook-cocking, Oh Happy Day deserves to be called Dickensian."
Personal life
Callil died of leukaemia on 17 October 2022 at her home in London, aged 84. She had been working on a personal memoir, which she did not complete.
Honours and recognition
1989: recipient of the Distinguished Service Award from the International Women's Writing Guild
1994: recipient of honorary degree (Hon LittD) from the University of Sheffield
1995: conferred with honorary degree, Doctor of Letters (HonDLitt), from Oxford Brookes University
1995: received an honorary degree (DUniv) from the University of York
1997: awarded honorary doctorate from the Open University
2010: elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (RSL)
2017: awarded the Benson Medal by the RSL
2017: appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)
Publications
Lebanese Washing Stories, New Writing 5, The British Council/Vintage, 1996
With Craig Raine (editors), New Writing 7, The British Council/Vintage, 1998;
With Colm Tóibín: The Modern Library: The Best 200 Novels in English since 1950, Picador, 1999;
Bad Faith: A Forgotten History of Family & Fatherland, Jonathan Cape & Alfred A. Knopf, 2006; Buchet Chastel, 2007.Porter, Henry, "The enemies of free speech are everywhere", The Observer, 15 October 2006.Evans, Martin, "Carmen Callil talks to Martin Evans about her recent excursion into the lies and hypocrisy of Vichy France", History Today, May 2006; .
Oh Happy Day: Those Times and These Times, London: Jonathan Cape, 2020; ; Vintage paperback, .
References
External links
Carmen Callil at RCW Literary Agency.
New Statesman articles by Callil
Random House Callil page
Tessa Williams-Akoto, "My Home: Carmen Callil", The Independent, 6 November 2012.
Nancy Honey, "Leading Ladies"
"Profile: Virago was the only name to pick: Carmen Callil, no ordinary feminist publisher", The Independent, 4 June 1993.
"Carmen and the conman", The Scotsman, 1 April 2006.
Horatia Harrod, "Carmen Callil: 'You have to be difficult if you want to change the world, The Financial Times'', 17 July 2020.
.
1938 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Australian women
20th-century Australian writers
21st-century Australian women writers
21st-century Australian writers
Australian Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Australian emigrants to England
Australian expatriates in England
Australian people of Lebanese descent
Australian republicans
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from leukemia
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
People educated at Loreto Mandeville Hall
People educated at Star of the Sea College, Melbourne
Publishers (people) from London
University of Melbourne alumni
University of Melbourne women
Women book publishers (people)
Writers from Melbourne |
1942760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriko%20Koike | Yuriko Koike | is a Japanese politician, who served as the Governor of Tokyo since 2016. She graduated from the American University in Cairo in 1976 and was a member of the House of Representatives of Japan from 1993 until 2016, when she resigned to run for Governor of Tokyo. She also previously served as Minister of the Environment in the Junichiro Koizumi cabinet from 2003 to 2006 and briefly as Minister of Defense in the first cabinet of Shinzō Abe in 2007. Koike was elected Governor of Tokyo in 2016, becoming the metropolis's first female Governor. Koike was re-elected Governor in 2020, winning 59.7% of the vote.
Considered one of the most high-profile and well-known Japanese politicians, Koike has been frequently mentioned as holding Prime Ministerial ambitions. She ran in the 2008 Liberal Democratic Party leadership election, becoming the first woman to run for the leadership of a major Japanese political party, however she came in third place losing to Tarō Asō. In 2017 she left the LDP amid much media attention and launched two parties: the national party Kibō no Tō and the regional party Tomin First no Kai. Kibō no Tō contested the 2017 general election with Koike as leader, however the party underperformed expectations and mostly disappeared after merging with the Democratic Party for the People in 2018. The same year Koike stepped down as leader of Tomin First and officially became independent, however she has still endorsed and campaigned for Tomin First candidates in Tokyo and the party still makes frequent use of her image and policies.
Koike has come under some scrutiny from Japanese liberals and Koreans in both Japan and the Koreas for her refusal to acknowledge the occurrence of 1923 Kantō Massacre, which mainly targeted ethnic Koreans, as well as her association with groups that are often labeled anti-Korean.
Early life and education
Born and raised in Ashiya, Hyōgo, a wealthy, small, city near Kobe, Koike went to Kōnan Girls' Junior and Senior High School for her secondary education. Her father, Yūjirō Koike, was a foreign trade merchant who handled oil products. He was also involved in politics, supporting Shintarō Ishihara and the Tatenokai in the 1960s, and ran unsuccessfully for national election in 1969. Yūjirō emphasised to Yuriko that it was essential for Japan to strengthen relations with Arab countries to ensure a stable petroleum supply to prevent Japan being thrust into an oil war again in the future. After dropping out of Kwansei Gakuin University's School of Sociology in September 1971, she went on to study Arabic at the American University in Cairo and received a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology as the top student from Cairo University in October 1976. When she was 21, she married a fellow Japanese student but divorced soon after. She began to work as an interpreter of Arabic and later became a journalist, interviewing Muammar Gaddafi and Yasser Arafat in 1978, and becoming a news anchor in 1979. She received the Female Broadcaster of Japan award in 1990.
Career in politics
Koike was elected to the House of Councillors in 1992 as a member of the Japan New Party. She was then elected to the House of Representatives in 1993, representing the Hyogo 2nd district. In 1996, she was re-elected to the House of Representatives, this time representing the Hyogo 6th district for the New Frontier Party. She held this seat in the 2000 election as a candidate of the New Conservative Party. She joined the Liberal Democratic Party in 2002. She also has been a regular contributor to Project Syndicate since 2010.
Cabinet service (2003–2007)
She served as the Minister of the Environment and Minister of State for Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Jun'ichirō Koizumi. Along with Satsuki Katayama and Makiko Fujino, Koike became known as one of Koizumi's "assassins" in the 2005 Lower House election, running in Tokyo against an LDP hardliner candidate who opposed Koizumi's policies.
She was appointed the first female Minister of Defense in June 2007 during the first term of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, but announced in August 2007 that she intended to resign from the post, citing the Aegis classified information leak scandal as a reason. Koike later hinted that the much-publicized fight she had had with Chief Cabinet Secretary Yasuhisa Shiozaki over a vice-minister replacement was the real reason, as the opposition would use that to oppose a bill on Japan's terrorism laws.
2008 LDP leadership election
On 8 September 2008, she launched her bid to become president of the LDP and became the first woman ever to seek the premiership in Japan's history: "I have received the enthusiastic support of my colleagues. In order to break through the deadlock facing Japanese society, I believe the country might as well have a female candidate. Hillary used the word 'glass ceiling' ... but in Japan, it isn't glass, it's an iron plate. I'm not Mrs. Thatcher, but what is needed is a strategy that advances a cause with conviction, clear policies and sympathy with the people." In the leadership election, held on 22 September, Tarō Asō won with 351 of the 527 votes; Koike placed third with 46 votes.
Governor of Tokyo
Following the resignation of Tokyo governor Naoki Inose in December 2013, Koike was widely rumored to be a potential candidate for the gubernatorial election expected to be held in February 2014, along with Hideo Higashikokubaru, Hakubun Shimomura, Seiko Hashimoto and Yōichi Masuzoe. She ultimately did not run, and Masuzoe won.
After Masuzoe announced his resignation in June 2016, Koike announced her intention to run in the election for his successor. Koike stated that she would run "as an LDP lawmaker" but did not obtain the approval of the Tokyo LDP chapter before announcing her candidacy. The LDP officially endorsed Hiroya Masuda, and its Tokyo chapter issued a notice that any members supporting Koike would be punished. Nonetheless, several prominent LDP politicians continued to back Koike, while senior leaders such as Shinzo Abe refrained from making speeches in support of either candidate.
Koike was elected Governor of Tokyo on 31 July 2016, becoming the first woman in the post.
On 21 August 2016, at the 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Koike received the Olympic Flag, via Thomas Bach, from the mayor of Rio de Janeiro, Eduardo Paes.
On 31 May 2017, in advance of the upcoming local elections, Koike resigned from the Liberal Democratic Party and officially became the leader of Tomin First no Kai (Tokyoites First). Koike founded the group in 2016 in preparation for the elections and formed an alliance with Komeito in an effort to secure a governing majority in Tokyo's parliament. On 3 July 2017, the alliance took a majority in the prefectural election, pushing out the Liberal Democratic Party with a combined 79 seats of the 127-seat assembly.
From January 2020 to October 2021, Koike led Japanese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which claimed the lives of 18,000 people in the nationwide.
On 14 August 2022, Governor of Jakarta Anies Baswedan paid a working visit to Japan to meet with his counterpart from Tokyo, Yuriko Koike, to discuss the potential for cooperation in several fields, including for environment-friendly public transportation. Baswedan posted a picture of the meeting with Koike at the Tokyo City Hall accompanied by several delegates on his personal Instagram account. However, the governor did not furnish further details on the potential for cooperation between the two cities and the length of his stay in Japan. However, Baswedan did invite Koike to attend the Urban 20 forum as a G20 side event in Jakarta at the end of August 2022. He later noted that Tokyo and Jakarta were sister cities, with longstanding relations. Hence, the meeting offered momentum to demonstrate commitment to intensifying relations between the two metropolitan cities.
Koike announced on 29 August 2022, that Tokyo will begin implementation of the world’s fastest mobile internet network. Leading the charge is Manabu Miyasaka, the newly appointed counselor to the governor on digital transformation of Tokyo, and former chairman of Yahoo! Japan Corporation.
Koike ran her platform based on seven zeros, which were basically socio-economic problems faced by residents of Tokyo. Out of these goals, she was able to reduce the number of children on the waitlist to get admission in day care and cutting down the number of euthanized dogs and cats. However, critics say other issues like tackling the overwork culture, reducing crowding on rush hour trains, and getting rid of above-ground electricity poles have not yet been achieved.
Political positions
Koike supports economic liberalism, promotes administrative and budgetary reform, and insists on further advancement of the status of women in the working world. In promising the pursuit of women-friendly policies, she has stated, "I believe that pushing policies for women will be good for Tokyo and bring happiness to the capital." Her stated basic principles and stance regarding political reform are encompassed by "The 5 Cs: Check, Challenge, Change, Creative and Communication". In terms of the economy, she has used for aggressive privatization of Japanese assets to diminish the government's debt burden. A strong turn towards IT development, natural sciences, sustainable infrastructure, and efficiency-based administrative reforms for public services were also on the docket. She is also one of the main figures in Japan's right-wing populist camp. She is also sometimes referred to as "ultraconservative".
Environmentalism
Having learned an environmental way of life from her own experience of wartime austerities in Egypt, Koike addresses environmental issues. She expressed the idea of introducing a carbon tax in 2005 so that Japan might achieve the goals of the Kyoto Protocol. The next year, she inaugurated the "Mottainai Furoshiki" campaign, which urges shoppers to use furoshiki in place of plastic shopping bags. She is against the use of biofuels made from food crops.
Conservative nationalism and accusations of racism
As a conservative nationalist, Koike was one of the five vice secretaries general of the Diet Members' Committee of Nippon Kaigi, the country's largest conservative think tank and the main nationalist lobby, once chaired by Tarō Asō. She is also known to have powerful ties to other large conservative political groups.
As governor of Tokyo, she has been criticized for years by Japanese liberals and Koreans in both Japan and the Koreas for refusing to acknowledge the occurrence of the 1923 Kantō Massacre, which mainly targeted ethnic Koreans. Beginning in 2017, Koike broke decades of precedent by previous mayors by refusing to offer condolences to the descendants of survivors at an annual ceremony. She has since justified this by saying that whether a massacre occurred is a matter of historical debate.
Koike's possible affiliation with a far-right group was questioned in 2016, when a reporter asked about her speaking at a conference hosted by , a women's non-profit with purported ties to anti-Korean hate group Zaitokukai. In response, Koike stated that she wasn't aware of the non-profit's ties to Zaitokukai, and that she is invited to speak at many events.
Position on Article 9
Her foreign and security policies are often regarded as hawkish. She suggested that the prime minister revise the interpretation of Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan to enable the government to exercise the right to collective self-defense.
She has supported the United States and the War on Terror and opposes the Japanese government's tradition of UN-centered foreign policy. However, she has sent mixed messages to the United States in terms of destabilizing the Middle East with democratization efforts. On the other hand, showing parts of the world how powerful the United States is as an ally is a priority. During the 2008 LDP leadership election, she pledged to make Russia return the four disputed islands to Japan if she was elected as prime minister. Back in 2010, she helped strengthen ties between Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and Japan. This led to the creation of the Japan-Libya Friendship Association.
Other positions
Koike has also actively promoted Japanese pop culture, appearing in cosplay as Sally from Sally the Witch in 2015, and stating during her 2016 Tokyo gubernatorial campaign that she wanted to turn all of Tokyo into an "anime land".
Koike initiated "Jisa Biz" (時差biz) in July 2017 to promote remote work and staggered work times to reduce traffic congestion during the morning rush hour in Tokyo.
In 2017, Koike launched and led a new national political party. It was called Kibō no Tō, which means "Party of Hope". Although still Governor of Tokyo, she was the primary leader of this party. It was assumed that this party could have been the main opposition to the LDP. On 22 October 2017, the Party of Hope did not perform as well at the polls as expected. Koike's overarching policies were similar to those of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. The policy to set them apart was their differing opinions on nuclear energy. Koike was opposed to it as an advocate of the environment. Koike did not join any successor party to the Party of Hope at its April 2018 dissolution.
References
External links
Koike Yuriko Official Website
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet – Profile
Yuriko Koike appointed new Defense Minister
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1952 births
20th-century Japanese politicians
20th-century Japanese women politicians
21st-century Japanese politicians
21st-century Japanese women politicians
The American University in Cairo alumni
Cairo University alumni
Conservatism in Japan
Environment ministers of Japan
Female defence ministers
Women government ministers of Japan
Female Japanese governors
Female members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Female members of the House of Representatives (Japan)
Governors of Tokyo
Japan New Party politicians
Japanese anti-communists
Japanese defense ministers
Japanese nationalists
Japanese television personalities
Kwansei Gakuin University alumni
Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians
Liberal Party (Japan, 1998) politicians
Living people
Members of Nippon Kaigi
Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Members of the House of Representatives (Japan)
New Conservative Party (Japan) politicians
New Frontier Party (Japan) politicians
Recipients of the Olympic Order
Recipients of the Paralympic Order
Right-wing populism in Japan
Zaitokukai
Politicians from Hyōgo Prefecture
Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan
Asia Game Changer Award winners
Kantō Massacre deniers |
20792261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelvio%20Massi | Stelvio Massi | Stelvio Massi (26 March 1929 – 26 March 2004), sometimes credited "Max Steel", was an Italian director, screenwriter and cinematographer, best known for his "poliziotteschi" films.
Career
Born in Civitanova Marche, the son of a tobacconist and a housewife, Massi studied at the Macerata Art Institute, and later at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma. He entered the cinema industry in 1952 as assistant camera operator, and in 1954 he became a cameraman. Ten years later he began to work as cinematographer, and in 1973 he debuted as film director with Macrò. He obtained a great commercial success with the Mark il poliziotto film series, then with a series of poliziotteschi starred by Maurizio Merli.
Massi also worked on television, directing the 1987 TV series Due assi per un turbo. His son Danilo is also a film director.
Filmography
Note: The films listed as N/A are not necessarily chronological.
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! width="15%" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title !! width="4%" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year!! colspan="4" scope="col" | Credited as !! width="10%" rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes !! width="1%" rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |
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|1957
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!scope="row"|Duel of the Titans
|1961
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!scope="row"|Genoveffa di Brabante
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!scope="row"|Per il gusto di uccidere
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!scope="row"|Sartana's Here… Trade Your Pistol for a Coffin
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!scope="row"|Have a Good Funeral, My Friend... Sartana Will Pay
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!scope="row"|Emergency Squad
|1974
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!scope="row"|Mark of the Cop
|rowspan="2"|1975
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!scope="row"|Mark Shoots First
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!scope="row"|Cross Shot
|rowspan="3"|1976
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!scope="row"|Destruction Force
|rowspan="2"|1977
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!scope="row"|Highway Racer
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!scope="row"|Fearless
|rowspan="3"|1978
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!scope="row"|Convoy Busters
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!scope="row"|Hunted City
|1979
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!scope="row"|In ginocchio da te
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!scope="row"|Tears on Your Face
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!scope="row"|Non son degno di te
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!scope="row"|'Se non avessi più te|
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!scope="row"|Doc, Hands of Steel|
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!scope="row"|Due oriundi per Cesare|
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!scope="row"|Mi vedrai tornare|
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!scope="row"|I ragazzi di Bandiera Gialla|
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!scope="row"|Dio perdoni la mia pistola|
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!scope="row"|Un posto all'inferno|
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!scope="row"|Il sergente Klems|
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!scope="row"|They Call Me Hallelujah|
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!scope="row"|Return of Halleluja|
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!scope="row"|Il brigadiere Pasquale Zagaria ama la mamma e la polizia|
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!scope="row"|Giovannona Long-Thigh|
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!scope="row"|Ingrid sulla strada|
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!scope="row"|Man Called Invincible|
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!scope="row"|Partirono preti, tornarono... curati|
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!scope="row"|Giuda uccide il venerdì|
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!scope="row"|Five Women for the Killer|
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!scope="row"|Guapparia|
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!scope="row"|Torna|
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!scope="row"|Mondo cane oggi - L'orrore continua|
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!scope="row"|The Black Cobra|
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!scope="row"|Hell's Heroes - Eroi dell'inferno|
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!scope="row"|Arabella: l'angelo nero|
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!scope="row"|Droga sterco di Dio|
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!scope="row"|The Cry of Truth|
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!scope="row"|Alto rischio|
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!scope="row"|La pista bulgara|
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!scope="row"|Il quinto giorno (5°)|
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!scope="row"|Tuono di proiettile|
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Notes
References
Further reading
Fulvio Fulvi, Poliziotti senza paura: Stelvio Massi e il cinema d'azione'', Il foglio, 2010,
External links
1929 births
2004 deaths
People from Civitanova Marche
Italian film directors
Poliziotteschi directors |
63166065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapua | Hapua | A hapua is a river-mouth lagoon on a mixed sand and gravel (MSG) beach, formed at the river-coast interface where a typically braided, although sometimes meandering, river interacts with a coastal environment that is significantly affected by longshore drift. The lagoons which form on the MSG coastlines are common on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand and have long been referred to as by the Māori. This classification differentiates hapua from similar lagoons located on the New Zealand coast termed waituna.
Hapua are often located on paraglacial coastal areas where there is a low level of coastal development and minimal population density. Hapua form as the river carves out an elongated coast-parallel area, blocked from the sea by a MSG barrier which constantly alters its shape and volume due to longshore drift. Longshore drift continually extends the barrier behind which the hapua forms by transporting sediment along the coast. Hapua are defined as a narrow shore-parallel extensions of the coastal riverbed. They discharge the majority of stored water to the ocean via an ephemeral and highly mobile drainage channel or outlet. The remainder percolates through the MSG barrier due to its high levels of permeability. Hapua systems are driven by a wide range of dynamic processes that are generally classified as fluvial or marine; changes in the balance between these processes as well as the antecedent barrier conditions can cause shifts in the morphology of the hapua, in particular the barrier. New Zealand examples include the Rakaia, Ashburton and Hurunui river-mouths.
Hapua environment
Hapua have been identified as establishing in the Canterbury Bight coastal region on the east coast of the South Island. They are often found in areas of coarse-grained sediment where contributing rivers have moderately steep bed gradients. MSG beaches in the Canterbury Bight region contain a wide range of sediment sizes from sand to boulders and are exposed to the high energy waves that make up an east coast swell environment. MSG beaches are reflective rather than dissipative energy zones due to their morphological characteristics. They have a steep foreshore which is known as the ‘engine room’ of the beach profile. In this zone, swash and backwash are dominating processes alongside longshore transport. MSG beaches do not have a surf zone; instead a single line of breakers is visible in all sea conditions. Hapua are associated with MSG beaches as the variation in sediment size allows for the barrier to be permeable.
The east coast of the South Island has been identified as being in a period of chronic erosion of approximately 0.5 metres per year. This erosion trend is a result of a number of factors. According to the classification scheme of Zenkovich, the rivers on the east coast can be described as ‘small’; this classification is not related to their flow rate but to the insufficient amount of sediment that they transport to the coast to nourish it. The sediment provided is not adequate to nourish the coast against its typical high energy waves and strong longshore drift. These two processes constantly remove sediment depositing it either offshore or further up drift. As the coastline becomes eroded the hapua have been 'rolling back' by eroding the backshore to move landwards.
Hapua or river-mouth lagoons form in micro-tidal environments. A micro-tidal environment is where the tidal range (distance between low tide and high tide) is less than two metres. Tidal currents in a micro-tidal zone are less than those found on meso-tidal (two – four metres) and macro-tidal (greater than four metres) coastlines. Hapua form in this type of tidal environment as the tidal currents are unable to compete with the powerful freshwater flows of the rivers therefore there is no negligible tidal penetration to the lagoon. A fourth element of the environment in which hapua form is the strong longshore drift component. Longshore or littoral drift is the transportation of sediments along the coast at an angle to the shoreline. In the Canterbury Bight coastal area; the dominant swell direction is northwards from the Southern Ocean. Therefore, the principal movement of sediment via longshore drift is north towards Banks Peninsula. Hapua are located in areas dominated by longshore drift; because it aids the formation of the barrier behind which the hapua is sited.
A hapua also requires sediment to form the lagoon barrier. Sediment which nourishes the east coast of New Zealand can be sourced from three different areas. Material from the highly erodible Southern Alps is removed via weathering; then carried across the Canterbury Plains by various braided rivers to the east coast beaches. The second source of sediment is the high cliffs which are located in the hinterland of lagoons. These can be eroded during the occurrence of high river flow or sea storm events. Beaches further south provide nourishment to the northern coast via longshore transport.
Hapua characteristics
Hapua have a number of characteristics which includes shifts between a variety of morphodynamic states due to changes in the balance between marine and fluvial processes as well as the antecedent barrier conditions. The MSG barrier constantly changes size and shape as a result of the longshore drift. Water stored in the hapua drains to the coast predominantly though an outlet; although it can also seep through the barrier depending on the permeability of the material.
Changes in the level of the lagoon water do not occur as a result of saltwater or tidal intrusion. Water in a hapua is predominantly freshwater originating from the associated river. Hapua are non-estuarine, there is no tidal inflow however the tide does have an effect on the level of water in the lagoon. As the tide reaches its peak, the lagoon water has a much smaller amount of barrier to permeate through so the lagoon level rises. This is related to a physics theory known as hydraulic head. The lagoon level has a similar sinusoidal wave shape as the tide but reaches its peak slightly later. In general, any saltwater intrusion into the hapua will only occur during a storm via wave overtopping or sea spray.
Hapua can act as both a source and sink of sediment. The majority of sediment in the hapua is fluvial sourced. During medium to low river flows, coarser sediment generally collects in the hapua; while some of the finer sediment can be transported through the outlet to the coast. During flood events the hapua is 'flushed out' with larger amounts of sediment transferred through the outlet. This sediment can be deposited offshore or downdrift of the hapua replenishing the undernourished beach. If a large amount of material is released to the coast at one time it can be identified as a 'slug'. These can often be visible from aerial photographs.
Antecedent barrier conditions combined with changes in the balance between marine and fluvial processes results in shifts between a variety of morphological states in a hapua or river-mouth lagoon on a MSG beach. Marine processes includes the direction of wave approach, wave height and the coincidence of storm waves with high tides. Marine processes tend to dominate the majority of morphodynamic conditions until there is a large enough flood event in the associated river to breach the barrier. The level and frequency of base or flood flows are attributed to fluvial processes. Antecedent barrier conditions are the permeability, volume and height of the barrier as well as the width and presence of previous outlet channels. During low to medium river flows, the outlet from the lagoon to the sea becomes offset in the direction of longshore drift. Outlet efficiency tends to decrease the further away from the main river-mouth the outlet is. A decrease in efficiency can cause the outlet to become choked with sediment and the hapua to close temporarily. The potential for closure varies between different hapua depending on whether marine or fluvial processes are the bigger driver in the event. A high flow event; such as a fresh or flood can breach the barrier directly opposite the main river channel. This causes an immediate decrease in the water level of the hapua; as well as transporting previously deposited sediments into the ocean. Flood events are important for eroding lagoon back shores; this is a behaviour which allows hapua to retreat landward and thus remain coastal landforms even with coastal transgression and sea level rise. During high flow events there is also the possibility for secondary breaches of the barrier or lagoon truncation to occur.
Storm events also have the ability to close hapua outlets as waves overtop the barrier depositing sediment and choking the scoured channel. The resultant swift increase in lagoon water level causes a new outlet to be breached rapidly due to the large hydraulic head that forms between the lagoon and sea water levels. Storm breaching is believed to be an important but unpredictable control on the duration of closures at low to moderate river flow levels in smaller hapua.
Hapua are extremely important for a number of reasons. They provide a link between the river and sea for migrating fish as well as a corridor for migratory birds. To lose this link via closure of the hapua outlet could result in losing entire generations of specific species as they may need to migrate to the ocean or the river as a vital part of their lifecycle. River-mouth lagoons such as hapua were also used a source for mahinga kai (food gathering) by the Māori people. However, this is no longer the case due to catchment degradation which has resulted in lagoon deterioration. River-mouth lagoons on MSG beaches are not well explained in international literature.
Hapua case study
The hapua located at the mouth of the Rakaia River stretches approximately three kilometres north from where the river-mouth reaches the coast. The average width of the hapua between 1952 and 2004 was approximately 50 metres; whilst the surface area has stabilised at approximately 600,000 square metres since 1966. The coastal hinterland is composed of erodible cliffs and a low-lying area commonly known as the Rakaia Huts. This area has changed notably since European Settlement; with the drainage of ecologically significant wetlands and development of the small bach community.
The Rakaia River begins in the Southern Alps, providing approximately 4.2 Mt per year of sediment to the east coast. It is a braided river with a catchment area of 3105 kilometres squared and a mean flow of 221 cubic metres per second. The mouth of the Rakaia River reaches the coast south-west of Banks Peninsula. As the river reaches the coast it diverges into two channels; with the main channel flowing to the south of the island. As the hapua is located in the Canterbury Bight it is in a state of constant morphological change due to the prevailing southerly sea swells and resultant northwards longshore drift.
References
Fluvial landforms |
68582416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Walsall | List of people from Walsall | Walsall (, or ; locally ) is a large market town and administrative centre in West Midlands County, England. Historically part of Staffordshire, it is located north-west of Birmingham, east of Wolverhampton and from Lichfield. This list a list of notable people who were born in, lived in, or were otherwise strongly associated with Walsall.
Entertainment
Acting
Bobby Ash (1925–2007), British-Canadian actor born in Walsall
Zoe Dawson (born 1979 in Walsall) actress, minor roles in the BBC soap opera Doctors
Don Gilet (born 1967 in Caldmore) actor, roles in BBC productions Babyfather, EastEnders and 55 Degrees North.
Jeffrey Holland (born Jeffrey Michael Parkes, 1946 in Walsall) actor, roles in TV sitcoms and in Hi-de-Hi!, attended Queen Mary's Grammar School.
Matthew Marsden (born 1973 in West Bromwich) stage and film actor, brought up on the Yew Tree Estate in Walsall and schooled in Wednesbury and Great Barr.
Peter McEnery (born 1940 in Walsall) stage TV and film actor. Gave Hayley Mills her first "grown-up" screen kiss in the 1964 film The Moon-Spinners.
Sue Nicholls (born 1943 in Walsall) actress, played Audrey Roberts in Coronation Street.
Erin O'Connor MBE (born 1978 in Brownhills) model and TV actress, attended Brownhills Community School
Meera Syal CBE (born 1961) comedian, writer, playwright, singer, journalist, producer and actress. Brought up in Essington and attended Queen Mary's High School.
Richard Wattis (born 1912 in Wednesbury – 1975), actor
Frank Windsor (born 1927 in Walsall) actor, mainly on TV. Attended Queen Mary's Grammar School. Played DS John Watt in Z-Cars from 1962 to 1965.
Music
Amar (born 1982), British Indian singer
Andy C (born 1976), DJ, record producer and co-founder of RAM Records
Rob Collins (1963 in Rowley Regis – 1996) musician, original keyboardist of The Charlatans
Martin Degville (born 1961 in Walsall) lead singer and co-songwriter of the UK pop band Sigue Sigue Sputnik.
Goldie aka Clifford Joseph Price, MBE (born 1965 in Walsall) musician, DJ, graffiti artist, visual artist and actor, attended St. Francis of Assisi RC Secondary School in Aldridge
Rob Halford (born 1951 in Sutton Coldfield) raised in Walsall, singer songwriter, lead vocalist for the heavy metal band Judas Priest.
Noddy Holder MBE (born 1946 in Caldmore) musician and actor, lead singer and guitarist in glam rock band Slade
Tom Major-Ball (1879 in Bloxwich – 1962) music hall and circus performer and father of John Major, former Prime Minister
Frank Mullings (1881 in Walsall – 1953) a leading English tenor with Beecham Opera Company and its successor, the British National Opera Company
Mark Rhodes (born 1981 in Darlaston) singer and TV presenter, finished 2nd in the 2nd series of Pop Idol, lives in Wombourne.
Jorja Smith (born 1997 in Walsall) singer-songwriter
Connie Talbot (born 2000) from Streetly, teen singer 2nd place in the first series of Britain's Got Talent (series 1)
Kathryn Tickell OBE, DL (born 8 June 1967 in Walsall) is an English musician, noted for her mastery of the Northumbrian smallpipes and fiddle.
Dave Walker (born 1945 in Walsall) singer and guitarist, front-man for a number of bands; including Idle Race, Savoy Brown, Fleetwood Mac, and, briefly, Black Sabbath.
TV and radio
Alex Lester (born 1956 in Walsall) radio broadcaster,
Andrew Peach (born in Bloxwich c. 1970) BBC Radio presenter
Bob Warman (born 1946) TV presenter,
Leila Williams (born in Walsall 1937) beauty queen and Blue Peter presenter from 1958 until 1962
Politics
William Dixon Allott, (1817–1892) born in Walsall, Mayor of Adelaide 1873–1874
David Ennals, Baron Ennals PC (1922–1995) Labour Party politician born in Walsall
Bruce George (born 1942) Labour Party politician, MP for Walsall South 1974–2010
Eddie Hughes (born 1968) Conservative Party politician, MP for Walsall North 2017 to date.
Joseph Leckie (Born Glasgow 24 May 1866 – 9 August 1938) after whom Joseph Leckie school, now an academy was named. MP for Walsall 1931 - 1938.
Sir Harmar Nicholls (1912 in Walsall – 2000) Conservative Party politician, MP for Peterborough 1950–1974.
John Stonehouse (1925 – 1988) Labour Party politician, MP for Walsall North 1974–1976, notable for his unsuccessful attempt to fake his own death in 1974
David Winnick (born 1933) Labour Party politician, MP for Walsall North 1979–2017.
Jenny Tonge, Baroness Tonge MD (born 1941 in Walsall) politician, Liberal Democrat MP for Richmond Park in London 1997–2005, made a life peer in June 2005.
Valerie Vaz (born 1954) Labour politician and solicitor MP for Walsall South 2010 to date.
Public service and commerce
Francis Asbury (1745 Hamstead Bridge – 1816) joint founder of the Methodist movement in the United States, brought up in Gt Barr, emigrated 1771
Mike Ashley (born 1964), British billionaire retail entrepreneur focused in the sporting goods market
Sir Terence Beckett KBE (1923 in Walsall – 2013) businessman, chairman of Ford and later, director-general of the Confederation of British Industry
Margaret Bromhall (born 1890 in Walsall) first radiotherapist appointed to a radiotherapy department, at North Middlesex Hospital in London
John Henry Carless VC (1896 in Walsall – 1917) recipient of the Victoria Cross during the First World War
Rev Harry Moore Dauncey (1863 in Walsall – 1932) missionary in Papua New Guinea
Sister Dora (1832–1878) Anglican nun and a nurse in Walsall. She is honoured for her compassion and her medical work by a statue in the centre of town.
Michael L. Fitzgerald (born Walsall in 1937) Roman Catholic Cardinal, expert on Muslim-Christian relations
Martin Fowler (born 1963 in Walsall) software developer
Frederick Gibbs MC (born 1899 in Walsall) World War I Flying Ace
Sir Harry Hinsley OBE (1918 in Birchills – 1998) historian and cryptanalyst, worked at Bletchley Park and became Master of St John's College, Cambridge University
Sir Len Peach (1932 in Walsall – 2016) Chief Executive of the National Health Service 1986 – 1989.
Air Vice-Marshal Sidney Webster CBE AFC (1900 in Walsall – 1984) aviator and senior officer in the RAF
Sport
Norman Ashe (born 1943), footballer
Fred Bakewell (1908 in Walsall – 1983) was a Northamptonshire and England opening batsman, renowned largely because of his unorthodox methods
David Brown (born 1942 in Walsall) former English cricketer, attended Queen Mary's Grammar School played in twenty six Tests from 1965 to 1969
Colin Charvis (born 1972 in Sutton Coldfield) attended Queen Mary's Grammar School in Walsall, a former captain of the Wales national rugby union team
Leon Drysdale (born 1991), footballer
Nick Gillingham MBE (born 1967 in Walsall) swimmer, competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona
Terry Holbrook (born 1945 in Walsall) football referee formerly in the Football League and Premier League
Dean Keates (born 1978 in Beechdale) retired footballer and former First Team manager of Walsall.
Vaughan Lee (born 1982) Mixed Martial Artist formerly competing in UFC.
Mark Lewis-Francis MBE (born Darlason 1982) 100 metres sprinter, member of the gold medal winning 4x100 metres relay team at the 2004 summer Olympics.
Robert Marshall (1869–1937), cricketer
Rupert Moon former Llanelli and Welsh rugby international, known as the "Walsall Welshman" he became a radio and television presenter in Wales.
Lee Naylor (born in 1980 in Mossley) former professional footballer
David Platt (born Walsall 1966) English-born Australian darts player
Rachel Unitt (born 1982 in Bentley) England Women's footballer
Eleanor Simmonds OBE (born Walsall 1994) Paralympian swimmer, won gold in the 2008 and 2012 Summer Paralympics.
Writing
John Byrne (born 1950 in Walsall) comic book creator, raised in West Bromwich
Peter Corey (born 1946 in Walsall) author of the Coping With children's book series and also a TV actor.
Jerome K. Jerome (1859 in Caldmore – 1927) writer and humourist, author of comic travelogue Three Men in a Boat (1889).
Paul McDonald (born 1961 in Walsall) comic novelist and academic.
Sir Henry Newbolt CH (1862 in Bilston – 1938) poet, novelist and historian and old boy of Queen Mary's Grammar School.
Nick Redfern (born 1964 in Pelsall) author and UFO researcher
Science
Lindon Eaves (1944–2022) geneticist and Anglican priest, born in Walsall
John Edward Gray (1800–1875), zoologist, born in Walsall.
Murderers
Raymond Morris (1929 in Walsall – 2014) convicted of the Cannock Chase murders in the late 1960s, served 45 years in prison.
Louise Porton (born 1996) woman who murdered her two children in 2018, formerly lived in Walsall
References
Walsall |
160097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Orphan%20Annie | Little Orphan Annie | Little Orphan Annie was a daily American comic strip created by Harold Gray and syndicated by the Tribune Media Services. The strip took its name from the 1885 poem "Little Orphant Annie" by James Whitcomb Riley, and it made its debut on August 5, 1924, in the New York Daily News.
The plot followed the wide-ranging adventures of Annie, her dog Sandy and her benefactor Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks. Secondary characters include Punjab, the Asp and Mr. Am. The strip attracted adult readers with political commentary that targeted (among other things) organized labor, the New Deal and communism.
Following Gray's death in 1968, several artists drew the strip and, for a time, "classic" strips were reruns. Little Orphan Annie inspired a radio show in 1930, film adaptations by RKO in 1932 and Paramount in 1938 and a Broadway musical Annie in 1977 (which was adapted on screen four times, one in 1982, one on TV in 1999, one in 2014 and another a live TV production in 2021). The strip's popularity declined over the years; it was running in only 20 newspapers when it ended on June 13, 2010. The characters now appear occasionally as supporting cast in Dick Tracy.
Story
Little Orphan Annie displays literary kinship with the picaresque novel in its seemingly endless string of episodic and unrelated adventures in the life of a character who wanders like an innocent vagabond through a corrupt world. In Annie's first year, the picaresque pattern that characterizes her story is set, with the major players – Annie, Sandy and "Daddy" Warbucks – introduced within the strip's first several weeks.
The story opens in a dreary and Dickensian orphanage where Annie is routinely abused by the cold and sarcastic matron Miss Asthma, who eventually is replaced by the equally mean Miss Treat (whose name is a play on the word "mistreat").
One day, the wealthy but mean-spirited Mrs. Warbucks takes Annie into her home "on trial". She makes it clear that she does not like Annie and tries to send her back to "the Home", but one of her society friends catches her in the act, and immediately, to her disgust, she changes her mind.
Her husband Oliver, who returned from a business trip, instantly develops a paternal affection for Annie and instructs her to address him as "Daddy". Originally, the Warbucks had a dog named One-Lung, who liked Annie. Their household staff also takes to Annie and they like her.
However, the staff despises Mrs. Warbucks, the daughter of a nouveau riche plumber's assistant. Cold-hearted Mrs. Warbucks sends Annie back to "the Home" numerous times, and the staff hates her for that. "Daddy" (Oliver) keeps thinking of her as his daughter. Mrs. Warbucks often argues with Oliver over how much he "mortifies her when company comes" and his affection for Annie. A very status-conscious woman, she feels that Oliver and Annie are ruining her socially. However, Oliver usually is able to put her in her place, especially when she criticizes Annie.
Story formulas
The strip developed a series of formulas that ran over its course to facilitate a wide range of stories. The earlier strips relied on a formula by which Daddy Warbucks is called away on business and through a variety of contrivances, Annie is cast out of the Warbucks mansion, usually by her enemy, the nasty Mrs. Warbucks. Annie then wanders the countryside and has adventures meeting and helping new people in their daily struggles. Early stories dealt with political corruption, criminal gangs and corrupt institutions, which Annie would confront. Annie ultimately would encounter troubles with the villain, who would be vanquished by the returning Daddy Warbucks. Annie and Daddy would then be reunited, at which point, after several weeks, the formula would play out again. In the series, each strip represented a single day in the life of the characters. This device was dropped by the end of the '20s.
By the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the formula was tweaked: Daddy Warbucks lost his fortune due to a corrupt rival and briefly died from despair at the 1944 re-election of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Annie remained an orphan, and for several years had adventures that involved more internationally based enemies. The contemporary events taking place in Europe were reflected in the strips during the 1940s and World War II. Daddy Warbucks was reunited with Annie, as his death was retconned to coma, from which he woke in 1945, coinciding with Roosevelt's real-world death.
By this time, the series enlarged its world with the addition of characters such as Asp and Punjab, bodyguards and servants to Annie and Daddy Warbucks. They traveled the world, with Annie having adventures on her own or with her adopted family.
Characters
Annie is an eleven-year-old orphan. Her distinguishing physical characteristics are curly red hair, a red dress and vacant circles for eyes. Her catchphrases are "Gee whiskers" and "Leapin' lizards!" In the comic, Annie attributes her lasting youthfulness to her birthday being on February 29 in a leap year, and ages only one year in appearance for every four years that pass. Annie is a plucky, generous, compassionate, and optimistic youngster who can hold her own against bullies, and has a strong and intuitive sense of right and wrong.
Sandy enters the story in a January 1925 strip as a puppy of no particular breed which Annie rescues from a gang of abusive boys. The girl is working as a drudge in Mrs. Bottle's grocery store at the time and manages to keep the puppy briefly concealed. She finally gives him to Paddy Lynch, a gentle man who owns a "steak joint" and can give Sandy a good home. Sandy is a mature dog when he suddenly reappears in a May 1925 strip to rescue Annie from gypsy kidnappers. Annie and Sandy remain together thereafter.
Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks first appears in a September 1924 strip and reveals a month later he was formerly a small machine shop owner who acquired his enormous wealth producing munitions during World War I. He is a large, powerfully-built bald man, the idealized capitalist, who typically wears a tuxedo and diamond stickpin in his shirtfront. He likes Annie at once, instructing her to call him "Daddy", but his wife (the daughter of a plumber's assistant) is a snobbish, gossiping nouveau riche who derides her husband's affection for Annie. When Warbucks is suddenly called to Siberia on business, his wife spitefully sends Annie back to the orphanage.
Other major characters include Warbucks' right-hand men: Punjab, an eight-foot native of India, introduced in 1935, and the Asp, an inscrutably generalized East Asian, who first appeared in 1937. Also introduced in 1937 was the mysterious Mr. Am, a bearded sage millions of years old, whose supernatural powers include bringing the dead back to life.
Publication history
[[File:Little Orphan Annie 1924-08-05.jpg|thumb|The first strip of Annie'''s test run, published on August 5, 1924.]]
After World War I, cartoonist Harold Gray joined the Chicago Tribune which, at that time, was being reworked by owner Joseph Medill Patterson into an important national journal. As part of his plan, Patterson wanted to publish comic strips that would lend themselves to nationwide syndication and to film and radio adaptations. Gray's strips were consistently rejected by Patterson, but Little Orphan Annie was finally accepted and debuted in a test run on August 5, 1924, in the New York Daily News, a Tribune-owned tabloid. Reader response was positive, and Annie began appearing as a Sunday strip in the Tribune on November 2 and as a daily strip on November 10. It was soon offered for syndication and picked up by the Toronto Star and The Atlanta Constitution.
Gray reported in 1952 that Annie's origin lay in a chance meeting he had with a ragamuffin while wandering the streets of Chicago looking for cartooning ideas. "I talked to this little kid and liked her right away", Gray said. "She had common sense, knew how to take care of herself. She had to. Her name was Annie. At the time some 40 strips were using boys as the main characters; only three were using girls. I chose Annie for mine, and made her an orphan, so she'd have no family, no tangling alliances, but freedom to go where she pleased." By changing the gender of his lead character, Gray differentiated himself in the field of comics (and likely increased his readership by appealing to female readers). In designing the strip, Gray was influenced by his midwestern farm boyhood, Victorian poetry and novels such as Charles Dickens's Great Expectations, Sidney Smith's wildly popular comic strip The Gumps, and the histrionics of the silent films and melodramas of the period. Initially, there was no continuity between the dailies and the Sunday strips, but by the early 1930s the two had become one. The strip (whose title was borrowed from James Whitcomb Riley's 1885 poem "Little Orphant Annie") was "conservative and topical", according to the editors of The Great Depression in America: A Cultural Encyclopedia, and "represents the personal vision" of Gray and Riley's "homespun philosophy of hard work, respect for elders, and a cheerful outlook on life". A Fortune popularity poll in 1937 indicated Little Orphan Annie ranked number one and ahead of Popeye, Dick Tracy, Bringing Up Father, The Gumps, Blondie, Moon Mullins, Joe Palooka, Li'l Abner and Tillie the Toiler.
1929 to World War II
Gray was little affected by the stock market crash of 1929. The strip was more popular than ever and brought him a good income, which was only enhanced when the strip became the basis for a radio program in 1930 and two films in 1932 and 1938. Unsurprisingly, Gray was mocked by some for his strip's lecturing to the poor on hard work, initiative, and motivation, while still enjoying his successful lifestyle.
Starting January 4, 1931, Gray added a topper strip to the Little Orphan Annie Sunday page called Private Life Of... The strip chose a common object each week like potatoes, hats and baseballs, and told their "stories". That idea ran for two years, ending on Christmas Day, 1932. A new three-panel gag strip about an elderly lady, Maw Green, began on January 1, 1933, and ran along the bottom of the Sunday page until 1973.
In 1935 Punjab, a gigantic, sword-wielding, beturbaned Indian, was introduced to the strip and became one of its iconic characters. Whereas Annie's adventures up to the point of Punjab's appearance were realistic and believable, her adventures following his introduction touched upon the supernatural, the cosmic, and the fantastic.
In November 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected president and proposed his New Deal. Many, including Gray, saw this and other programs as government interference in private enterprise. Gray railed against Roosevelt and his programs. (Gray even seemingly killed Daddy Warbucks off in 1945, suggesting that Warbucks could not coexist in the world with FDR. But following FDR's death, Gray brought back Warbucks, who said to Annie, "Somehow I feel that the climate here has changed since I went away.") Annie's life was complicated not only by thugs and gangsters but also by New Deal do-gooders and bureaucrats. Organized labor was feared by businessmen and Gray took their side. Some writers and editors took issue with this strip's criticisms of FDR's New Deal and 1930s labor unionism. The New Republic described Annie as "Hooverism in the Funnies", arguing that Gray's strip was defending utility company bosses then being investigated by the government. The Herald Dispatch of Huntington, West Virginia, stopped running Little Orphan Annie, printing a front-page editorial rebuking Gray's politics. A subsequent New Republic editorial praised the paper's move, and The Nation likewise voiced its support.
In the late 1920s, the strip had taken on a more adult and adventurous feel with Annie encountering killers, gangsters, spies, and saboteurs. It was about this time that Gray, whose politics seem to have been broadly conservative and libertarian with a decided populist streak, introduced some of his more controversial storylines. He would look into the darker aspects of human nature, such as greed and treachery. The gap between rich and poor was an important theme. His hostility toward labor unions was dramatized in the 1935 story "Eonite". Other targets were the New Deal, communism, and corrupt businessmen.
Gray was especially critical of the justice system, which he saw as not doing enough to deal with criminals. Thus, some of his storylines featured people taking the law into their own hands. This happened as early as 1927 in an adventure named "The Haunted House". Annie is kidnapped by a gangster called Mister Mack. Warbucks rescues her and takes Mack and his gang into custody. He then contacts a local Senator who owes him a favor. Warbucks persuades the politician to use his influence with the judge and make sure that the trial goes their way and that Mack and his men get their just desserts. Annie questions the use of such methods but concludes it is necessary to counteract criminals manipulating the justice system in their own way.
Warbucks became much more ruthless in later years. After catching yet another gang of Annie kidnappers he announced that he "wouldn't think of troubling the police with you boys", implying that while he and Annie celebrated their reunion, the Asp and his men took the kidnappers away to be lynched. In another Sunday strip, published during World War II, a war-profiteer expresses the hope that the conflict would last another 20 years. An outraged member of the public physically assaults the man for his opinion, claiming revenge for his two sons who have already been killed in the fighting. When a passing policeman is about to intervene, Annie talks him out of it, suggesting, "It's better some times to let folks settle some questions by what you might call democratic processes."
World War II and Annie's Junior Commandos
As war clouds gathered, both the Chicago Tribune and the New York Daily News advocated neutrality; "Daddy" Warbucks, however, was gleefully manufacturing tanks, planes, and munitions. Journalist James Edward Vlamos deplored the loss of fantasy, innocence, and humor in the "funnies", and took to task one of Gray's sequences about espionage, noting that the "fate of the nation" rested on "Annie's frail shoulders". Vlamos advised readers to "Stick to the saner world of war and horror on the front pages."
When the US entered World War II, Annie not only played her part by blowing up a German submarine but organized and led groups of children called the Junior Commandos in the collection of newspapers, scrap metal, and other recyclable materials for the war effort. Annie herself wore an armband emblazoned with "JC" and called herself "Colonel Annie". In real life, the idea caught on, and schools and parents were encouraged to organize similar groups. Twenty thousand Junior Commandos were reportedly registered in Boston.
Gray was praised far and wide for his war effort brainchild. Editor & Publisher wrote,
Harold Gray, Little Orphan Annie creator, has done one of the biggest jobs to date for the scrap drive. His 'Junior Commando' project, which he inaugurated some months ago, has caught on all around the country, and tons of scrap have been collected and contributed to the campaign. The kids sell the scrap, and the proceeds are turned into stamps and bonds.
Not all was rosy for Gray, however. His application for extra gas coupons was denied by the Office of Price Administration, as cartoonists were not deemed essential to the war effort. Gray appealed, but the decision was upheld. Furious, Gray used the strip to criticize the government's decision as well as the clerk who made the original denial, whom he thinly caricatured in the strip. This storyline was controversial, with both sides garnering criticism in local papers. The clerk eventually threatened to sue for libel, and some papers cancelled the strip. Gray showed no remorse, but did discontinue the sequence.
Gray was criticized by a Southern newspaper for including a black child among the white children in the Junior Commandos. In his reply, Gray denied being a reformer, but pointed out that Annie was a friend to all, and his inclusion of a black character, was "merely a casual gesture toward a very large block of readers." African-American readers wrote letters to Gray thanking him for the incorporation of a black child in the strip, although no record survives of any replies from Gray.
In the summer of 1944 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, whom Gray despised, was nominated for a fourth term as President of the United States. Gray responded with a dramatic month-long storyline that ended with Warbucks dying of a jungle fever. Readers were generally unhappy with Gray's decision to kill off the character, although one New York Man wrote to suggest that Annie also be killed off and the strip ended.
By the following November, Annie was working as a maid in an abusive home. The public begged Gray to have mercy on Annie; instead he had her framed for her mistress's murder, though she was later exonerated. Following Roosevelt's death in April 1945, Gray resurrected Warbucks with the explanation that he had only been playing dead to thwart his enemies, and once again the billionaire began expounding the joys of capitalism.
Post-war years
In the post-war years, Annie took on The Bomb, communism, teenage rebellion and a host of other social and political concerns, often provoking the enmity of clergymen, union leaders and others. For example, Gray believed children should be allowed to work. "A little work never hurt any kid," Gray affirmed, "One of the reasons we have so much juvenile delinquency is that kids are forced by law to loaf around on street corners and get into trouble." His belief brought upon him the wrath of the labor movement, which staunchly supported the child labor laws.
A London newspaper columnist thought some of Gray's sequences a threat to world peace, but a Detroit newspaper supported Gray on his "shoot first, ask questions later" foreign policy. Gray was criticized for the gruesome violence in the strips, particularly a sequence in which Annie and Sandy were run over by a car. Gray responded to the criticism by giving Annie a year-long bout with amnesia that allowed her to trip through several adventures without Daddy. In 1956, a sequence about juvenile delinquency, drug addiction, switchblades, prostitutes, crooked cops, and the ties between teens and adult gangsters unleashed a firestorm of criticism; 30 newspapers cancelled the strip. The syndicate ordered Gray to drop the sequence and develop another adventure.
Gray's death
Gray died in May 1968 of cancer, and the strip was continued under other cartoonists. Gray's cousin and assistant Robert Leffingwell was the first on the job but proved inadequate and the strip was handed over to Tribune staff artist Henry Arnold and general manager Henry Raduta as the search continued for a permanent replacement. Tex Blaisdell, an experienced comics artist, got the job with Elliot Caplin as writer. Caplin avoided political themes and concentrated instead on character stories. The two worked together six years on the strip, but subscriptions fell off and both left at the end of 1973. The strip was passed to others and during this time complaints were registered regarding Annie's appearance, her conservative politics, and her lack of spunk. Early in 1974, David Lettick took the strip, but his Annie was drawn in an entirely different and more "cartoonish" style, leading to reader complaints, and he left after only three months. In April 1974, the decision was made to reprint Gray's classic strips, beginning in 1936. Subscriptions increased. The reprints ran from April 22, 1974, to December 8, 1979.
Following the success of the Broadway musical Annie, the strip was resurrected on December 9, 1979, as Annie, written and drawn by Leonard Starr. Starr, the creator of Mary Perkins, On Stage, was the only one besides Gray to achieve notable success with the strip.
Starr's last strip ran on February 20, 2000, and the strip went into reprints again for several months. Starr was succeeded by Daily News writer Jay Maeder and artist Andrew Pepoy, beginning Monday, June 5, 2000. Pepoy was eventually succeeded by Alan Kupperberg (April 1, 2001 – July 11, 2004) and Ted Slampyak (July 5, 2004 – June 13, 2010). The new creators updated the strip's settings and characters for a modern audience, giving Annie a new hairdo and jeans rather than her trademark dress. However, Maeder's new stories never managed to live up to the pathos and emotional engagement of the stories by Gray and Starr. Annie herself was often reduced to a supporting role, and she was a far less complex character than the girl readers had known for seven decades. Maeder's writing style also tended to make the stories feel like tongue-in-cheek adventures compared to the serious, heartfelt tales Gray and Starr favored. Annie gradually lost subscribers during the 2000s, and, by 2010, it was running in fewer than 20 U.S. newspapers.
Cancellation
On May 13, 2010, Tribune Media Services announced that the strip's final installment would appear on Sunday, June 13, 2010, ending after 86 years. At the time of the cancellation announcement, it was running in fewer than 20 newspapers, some of which, such as the New York Daily News, had carried the strip for its entire life. The final cartoonist, Ted Slampyak, said, "It's kind of painful. It's almost like mourning the loss of a friend."
The last strip was the culmination of a story arc where Annie was kidnapped from her hotel by a wanted war criminal from eastern Europe who checked in under a phony name with a fake passport. Although Warbucks enlists the help of the FBI and Interpol to find her, by the end of the final strip he has begun to resign himself to the very strong possibility that Annie most likely will not be found alive. Unfortunately, Warbucks is unaware that Annie is still alive and has made her way to Guatemala with her captor, known simply as the "Butcher of the Balkans". Although Annie wants to be let go, the Butcher tells her that he neither will let her go nor kill her—for fear of being captured and because he will not kill a child despite his many political killings—and adds that she has a new life now with him. The final panel of the strip reads "And this is where we leave our Annie. For Now—".
Since the cancellation, rerun strips have been running on the GoComics site.
Final resolution: Warbucks calls on Dick Tracy
In 2013, the team behind Dick Tracy began a story line that would permanently resolve the fate of Annie. The week of June 10, 2013, featured several Annie characters in extended cameos complete with dialogue, including Warbucks, the Asp and Punjab. On June 16, Warbucks implies that Annie is still missing and that he might even enlist Tracy's help in finding her. Asp and Punjab appeared again on March 26, 2014. The caption says that these events will soon impact on the detective.
The storyline resumed on June 8, 2014, with Warbucks asking for Tracy's assistance in finding Annie. In the course of the story, Tracy receives a letter from Annie and determines her location. Meanwhile, the name of the kidnapper is revealed as Henrik Wilemse, and he has been tracked to the city where he is found and made to disappear. Tracy and Warbucks rescued Annie, and the storyline wrapped up on October 12.
Annie again visited Dick Tracy, visiting his granddaughter Honeymoon Tracy, starting June 6, 2015. This arc concluded September 26, 2015 with Dick Tracy sending the girls home from a crime scene to keep them out of the news.
A third appearance of Annie and her supporting cast in Dick Tracy's strip began on May 16, 2019, and involves both B-B Eyes' murder and doubts about the fate of Trixie. The arc also establishes that Warbucks has formally adopted Annie, as opposed to being just his ward.
Adaptations
RadioLittle Orphan Annie was adapted to a 15-minute radio show that debuted on WGN Chicago in 1930 and went national on NBC's Blue Network beginning April 6, 1931. The show was one of the first comic strips adapted to radio, attracted about 6 million fans, and left the air in 1942. Radio historian Jim Harmon attributes the show's popularity in The Great Radio Heroes to the fact that it was the only radio show to deal with and appeal to young children.
1930s films based on the comic strip
Two film adaptations were released at the height of Annie's popularity in the 1930s. Little Orphan Annie, the first adaptation, was produced by David O. Selznick for RKO in 1932 and starred Mitzi Green as Annie. The plot was simple: Warbucks leaves on business and Annie finds herself in the orphanage again. She pals around with a little boy named Mickey, and when he is adopted by a wealthy woman, she visits him in his new home. Warbucks returns and holds a Christmas party for all. The film opened on Christmas Eve 1932. Variety panned it, and the New York Daily News was "slightly disappointed" with the film, thinking Green too "big and buxom" for the role. Paramount brought Ann Gillis to the role of Annie in their 1938 film adaptation, but this version was panned as well. One reviewer thought it "stupid and thoroughly boresome" and was uncomfortable with the "sugar-coated Pollyanna characterization" given Annie.
Three years after the RKO release, Gray wrote a sequence for the strip that sent Annie to Hollywood. She is hired at low wages to play the stand-in and stunt double for the bratty child star Tootsie McSnoots. Young starlet Janey Spangles tips off Annie to the corrupt practices in Hollywood. Annie handles the information with maturity and has a good time with Janey while doing her job on the set. Annie doesn't become a star. As Bruce Smith remarks in The History of Little Orphan Annie, "Gray was smart enough never to let [Annie] get too successful."
Broadway
In 1977, Little Orphan Annie was adapted to the Broadway stage as Annie. With music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Martin Charnin and book by Thomas Meehan, the original production ran from April 21, 1977, to January 2, 1983. The work has been staged internationally. The musical took considerable liberties with the original comic strip plot.
The Broadway Annies were Andrea McArdle, Shelly Bruce, Sarah Jessica Parker, Allison Smith and Alyson Kirk. Actresses who portrayed Miss Hannigan are Dorothy Loudon, Alice Ghostley, Betty Hutton, Ruth Kobart, Marcia Lewis, June Havoc, Nell Carter and Sally Struthers. Songs from the musical include "Tomorrow" and "It's the Hard Knock Life". There is also a children's version of Annie called Annie Junior. Two sequels to the musical, Annie 2: Miss Hannigan's Revenge (1989) and Annie Warbucks (1992-93), were written by the same creative team; neither show opened on Broadway. There were also many "bus & truck" tours of Little Orphan Annie throughout the United States during the success of the Broadway Shows.
Film adaptations of the Broadway musical
In addition to the two Annie films of the 1930s, there have been three film adaptations of the Broadway play. All have the same title. They are Annie (1982), Annie (1999, a made-for-television adaptation) and Annie (2014).
The 1982 version was directed by John Huston and starred Aileen Quinn as Annie, Albert Finney as Warbucks, Ann Reinking as his secretary Grace Farrell, and Carol Burnett as Miss Hannigan. The film departed from the Broadway production in several respects, most notably changing the climax of the story from Christmas to the Fourth of July. It also featured five new songs, "Dumb Dog", "Sandy", "Let's Go to the Movies", "Sign", and "We Got Annie", while cutting "We'd like to Thank You, Herbert Hoover", "N.Y.C", "You Won't Be an Orphan for Long", "Something Was Missing", "Annie", and "New Deal for Christmas". It received mixed critical reviews and, while becoming the 10th highest-grossing film of 1982, barely recouped its $50 million budget.
A direct-to-video film, Annie: A Royal Adventure! was released in 1996 as a sequel to the 1982 film. It features Ashley Johnson as Annie and focuses on the adventures of Annie and her friends Hannah and Molly. It is set in England in 1943, about 10 years after the first film, when Annie and her friends Hannah and Molly sail to England after Daddy Warbucks is invited to receive a knighthood. None of the original 1982 cast appear and the film features no musical numbers apart from a reprise of "Tomorrow".
The animated Little Orphan Annie's A Very Animated Christmas was produced as a direct-to-video film in 1995.
The 1999 television film was produced for The Wonderful World of Disney. It starred Victor Garber, Alan Cumming, Audra McDonald and Kristin Chenoweth, with Oscar winner Kathy Bates as Miss Hannigan and newcomer Alicia Morton as Annie. While its plot stuck closer to the original Broadway production, it also omitted "We'd Like to Thank You, Herbert Hoover", "Annie", "New Deal for Christmas", and a reprise of "Tomorrow." Generally favorably received, the production earned two Emmy Awards and George Foster Peabody Award.
The 2014 film Annie was produced by Jay-Z and Will Smith. It starred Quvenzhané Wallis in the title role and Jamie Foxx in the role of Will Stacks (a role similar to Warbucks). The film follows the basic plot of the musical but is set in the present day and features new songs along re-mixed versions of older ones. It was released on December 19, 2014.
Parodies, imitations and cultural citations
The characters and concept of Little Orphan Annie have been influential in comics and other media during the original run and continuing into the modern day. Between 1936 and October 17, 1959, the comic strip Belinda Blue-Eyes (later shortened to Belinda) ran in the United Kingdom in the Daily Mirror. Writers Bill Connor and Don Freeman and artists Stephen Dowling and Tony Royle all worked on the strip over the years. In The Penguin Book of Comics Belinda is described as "a perpetual waif, a British counterpart to the transatlantic Little Orphan Annie." The strip also influenced Little Annie Rooney (Jan. 10, 1927–1966) and Frankie Doodle (1934-1938).
In 1995, Little Orphan Annie was one of 20 American comic strips included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative U.S. postage stamps. Rapper Jay-Z has referenced Little Orphan Annie in at least two of his songs, as well as sampling "It's the Hard Knock Life" for "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)" (1998). On the album cover of punk rock cover band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes' 1999 album Are a Drag, rhythm guitarist and Lagwagon vocalist Joey Cape is dressed as Annie, as she was depicted in the 1982 film. Starting in 2014, red-haired comedian Michelle Wolf appeared on numerous segments on Late Night as her fictional persona, "Grown-Up Annie", an adult version of Little Orphan Annie.
In medicine, "Orphan Annie eye" (empty or "ground glass") nuclei are a characteristic histological finding in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.
Many comics, cartoons, TV shows and other media have parodied or referenced the name Little Orphan Annie. Early examples "Little Arf 'n Nonnie" and "Lulu Arfin' Nanny" appear in the Walt Kelly strip Pogo. "Little Orphan Melvin" appears in the ninth issue of Mad magazine by Harvey Kurtzman and Wally Wood, published 1952. Kurtzman later produced a long-running erotic comic for Playboy called Little Annie Fanny. In The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, Gilbert Shelton satirized the strip as "Little Orphan Amphetamine". 1980s children's program You Can't Do That on Television parodied the character as "Little Orphan Andrea" in its "Adoption" episode, later banned. The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics by Mirage Studios feature a fictional toy line named "Little Orphan Aliens".
Archives
Harold Gray's work is in the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University. The Gray collection includes artwork, printed material, correspondence, manuscripts and photographs. Gray's original pen and ink drawings for Little Orphan Annie daily strips date from 1924 to 1968. The Sunday strips date from 1924 to 1964. Printed material in the collection includes numerous proofs of Little Orphan Annie daily and Sunday strips (1925–68). Most of these are in bound volumes. There are proofsheets of Little Orphan Annie daily strips from the Chicago Tribune-New York Times Syndicate, Inc. for the dates 1943, 1959–61 and 1965–68, as well as originals and photocopies of the printed versions of Little Orphan Annie, both daily and Sunday strips.
Episode guide
1924: From Rags to Riches (and Back Again); Just a Couple of Hurried Bites
1925: The Silos; Count De Tour
1926: School of Hard Knocks; Under the Big Top; Will Tomorrow Never Come?
1927: The Blue Bell of Happiness; Haunted House; Other People's Troubles
1928: Sherlock, Jr.; Mush and Milk; Just Before the Dawn
1929: Farm Relief; Girl Next Door; One Blunder After Another
1930: Seven Year Itch; The Frame, the Farm & the Flood; Shipwrecked
1931: Busted!; Good Neighbor Policy; Down, But Not Out; And a Blind Man Shall Lead Them; Distant Relations; A Hundred to One
1932: Don't Mess with Cupid; They Call Her Big Mama; A House Divided; Cosmic City
1933: Pinching Pennies; Retribution; Who'd Chizzle a Blind Man?
1934: Bleek House; Phil O. Blustered; The One-Way Road to Justice; Dust Yourself Off
1935: Punjab the Wizard; Beware the Hate Mongers; Annie in Hollywood
1936: Inkey; On the Lam; The Sole of the Matter; The Gila Story; Those Who are About to Die
1937: The Million-Dollar Voice; The Omnipotent Mr. Am; Into the Fourth Dimension; Easy Money
1938: A Rose, per Chance; The Last Port of Call; Men in Black
1939: At Home on the Range; Assault on the Hacienda; Three Face East; Justice at Play
1940: In the Nick of Time; Billy the Kid; Peg O' their Hearts
1941: The Happy Warrior; Saints and Cynics; Never Trouble Trouble; On Needles and Pins
1942: The Junior Commandos; Out on a Limb
1943: The Rat Trap, Next Stop—Gooneyville
1944: In a Den of Thieves, Death be Thy Name, Mrs. Bleating-Heart
1950: Ivan the Terrible, The Town Called Fiasco, Circumstantial Evidence
1951: Open Season for Trouble, Something to Remember
1952: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow, Dead Men's Point, When You Do That Hoodoo, A Town Called Futility
Reprints
Between 1926 and 1934, Cupples & Leon published nine collections of Annie strips:
Little Orphan Annie (1925 strips, reprinted by Dover and Pacific Comics Club)
In the Circus (1926 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club)
Haunted House (1927 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club)
Bucking the World (1928 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club and in Nemo # 8)
Never Say Die (1929 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club)
Shipwrecked (1930 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club)
A Willing Helper (1931 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club)
In Cosmic City (1932 strips, reprinted by Dover)
Uncle Dan (1933 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club)
Arf: The Life and Hard Times of Little Orphan Annie (1970): reprints approximately half the daily strips from 1935 to 1945. However, many of the storylines are edited and shortened, with gaps of several months between some strips.
Dover Publications reprinted two of the Cupples & Leon books and an original collection Little Orphan Annie in the Great Depression which contains all the daily strips from January to September, 1931.
Pacific Comics Club has reprinted eight of the Cupples & Leon books. They have also published a new series of reprints, with complete runs of daily strip, in the same format at the C&L books, covering some of the daily strips from 1925 to 29:
The Sentence, 1925 strips
The Dreamer, strips from January 22, 1926, to April 30, 1926
Daddy, strips from September 6, 1926, to December 4, 1926.
The Hobo, strips from December 6, 1926, to March 5, 1927.
Rich Man, Poor Man, strips from March 7, 1927, to May 7, 1927.
The Little Worker, strips from October 8, 1927, to December 21, 1927.
The Business of Giving, strips from November 23, 1928, to March 2, 1929.
This Surprising World, strips from March 4, 1929, to June 11, 1929.
The Pro and the Con, strips from June 12, 1929, to September 19, 1929.
The Man of Mystery, strips from September 20, 1929, to December 31, 1929.
Considering both Cupples & Leon and Pacific Comics Club, the biggest gap is in 1928.
All of the daily and Sunday strips from 1931 to 1935 were reprinted by Fantagraphics in the 1990s, in five volumes, each covering a year, from 1931 to 1935.
Picking up where Fantagraphics left off, Comics Revue magazine reprinted both daily and Sunday strips from 1936 to 1941, starting in Comics Revue #167 and ending in #288.
Pacific Comics Club reprinted approximately the first six months of the strips from Comics Revue, under the title Home at Last, December 29, 1935, to April 5, 1936.
Dragon Lady Press reprinted daily and Sunday strips from September 3, 1945, to February 9, 1946.
In 2008, IDW Publishing started a reprint series, The Complete Little Orphan Annie, under its The Library of American Comics imprint.
See also
Punky Brewster, a television series, about an abandoned girl with her foster dad, and the friends she meets. Also had a spin-off cartoon series.
References
Further reading
Harvey, Robert C. The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1994), esp. 99–103.
Cole, Shirley Bell. Acting Her Age: My Ten Years as a Ten-Year-Old: My Memories as Radio's Little Orphan Annie''. Lunenburg, Vermont: Stinehour Press, 2005.
External links
Little Orphan Annie at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012.
The Official Little Orphan Annie Home Page
1924 comics debuts
2010 comics endings
Action-adventure comics
American comics adapted into films
American propaganda during World War II
Comic strips set in the United States
Comics about dogs
Comics about children
Comics about orphans
Comics about womenOrphan characters in comics
Comics adapted into plays
Comics adapted into radio series
Humor comics
Works about adoption
Comic strips formerly syndicated by Tribune Content Agency
Orphanages in fiction |
2288521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20HA-420%20HondaJet | Honda HA-420 HondaJet | The Honda HA-420 HondaJet is a light business jet produced by the Honda Aircraft Company of Greensboro, North Carolina, United States.
Original concepts of the aircraft started in 1997 and were completed in 1999.
It took its maiden flight on December 3, 2003, received its FAA type certificate in December 2015, and was first delivered that same month.
By the end of 2021, 200 jets had been delivered.
The seven- to eight-seat aircraft has a composite fuselage and an aluminum wing and is powered by two GE Honda HF120 turbofans unusually mounted on pylons above the wing. It can cruise at , and has a range.
The HondaJet has received several aeronautic design and innovation accolades.
Development
Honda began to study small-sized business jets in the late 1980s, using engines from other manufacturers. The Honda MH01 turboprop used an all-composite construction, and the Honda MH02 was fabricated and assembled at Mississippi State University's Raspet Flight Research Laboratory in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The MH02 was a prototype using carbon fiber/epoxy composite materials and was the first all-composite light business jet to fly. Flight testing on the MH02 continued through 1996, after which the aircraft was shipped to Japan.
Designer and company founder, Michimasa Fujino, began sketching the HondaJet in 1997, and the concept was solidified in 1999. According to Fujino, design of the HondaJet nose was inspired by Salvatore Ferragamo shoes. Testing in the Boeing windtunnel indicated a valid concept in 1999.
In October 2000, Honda R&D Americas established a research facility at the Piedmont Triad International Airport in Greensboro, North Carolina On December 3, 2003, a proof-of-concept HondaJet conducted its first successful test flight at the Greensboro facility. At this point, Honda executives remained unsure about whether or not to commercialize the HondaJet program. To better understand the commercial potential of the HondaJet, Fujino publicly displayed the HondaJet for the first time on July 28, 2005, at the annual EAA AirVenture Oshkosh airshow. The debut attracted strong interest, and convinced Honda executives to commercialize the HondaJet, which Honda publicly announced at the following year's AirVenture.
In 2006, Honda announced the commercialization of the jet with a first delivery then planned for 2010. At the time, pricing was set at $3.65 million. The first FAA-conforming (built to Federal Aviation Administration rules) HondaJet achieved its first flight on 20 December 2010. The first flight of the first production HondaJet occurred on June 27, 2014, and it was displayed at that year's AirVenture on July 28. Four HondaJets had test-flown 2,500 hours .
The HondaJet was awarded a provisional type certificate by the FAA in March 2015. This enabled continued production and demonstration flights, including a HondaJet tour in Japan and Europe in 2015. The aircraft received its FAA type certificate in December 2015, and received its European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) type certificate in May 2016. The HondaJet was also certified in Japan in December 2018.
Estimates for Honda's investment into the Hondajet program range from one to 1.5-2 billion dollars.
Production
The production aircraft are built at Piedmont Triad International Airport. Construction of the factory began in 2007 and was completed in late 2011. In early 2015, there were 12 aircraft in final assembly and five more in earlier stages of production. Twenty aircraft were in production by May 2015. Honda estimated it would produce 40 aircraft in the first full year and up to 60 each year after that. The engine factory achieved certification in March 2015.
Honda delivered the first customer aircraft on December 23, 2015, at its world headquarters in Greensboro, North Carolina. The first delivery of a HondaJet to a European aircraft dealer took place in April 2016. About 20% of the first 100 aircraft ordered were destined for European customers, according to coverage in April 2016.
Honda planned to ramp up production to 80 units per year after March 2019. Sixteen aircraft were delivered in the first three quarters of 2016, reaching a 36-per-year production rate. In 2017, 15 were produced in the first quarter, and the annual target is between 55 and 60 aircraft. After deliveries began in late 2015, the HondaJet soon became one of the top-selling aircraft in its class.
In July 2019, Honda Aircraft began construction of a new $15.5 million, 82,000-square-foot wing assembly center on its campus. The new facility, which is meant to enhance production efficiently by allowing wings to be assembled concurrently, was opened in September 2020.
HondaJet Elite
In May 2018, the $5.2 million (as of 2018) HondaJet Elite was revealed, with an expanded performance envelope, improved interior and updated flight deck. The type certificate was amended by the FAA on 2 May 2018, and soon followed by EASA. Honda began deliveries on August 7, 2018.
Elite's elevator authority is increased to reduce its takeoff roll by , reducing the Cessna Citation M2's take-off advantage. Range is increased by with an auxiliary fuel tank and aerodynamic improvements. The horizontal stabilizer tips are extended slightly and hinge gaps tightened up, allowing energized flow over the stabilizer without its vortex generators. A new engine inlet reduces vibration and cabin noise, the lavatory receives a belted seat allowing a fifth passenger even with a galley; avionics improvements with Garmin G3000-based flight deck include takeoff and landing (TOLD) calculations, angle of attack protection, and Flight Stream 510 functionality.
Elite's payload is increased by over : from the empty weight reduction and from an increased maximum takeoff weight, while more of fuel tank fill unused space in the aft fuselage.
At a weight of and ISA+3 °C, the HondaJet Elite cruises at Mach 0.676 or TAS, while burning per hour, better than book predictions.
In October 2019, Honda Aircraft Company presented first medevac-configured HondaJet Elite for air ambulance use. In the same month, a HondaJet Elite flew to the 2019 National Business Aviation Association meeting using sustainable aviation fuel. Also in 2019, HondaJet received type certification in China, Canada, and Turkey.
By then, its unit cost was US$5.28 million.
In 2020, EASA certified HondaJet Elite for steep approaches (descent angles of up to 5.5°), and for up to 8 occupants.
In May 2021, the MTOW of the Elite S was raised by 91 kg (200 lb).
In 2022, its equipped price was $5.75M.
HondaJet APMG
To retrofit some of the upgrades of HondaJet Elite to pre-Elite HondaJets, an APMG (Advanced Performance Modification Group) upgrade is available for $250,000. This includes 100 to 120 nmi range increase, and a MTOW increase and take-off run reduction by to ; this is achieved by a few inches span extension of the horizontal tailplane, and removal of wing fences and vortex generators. Avionics upgrades include takeoff and landing (TOLD) calculations, Flight Stream 510 wireless gateway compatibility, an enhanced electronic checklist, angle-of-attack indicator on the PFD, and visual approaches. On the other hand, HondaJet Elite features such as an additional fuel tank or engine inlet acoustic improvement, are not available with APMG.
HondaJet 2600
On October 12, 2021, Honda unveiled the HondaJet 2600 Concept, at the 2021 NBAA Business Aviation Convention and Exhibition as a mockup was displayed; with a cabin for up to 11 seats, it offers a range of , a cruise of and a ceiling of .
The $10–12 million jet would be the longest-range single-pilot business aircraft, it would keep the HondaJet configuration, stretched from , and has a wingspan, larger, for a maximum takeoff weight of and a takeoff distance, while its fuselage cross-section is more ovoid with a taller height.
With a double club seating, the HondaJet 2600 concept was intended for testing the market to assess demand before deciding to launch the program.
In June 2023, the company announced that it will proceed to production of the HondaJet 2600.
The HA-480 Echelon is to be certified as a variant to share a common type rating with similar Garmin G3000 cockpits.
By October 2023, it had received 350 letters of intent, assembly should begin in 2025, first flight is planned before end-2026 for a 2028/2029 certification.
It will be powered by Williams FJ44-4C turbofans and Spirit AeroSystems will build a new carbon-fibre fuselage for a 11.4cm (4.5in) higher, wider cabin.
It should be 20% more fuel-efficient than its competition, the Cessna Citation CJ3/CJ4, Embraer Phenom 300 and Pilatus PC-24 light-jets, as the HA-420 is 12-18% more efficient than other very-light jets.
HondaJet Elite II
Announced on October 17, 2022, the $6.95 million new model has improved aerodynamics, increased fuel capacity and gross weight by , giving a range of and a cruise of . It has a Garmin G3000 integrated flight deck, autothrottles from the first half of 2023 and a Garmin emergency autoland later on in 2023. It features a new paint scheme and redesigned interior. FAA certification was expected in late 2022.
Design
The HondaJet is a low-wing monoplane that uses a composite fuselage and an aluminum wing.
It belongs to the very light jet category.
It uses two engines mounted on pylons above the wing, a configuration called Over-The-Wing Engine Mount, or OTWEM, by Honda Aircraft. This configuration maximizes cabin space by removing the structure required to mount engines on the rear of the fuselage. A similar over-wing engine configuration was used in the 1970s on the VFW-Fokker 614, but had limited the aircraft's speed due to interference between the engine and the wing. This, along with the overall commercial failure of the VFW-Fokker 614, made the over-wing configuration unpopular with aircraft designers. To avoid these issues, the HondaJet's designer used computer analysis and wind tunnel testing to find the optimal position for engine placement on top of the wings, which was determined to be at 75 percent of the wing chord. The HondaJet's engines are positioned in such a way that the airflow over the wing is superimposed with the airflow around the engine to minimize wave drag at high speed. The HondaJet designer calls this "favorable interference." This configuration not only eliminated the problems associated with earlier over-wing engine mounts, but actually reduced wave drag compared to a conventional rear-fuselage mounted configuration. OTWEM configuration is often named the most unusual feature of the HondaJet.
The nose and wing are designed for laminar flow, and the main fuselage has a constant profile, making an eventual stretch easier. The combination of engine placement, wing and fuselage was achieved using computer simulations and wind tunnels. The HondaJet has a retractable tricycle landing gear with both main and nose landing gear single-wheeled.
The aircraft is powered by two GE Honda HF120 turbofans, developed with GE Aviation under the GE-Honda partnership. Honda began developing its own small turbofan engine, the HF118, in 1999, leading to the HF120. The HF120 was test-flown on a Cessna Citation CJ1. The engine features a single fan, a two-stage compressor and a two-stage turbine. The GE Honda HF120 received FAA type certification on 13 December 2013, and production certification in 2015.
Honda claims that the combination of lightweight materials, aerodynamics and efficient engines gave the HondaJet up to 20% better fuel efficiency than similar aircraft. In 2019, Business & Commercial Aviation reported that for a 4-passenger mission HondaJet Elite uses of fuel, compared to (% more) for the Phenom 100EV, and to (% more) for the Citation M2; for a mission the numbers become , (% more), and (% more) respectively.
The interior dimensions are long, wide, and high, while the cabin is long besides the enclosed lavatory. Total interior volume is , and luggage capacity is .
The aircraft is equipped with a touchscreen 3-display Garmin G3000 glass cockpit system.
Accolades
Michimasa Fujino received the Business & Commercial Aviation - Vision Award (2008),
the AIAA - Aircraft Design Award (2012),
the SAE International - Clarence L. (Kelly) Johnson Aerospace Vehicle Design and Development Award (2013),
the 2014 ICAS award for Innovation in Aeronautics for leading the design, the Living Legends of Aviation Industry Leader of the Year award, as well as the 2021 AIAA Reed Aeronautics Award.
The HondaJet was included in the Robb Report - Best of the Best : Business Jets (2007),
in the Aviation Week & Space Technology - Techs To Watch (2010), in the 2014 'Best of What's New' by Popular Science magazine, the Flying Magazine - Flying Innovation Award in 2017, and the AIN 2021 'Top Flight' Awards. The Honda Aircraft Company received the AIAA Foundation Award for Excellence in 2018.
Operational history
HondaJet has an ICAO designator HDJT. As of December 2021, the 200 HondaJet aircraft in service have logged 98,000 hours with a 99.7% dispatch reliability.
The HA-420 has been involved in three hull-loss accidents with no injuries.
In May 2023, fractional ownership company Jet It voluntarily grounded its fleet of HA-420s, following a runway excursion on landing on 17 May 2023 which involved a different operator. Jet It CEO Glenn Gonzales indicated that Honda's customer support was "grossly inadequate" and announced plans in the autumn of 2022 to sell its fleet of HondaJets and buy Embraer Phenom 300s instead. As a result Honda launched a lawsuit against Jet It in December 2022, for an alleged breach of contract in reselling one of its Honda aircraft, although the lawsuit was subsequently settled out of court. The HondaJet Owners and Pilots Association also called for a safety stand-down and meeting for its members, as a result of eight HondaJet accidents in the previous 12 months.
Specifications (Elite)
Deliveries
Deliveries slowed in 2018 because of a combination of the transition to the HondaJet Elite, timing of fleet deliveries and customers' schedules. In 2020, they slowed again due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
See also
References
External links
HA-420
2000s Japanese business aircraft
2000s United States business aircraft
Very light jets
Twinjets
Engine-over-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2003 |
8449910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Cirta | Battle of Cirta | The Battle of Cirta was fought in 203 BC between an army of largely Masaesyli Numidians commanded by their king Syphax and a force of mainly Massylii Numidians led by Masinissa, who was supported by an unknown number of Romans under the legate Gaius Laelius. It took place somewhere to the east of the city of Cirta (modern Constantine) and was part of the Second Punic War. The numbers engaged on each side and the casualties suffered are not known.
During the Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio expelled the Carthaginians from Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) in 206 BC. Scipio then contacted several Numidian leaders, who ruled North African territories to the west of those controlled by Carthage. Scipio failed to win over the Masaesyli Numidian king Syphax, who had previously fought the Carthaginians; but did persuade the Massylii Numidian prince Masinissa, whom he had fought against in Iberia, to defect to the Roman cause. Encouraged by the Carthaginians, Syphax overran Masinissa's lands and drove him into exile. In 204 BC the Romans, led by Scipio, invaded North Africa. Masinissa rode to support them with a small force. Syphax brought a large army to assist Hasdrubal Gisco's Carthaginians. After several months Scipio inflicted a heavy defeat on Hasdrubal and Syphax at the battle of Utica. The pair regathered their forces but were defeated again at the battle of the Great Plains. Masinissa's forces fought alongside the Romans in both battles.
Syphax fled back to his capital, Cirta, and hastily raised a new army. Masinissa pursued, together with a Roman force under Scipio's second-in-command, Laelius. Masinissa and Laelius pressed for an immediate battle, but when they achieved this Syphax's troops initially had the better of the fighting. As increasing numbers of Roman infantry entered the fray, Syphax's men were first held off and then broke and fled. Syphax was captured. Masinissa took his cavalry to Cirta, which surrendered when Syphax was paraded in chains. The following year Scipio defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama, which effectively ended the war. Masinissa was installed as king of all of Numidia.
Background
The First Punic War was fought between the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC: Carthage and Rome. The war lasted for 23 years, from 264 to 241 BC, before the Carthaginians were defeated. It took place primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily, its surrounding waters and in North Africa.
From 236 BC Carthage expanded its territory in Iberia, (modern Spain and Portugal). In 226 BC the Ebro Treaty with Rome established the Ebro River as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence. A little later Rome made a separate treaty of association with the city of Saguntum, well south of the Ebro. In 219 BC Hannibal, the de facto ruler of Carthaginian Iberia, led an army to Saguntum and besieged, captured and sacked it. In early 218 BC Rome declared war on Carthage, starting the Second Punic War.
Hannibal led a large Carthaginian army from Iberia, through Gaul, over the Alps and invaded mainland Italy in late 218 BC. During the next three years Hannibal inflicted heavy defeats on the Romans at the battles of the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae. Hannibal's army campaigned in Italy for 14 years before the survivors withdrew.
There was also extensive fighting in Iberia from 218 BC. In 210 BC Publius Cornelius Scipio arrived to take command of Roman forces in Iberia. During the following four years Scipio repeatedly defeated the Carthaginians, driving them out of Iberia in 206 BC. One of Carthage's allies in Spain was the Numidian prince Masinissa, who led a force of light cavalry in several battles. These Numidians were mostly lightly-equipped skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat.
Numidian alliances
To the west of Carthaginian-controlled territory in North Africa was an extensive area controlled by shifting alliances of Numidians. Adjacent to territory where Carthage had a strong influence was an area controlled by a tribal alliance known as the Massylii, centred around the towns of Zama and Thugga. Further west was the much larger kingdom of the Masaesyli, whose capital was at Cirta (modern Constantine). The Carthaginians maintained several garrisons in these areas in an attempt to exert their influence, but largely relied on diplomacy.
In 213BC Syphax, the powerful king of the Masaesyli Numidians, declared for Rome. In response Carthaginian troops were sent to North Africa from the active theatre in Spain. In 206BC the Carthaginians ended this drain on their resources by dividing several small Numidian kingdoms with Syphax. One of those disinherited was the Massylii Numidian prince Masinissa. Scipio was already anticipating an invasion of North Africa and while in Iberia had been negotiating with both Masinissa and Syphax.
Scipio visited Syphax in North Africa in 206 BCat the same time as the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Gisco, whom Scipio had defeated in Spain, was attempting to reinforce Syphax's loyalty. Scipio failed to win over Syphax, who reaffirmed his support for Carthage and symbolised this by marrying Hasdrubal's daughter Sophonisba. It had previously been arranged that Sophonisba was to marry Masinissa. A succession war broke out among the Massylii, part of the near-constant petty wars between the various Numidian tribes, factions and kingdoms. The Carthaginians encouraged Syphax to invade the home territory of the Roman-supporting Masinissa. Masinissa suffered several defeats, was wounded and had his army scattered; Syphax took over his kingdom.
Prelude
In 206 BC Scipio returned to Italy. He was elected to the senior position of consul in early 205 BC, despite not meeting the age requirement. Opinion was divided in Roman political circles as to whether an invasion of North Africa was excessively risky. Hannibal was still on Italian soil; there was the possibility of further Carthaginian invasions, shortly to be realised when Mago Barca landed in Liguria; the practical difficulties of an amphibious invasion and its logistical follow up were considerable; and when the Romans had invaded North Africa in 256 BC during the First Punic War they had been driven out with heavy losses, which had re-energised the Carthaginians. Eventually a compromise was agreed: Scipio was given Sicily as his consular province, which was the best location for the Romans to launch an invasion of the Carthaginian homeland from and then logistically support it, and permission to cross to Africa on his own judgement. But Roman commitment was less than wholehearted; Scipio could not conscript troops for his consular army, as was usual, only call for volunteers.
The total number of men available to Scipio and how many of them travelled to Africa is unclear; the ancient historian Livy gives totals for the invasion force of either 12,200, 17,600 or 35,000. Modern historians estimate a combat strength of 25,000–30,000, of whom more than 90 per cent were infantry. With up to half of the complement of his legions being fresh volunteers, and with no fighting having taken place on Sicily for the past five years, Scipio instigated a rigorous training regime, which lasted for approximately a year. Roman ships under Scipio's second-in-command, Gaius Laelius, raided North Africa around Hippo Regius, gathering large quantities of loot and many captives. Masinissa was contacted, he expressed dismay regarding how long it was taking the Romans to complete their preparations and land in Africa.
Invasion of Africa
In 204 BC, probably June or July, the Roman army disembarked at Cape Farina in North Africa, north of the large Carthaginian port of Utica. Masinissa joined the Romans with either 200 or 2,000 men, the sources differ. He and his men hoped to use an alliance with Rome to recover Masinissa's kingdom from Syphax. A fortified camp was established very close to Utica. Two large reconnaissance forces, consisting of both Carthaginians and Numidians were heavily defeated; the second because of the involvement of Masinissa's cavalry. The Romans pillaged an ever-wider area, sending their loot and prisoners to Sicily in the ships bringing their supplies.
Scipio then besieged Utica. The city stood firm and a Carthaginian army under Hasdrubal set up a fortified camp from the Romans with a reported 33,000 men. Syphax joined him, establishing his own camp 2 kilometres (1 mi) away with a reported 60,000 troops. The size of both of these armies as reported by ancient historians have been questioned by their modern counterparts as being infeasibly large. Nevertheless, it is accepted that the Romans were considerably outnumbered.
The presence of these two armies forced Scipio to lift the siege of Utica after forty-five days and withdraw to a strong position away on a rocky prominence at Ghar el-Melh, which became known as . Scipio sent emissaries to Syphax in an attempt to persuade him to defect. Syphax in turn offered to broker peace terms to end the war. A series of exchanges of negotiating parties followed. With his delegations Scipio sent junior officers disguised as slaves to report back on the layout and construction of the enemy camps. Scipio drew out the negotiations with Syphax, stating that he was in broad agreement with the proposition, but that his senior officers were not yet convinced.
Battle of Utica
As the better weather of spring approached, Scipio made an announcement to his troops that he would shortly attempt to storm the defences of Utica and began preparations to do so. Simultaneously he was planning a night attack on both enemy camps. On the night of the attack two columns set out: one was commanded by Laelius, the Roman army's second in command. This force consisted of about half the Romans and was accompanied by Masinissa's Numidians. Its target was Syphax's camp. Scipio led the balance of the Roman force against the Carthaginian camp.
Thanks to the careful prior reconnoitring both forces reached the positions from which they were to start their attacks without issue, while Masinissa's Numidian cavalry positioned themselves in small groups so as to cover every route out of the two enemy camps. Laelius's column attacked first, storming the camp of Syphax's Numidians and concentrating on setting fire to as many of their reed and thatch barracks as possible. The camp dissolved into chaos, with many of its Numidian occupants oblivious of the Roman attack and thinking the barracks had caught fire accidentally.
The Carthaginians heard the commotion and saw the blaze, and some of them set off to help extinguish the fire. With pre-planned coordination Scipio's contingent then attacked. They cut down the Carthaginians heading for their ally's camp, stormed Hasdrubal's camp and attempted to set fire to the wooden housing. The fire spread between the close-spaced barracks. Carthaginians rushed out into the dark and confusion, without armour or weapons, either trying to escape the flames or to fight the fire. The organised and prepared Romans cut them down. The ancient historian Polybius writes that Hasdrubal escaped from his burning camp with only 2,500 men. Numidian losses are not recorded. With no Carthaginian field army to threaten them, the Romans resumed their siege of Utica and pillaged an extensive area of North Africa with large and far-ranging raids.
Battle of the Great Plains
When word of the defeat reached Carthage there was panic, with some wanting to renew the peace negotiations. The Carthaginian Senate also heard demands for Hannibal's army to be recalled. A decision was reached to fight on with locally available resources. A force of 4,000 Iberian warriors arrived in Carthage; their strength was exaggerated to 10,000 to maintain morale. Hasdrubal raised further local troops with whom to reinforce the survivors of Utica. Syphax remained loyal and joined Hasdrubal with what was left of his army. The combined force is estimated at 30,000 and they established a strong camp on a flat plain by the Bagradas River known as the Great Plains within 30–50 days of the defeat at Utica. This was near modern Souk el Kremis and about from Utica.
Hearing of this, Scipio immediately marched most of his army to the scene. The size of his army is not known, but it was outnumbered by the Carthaginians. A sufficient force was left to hold the Roman camps and to continue the siege of Utica. After several days of skirmishing both armies committed to a pitched battle. Upon being charged by the Romans and Masinissa's Numidians all of those Carthaginians who had been involved in the debacle at Utica turned and fled; morale had not recovered. Only the Iberians stood and fought. They were enveloped by the well-drilled Roman legions and wiped out. Hasdrubal fled to Carthage, where he was demoted and exiled.
The majority of the Romans remained in the area under Scipio, devastating the countryside and capturing and sacking many towns. They then moved to Tunis, which had been abandoned by the Carthaginians and was only from the city of Carthage. In desperation the Carthaginian Senate recalled both Hannibal and Mago from Italy, and entered into peace negotiations with Scipio. Meanwhile, Masinissa's Numidians had pursued their fleeing countrymen under Syphax; accompanied by part of the Roman force, under Laelius. The historian Peter Edwell comments that this was a high-risk enterprise.
Battle of Cirta
Syphax withdrew as far as his capital, Cirta, where he recruited more troops to supplement those survivors who had stayed with him on the retreat from the Great Plains. These commenced an intensive training regime. Masinissa and Laelius's force took 15 days to reach Masinissa's ancestral lands, those of the Massylii. Here Masinissa was proclaimed king and Syphax's administrators and garrisons were expelled. Not wanting to allow Syphax to train his new troops up Masinissa and Laelius pressed on towards Cirta.
When the conflict started it was as a sprawling cavalry engagement, with each side sending detachments to hurl javelins at the other and then withdrawing. Having more cavalry, Syphax's army gained the upper hand. Laelius then inserted groups of Roman light infantry between Masinissa's cavalry detachments. These infantry were velites, younger men serving as javelin-armed skirmishers; they each carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword and a shield. These were able to hold off the enemy cavalry and form an approximate battle line. The Roman heavy infantry were then able to advance. These were equipped with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords, as well as either two javelins or a thrusting spear. Seeing these legionaries advancing to join the battle, Syphax's troops broke and fled. Syphax attempted to rally his men, but his horse was shot and he was thrown and captured.
Many of Syphax's defeated and demoralised troops fled back to Cirta. Masinissa pursued them with the cavalry; Laelius followed with the infantry. After Syphax was paraded beneath the city walls in chains Cirta surrendered to Masinissa, who then took over much of Syphax's kingdom and joined it to his own. Syphax was taken as a prisoner to Italy, where he died.
Aftermath
Scipio and Carthage entered into peace negotiations, while Carthage recalled both Hannibal and Mago from Italy. The Roman Senate ratified a draft treaty, but because of mistrust and a surge in confidence when Hannibal arrived from Italy, Carthage repudiated it. Hannibal was placed in command of another army, formed of his and Mago's veterans from Italy and newly raised troops from Africa, with 80 war elephants but few cavalry. The decisive battle of Zama followed in October 202BC. Hannibal was supported by 2,000 Numidian cavalry commanded by a relative of Syphax's, Tychaeus. Masinissa fought alongside the Romans with 6,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry. After a prolonged fight the Carthaginian army collapsed. Masinissa played an important role in the Roman victory. Hannibal was one of the few on the Carthaginian side to escape the field.
After the Romans had returned to Utica, Scipio received word that a Numidian army under Syphax's son Vermina was marching to Carthage's assistance. This was intercepted, surrounded by a Roman force largely made up of cavalry and defeated. The number of Numidians involved is not known, but Livy records that more than 16,000 were killed or captured. This was the last battle of the Second Punic War.
Peace
The peace treaty the Romans subsequently imposed on the Carthaginians stripped them of all of their overseas territories and some of their African ones. An indemnity of 10,000 silver talents was to be paid over 50 years. Hostages were taken. Carthage was forbidden to possess war elephants and its fleet was restricted to 10 warships. It was prohibited from waging war outside Africa and in Africa only with Rome's express permission. Masinissa was to be recognised as the ruler of all of Numidia. Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201BC. Henceforth it was clear Carthage was politically subordinate to Rome. Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the "Africanus". Masinissa established himself as the senior ruler in Numidia.
Third Punic War
Masinissa exploited the prohibition on Carthage waging war to repeatedly raid and seize Carthaginian territory with impunity. Carthage appealed to Rome, which always backed their Numidian ally. In 149 BC, fifty years after the end of the Second Punic War, Carthage sent an army, under Hasdrubal the Boeotarch, against Masinissa, the treaty notwithstanding. The campaign ended in disaster at the battle of Oroscopa and anti-Carthaginian factions in Rome used the illicit military action as a pretext to prepare a punitive expedition. The Third Punic War began later in 149 BC when a large Roman army landed in North Africa and besieged Carthage. In the spring of 146 BC the Romans launched their final assault, systematically destroying the city and killing its inhabitants; 50,000 survivors were sold into slavery. The formerly Carthaginian territories became the Roman province of Africa.
Notes, citations and sources
Notes
Citations
Sources
Cirta
Cirta
203 BC
Cirta
Kingdom of Numidia
Battles involving the Roman Republic
Battles involving Numidia |
41947299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20Wang%E2%80%93Zhang%20meetings | 2014 Wang–Zhang meetings | In 2014, a series of groundbreaking diplomatic meetings was held between Wang Yu-chi, in his official capacity as the Minister of the Mainland Affairs Council (MAC) of the Republic of China (ROC), and Zhang Zhijun, the Minister of the Taiwan Affairs Office (TAO) of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
The first meeting took place in Nanjing on 11 February 2014 when Wang visited mainland China, the very first official contact between the two governments across the Taiwan Strait after the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949. The tour of Wang and his delegates lasted from 11 to 14 February in Nanjing and Shanghai.
On 25–28 June 2014, Zhang paid a retrospective visit to Taiwan in order to rebuild ties in the aftermath of the Sunflower Movement. It was the highest PRC government official visit to Taiwan. However, due to protests which turned violent, Zhang shortened his trip by cancelling three public appearances at the last minute.
Background
In October 2013, in a hotel lobby on the sidelines of the APEC Indonesia 2013 meetings in the Indonesian island of Bali, Wang met with Zhang Zhijun, a ground breaking historical meeting for the first time between leader of Taiwan Affairs Office and leader of Mainland Affairs Council, where the two addressed each other by each's official title. Both of them called on the establishment of a regular dialogue mechanism between their two agencies to enhance mutual understanding and facilitate cross-strait engagement. Wang was also invited by Zhang to visit mainland China.
Prior to the first official meeting between Wang Yu-chi and Zhang Zhijun in Nanjing, Wang was not expected to sign any paper agreement with the Chinese mainland government as requested by the Legislative Yuan earlier on 11 January.
On 12 June 2014, the MAC confirmed in a press conference of the four-day visit of Zhang Zhijun to Taiwan in end of June 2014. The TAO staff reportedly said that this trip would be conducted in the spirit of equality and dignity after Wang's visit to mainland China earlier on. It was reportedly that Zhang wishes to better understand the general perception of the Taiwanese people so that misunderstanding about mainland China can be reduced. Two days prior to Zhang's arrival in Taiwan, the MAC said that both sides would not discuss any highly sensitive political issues and would not sign any agreement or release any joint statement. The opposition Democratic Progressive Party demanded that the meeting to be conducted without any discussion about one China, one China framework and one country, two areas concepts or military mutual trust mechanism and peace treaties issues.
Wang Yu-chi's visit to mainland China
11 February 2014
Departure to Nanjing
Speaking at Taoyuan International Airport in Taiwan before departure to Nanjing with a delegation of 20 people, Wang said that he hoped that this trip would be smooth and help to promote mutual understanding between the two sides. Upon arrival at Nanjing Lukou International Airport in Nanjing, Wang and his delegates were welcomed by Chen Yuanfeng, deputy director of Taiwan Affairs Office.
Wang Yu-chi and Zhang Zhijun meeting
At the Purple Palace Nanjing () before shaking hand, Wang referred Zhang as "TAO Director Zhang Zhijun" and Zhang referred Wang as "Minister Wang Yu-chi" without mentioning the name Mainland Affairs Council. However, mainland China's Xinhua News Agency referred Wang as the "Responsible Official of Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council" () in its Chinese-language news or as the "Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Chief" in its English-language news.
Upon meeting with Zhang which began at 2 p.m., both of them agreed on establishing a direct and regular communication channel between the two sides for future engagement under the 1992 Consensus. They also agreed on finding a solution for health insurance coverage aiming towards Taiwanese students studying in the mainland, on pragmatically establishing Straits Exchange Foundation and Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits offices in each other's territory and on studying the feasibility of allowing visits to detained person once offices have been established. Zhang said that the people on both sides across the Taiwan Strait belongs to one family, while Wang invited Zhang to visit Taiwan one day.
In the evening at 8:00 p.m., Wang and Zhang held a closed-door meeting which was not open to reporters. They also didn't make any public statement prior to the meeting.
12 February 2014
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum visit
Wang and delegates started the day by visiting the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and paid tribute to Sun Yat-sen. To climb the 392 steps leading to the tomb of Sun without a stop, an equivalent to 18-story building, Wang had earlier on practice on treadmill during the Chinese New Year. At 10:10 a.m., Wang and delegates reached the Festival Hall and bowed down three times to Sun statue. The 10:10 a.m. time was chosen to coincide with the Double Ten Day, the national day of the Republic of China which marked the starting date of Wuchang Uprising in Wuchang District, Hupeh Province.
After paying tribute, speaking at the Bo'ai Square of the mausoleum, Wang made a remark about his visit by mentioning the Three Principles of the People and Five-Power Constitution which are practiced in Taiwan. He also mentioned the name Republic of China in his speech which has already been in existence for 103 years. TAO officials deliberately avoided Wang during his speech.
Nanjing University speech
In the afternoon after his visit to Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, speaking at Nanjing University to more than 200 students, Wang stressed the importance of youth exchanges in promoting the development of cross-strait relations. He called on people on both sides of the strait to keep carrying on Chinese traditional culture. He noted that there are still many differences between Taiwan and mainland China in terms of culture, society and education. He said however, as long as these differences can be treated pragmatically, more common ground and cooperation could be created. He also tactfully spoke about democracy.
13 February 2014
Shanghai think tank meeting
After arriving in Shanghai by Maglev from Shanghai Pudong International Airport, Wang and delegates joined a think tank on cross-strait relations with 14 scholars including the President of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences. Wang was referred as the head of an agency of Taiwan area. Wang responded that generally in the meeting, both leaders of MAC and TAO were referred as Chairman. However, he could understand the dilemma faced by Chinese mainland people in addressing such issues and he had seen some progresses recently.
Shanghai Media Group and Shanghai Television visit
After the meeting, Wang continued his trip to visit Shanghai Media Group and Shanghai Television. At Shanghai Television, Wang urged the Chinese mainland government to lift bans against certain Taiwanese websites to allow Chinese mainland people to see more shows, especially regarding Taiwanese films, TV programs and pop music. Responding to Wang's remark, the Taiwan Affairs Office said that they don't rule the Internet in mainland China, but rather "manage" it according with the existing law.
14 February 2014
Shanghai school for children of Taiwanese businessmen visit
Speaking in a forum at a school for children of Taiwanese businessmen in Shanghai, Wang said that his visit to Nanjing was aimed to build mutual understanding between both sides of the Taiwan Strait. He said that from his experience studying abroad, misunderstanding between people can caused by cultural differences, such that accepting differences and respecting other is something easy to understand but difficult to put into practice.
Reactions
ROC President Ma Ying-jeou hailed the meeting to be extraordinary significant.
United States Department of State Spokesperson Jen Psaki welcomed the meeting and the steps taken by both sides to reduce tension and improve relations.
Zhang Zhijun's visit to Taiwan
25 June 2014
Arrival at Taiwan
Upon arrival at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport at Taoyuan County (now Taoyuan City) on an Air China flight, Zhang was welcomed by Chang Hsien-yao, Special Deputy Minister of Mainland Affairs Council. Zhang then greeted the public in Taiwanese Hokkien.
Zhang Zhijun and Wang Yu-chi meeting
Right after his arrival at the airport, Zhang met Wang at Novotel Taipei Taoyuan International Airport located nearby the airport. During the press conference following the meeting, the spokesperson of TAO conveyed a remark saying that both sides should be committed to develop and further consolidate the political foundation to continue cross-strait exchanges in various fields despite the recent twists and turns. On the MAC side, Wang made a remark saying that Zhang had responded positively to MAC proposal to reopen negotiations on certain controversial items in the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement signed last year provided that the agreement is first put into effect.
Opposition parties accused the National Security Bureau and the police of reportedly breaking into a room of the Novotel Hotel without a search warrant to expel people they suspected would protest against Zhang, saying the act was a serious violation of human rights and an abuse of power.
Meetings with academics
In the evening, Zhang held a closed-door meeting with mostly pro-reunification activists, including New Revolutionary Alliance () President Hsu Li-nong and Shih Hsin University Professor Wang Hsiao-po.
26 June 2014
New Taipei tour and New Taipei Mayor meeting
Zhang started the day by visiting a group of veterans, mainland Chinese spouses of Taiwanese nationals and residents in Xizhi District, New Taipei City. He then continued his trip to an adult daycare in Tucheng District to have lunch with the elderly.
In the afternoon, he met with New Taipei Mayor Eric Chu. Zhang expressed the hope for New Taipei City to continue deepen cooperation with mainland cities to create a win-win situation. Zhang added that he took New Taipei City as his first stop to learn about the construction of the city and learn the lives of the ordinary New Taipei citizens. Chu then accompanied Zhang to visit a public senior nursing center.
After the meeting, he visited Vigor Kobo Bakery in Wugu District famous for its pineapple cakes where he sat down with several small and medium enterprises (SME) leaders accompanied by MAC Special Deputy Minister Chang Hsien-yao and Economic Development Director Yeh Hui-ching to listen and hear suggestions and ideas on promoting cross-strait economic and trade exchanges to benefit SME. In the evening, he visited a Taiwanese aborigines community in Wulai District and promised that he would do more to promote aboriginal villages in Taiwan as tourist destinations for Chinese mainland tourists visiting Taiwan. Around ten people wrapped in iron chains and ropes were arrested for trying to blockade the car of Zhang Zhijun.
27 June 2014
Kaohsiung Mayor meeting
Zhang visited Kaohsiung by Taiwan High Speed Rail on Friday morning and met with Kaohsiung Mayor Chen Chu at Grand Hi-lai Hotel. While not mentioning the word "democracy" explicitly, Zhang made a statement saying that Chinese mainland leaders know that Taiwanese people value their own system and that the mainland respects their choices of social system, values and way of life. Responding to Zhang's statement, Chen said that Zhang should regard all of the protests he encountered in Taiwan as "normal", as they are part of Taiwan's democratic system and that she appreciated Zhang's understanding of the situation. She also told Zhang about the anger of Taiwanese over the recent statement made by TAO spokesperson Fan Liqing that the future of Taiwan must be decided by all Chinese people, not only the Taiwanese.
I-Shou University Student meeting
At I-Shou University, Zhang, accompanied by officials from TAO and MAC, had a meeting with the chairperson of E United Group. The meeting was then followed by a gathering of 20 Taiwanese and Chinese mainland students from the university for 20 minutes followed by a lunch. Media was not allowed in the meeting. Zhang later remarked that he hopes Taiwanese students would have the opportunity to visit mainland China and see how the two sides are deeply rooted in common ancestry. He said that the mainland would like to share its economic achievements with Taiwan, rather than to swallow Taiwan's economy.
Fo Guang Shan visit
Zhang continued his trip to visit Fo Guang Shan, a famous Buddhist temple in Dashu District. Practitioners lined up from the entrance and waved flags to welcome him. The visit to this venue was the only visit in which Zhang did not encounter protesters.
Wang Yu-chi casual meeting
When Zhang arrived at a casual meeting with Wang Yu-chi at Sizihwan Sunset Beach Resort in Xiziwan, Gushan District in the evening around 8:10 pm, protesters organized by Taiwan Solidarity Union and Black Island National Youth Front greeted the motorcade by spraying white paint and throwing ghost money, shouting slogans such as "One Country on Each Side" and "Zhang Zhijun get out of here". The white paint did not hit Zhang but instead his body guards. There were at least 400 policemen and 66 special officers deployed to the site at that time.
After Zhang had entered the building safely to meet Wang, MAC Deputy Minister Chang Hsien-yao appeared outside the venue in apparent anger. He criticized the council staff and demanded to speak with the police officer in charge in the insufficiency of police personnel at the site. Chang then started to order the police and SWAT to be standby the door.
Zhang responded to the protest by saying such protest was normal and saying that Taiwanese society is plural with many diversity views, and that he believed that both sides of the Taiwan Strait should adhere to the path of peaceful development in cross-trait relations. Wang then told Zhang that people protesting to make their voice heard is part of the Taiwanese life, and that since he is the head of TAO, he must get used to it and understand Taiwan more, because the ROC government has been experiencing such protests everyday in life.
28 June 2014
Hui-ming Elementary School for the Blind visit and Taichung Mayor meeting
In his last day trip to Taiwan, Zhang visited the Hui-ming Elementary School for the Blind in Taichung at noon where he had a chat with Taichung Mayor Jason Hu. Zhang also delivered a short speech at the school saying that he had made a wish during his visit to Fo Guang Shan at Kaohsiung hoping that both sides of the Taiwan Strait can resolve long-term issues gradually with wisdom and familial affection and jointly make contribution to revive the Chinese nation.
See also
Cross-Strait relations
2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China
2015 Ma–Xi meeting
References
Cross-Strait relations
2014 in China
2014 in Taiwan |
410142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Hertzberg | Arthur Hertzberg | Arthur Hertzberg (June 9, 1921 – April 17, 2006) was a Conservative rabbi and prominent Jewish-American scholar and activist.
Biography
Avraham Hertzberg was born in Lubaczów, Poland, the eldest of five children, and left Europe in 1926 with his mother and grandmother to join his father in the United States, where his name was Americanized to Arthur. Hertzberg recalled that as a teenager in an Orthodox Jewish neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland, he would not accept the notion that the literary world of talmudic learning, the kabbalistic books and the writing of the chasidim were less worthy as compared to the Iliad, the Odyssey or Dante's Inferno. His father was an Orthodox rabbi trained in Eastern Europe, who taught Arthur to appreciate the richness of the Talmud and the other great works of Judaism. Although Hertzberg would later stray from his Orthodox upbringing and be ordained as a Conservative rabbi, he "never used my 'heresy' as the excuse to prefer the majority culture to my own." Hertzberg was a student of Ernst Cassirer at Columbia University in the winter of 1944-1945. After Cassirer's death there, he conducted his funeral service as a young rabbi.
He was married to the former Phyllis Cannon from 1950 until his death. They are the parents of two daughters, Dr. Linda Beth and Susan Riva, and they have four grandchildren named Rachel, Mike, Michelle, and Derek.
Hertzberg's love of Judaism and the Jewish texts was at the core of his life as a rabbi, scholar, educator and Jewish communal leader. Over the course of his 50-plus year career, Rabbi Hertzberg served as a congregational rabbi, president of both the American Jewish Policy Foundation and the American Jewish Congress, vice president of the World Jewish Congress and a leading representative of world Jewry in the historic Catholic–Jewish dialogue that commenced during the papacy of Pope John XXIII. As a major public figure in the world of Jewish organizational life, Hertzberg was at the center of the crucial events shaping American Jewish life since the end of World War II.
A resident of Englewood, New Jersey, Hertzberg died on April 17, 2006, of heart failure en route to Pascack Valley Hospital in Westwood, New Jersey, at the age of 84. He was survived by his wife, daughters, brothers Rabbi Isaiah and Rabbi Joshua, and a sister, Eve Rosenfeld.
Social activism
He participated in the 1943 Rabbis' march, walked with Martin Luther King Jr. in both the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the 1965 "Bloody Sunday", during the first of the Selma to Montgomery marches, at the height of the American civil rights movement. Hertzberg also served as an intermediary between the American Jewish community and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Hertzberg played a major role in some of the most significant issues the world Jewish community faced in the decades following World War II, including discussions with the Roman Catholic Church over the still unresolved conflict over the Vatican's release of documents pertaining to Pius XII and the Holocaust, as well as his outspoken criticism of the policies of Israel toward the Palestinians.
Views and influences
Mordecai Kaplan was also an influence on the young Hertzberg, who attended the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City, where Kaplan taught and served as dean. Kaplan had proved, writes Hertzberg, that with talent and guts, you can be your own man even in mainstream America. Both from Kaplan and later from the eminent scholar of Jewish history, Salo W. Baron, Hertzberg accepted the hypothesis that cultural and religious identity in America would exist in the future "only if they were redefined and reconstructed." Because the two men shared a genuine respect both for tradition and for intellectual rigor, during Kaplan's lectures on Reconstructionist philosophy, Hertzberg was welcome to speak up, in that situation advocating more traditional views.
Kaplan's influence is apparent when considering the breadth of Hertzberg's public career and reputation as gadfly. Never one to eschew unpopular stands when it came to core issues that impacted on the Jewish community, Hertzberg's reputation as a maverick was perhaps most in evidence in the aftermath of the Six-Day War in 1967 when he called for the creation of a Palestinian state alongside Israel, a position that was anathema among most American Jews. He had recounted his public battles with both Golda Meir and Menachem Begin over their policies toward the Palestinians:
I was largely in opposition to the dominant policies. I found myself restating this view year by year, as repeated attempts were made to silence me in Jerusalem and by its lackeys in New York and Washington. I insisted that we in the Diaspora could represent the best interest of the Jews worldwide—never mind the political and moral foolishness that governments in power might be proclaiming … I also had no fear that I was committing treason by denouncing what I knew was wrong and foolish, and I laughed off the label "maverick".
Hertzberg's early support for accommodation with the Palestinians, coming from a leader of the American Jewish establishment, subsequently added credibility to the Israeli peace movement.
Hertzberg challenged the wisdom of what he viewed as banking the future of Jewish continuity on the twin pillars of unquestioned support for Israel and the veneration of the Holocaust. Referring to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., as "the national cathedral of American Jewry's Jewishness", Hertzberg questioned whether the memory of the Holocaust was sufficient to keep Jews "on the reservation." Citing demographic studies, he contended that the proliferation of courses on the Holocaust would not be sufficient to stop a large number of Jews from leaving the Jewish community.
Academic career
Hertzberg graduated from Johns Hopkins University in 1940, received rabbinic ordination from the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in 1943 and a Ph.D. in history from Columbia University in 1966. He began his career as the director of the campus Hillel for Amherst College and the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and taught at Princeton, Rutgers, Columbia, Hebrew University, and Dartmouth. He was the Bronfman Visiting Professor of the Humanities at New York University from 1991 until his death in 2006.
Rabbinic career
In addition to his academic posts, Hertzberg was a rabbi for congregations in Philadelphia and Nashville, served as a chaplain in the United States Air Force from 1951 to 1953. He lived in Englewood, New Jersey, where he served as rabbi of Temple Emanu-El from 1956 to 1985, and remained as rabbi emeritus until his death. He also served as president of the American Jewish Policy Foundation since 1978, president of the American Jewish Congress from 1972 to '78, and vice president of the World Jewish Congress from 1975 to 1991.
Meeting with John Paul II
During Pope John Paul's March 2000 Jerusalem visit, he asked the Pope numerous questions about his activities during the Second World War.
Jewish scholarship
Hertzberg also made his mark in Jewish scholarship. His landmark book, The French Enlightenment and the Jews: The Origins of Modern Anti-Semitism (1968), argued that the source of modern antisemitism could be traced to the ideas of such Age of Enlightenment philosophers as Voltaire. Similarly, his The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader (1970) pioneered the study of Zionism and provided generations of students with the understanding that modern Zionism was a secular movement to remake Jewish identity into one of the many modern secular nationalisms. Finally, although a self-styled pragmatic liberal, Hertzberg saw no contradiction between his political convictions and his reverence for a Jewish tradition shorn of its religious fundamentalism.
Hertzberg wrote, edited or co-edited over thirteen books. Hertzberg had planned to write two more books and had partially completed one at the time of his death, entitled This I Believe, an exploration of his personal theology. He had also intended to write a book explicating the Talmud to an educated but non-Orthodox Jewish audience, preserving the integrity of the source material but also demonstrating its relevance and accessibility to modern readers.
In his memoir A Jew in America, Hertzberg frequently referred to American poet Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson, a descendant of American Puritans who revolted against his heritage and became a Unitarian, wrote that "every man is a conveyance on which all his ancestors ride." Hertzberg said he may not have opted to agree with every word of his Jewish forebears but wrote "my respect and reverence for them is the foundation of my being."
Published works
Essays on Jewish Life and Thought (1959) (co-editor)
The Zionist Idea (1959)
The Outbursts That Await Us (1963)
The French Enlightenment and the Jews (1968) – won the first Amran Award as the best work of nonfiction in the Jewish field.
Judaism (1961)
Being Jewish in America (1978)
The Jews in America: Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter (1989),
Jewish Polemics (1992)
At Home Only with God (1993)
The Zionist Idea (1997)
Jews: The Essence and Character of a People (1998) (co-authored with Aron Hirt-Manheimer)
A Jew in America: My Life And a People's Struggle for Identity (2002)
The Fate of Zionism : A Secular Future for Israel & Palestine (2003).
References
External links
Articles by Arthur Hertzberg on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner
New York Times Obituary, April 18, 2006
Jewish Standard Obituary, April 21, 2006
Association for Jewish Studies Obituary focusing on his work in Jewish education, Fall 2006.
Amazon's Listing
American Jewish Congress
Arthur on 9-11
Beliefnet Entry
New Age Zionism: Holding On as the World Turns Arthur Hertzberg. January 1, 1998
New York Review of Books entry
The Day the Rabbi Rescued Rashid by Martin Kramer
by Leon Charney on The Leon Charney Report
by Leon Charney on The Leon Charney Report
1921 births
2006 deaths
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Dartmouth College faculty
American Conservative rabbis
Polish emigrants to the United States
American Jewish Congress
Writers on Zionism
Jewish historians
Historians of Jews and Judaism
Columbia University faculty
Columbia University alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Jewish Theological Seminary of America semikhah recipients
Baltimore City College alumni
American Jewish theologians
Writers from Baltimore
People from Englewood, New Jersey
American social activists
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American rabbis |
65226691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20Metals%20mine | Twin Metals mine | Twin Metals LLC is seeking approval to create and operate a copper sulfide mine near Ely, Minnesota, on Superior National Forest land. There has been significant opposition to the proposed mine, most notably because of its proximity to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, location within a watershed that drains into the BWCA, and the air, water, light and noise pollution and traffic effects of converting a forested area bordering the BWCA into a substantial industrial mining facility. Twin Metals is a subsidiary of the Chilean conglomerate Antofagasta, which is controlled by billionaire Andrónico Luksic. The original lease is a 1966 lease to the International Nickel Corporation.
The facility would have an underground mining area accessed by two sloping tunnels, an above-ground processing factory, and a tailings dumping area that would use the dry-storage method. Twin Metals has estimated that the mine would provide 700 jobs and create 1,400 jobs in related industries and that it would operate for 25 years, mining 20,000 tons of ore per day retrieved from depths of between 400 and 4,500 feet.
The mine's leases were terminated under the Obama administration but renewed under the Trump administration. Critics have objected to and filed lawsuits against various aspects of the lease renewal and regulatory processes. In March 2021, President Joe Biden announced that the Interior and Agriculture departments would review Twin Metals' lease renewal and a judge ordered a pause in the lawsuit(s) until June 21, 2021, to review the Trump administration's decision to renew the leases. On October 20, 2021, the Biden administration ordered a study that could lead to a 20-year ban on mining upstream from the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. The federal government said it has filed an application for a "mineral withdrawal", which would begin with a thorough study of the likely environmental and other impacts of mining if it were permitted in a watershed that flows into the Boundary Waters. On January 26, 2022, the U.S. Department of the Interior canceled two leases required to build and operate the mine, determining that they were improperly renewed under the previous administration. On January 26, 2023, The Department of the Interior set a 20-year moratorium on mining in 225,000 acres of the forest upstream of the BWCA. The moratorium protects the waters of the Rainy River watershed from pollution and blocks the proposed Twin Metals mine.
Iron mining was a significant part of Ely's history but there have been no active mines nearby for 50 years and Ely's primary industry is now recreational business related to the BWCA and Superior National Forest. Proponents cite the economic benefits from projected jobs from the mine; opponents assert that those might not be as expected and would last only for 25 years, and that the mine could prove to be a net economic loss for the region because of its effects on other aspects of its economy.
Proposed mine
Superior National Forest was created in 1909. The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, which is within it, is highly protected as wilderness and was created in stages, primarily between the 1930s and 1978. In the 1960s, during the Lyndon Johnson administration, the International Nickel Company negotiated with federal officials to begin copper-nickel mining near Ely in St. Louis County, Minnesota. The proposed mine would be on land that is part of the Superior National Forest, in Minnesota's Arrowhead Region, between the Canada–U.S. border and Lake Superior's north shore. It is part of the greater Boundary Waters region along the Minnesota–Ontario border, a historic and important thoroughfare in the fur trading and exploring days of New France and British North America. The BWCA is popular for canoeing, fishing, and hiking, and is the country's most visited wilderness area. The proposed mine site is just outside the BWCA, within the Rainy River watershed, which drains into BWCA lakes, leading some to object that a mining accident could lead to contamination of the lakes within the Wilderness Area.
The proposed development is by Twin Metals Minnesota LLC, a Delaware corporation and subsidiary of Antofagasta. Twin Metals Minnesota LLC was formed in 2010 as a joint venture controlled by Antofagasta, a Chilean conglomerate controlled by billionaire Andrónico Luksic. Twin Metals' "operational headquarters" is in Ely and its corporate headquarters is in Saint Paul. Although the proposed mine is on Superior National Forest land, the mining is regulated by the Bureau of Land Management.
In December 2019, Twin Metals submitted its formal plans to state and federal officials. The documents lay out a detailed plan of the mining operation and an outline of how the company proposes to manage environmental impact. A Minnesota Public Radio report describes the operation as presented in the Twin Metals documents:
The mine would be accessed by two tunnels, 20 feet by 20 feet and 1.25 miles long, sloping downward to the ore body. Conveyor belts would carry crushed ore to the surface, where it would be processed into metal concentrates at a nearby processing plant. There would be lighting, ventilation, office space and places for employees to gather deep underground. [...] Most mining would occur from 400 feet down to a depth of potentially about 4,500 feet.
The company plans to use a system called "dry stacking" to dispose of tailings, which it says will avoid the use of water and any need for a wastewater treatment plant. Twin Metals says it can create and operate the mine safely and has submitted a plan of operations in its plan's main body, appendices, and worksheet data.
Minnesota has a long history of iron mines, but this would be one of its first copper mines. Another proposal remains under review: an open-pit mine near Babbitt proposed by PolyMet. It would be on the site of a closed iron mining operation, with plans to renovate and expand an old taconite facility to mine copper. Glencore, a British multinational commodity trading and mining company, is the majority stock owner of the PolyMet mining project.
Environmental concerns
The proposed mine and processing facility is controversial because it is to be on the shores of Birch Lake and the South Kawishiwi River, which lie in the Rainy River watershed and flow into the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, about five miles northeast. In 2016 the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management refused to extend two federal mineral leases to the Twin Metals mine plan, and the Forest Service proposed a 20-year mineral withdrawal and launched a 24-month environmental review of the proposal. The Trump administration reversed that decision and ended the environmental review, allowing the plans for the mine to proceed.
Tom Landwehr, who served five terms as the executive director of the Department of Natural Resources, does not oppose copper mining in Minnesota; in 2018 he worked to approve a proposed open-pit copper-nickel mine near Babbitt. But he believes that there are places where "we can't even consider mining", and when he looked at the plans for a mine so close to the Boundary Waters he said he was "just absolutely stunned". Landwehr noted that the Babbitt mine is in an existing mining area while the Ely site is not only within the BWCA watershed but is covered by forests, lakes and rivers. "It is just such a fragile site from the potential for human damages right on the edge of the Boundary Waters. They are two completely different sites, and this is one of those places where you have to say, 'Not this mine, not this site, not now, not ever.'"
Surface water pollution is the most often cited pollution concern. Others include light, noise, dust, air and groundwater pollution. Concern is about both the direct effects of these and the effect on property values and tourism and recreational industries due to the pristine environment of both the BWCA and the National Forest. Some studies found that pollution could be significant enough to make the mine a net economic loss for the area. Another concern is acidic drainage into groundwater from accumulated water in the mine.
Controversy over toxic waste storage
Historically, mining waste has been stored in tailings ponds, resulting in the release of toxic waste into nearby waters. In July 2019, saying "we heeded the evidence that is out there and we listened to the community concerns", Twin Metals put out a press release saying it would abandon the plan to use a storage pond, which was to be outside the BWCA watershed near Babbitt, and would instead use the dry stacking method of toxic waste storage. While generally more expensive than a conventional tailings dam, dry storage would not require the expensive construction and operation of a pipeline to ship tailings out of the BWCA watershed. Twin Metals’ chief regulatory officer Julie Padilla said, "The key is, it removes that tailings dam. It removes any potential for failure of a dam and spillage in that sense, which is obviously one of the big concerns about this project and others."
The state Department of Natural Resources has questioned whether the method can work in Minnesota's climate. MinnPost wrote that documents show that, when the DNR approved dam safety permits for the tailings pond to be used in the Babbitt PolyMet mine, it noted, "If dry stack material becomes wet—but isn't fully submerged in a tailings pond—it can leach heavy metals that can wash into nearby soil and water." The agency also said dry stack tailings can create a toxic dust that poses environmental risks. Padilla said that Twin Metals can deal with cold and wet weather by using the dry stack method only when weather allows and putting the tailings back into the underground mine, as has already been planned for about 50% of the tailings, during bad weather.
A spokesman for the Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy said that dry stacking is generally better than a tailings basin and dam but the department needed to see more specifics on the plan. Save the Boundary Waters called the decision to store waste at the project site "going from bad to worse". Of the four mines that Twin Metals has cited as successfully using the dry staking system, it said, "All are still in operation. This is important because it sometimes takes a decade or two after mining has ended for the full scale of water pollution to become evident. Nonetheless, all mines have polluted and may continue to pollute surrounding surface water, groundwater, or both."
Obama administration
Twin Metals obtained the leases and applied for reauthorization in 2013. In 2014, the leases expired and were up for renewal. On March 8, 2016, the U.S. Department of the Interior Solicitor determined and advised the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) that there was no obligation to renew the leases. In June 2016, the U.S. Forest Service announced that it was considering withholding its consent for the leases' renewal. The announcement shocked many Iron Rangers; the first leases had been granted 50 years earlier and been renewed twice since. On July 14, the Forest Service held a "listening session" in Duluth to discuss Twin Metals's proposal. Nearly 500 people attended. A Regional Forester told those in attendance that the Forest Service was concerned about building a mine in the BWCA watershed: "We're concerned about water quality. And we're concerned about ... the ability within a wilderness area to be able to do adequate mitigation [should anything happen with a mine]." St. Louis County Commissioner Tom Rukavina said it seemed that the Forest Service had already made up its mind: "When you put out a press release that says you're deeply concerned about sulfide mining, you bias your own opinion." Lifelong Ely resident Becky Rom, who works with the organization Save the Boundary Waters, said, "This is the time for us to consider whether the watershed of the Boundary Waters is the right location for an industrial mining district. That decision must occur at the time leases are issued, because these issues grant the right to build a mine and extract minerals." National Public Radio reported that Daryl Spencer of Duluth summed up the views of the majority of speakers at the event when he told the Forest Service that he did not oppose mining but could not support building a mine in the BWCA watershed, and that while he wants jobs for Iron Rangers, "This is just a bad place for this type of mine, and it's not worth the risk."
On July 20, 2016, the last day for public comment on whether the mining leases should be renewed, the Forest Service held a meeting in Ely. Nearly 900 people attended. Speakers split about 50-50, with a narrow majority against the mine proposal. The meeting showed the deep divide between those who grew up in Ely with a long history as mine workers and those who settled in Ely because of the wilderness or connections to businesses that serve the BWCA-related tourist trade. Mike Syresvud, president of Iron Range Building Trades, supported the proposal and urged the Forest Service to allow the leases and evaluate the environmental impact once Twin Metals had submitted a mine plan. But opponents said this was the appropriate time for the government to decide whether copper-nickel mining should be allowed. Campaign to Save the Boundary Waters spokesperson Jeremy Drucker said, "If you look at the leases themselves, they explicitly grant the right to mine, and the right to build mining facilities, and so I think the question is 'Is this the right location to build a mine?' We don't think it is."
Citing the environmental risks that a sulfide-based copper-nickel mine posed to BWCA water quality, in December 2016 the Obama administration decided not to renew the leases. Copper-nickel mining can create acidic runoff known as acid mine drainage that can leach heavy metals into water. Thomas Tidwell, Forest Service Chief at the time, wrote that acid mine drainage could cause “serious and irreparable harm” to the BWCA by allowing drainage into Birch Lake and the Kawishiwi River. According to Tidwell, "acid drainage can be created in all phases of mining, from construction to storing waste rock and tailings." Since the federal leases were integral to its success, the decision all but ended the Twin Metals project.
Trump administration
Lease renewal
In May 2018, in an unprecedented action, the Interior Department ordered the Twin Metals leases to be reinstated. The administration claimed that the Obama administration had committed a "legal error" by determining that the government had discretion over whether to renew the leases. It based its argument on a 2017 opinion by Daniel Jorjani, a former legal counsel for the Charles Koch Foundation now working for the Interior Department. Jorjani argued that the original lease's terms guaranteed Twin Metals one more 10-year renewal. On May 15, 2019, the Trump administration renewed the leases.
In June 2018, nine businesses and various non-governmental organizations filed suit against the decision. The case is currently before a federal judge appointed by Trump. The St. Louis County Timberjay has obtained documents the government released to the plaintiffs as part of discovery, most of which are memoranda Minnesota officials wrote to the Interior Department in 1965 and 1966, when INCO still owned the leases. The memoranda show that by summer 1966 the lease had been finalized and the Interior Department had issued a press release announcing them. The press release says that the leases "grant mining rights to the company for 20 years, renewable for 30 years at 10-year intervals if the property is brought into production within the initial 20-year term." The Timberjay reported:
The discussions and agreements described in the memoranda suggest that the Trump administration may have a difficult time defending the validity of the legal opinion under which Interior officials made their decision. Nearly 53 years later, no copper-nickel has been produced from the leases, although the BLM and U.S. Forest Service did allow INCO and its successors to renew the leases in 1989 and 2004 despite the lack of production.
Related legal opinions by Reagan's and Obama's Interior Departments "concluded that renewal of the leases was discretionary on the part of the government, due in part to the company's failure to begin production within the initial 20-year term." The Timberjay concluded:
Nothing in any of the memoranda produced by the government supports Jorjani's novel claim. Instead, Jorjani's argument runs directly counter to the discussions detailed in government memoranda as well as the 1966 government press release which clearly linked the company's rights to future lease renewals to the beginning of production within the initial 20-year term.
The Forest Service initially said that the USDA would study the proposal for two years and then the Secretary of the Interior would make a decision based on its findings. But on September 6, 2018, the Forest Service canceled the deeper mineral withdrawal study the Obama administration had ordered. Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue said the 15 months of review that had already been completed revealed no new scientific information. He added, "[The USDA can both] protect the integrity of the watershed and contribute to economic growth and stronger communities." Executive Director of the Campaign to Save the Boundary Waters Alex Falconer said, "The Trump administration broke its word to us, to Congress, and to the American people when it said it would finish the environmental assessment and base decisions on facts and science." In November 2018, U.S. House members requested information on the withdrawal study's cancellation.
On December 21, 2018, the BLM announced a ten-year extension of the leases' renewal for $1 per acre per year plus royalties. Twin Metals issued a 34-page environmental assessment of its proposal and the public was given until January 22 to comment on it. A Center For American Progress review of the environmental assessment said:
In December 2018, the BLM released a separate 34-page EA recommending that Twin Metals’ mineral leases be renewed. However, the lack of proper scientific assessment in the EA was clear. Analysis of all potential environmental effects—including those on water resources, cultural resources, recreation, wildlife, vegetation, and soil—were described in just seven pages. Equally concerning, the entire EA included just 10 references, and only a single study on potential acid mine drainage was cited. Moreover, that study was authored by Golder Associates Inc., a company hired by Twin Metals in 2014 to write a technical report on the proposed mining project.
The day after the release of Twin Metals' assessment, a partial government shutdown began, resulting in the shutdown of many government agencies. Several environmental groups that opposed Twin Metals' proposals asked for an extension until March 25 because they had been unable to assess information they needed to conduct a review. They also asked for public hearings to be held in Duluth, Minneapolis-St. Paul and Washington, D.C. In a letter to the BLM, the groups wrote, "A rushed process is insufficient to understand the impacts of lease renewal on one of our nation's most cherished public lands", and they urged the government to "proceed cautiously and take adequate time to fully engage the public, the Forest Service, the scientific community, Native American tribes and others who will be impacted by the decision." Minnesota's U.S. Senators Amy Klobuchar and Tina Smith and U.S. Representatives Betty McCollum, Ilhan Omar, and Dean Phillips also asked the BLM to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement about the mine's effects on the Boundary Waters' "sensitive ecosystem" and to agree to a 60-day extension. In April 2019 the House deadline passed for supply of documents related to the withdrawal study.
On November 22, 2019, Minnesota regulators announced that they would conduct their own review of the proposed mine. In December 2019, the judge heard oral arguments in the lease challenge lawsuit and Twin Metals submitted formal plans for the mine.
Environmental review and permitting process
With its formal plan submitted state and federal officials in December 2019, Twin Metals announced it had received the Bureau of Land Management's Notice of Intent to scope and prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the proposed mine. The BLM notice initiates the scoping and environmental review process under the National Environmental Policy Act. Multiple federal agencies and tribal governments will take part in the process, and the public will have several opportunities to comment. The BLM, the Forest Service, the Department of Agriculture, the Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Natural Resources will prepare a detailed EIS to thoroughly analyze the proposal's environmental impact. Regional Native American tribes, including the Bois Forte Band of Chippewa, the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, and the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa will also take part in the review. The results of the review will be compiled into the EIS, which can be expected to be thousands of pages long and take several years to complete.
In November 2019, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) announced it would conduct its own environmental review rather than collaborate with the federal government on a review. Upon completion of the independent reviews, the state will evaluate them both, but it will rely most heavily on the state review. Noting new regulations Trump has issued that have weakened the requirements for granting environmental approval status, the DNR concluded, "To ensure that transparent and predictable and credible state process, Minnesotans will be better served by doing our own independent process." DNR deputy commissioner Barb Naramore said, "[The] environmental review is really that process where we identify and evaluate and disclose to the public the potential environmental effects of a proposed project. We look not just at the project as proposed but at potential alternatives and the mitigations to those potential environmental impacts." The regulators will also analyze other impacts, such as effects on the regional economy, cultural resources and endangered species. Naramore will help lead the review. During a scoping period the regulators will determine exactly which topics will be studied. The public can weigh in at scheduled public meetings. Former regulator Peder Larson said that the review period is a time to learn and study before a final decision is made. "There is the time to learn, and there's the time to study. And that takes place before there's a time to decide." At the completion of the independent reviews the state will evaluate them both but ultimately they will rely most heavily on the one done by the state.
Throughout the review process state and federal agencies, along with Twin Metals, will work closely together. Naramore has said, "There's a lot of really important back-and-forth that takes place throughout the environmental review process, around potential refinements to the project, and to the mitigation approaches." When the review is completed, Minnesota state regulators will decide whether to grant a permit using the EIS. MPR News wrote, "But they're not deciding on the merits of the project. It's not up to regulators to determine whether the benefits of the Twin Metals mine—the jobs and economic impact and importance of the metals—outweigh the risks, like the potential for severe water pollution or whether a spot just outside the Boundary Waters is the right place for that kind of mine." David Zoll, a Minneapolis-based environmental attorney, said, "When you get to the ultimate decision on whether you issue a permit it's largely based on numbers. That is, the decision to issue a permit is based on things like the amount of specific pollutants a mine will discharge, and whether that level is allowable under the law. It's about meeting state standards, following state guidelines, but not about making a value judgment about the mine." In November 2020, the Minnesota DNR and Ely-based Northeastern Minnesotans for Wilderness reached an agreement under which the DNR will consider possible changes to non-ferrous mining rules that could include a prohibition on non-ferrous mining in the Rainy River watershed (which includes the proposed mine).
Biden administration
On January 20, 2021, his first day in office, President Joe Biden directed federal agencies to review all actions taken during the Trump administration that might conflict with his administration's goal "to listen to the science, to improve public health and protect our environment and to ensure access to clean air and water." In March 2021, the Biden administration announced that the Interior and Agriculture departments would review Twin Metals' lease renewal and a federal judge approved a Justice Department request to pause a lawsuit filed in 2020 by Northeastern Minnesotans for Wilderness and a coalition of canoe outfitters and environmental groups that argued federal agencies had failed to conduct a thorough environmental review ahead of the renewal leases given to Twin Metals. The judge ordered a pause until June 21 to allow the Department of Interior and Department of Agriculture to review the Trump administration's decision to renew the leases.
On October 20, 2021, the Biden administration ordered a study that could lead to a 20-year ban on mining upstream from the BWCA. The federal government said it has filed an application for a "mineral withdrawal", which would begin with a thorough study of the likely environmental and other impacts of mining if it were permitted in a watershed that flows into the Boundary Waters.
On January 26, 2022, the U.S. Department of the Interior canceled two leases needed for the mine, saying that they were previously improperly renewed. This dealt a potentially fatal blow to the effort to build and operate the mine. Principal deputy solicitor Ann Marie Bledsoe Downes wrote that the department "issued Twin Metals' 2019 lease renewals in violation of multiple legal authorities." She also said that Interior did not properly recognize the U.S. Forest Service's consent authority during the process and did not analyze all possible scenarios in their environmental analysis, as required. The leases' cancellation was not considered a surprise, in part because previous administrations of both parties had determined that the leaseholders had no automatic right to renewal. Several past administrations, including those of Presidents Reagan and George W. Bush, determined that INCO's successors (e.g., Twin Metals) had no absolute right to renewal in legal opinions issued by attorneys with the Department of Interior.
On January 26, 2023, the Biden administration set a 20-year moratorium on mining in 225,000 acres of the forest that are upstream of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. The moratorium protects the waters of the Rainy River watershed from pollution and effectively blocks the mine.
Political and legal actions
In 2018, Representative Betty McCollum filed an objection with the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Agriculture to the mine and the process, detailing risks, impacts and criticism of process issues.
In December 2019, Landwehr and a group of environmentalists asked Minnesota Governor Tim Walz to stop the Twin Metals mine, saying, "Minnesota shouldn't even be considering a project that the Obama administration scuttled in 2016 as an unacceptable risk to the country's most popular wilderness," A spokesperson for Walz responded, "The governor believes that no mining project should move forward unless it passes a strict environmental review process that includes meaningful opportunities for public comment." Landwehr also asked that state regulators find the Twin Metals application incomplete because it will not include the findings of the cancelled U.S. Forest Service study under the Obama administration that the Trump administration never released despite numerous requests from members of Congress and others. Landwehr has concluded that the review found that the Twin Metals project should not be allowed to proceed: "They wouldn't be withheld if they said the project should be approved."
In February 2020, McCollum introduced a bill that would ban new copper-nickel mining in about 365 square miles of the Superior National Forest within the BWCA watershed (H.R. 5598). She said she believes the BWCA is designated as a federal wilderness that belongs to everyone, not just people who live nearby. She called the proposed type of mining new and untested and said she believed it is not worth what she sees as short-term economic gains. The Minnesota Ojibwe strongly support McCollum's bill. In a letter to Congress, the tribe wrote, "It is unacceptable to trade this precious landscape and our way of life to enrich foreign mining companies that will leave a legacy of degradation that will last forever."
Legal actions
After the reinstatement of Twin Metals' lease, in June 2018 three lawsuits were filed against the Interior Department. First, Northeastern Minnesotans for Wilderness (the founder and leader of the national coalition The Campaign to Save the Boundary Waters) and nine Minnesota businesses, mostly canoe outfitters, contended that the proposed mine would hurt their business by polluting the Boundary Waters. A second lawsuit was filed by The Wilderness Society, the Center for Biological Diversity, and the Izaak Walton League. A third was filed by the Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness. The three suits contend that the proposed mine poses risks to the Boundary Waters and that the department did not have the authority to reinstate Twin Metals' leases.
In May 2020, Northeastern Minnesotans for Wilderness, The Wilderness Society, The Center for Biological Diversity, the Izaak Walton League, the Friends of the Boundary Waters, and nine businesses filed a lawsuit in federal court in Washington, D.C. The suit alleges the Bureau of Land Management conducted only a limited review rather than an in-depth environmental impact statement as required by law. In August 2020, they filed an amended complaint alleging that there was improper interference to remove the stipulation that lease renewals be subject to Forest Service approval.
In June 2020, Northeastern Minnesotans for Wilderness filed a lawsuit requesting that the Minnesota DNR ban copper mining in the Boundary Waters watershed. NMW contends that the nonferrous mining rules fail to protect the Boundary Waters as required by the Minnesota Environmental Rights Act. NMW wants a judge to order the DNR to review the rules and make changes, including a ban, "to prevent a uniquely toxic and accident-prone form of mining from occurring in the Rainy River-Headwaters, waters that flow into and are in the same watershed as the BWCAW, and threaten the water and land of these unique and vital natural resources."
Opinions and concerns
With the beginning of the closing of the Minnesota Iron Range mines in the 1960s, northern Minnesota fell into a decline from which it has never recovered. One worker laid off in 1981 said, "We lost our future, we lost our enthusiasm for living. We lost that vibrant group of young people that participated in the economy, [and] we’ve never really recovered, not in population and not in economy." As the principal gateway to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, summers see an influx of tourists that supports numerous outdoor equipment outlets, canoe outfitters, and other establishments, but most of the tourist trade dries up in the winter.
Hoping to return to economic prosperity, many Ely residents support the proposed mine and support Trump's reelection because he supports the proposal. Ely mayor Chuck Novak supports the mine and has said, "The hope rested with Trump; that's where the people went … it's hope. People want hope for a better future. This is the old method of politics: you take care of your economy and your people." Ely resident Sue Schurke, who has established a small manufacturing business designing and marketing winter jackets, disagrees with those who say the tourism economy cannot sustain Ely, but has said, "The work ethic in this town is pretty amazing. And these are good people. So, you know, the issue is delicate, because I do have a lot of respect for the people in this community whose families are miners."
Local approval
Local residents are deeply divided over the mine. Some see it as economic salvation and believe it can operate safely and provide hundreds of well-paying jobs. When the Minnesota Chippewa objected to the mine because it could pollute the Boundary Waters, Novak called on residents to stop hosting events at a nearby Native American casino, and the city council unanimously defended his action. One Ely resident said, "I do not want the city council kowtowing to these environmental bullies."
Many Ely residents still harbor anger over losing "their lake" when the area became protected from development by the 1964 Wilderness Act, followed by a federal law that officially designated it the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness in 1978. At that time the lakes were lined with hundreds of cottages and locally owned resorts. Power boats brought residents to distant lakes with ease. Longtime Ely resident Bill Erzar has said that Ely residents feel they didn't receive fair compensation from the government: "It was devastating to this community. Lots of my friends’ families lost everything fighting the government to keep their property." Only one home and business were allowed to remain, that of Dorothy Molter, the "Root Beer Lady".
Former Ely Mayor Roger Skraba still resents the establishment of the BWCA and has said, "Is there a bad taste in my mouth? Absolutely. Will it go away? When I'm dead." He sees those opposing the mine as liberal environmentalists trying to impose their values on others. Skraba has said he met with Jean Paul Luksic, the Chilean billionaire whose family owns Antofagasta, and that Luksic made a good impression on him, leading him to believe the company will respect the Boundary Waters.
Former Twin Metals special projects manager David Oliver moved to Ely in 2007 to work on the project. Twin Metals claims its site contains 99% of U.S. nickel reserves, 88% of its cobalt reserves, and a third of the nation's copper reserves. Oliver has said, "these materials are used by everyone, including critics of the mine, and are going to have to come from somewhere." Oliver, who was the chairman of the Ely area Republican caucus, has said of liberals, "They hate the country. They hate the flag. They hate the military. They hate God. They hate anything that has to do with resource extraction."
Local opposition
Environmentalists oppose the proposal. Longtime Ely resident Paul Schurke, who along with Will Steger made the first unsupported dogsled trip to the North Pole, has said that local mine supporters are being “hoodwinked...if they score the permits, they'll sit on them until the market improves and until expensive mining manpower has been replaced by robotics.”
Ely resident Becky Rom has been leading wilderness trips and speaking out for the preservation of the Boundary Waters since she was a girl. She adamantly opposes the mining proposal, making her "the most reviled person in the room" when she attended a recent city council meeting. Rom and Landwehr believe that environmental reviews are inadequate to maintain the BWCA's integrity because existing regulations do not address the specific risks of Twin Metals' proposal and permit some degradation.
Ely resident Kris Hallberg, a retired World Bank economist, says there is a national trend of recreation replacing mining in driving economic growth and that Ely has hundreds of operating businesses, a renowned wolf center, art galleries, a museum, and a range of festivals held every year. Speaking to a small group of Ely residents, she reported the results of a Harvard University economics professor's analysis of Ely's projected future with and without the mine: "Twin Metals estimates it will bring at least 700 direct jobs and 1,400 spin-off ones, and the analysis found this would undeniably benefit the region. But the gains would be short-lived once the mine shut down after its projected 25-year lifespan and would undercut the outdoors-based economy that, along with tourists, has drawn entrepreneurs and professionals to live and work near the Boundary Waters."
State and national opinions
In February 2020 a Star Tribune/MPR News poll found that 60% of Minnesotans oppose new mining near the BWCA and 22% support it. When asked whether providing jobs or protecting the environment was more important when it comes to mining, 66% said the environment was a higher priority and 19% said jobs were. The poll found slightly different results in northern Minnesota. There, 60% said the environment was more important, while 23% said jobs were. The poll did not name the mine specifically.
The Center for American Progress has listed numerous concerns about Twin Metals' plans:
The conglomerate that Twin Metals is a subsidiary of has been involved in a number of corruption, bribery, and other scandals in its home country.
"The Boundary Waters case is emblematic of the Trump administration's modus operandi: bypass the regulatory process by shortcutting scientific assessment, ignoring local opposition, and bending the law.
A 2012 study found that every copper mining operation had experienced a spill or accidental release.
Sulfide-ore mining is a well-documented cause of catastrophic pollution and could cause catastrophic pollution to a wilderness area. The BWCA is especially vulnerable due to its shallow groundwater and numerous lakes and streams.
The Star Tribune editorial board opposes copper mining so close to the Boundary Waters. It wrote that Congress recently decided that metal mining is too risky to be allowed on public lands near Yellowstone National Park and that a similar buffer zone should be established around the BWCA: "Minnesotans often think of the BWCA as a regional attraction. The reality is that it's a world-class preserve offering an experience that the nation's marquee parks in the arid American West cannot rival. Visitors come from across the nation and around the globe."
Tom Tidwell, who was chief of the U.S. Forest Service from 2009 to 2017, opposes the project and the cancellation of the more in-depth study, saying, "The vast network of waterways in the Boundary Waters region makes it particularly vulnerable to acid mine drainage. The increased acidity and heavy metal pollution could be catastrophic. It would be impossible to contain pollution given the interconnectedness of the waters. Compounding the problem is the absence of natural calcium carbonates, which means the water has virtually no capacity to buffer acid mine drainage."
In 2021, President Biden selected Tom Vilsack, who was secretary of the Department of Agriculture under Obama, to return to the job. Vilsack has been highly critical of the mine proposal. Biden also chose Deb Haaland as Secretary of the Interior, the department that controls the mineral deposits in the forest. Haaland has criticized the Trump administration, saying in 2019, "In places like Minnesota, the Forest Service and [Bureau of Land Management] are jointly responsible for putting valuable freshwater resources at risk from mining pollution."
See also
Vermilion Range (Minnesota)
Pebble Mine
References
External links
Patagonia film on the BWCA and proposed mine
The Campaign to Save the Boundary Waters
Northeastern Minnesotans for Wilderness
Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness
Mines in Minnesota
Copper mines in the United States |
18597893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20deprivation | Sleep deprivation | Sleep deprivation, also known as sleep insufficiency or sleeplessness, is the condition of not having adequate duration and/or quality of sleep to support decent alertness, performance, and health. It can be either chronic or acute and may vary widely in severity.
Acute sleep deprivation is when an individual sleeps less than usual or does not sleep at all for a short period of time – normally lasting one to two days but tends to follow the sleepless pattern for longer with no outside factors in play. Chronic sleep deprivation is when an individual routinely sleeps less than an optimal amount for ideal functioning. Chronic sleep deficiency is often confused with the term insomnia. Although both chronic sleep deficiency and insomnia share decreased quantity and/or quality of sleep as well as impaired function, their difference lies in the ability to fall asleep. Sleep deprived individuals are able to fall asleep rapidly when allowed but those with insomnia have difficulty falling asleep.
The average adult needs seven or more hours of sleep per night to maintain health. The amount of sleep needed can depend on sleep quality, age, pregnancy, and level of sleep deprivation. Insufficient sleep has been linked to weight gain, high blood pressure, diabetes, depression, heart disease, and strokes. Sleep deprivation can also lead to high anxiety, irritability, erratic behavior, poor cognitive functioning and performance, and psychotic episodes.
A chronic sleep-restricted state adversely affects the brain and cognitive function. However, in a subset of cases, sleep deprivation can paradoxically lead to increased energy and alertness; although its long-term consequences have never been evaluated, sleep deprivation has even been used as a treatment for depression.
Few studies have compared the effects of acute total sleep deprivation and chronic partial sleep restriction. A complete absence of sleep over a long period is not frequent in humans (unless they have fatal insomnia or specific issues caused by surgery); it appears that brief microsleeps cannot be avoided. Long-term total sleep deprivation has caused death in lab animals.
Causes
Insomnia
Insomnia, one of the six types of dyssomnia, affects 21–37% of the adult population. Many of its symptoms are easily recognizable, including excessive daytime sleepiness; frustration or worry about sleep; problems with attention, concentration, or memory; extreme mood changes or irritability; lack of energy or motivation; poor performance at school or work; and tension headaches or stomach aches.
Insomnia can be grouped into primary and secondary, or comorbid, insomnia.
Primary insomnia is a sleep disorder not attributable to a medical, psychiatric, or environmental cause. There are three main types of primary insomnia. These include: psychophysiological, idiopathic insomnia, and sleep state misperception (paradoxical insomnia). Psychophysiological insomnia is anxiety-induced. Idiopathic insomnia generally begins in childhood and lasts the rest of a person's life. It's suggested that idiopathic insomnia is a neurochemical problem in a part of the brain that controls the sleep-wake cycle, resulting in either under-active sleep signals or over-active wake signals. Sleep state misperception is diagnosed when people get enough sleep but inaccurately perceive that their sleep is insufficient.
Secondary insomnia, or comorbid insomnia, occurs concurrently with other medical, neurological, psychological and psychiatric conditions. Causation is not necessarily implied.Causes can be from depression, anxiety, and personality disorders.
Sleep deprivation is known to be cumulative. This means that the fatigue and sleep one lost as a result, for example, staying awake all night, would be carried over to the following day. Not getting enough sleep for a couple of days cumulatively builds up a deficiency and causes symptoms of sleep deprivation to appear. A well rested and healthy individual will generally spend less time in the REM stage of sleep. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between time spent in the REM stage of sleep and subsequent wakefulness during waking hours.Short-term insomnia can be induced by stress or when your body experiences changes in environment and regimen.
Sleep apnea
Sleep apnea is a serious disorder that has symptoms of both insomnia and sleep deprivation, among other symptoms like excessive daytime sleepiness, abrupt awakenings, and difficulty concentrating. Obstructive sleep apnea is often caused by collapse of the upper airway during sleep, which reduces airflow to the lungs. Those with sleep apnea may experience symptoms such as awakening gasping or choking, restless sleep, morning headaches, morning confusion or irritability and restlessness. This disorder affects 1 to 10 percent of Americans. It has many serious health outcomes if untreated. Positive airway pressure therapy using a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure), APAP or BPAP devices is considered to be the first line treatment option for sleep apnea. Mandibular displacement devices in some cases can reposition the jaw and tongue to prevent the airway from collapsing. For some patients supplemental oxygen therapy may be indicated. Nasal problems such as a deviated septum will shut down the airway and increase swelling in the mucus lining and nasal turbinates. Corrective surgery (septoplasty) in some cases may be an appropriate choice of treatment.
Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the central nervous system to signal the body to breathe during sleep. Treatments similar to obstructive sleep apnea may be used as well as other treatments such as Adaptive Servo Ventilation and certain medications. Some medications such as opioids may contribute to or cause central sleep apnea.
Self-imposed
Sleep deprivation can sometimes be self-imposed due to a lack of desire to sleep or the habitual use of stimulant drugs. Sleep deprivation is also self-imposed to achieve personal fame in the context of record-breaking stunts.
Caffeine
Consumption of caffeine in large quantities can have negative effects on one's sleep cycle.
While there are short-term performance benefits to caffeine consumption, overuse can lead to insomnia symptoms or worsen pre-existing insomnia. Consuming caffeine to stay awake at night may lead to sleeplessness, anxiety, frequent nighttime awakenings, and overall poorer sleep quality.
Mental illness
The specific causal relationships between sleep loss and effects on psychiatric disorders have been most extensively studied in patients with mood disorders. Shifts into mania in bipolar patients are often preceded by periods of insomnia, and sleep deprivation has been shown to induce a manic state in about 30% of patients. Sleep deprivation may represent a final common pathway in the genesis of mania, and manic patients usually have a continuous reduced need for sleep.
Chronic sleep problems affect 50% to 80% of patients in a typical psychiatric practice, compared with 10% to 18% of adults in the general U.S. population. Sleep problems are particularly common in patients with anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The symptoms of sleep deprivation and those of schizophrenia are paralleled, including those of positive and cognitive symptoms.
School
The US National Sleep Foundation cites a 1996 paper showing that college/university-aged students got an average of less than 6 hours of sleep each night. A 2018 study highlights the need for a good night's sleep for students finding that college students who averaged eight hours of sleep for the five nights of finals week scored higher on their final exams than those who didn't.
In the study, 70.6% of students reported obtaining less than 8 hours of sleep, and up to 27% of students may be at risk for at least one sleep disorder. Sleep deprivation is common in first year college students as they adjust to the stress and social activities of college life.
Estevan, et al., studied the relationships between sleep and test performance. They found that students tend to sleep less than usual the night before an exam, and that exam performance was positively correlated with sleep duration.
A study performed by the Department of Psychology at the National Chung Cheng University in Taiwan concluded that freshmen received the least amount of sleep during the week.
Studies of later start times in schools have consistently reported benefits to adolescent sleep, health and learning using a wide variety of methodological approaches. In contrast, there are no studies showing that early start times have any positive impact on sleep, health or learning. Data from international studies demonstrate that "synchronised" start times for adolescents are far later than the start times in the overwhelming majority of educational institutions. In 1997, University of Minnesota research compared students who started school at 7:15 am with those who started at 8:40 am. They found that students who started at 8:40 got higher grades and more sleep on weekday nights than those who started earlier. One in four U.S. high school students admits to falling asleep in class at least once a week.
It is known that during human adolescence, circadian rhythms and therefore sleep patterns typically undergo marked changes. Electroencephalogram (EEG) studies indicate a 50% reduction of deep (stage 4) sleep and a 75% reduction in the peak amplitude of delta waves during NREM sleep in adolescence. School schedules are often incompatible with a corresponding delay in sleep offset, leading to a less than optimal amount of sleep for the majority of adolescents.
Hospital stay
A study performed nationwide in the Netherlands found that general ward patients staying at the hospital experienced shorter total sleep (83 min. less), more night-time awakenings, and earlier awakenings compared to sleeping at home. Over 70% experienced being woken up by external causes, such as hospital staff (35.8%). Sleep disturbing factors included noise of other patients, medical devices, pain, and toilet visits. Sleep deprivation is even more severe in ICU patients, where the naturally occurring nocturnal peak of melatonin secretion was found to be absent, possibly causing the disruption in the normal sleep-wake cycle. However, as the personal characteristics and the clinical picture of hospital patients are so diverse, the possible solutions to improve sleep and circadian rhythmicity should be tailored to the individual and within the possibilities of the hospital ward. Multiple interventions could be considered to aid patient characteristics, improve hospital routines, or the hospital environment.
Internet
A study published in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation found out that broadband internet connection was associated with sleep deprivation. The study concluded that the people with a broadband connection tend to sleep 25 minutes less than those without the broadband connection, hence they are less likely to get the scientifically recommended 7–9 hours of sleep. Another study conducted on 435 non-medical staff at King Saud University Medical City reported that 9 out of 10 of the respondents used their smartphones at bedtime, with social media being the most used service (80.5%). The study found participants who spent more than 60 minutes using their smartphones at bedtime were 7.4 times more likely to have poor sleep quality than participants who spent less than 15 minutes.
Shift work
Many business are operational 24/7, such as airlines, hospitals and etc., where workers perform their duties in different shifts. Shift work patterns cause sleep depriviation and leads to poor concentration, detrimental health effects and fatigue. Shift work remains an unspoken challenge within industries, often disregarded by both employers and employees alike, leading to an increase in occupational injuries. A worker experiencing fatigue poses a potential danger not only to themselves but also to others around them. Both employers and employees must acknowledge the risks associated with sleep deprivation and on-the-job fatigue to effectively mitigate the chances of occupational injuries
Effects and consequences
Brain
Temporary
One study suggested, based on neuroimaging, that 35 hours of total sleep deprivation in healthy controls negatively affected the brain's ability to put an emotional event into the proper perspective and make a controlled, suitable response to the event.
The negative effects of sleep deprivation on alertness and cognitive performance suggest decreases in brain activity and function. These changes primarily occur in two regions: the thalamus, a structure involved in alertness and attention; and the prefrontal cortex, a region sub-serving alertness, attention, and higher-order cognitive processes. This was the finding of an American study in 2000. Seventeen men in their 20s were tested. Sleep deprivation was progressive with measurements of glucose (absolute regional CMRglu), cognitive performance, alertness, mood, and subjective experiences collected after 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours of sleep deprivation. Additional measures of alertness, cognitive performance, and mood were collected at fixed intervals. PET scans were used and attention was paid to the circadian rhythm of cognitive performance. Interestingly, the effects of sleep deprivation appear to be constant across "night owls" and "early birds", or different sleep chronotypes, as revealed by fMRI and graph theory.
A noted 2002 University of California animal study indicated that non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) is necessary for turning off neurotransmitters and allowing their receptors to "rest" and regain sensitivity which allows monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin and histamine) to be effective at naturally produced levels. This leads to improved regulation of mood and increased learning ability. The study also found that rapid eye movement sleep (REM) deprivation may alleviate clinical depression because it mimics selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This is because the natural decrease in monoamines during REM is not allowed to occur, which causes the concentration of neurotransmitters in the brain, that are depleted in clinically depressed persons, to increase.
Lasting
Studies on rodents show that response to neuronal injury due to acute sleep deprivation is adaptative before 3 hours of sleep loss per night and becomes maladaptative and apoptosis occurs after. Studies in mice show neuronal death (in the hippocampus, locus coeruleus and medial PFC) occurs after 2 days of REM sleep deprivation. However, mice do not model well the effects in humans because they sleep a third of the duration of REM sleep of humans and caspase-3, the main effector of apoptosis, kills 3 times the amount of cells in humans than in mice. Also not accounted in nearly all of the studies is that acute REM sleep deprivation induces lasting (> 20 days) neuronal apoptosis in mice, and apoptosis rate increases on the day following its end, so the amount of apoptosis is often undercounted in mice because experiments nearly always measure it the day the sleep deprivation ends. For these reasons, both the time before cells degenerate and the extent of degeneration could be greatly underevaluated in humans.
Such histological studies cannot be performed on humans for ethical reasons, but long-term studies show that sleep quality is more associated to grey matter volume reduction than age, occurring in areas like the precuneus.
Sleep is necessary to repair cellular damage, such as caused by reactive oxygen species and DNA damages. During long-term sleep deprivation, cellular damage aggregates up to a tipping point that triggers cellular degeneration and apoptosis.
REM sleep deprivation causes an increase in noradrenaline (which incidentally causes the person sleep deprived to be stressed) due to the neurons in the locus coeruleus producing it not ceasing to do so, which causes an increase in the activity of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump, which itself activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and prevents autophagy, which also induces the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis.
Sleep outside of the REM phase may allow enzymes to repair brain cell damage caused by free radicals. High metabolic activity while awake damages the enzymes themselves preventing efficient repair. This study observed the first evidence of brain damage in rats as a direct result of sleep deprivation.
Attention and working memory
Among the possible physical consequences of sleep deprivation, deficits in attention and working memory are perhaps the most important; such lapses in mundane routines can lead to unfortunate results, from forgetting ingredients while cooking to missing a sentence while taking notes. Performing tasks that require attention appears to be correlated with number of hours of sleep received each night, declining as a function of hours of sleep deprivation. Working memory is tested by methods such as choice-reaction time tasks.
The attentional lapses also extend into more critical domains in which the consequences can be life-or-death; car crashes and industrial disasters can result from inattentiveness attributable to sleep deprivation. To empirically measure the magnitude of attention deficits, researchers typically employ the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) which requires the subject to press a button in response to a light at random intervals. Failure to press the button in response to the stimulus (light) is recorded as an error, attributable to the microsleeps that occur as a product of sleep deprivation.
Crucially, individuals' subjective evaluations of their fatigue often do not predict actual performance on the PVT. While totally sleep-deprived individuals are usually aware of the degree of their impairment, lapses from chronic (lesser) sleep deprivation can build up over time so that they are equal in number and severity to the lapses occurring from total (acute) sleep deprivation. Chronically sleep-deprived people, however, continue to rate themselves considerably less impaired than totally sleep-deprived participants. Since people usually evaluate their capability on tasks like driving subjectively, their evaluations may lead them to the false conclusion that they can perform tasks that require constant attention when their abilities are in fact impaired.
Mood
Sleep deprivation can have a negative impact on mood. Staying up all night or taking an unexpected night shift can make one feel irritable. Once one catches up on sleep, one's mood will often return to baseline or normal. Even partial sleep deprivation can have a significant impact on mood. In one study, subjects reported increased sleepiness, fatigue, confusion, tension, and total mood disturbance, which all recovered to their baseline after one to two full nights of sleep.
Depression and sleep are in a bidirectional relationship. Poor sleep can lead to development of depression and depression can cause insomnia, hypersomnia, or obstructive sleep apnea. About 75% of adult patients with depression can present insomnia. Sleep deprivation, whether total or not, can induce significant anxiety and longer sleep deprivations tend to result in increased level of anxiety.
Sleep deprivation has also shown some positive effects on mood, and can be used to treat depression. Chronotype can affect how sleep deprivation influences mood. Those with morningness (advanced sleep period or "lark") preference become more depressed after sleep deprivation while those with eveningness (delayed sleep period or "owl") preference show an improvement in mood.
Mood and mental states can affect sleep as well. Increased agitation and arousal from anxiety or stress can keep one more aroused, awake, and alert.
Driving ability
The dangers of sleep deprivation are apparent on the road; the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) reports that one in every five serious motor vehicle injuries is related to driver fatigue, with 80,000 drivers falling asleep behind the wheel every day and 250,000 accidents every year related to sleep, though the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration suggests the figure for traffic accidents may be closer to 100,000. The AASM recommends pulling off the road and taking a 15- or 20-minute nap to alleviate drowsiness.
According to a 2000 study published in the British Medical Journal, researchers in Australia and New Zealand reported that sleep deprivation can have some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. People who drove after being awake for 17–19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.05 percent, which is the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries and Australia. Another study suggested that performance begins to degrade after 16 hours awake, and 21 hours awake was equivalent to a blood alcohol content of 0.08 percent, which is the blood alcohol limit for drunk driving in Canada, the U.S., and the U.K.
Fatigue of drivers of goods trucks and passenger vehicles have come to the attention of authorities in many countries, where specific laws have been introduced with the aim of reducing the risk of traffic accidents due to driver fatigue. Rules concerning minimum break lengths, maximum shift lengths and minimum time between shifts are common in the driving regulations used in different countries and regions, such as the drivers' working hours regulations in the European Union and hours of service regulations in the United States.
The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill was the second largest oil spill in the United States waters, after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. This accident occurred when an Exxon oil tanker struck a reef at the Prince William Sound in Alaska. Approximately 10.8 million gallons of oil spilled into the sea. The accident caused great environmental damage including the death of hundreds of thousands of birds and sea creatures. Fatigue and sleep deprivation were the major contributors to the accident. The captain of the ship was asleep after a night of heavy drinking; he was severely fatigued and had been awake for 18 hours. The entire crew was suffering from fatigue and inadequate sleep.
Sleep transition
Sleep propensity (SP) can be defined as the readiness to transit from wakefulness to sleep, or the ability to stay asleep if already sleeping. Sleep deprivation increases this propensity, which can be measured by polysomnography (PSG), as a reduction in sleep latency (the time needed to fall asleep). An indicator of sleep propensity can also be seen in the shortening of transition from light stages of non-REM sleep to deeper slow-waves oscillations can also be measured as indicator of sleep propensity.
On average, the latency in healthy adults decreases by a few minutes after a night without sleep, and the latency from sleep onset to slow-wave sleep is halved. Sleep latency is generally measured with the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). In contrast, the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) also uses sleep latency, but this time as a measure of the capacity of the participants to stay awake (when asked to) instead of falling asleep.
Sleep-wake cycle
People aged 18 to 64 need seven to nine hours of sleep per night. Research studying sleep deprivation shows its impact on mood, cognitive and motor functioning, due to dysregulation of the sleep-wake cycle and augmented sleep propensity. Multiple studies that identified the role of the hypothalamus and multiple neural systems controlling circadian rhythms and homeostasis have been helpful in understanding sleep deprivation better. To describe the temporal course of the sleep-wake cycle, the two-process model of sleep regulation can be mentioned.
This model proposes a homeostatic process (Process S) and a circadian process (Process C) that interact to define the time and intensity of sleep. Process S represents the drive for sleep, increasing during wakefulness and decreasing during sleep, until a defined threshold level, while Process C is the oscillator responsible for these levels. When being sleep deprived, homeostatic pressure accumulates to the point that waking functions will be degraded even at the highest circadian drive for wakefulness.
Microsleeps
Microsleeps are periods of brief sleep that most frequently occur when a person has a significant level of sleep deprivation. Microsleeps usually last for a few seconds, usually no longer than 15 seconds, and happen most frequently when a person is trying to stay awake when they are feeling sleepy. The person usually falls into microsleep while doing a monotonous task like driving, reading a book, or staring at a computer. Microsleeps are similar to blackouts and a person experiencing them is not consciously aware that they are occurring.
An even lighter type of sleep has been seen in rats that have been kept awake for long periods of time. In a process known as local sleep, specific localized brain regions went into periods of short (~80 ms) but frequent (~40/min) NREM-like states. Despite the on and off periods where neurons shut off, the rats appeared to be awake, although they performed poorly at tests.
Cardiovascular morbidity
Decreased sleep duration is associated with many adverse cardiovascular consequences. The American Heart Association has stated that sleep restriction is a risk factor for adverse cardiometabolic profiles and outcomes. The organization recommends healthy sleep habits for ideal cardiac health along with other well known factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, diet, glucose, weight, smoking, and physical activity. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has noted that adults who sleep less than 7 hours per day are more likely to have chronic health conditions including heart attack, coronary heart disease, and stroke compared to those with adequate amount of sleep.
In a study that followed over 160,000 healthy, non-obese adults, the subjects who self-reported sleep duration less than 6 hours a day were at an increased risk for developing multiple cardiometabolic risk factors. They presented with increased central obesity, elevated fasting glucose, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein, hypertriglyceridemia, and metabolic syndrome. The presence or lack of insomnia symptoms did not modify the effects of sleep duration in this study.
The United Kingdom Biobank studied nearly 500,000 adults who had no cardiovascular disease, and the subjects who slept less than 6 hours a day were associated with a 20 percent increase in the risk of developing myocardial infarction (MI) over 7 years of follow-up period. Interestingly, long sleep duration of more than 9 hours a night was also a risk factor.
Immunosuppression
Among the myriad of health consequences that sleep deprivation can cause, disruption of the immune system is one of them. While it is not clearly understood, researchers believe that sleep is essential to providing sufficient energy for the immune system to work and allow inflammation to take place during sleep. Also, just as sleep can reinforce memory in a person's brain, it can help consolidate the memory of the immune system or adaptive immunity.
An adequate amount of sleep improves effects of vaccines that utilize adaptive immunity. When vaccines expose the body to a weakened or deactivated antigen, the body initiates an immune response. The immune system learns to recognize that antigen and attacks it when exposed again in the future. Studies have found that people who don't sleep the night after getting a vaccine were less likely to develop a proper immune response to the vaccine and sometimes even required a second dose. People who are sleep deprived in general also do not provide their bodies with sufficient time for an adequate immunological memory to form, and thus, can fail to benefit from vaccination.
People who sleep less than 6 hours a night are more prone to infection and are more likely to catch a cold or flu. A lack of sleep can also prolong the recovery time in patients in intensive care unit (ICU).
Weight gain
A lack of sleep can cause an imbalance in several hormones that are critical in weight gain. Sleep deprivation increases the level of ghrelin (hunger hormone) and decreases the level of leptin (fullness hormone), resulting in an increased feeling of hunger and desire for high-calorie foods. Sleep loss is also associated with decreased growth hormone and elevated cortisol levels, which are connected to obesity. People who do not get sufficient sleep can also feel sleepy and fatigued during the day and get less exercise. Obesity can cause poor sleep quality as well. Individuals who are overweight or obese can experience obstructive sleep apnea, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), depression, asthma, and osteoarthritis which all can disrupt a good night's sleep.
In rats, prolonged, complete sleep deprivation increased both food intake and energy expenditure with a net effect of weight loss and ultimately death. This study hypothesizes that the moderate chronic sleep debt associated with habitual short sleep is associated with increased appetite and energy expenditure with the equation tipped towards food intake rather than expenditure in societies where high-calorie food is freely available.
Type 2 diabetes
It has been suggested that people experiencing short-term sleep restrictions process glucose more slowly than individuals receiving a full 8 hours of sleep, increasing the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. Poor sleep quality is linked to high blood sugar levels in diabetic and prediabetic patients but the causal relationship is not clearly understood. Researchers suspect that sleep deprivation affects insulin, cortisol, and oxidative stress, which subsequently influence blood sugar levels. Sleep deprivation can increase the level of ghrelin and decrease the level of leptin. People who get insufficient amount of sleep are more likely to crave food in order to compensate for the lack of energy. This habit can raise blood sugar and put them at risk of obesity and diabetes.
In 2005, a study of over 1400 participants showed that participants who habitually slept few hours were more likely to have associations with type 2 diabetes. However, because this study was merely correlational, the direction of cause and effect between little sleep and diabetes is uncertain. The authors point to an earlier study which showed that experimental rather than habitual restriction of sleep resulted in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
Other effects
The National Sleep Foundation identifies several warning signs that a driver is dangerously fatigued. These include rolling down the window, turning up the radio, trouble keeping eyes open, head-nodding, drifting out of their lane, and daydreaming. At particular risk are lone drivers between midnight and 6:00 am.
Sleep deprivation can negatively impact overall performance, and has led to major fatal accidents. Due largely to the February 2009 crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407, which killed 50 people and was partially attributed to pilot fatigue, the FAA reviewed its procedures to ensure that pilots are sufficiently rested. Air traffic controllers were under scrutiny when in 2010 there were 10 incidents of controllers falling asleep while on shift. The common practice of turn-around shifts caused sleep deprivation and was a contributing factor to all air traffic control incidents. The FAA reviewed its practices of shift changes and the findings saw that controllers were not well rested. A 2004 study also found medical residents with less than four hours of sleep a night made more than twice as many errors as the 11% of surveyed residents who slept for more than seven hours a night.
Twenty-four hours of continuous sleep deprivation results in the choice of less difficult math tasks without decreases in subjective reports of effort applied to the task. Naturally caused sleep loss affects the choice of everyday tasks such that low effort tasks are mostly commonly selected. Adolescents who experience less sleep show a decreased willingness to engage in sports activities that require effort through fine motor coordination and attention to detail.
Great sleep deprivation mimics psychosis: distorted perceptions can lead to inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses.
Astronauts have reported performance errors and decreased cognitive ability during periods of extended working hours and wakefulness as well as due to sleep loss caused by circadian rhythm disruption and environmental factors.
One study has found that a single night of sleep deprivation may cause tachycardia, a condition in which the heartrate exceeds 100 beats per minute (in the following day).
Generally, sleep deprivation may facilitate or intensify:
aching muscles
confusion, memory lapses or loss
depression
development of false memory
hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during falling asleep and waking, which are entirely normal
hand tremor
headaches
malaise
stye
periorbital puffiness, commonly known as "bags under eyes" or eye bags
increased blood pressure
increased stress hormone levels
increased risk of Type 2 diabetes
lowering of immunity, increased susceptibility to illness
increased risk of fibromyalgia
irritability
nystagmus (rapid involuntary rhythmic eye movement)
obesity
seizures
temper tantrums in children
violent behavior
yawning
mania
Sleep inertia
Sleep deprivation may cause symptoms similar to:
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
psychosis
Assessment
Patients with sleep deprivation may present with complaints of symptoms and signs of insufficient sleep such as fatigue, sleepiness, drowsy driving, and cognitive difficulties. Sleep insufficiency can easily go unrecognized and undiagnosed unless patients are specifically asked about it by their clinicians.
Several questions are critical in evaluating sleep duration and quality, as well as the cause of sleep deprivation. Sleep patterns (typical bed time or rise time on weekdays and weekends), shift work, and frequency of naps can reveal the direct cause of poor sleep, and quality of sleep should be discussed to rule out any diseases such as obstructive sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome.
Sleep diaries are useful in providing detailed information about sleep patterns. They are inexpensive, readily available, and easy to use. The diaries can be as simple as a 24-hour log to note the time of being asleep or can be detailed to include other relevant information. Sleep questionnaires such as the Sleep Timing Questionnaire (STQ) can be used instead of sleep diaries if there is any concern for patient adherence.
Actigraphy is a useful, objective wrist-worn tool if the validity of self-reported sleep diaries or questionnaires is questionable. Actigraphy works by recording movements and using computerized algorithms to estimate total sleep time, sleep onset latency, the amount of wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency. Some devices have light sensors to detect light exposure.
Management
Although there are numerous causes of sleep deprivation, there are some fundamental measures that promote quality sleep as suggested by organizations such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institute of Health, the National Institute of Aging, and the American Academy of Family Physicians. The key is to implement healthier sleep habits, also known as sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene recommendations include setting a fixed sleep schedule, taking naps with caution, maintaining a sleep environment that promotes sleep (cool temperature, limited exposure to light and noise, comfortable mattress and pillows), exercising daily, avoiding alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals in the evening, winding down and avoiding electronic use or physical activities close to bedtime, and getting out of bed if unable to fall asleep.
For long term involuntary sleep deprivation, cognitive behavioral therapy for Insomnia (CBT-i) is commonly recommended as a first-line treatment, after exclusion of physical diagnosis (f.e. sleep apnea). CBT-i contains five different components: cognitive therapy, stimulus control, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene, and relaxation. These components together have shown to be effective in adults, with clinical meaningful effect sizes. As this approach has minimal adverse effects, and long-term benefits, it is often preferred to (chronic) drug therapy.
There are several strategies that help increase alertness and counteract the effects of sleep deprivation. Caffeine is often used over short periods to boost wakefulness when acute sleep deprivation is experienced; however, caffeine is less effective if taken routinely. Other strategies recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine include prophylactic sleep before deprivation, naps, other stimulants, and combinations thereof. However, the only sure and safe way to combat sleep deprivation is to increase nightly sleep time.
Uses
To facilitate abusive control
Sleep deprivation can be used to disorientate abuse victims to help set them up for abusive control.
Interrogation
Sleep deprivation can be used as a means of interrogation, which has resulted in court trials over whether or not the technique is a form of torture.
Under one interrogation technique, a subject might be kept awake for several days and when finally allowed to fall asleep, suddenly awakened and questioned. Menachem Begin, the Prime Minister of Israel from 1977 to 1983, described his experience of sleep deprivation as a prisoner of the NKVD in the Soviet Union as follows:
Sleep deprivation was one of the five techniques used by the British government in the 1970s. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the five techniques "did not occasion suffering of the particular intensity and cruelty implied by the word torture ... [but] amounted to a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment", in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights.
The United States Justice Department released four memos in August 2002 describing interrogation techniques used by the Central Intelligence Agency. They first described 10 techniques used in the interrogation of Abu Zubaydah, described as a terrorist logistics specialist, including sleep deprivation. Memos signed by Steven G. Bradbury in May 2005 claimed that forced sleep deprivation for up to 180 hours ( days) by shackling a diapered prisoner to the ceiling did not constitute torture, nor did the combination of multiple interrogation methods (including sleep deprivation) constitute torture under United States law. These memoranda were repudiated and withdrawn during the first months of the Obama administration.
The question of extreme use of sleep deprivation as torture has advocates on both sides of the issue. In 2006, Australian Federal Attorney-General Philip Ruddock argued that sleep deprivation does not constitute torture. Nicole Bieske, a spokeswoman for Amnesty International Australia, has stated the opinion of her organization thus: "At the very least, sleep deprivation is cruel, inhumane and degrading. If used for prolonged periods of time it is torture."
Treating depression
Studies show that sleep restriction has some potential in treating depression. Those with depression tend to have earlier occurrences of REM sleep with an increased number of rapid eye movements; therefore, monitoring patients' EEG and awakening them during occurrences of REM sleep appear to have a therapeutic effect, alleviating depressive symptoms. This kind of treatment is known as wake therapy. Although as many as 60% of patients show an immediate recovery when sleep-deprived, most patients relapse the following night. The effect has been shown to be linked to an increase in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A comprehensive evaluation of the human metabolome in sleep deprivation in 2014 found that 27 metabolites are increased after 24 waking hours and suggested serotonin, tryptophan, and taurine may contribute to the antidepressive effect.
The incidence of relapse can be decreased by combining sleep deprivation with medication or a combination of light therapy and phase advance (going to bed substantially earlier than one's normal time). Many tricyclic antidepressants suppress REM sleep, providing an additional evidence for a link between mood and sleep. Similarly, tranylcypromine has been shown to completely suppress REM sleep at adequate doses.
Treating insomnia
Sleep deprivation can be implemented for a short period of time in the treatment of insomnia. Some common sleep disorders have been shown to respond to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is a multicomponent process that is composed of stimulus control therapy, sleep restriction therapy (SRT), and sleep hygiene therapy. One of the components is a controlled regime of "sleep restriction" in order to restore the homeostatic drive to sleep and encourage normal "sleep efficiency". Stimulus control therapy is intended to limit behaviors intended to condition the body to sleep while in bed. The main goal of stimulus control and sleep restriction therapy is to create an association between bed and sleep. Although sleep restriction therapy shows efficacy when applied as an element of cognitive-behavioral therapy, its efficacy is yet to be proven when used alone. Sleep Hygiene therapy is intended to help patients develop and maintain good sleeping habits. Sleep hygiene therapy is not helpful however, when used as a monotherapy without the pairing of Stimulus control therapy and Sleep restriction therapy.
In addition to the cognitive behavioral treatment of insomnia there are also generally four approaches to treating insomnia medically. These are through the use of barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Barbiturates are not considered to be a primary source of treatment due to the fact that they have a low therapeutic index, while melatonin agonists are shown to have a higher therapeutic index.
Military training
Sleep deprivation has been used by the military in training programs to prepare personnel combat experiences when proper sleep schedules aren't realistic. Sleep deprivation is used to create a different time schedule pattern that is beyond a typical 24 hour day. Sleep deprivation is pivotal in training games such as "Keep in Memory" exercises where personnel practice memorizing everything they can while under intense stress physically and mentally and being able to describe in as much detail as they can remember of what they remember seeing days later. Sleep deprivation is used in training to create soldiers who are used to only going off of a few hours or minutes of sleep randomly when available.
Changes in American sleep habits
National Geographic Magazine has reported that the demands of work, social activities, and the availability of 24-hour home entertainment and Internet access have caused people to sleep less now than in premodern times. USA Today reported in 2007 that most adults in the USA get about an hour less than the average sleep time 40 years ago.
Other researchers have questioned these claims. A 2004 editorial in the journal Sleep stated that according to the available data, the average number of hours of sleep in a 24-hour period has not changed significantly in recent decades among adults. Furthermore, the editorial suggests that there is a range of normal sleep time required by healthy adults, and many indicators used to suggest chronic sleepiness among the population as a whole do not stand up to scientific scrutiny.
A comparison of data collected from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' American Time Use Survey from 1965 to 1985 and 1998–2001 has been used to show that the median amount of sleep, napping, and resting done by the average adult American has changed by less than 0.7%, from a median of 482 minutes per day from 1965 through 1985, to 479 minutes per day from 1998 through 2001.
Longest periods without sleep
Randy Gardner holds the scientifically documented record for the longest period of time a human being has intentionally gone without sleep not using stimulants of any kind. Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours (11 days), breaking the previous record of 260 hours held by Tom Rounds of Honolulu. Lieutenant Commander John J. Ross of the U.S. Navy Medical Neuropsychiatric Research Unit later published an account of this event, which became well known among sleep-deprivation researchers.
The Guinness World Record stands at 449 hours (18 days, 17 hours), held by Maureen Weston, of Peterborough, Cambridgeshire in April 1977, in a rocking-chair marathon.
Claims of total sleep deprivation lasting years have been made several times, but none are scientifically verified. Claims of partial sleep deprivation are better documented. For example, Rhett Lamb of St. Petersburg, Florida was initially reported to not sleep at all, but actually had a rare condition permitting him to sleep only one to two hours per day in the first three years of his life. He had a rare abnormality called an Arnold–Chiari malformation where brain tissue protrudes into the spinal canal and the skull puts pressure on the protruding part of the brain. The boy was operated on at All Children's Hospital in St. Petersburg in May 2008. Two days after surgery he slept through the night.
French sleep expert Michel Jouvet and his team reported the case of a patient who was quasi-sleep-deprived for four months, as confirmed by repeated polygraphic recordings showing less than 30 minutes (of stage-1 sleep) per night, a condition they named "agrypnia". The 27-year-old man had Morvan's fibrillary chorea, a rare disease that leads to involuntary movements, and in this particular case, extreme insomnia. The researchers found that treatment with 5-HTP restored almost normal sleep stages. However some months after this recovery the patient died during a relapse which was unresponsive to 5-HTP. The cause of death was pulmonary edema. Despite the extreme insomnia, psychological investigation showed no sign of cognitive deficits, except for some hallucinations.
Fatal insomnia is a neurodegenerative disease eventually resulting in a complete inability to go past stage 1 of NREM sleep. In addition to insomnia, patients may experience panic attacks, paranoia, phobias, hallucinations, rapid weight loss, and dementia. Death usually occurs between 7 and 36 months from onset.
See also
Insomnia
Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
Narcolepsy
Polyphasic sleep
Sleep medicine
Sleep onset latency
Wake therapy
Tony Wright, who claims to hold the world record for sleep deprivation
Foreign Correspondent, a 1940 film depicting interrogation by sleep deprivation
References
Sleep medicine
Nursing diagnoses
Psychological torture techniques
Physical torture techniques
Disorders causing seizures |
5946019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Quebec%20general%20election | 2007 Quebec general election | The 2007 Quebec general election was held in the Canadian province of Quebec on March 26, 2007 to elect members of the 38th National Assembly of Quebec. The Quebec Liberal Party led by Premier Jean Charest managed to win a plurality of seats, but were reduced to a minority government, Quebec's first in 129 years, since the 1878 general election. The Action démocratique du Québec, in a major breakthrough, became the official opposition. The Parti Québécois was relegated to third-party status for the first time since the 1973 election. The Liberals won their lowest share of the popular vote since Confederation, and the PQ with their 28.35% of the votes cast won their lowest share since 1973 and their second lowest ever (ahead of only the 23.06% attained in their initial election campaign in 1970). Each of the three major parties won nearly one-third of the popular vote, the closest three-way split (in terms of popular vote) in Quebec electoral history until the 2012 election. This was however, the closest three-way race in terms of seat count. Voter turnout among those eligible was 71.23%, a marginal difference from the previous general election in 2003.
This was the first time since the 1970s that a government was not returned for its second term with a majority.
Overview
With just over a year left in the government's five year mandate, the Liberals called an election for March 26, 2007.
In August 2006, there were widespread rumours of an election to be held in the fall with speculation that Premier Jean Charest wanted to hold elections before a federal election would be held.
Benoît Pelletier, the minister responsible for electoral reform, had announced his plan to table two bills about election reform during the fall, possibly leading to a referendum on voting system reform to be held concurrently with the election. However, by December 2006, the plan was put off indefinitely due to strong resistance to the idea of proportional representation from within the Liberal Party.
Speculation grew that a provincial election would be held following the federal budget. It was thought that the federal Conservative government would present a budget that would address the perceived fiscal imbalance. This measure would help Charest argue that his government was more effective in getting concessions from the federal government than a PQ government would be. With polls showing Charest's Liberals ahead of the opposition for the first time in several years, speculation intensified that Charest would not wait until the federal budget to call a provincial election but call one in the winter to take advantage of both of these developments. Charest recalled the legislature early in order to table a provincial budget on February 20, 2007. On the same day, federal Minister of Finance Jim Flaherty announced that the federal budget would be tabled on March 19, clearing the way for Charest to set a provincial election for a week later in hopes of benefiting from Flaherty's budget. On February 21, Charest called the election for March 26.
Issues
Charest wants to negotiate a solution to the problem of the fiscal imbalance between the federal and provincial governments with Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
André Boisclair, leader of the Parti Québécois, had said he would hold a referendum (or "popular consultation", as in the party platform) on the issue of Quebec independence as soon as possible after an election win.
Multiculturalism, secularism and the place of cultural and religious minorities in Quebec were issues in this election. There was a large scale debate over "reasonable accommodation" towards cultural minorities, and a few political leaders expressed their views on the question. Mario Dumont, leader of the Action démocratique, took a clearer position on the question than the others, calling on the majority to protect some elements of national identity and values such as gender equality, and suggesting that a Quebec Constitution be written, in which the privileges cultural minorities are to be given would be clarified.
Timeline
2005
November 15 - André Boisclair is elected as leader of the Parti Québécois with 53.7% of the vote from party members.
December 12 - Two by-elections are held. The election of Raymond Bachand allows the Liberals to keep the riding of Outremont, while former Bloc Québécois MP Stéphane Bergeron wins Verchères, Bernard Landry's former riding, for the Parti Québécois.
2006
February 4 - Québec solidaire, a new left-wing party, is formed from the merger of the Union des forces progressistes party and the Option citoyenne political movement.
February 28 - Raymond Bachand enters cabinet as Minister of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade. In this same cabinet shuffle, Thomas Mulcair loses the job of Environment minister to Claude Béchard. Some pundits speculate that Mulcair was punished for his opposition to the Mont Orford condo development project.
April 10 - The Parti Québécois keeps the riding of Sainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques in a by-election. Martin Lemay is elected with 41.2% of the vote. Notably, Manon Massé, the candidate from Québec solidaire, finishes third with 22.2% of the vote in this working-class district, while the Action démocratique only gets 1.9% of the vote, down from 8.3% in the 2003 general election.
August 14 - By-elections are held in Pointe-aux-Trembles and Taillon. André Boisclair is unsurprisingly and easily elected in Pointe-aux-Trembles, the Liberals and Action démocratique having declined to field candidates against him. The Greens place second with 12% and Québec solidaire, third with 8%. Marie Malavoy of the Parti Québécois is elected in Taillon.
August 22 - Boisclair and Malavoy are sworn in as members of the National Assembly. Boisclair becomes opposition leader.
October 17 - The fall session of the National Assembly starts, with the current crisis in Quebec's forestry industry as the most important issue.
November 27 - In a vote of 266 to 16, The House of Commons of Canada voted to recognise Québécois as a nation within a unified Canada, once again putting the issue of independence in the spotlight.
2007
January 19 - Radio-Canada reveals that Pierre Descoteaux, Liberal member from Groulx, almost crossed the floor to the Parti Québécois during the fall 2006.
January 22 - During a visit to France, André Boisclair meets Ségolène Royal, Socialist candidate for the 2007 presidential election. At this occasion, Royal expresses her support for the "liberty and sovereignty" of Quebec. After being criticized by several French media and French and Canadian politicians, such as prime minister Stephen Harper and opposition leader Stéphane Dion, Royal clarifies her thought by saying that she was not interfering in Canadian internal affairs or trying to dictate Quebec's policy, but that the future of Quebec will have to be decided by Quebecers.
February 14 - Pierre Arcand, former president of Corus and presumed Liberal candidate in Mont-Royal, expresses his displeasure with Action démocratique leader Mario Dumont by comparing him with Jean-Marie Le Pen. In response, Dumont threatens legal action but Arcand refuses to apologize. Premier Jean Charest stands by his candidate, and is called a "little partisan premier" by Dumont.
February 20 - Finance minister Michel Audet tables a budget. Among other measures, this budget promises income tax reductions of 250 million dollars and allocates new sums of money to the health and education systems, as well as to the maintenance of roads and bridges. Spending is also increased for the protection of the environment and for the regions' economic development.
February 21 - Premier Jean Charest calls a general election for March 26.
March 1 - Radio DJ Louis Champagne of Saguenay creates a controversy by attacking André Boisclair and the Parti Québécois candidate in Saguenay, Sylvain Gaudreault, over their homosexuality, saying that the factory workers of Jonquière would never vote for gays. He also says the Parti Québécois is like a "club of fags". (Gaudreault went on to win the riding.) Boisclair responds that Champagne's remarks are insulting towards the people of Saguenay. Premier Charest and Action démocratique leader Dumont also condemn the attacks. Champagne is later suspended from his job and has to apologize.
March 4 - Jean-François Plante, the Action démocratique candidate in Deux-Montagnes, makes controversial comments about women on his blog. Among other things, he questions the provincial government's policies of affirmative action for women and of wage equity between traditionally masculine and feminine occupations, claiming that they lead to discrimination against men. He retracts his comments on the next day, but also accuses André Boisclair of "playing" his homosexuality when it helps him. As a result, he is forced to withdraw his candidacy on March 8. He is replaced as ADQ candidate in Deux-Montagnes by Lucie Leblanc.
March 6 - Premier Jean Charest brings the issue of Quebec independence at the forefront of the campaign by saying, while speaking with an English-language journalist, that he does not believe that in the case of separation, Quebec would necessarily keep its territorial integrity. Charest later claims that what he had actually wanted to say was that Quebec was indivisible, but his opponents recall comments he had made in 1996, while he was the leader of the federal Progressive Conservatives, to the effect that in the case of a "yes" result in the 1995 referendum, the Cree and Inuit would have had a good legal basis on which to declare independence from Quebec.
March 8 - Newspaper La Presse publishes an article claiming that in a 2003 book, Robin Philpot, Parti Québécois candidate in Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne, had denied that a genocide had taken place in Rwanda in 1994. Philpot later says that he had not denied that massacres had taken place, but that he wanted people to remember that they had been committed by all parties to the conflict. André Boisclair says that he is "hurt" by his candidate's comments and reminds that the existence of the Rwandan genocide is not in question.
March 13 - The leaders debate took place in Quebec City. The Liberals, the Parti Québécois and the Action démocratique du Québec took part but Québec solidaire and the Green party were not invited to participate.
March 19 - The federal government releases a budget which gives Quebec 2.3 billion dollars.
March 23 - There is widespread outcry when poll clerks are instructed on how to let women wearing the niqāb, an Islamic face veil, vote. After the longstanding policy was criticized by all three main parties, the chief electoral officer reversed his decision and stated that all voters would have to show their face, but not before being inundated by complaints from people opposed to this form of reasonable accommodation for the immigrant population. Meanwhile, women who actually wear the niqāb say they were never opposed to showing their face when voting.
March 26 - Election date.
Political parties
Major parties
Action démocratique du Québec
Quebec Liberal Party
Parti Québécois
Green Party of Quebec
Québec solidaire
Other parties
Additionally, several other parties were registered as well: Parti conscience universelle, Marxist–Leninist Party of Quebec, Equality Party, Bloc pot, and Union des forces progressistes.
Campaign slogans
Action démocratique du Québec: Au Québec, on passe à l'action - In Quebec, We're Taking Action
Parti libéral du Québec: Unis pour réussir - Moving Forward Together
Parti Québécois: Reconstruisons notre Québec - Rebuild Our Quebec
Parti vert du Québec: Je vote - I vote
Québec solidaire: Soyons lucides, votons solidaire - Let's Be Clear-Eyed, Let's Vote for Solidarity
Incumbent MNAs not running for re-election
Independent
Daniel Bouchard, Mégantic-Compton
Results
The overall results were:
|- style="background-color:#CCCCCC"
!rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |Party
!rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |Party leader
!rowspan="2"|Candi-dates
!colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |Seats
!colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Popular vote
|- style="background-color:#CCCCCC"
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| style="text-align:center;" |Dissol.
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| style="text-align:center;" |Change
| style="text-align:center;" |%
| style="text-align:center;" |#
| style="text-align:center;" |%
| style="text-align:center;" |Change
| style="text-align:left;" |Jean Charest
| style="text-align:right;" |125
| style="text-align:right;" |76
| style="text-align:right;" |72
| style="text-align:right;" |48
| style="text-align:right;" |-28
| style="text-align:right;" |38.40%
| style="text-align:right;" |1,313,664
| style="text-align:right;" |33.08%
| style="text-align:right;" |-12.91%
| style="text-align:left;" |Mario Dumont
| style="text-align:right;" |125
| style="text-align:right;" |4
| style="text-align:right;" |5
| style="text-align:right;" |41
| style="text-align:right;" |+37
| style="text-align:right;" |32.80%
| style="text-align:right;" |1,224,412
| style="text-align:right;" |30.84%
| style="text-align:right;" |+12.63%
| style="text-align:left;" |André Boisclair
| style="text-align:right;" |125
| style="text-align:right;" |45
| style="text-align:right;" |45
| style="text-align:right;" |36
| style="text-align:right;" |-9
| style="text-align:right;" |28.80%
| style="text-align:right;" |1,125,546
| style="text-align:right;" |28.35%
| style="text-align:right;" |-4.91%
| style="text-align:left;" |Scott McKay
| style="text-align:right;" |108
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |152,885
| style="text-align:right;" |3.85%
| style="text-align:right;" |+3.41%
| style="text-align:left;" |Régent Séguin†
| style="text-align:right;" |123
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |144,418
| style="text-align:right;" |3.64%
| style="text-align:right;" |+2.58%‡
| style="text-align:left;" |Pierre Chénier
| style="text-align:right;" |24
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |2,091
| style="text-align:right;" |0.05%
| style="text-align:right;" |-0.02%
| style="text-align:left;" |Hugô St-Onge
| style="text-align:right;" |9
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |1,564
| style="text-align:right;" |0.04%
| style="text-align:right;" |-0.56%
| style="text-align:left;" |Gilles Noël
| style="text-align:right;" |12
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |1,548
| style="text-align:right;" |0.04%
| style="text-align:right;" |-0.05%
| colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" |Independents and no affiliation
| style="text-align:right;" |28
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |1
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |4,490
| style="text-align:right;" |0.11%
| style="text-align:right;" |-0.11%
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="4"|Vacant
| style="text-align:right;" |2
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="5" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="3"|Total
| style="text-align:right;" |679
| style="text-align:right;" |125
| style="text-align:right;" |125
| style="text-align:right;" |125
| style="text-align:right;" |-
| style="text-align:right;" |100%
| style="text-align:right;" |3,970,618
| style="text-align:right;" |100%
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="13"|Source: (official)
Notes:
"Change" refers to change from previous election
† Séguin is officially leader of Québec solidaire, but the main spokespersons for the party are Françoise David and Amir Khadir.
‡ Results for Québec solidaire are compared to the 2003 results for the Union des forces progressistes.
|-
|}
Results by region
Results by place
Synopsis of results
For greater analysis on results within the province, see Candidates of the 2007 Quebec general election.
= open seat
= turnout is above provincial average
= incumbent re-elected under the same party banner
= other incumbents renominated
Most marginal 2-way and 3-way contests
Opinion polls
*Swammer performs "live" trend analysis, meaning the results are updated daily.
See also
38th National Assembly of Quebec
Politics of Quebec
List of premiers of Quebec
List of leaders of the Official Opposition (Quebec)
National Assembly of Quebec
Timeline of Quebec history
Political parties in Quebec
References
Further reading
External links
Results by party (total votes and seats won)
Results for all ridings
Official election site by Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec
TrendLines Research Chart Tracking of 2008 Quebec & Federal Riding Projection models
Quebec Votes 2007 from the CBC
Quebec Votes from the Montreal Gazette
Election Almanac - Quebec Provincial Election
DemocraticSPACE Quebec 2007 Coverage
Predictions HKDP - Electoral Scenario Creator
Quebec Politique.com
Quebec general election
Elections in Quebec
General election
Quebec general election |
4526039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20the%20Park | Rock the Park | RBC Rock the Park, formerly known as Start.ca Rocks the Park and Hawk Rocks the Park, is an annual music concert held at Harris Park in London, Ontario, Canada. From 2004 to 2008, it was primarily a classic rock concert sponsored by radio station 103.9 The Hawk. In 2010, the three-day concert was sponsored by three radio stations: 98.1 Free FM, FM96, and country music station BX93.
For the first 12 years, the purpose of the event was to raise money for Bethany's Hope Foundation for MLD Research, which raised over $2.2 million.
Since 2016, Rock the Park has teamed up with the following charities: Big Brothers Big Sisters of London and Area, Make-A-Wish Southwestern Ontario and Children's Health Foundation, while also supporting Western Mustangs Football. In 2019, they rebranded the name to Start.ca Rocks the Park with their partnership with Start.ca. In 2023, they again rebranded to RBC Rock the Park to reflect their partnership with Royal Bank of Canada.
Rock the Park I
The first Rock the Park was held July 22–24 in 2004. Its main function was to raise money for Bethany's Hope Foundation and it raised more than $110,000. It featured several musical groups:
Thursday, July 22
Blood, Sweat & Tears
Randy Bachman
Lighthouse
Voodoo Lounge
Friday, July 23
Alice Cooper
Foghat
Edgar Winter
Helix
Saturday, July 24
Steppenwolf
April Wine
Honeymoon Suite
Goddo
Hawk Rocks the Park... Again
The second edition of Rock the Park was held over four days during July 21–24, 2005. Due to the success of the first concert, this second one was expanded to four days, during which over 40,000 Rock fans attended. It featured:
Thursday, July 21
ZZ Top
Randy Bachman
Brian Howe
Trooper
Jimmy Bowskillz Band
Friday, July 22
Lou Gramm (Former singer of Foreigner)
April Wine
Sass Jordan
Chilliwack
Saturday, July 23
REO Speedwagon
Glass Tiger
The Box
Superfreak
Sunday, July 24
George Thorogood & The Destroyers
David Wilcox
Thundermug (Playing in their last concert for a long time)
Rock the Park III
Held July 20–22, 2006, the groups that took part were:
Thursday, July 20
Peter Frampton
Eddie Money
Loverboy
Ray Lyell & The Storm
Friday, July 21
Styx
Kim Mitchell
April Wine
Saga
Saturday, July 22
Alice Cooper
Vince Neil (of Mötley Crüe)
Quiet Riot
Helix
Rock the Park III managed to raise $180,021 for the Bethany's Hope Foundation.
Hawk Rocks the Park: Back 4 More
Rock the Park IV was run July 26–28, 2007.
Thursday, July 26
Deep Purple
Ted Nugent
Nazareth
Honeymoon Suite
Friday, July 27
Pat Benatar & Neil Giraldo
Cheap Trick
Rik Emmett (of Triumph)
Trooper
Saturday, July 28
George Thorogood & The Destroyers
Creedence Clearwater Revisited
David Wilcox
Rick Derringer
One of the announced bands was supposed to be Boston. The announcement was postponed after the death of Brad Delp. Subsequently, all of Boston's plans for touring, including Hawk Rocks the Park, were cancelled.
Hawk Rocks the Park 5
Rock the Park 5 ran from July 23 to July 26, 2008.
Wednesday, July 23
Ted Nugent
Great White
Diamond Dust (Winner of Rockstar Fantasy)
Thursday, July 24
Sammy Hagar
Joan Jett & The Blackhearts
Skid Row
Lee Aaron
Friday July 25
Steve Winwood
Tom Cochrane
Sweet
Pat Travers
Saturday July 26
Randy Bachman and Burton Cummings
Mark Farner (of Grand Funk Railroad)
April Wine
Streetheart
Rock the Park 2009
Rock the Park 2009 was held July 23–25, 2009. This marked the first time Rock the Park was not fully put on by The Hawk. Instead it was put on by two other major London radio stations as well. July 23 was presented by FM96, July 24 by BX93, and July 25 by The Hawk.
Thursday, July 23
The Tragically Hip
Kathleen Edwards
Arkells
The Spades
Friday, July 24
Big & Rich
Cowboy Troy
Aaron Pritchett
Shane Yellowbird
Saturday, July 25
The Doobie Brothers
Creedence Clearwater Revisited
Dennis DeYoung (Former singer of Styx)
Lighthouse
Rock the Park 2010
Rock the Park 2010 was held from July 22–24, 2010. It was presented by Bob FM. Approximately $1 million was raised for the Bethany's Hope Foundation.
Thursday, July 22
3 Doors Down
Collective Soul
Thornley
Crash Karma
Friday, July 23
Alice Cooper
Peter Frampton
Night Ranger
Alannah Myles
Saturday, July 24
Lynyrd Skynyrd
Heart
April Wine
Mitch Ryder & The Detroit Wheels
Rock the Park 2011
The 2011 edition of Rock the Park took place over three days in July 2011. That year's sponsors included FM 96, 103.1 Fresh FM, 103.9 Greatest Hits FM and AM980, among others.
Thursday, July 21
Poison
John Kay & Steppenwolf
Trooper
Loverboy
Friday, July 22
Meat Loaf
Cheap Trick
Blue Öyster Cult
Brian Howe (Singer of Bad Company)
Saturday, July 23
Stone Temple Pilots
Our Lady Peace
Sloan
Bleeker Ridge
Rock the Park 2012
Thursday July 26, 2012 (Modern Rock Night)
Slash w/ Myles Kennedy
Bush
I Mother Earth
Monster Truck
Friday July 27, 2012 (Classic Rock Night 1)
The Steve Miller Band
George Thorogood
David Wilcox
The Romantics
Saturday July 28, 2012 (Classic Rock Night 2)
Boston
REO Speedwagon
54-40
Prism
Rock the Park 2013, 10th Anniversary
Thursday July 25, 2013 (Modern Rock Night)
The Tragically Hip
The Trews
The Rural Alberta Advantage
Greg Ball and The Dry County Rebels
Friday July 26, 2013 (Classic Rock Night 1)
Journey
Whitesnake
Platinum Blonde
Helix
Saturday July 27, 2013 (Classic Rock Night 2)
Styx
Toto
Grand Funk Railroad
Saga
Coney Hatch
Rock the Park 2014
Rock the Park XI took place July 24–26, 2014. A new event, the Gone Country Music Festival, sponsored by radio station BX93, was held at Harris Park on Wednesday, July 23, 2014.
Wednesday July 23, 2014 – Gone Country Music Festival
Darius Rucker
Dean Brody
Eli Young Band
Tim Hicks
Thursday July 24, 2014
Weezer
Tegan & Sara
Matthew Good
July Talk
Friday July 25, 2014
Sammy Hagar & Friends
Extreme
Tom Keifer of Cinderella
Winger
Survivor
Saturday July 26, 2014
Burton Cummings
Huey Lewis and the News
38 Special
Headpins
FREE FM Under the Covers Winner
Rock the Park 2015
Rock the Park XII took place July 14–18, 2015.
Tuesday, July 14, 2015
Train
Gin Blossoms
Fastball
The Rembrandts
Matt Nathanson
Wednesday, July 15, 2015 – Gone Country
Keith Urban
Dallas Smith
Jess Moskaluke
Maddie and Tae
Thursday, July 16, 2015 – Gone Country
Lee Brice
Thomas Rhett
Joe Nichols
Chad Brownlee
Friday, July 17, 2015
Arkells
Mother Mother
Tokyo Police Club
Brave Shores
Born Ruffians
Young Empires
Saturday, July 18, 2015
Billy Talent
Rise Against
Killswitch Engage
Gaslight Anthem
Heart Attack Kids
Rock the Park 2016
Rock the Park 2016 took place July 13–16, 2016
Wednesday, July 13, 2016 – Gone Country
Jake Owen
Dallas Smith
High Valley
Old Dominion
Thursday, July 14, 2016 – Gone Country
Brad Paisley
Tim Hicks
Autumn Hill
River Town Saints
Friday, July 15, 2016
Flo Rida
Nelly
Classified
Ria Mae
Saturday, July 16, 2016
City and Colour
Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros
Awolnation
The Zolas
Ivory Hours
Rock the Park 2017
Rock the Park 2017 took place July 12–16, 2017. On April 10, 2017, it was announced that another night, Sunday, July 16, was added to the festival.
Wednesday, July 12, 2017 – BX93’s Gone Country Presents:
Lady Antebellum
Kelsea Ballerini
Brett Young
Jason Benoit
Thursday, July 13, 2017 – Virgin Radio Presents:
Wiz Khalifa
Fetty Wap ft. Monty
DJ Mustard
Casper the Ghost
Friday, July 14, 2017 – Virgin Radio Presents: I Love the '90s Tour
Vanilla Ice
Salt-N-Pepa
Naughty by Nature
Rob Base
All-4-One
Color Me Badd
Young MC
C+C Music Factory
Saturday, July 15, 2017 – FM96 Presents:
The Offspring
Sublime with Rome
July Talk
Bleeker
Sunday, July 16, 2017 – Virgin Radio Presents:
Marianas Trench
Alessia Cara
Scott Helman
Ruth B
Ryland James
Rock the Park 2018
Rock the Park 2018 takes place July 11–14, 2018.
Wednesday, July 11, 2018 – FM96 Presents:
Shinedown
Chevelle
Machine Gun Kelly
The Lazys
Bobnoxious
Thursday, July 12, 2018:
Cyndi Lauper
Bret Michaels
Howard Jones
Kim Mitchell
Richard Page of Mr. Mister
Platinum Blonde
A Flock of Seagulls
Friday, July 13, 2018 – Virgin Radio Presents:
Boyz II Men
En Vogue
Naughty by Nature
Coolio
Montell Jordan
Sisqó
Saturday, July 14, 2018 – FM96 Presents:
Rise Against
Three Days Grace
Theory
Pop Evil
Texas King
Start.ca Rocks the Park 2019
Start.ca Rocks the Park 2019 took place July 10–13, 2019.
Wednesday, July 10, 2019 – Pure Country 93 Presents:
Old Dominion
James Barker Band
David Lee Murphy
Russell Dickerson
Tenille Townes
Jade Eagleson
Thursday, July 11, 2019 – FM96 Presents:
Five Finger Death Punch
In This Moment
Killswitch Engage
I Prevail
Pop Evil
Friday, July 12, 2019: 97.5 Virgin Radio Presents:
Snoop Dogg
Shaggy
Ma$e
Ginuwine
Tone Loc
Saturday, July 13, 2019: 97.5 Virgin Radio Presents:
On Monday July 8, 2019, due to travel situations, the set order was changed. As a result, the headline act, Pitbull, opened the show, followed by T-Pain and finally Flo Rida.
Pitbull
Flo Rida
T-Pain
Start.ca Rocks the Park 2020
Start.ca Rocks the Park 2020 was to have taken place July 15–18, 2020.
On April 27, 2020, festival organizers announced that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the festival had been postponed for one year until 2021. Due to scheduling conflicts, various artists could not be reconfirmed for two of the postponed dates. As a result, the artists who were to perform on Wednesday, July 15, 2020, and Saturday, July 18th, 2020 had been cancelled.
Wednesday, July 15, 2020 – FM96 and 103.1 Fresh FM Present: CANCELLED
Jack Johnson
Vance Joy
TBA
Andy Shauf
Thursday, July 16, 2020 – FM96 Presents: POSTPONED To Thursday July 15, 2021
Blink-182
Simple Plan
grandson
Friday, July 17, 2020: 97.5 Virgin Radio Presents: POSTPONED To Friday July 16, 2021
TLC
Nelly
Arrested Development
Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base
112
2 Live Crew
Saturday, July 18, 2020 Pure Country 93 Presents: CANCELLED
Dallas Smith
Billy Currington
Travis Tritt
Blanco Brown
Start.ca Rocks the Park 2021
Start.ca Rocks the Park 2021 was to have taken place July 14–17, 2021.
On May 17, 2021, festival organizers announced that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the festival once again had been postponed for another year until 2022. The organizers said that they were working with the artists to play on the rescheduled dates.
Wednesday, July 14, 2021:
TBA
Thursday, July 15, 2021 – FM96 Presents: POSTPONED To Thursday July 14, 2022
Blink-182
Simple Plan
Friday, July 16, 2021: 97.5 Virgin Radio Presents: POSTPONED To Friday July 15, 2022
On April 27, 2020, Aqua was added to the line up.
TLC
Nelly
Aqua
Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base
2 Live Crew
Arrested Development
Saturday, July 17, 2021:
TBA
Start.ca Rocks the Park 2022
Start.ca Rocks the Park 2022 took place July 13–17, 2022.
Wednesday, July 13, 2022 – FM96 & fresh103.1 Present:
Alanis Morissette
Garbage
The Beaches
Crash Test Dummies
Thursday, July 14, 2022 – FM96 Presents:
The Glorious Sons
July Talk
Big Wreck
The Trews
Conor Gains
Friday, July 15, 2022 – 97.5 Virgin Radio Presents:
TLC
Aqua
Ja Rule
DMC (of Run-DMC) and the Hellraisers
Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base
112
2 Live Crew
Saturday, July 16, 2022 – FizzFest:
Virginia to Vegas
Kiesza
Alyssa Reid
Rêve (singer)
Sunday, July 17, 2022 – Pure Country 93 Presents:
Dierks Bentley
Ashley McBryde
The Reklaws
Breland
RBC Rock the Park 2023
RBC Rock the Park 2023 took place July 12–15, 2023.
Wednesday, July 12, 2023 – FM96 Presents:
Mumford & Sons
Vance Joy
Bahamas
The Trews
Thursday, July 13, 2023:
Volbeat
Papa Roach
Halestorm
Default
Friday, July 14, 2023 – 97.5 Virgin Radio Presents:
Ludacris
T.I.
Ja Rule
Ashanti
Mya
Chingy
Saturday, July 15, 2023 – FM96 Presents:
Billy Talent
Alexisonfire
Cypress Hill
Silverstein
The Dirty Nil
RBC Rock the Park 2024
RBC Rock the Park 2024 takes place July 10–13, 2024.
Wednesday, July 10, 2024
TBA
Thursday, July 11, 2024
Tyler Childers
The Strumbellas
Sam Barber
Friday, July 12, 2024
TBA
Saturday, July 13, 2024
TBA
References
External links
Bethany's Hope Foundation website
Festivals in London, Ontario
Rock festivals in Canada
Music festivals in Ontario
Music festivals established in 2004
2004 establishments in Ontario
Annual events in Ontario |
517175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna%20district | Krishna district | Krishna district is a district in the coastal Andhra Region in Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, with Machilipatnam as its administrative headquarters. It is surrounded on the East by Bay of Bengal, West by Guntur, Bapatla and North by Eluru and NTR districts and South again by Bay of Bengal. In 2022 Krishna district was divided into Krishna and NTR districts.
Etymology
Krishna district, with its district headquarters at Machilipatnam was formerly called Machilipatnam district. Later it was renamed as Krishna district, by adding certain taluks of the Guntur district of united Andhra Pradesh in 1859. It was named after the Krishna River (also known as Krishnaveni in literature) the third longest river in India. The river flows through the district before it empties itself into Bay of Bengal, near Hamsaladevi village.
History
The history of this region dates back to the 2nd century BCE. The area was ruled by the Satavahanas (230 BCAD 227); Pallavas (AD 340AD 500), Chalukyas (AD 6151070 AD) and later by Cholas, Kakatiyas, Musunuri Nayaks, Reddy dynasty and Gajapati kings of Odisha.
Satavahana period (230 BCAD 227): The Satavahanas ruled this region with headquarters at Srikakulam, at present a village in Ghantasala mandal of the district. Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Gotamiputra Satakarni and Yajnasri Satakarni (last Satavahana king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the region for more than four centuries.
Pallava Kingdom (AD 340AD 500), spread over from Krishna river to Tungabhadra, including Amaravati in the East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at Venginagar near Eluru and Pithapuram, both in Vengidesa. Bruhitpalayanas, the contemporaries of Pallavas ruled the district with Koduru as their capital. Vishnukundinas (AD 6th century) rulers created cave temples at Mogalrajapuram (now in Vijayawada) and Undavalli.
Eastern chalukyas (AD 615AD 1070), the entire Andhra country was under the control of a single ruler under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at Undavalli and rock cut shrines and Shiva temples.
Cholas ruled this region with capital at Rajamahendri. It was during Rajaraja Narendra's reign that Nannayya Bhattu translated the Mahabharata into Telugu. Kakatiyas ruled this region up to the early 14th century with Orugallu as their capital. They are followed by Musunuri Nayaks who rebelled against Delhi sultanate and won. Musunuri Nayaks constructed various forts in South India including Hampi and ruled many states of India independently. Reddy dynasty a subordinate of Musunuri Kapaya Naidu established himself in the hill fort of Kondaveedu. The Kondaveedu Reddis were great patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in-law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court.
Gajapathis of Odisha: Kapileswarapuram named in honour of Kapileswara Gajapathi now in Pamidimukkala mandal exists to this day. He was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in Vijayawada) and constructed a reservoir at Kondapalli. Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara empire conquered this region in the early 16th century. Then this region became part of the Kingdom of Golconda which was founded by Sultan Quli Qutub Shah as part of the Qutb Shahis in 1512. Abu-l-Hussain Shah known as Tanisha was the last ruler of Qutab Shahi dynasty.
Medieval period
Aurangazeb ruled this region as part of the province of Golconda. Asaf jah who was appointed as subedar or viceroy of the Deccan in AD 1713 with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk. The province of Golconda comprised five Nawabs’ charges viz. Arcot, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Rajahmundry and Chicacole (Srikakulam). This region was part of the Nawab of Rajahmundry.
The British: In the year 1611 the English founded their settlement at Masulipatnam which remained their headquarters until they finally moved to Madras in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements at Masulipatnam. Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748, his heirs strove for the succession with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761, the British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors, directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam.
The Krishna District was formed from the district of Rajahmundry in 1859, when it also included Guntur and West Godavari districts of united Andhra Pradesh. Guntur district was created from Krishna district in 1904. Similarly West Godavari district was created from Krishna district in 1925.
After 1947
Krishna District had 10 Talukas in 1971. In 1978 they were increased to 21 Talukas. In 1985, Mandal system was created and 50 mandals were formed in the district. NTR district was created from parts of the united Krishna district in 2022.
Historical demographics
census of India, the district had a population of 4,517,398 with a density of 518 persons per km2. The total population constitute, 2,267,375 males and 2,250,023 females –a ratio of 992 females per 1000 males. The total urban population is (40.81%). There are literates with a literacy rate of 73.74%.
Geography
Krishna district is surrounded on the east by Bay of Bengal, west by Guntur and Bapatla districts and north by Eluru and NTR districts and south by Bay of Bengal. The Krishna district occupies an area of . It has a total coastline of .
Flora and fauna
The forest occupies only 9 percent of the total undivided district area. However, it contains Reserved Forest areas in Nandigama, Vijayawada, Tiruvuru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Machilipatnam and Divi Seema Talukas. A type of light wood known as ‘Ponuku’ (Gyrocapus Jacquini) is found in the Kondapalli hills. The wood is used for the manufacture of the well known Kondpalli toys. The most noticeable trees are pterocarpus, Terminalia, Anogeissus and Logustroeinai and Casuarina.
Panthers, hyenas, jungle cats, foxes, bears and other carnivorous mammalian fauna are found here. Deer, spotted deer sambar, blackbuck and other herbivorous animals are found in the inland forests. The district has a large number of Murrah buffaloes and cows.
Climate
The climatic conditions of the district consist of extremely hot summers and moderately hot winters and may be classified as tropical. The period starting from April to June is the hottest. The annual rainfall in the region is about 1047.68 mm and 66% of it is contributed to by the Southwest monsoon.
Black Cotton (57.6 percent), Sand clay loams (22.3 percent), Red loams (19.4 percent), and sandy soils account for balance 0.7% in the district.
Demographics
After reorganization the district had a population of 17,35,079, of which 482,513 (27.81%) live in urban areas. Krishna district has a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 73.75%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 346,989 (20.00%) and 37,716 (2.17%) of the population respectively.
Based on the 2011 census, 93.30% of the population spoke Telugu and 5.97% Urdu as their first language.
Administrative divisions
Politics
The parliamentary constituency is Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency
It comprises the following legislative assembly segments:
The district is divided into 3 revenue divisions: Gudivada, Machilipatnam and Vuyyuru, which are further subdivided into a total of 26 mandals, each headed by a sub-collector.
Mandals
The list of 26 mandals in Krishna district, divided into 3 revenue divisions, is given below.
Gudivada revenue division
Bapulapadu
Gannavaram
Gudivada
Gudlavalleru
Nandivada
Pedaparupudi
Unguturu
Machilipatnam revenue division
Avanigadda
Bantumilli
Challapalli
Ghantasala
Guduru
Koduru
Kruthivennu
Machilipatnam North
Machilipatnam South
Mopidevi
Nagayalanka
Pedana
Vuyyuru revenue division
Kankipadu
Movva
Pamarru
Pamidimukkala
Penamaluru
Thotlavalluru
Vuyyuru
Cities and Towns
There are one municipal corporation and four municipalities in the district.
Source: Assembly segments of Parliamentary constituencies
Villages
Gurazada
Vadali
Economy
Agriculture is the main stay of economy. paddy, is the main food crop cutivated. Based on 2019–20 data, the gross cropped area of the district was 3.76 Lakh Hectares of which gross irrigated area was 2.42 lakh Hectares. Other products produced include sugarcane, mango, tomato, milk, meat and fisheries.
Transport
Road
NH 65 from Pune to Machilipatnam, NH165 from Pamarru to Palakollu, NH216 from Ongole to Kathipudi pass through the district.
Rail
There exists of rail network in the district. Gudivada Junction railway station and Machilipatnam railway station are prominent railway stations in the district. Nearest major railway station is Vijayawada Junction railway station at a distance of 80Km from Machilipatnam by train.
Water
A minor sea port is at Machilipatnam. The Machilipatnam sea port is currently under construction.
Air
Krishna district is served by Vijayawada International airport located in Gannavaram at a distance of 67.9 km from Machilipatnam.
Education
Dr.Gururaju Government Homoeo Medical college and Regional Research Institute for Homoeopathy are located in Gudivada. Krishna University is located in Machilipatnam.
Culture
The culture of Krishna district is mostly traditional in rural places and moderately modern in Gudivada and Machilipatnam. It is also famous as the birthplace for Indian classical dance named Kuchipudi. The dialect of Telugu spoken in Krishna is widely considered to be the standard form of Telugu.
Sports
Kabbadi is the most popular sport, followed by cricket, volleyball, badminton, basketball and tennis.
NTR Stadium is the main sports venue in Gudivada. It is used for several sports, like athletics, volleyball, cricket practice, kho kho, kabaddi, badminton, tennis and basketball. It is also the stadium for Krishna District Cricket Association.
Tourism
There are several places of tourist interest in the district. Some of them are given below.
Kolleru lake (Kaikaluru Mandal): largest freshwater lake
Manginapudi beach: Natural beach
Movva: Sri Movva Venugopala Swamy temple. Kshetrayya is said to have composed his famous lyrics here.
Kuchipudi:the birth place of Siddhendra Yogi, the originator of the Kuchpudi dance
Ghantasala: once upon a time, a port and a halting place for Buddhist pilgrims and merchants travelling from Kalinga to Ceylone. Hindu and Buddhist Sculptures can be seen here
Srikakulam (Ghantasala Mandal): the historical capital of Andhra Empire of Goutamiputra Satakarni (AD 102–123). This is famous for the temple of Andhra Mahavishnu
Hamsaladeevi(Koduru Mandal): river Krishna drains into the Bay of Bengal at this place.
Gudivada: famous for Jain temple of Parswandha Swamy
Notable people
Kakarla Subba Rao was born in Pedamuttevi of Movva mandal and became the first director of Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad.
Tripuraneni Ramaswamy born in Angaluru of Gudlavalleru mandal was a poet and social reformer.
Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao was born in Pesaramilli village of Gudlavalleu mandal, was the founder of (Andhra Patrika, first telugu newspaper and also company which manufactures ayurvedic pain balm called Amrutanjan. [
[Pingali Venkayya]] was born in Bhatlapenumarru,near Machilipatnam, was a freedom fighter and was known as designer of Indian National Flag.
Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu was born in Machilipatnam. He served as the first-ever captain of the Indian national cricket team.
N. T. Rama Rao popularly referred to by his initials NTR, was an Indian actor, filmmaker and a Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. He was born in Nimmakuru of Gudivada mandal.
Narla Venkateswara Rao was a Telugu language writer, journalist and politician from Andhra Pradesh in India. He was Rajya Sabha member twice from 3 April 1958 to 2 April 1970, and wrote a satakam in Telugu along with several other books.
Narla Tata Rao was a prominent person in the power sector of India and a former chairman of the Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board. He was born in Kavutaram
Patcha Ramachandra Rao was a distinguished metallurgist and administrator. He was born in Kavutaram in Krishna District
See also
Coastal Andhra
References
Books
External links
Mandals of Krishna district – Overpass turbo interactive map
Krishna district
1859 establishments in India
Districts of Andhra Pradesh |
130116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%2C%20Oklahoma | Moore, Oklahoma | Moore is a city in Cleveland County, Oklahoma, United States, and is part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The population was 62,793 at the 2020 census, making Moore the seventh-largest city in the state of Oklahoma.
Located between Oklahoma City and Norman, the city has been the site of several devastating tornadoes, with those occurring in 1999 and 2013 receiving international attention. The 3 costliest tornadoes in Oklahoma history all occurred in Moore.
History
The Moore post office was established May 27, 1889, during the Land Run of 1889 and was named for Al Moore, an Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway employee. According to the town history he was a "conductor or a brakeman, lived in a boxcar at the camp and had difficulty receiving his mail. He painted his name – "Moore" – on a board and nailed it on the boxcar. When a postmaster was appointed, he continued to call the settlement Moore. When the town incorporated in 1893 the name was legalized."
The city's history notes that the community before the post office may have been called "Verbeck" by the railroad. However, other histories indicate that Verbeck was actually the original name of the nearby telegraph station "Oklahoma" which became the basis for the founding of Oklahoma City.
The community remained small until 1961, when it annexed , becoming a full-fledged city in 1962, which in turn increased its population from 1,221 in 1960 to 18,761 in 1970 and 55,081 in 2010. Moore's 1961 annexation kept it an independent city at a time when Oklahoma City through annexations increased its size from to surrounding Moore on three sides (north, east, west). Norman forms its southern border.
In 1966 the Hillsdale Free Will Baptist College, after moving through various locations around Oklahoma, opened in the community.
The Moore post office turned into a branch of the Oklahoma City post office on January 7, 1972.
In the 1970s the city launched a "Smile America" campaign in which giant red, white and blue smileys were painted on the town water towers. A smiley also adorns the city's official logo (as does a water tower). Some of the water towers now have a sign that says, "Moore - Home of Toby Keith."
On September 24, 2014, at the local Vaughan Foods food processing plant, one employee was beheaded with a knife and another coworker had her throat slit and was injured, but survived. The alleged attacker, 30-year-old Alton Nolen, who was on suspension from the plant prior to the attack due to interactions with the employee who survived the attack, was shot and wounded by company owner Mark Vaughan. Nolen was convicted of murder and assault in October 2017. A jury recommended that he receive the death penalty, and, on December 15, 2017, a judge sentenced Nolen to death by lethal injection.
Geography
Moore is located just south of Oklahoma City and north of Norman, in central Oklahoma. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.52%, is water.
The city lies in the Sandstone Hills region of Oklahoma, known for hills, blackjack oak, and post oak.
Climate
Moore has a humid subtropical climate with frequent variations in weather during part of the year and consistently hot summers. Prolonged and severe droughts often lead to wildfires and heavy rainfall often leads to flash flooding and flooding. Consistent winds, usually from the south or south-southeast during the summer, help temper the hotter weather. Consistent northerly winds during the winter can intensify cold periods. Severe ice storms and snowstorms happen sporadically during the winter.
Tornado history
The Oklahoma City metropolitan area (of which Moore is a part) is located in Tornado Alley and is subject to frequent and severe tornadoes and hailstorms, making it one of the most tornado-prone major metropolitan areas in the world.
Moore itself has seen nine tornadoes between 1998 and 2015, three of them big enough to claim lives and cause catastrophic damage. The city of Moore was damaged by significant tornadoes on October 4, 1998; May 3, 1999; May 8, 2003; May 10, 2010; and May 20, 2013, with weaker tornadoes striking at other times, notably May 31, 2013 and March 25, 2015. Moore is located in Tornado Alley, a colloquial term for the area of the United States where tornadoes are most frequent. About 20 tornadoes occurred in the immediate vicinity of Moore from 1890 to 2013. The most significant tornadoes to hit Moore occurred in 1893, 1999, and 2013.
1999 tornado
During the tornado outbreak on May 3, 1999, a tornado hit Moore and nearby areas. The tornado, which was rated an F5 on the Fujita scale, was the most costly tornado in history at the time (not adjusted for changes in inflation and population). The tornado had an approximate recorded wind speed of as sampled by mobile Doppler radar, the highest wind speed ever recorded on Earth. It left a swath of destruction over wide at times, and long. It killed a total of 36 people in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. This was the deadliest F5 tornado recorded since the Delhi, Louisiana tornado in 1971 until this mark was eclipsed by several tornadoes in 2011.
2013 tornado
On May 20, 2013, parts of Moore and neighboring Newcastle and southern Oklahoma City, were affected by a violent tornado. Classified as EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale, it had estimated wind speeds of , a maximum width of , and a path length of . Entire subdivisions were destroyed; the tornado struck Briarwood and Plaza Towers elementary schools in Moore while school was in session. The Oklahoma Medical Examiner's office reported that 24 people were killed, including 10 children. Over 140 patients, including at least 70 children, were treated at hospitals following the tornado. It was the deadliest U.S. tornado since the Joplin, Missouri tornado that killed 158 people in 2011.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 41,138 people, 14,848 households, and 11,566 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 15,801 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 84.63% White, 2.92% Black, 4.14% Native American, 1.62% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.75% from other races, and 4.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.10% of the population.
There were 14,848 households, out of which 41.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.4% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.13.
The city population age spread was 29.4% under 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, .5% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $43,409, and the median income for a family was $47,773. Males had a median income of $33,394 versus $24,753 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,689. About 6.3% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Higher education
The only post-secondary school physically within Moore is the Randall University which has an enrollment of about 225. Moore's neighbor immediately to the south is Norman, Oklahoma, home of the University of Oklahoma. The Moore Norman Technology Center is a public career and technology education center. Its campuses however are outside of Moore in Norman and South Oklahoma City.
Primary and secondary schools
Moore Public Schools has three high schools: Moore, Southmoore, and Westmoore; six junior high schools: Brink, Central, Highland East, Highland West, Moore West, and Southridge; and 25 elementary schools: Apple Creek, Briarwood, Broadmoore, Bryant, Central, Earlywine, Eastlake, Fairview, Fisher, Heritage Trails, Houchin, Kelley, Kingsgate, Northmoor, Oakridge, Plaza Towers, Red Oak, Santa Fe, Sky Ranch, Sooner, South Lake, Southgate-Rippetoe, Timber Creek, Wayland Anders Bonds and Winding Creek.
On May 20, 2013, while classes were in progress, several of Moore's schools were damaged or destroyed by the 2013 Moore Tornado, most notably Plaza Towers Elementary, Briarwood Elementary and Highland East Junior High. However, these schools were rebuilt and reopened for the 2014–15 school year.
Libraries
Moore is served by the Moore Public Library, which is part of the Pioneer Library System.
Media
Three media outlets focus on the Moore community. 19th Street Magazine publishes a free issue every month focusing on high school sports, community events and local businesses. Moore Monthly publishes a free monthly print publication while its website provides daily stories and videos about Moore, Norman and south Oklahoma City. The other media outlet is the Moore American.
Moore Veterans Memorial
The City of Moore has funded the construction of a memorial to honor America's veterans and their families. The city renamed JD Estates Park to Veterans Memorial Park, and a memorial was constructed at the park entrance.
The main feature of the memorial is a black granite obelisk that has the inscription, "May this hallowed ground honor the sacrifice of America's finest veterans, civilians, and their families- past, present, and future. We will never forget." Another major feature of the memorial are five black granite tablets with the seal of the five branches of the American armed forces. At the center of the memorial is a flag plaza with a pole for the American flag and two poles for the Oklahoma flag and the POW/MIA flag. The flag plaza is surrounded by a polished concrete walking area with a stained five-pointed star stretching the entire width and height of the walking area.
A committee was formed to plan the second phase of the Moore Veterans Memorial. A campaign to sell bricks to be placed in the memorial was completed in early 2009. Over 190 bricks were purchased by supporters from the community and surrounding areas. The bricks were placed in the Memorial Wall and Phase II was completed in May 2009.
The Soldiers' Memorial was dedicated on May 15, 2010. It consists of four carved wooden soldiers representing the four major wars since the end of World War I. They include World War II, Korea, Vietnam, and the Afghanistan/Iraq War.
After being destroyed by the May 2013 tornado, the park won the title of "America's Favorite Park" in an online competition sponsored by Coca-Cola, beating out numerous other parks from around the country. First prize was a $100,000 grant, which was combined with other funds to cover the estimated $200,000 in rebuilding expenses. The first steps toward rebuilding began in November 2013, during a groundbreaking ceremony and the awarding of the grant to Mayor Glenn Lewis. The park's playgrounds are now open to the public.
Notable people
Kellie Coffey, country music artist
Tom Cole, U.S. congressman
Danny Cooksey, actor, singer, voice artist, comedian
Michael Hinckley, former Major League Baseball pitcher for the Washington Nationals
Jimmy Houston, professional fisherman and television host
Jesse Jane, pornographic actress, graduated from high school in Moore
Toby Keith, country music singer-songwriter, record producer, actor
Randy Wayne, American actor, born and raised in Moore
References
External links
City website
Moore School System
Moore Public Library
2011 City map
2013 Oklahoma City Metro Map from Oklahoma Department Of Transportation
Cities in Oklahoma
Cities in Cleveland County, Oklahoma
Populated places established in 1889
1889 establishments in Indian Territory |
30635425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquitas%20Lost | Antiquitas Lost | Antiquitas Lost: The Last of the Shamalans is the debut novel of American author Robert Louis Smith. It is a fantasy novel that chronicles the adventures of an American teenage boy after he stumbles through a magical doorway in his grandfather's basement, and into a war-torn fantasy world called Pangrelor. The main story arc involves the protagonist's gradual discovery of his unknown relation to Pangrelor, and his unlikely quest to help save its greatest civilization, which is centered on the mountaintop city of Harwelden. Several times during the story, the protagonist is told that success in saving this fabled city of Harwelden may help to save his own dying mother, who remains isolated from him and terminally ill in New Orleans.
Antiquitas Lost has many high quality illustrations, which is unusual for this genre.
Synopsis
Antiquitas Lost tells the story of a boy named Elliott, a lonesome kid with deformities on his hands and feet, who is uprooted from his home after his mother falls gravely ill. When they move to New Orleans so his grandfather can help care for her, Elliott learns that the old man's eighteenth century mansion hides an ancient secret. While checking out some eerie paintings and strange relics in the basement, Elliott strays through an ancient doorway into a tumultuous parallel world, full of bizarre creatures and warring races. He has stumbled into Pangrelor, the most ancient of all worlds and “mother to all the stars in the sky.” As he learns to navigate his new surroundings, he discovers wondrous abilities he never dreamed he possessed, and an abiding connection to the primitive, alien world that will forever change him. But he must proceed carefully. For he soon learns that his actions in the ancient world will impact the upcoming battle for Harwelden, Pangrelor's greatest civilization, and will also resonate all the way back to New Orleans, perhaps deciding whether his own mother lives or dies.
Artwork
Antiquitas Lost had more than 70 high quality illustrations, which were drawn and inked by Marvel Comics artist Geof Isherwood, who now spends most of his time working in the film industry. Prior to working on Antiquitas Lost, Isherwoods's credits include longtime illustrations of Marvel Comics including Spider-Man, The X-Men, The Silver Surfer, Conan the Barbarian, Daredevil, Doctor Strange, Namor, The Avengers, and others. Credits in the film industry include concept/production illustrations for Richard Donner (Director of The Omen, Superman, & Lethal Weapon), Bryan Singer (Director of The Usual Suspects, X-Men, X2), and Darren Aronofsky (Director of The Fountain, The Wrestler), among others. In 1997, Isherwood also introduced his own comic book title, Lincoln-16, which garnered praise for its artwork from Marvel Comics icon Stan Lee.
Editing
Antiquitas Lost was edited by freelance editor Michael Carr, whose editing credits include: Michael Moorcock's White Wolf’s Son, Brad Meltzer's The Zero Game (NY Times No. 3 bestseller), Patricia Smiley's Cover Your Eyes (LA Times bestseller), Bernard Goldberg's Arrogance (NY Times bestseller), Al Sharpton's Al on America, CNN's Lou Dobbs’ Exporting America, and Tucker Carlson's Politicians, Partisans, and Parasites. Carr has edited for several major publishing houses, including Time Warner Books, Penguin Putnam, Holcomb Hathaway, and Globo Libros. In January 2011, after completing his work on the manuscript for Antiquitas Lost, Carr edited and translated into English the book, Buried Alive: The True Story of the Chilean Mining Disaster and the Extraordinary Rescue at Camp Hope, by Chilean miner Manuel Pino Toro.
Critical reception and reviews
Critical response to Antiquitas Lost was favorable, and positive reviews of the novel were published by Kirkus Reviews, Foreword Reviews, Library Journal, and The Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Kirkus Reviews stated: “This is a bildungsroman and quest tale in the tradition of epic high fantasy, and fans of the genre will enjoy the extensive world building and imaginative magical feats. The characters are well-developed, some with poignant back stories and others whose true intentions aren’t revealed until the very end. Though the novel is lengthy, there is never a dull moment, as the characters’ actions drive the plot at a steady pace all the way to the ultimate battle. More than 70 pen-and-ink illustrations by Geof Isherwood, evocative of a Dungeons and Dragons Monster Manual, add an extra dimension to Smith's vivid descriptions. Pleasing for readers looking to escape into an expansive world of magic, conflict and racing action.” In January 2012, KirkusReviews.com briefly featured Antiquitas Lost on its home page, touting it as a 2011 Critics Pick. Foreword Reviews also praised Antiquitas Lost, stating: “This debut novel is a far-flung quest through a world of nightmarish creatures and epic conflicts in the spirit of Tolkien's The Hobbit, but what makes the story truly wondrous are the many personal touches that the author provides in creating his multi-faceted characters." The Seattle Post Intelligencer review stated: “Robert Louis Smith has channeled Anne Rice's unassuming writing style and pacing while borrowing themes from an earlier period of fantasy writing... Antiquitas Lost is a nostalgic trip to another world. It borrows much from an earlier period of books, comics, and movies and comes off as an original homage to everything loved about youth with enough that is new to avoid parody.” ComicAttack.net criticized the novel for using familiar fantasy plot mechanisms, and suggested simplistic thematic depth, yet offered an overall positive review, stating: "[Antiquitas Lost has] a fresh, easy feel with lots of clear, well versed action. Smith’s greatest asset is his ability to write with great pacing. For a 615 page epic fantasy, this has an enjoyable pace that’s not too fast and not too slow... [It] brought out the childhood me who enjoyed reading old novels with illustrations such as Treasure Island." ScienceFiction.com also reviewed Antiquitas Lost favorably, stating: "...The creatures that Smith created resemble popular creatures from other novels, with the exception of the Salax. The Salax are horrifying and unique...[Antiquitas Lost] was compelling and energetic. You can tell Isherwood enjoyed illustrating it as well, with his detail and his character depictions." However, the ScienceFiction.com review criticized the protagonist as being too one dimensional, and described some of the early character development as "tedious". Goodreads.com lists a cumulative rating for Antiquitas Lost of 3.78 out of 5 stars, and Amazon customer reviews offers 4.5 out of 5 stars.
Awards
On October 17, 2011, HollywoodSoapbox.com selected Antiquitas Lost as the "most promising novel" featured at the 2011 New York ComicCon, which featured thousands of exhibitors and hosted over 100,000 fans. In January 2012, KirkusReviews.com briefly featured Antiquitas Lost on its home page as a 2011 Critics Pick. In June 2012, Antiquitas Lost was awarded bronze in Best Juvenile Fiction category at the 16th Annual Independent Publisher Book Awards in New York City. In August 2012, Antiquitas Lost was featured on the cover of Publishers Weekly, and in March 2013, Antiquitas Lost won a Pinnacle Award for Best Juvenile Fiction.
Major characters
Listed are the major characters in the book.
Elliott: age 15, lonesome and unlucky boy from New Orleans with deformities on his hands and feet. At the beginning of the story, he stumbles through a magical doorway into an ancient, parallel world (Pangrelor), where he discovers that his deformities hide strange abilities he never dreamed he possessed. As he learns to navigate his new surroundings, he also discovers an abiding connection to the alien world into which he has passed. Elliott is the story's protagonist.
Sarintha: age 16–18, Princess of Harwelden (Pangrelor's greatest civilization). Just before the story begins, Sarintha suffers the death of her father, King Gregorus. At the beginning of the story, she is captured by the enemy serpan horde and carried away to their homeland. As the story progresses, she begins to fear that she is the intended target of a coup, and that the forces at Harwelden do not intend for her to be crowned as Queen.
Hooks: middle-aged beast from the Valley of Susquatania. Hooks is a petty criminal and an outcast from his homeland. Early in the story, he is captured during the commission of a theft and sentenced to die in Harwelden's central square. But he has a few tricks up his sleeve, and an incredible secret no one could ever guess.
Marvus: elderly gimlet with some fight left in him, and chief steward of the captured Princess.
Jingo: the youngest gimlet ever advanced to the position of royal steward. He is Marvus's protege and also serves Princess Sarintha. He is skilled with throwing a dagger and widely known for his faith in The Shama, a local religion.
Crosslyn: an elderly, though powerful, Shamalan priest. He was a member of the royal Shamalan court in the old times, and was thought to be long dead. Elliott and others find him hiding in the wilderness, waiting for the winds of war to turn back in favor of Harwelden.
Woolf: a middle-aged grayfarer, and sitting member of Harwelden's Grayfarer Council. He is a fierce and loyal warrior, who is sent on a quest to hunt down Elliott lest he interfere with the empires plans for war with the serpans.
Slipher: a young serpan warrior who defects from his regiment. Facing certain death if captured by his own countrymen, he aims to redeem himself by assassinating Elliott, who has piqued the interest of the serpan emperor.
Malus Lothar: the mysterious Serpan emperor, whose face remains covered at all times by an ornate steel mask. He is a believer in the old magic, and fears that Elliott's unexpected arrival in Pangrelor may adversely affect his plans to storm Harwelden and eradicate the Shamalans once and for all.
Grimaldi: an older grayfarer, and general in Harwelden's grayfarer army. Like Woolf, he is a fearsome warrior, though he has been captured by the serpans before the story begins. When Princess Sarintha is imprisoned by the serpans, she finds her old friend Grimaldi faces a grisly fate.
Waldemariam: a middle-aged grayfarer warrior, and Chancellor of Harwelden's powerful Grayfarer Council. As the story progresses, his loyalties become unclear, though he holds so much power, no one is quite sure what to do about it.
Races
Listed are the major types of creatures in the book.
Shamalans: For thousands of years, Shamalans have been the ruling class on Pangrelor. They are Atlantean in concept and have the ability to transform themselves into an aquatic form. Once in the aquatic form, they can breathe underwater and swim “like creatures born of the sea”. Underwater, specialized membranes cover their eyes and allow them to see clearly. However, when they are in their “land form”, they are indistinguishable from humans, except for “birthmarks” that cover the webbed spaces between their hands and feet. There are four distinct classes of Shamalans. These include the nobles, the priests, the warriors, and the artisans. Major Shamalan characters in Antiquitas Lost include Princess Sarintha (noble) and Crosslyn (priest).
Grayfarers: Grayfarers are a class of winged warriors that are approximately eight feet tall and canine in appearance. They are known for their predilection for battle and for their lack of faith in The Shama (a local religion). They have talons on their hands and feet and their primary means of locomotion is flight, though they have no trouble walking. They have been allied with the Shamalans for perhaps a thousand years and serve as the protectors of Harwelden (Pangrelor's ruling civilization). The powerful Grayfarer Council of Harwelden is a political body second in power only to the royalty. Major Grayfarer characters in Antiquitas Lost (there are many) include Waldemariam, Woolf, Grimaldi, and Oscar.
Serpans: The Serpans are a race of massive, primitive hominids that live on Pangrelor's icy northern continent (Vengala). Serpan culture is remorselessly violent. Like the Shamalans, the Serpans are an ancient race, but their geographic origins have left them at a strong disadvantage for natural resources. Conversely, The Shamalans inhabit the lush southeastern coast of Pangrelor's bountiful Carafayan continent, and this disparity of natural resources has been a driving force in the generations-long war between the Shamalan empire and the Serpan hordes. Major Serpan characters in Antiquitas Lost include Slipher and Golthel.
Gimlets: Gimlets are a race of diminutive, primitive hominids with keen intelligence. They are known for their short stature, potbellies, and protuberant ears. Gimlet cities have thrived throughout all of Pangrelor, and gimlets seem to be ubiquitous there. Over the last few generations, the Carafayan gimlets (those living on the same continent as the Shamalans) have had to adapt to the realities of war as attacks from the northerly serpan horde have increased in frequency and lethality. As a result, several gimlet cities have formed their own armies. For the friendly gimlet race, such a thing would have been unheard of just a few generations previously. Major gimlet characters in Antiquitas Lost include Marvus and Jingo.
Susquatanians: Susquatanians are a race of furry, bipedal, forest-dwelling beasts that occupy the wooded Valley of Susquatania (aka the “Valley of the Beasts”) and the neighboring Susquatanian Forest. Their ancient wooded homeland lies between the mountain city of Harwelden, where the Shamalans live, and the Serpans spindly mountaintop castle (known as Sitticus). Because of their geographic location, the Susquatanians increasingly find themselves caught in the middle of the escalating war between the Shamalans and the Serpans. However, they are determined to remain neutral at all costs, and spare themselves from the agonies of the worsening conflict. Major Susquatanian characters in Antiquitas Lost include Hooks and Keats.
Darfoyles: Darfoyles share remote biological origins with the Grayfarers, and the two races are described as “ancient cousins”, though the darfoyles are larger, darker in color, and have tails. Like the Grayfarers, the Darfoyles have talons on their hands and feet and flight is their primary method of locomotion. The Darfoyles tend to inhabit Pangrelor's northern climes and they are closely allied with the serpans (much like the Grayfarers to the Shamalans). There appear to be fewer Darfoyles in Pangrelor than Grayfarers, though some of the Darfoyles serving the serpan emperor have become quite well known. Major Darfoyle characters in Antiquitas Lost include Viscount Ecsar and Viscount Erebus.
Pangrelor
Pangrelor, the fantasy world depicted in Antiquitas Lost, is envisioned as a habitable mega-planet, or "Super-Earth" orbiting a binary star system. The size of the world is referred to obliquely (ten times larger than earth), and the planet is frequently described as having two suns. Gravitational forces are not explained, though the characters seem to experience gravity and temperatures similar to those of Earth.
Flora and Fauna: Flora and fauna seem quite similar to Earth's Pleistocene era. For example, two species of giant, wingless birds (Magby's and Opilions) are mentioned in the books early chapters. These are similar to the Moa, large wingless birds that were common in the Pleistocene and persisted until about 1400 AD, when they are believed to have gone extinct. There are also references to tiny elephants, sloths (called larilars in the novel) wooly mammoths, giant beavers, dire wolves, cave bears, and great sabre-toothed cats (simitars), all of which were common in the Pleistocene. There is at least one Pangrelorian species of dinosaur referenced in the book (malevosaurs). In addition to these creatures, several recognizable cryptozoological creatures inhabit Pangrelor as well, including the Susquatanian beasts (similar to our own Sasquatch) and the Grayfarers (similar to Gargoyles). There are at least two types of creatures in Pangrelor, the Salax and the Satyral, that seem to have no connection to any types of creatures we are familiar with on Earth, though the Satyral is a chimera, making him reminiscent of creatures seen in ancient Greek mythology. Most of the action in the story takes place on the continent of Lon Carafay (aka the Carafayan continent). Three large Carafayan forests are described (with giant trees that have trunks "wider than a fair sized house").
Technology: Pangrelor is a pre-industrial medieval world, with technology having reached anywhere from stone-age capabilities to iron-age capabilities, depending on which Pangrelorian culture is depicted. There is no electricity and communications must travel by word-of-mouth, though magic is possible. Transportation across long distances is primarily achieved by riding horses, malevosaurs, or mammoths (unless one is a Grayfarer or Darfoyle, in which case flight is possible). The story's antagonist, Malus Lothar, often travels by "sky chariot", which is a contraption that consists of a riders coach hanging beneath the hawsers of four, soaring, fire breathing lizards.
Culture: In regard to Pangrelor's cultural development, the artistic works that fill the mountaintop city of Harwelden are described as masterful, and likened by the protagonist to creations from Earth's European Renaissance period, such as the works of Michelangelo or Da Vinci. There are several references to majestic paintings, statues, murals and tapestries in Harwelden, as well as some in the gimlet city of Scopulus. In one scene, a ceremony is accompanied by a fine orchestra and choir. These advanced cultural developments stand in sharp contrast to the savage, untamed natural environment.
Transport:The protagonist, Elliott, is magically transported to Pangrelor after discovering an ancient doorway in the basement of his grandfather's eighteenth century New Orleans mansion. Toward the end of the story, it is implied that Pangrelor is a real place, existing somewhere among the stars. There seems to be an implication that the magical doorway through which Elliott was transported might be some type of wormhole. In the final scenes, Pangrelor is referred to as "the mother to all the stars in the sky", and "the first world". It is also stated that events on Pangrelor will have far reaching consequences that will affect happenings on other worlds, such as Earth.
Unique Qualities: The fantasy world of Pangrelor is different from many literary fantasy worlds, such as Tolkien's middle earth and the many derivative worlds that have followed, in that it is devoid of elves, dwarves, magic rings, and magic swords. Rather, the author has peopled Pangrelor with magical creatures that most readers will be familiar with, but ones quite different from the usual fantasy novel inhabitants.
Themes
There are a few dominant themes in the Antiquitas Lost
Clash of Cultures: Through the character Slipher, the novel explores what drives one culture (the serpans) to hate another (the shamalans). This topic is explored primarily through interactions between Slipher and Elliott, the books protagonist, as well as through Slipher's personal experiences and inner dialogue. Questions considered involve the role of poverty, squalor, and envy in motivating one to hate another. What is the culpability of the wealthier civilization?
Religion and faith as a political tool: The novels antagonist, Malus Lothar, consciously uses the serpans religious faith to motivate them to kill their enemies (the shamalans). Despite this, it is not clear that he himself shares this religious zeal. It is also implied that the Shamalan leaders are adept at using religious faith to motivate their own armies, though this is not depicted outright in the plot.
Redemption: Through the character Hooks, we see that it is possible for one to find redemption through noble deeds, even after a life of crime that has spanned many years. The character Slipher is also offered a chance at redemption after deserting his serpan regiment and being targeted for execution, though his fate is somewhat different from Hooks, presumably due to his inability or lack of will to redeem himself when offered the opportunity.
Distrust of power: Throughout the bulk of the novel, the acting ruler of Harwelden is the Grayfarer Waldemariam, who sits at the head of the powerful Grayfarer Council of Harwelden. Early in the story, the reader is led to question his motives, and Waldemariam repeatedly and knowingly lies to Harwelden's citizenry about the threat they are facing from the encroaching serpans. Several members of his own council grow wary of him, even to the point of suspecting treason, but the citizens of Harwelden, believing his every word, fail to show any concern at all as the serpan army grows nearer. In many scenes, we see the citizens of Harwelden rejoicing, holding parades as they prepare for an upcoming seasonal festival, even as the enemy army is surrounding their mountaintop home.
Can there be goodness in evil?: Though the serpan culture is depicted as remorselessly violent, we learn that Slipher's mother is gentle, and has gone to great sacrifice for Slipher and his deformed younger brother. We also see Slipher's gentleness toward and love of his pet donkey, Pongo.
Author
Robert Louis Smith is a 42-year interventional cardiologist affiliated with the Oklahoma Heart Institute in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He specializes in transcatheter stent therapies including placement of coronary stents in heart arteries to treat conditions like heart attacks and unstable angina. He also specializes in the invasive treatment of peripheral arterial disease and lower extremity venous disease. He obtained Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in Psychology and Microbiology (respectively) from the University of Oklahoma in Norman, Oklahoma. He went on to obtain a Master of Science degree in Anaerobic Microbiology and then a Medical Doctorate (M.D.) from the University of Oklahoma, graduating in 2000. Internship and Residency in Internal Medicine were completed at Emory University in Atlanta in 2003. Cardiology training was begun at Tulane University in New Orleans, where he lived from 2003 to 2005, and completed at Vanderbilt University in Nashville in 2006. He went on to perform additional training in interventional cardiology at the University of Florida in Jacksonville, graduating in 2007. He is married and the father of two young children. He began writing Antiquitas Lost in 2003 while in training at the Tulane University School of Medicine. During Hurricane Katrina, he was the chief fellow for the Tulane cardiology training program and weathered the storm at the New Orleans VA Medical center in downtown New Orleans, directly across the street from the Louisiana Superdome. Though he later safely left the city, the manuscript for Antiquitas Lost was feared lost for several months.
Marketing
Antiquitas Lost had its world premiere at the 2011 New York Comic Convention (at the Javits convention center near Times Square) in October 2011. Over 100,000 guests attended the New York event. According to the Antiquitas Lost Facebook page, advertising at the 2011 New York Comic Con helped to generate hits from 76 different countries on the official Antiquitas Lost website. Print publicity for the initial release was handled by the Carol Fass publicity agency out of New York, and digital/social publicity representation was by FSB Associates out of New Jersey. The novels website (www.AntiquitasLost.com) was also designed by FSB Associates. Following the appearance at the New York Convention, the author (Robert Louis Smith) and illustrator (Geof Isherwood) appeared at the 2011 Halifax, Nova Scotia Hal-Con convention
Adrien Morot Connection:
For the 2011 New York convention, Medlock Publishing worked with Oscar nominated Hollywood special effects artist Adrien Morot to design and build a costume for Antiquitas Lost antagonist, Malus Lothar. Morot initially rose to fame through his special effects work on films like 300, Night at the Museum, and The Day After Tomorrow. In 2010, he was nominated for an Oscar for his work with Paul Giamatti in Barney's Version. The costume he designed was worn during the New York convention by actor Scott Mason, who appeared in a small role in 2011's Oscar nominated True Grit and most recently performed in a larger role for the upcoming Nick Cassavetes film Yellow.
New Orleans connection
The author began writing the book in 2003 while living in New Orleans's Garden District, and New Orleans is prominently featured in the book. Chapter one takes place in New Orleans Garden District, and several real-life locales are mentioned. These include Pleasant Street (location of the authors first New Orleans apartment), the old Lafayette Cemetery (understood to be Lafayette Cemetery number 1 in New Orleans Garden District), and an "old book store," understood to be the Garden District Book Shop on Prytania Street. There are also references to St. Charles street, the Mississippi River, and the notorious pirate Jean Lafitte, after whom a famous Bourbon Street bar is named. An important Gimlet city is named after a street in the garden district (Prytania), and the ocean on the east coast of the Carafayan continent, The Ponchatoulan Ocean, seems to have been influenced by the Louisiana town of Ponchatoula. Toward the end of the book, Hurricane Katrina is referenced.
Anne Rice connection
The author has stated that he began writing Antiquitas Lost while sitting at Anne Rice's dining room table. Although the author and Ms. Rice were neighbors from 2003 to 2005, they have never met. The author bought Ms. Rice's dining room table from an estate sale at one of her New Orlean's properties, the old St. Elizabeth's orphanage. He has stated that he hoped working at the dining room table would bring him luck, and that he imagined that Ms. Rice may have sat at the same table while working on one of her Vampire Chronicles books.
Publisher
Antiquitas Lost is offered by Medlock Publishing, LLC, based out of Tulsa, Oklahoma.
References
External links
The Antiquitas Lost Official Website
Antiquitas Lost on Facebook
Antiquitas Lost on Twitter
The Official Geof Isherwood Website
Geof Isherwood on Facebook
Geof Isherwood at the Grand Comics Database
Geof Isherwood at the Comic Books Database
Geof Isherwood at Lambiek's Comiclopedia
Michael Carr at Editing Writing Network
The FSB Associates Official Website
FSB Associates on Facebook
2011 American novels
Young adult fantasy novels
American young adult novels
American fantasy novels
2011 fantasy novels
Contemporary fantasy novels
High fantasy novels
Self-published books
2011 debut novels |
1607281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver%2C%20South%20Park%20and%20Pacific%20Railroad | Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad | The Denver, South Park, and Pacific Railroad (later called the Denver, Leadville and Gunnison Railway) was a historic narrow gauge railroad that operated in Colorado in the western United States in the late 19th century. The railroad opened up the first rail routes to a large section of the central Colorado mining district in the decades of the mineral boom. The railroad took its name from the fact that its main line from Denver ascended the Platte Canyon and traversed South Park, hence its popular name "The South Park Line." Despite its lofty goals, the line never connected itself with the Pacific or any transcontinental line, apart from its terminal at Denver Union Station.
Founded in 1872 by Colorado Governor John Evans, the company was purchased by the Union Pacific Railway in 1880, though it continued to be operated independently. The line went bankrupt in 1889 and was reorganized under a new corporate name as the Denver, Leadville and Gunnison Railway. When the Union Pacific went bankrupt in 1893, the DL&G lines went into receivership and were eventually sold to the Colorado and Southern Railway. In the first half of the 20th century, nearly all the company's original lines were dismantled or converted into . The last train to run on narrow gauge C&S tracks was from Como, Colorado on April 11, 1937. A section of the standard gauge line between Leadville and Climax is still operated as a passenger excursion railroad called the Leadville, Colorado and Southern Railroad. At its peak the Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad had of narrow gauge line, making it the largest narrow gauge railroad in the state of Colorado.
Description of lines
The company's main line was narrow gauge and went from Union Station in Denver up the valley of the South Platte River to the town of South Platte, then followed the North Fork of the South Platte through Buffalo Creek and Bailey. West of Bailey the route along North Fork and through the north end of the Tarryall Mountains essentially followed the route of present-day U.S. Highway 285 to Como, where it branched northward (see below). From Como the main line traversed South Park to Garo, where a spur went northward to Fairplay and Alma. The main line continued south over Trout Creek Pass. On the western side of the pass, a small spur of the main connected to Buena Vista, then traversed the southern end of the Sawatch Range through the Alpine Tunnel to Pitkin and Gunnison. The distance along the main line from Denver to Gunnison was approximately .
A principal branch of the main line north from Como went over Boreas Pass to Breckenridge, Dillon, Keystone, Frisco and Climax. This branch terminated at Leadville.
A small branch of the main line south of Denver connected to Morrison (this line was actually constructed first).
History
The company was incorporated in the Colorado Territory as the "Denver, South Park and Pacific Railway" on October 2, 1872, with 2.5 million dollars in capital. Less than a year later, on June 16, 1873, it was reorganized by John Evans as the "Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad" with an increased capitalization of 3.5 million dollars. Construction from Denver to Morrison began in August, 1873, by the Denver Railway Association, following approval by Arapahoe county voters who passed a $300,000 bond issue. On June 20, 1874, the tracks reached Morrison, and on July 3, scheduled service began between Denver and Morrison, with two 2 round-trip mixed trains per day. This branch would provide a healthy income from the start, shipping stone, lumber, and coal from Mt. Carbon. However, the financial panic in 1873, precipitated by Jay Cooke & Co. of Philadelphia (financiers of the Northern Pacific Railroad), caused a reduction in traffic, resulting in reduced construction until 1876. During this period, the Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad struggled to remain solvent.
The tracks reached the mouth of the Platte Canyon on May 4, 1878, from Denver, and by June 2, the tracks reached up the canyon. The tracks reached Buffalo Creek on June 17. The following year, on May 19, 1879, the tracks reached to the summit of Kenosha Pass and on June 27 they reached Como. The original stone roundhouse at Como has been restored, and is presently in use in the operation of a 3’ narrow gauge locomotive acquired from the Klondike gold fields. An operating turntable has also been installed in the original turntable pit.
The railroad was earning about $1,200 a day, with only a daily operating expense of $480. This made the railroad very profitable, while also allowing a steady flow of money to help with construction cost. In November 1879, with the tracks only as far as South Park, the company contracted for the initial construction of the Alpine Tunnel, with an expected finish date of July 1, 1880. The following month, the tracks reached to the summit of Trout Creek Pass.
Leadville mining boom
A mining boom near Leadville resulted in a construction race between Denver, South Park and Pacific and
Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, with both reaching Buena Vista in early 1880. The Denver, South Park and Pacific completed construction first, but rather than both companies laying track to Leadville, Jay Gould pressured the two companies to make a deal called the "Joint Operation Agreement" of October 1, 1879. The companies agree that "...for the purpose of harmony and mutual profit...", the Denver and Rio Grande would lay tracks to the north from Buena Vista to the Leadville mining district, but that the Denver, South Park and Pacific would share equal traffic rights. Similarly, the Denver, South Park and Pacific would build into the Gunnison Country via Chalk Creek, with equal traffic rights given to the Denver and Rio Grande. In 1884 the D&RG ended the Joint Agreement, which forced the DSP&P to build their own line to Leadville. This route, the "High Line" left the original route at Como, and proceeded across Boreas Pass to Breckenridge, then across Fremont Pass to Leadville. This route was noteworthy for crossing the Continental Divide twice (from the Atlantic side to the Pacific side at Boreas Pass, and back to the Atlantic side at Fremont Pass), and was extremely difficult to operate in winter.
The Alpine Tunnel
Meanwhile, construction continued from Buena Vista past Mount Princeton to what would become the Alpine Tunnel. The Alpine Tunnel was "holed through" on July 26, 1881. Location of the tunnel portals and establishing a center line of the bore were completed in December 1879. Construction of the Alpine Tunnel took place between 1880 and 1881, by Cummings & Co. Construction company. This was the highest and most expensive tunnel built up until that time. It exceeds above sea level, with its highest point at . It is under Altman Pass, later to be named Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The tunnel only had a thirty-year life span, with the last locomotive passing through the tunnel on November 10, 1910.
The line exited the west portal of the Alpine Tunnel, to Alpine Tunnel Station, the highest railroad station in the United States. There also was a turntable, water tank, and a two-story frame boarding house that replaced the stone boarding house and engine house, which burned down in 1906. Parlin, located at milepost 189.78 is where the tracks of the Denver, South Park and Pacific and the Denver and Rio Grande joined up and ran along each other to Gunnison. The land for the track was given to the railroad by local dairy rancher John Parlin around 1877, with the condition that the railroad would build a depot, and stop for at least five minutes so passengers could buy milk. The main line reached Gunnison the following year in 1882.
After reaching Gunnison
The Denver, South Park, & Pacific built north of Gunnison up the Ohio Creek Drainage to the Castelton and Baldwin Areas. Then planning to cross over Kebler Pass to Delta, Grand Junction, and points west and south. Track was laid past the Baldwin Mine, and another were graded, but after losing rights of way to Lake City and the San Juan Mining District, no more construction would be done west.
The railroad went into receivership in May 1888. On July 17, 1889, the company was sold at foreclosure proceedings to the Denver, Leadville and Gunnison Railway, a new railroad which was formed to operate the DSP&P lines. The successor company went into receivership on August 4, 1894. The Colorado and Southern Railway, chartered in 1898, took over the former DSP&P lines in January 1899. The Colorado and Southern started dismantling in 1910 with the closure of the Alpine Tunnel. In 1930, the C&S attempted to shut down the main line through the Platte Canyon, in cooperation with the Denver Board of Water Commissioners, who desired to build a dam in the canyon (See Waterton Canyon, CO). Nevertheless, the construction of modern roads in the Rockies led to a decrease in revenue and traffic. The last freight and passenger trains between Denver and Leadville operated in April 1937, and on April 10, 1937, the South Park Line officially closed down. The last regular freight train operated between Denver and Como on April 25. The last narrow gauge section, between Leadville and Climax, was converted to standard gauge on August 25, 1943.
Locomotives
National Locomotive Works
The Denver, South Park & Pacific owned one 4-4-0 and four 2-6-0 type locomotives built by the National Locomotive Works before 1880. These locomotives were most often used to haul daily passenger trains from Denver to the South Park region of Colorado on account of their low tractive effort. Unfortunately, these small locomotives are not well documented, so little is known about them.
Mason Machine Works
The Denver, South Park & Pacific owned nineteen 2-6-6T and four 2-8-6T type locomotives built by the Mason Machine Works. These locomotives had drivers that pivoted around curves and were the first non-European locomotives to be fitted with Walschaerts valve gear. Because of the pivoting drivers, these locomotives were known to "hunt and wander" around curves, making them inefficient for the steep mountain grades and sharp curves that the South Park traversed. The 2-6-6T Mason Bogies are the most well-known out of any of the DSP&P locomotives because of their distinct appearance. Only one Mason Bogie (DSP&P #24, named Buena Vista/ D&LG #57) survived into the Colorado & Southern era.
The 2-8-6T Mason Bogies were the only locomotives of this type ever built by Mason, making them a very unique addition to the DSP&P's roster.
Baldwin Locomotive Works
The Denver, South Park & Pacific owned eight 2-8-0 type locomotives built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, all of which were built in 1880. One of these locomotives (DSP&P #51/DL&G #191) is preserved and nicely restored, though not operational, at the Colorado Railroad Museum.
Brooks Locomotive Works
The Denver, South Park & Pacific owned ten 2-6-0 type locomotives built by the Brooks Locomotive Works. These were rebuilt sometime during the Colorado & Southern era to feature straight boilers rather than their original wagon top boilers. By the time the last locomotive of this type was finally scrapped in 1927, they had become only Brooks locomotives in name.
Cooke Locomotive & Machine Works
The Denver, South Park & Pacific owned twenty 2-8-0 and eight 2-6-0 type locomotives built by the Cooke Locomotive & Machine Works. The 2-8-0 locomotives were all sold off or scrapped by the Colorado & Southern by 1922. These were near-identical to the earlier Baldwin 2-8-0s with the only difference being the size of the drivers, which are one inch larger. The 2-6-0 type locomotives were fitted with wagon top boilers during the C&S's modernization process and #72 still survives today in Breckenridge, Colorado as the C&S #9.
Paint
The DSP&P's original locomotives were painted in bright colors that reflect the stylistic choices of railroad executives and locomotive builders at the time. The most popular colors to see on the DSP&P in its early years were wine red, brown, and green. Locomotives were painted black in 1885 during the Union Pacific's vast re-lettering program. Another distinct feature of locomotives of this time period were bright and decorative Russia Iron boiler jackets, though these were eventually either replaced or completely painted over.
Spark Arrestors
Common spark arrestors to see on the early years of the South Park Line were the "Nesmith" and "Congdon" designs these were large, round, and diamond shaped. The DSP&P's locomotives carried these until they were eventuall replaced with the "McConnell" (also known as the "Pancake") design.
In the years that the Colorado & Southern controlled the South Park's railway network, a common spark arrestor that could be seen after 1917 was the "Ridgway" design.
For the complete roster of DSP&P/DL&G locomotives visit: https://utahrails.net/up/denver-south-park-locos.php
See External Links for images and sites detailing different South Park locomotives.
Remaining Locomotives
There are two locomotives that still exist from the original Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad:
#51, a built in 1880 by Baldwin Locomotive Works. #51 was renumbered in 1885 to #191 and still bears this number, currently residing at the Colorado Railroad Museum in Golden, Colorado, on static display. #191 is the oldest remaining authentic Colorado locomotive in the state.
#72, a built in 1884 by Cooke Locomotive Works. #72 was renumbered by the Colorado & Southern Railroad as their #9, and has been restored for operation in Breckenridge, Colorado. Currently on display at the Rotary Snowplow Park in Breckenridge.
Note: The locomotive at South Park City is not an authentic D,SP&PRR locomotive. It is a narrow gauge locomotive built by H.K. Porter, Inc. in 1914 for a railroad in Guatemala. The Como roundhouse locomotive (Klondike Kate #4) is a 1912 2-6-2 by Baldwin Locomotive Works manufactured for the Klondike Mines Railway, operating to Dawson, Yukon Territory, then after 1942 on the Alaskan White Pass & Yukon, before operating on tourist lines in the Lower 48 state of the USA. It also is not an historic D,SP&PRR locomotive, having waited until 2017 to run on South Park track, in the Como, Colorado and Boreas Pass area.
References
Further reading
External links
Mason Bogie "Tenmile" after Union Pacific re-lettering
DSP&P Cooke 2-6-0 information
DL&G #191
DSP&P Spark Arrestor Designs
Railwayeng.com: Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad
Narrowgauge.org: Denver, South Park and Pacific map with links to old photos
Denver Public Library Digital Collections photos of the Denver, South Park and Pacific
The curse of Alpine: Ill conceived and ill fated, Alpine Tunnel only served for twenty-eight years (off and on)
South Park Rail Society
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation:
Defunct Colorado railroads
3 ft gauge railways in the United States
Narrow gauge railroads in Colorado
Predecessors of the Colorado and Southern Railway
Railway companies established in 1873
Railway companies disestablished in 1889 |
39687707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock%20Street%20Brewing%20Company | Dock Street Brewing Company | Dock Street Brewing Company is an independent craft brewing company with a 10,500 square foot brewpub and production brewery in the Point Breeze neighborhood of Philadelphia, PA, and a 1,000 square foot tasting room in the Fishtown neighborhood of Philadelphia. Established in 1985, it claims to be the first craft brewing company based in the Philadelphia area following Prohibition and one of the first in the country. The name Dock Street was chosen in honor of the seaport district of the same name in Philadelphia, which was the largest producer of beer in the then newly-formed United States in the late 1700s.
History
Dock Street was created in 1985 as a bottled beer operation based in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. It was founded by photographer Rosemarie Certo and her husband Jeffrey Ware, a Philadelphia restaurateur.
In 1989, the pair opened a brewpub in the Logan Square neighborhood of Center City, Philadelphia's central business district. By 1996, the company was producing more than 25,000 barrels of beer and distributing to 24 states, making it the 26th largest microbrewery in the U.S.
Certo and Ware sold the company in 1998 to Poor Henry's Brewery & Restaurant, operated by a descendant of the family behind the Henry F. Ortlieb Brewing Company, also of Philadelphia. In 2000, Poor Henry's ceased operations.
Certo repurchased the brand and bottling operation in 2002. In 2007, the brewery reopened as a pizza-centric brewpub in the former Firehouse Farmers Market in the Cedar Park neighborhood in West Philadelphia. The facility featured a 10-barrel brewing system, four fermenters, and six lagering tanks, and produced about 1,000 barrels per year.
Certo and Ware's daughter, Renata Vesey (Certo-Ware), a graduate of Boston University, and son, Sasha Certo-Ware, a graduate of Franklin & Marshall College, hold leadership roles in the company.
In January 2017, Mark Russell, a graduate from Temple University, assumed the position of Head Brewer.
In April 2017, Dock Street Brewing Company expanded with Dock Street Cannery + Lounge, a mixed-use space with a canning line, two fermenters, and a tasting bar with craft cocktails. With the expansion and the addition of the new fermentation tanks, Dock Street's capacity increased by 225%. In October 2019, Dock Street announced that all beers on tap at this location would be experimental, one-off batches under Dock Street West Lead Brewer, Edwin Lopez. In 2017, Philadelphia Magazine awarded Dock Street Cannery "Best New Bar" and in 2019 the Cannery won "Best Intellectual Drunk Fun” for their on-going prose reading series.
In August 2019, Dock Street Brewing Company expanded again with Dock Street South, a 10,500 square foot production brewery and brewpub on Washington Avenue in Point Breeze, Philadelphia, with Mark Russell as Head Brewer. Canning operations were moved to this location as well. Production capacity at this location is 4,500 barrels per year.
Dock Street Cannery closed in 2020, and in June 2022, Dock Street announced the closure of Dock Street West after 15 years in the firehouse. At the same time, Dock Street President and Owner Rosemarie Certo announced the brewing company would be opening a new location in Philadelphia's Fishtown neighborhood, which opened its doors in April 2023.
In 2023, Dock Street released Dock Street Wedding Beer, one of the only packaged beers brewed specifically for weddings, and the first beer brewed with symbolic ingredients and symbolic label art.
Awards and honors
Great American Beer Festival
2021 - Bronze Medal for Dock Street Man Full of Trouble Ale (Brown Porter)
2017 - Bronze Medal for Dock Street Man Full of Trouble Ale (Brown Porter)2012 - Silver Medal for Dock Street La Biere des Amis (Saison)2012 - Bronze Medal for Dock Street ABT 12 (Belgian-style Abbey Ale)1992 - Silver Medal for Dock Street Cream AleBronze Medal for Dock Street Amber Beer
World Beer Cup
2012 - Bronze Medal for Prisoner of Hell (Belgian Strong Pale Ale)
Pennsylvania Farm Show
2022 - First Place: Dock Street Man Full of Trouble Porter (PORTERS - American or English Styles)
2022 - First Place: Dock Street Rye IPA (SPECIALTY IPA)
2022 - First Place: Dock Street King Juice (IPA >7.5% ABV)
2022 - First Place: Dock Street Winter Haze (PALE ALES)
2021 - First Place: Dock Street Bean 2 Bean Espresso Stout (STOUTS - American or English Styles)
2020 - First Place: Dock Street Man Full of Trouble Porter (PORTERS - American or English Styles)
2020 - Second Place Dock Street Winter Haze (PALE ALES)
2020 - Second Place: Dock Street Wild King (MIXED FERMENTATION SOUR)
New York International Beer Competition
2021 - Silver Medal Winner - Dock Street Man Full of Trouble Porter
The company has also been awarded multiple International Gold Medals for its Amber Beer and Royal Bohemian Pilsner. Dock Street's Rye IPA is currently listed on Beer Advocate's list of Top Rated Rye Beers in the World at #15.
Several of Dock Street's beers were included in beer critic Michael Jackson (writer)'s books, including the 1988 book New World Guide to Beer and the 1998 book Ultimate Beer. The original brewpub was also mentioned in Michael Jackson's Beer Companion in 1993. Dock Street Bohemian Pilsner was the only Pennsylvania beer included in Jackson's 1988 book New World Guide To Beer, and was among just a handful of Pennsylvania lagers in the Pilsner category a decade later in Jackson's Ultimate Beer, published in 1998. Dock Street's Illuminator Doppelbock and Dock Street Milk Stout were reviewed in his 2000 book Great Beer Guide.
Dock Street Brewery West was named one Philly's Best Pizza Places in 2011 by Philadelphia (magazine) as voted for 'The Best Toppings.'
In 2015, Dock Street was prominently featured as part of the exhibit "Hucksters: The Tumult of Dock Street" at Philadelphia's Independence Seaport Museum in the museum's Community Gallery exhibit space. The exhibit was curated by documentarian and author Erich Weiss.
Products
Dock Street currently offers several year-round beers, two bottled beers, several recurring seasonal beers, and many one-off varieties.
Year-round beers
Dock Street Bohemian Pilsner
Dock Street Golden IPA
Dock Street Wedding Beer
Popular Seasonal and occasional beers
Dock Street Man Full of Trouble
Dock Street King Juice
Dock Street Amber Ale
Dock Street Prince Myshkin Russian Imperial Stout
Dock Street Winter Haze
Dock Street Summer Haze
Dock Street Barracuda
Dock Street Bubbly Wit
Dock Street Abbey Single
Dock Street Abbey Double
Dock Street ABT 8 (Belgian-style Abbey Dubbel)
Dock Street ABT 10 (Belgian-style Abbey Tripel)
Dock Street ABT 12 (Belgian-style Abbey Quadrupel)
Dock Street Amarillo IPA
Dock Street Ambitchous Blonde (Blonde Ale)
Dock Street Aurora Pale Ale
Dock Street Baltic Porter
Dock Street Baltic Maple Porter
Dock Street Barrel-Aged Barley Wine (Barleywine)
Dock Street Belgian Black IPA
Dock Street Born Again Tripel
Dock Street Bubbly Wit
Dock Street Chamomileon
Dock Street Chupar un Limon
Dock Street Cowboy Saison
Dock Street Cream Ale
Dock Street Cuckoo's Nest Red
Dock Street Dark Hoppy Jawn
Dock Street Devil's Double IPA
Dock Street Dock Street Beer Ain't Nothin' To Funk With
Dock Street Docktoberfest
Dock Street Dude de Garde (Biere de Garde)
Dock Street Gail's Ale (Belgian-style Ale)
Dock Street Helles
Dock Street Hop Angel (Schwarzbier/American IPA)
Dock Street Illuminator (Doppelbock)
Dock Street Justin's Moustache (Helles)
Dock Street Kolsch
Dock Street No Exit Double IPA
Dock Street OMG Pale Ale
Dock Street Pimp My Rye
Dock Street Prisoner of Hell (Belgian-style Strong Ale)
Dock Street Royal Bohemian Pilsner
Dock Street Saison Du Potts (Saison)
Dock Street Sexual Chocolate (Imperial Stout
Dock Street Sexy Beast (Chocolate Stout)
Dock Street Sudan Grass (gluten-free ale made from sorghum)
Dock Street Summer in Berlin
Dock Street Teuton Porter
Dock Street The Great Pumpkin
Dock Street Trappist IPA
Dock Street Walker
West of Center (American Pale Ale)
Winter Warmer
Experimental Beers
In 2014, Dock Street Brewery released Dock Street Walker, a beer brewed with roasted goat brains in honor of the AMC television show The Walking Dead, a favorite of then-Head Brewer Justin Low and current Assistant Brewer Sasha Certo-Ware.
In 2015, then-Head Brewer Vince Desrosiers, along with Assistant Brewers Sasha Certo-Ware and Mark Russell, devised Dock Street Beer Ain't Nothin' To Funk With in homage to the hip-hop group Wu Tang Clan. The barrel was fitted with a custom speaker set, build by Certo-Ware, that played the music of Wu Tang Clan on repeat 24/7 for six months. The finished product was served, alongside a control, labeled simply "The Control," to determine whether the music affected the flavor of the beer by agitating the yeast. Bottles of D.S.B.A.N.T.F.W. sold out in under an hour at the brewery and online sales crashed the website. The release party for the beer was attended by Wu Tang Clan member Inspectah Deck.
In 2020, Dock Street partnered with Exyn Technologies on the World's First Drone-Assisted beer, Dock Street Swarm Intelligence, a Pale Ale brewed with local orange blossom honey, repeatedly hopped with small bursts of Ekuanot and Chinook throughout the boil, and dry hopped with Ekuanot, Mosaic, and Chinook. The can label art for Dock Street Swarm Intelligence is a multispectral photo of the brewery at Dock Street South, shot by "Exyn A3R," one of Exyn's drones.
Partnerships
Dock Street has been a longtime partner and sponsor of the Philadelphia Film Festival.
In January 2012, the company partnered with the Four Seasons Hotel Philadelphia, its former neighbor, to jointly brew four limited-quantity, seasonal beers for sale in the hotel's Swann Lounge: The Truffled Old Ale, Caliente Golden Ale, Cherry Verbena Saison, and Spanish Fly. In April 2013, the companies renewed their partnership for a second year; O.P. Yum and Crackle and Squeeze are the first two varieties.
In 2014, former brewer Justin Low traveled to Belgium to brew with Anne-Catherine Dilewyns of . The beer they co-brewed, an 8.5% ABV Belgian Ale named the Philly Tripel, was the official brew of Philly Beer Week.
In 2015, Dock Street brewed a batch of Red Owl Ale for the Hotel Monaco, a Philadelphia hotel under the Kimpton Hotels & Restaurants umbrella.
Also in 2015, Dock Street collaborated on the Little Chicken Pale Ale with Philadelphia-based band Flightschool.
In 2016, Dock Street began a collaborative beer with Chill Moody, nicethings IPA, and released the beer in 16oz cans and on draft several times. The beer sold out quickly from the brewpub thanks to fans of Chill Moody and Dock Street coming to buy cases at a time, and limited amounts were allocated to select bars and restaurants in Philadelphia as well.
Also in 2016, Dock Street partnered with DiBruno Brothers on a Truffled Honey Saison in 2016.
In 2018, Dock Street collaborated with Boston-based brewing company Down the Road on a brew named "Down the Street" that featured artwork by Philadelphia artist Alexis Anne Grant. The label had many easter eggs that nodded to each city and the significance of the collaboration, including an eagle in honor of the Philadelphia Eagles, an axolotl, the mascot of Dock Street Brewing Co.'s sister spirits company, Dock Street Spirit's Vicio Mezcal, and a key, the symbol of Janus, the Roman god of beginnings and doorways. The beer was brewed with green tea and honey, a nod to the Boston Tea Party and PA's farming + honey harvesting heritage.
In 2019, Dock Street partnered with ceramic artist Brian Giniewski on a beer named Dock Street Guava Lava, which featured a can label that mirrored Ginieski's trademark "drippy" glaze style.
Around 2019, Dock Street began brewing and canning a custom beer for the prestigious and historic Merion Cricket Club, a private club in Haverford, PA. The beer continues to be produced today and is available exclusively at Merion Cricket Club.
Partnership Beers
Dock Street Satellite Espresso Stout (Stout with espresso beans, Satellite Cafe in Cedar Park, Philadelphia)
Dock Street Johnny Berliner (developed in conjunction with Johnny Brenda's in Fishtown, Philadelphia)
Dock Street La Biere des Amis (Saison; developed in conjunction with Brasserie Thiriez, of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France)
Dock Street The Truffled Old Ale (English Bitter with winter truffles; Four Seasons Hotel Philadelphia)
Dock Street Caliente Golden Ale (Belgian Strong Ale with blue agave nectar and chiles; Four Seasons Hotel Philadelphia)
Dock Street Cherry Verbena Saison (Saison with lemon verbena and cherry puree; Four Seasons Hotel Philadelphia)
Dock Street Spanglish Fly (Biere de Garde with wormwood, yarrow and ginger; Four Seasons Hotel Philadelphia)
Dock Street O.P. Yum (Brewed with wheat, oats and pomegranate; Four Seasons Hotel Philadelphia)
Dock Street Crackle and Squeeze (Saison with Meyer lemons and cracked pink and black pepper; Four Seasons Hotel Philadelphia)
Dock Street Red Owl Ale (Red Ale; Hotel Monaco)
Dock Street Philly Tripel (Belgian Ale; Brouwerij Dilewyns)
Dock Street Little Chicken Pale Ale (Pale Ale; Flightschool)
Dock Street x Dibruno Truffle Honey Saison (Saison with truffled honey; Di Bruno Brothers)
Dock Street x Brian Giniewski Guava Lava
Dock Street x Down the Road Brewing Co. Down the Street
Dock Street Sticky Wicket for Merion Cricket Club
Programs and Events
Dock Street Philly Beer Week Music Fest is held annually on the last Sunday of Philly Beer Week. The concert is usually outdoors, free to the public and highlights local Philadelphia musicians and artists.
Dock Street Philly Beer Week Run is held annually on the last Sunday of Philly Beer Week, and coincides with the Dock Street Philly Beer Week Music Fest.
In December 2015, the company began the monthly initiative "Rare Beer for School Supplies" as a philanthropic enterprise to collect school supplies and books for West Philadelphia Public schools. Dock Street gives away a glass of a special and rare beer, announced in advance each month, to any adult that brings a donation for the initiative.
Television and Film
In 1993 bottles of Dock Street's Amber Ale were featured in several scenes in the movie Philadelphia.
From 1987-1993, the cast of the U.S. television series Thirtysomething was frequently seen drinking bottles of Dock Street Amber Ale on the show.
On March 28, 2014, the cast of E! News drank and reviewed a bottle of Dock Street Walker on air.
On September 16, 2016, celebrity chefs Michael Symon, Marc Vetri and Jose Garces, along with singer Nick Lachay, tasted Dock Street Bohemian Pilsner on Symon's show Burgers, Brew and 'Que on the Food Network.
In 2017 (and previously, in 2007), the character Mac in It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia wears a shirt advertising the brewery in a season 3 and season 12 episode.
See also
Barrel-aged beer
Beer in the United States
List of breweries in Pennsylvania
References
External links
Beer brewing companies based in Pennsylvania
Companies based in Philadelphia |
1299149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian%20manatee | Amazonian manatee | The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) is a species of manatee that lives in the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador. It has thin, wrinkled brownish or gray colored skin, with fine hairs scattered over its body and a white chest patch. It is the smallest of the three extant species of manatee.
Taxonomy
The specific name, inunguis is Latin for "nailless." The genus name Trichechus, comes from Latin meaning "hair", referencing the whiskers around the manatee's mouth.
Physical characteristics
The Amazonian manatee is the smallest member of the manatee family and can be distinguished by its smoother rubbery skin and lack of vestigial nails on its flippers. Ranges of body weight and size observed are and for captive males, and for captive females, and and for free-ranging manatees, respectively. The maximum actual Amazonian manatee weight reported is . Calves of the species are born weighing and long. The Amazonian Manatees increase in length approximately 1.6-2.0 mm per day. This length is measured along the curvature of the body so absolute length can differ between individuals. As calves, they gain an average of 1 kilogram per week.
Amazonian manatees are large, cylindrically shaped mammals, with forelimbs modified into flippers, no free hind-limbs, and the rear of the body in the form of a flat, rounded, horizontal paddle. The flexible flippers are used for aiding motion over the bottom, scratching, touching, and even embracing other manatees, and moving food into and cleaning the mouth. The manatee's upper lip is modified into a large bristly surface, which is deeply divided. It can move each side of the lips independently while feeding. The general coloration is grey, and most Amazonian manatees have a distinct white or bright pink patch on the breast.
Amazonian manatees, similar to all living manatee species in the family Trichechidae, have polyphyodont teeth. Their teeth are continuously replaced horizontally from the caudal portion of the jaw to the rostral portion throughout the manatee's life, a unique trait among mammals. Only the closest living relative of order Sirenia, elephants, show a similar characteristic of teeth replacement, but elephants have a limited set of these replacement teeth. As the teeth migrate rostrally in the manatee, the roots will be resorbed and the thin enamel will wear down until the tooth is eventually shed. Referred to as cheek teeth, differentiation of manatee teeth into molars and premolars has not occurred, and manatees additionally do not have incisors or canine teeth. These teeth migrate at a rate of about 1–2 mm/month, based on wear and chewing rates.
The Amazonian manatee lacks nails on its flippers, setting it apart from other manatees. Additionally, Amazonian manatees have a very small degree of rostral deflection (30.4°), which can be used as an indication of where in the water column the animal feeds. A small degree of deflection means that the end of the snout is straighter with regard to the caudal portion of the jaw. Animals with a greater degree of deflection, such as D. dugong at about 70° of deflection, are more of a benthic species, feed on the seafloor, and have snouts that point almost completely ventrally. Only T. senegalensis has a smaller rostral deflection of about 25.8°. This is believed to maximize the efficiency of feeding. A small degree of rostral deflection allows Amazonian manatees to feed more effectively at the surface of the water, where much of their food is found.
Behavior and biology
The Amazonian manatee is the only sirenian that lives exclusively in freshwater habitat. The species relies on changes in the peripheral circulation for its primary mechanism for thermoregulation by using sphincters to deflect blood flow from areas of the body in close contact with water. They also rely on subcutaneous fat to reduce heat loss.
Manatees have nostrils, not blowholes like other aquatic mammals, which close when underwater to keep water out and open when above water to breathe. Although manatees can remain under water for extended periods, surfacing for air about every five minutes is common. The longest documented submergence of an Amazonian manatee in captivity is 14 minutes.
Manatees make seasonal movements synchronized with the flood regime of the Amazon Basin. They are found in flooded forests and meadows during the flood season, when food is abundant. The Amazonian manatee has the smallest degree of rostral deflection (25° to 41°) among sirenians, an adaptation to feed closer to the water surface. It is both nocturnal and diurnal and lives its life almost entirely underwater. Only its nostrils protrude from the surface of the water while it searches river and lake bottoms for vegetation.
The Amazonian and West Indian manatees are the only manatees known to vocalize. They have been observed vocalizing alone and with others, particularly between cows and their calves.
Diet
The manatees themselves feed on a variety of aquatic macrophytes, including aroids (especially Pistia, aka "water lettuce"), grasses, bladderworts, hornworts, water lilies, and particularly, water hyacinths. They are also known to eat palm fruits that fall into the water. Maintaining a herbivorous diet, the manatee has a similar post-gastric digestive process to that of the horse. The manatee consumes approximately 8% of its body weight in food per day.
During the July–August dry season when water levels begin to fall, some populations become restricted to the deep parts of large lakes, where they often remain until the end of the dry season in March. They are thought to fast during this period, their large fat reserves and low metabolic rates – only 36% of the usual placental mammal metabolic rate – allowing them to survive for up to seven months with little or no food.
Reproduction and lifecycle
The Amazonian manatee is a seasonal breeder with a gestational period of 12–14 months and a prolonged calving period. Most births take place between December and July, with about 63% between February and May, during a time of rising river levels in their native region. After the calf is born, it will begin to eat while staying with its mother for 12 – 18 months.
Two individuals lived 12.5 years in captivity. Wild individuals have a lifespan of about 30 years.
Population and distribution
As of 1977 the population count of the Amazonian manatee was estimated to be around 10,000. As of now the total population count is undetermined, however the population trend seems to be decreasing. They are mainly distributed throughout the Amazon River Basin in northern South America, ranging from the Marajó Islands in Brazil through Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador. They are occasionally found overlapping with the West Indian manatee along the coasts of Brazil.
Amazonian manatees occur through most of the Amazon River drainage, from the headwaters, in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru to the mouth of the Amazon (close to the Marajó Island) in Brazil over an estimated seven million square kilometers. However, their distribution is patchy, concentrating in areas of nutrient-rich flooded forest, which covers around 300,000 km2 They also inhabit environments in lowland tropical areas below 300 m asl, where there is large production of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants; they are also found in calm, shallow waters, away from human settlements
The Amazonian manatee is completely aquatic and never leaves the water. It is the only manatee to occur exclusively in freshwater environments. The Amazonian manatee favors backwater lakes, oxbows, and lagoons with deep connections to large rivers and abundant aquatic vegetation They are mainly solitary but sometimes they will gather in small groups consisting of up to eight individuals. They engage in long seasonal movements, moving from flooded areas during the wet season to deep water-bodies during the dry season
Natural predators include jaguars, sharks, and crocodiles.
Illegal Hunting
The main threat to the Amazonian manatee is illegal hunting. They are hunted for subsistent and local use, not commercially. The hunting has led to the large decline in the population and low population numbers. Between 1935 and 1954, over 140,000 manatees are estimated to have been killed. Despite the laws in place against hunting, hunting continues to occur even in protected areas. Traditional harpoons are most common weapon used against the manatees but in Ecuador they are also known to be caught in Arapaima fish traps.
They are mainly hunted for their high value meat but the fat and skin are also used for cooking and in medicines. The meat is sold locally to neighbors or at produce markets. It can be illegally sold as sausage or mixira in public markets in Brazil and Ecuador. Mixira is a meat preserved in its own fat and is expensive which drives the hunters.
Between 2011 and 2015, 195 manatees were killed for meat in a single region of Brazil. In another region, 460 were killed in a protected area between 2004 and 2014.
Conservation
The IUCN red list ranks the Amazonian manatee as vulnerable. Population declines are primarily a result of hunting, as well as calf mortality, climate change, and habitat loss. However, due to their murky water habitat it is difficult to gain accurate population estimates.
There are no national management plans for the Amazonian Manatee, except in Colombia. As of 2008, the INPA takes care of 34 captive manatees and the CPPMA is caring for 31 manatees. The manatee has been protected by Peruvian law since 1973, via Supreme Decree 934-73-AG, prohibiting hunting and commercial use of the manatee.
Hunting remains the largest problem and continues in much of its range, even within reserves. In 1986, it was estimated that the hunting levels in Ecuador were unsustainable and it would be gone from this country within 10–15 years. While hunting still occurs, an increasing risk to its continued survival in Ecuador is now believed to be the risk of oil spills. The oil exploration also means an increase in boat traffic on the rivers.
The Amazonian manatees of Peru have experienced much of their decline due to hunting by human populations for meat, blubber, skin and other materials that can be collected from the manatee. Such hunting is carried out with harpoons, gillnets, and set traps. Much of this hunting occurs in the lakes and streams near the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve in northeastern Peru. The species is slow-moving, docile, and is often found feeding at the surface of the lakes and rivers it inhabits. Manatees are also at risk from pollution, accidental drowning in commercial fishing nets, and the degradation of vegetation by soil erosion resulting from deforestation. Additionally, the indiscriminate release of mercury in mining activities threatens the entire aquatic ecosystem of the Amazon Basin.
See also
Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
Evolution of sirenians
References
http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=marine_mammals&menuentry=soorten&id=150&tab=beschrijving
Further reading
External links
ARKive - images and movies of the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis)
Amazonian Manatee article at sirenian.org
Multiple new species of large, living mammals (part III) - Tetrapod zoology. Accessed March 16, 2008.
Sirenians
Mammals of Colombia
Fauna of the Amazon
EDGE species
Mammals described in 1883
Taxa named by Johann Natterer |
9602219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex%20marriage%20in%20Colombia | Same-sex marriage in Colombia | Same-sex marriage has been legal in Colombia since 28 April 2016 in accordance with a 6–3 ruling from the Constitutional Court of Colombia that banning same-sex marriage is unconstitutional under the Constitution of Colombia. The decision took effect immediately, and made Colombia the fourth country in South America to legalize same-sex marriage, after Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. The first same-sex marriage was performed in Cali on 24 May 2016. Colombia has also recognised same-sex de facto unions, providing some of the rights and benefits of marriage, since 2007.
De facto unions
A de facto union (, ) can be registered through a public deed with a notary or a judge. A registered union may provide greater convenience when accessing rights. If unregistered, a person may have to prove the union's existence to a court.
On 7 February 2007, the Constitutional Court of Colombia extended several property and pension rights to same-sex couples. A subsequent court decision, handed down in October 2007, extended social security and health insurance rights to same-sex couples. On 28 January 2009, the Constitutional Court gave 42 more rights to cohabitating same-sex couples that were previously only granted to heterosexual couples (including citizenship rights, residence permits, testimony when in jury, family-properties laws, etc.). Another ruling that was handed down on 13 April 2011 extended inheritance rights to same-sex couples. In a ruling issued on 4 January 2021, the court ruled that a couple who wishes to prove that they live in a de facto union must provide information on the date since they have lived together, social events they attended together, mutual support during difficult times, or joint projects.
Statistics
From February 2007 to August 2012, at least 51 same-sex de facto unions were registered by notaries in the coastal city of Cartagena. During that same time period, 74 and 140 such unions were registered in the cities of Soledad and Bogotá, respectively.
Civil union proposals
On 15 June 2007, the Chamber of Representatives approved a historic same-sex union bill by a vote of 62–43, and President Álvaro Uribe was expected to sign the measure into law, which had been approved by the Colombian Senate in April. However, on 19 June, a group of conservative senators broke party discipline in what is usually a routine vote on the final form of a bill and defeated the measure by 29–34 in the 102-member Senate. About 80 LGBT advocates held a demonstration outside the Capitolio Nacional the following day, protesting the bill's defeat. Supporters vowed to revive the legislation.
The bill, which had been endorsed by conservative President Uribe, would have made Colombia the first nation in Latin America to grant same-sex couples in long-term relationships the same rights to health insurance, inheritance and social security as married couples.
On 17 March 2015, Senator Armando Benedetti introduced a civil union bill. The bill was not voted on, and it was re-introduced by Senator Roy Barreras on 30 July 2015. On the same day, senators Benedetti and Barreras introduced a bill allowing same-sex couples to adopt children, but likewise the measure was not voted on.
Same-sex marriage
Legislative proposals
On 26 July 2011, the Constitutional Court ruled unanimously 9–0 (in case C-577/2011) that, although it could not change the definition of marriage as "the union of a man and a woman", same-sex couples have the right to form a family. The court ordered the Congress of Colombia to pass legislation addressing this issue, whether by legalizing same-sex marriage or another marriage-like union, within two years (by 20 June 2013). If such a law were not passed by that deadline, the court ruled that same-sex couples would automatically become able to register their relationship with a notary. In 2011, four bills were announced in Congress to recognize same-sex couples; two used the word "marriage", and the other two would have created civil unions.
In October 2012, Senator Armando Benedetti introduced a bill legalizing same-sex marriage. The bill initially only allowed for civil unions, but the text was later changed by Benedetti to permit same-sex couples to marry. President Juan Manuel Santos did not take a position on the bill. The Senate's First Committee approved the bill on 4 December 2012. On 24 April 2013, it was rejected by the Senate in a 17–51 vote, after being postponed on two different occasions. The negative outcome was expected, as the two biggest parties made a commitment to kill the bill. Senator Benedetti responded to the vote calling the Colombian Congress "worthless", and stating that senators who voted against the project wanted the Congress to be like the ones of "Congo, Uganda, Bolivia and Haiti".
Days before the vote, the superintendent of the Superintendence of Notaries and Registrations of Colombia, Jorge Enrique Vélez, announced that if the Congress failed to pass the same-sex marriage bill before the 20 June deadline, the Ministry of Justice and Law, led by Minister Ruth Stella Correa Palacio, would prepare guidelines for notaries and judges to conduct "solemn contracts" for same-sex couples. On 18 April 2013, the Superintendence presented its own proposal, which sought to set guidelines for the celebration of same-sex couples' "marital unions". On 20 June, notaries across the country started performing these unions; however, LGBT activists advised couples not to enter into those contracts because, they said, the framework for a "marital contract" did not exist in Colombian law. In the following days, several couples made petitions to judges to have their relationships recognized as a marriage.
On 24 July 2013, a judge in Bogotá declared a male same-sex couple legally married, after a ruling on 11 July accepting the petition. This was the first same-sex couple married in Colombia. In September 2013, two judges married two other same-sex couples. The first marriage was challenged by a conservative group, and it was initially annulled. However, in October, the Bogotá High Court maintained the validity of that marriage. The issue of same-sex marriage was once again discussed by the Constitutional Court after the Office of the Inspector General requested that the court invalidate all the marriages. A hearing was scheduled for 7 May 2015. It was postponed as some judges were not present and a new hearing open to the public occurred on 30 July 2015. A verdict was to be reached before 31 August 2015.
On 30 July 2015, Senator Benedetti introduced a same-sex marriage bill. The Senate's First Committee started to debate the bill on 9 December 2015, but it was not voted on by Congress.
Recognition of marriages performed abroad
In May 2015, Interior Minister Juan Fernando Cristo announced the government's support for a move to recognise same-sex marriage. He made the statement the day after a multi-country same-sex couple began an unprecedented legal battle to have their 2013 marriage performed in Spain recognised in Colombia.
Colombian government agencies began recognising same-sex marriages lawfully performed in foreign jurisdictions in March 2016. Same-sex couples married abroad are now entitled to the same visa, health care benefits, inheritance and pension rights as heterosexual spouses once they take a stamped marriage certificate and identification papers to the nearest designated office.
2016 Constitutional Court ruling
In March 2016, a draft of a ruling, considered to be a minority opinion of the Constitutional Court, was published by Judge Jorge Ignacio Pretelt. The draft argued that marriage applied only to one man and one woman and that it was up to Congress to legalize same-sex marriage, and thus not a matter for the courts to decide. On 7 April 2016, the court voted 6–3 against the proposal. Judge Alberto Rojas Río was assigned to prepare a new proposal, which was expected to be in line with the court majority's view (i.e. to declare that prohibiting same-sex couples from getting married is unconstitutional). The court announced its decision on 28 April 2016, ruling by a 6–3 margin that "marriage between people of the same sex does not violate the constitutional order". The ruling established that every "solemn contract" entered into by same-sex couples since 20 June 2013 (under the provisions of the court's previous ruling in the C-577/2011 case) is legally valid and to be recognised as a marriage, meaning that couples who have entered into such unions since 20 June 2013 need not remarry as a result of the court's new ruling. The ruling was officially published on 7 July 2016.
Judge Maria Victoria Calle Correa wrote, "all people are free to choose independently to start a family in keeping with their sexual orientation... receiving equal treatment under the constitution and the law." The court's ruling informed state judges, notaries and clerks that they "must ensure that citizens' fundamental rights are observed and that they are all granted equal treatment." The first same-sex wedding following the ruling occurred in Cali on 24 May 2016 between Fernando Fernando Quimbayo and José Manuel Ticora.
On 12 July 2016, the Constitutional Court rejected a challenge filed by a conservative group to nullify the ruling. In January 2017, the court rejected an appeal filed by former Inspector General Alejandro Ordóñez to overturn the decision.
Statistics and notable weddings
In Colombia, civil marriages are performed by notaries and judges. Every marriage performed in Colombia has to be registered with the National Civil Registry.
According to the Superintendence of Notaries and Registrations, notaries performed 138 same-sex marriages in 2016, 341 in 2017 and 316 in 2018, with most occurring in Antioquia, Cundinamarca (including Bogotá), Valle del Cauca and Risaralda departments. By June 2019, 968 same-sex marriages had been performed by notaries in Colombia since legalization; 258 in Bogotá, 240 in Medellín, 92 in Cali, and 79 in Pereira. Six same-sex divorces occurred in 2017 and five in 2018. 1,703 same-sex marriages were performed in Colombia between 2016 and 2021, representing about 0.5% of all marriages.
In December 2019, Mayor Claudia López Hernández of Bogotá married her partner Angélica Lozano Correa, in one of the more notable same-sex marriages in Colombia.
Public opinion
A poll conducted between December 2009 and January 2010 in Bogotá showed that 63% of the city's population was in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage, while 36% was against it. The poll showed that women and people with a higher education level were more likely to support same-sex marriage.
A nationwide Ipsos poll conducted in November 2012 found that 28% of Colombians supported same-sex marriage, while 66% opposed it and 6% did not respond. According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted between 28 November 2013 and 4 March 2014, 28% of Colombians supported same-sex marriage, while 64% were opposed.
A Gallup poll conducted in July 2016 showed that 40% of Colombians supported same-sex marriage, while 57% were opposed. The 2017 AmericasBarometer showed that 34% of Colombians supported same-sex marriage. A 2018 Gallup poll found that support for same-sex marriage had increased to 46%, with 52% of Colombians opposed.
In October 2019, an Invamer poll showed that support for same-sex marriage had, for the first time ever, reached 50%, with 47% opposing. 36% of respondents supported adoption by same-sex couples, while 62% opposed.
See also
LGBT rights in Colombia
Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas
References
External links
LGBT rights in Colombia
Colombia
2016 in LGBT history |
275566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Judge | Mike Judge | Michael Craig Judge (born October 17, 1962) is an American actor, animator, filmmaker, and musician. He is the creator of the animated television series Beavis and Butt-Head (1993–1997, 2011, 2022–present), and the co-creator of the television series King of the Hill (1997–2010), The Goode Family (2009), Silicon Valley (2014–2019), and Mike Judge Presents: Tales from the Tour Bus (2017–2018). He wrote and directed the films Beavis and Butt-Head Do America (1996), Office Space (1999), Idiocracy (2006), and Extract (2009), and co-wrote the screenplay to Beavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe (2022).
Judge was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, and raised in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He graduated from the University of California, San Diego, where he studied physics. After losing interest in a career in science, Judge focused on animation and short films. His animated short Frog Baseball was developed into the successful MTV series Beavis and Butt-Head, and the spin-off series Daria (with which Judge had no involvement).
In 1995, Judge and the former Simpsons writer Greg Daniels developed King of the Hill, which debuted on Fox in 1997 and quickly became popular with both critics and audiences. Running for 13 seasons, it became one of the longest-running American animated series. During the run of the show, Judge took time off to write and direct Office Space, Idiocracy and Extract. As King of the Hill was coming to an end, Judge created his third show, ABC's The Goode Family, which received mixed reviews and was cancelled after 13 episodes. After a four-year hiatus, he created his fourth show, the live-action Silicon Valley for HBO, which has received critical acclaim. In 2017, Judge's fourth animated series, the music-themed Tales from the Tour Bus, premiered on Cinemax, to acclaim.
Judge has won a Primetime Emmy Award and two Annie Awards for King of the Hill and two Critics' Choice Television Awards and Satellite Awards for Silicon Valley.
Early life
Michael Craig Judge was born on October 17, 1962, in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He is the middle of three children born to Margaret Yvonne (née Blue), a librarian, and William James Judge, an archaeologist. At the time of his birth, his father was working for a nonprofit organization in Guayaquil and other parts of Ecuador, promoting agricultural development. Judge was raised from age three in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where he spent a small portion of his life working on a chicken farm. He attended St. Pius X High School and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in physics from the University of California, San Diego, (UCSD) in 1985.
Career
1985–1997: Early science career; musician; animation and Beavis and Butt-Head
After graduating from the University of California, San Diego, in 1985, he held several brief jobs in physics and mechanical engineering, but found himself growing bored with science. In 1987, he moved to Silicon Valley to join Parallax Graphics, a startup video card company with about 40 employees based in Santa Clara, California. Disliking the company's culture and his colleagues, Judge quit after less than three months, describing it as, "The people I met were like Stepford Wives. They were true believers in something, and I don't know what it was". Shortly after quitting his job, he became a bass player with a touring blues band.
He was a part of Anson Funderburgh's band for two years, playing on their 1990 Black Top Records release Rack 'Em Up, while taking graduate math classes at the University of Texas at Dallas. He was planning to earn a master's degree as "a back-up plan" to become a community college math teacher after relocating to the north Dallas area for his then-wife's new job. In 1989, after seeing animation cels on display in a movie theater, Judge purchased a Bolex 16 mm film camera and began creating his own animated shorts in his home in Richardson, Texas. In 1991, his short film Office Space (also known as the Milton series of shorts) was acquired by Comedy Central, following an animation festival in Dallas. Shortly thereafter, he dropped out of school to focus on his career. In the early 1990s, he was playing blues bass with Doyle Bramhall.
In 1992, he developed Frog Baseball, a short film featuring the characters Beavis and Butt-Head, which was to be featured on Liquid Television, a 1990s animation showcase that appeared on MTV. The short led to the creation of the Beavis and Butt-Head series on MTV, in which Judge voiced both title characters as well as the majority of supporting characters and wrote and directed the majority of the episodes. The show centers on two socially incompetent, heavy metal-loving teenage wannabe delinquents, Beavis and Butt-Head, who live in the fictional town of Highland, Texas. The two have no adult supervision, are dim-witted, sex-obsessed, uneducated, barely literate, and lack any empathy or moral scruples, even regarding each other. Over its run, Beavis and Butt-Head drew a notable amount of both positive and negative reaction from the public with its combination of lewd humor and implied criticism of society.
Judge himself is highly critical of the animation and quality of earlier episodes, in particular the first two – Blood Drive/Give Blood and Door to Door – which he described as "awful, I don't know why anybody liked it ... I was burying my head in the sand." The series spawned the feature-length film Beavis and Butt-Head Do America and the spin-off show Daria.
After two decades, the series aired its new season on October 27, 2011. The premiere was a ratings hit, with an audience of 3.3 million total viewers. On January 10, 2014, Judge announced that there is still a chance to pitch Beavis and Butt-Head to another network and that he wouldn't mind making more episodes.
1997–2009: King of the Hill, Office Space, and Idiocracy
In early 1995, after the successful first run of Beavis and Butt-Head, Judge decided to create another animated series, King of the Hill. Judge conceived the idea for the show, drew the main characters, and wrote a pilot script. Fox was uncertain of the viability of Judge's concept for an animated comedy based in reality and set in the American South, so the network teamed him up with The Simpsons writer Greg Daniels. Judge was a former resident of Garland, Texas, upon which the fictional community of Arlen was loosely based, but as Judge stated in a later interview, the show was based more specifically on the Dallas suburb of Richardson. Judge voiced characters Hank Hill and Jeff Boomhauer. The show is about a middle-class Methodist family named the Hills living in a small town called Arlen, Texas. It attempts to retain a naturalistic approach, seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects of everyday life while dealing with issues comically. After its debut in 1997, the series became a large success for Fox and was named one of the best television series of the year by various publications, including Entertainment Weekly, Time, and TV Guide.
For the 1997–1998 season, the series became one of Fox's highest-rated programs and even briefly outperformed The Simpsons in ratings. Although ratings remained consistent throughout the 10th, 11th and 12th seasons and had begun to rise in the overall Nielsen ratings (up to the 105th most watched series on television, from 118 in season 8), Fox abruptly announced in 2008 that King of the Hill had been cancelled. The cancellation coincided with the announcement that Seth MacFarlane, creator of Family Guy and American Dad!, would be creating a Family Guy spin-off called The Cleveland Show, which would take over King of the Hill's time slot. Hopes to keep the show afloat surfaced as sources indicated that ABC (which was already airing Judge's new animated comedy, The Goode Family) was interested in securing the rights to the show, but in January 2009, ABC president Steve McPherson said he had "no plans to pick up the animated comedy." On April 30, 2009, it was announced that Fox ordered at least two more episodes to give the show a proper finale. The show's 14th season was supposed to air sometime in the 2009–10 season, but Fox later announced that it would not air the episodes, opting instead for syndication. On August 10, 2009, however, Fox released a statement that the network would air a one-hour series finale (which consisted of a regular 30-minute episode followed by a 30-minute finale) on September 13, 2009. The four remaining episodes of the series aired in syndication the week of May 3, 2010, and again on Adult Swim during the week of May 17, 2010. During the panel discussion for the return of Beavis and Butt-Head at Comic-Con 2011, Mike Judge said that no current plans exist to revive King of the Hill, although he would not rule out the possibility of it returning.
Judge began to develop one of his four animated short films titled Milton, about an office drone named Milton that Judge created, which first aired on Liquid Television and Night After Night with Allan Havey and later aired on Saturday Night Live. The inspiration came from a temp job he once had that involved alphabetizing purchase orders and a job he had as an engineer for three months in the San Francisco Bay Area during the 1980s, "just in the heart of Silicon Valley and in the middle of that overachiever yuppie thing, it was just awful". Judge sold the completed film Office Space to 20th Century Fox based on his script and a cast that included Jennifer Aniston, Ron Livingston, and David Herman. Originally, the studio wanted to make a film out of the Milton character but Judge was not interested, opting instead to make more of an ensemble cast–based film. The studio suggested that he should make a film like Car Wash but "just set in an office". Judge made the relatively painless transition from animation to live-action with the help of the film's director of photography who taught him about lenses and where to put the camera. Judge says, "I had a great crew, and it's good going into it not pretending you're an expert." Studio executives were not happy with the footage Judge was getting. He remembers them telling him, "More energy! More energy! We gotta reshoot it! You're failing! You're failing!" In addition, Fox did not like the gangsta rap music used in the film until a focus group approved of it. Judge hated the ending and felt that a complete rewrite of the third act was necessary. In the film, he made a cameo appearance as Stan (complete with hairpiece and fake mustache), the manager of Chotchkie's, a fictionalized parody of chain restaurants like Chili's, Applebee's and TGI Friday's, and the boss of Jennifer Aniston's character, whom he continually undermines and interrogates over her lack of sufficient enthusiasm for the job and the insufficient quantity of "flair" (buttons, ribbons, etc.) she wears on her uniform. The film was released on February 19, 1999, and it was well received by critics. Although not particularly successful at the box office, it sold well on VHS and DVD, and it has come to be recognized as a cult classic.
Beginning in fall 2003, Judge and fellow animator Don Hertzfeldt created an animation festival called "The Animation Show". "The Animation Show" toured the country annually for several years, screening animated shorts. In 2005, Judge was presented with the Austin Film Festival's Outstanding Television Writer Award by Johnny Hardwick.
Judge has made supporting and cameo appearances in numerous films. Judge had a voice cameo as Kenny in South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut (1999), the feature-length film adaptation of the popular Comedy Central series; he voiced Kenny McCormick when he was unhooded towards the end of the film. He later acted in the science-fiction family comedy franchise Spy Kids, where he played Donnagon Giggles in the first three films. His next film appearance was Serving Sara (2002) where he played a motel manager. He later appeared in the comedy Jackass Number Two (2006), in which he can be seen during the closing credits. An extended version of his sequence can be seen in Jackass 2.5 (2007) which was a direct-to-video release. Judge also created a video clip of Beavis and Butt-Head ripping into Steve-O for his video Poke the Puss, where the two try imagining if they would like the video better if they were black. The clip aired as a part of Jackassworld.com: 24-Hour Takeover, a February 23, 2008, television special on MTV to coincide with the official launch of jackassworld.com. The characters appeared again in the third Jackass film, titled Jackass 3D, at the beginning of the film, telling viewers to put on their 3D glasses for the film.
Judge's third film, Idiocracy, a dystopian comedy starring Luke Wilson and Maya Rudolph, was given a limited release theatrically by 20th Century Fox in September 2006, two years after production. The film's original release date was intended to be on August 5, 2005, according to Mike Judge.
In April 2006, a release date was set for September 1, 2006. The film was released without a trailer or substantial marketing campaign. The film was not screened for critics beforehand as is usually done. Lack of concrete information from Fox led to speculation that the distributor may have actively attempted to keep the film from being seen by a large audience, while fulfilling a contractual obligation for theatrical release ahead of a DVD release, according to Ryan Pearson of the AP.
That speculation was followed by open criticism of the studio's lack of support from Ain't It Cool News, Time, and Esquire. Times Joel Stein wrote "the film's ads and trailers tested atrociously", but "still, abandoning Idiocracy seems particularly unjust, since Judge has made a lot of money for Fox." Despite the film not being screened for critics, the film received positive reviews and was a minor box-office success.
In the U.S., the film was released to DVD in January 2007 and later aired on premium-television, multiplex channels Cinemax in September 2007 and HBO in January 2008. Since then, it has gained a cult following.
2009–2013: The Goode Family, Extract, and other projects
Judge's fourth directorial effort was 2009's Extract. Shortly after completing Office Space, Judge was already about 40 pages into his follow-up script, set in the world of an extract factory, when he was convinced by his representative team that he needed to shelve that and concentrate on something more commercial. Over the next several years, he focused his energy on developing Idiocracy. But years later, by the time of the film's release, audiences had decided that Office Space had struck a chord, so they were ready to see Judge return to on-the-job humor, and thus the Extract script was given new life.
Seeking to keep Extract below the radar of the studio system, Judge and his producers set up a production company, Ternion Productions, and arranged private financing while partnering with Miramax for domestic distribution of the film. Judge relied heavily on his own personal knowledge of the industrial world to bring the story to life. "I actually worked in a factory a little bit myself ... I hopefully write stuff that is recognizable as the archetypes of this world," Judge stated.
Keeping true to this baseline of reality, Extract was shot in a working factory, in this case a water bottling plant south of Los Angeles, in the City of Commerce. He makes an uncredited appearance as Jim, a union organizer. The film premiered on September 4, 2009, and received mixed to positive reviews from critics and was a minor commercial success.
Judge's third television series, The Goode Family, debuted on ABC but was cancelled after one season. Comedy Central first aired the series in reruns on January 4, 2010. However, the series was pulled off the schedule shortly thereafter. It was confirmed on The Goode Family Facebook page that Comedy Central had picked up the reruns of the series, which were to be evaluated for a chance of being renewed for a second season. On August 8, 2009, however, ABC Entertainment President Steve McPherson stated that the show, along with Surviving Suburbia, had officially been canceled due to low ratings.
In 2010, reruns of The Goode Family aired Monday nights at 10 pm on Comedy Central, beginning January 4. It departed the network's primetime schedule after four weeks, returning occasionally in low-trafficked timeslots.
In 2012, Judge directed the music video (animation by Titmouse) for country music group Zac Brown Band's "The Wind". In 2013, Judge collaborated with Seth MacFarlane on a mashup episode of Family Guy, in which, complete with a Hill-themed opening, Judge reprises his role as Hank Hill. Earlier in 2010 and 2012, Judge played cameos as Hank on two episodes of MacFarlane's The Cleveland Show.
2014–2019: Silicon Valley and Tales from the Tour Bus
Judge created his fourth show, Silicon Valley, with King of the Hill executive producers John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky. The HBO comedy is a single-camera live-action sitcom set in Northern California. One of its main themes is the idea that "the people most qualified to succeed are the least capable of handling success". The first season of Silicon Valley was 8 episodes long and received critical and public acclaim. Silicon Valley was renewed for a second season on April 21, 2014, and a third season on April 13, 2015. Silicon Valley aired its fourth season, which premiered on April 23, 2017. The series was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on March 25, 2018, and a sixth season, which premiered on October 27, 2019, and served as its final season.
On January 12, 2017, Deadline confirmed that Cinemax ordered 8 episodes of Judge's new animated series, Mike Judge Presents: Tales from the Tour Bus. The series premiered on September 22, 2017. Judge wrote the story for Action Point, the film was released in 2018. In 2018, he starred in the film, The Front Runner. In 2019, Judge announced he had been developing two projects for HBO: QualityLand and A5, both of which were later scrapped by HBO in 2021.
2020–present: Bandera Entertainment, Beavis and Butt-Head and King of the Hill revivals
In June 2020, Comedy Central announced it had ordered a second revival of Beavis and Butt-Head consisting of two new seasons along with spin-offs and specials. In the new series, Beavis and Butt-Head will enter a "whole new Gen Z world" with meta-themes that are said to be relatable to both new fans, who may be unfamiliar with the original series, and old.
In February 2022, it was announced that the revival would instead premiere on Paramount+, following a second Beavis and Butt-Head feature film entitled Beavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe. Originally, Paramount executives wanted a live-action Beavis and Butt-Head movie. Judge held auditions over Zoom for the project. He eventually talked the company into doing an animated movie instead to reestablish the characters first, with a future live-action movie still a possibility. In June 2022, it was confirmed that new episodes would debut later that year, along with the full library of over 227 original episodes, newly remastered, with music videos intact. One month later, it was announced that the revival would premiere on August 4, 2022. Season 9 continues the concept of the Beavis and Butt-Head multiverse initially explored in Beavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe. Teenage Beavis and Butt-Head, Old Beavis and Butt-Head, and Smart Beavis and Butt-Head all get their own dedicated episodes in the revival.
In January 2022, it was announced that Judge and Daniels had formed an animation company called Bandera Entertainment, with a revival of King of the Hill being one of several series in development. During a panel at the San Diego Comic-Con in 2022, Judge stated that the show "has a very good chance of coming back." In September 2022, Fox Entertainment president Michael Thorn confirmed that the series would not air on Fox, with the reason being that Fox prefers to have full ownership of whatever new shows they air. On January 31, 2023, a revival on Hulu was officially confirmed to be ordered.
Bandera's first produced series is Anna Drezen's Praise Petey starring Annie Murphy, John Cho, and Stephen Root among others. The series premiered on July 21, 2023 on Freeform and Hulu, and has received mostly positive reviews, with Rotten Tomatoes ratings of 80% Fresh from critics, and 90% Fresh from audiences.
Personal life
Judge married Francesca Morocco in 1989; they divorced in 2009. Together they have two daughters and a son. The family lives in Austin, Texas, and Santa Monica, California, having previously resided in Malibu.
Political views
While King of the Hill is often a satire of protagonist Hank Hill, identifiable as a conservative, and his The Goode Family is essentially a satire centered around a liberal family, Judge avoids discussing his own political leanings.
In reviewing Idiocracy, Salon stated, "Judge's gimlet eye is so ruthless that at times his politics seem to border on South Park libertarianism". A writer for the libertarian magazine Reason seems to agree, comparing King of the Hill to the anti-authoritarian point of view of South Park and The Simpsons, though he calls the show more populist, noting the disdain King of the Hill seems to have for bureaucrats, professionals, and big-box chains.
Still, Judge denies having political messages in his shows, saying in 2006 in an IGN interview about King of the Hill:
In June 2016, before the presidential election in November, Etan Cohen told BuzzFeed that he and Judge would produce Idiocracy-themed campaign advertisements mocking Donald Trump's presidential campaign if given permission from 20th Century Fox to do so. It was later reported by Business Insider that they would not have been campaign ads, would have mocked all of the candidates, and would not go forward.
Filmography
Film
Television
Other appearances
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male artists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male artists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
American animators
American bass guitarists
American cartoonists
American comedy writers
American film directors
American film producers
American illustrators
American male film actors
American male non-fiction writers
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Male actors from Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Primetime Emmy Award winners
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Writers from Austin, Texas |
47851696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euan%20Ashley | Euan Ashley | Euan Angus Ashley is a Scottish physician, scientist, author, and founder based at Stanford University in California where he is Associate Dean in the School of Medicine and holds the Roger and Joelle Burnell Chair of Genomics and Precision Health. He is known for helping establish the field of medical genomics.
Education and early life
Ashley was born and raised in the West of Scotland and attended Kelvinside Academy in Glasgow. As a teenager, he programmed computers and read popular science books on genetics. He studied Physiology and Medicine at the University of Glasgow graduating with 1st class Honors. He completed residency training at the Oxford Deanery and received his Doctorate (DPhil) from the University of Oxford (Christ Church College). At Stanford University in California, he completed post-doctoral research and specialized training in cardiology, joining the faculty in 2006. He was appointed Associate Dean in 2020.
Research
Genomics
Ashley is best known for his study of the human genome. In 2009, he led the team that carried out the first medical interpretation of a human genome. The work published in The Lancet laid out a general framework for the medical analysis of a complete human genome and applied this framework to the genome of his Stanford colleague, Stephen Quake. Quake had invented a technology to sequence his own genome becoming the fifth individual in the world to be sequenced. The landmark medical analysis was reported internationally in news media internationally and was later featured in the Smithsonian museum.
In 2010, Ashley's team carried out the first whole genome molecular autopsy generating data from the same Helicos sequencing technology of post-mortem cardiac tissue from a patient who died suddenly at a young age of presumed cardiac cause.
In 2011, his team developed a framework for family-based medical genome analysis. The West family were the first family to have their genomes sequenced and were four of the ten individuals sequenced as part of Illumina’s personal genome sequencing project. Other individuals in this first group of ten included Illumina CEO Jay Flatley and the actress Glenn Close. The computational tools developed by Ashley's team included inheritance tools for mendelian diagnosis in trios and quartets, family based polygenic risk scores, whole genome phasing, HLA typing, and automated star-allele calling for pharmacogenomics.
Over the following years, Ashley's team helped establish genome sequencing as a fundamental tool for diagnosis in clinical medicine. In 2014, they reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association a study of genome sequencing in primary care, demonstrating early detection of pathogenic variations in the breast and ovarian cancer gene BRCA2, and delivering tools for cardiometabolic polygenic risk scoring, and pharmacogenomics. This work also introduced quality-coverage metrics. Ashley was interviewed for NPR's Morning Edition.
In 2017, Ashley's team made the first medical diagnosis using long read sequencing in a patient with Carney complex whose targeted Sanger sequencing and short read whole genome sequencing had been unrevealing. Developing a pipeline for clinical diagnosis based on aligning, variant calling and filtering Pacific Biosciences SMRT sequencing data, the team identified a previously unrecognized 2 kilobase deletion in PRKAR1A, the gene responsible for Carney complex.
In 2018, as the first co-chair of the steering committee of the Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) Ashley led the network's analysis published in the New England Journal of Medicine that reported an overall diagnosis rate of 35%, estimated significant cost savings from early application, and defined 31 new medical syndromes. This was reported widely including on CBS This Morning, NPR's Morning Edition, and the New York Times where it featured in a segment titled This Week in Good News.
In 2022 Ashley and his research team developed ultra-rapid nanopore genome sequencing for critically ill patients. Published in the New England Journal of Medicine and Nature Biotechnology, the team showed that a genetic diagnosis from whole genome sequencing was possible in as little as 7 hours and 18 minutes. This achievement was recognized by the National Institute for Standards and Technology as well as by Guinness World Records who awarded the team a new record for “fastest DNA sequencing technique.” Ashley appeared on NBC Evening News to discuss the findings.
Cardiovascular science
Ashley's group has also contributed to the foundational science underlying the development of heart transplant donation after cardiac death (DCD) much of that work performed in the same building at Stanford in which heart transplantation was first developed by Norman Shumway.
Awards and honors
Ashley is a recipient of the National Innovation Award from the American Heart Association (AHA) as well as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director's New Innovator Award. In 2017, he was recognized by the Obama White House for contributions to personalized and precision medicine. In 2019, he was awarded the American Heart Association Medal of Honor for Genomics and Precision Medicine. In 2021, he became the first holder of the Roger and Joelle Burnell Chair in Genomics and Precision Health at Stanford University.
Scientific publications
Ashley has co-authored over 400 peer reviewed publications.
Books
Cardiology Explained
In 2004, Ashley published the textbook Cardiology Explained along with co-author Josef Niebauer (Remedica, London). According to the publisher's notes, the title “...explains the basic physiology and pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in a straightforward and diagrammatic manner, gives guidelines as to when referral is appropriate, and, uniquely, explains what the specialist is likely to do.”
The Genome Odyssey
Ashley released the non-fiction title The Genome Odyssey: Medical Mysteries and the Incredible Quest to Solve Them on February 23, 2021, with Celadon Books, a division of Macmillan Publishers. The book features stories of patients and families from Ashley's medical practice and walks through the science underlying those diseases, shining a spotlight on some of the scientists. New York Times best-selling author Abraham Verghese remarked that The Genome Odyssey was “destined to be a landmark narrative in the canon of modern science.” The Pulitzer prize winning author Siddartha Muhkerjee wrote that “Dr Ashley, one of the pioneers of gene sequencing technologies, writes with authority, elegance and simplicity.” The Wall Street Journal described The Genome Odyssey as an “impassioned, firsthand account of the effort to bring genomic data into clinical practice.”
Media
Ashley has appeared on National Public Radio in the United States as well as the BBC radio, Japanese and Indian national television, and NBC Evening News. His work has been covered in print by The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Guardian, The Times of London, The Economist, The Daily Telegraph, Technology Review, and others. His work with the Undiagnosed Diseases Network was covered by National Public Radio and The New York Times.
Startup companies
Ashley is co-founder of multiple companies.
Personalis
In 2012, Ashley co-founded Personalis, a genome-scale diagnostics company with Stanford colleagues Russ Altman, Atul Butte, Mike Snyder and businessman John West. West was the former CEO of Solexa and managed the sale of its core business to Illumina, Inc. In a 2021 earnings call, CEO John West stated that Personalis has sequenced more genomes than any other private company in the US. The company focuses on cancer diagnostics.
Deepcell
Ashley co-founded Deepcell along with Maddison Masaeli (a former post doc in his lab) and Mahyar Salek (a computer scientist). Deepcell develops imaging and microfluidics platforms that use artificial intelligence to identify and isolate viable cells based on morphological distinctions.
Svexa
Ashley is co-founder and chairman of the board at Silicon Valley Exercise Analytics (Svexa), a sports intelligence company that combines physical, subjective and biological data to offer optimized training, performance and recovery recommendations for athletes and teams. He co-founded Svexa with Mikael Mattson, a Swedish physiologist who completed part of his PhD in Ashley's lab, Daryl Waggott who worked as a computational biologist in Ashley's lab, and Filip Larsen, a longtime collaborator of Mattson.
Company boards
AstraZeneca
Ashley was appointed as a Non-Executive Director of the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca in October 2020. In July 2021, the company acquired Boston-based rare disease company Alexion in a $40 billion deal. During the pandemic, the company licensed a COVID vaccine from the University of Oxford and distributed more than 3 billion doses of the vaccine globally mostly to low- and moderate-income countries. According to company statements, close to 2 billion doses were distributed at cost.
Svexa
Ashley is Chairman of the Board of the sports intelligence company Svexa.
Music
Ashley learned jazz saxophone as a teenager and joined Scotland's regional youth jazz orchestra including tours to the Montreux Jazz Festival, Poland and the USA. Forming a jazz saxophone quartet with members of its saxophone section, The Hung Drawn Quartet featured Ashley, Raymond MacDonald, Graeme Wilson and Allon Beauvoisin and performed a mix of original compositions and arrangements of jazz standards. They released two albums (Cookin' with the HDQ and A Train in the Distance) appeared multiple times on BBC Radio and contributed an arrangement of Charlie Mingus’ Haitian Fight Song to the David Byrne-produced soundtrack for the movie Young Adam featuring Ewan McGregor, Tilda Swinton, and Emily Mortimer. They toured in the US (Philadelphia, New York) and Ontario, Canada in 1994. Ashley also performed in duo and quartet format at the Glasgow International Jazz Festival with Malcolm Finlay, Stuart Brown and others as part of the group Universal.
While at Oxford University, Ashley directed the Oxford University Jazz Orchestra a period of tenure that included band tours to the Glasgow International Jazz Festival, honors at the BBC big band competition, and the release of the live album Know Where you Are with bebop legend Peter King.
During this time, Ashley also acted as soloist for a performance of the Glazounov Saxophone Concerto by the Radcliffe Orchestra in Oxford.
In California, Ashley has performed with jazz group The Jazz Factory and with an Oakland-based Afro-Peruvian jazz collective.
Personal life
Ashley lives in Stanford, California with his wife, Fiona, and their three children. According to his Stanford biography, he is also a private pilot.
References
External links
Lab homepage at Stanford University
Profile at Stanford University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academics from Glasgow
People educated at Kelvinside Academy
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Scottish expatriates in the United States
Stanford University School of Medicine faculty
People from Stanford, California |
6683766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin%20script | Latin script | The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy (Magna Graecia). The Greek alphabet was altered by the Etruscans, and subsequently their alphabet was altered by the Romans. Several Latin-script alphabets exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet.
The Latin script is the basis of the International Phonetic Alphabet, and the 26 most widespread letters are the letters contained in the ISO basic Latin alphabet, which are the same letters as the English alphabet.
Latin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any writing system and is the
most widely adopted writing system in the world. Latin script is used as the standard method of writing the languages of Western and Central Europe, most of sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, and Oceania, as well as many languages in other parts of the world.
Name
The script is either called Latin script or Roman script, in reference to its origin in ancient Rome (though some of the capital letters are Greek in origin). In the context of transliteration, the term "romanization" (British English: "romanisation") is often found. Unicode uses the term "Latin" as does the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
The numeral system is called the Roman numeral system, and the collection of the elements is known as the Roman numerals. The numbers 1, 2, 3 ... are Latin/Roman script numbers for the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.
ISO basic Latin alphabet
The use of the letters I and V for both consonants and vowels proved inconvenient as the Latin alphabet was adapted to Germanic and Romance languages. W originated as a doubled V (VV) used to represent the found in Old English as early as the 7th century. It came into common use in the later 11th century, replacing the letter wynn , which had been used for the same sound. In the Romance languages, the minuscule form of V was a rounded u; from this was derived a rounded capital U for the vowel in the 16th century, while a new, pointed minuscule v was derived from V for the consonant. In the case of I, a word-final swash form, j, came to be used for the consonant, with the un-swashed form restricted to vowel use. Such conventions were erratic for centuries. J was introduced into English for the consonant in the 17th century (it had been rare as a vowel), but it was not universally considered a distinct letter in the alphabetic order until the 19th century.
By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin alphabet in their (ISO/IEC 646) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better known as ASCII, which included in the character set the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of the English alphabet. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode Latin), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages.
Spread
The Latin alphabet spread, along with Latin, from the Italian Peninsula to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea with the expansion of the Roman Empire. The eastern half of the Empire, including Greece, Turkey, the Levant, and Egypt, continued to use Greek as a lingua franca, but Latin was widely spoken in the western half, and as the western Romance languages evolved out of Latin, they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet.
Middle Ages
With the spread of Western Christianity during the Middle Ages, the Latin alphabet was gradually adopted by the peoples of Northern Europe who spoke Celtic languages (displacing the Ogham alphabet) or Germanic languages (displacing earlier Runic alphabets) or Baltic languages, as well as by the speakers of several Uralic languages, most notably Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian.
The Latin script also came into use for writing the West Slavic languages and several South Slavic languages, as the people who spoke them adopted Roman Catholicism. The speakers of East Slavic languages generally adopted Cyrillic along with Orthodox Christianity. The Serbian language uses both scripts, with Cyrillic predominating in official communication and Latin elsewhere, as determined by the Law on Official Use of the Language and Alphabet.
Since the 16th century
As late as 1500, the Latin script was limited primarily to the languages spoken in Western, Northern, and Central Europe. The Orthodox Christian Slavs of Eastern and Southeastern Europe mostly used Cyrillic, and the Greek alphabet was in use by Greek speakers around the eastern Mediterranean. The Arabic script was widespread within Islam, both among Arabs and non-Arab nations like the Iranians, Indonesians, Malays, and Turkic peoples. Most of the rest of Asia used a variety of Brahmic alphabets or the Chinese script.
Through European colonization the Latin script has spread to the Americas, Oceania, parts of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, in forms based on the Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, German and Dutch alphabets.
It is used for many Austronesian languages, including the languages of the Philippines and the Malaysian and Indonesian languages, replacing earlier Arabic and indigenous Brahmic alphabets. Latin letters served as the basis for the forms of the Cherokee syllabary developed by Sequoyah; however, the sound values are completely different.
Under Portuguese missionary influence, a Latin alphabet was devised for the Vietnamese language, which had previously used Chinese characters. The Latin-based alphabet replaced the Chinese characters in administration in the 19th century with French rule.
Since the 19th century
In the late 19th century, the Romanians switched to the Latin alphabet, which they had used until the Council of Florence in 1439, primarily because Romanian is a Romance language. The Romanians were predominantly Orthodox Christians, and their Church, increasingly influenced by Russia after the fall of Byzantine Greek Constantinople in 1453 and capture of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch, had begun promoting the Slavic Cyrillic.
Since 20th century
In 1928, as part of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's reforms, the new Republic of Turkey adopted a Latin alphabet for the Turkish language, replacing a modified Arabic alphabet. Most of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the former USSR, including Tatars, Bashkirs, Azeri, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and others, had their writing systems replaced by the Latin-based Uniform Turkic alphabet in the 1930s; but, in the 1940s, all were replaced by Cyrillic.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, three of the newly independent Turkic-speaking republics, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, as well as Romanian-speaking Moldova, officially adopted Latin alphabets for their languages. Kyrgyzstan, Iranian-speaking Tajikistan, and the breakaway region of Transnistria kept the Cyrillic alphabet, chiefly due to their close ties with Russia.
In the 1930s and 1940s, the majority of Kurds replaced the Arabic script with two Latin alphabets. Although only the official Kurdish government uses an Arabic alphabet for public documents, the Latin Kurdish alphabet remains widely used throughout the region by the majority of Kurdish-speakers.
In 1957, the People's Republic of China introduced a script reform to the Zhuang language, changing its orthography from Sawndip, a writing system based on Chinese, to a Latin script alphabet that used a mixture of Latin, Cyrillic, and IPA letters to represent both the phonemes and tones of the Zhuang language, without the use of diacritics. In 1982 this was further standardised to use only Latin script letters.
With the collapse of the Derg and subsequent end of decades of Amharic assimilation in 1991, various ethnic groups in Ethiopia dropped the Geʽez script, which was deemed unsuitable for languages outside of the Semitic branch. In the following years the Kafa, Oromo, Sidama, Somali, and Wolaitta languages switched to Latin while there is continued debate on whether to follow suit for the Hadiyya and Kambaata languages.
21st century
On 15 September 1999 the authorities of Tatarstan, Russia, passed a law to make the Latin script a co-official writing system alongside Cyrillic for the Tatar language by 2011. A year later, however, the Russian government overruled the law and banned Latinization on its territory.
In 2015, the government of Kazakhstan announced that a Kazakh Latin alphabet would replace the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet as the official writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025. There are also talks about switching from the Cyrillic script to Latin in Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia. Mongolia, however, has since opted to revive the Mongolian script instead of switching to Latin.
In October 2019, the organization National Representational Organization for Inuit in Canada (ITK) announced that they will introduce a unified writing system for the Inuit languages in the country. The writing system is based on the Latin alphabet and is modeled after the one used in the Greenlandic language.
On 12 February 2021 the government of Uzbekistan announced it will finalize the transition from Cyrillic to Latin for the Uzbek language by 2023. Plans to switch to Latin originally began in 1993 but subsequently stalled and Cyrillic remained in widespread use.
At present the Crimean Tatar language uses both Cyrillic and Latin. The use of Latin was originally approved by Crimean Tatar representatives after the Soviet Union's collapse but was never implemented by the regional government. After Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 the Latin script was dropped entirely. Nevertheless, Crimean Tatars outside of Crimea continue to use Latin and on 22 October 2021 the government of Ukraine approved a proposal endorsed by the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People to switch the Crimean Tatar language to Latin by 2025.
In July 2020, 2.6 billion people (36% of the world population) use the Latin alphabet.
International standards
By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin alphabet in their (ISO/IEC 646) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage.
As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better known as ASCII, which included in the character set the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of the English alphabet. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode Latin), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages.
National standards
The DIN standard DIN 91379 specifies a subset of Unicode letters, special characters, and sequences of letters and diacritic signs to allow the correct representation of names and to simplify data exchange in Europe. This specification supports all official languages of European Union and European Free Trade Association countries (thus also the Greek and Cyrillic scripts), plus the German minority languages. To allow the transliteration of names in other writing systems to the Latin script according to the relevant ISO standards all necessary combinations of base letters and diacritic signs are provided.
Efforts are being made to further develop it into a European CEN standard.
As used by various languages
In the course of its use, the Latin alphabet was adapted for use in new languages, sometimes representing phonemes not found in languages that were already written with the Roman characters. To represent these new sounds, extensions were therefore created, be it by adding diacritics to existing letters, by joining multiple letters together to make ligatures, by creating completely new forms, or by assigning a special function to pairs or triplets of letters. These new forms are given a place in the alphabet by defining an alphabetical order or collation sequence, which can vary with the particular language.
Letters
Some examples of new letters to the standard Latin alphabet are the Runic letters wynn and thorn , and the letter eth , which were added to the alphabet of Old English. Another Irish letter, the insular g, developed into yogh , used in Middle English. Wynn was later replaced with the new letter , eth and thorn with , and yogh with . Although the four are no longer part of the English or Irish alphabets, eth and thorn are still used in the modern Icelandic alphabet, while eth is also used by the Faroese alphabet.
Some West, Central and Southern African languages use a few additional letters that have sound values similar to those of their equivalents in the IPA. For example, Adangme uses the letters and , and Ga uses , and . Hausa uses and for implosives, and for an ejective. Africanists have standardized these into the African reference alphabet.
Dotted and dotless I — and — are two forms of the letter I used by the Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Kazakh alphabets. The Azerbaijani language also has , which represents the near-open front unrounded vowel.
Multigraphs
A digraph is a pair of letters used to write one sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters in sequence. Examples are , , , , , in English, and , , and in Dutch. In Dutch the is capitalized as or the ligature , but never as , and it often takes the appearance of a ligature very similar to the letter in handwriting.
A trigraph is made up of three letters, like the German , the Breton or the Milanese . In the orthographies of some languages, digraphs and trigraphs are regarded as independent letters of the alphabet in their own right. The capitalization of digraphs and trigraphs is language-dependent, as only the first letter may be capitalized, or all component letters simultaneously (even for words written in title case, where letters after the digraph or trigraph are left in lowercase).
Ligatures
A ligature is a fusion of two or more ordinary letters into a new glyph or character. Examples are (from , called "ash"), (from , sometimes called "oethel"), the abbreviation (from , called "ampersand"), and (from or , the archaic medial form of , followed by an or , called "sharp S" or "eszett").
Diacritics
A diacritic, in some cases also called an accent, is a small symbol that can appear above or below a letter, or in some other position, such as the umlaut sign used in the German characters , , or the Romanian characters ă, â, î, ș, ț. Its main function is to change the phonetic value of the letter to which it is added, but it may also modify the pronunciation of a whole syllable or word, indicate the start of a new syllable, or distinguish between homographs such as the Dutch words een () meaning "a" or "an", and één, () meaning "one". As with the pronunciation of letters, the effect of diacritics is language-dependent.
English is the only major modern European language that requires no diacritics for its native vocabulary. Historically, in formal writing, a diaeresis was sometimes used to indicate the start of a new syllable within a sequence of letters that could otherwise be misinterpreted as being a single vowel (e.g., "coöperative", "reëlect"), but modern writing styles either omit such marks or use a hyphen to indicate a syllable break (e.g. "co-operative", "re-elect").
Collation
Some modified letters, such as the symbols , , and , may be regarded as new individual letters in themselves, and assigned a specific place in the alphabet for collation purposes, separate from that of the letter on which they are based, as is done in Swedish. In other cases, such as with , , in German, this is not done; letter-diacritic combinations being identified with their base letter. The same applies to digraphs and trigraphs. Different diacritics may be treated differently in collation within a single language. For example, in Spanish, the character is considered a letter, and sorted between and in dictionaries, but the accented vowels , , , , , are not separated from the unaccented vowels , , , , .
Capitalization
The languages that use the Latin script today generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns. The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. Old English, for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized; whereas Modern English of the 18th century had frequently all nouns capitalized, in the same way that Modern German is written today, e.g. .
Romanization
Words from languages natively written with other scripts, such as Arabic or Chinese, are usually transliterated or transcribed when embedded in Latin-script text or in multilingual international communication, a process termed romanization.
Whilst the romanization of such languages is used mostly at unofficial levels, it has been especially prominent in computer messaging where only the limited seven-bit ASCII code is available on older systems. However, with the introduction of Unicode, romanization is now becoming less necessary. Keyboards used to enter such text may still restrict users to romanized text, as only ASCII or Latin-alphabet characters may be available.
See also
Western Latin character sets (computing)
European Latin Unicode subset (DIN 91379)
Latin letters used in mathematics
Latin omega
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Boyle, Leonard E. 1976. "Optimist and recensionist: 'Common errors' or 'common variations. In Latin script and letters A.D. 400–900: Festschrift presented to Ludwig Bieler on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Edited by John J. O'Meara and Bernd Naumann, 264–74. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Morison, Stanley. 1972. Politics and script: Aspects of authority and freedom in the development of Graeco-Latin script from the sixth century B.C. to the twentieth century A.D. Oxford: Clarendon.
External links
Unicode collation chart—Latin letters sorted by shape
Diacritics ProjectAll you need to design a font with correct accents
History of the Roman Empire
Officially used writing systems of India |
6709070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20nationality%20law | Brazilian nationality law | Brazilian nationality law details the conditions by which a person is a national of Brazil. The primary law governing nationality requirements is the 1988 Constitution of Brazil, which came into force on 5 October 1988.
With few exceptions, almost all individuals born in the country are automatically citizens at birth. Foreign nationals may naturalize after meeting a minimum residence period (usually four years), demonstrating proficiency in the Portuguese language, and fulfilling a good character requirement.
Brazil was previously a colony and constituent kingdom of the Portuguese Empire, and local residents were Portuguese subjects. Although Brazil gained independence in 1822 and Brazilian nationals no longer hold Portuguese nationality, they continue to have favoured status when living in Portugal; Brazilians resident for at least three years are eligible to vote in Portuguese elections and serve in public office there.
Brazil is a member state of Mercosur, and all Brazilian nationals are Mercosur citizens. They have facilitated access to residence rights in all member states and most associated states of Mercosur.
At birth
Any person born in Brazil acquires Brazilian nationality at birth, with the sole exception of children of parents in the service of a foreign government, such as foreign diplomats.
A person born outside Brazil of a Brazilian parent also acquires Brazilian nationality at birth if:
The Brazilian parent is in the service of the Brazilian government; or
The person is registered with a Brazilian consular office; or
The person later moves to Brazil and confirms one's nationality before a federal judge.
Between 1994 and 2007, registration with a Brazilian consular office did not confer Brazilian nationality. In September 2007, a constitutional amendment reinstituted consular registration as a means of acquiring Brazilian nationality.
By naturalization
Requirements
Foreigners may apply for Brazilian nationality if they meet the following criteria:
Four years of permanent residency in Brazil;
Ability to communicate in Portuguese; and
No prior criminal conviction, in Brazil or in the country of origin, unless rehabilitated.
The residency requirement may be reduced in certain circumstances:
Only two years of residency are required for those who have provided "relevant services" to the country, for those with notable "professional, scientific or artistic ability", or for stateless people;
Only one year of residency is required for those who have a Brazilian spouse or child (not including minors provisionally naturalized), or for those originating from Portuguese language countries;
No residency period is required for those married to a Brazilian diplomat for more than five years, or for those who worked for more than 10 years in a Brazilian diplomatic mission.
The ability to communicate in Portuguese may be attested by one of various certificates, such as with the CELPE-Bras exam, completion of a Portuguese language course for immigrants in a Brazilian university, or completion of elementary, secondary or higher education in Brazil or in another Portuguese language country. Those who have lived in Brazil for more than 15 years or who are nationals of Portuguese language countries are not required to attest their Portuguese language ability.
Minors who moved to Brazil under 10 years of age may be granted a provisional naturalization, and within two years after reaching the age of majority they may request a permanent naturalization. At that time they must satisfy the requirement of no criminal conviction or of rehabilitation, but they are not required to attest their Portuguese language ability.
Process
The application for naturalization is filed online. There is no fee for the application itself, although there may be fees to obtain some of the required documents. The initial processing is done by the Federal Police, which collects the applicant's fingerprints and may request a recorded interview or additional documents. The process is then forwarded to the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, which may also request additional documents, and finally publishes its decision in the Official Journal, available online. If approved, a copy of this decision is sufficient proof of naturalization to obtain a Brazilian identity document or passport. There is no ceremony. Since 21 November 2017, certificates of naturalization are not automatically issued, but the citizen may request one if desired.
Since May 2016, Brazil does not require naturalized citizens to renounce their previous nationality.
Dual nationality and loss of Brazilian nationality
Since October 2023, Brazil does not impose any restriction on dual nationality. Brazilian nationality may be lost only in the case of naturalized citizens whose naturalization is canceled by a court sentence due to fraud in their naturalization process or due to an act "against the constitutional order and the democratic state", or in the case of people who explicitly request the loss of their Brazilian nationality before a Brazilian authority as long as such loss would not make them stateless.
In its original text, the Brazilian constitution of 1988 stated that Brazilians who voluntarily naturalized in another country could lose Brazilian nationality. In 1994, a constitutional amendment modified this provision, stating that Brazilians who acquired another nationality could lose Brazilian nationality, except if the other nationality was acquired by origin (by birth or descent) or if naturalization was required by the other country for the person to remain residing there or to exercise civil rights. In practice, the Brazilian government only used this provision to revoke Brazilian nationality in very few cases, such as for the purpose of extradition, as the Brazilian constitution does not allow extradition of its own citizens by birth. In 2023, another constitutional amendment eliminated the possibility of loss of Brazilian nationality due to acquisition of another nationality.
People who requested the loss of their Brazilian nationality, or who lost it due to acquiring another nationality under the previous constitutional provision, may request the reacquisition of Brazilian nationality.
Since May 2016, Brazil does not require naturalized citizens to renounce their previous nationality.
Brazilians who also have another nationality are allowed to enter and leave Brazil with the passport of the other country. If they also provide a Brazilian identity card, they are admitted as Brazilians without restriction, otherwise they are admitted as visitors of their other nationality for their usual limited stay. However, usually the latter case is only possible if Brazil does not require a visa for visitors of such nationality. Brazil only issues visas to its dual citizens in exceptional circumstances, such as for those who work in foreign government jobs that prohibit the use of a Brazilian passport.
Rights and obligations
Military service
Male Brazilian citizens have a 12-month military service obligation, unless the citizen has a disqualifying physical or psychological condition, or the citizen does not wish to serve and the military finds enough volunteers to support its needs. Therefore, although registering for the military is mandatory, about 95% of those who register receive an exemption. Male citizens between 18 and 45 years of age are required to present a military registration certificate when applying for a Brazilian passport.
Voting
Voting in Brazil is allowed for citizens over 16 years of age and mandatory for literate citizens between 18 and 70 years of age, except conscripts, who are not allowed to vote during their period of mandatory military service. Those who are required but do not vote in an election and do not present an acceptable justification, such as being away from their voting locality at the time, must pay a fine, normally R$3.51, but in some cases the fine may be waived, reduced, or increased up to R$35.13. Citizens between 18 and 70 years of age are required to present proof of voting compliance (by having voted, justified absence or paid the fine) when applying for a Brazilian passport.
Naturalized citizens
The constitution makes a few distinctions between Brazilian citizens by birth and by naturalization. Only citizens by birth may become President or Vice President of Brazil, President of the Chamber of Deputies, President of the Senate, members of the Supreme Federal Court, diplomats, officers of the Armed Forces, Minister of Defence, or certain members of the Council of the Republic. Naturalized citizens, but not citizens by birth, may be extradited (only for a common crime committed before naturalization or for drug trafficking committed before or after naturalization), and may lose Brazilian nationality if convicted of fraud in their naturalization process or of an act "against the constitutional order and the democratic state". The constitution also restricts the ownership and management of journalism and broadcasting companies to citizens by birth or who have been naturalized for more than 10 years. Other than the cases mentioned in the constitution, no law may make distinctions between citizens by birth and by naturalization.
Many naturalized citizens have been elected to public offices, including aldermen, mayors, state and federal deputies, and a state governor. Some naturalized citizens have also been appointed to the Superior Court of Justice and various ministries.
Portuguese citizens
Due to a treaty, citizens of Portugal permanently residing in Brazil may request equal civil rights, and after three years of residence also political rights, such as voting and being elected, as if they were naturalized citizens of Brazil. In this case, exercising political rights in Brazil under the treaty results in the suspension of their equivalent rights in Portugal, even though they remain Portuguese citizens.
Unlike naturalization, the equality of rights under this treaty does not include the right to a Brazilian passport.
Visa-free travel
Visa requirements for Brazilian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Brazil. As of 2023, Brazilian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 169 countries and territories, ranking the Brazilian passport 20th (dense) in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.
History
In 1822, Brazil declared independence from Portugal and established the Empire of Brazil under Pedro I, who had been living in exile in the country since 1808. The nation's first constitution was adopted in 1824 and provided that Brazilian citizens were free-born or emancipated men who were born in Brazil, unless their father was a foreigner in the service of another nation. Legitimate children born abroad to a Brazilian father, or illegitimate children born to a Brazilian mother, could establish nationality by becoming domiciled in Brazil; however residence was waved if their father was in government service. Portuguese nationals and naturalized foreigners who resided in Brazil at the time of independence were naturalized by residence in the empire. Citizenship could be lost if one was naturalized in another country or accepted employment or honors from foreign governments without the approval of the crown.
In 1860, to eliminate Brazilian nationality law conflicts with European legislation, Brazil passed Decree 1,096, which clarified the status of children born in Brazil to foreign parents who were not in government service, and married women. The decree specified that minor children shared family nationality, but upon reaching their majority would be entitled to Brazilian nationality and rights of citizens. Article 2 provided that upon marriage a woman took the nationality of her husband, but could repatriate if her husband died and she re-established residence in Brazil. Immigration legislation passed in 1890 barred people of African or Asian descent from the country. The law was modified in 1892 to allow Chinese and Japanese laborers. The 1824 constitution remained in force until the First Brazilian Republic adopted the Constitution of 1891. The republican constitution was modeled on the United States Constitution. Despite feminists' efforts the Constituent Congress denied them the rights of citizens. It provided, as amended in 1926, that children born in Brazil were birthright nationals of the country unless their foreign parents were residing in Brazil because of government service to another nation. The legitimate child born abroad to a Brazilian father was considered to have his father's nationality as long as he established a home in Brazil. The domicile requirement could be waived for a child whose father was employed abroad in service to the government. Only the illegitimate child born abroad to a Brazilian mother could derive nationality from her, on the condition of establishing residency in Brazil.
Decree No. 6,948, of 14 May 1908, stipulated that a foreigner, regardless of gender, who married a Brazilian, or who had Brazilian children, and resided in Brazil derived Brazilian nationality unless they declared in the proper legal manner that they chose to retain their original nationality. In 1932, Decree 21,076, which established the first Electoral Code of Brazil, outlined in article 2 that the rights of citizenship were not dependent on sex, and in article 3(b) that Brazilian women could not lose their nationality as a result of marriage. In 1933, and Lucillo Antonio da Cunha Bueno, the Brazilian delegates to the Pan-American Union's Montevideo conference, signed the Inter-American Convention on the Nationality of Women, which became effective in 1934, without legal reservations. That year, a new constitution was adopted, keeping most of the provisions of naturalization specified by its 1891 predecessor. It specified that nationality could be lost by obtaining dual citizenship. From 1907 to 1934, racial exclusions were not specified in immigration law, but in the latter year, a quota system was devised to limit immigration from certain countries. Since 1995, consent is required for loss of Brazilian citizenship for dual nationals.
See also
Brazilian identity card
Brazilian passport
Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas
History of Brazilian nationality
Visa policy of Brazil
Equality Statute between Brazil and Portugal
Notes
References
Bibliography |
12812218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie%20De%20Laet | Ritchie De Laet | Ritchie Ria Alfons De Laet (, born 28 November 1988) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Royal Antwerp in the Belgian First Division A.
De Laet played for various youth teams before joining the Royal Antwerp youth academy, where he was eventually picked up by Stoke City in 2007. Two years later, De Laet was signed by Premier League champions Manchester United where he mainly appeared for the reserves besides being sent on loan spells. In 2012, he joined Leicester City where he played more consistently and was part of the historic team winning the 2015–16 Premier League. He then had a three-year stint with Aston Villa, before returning to Royal Antwerp in 2019.
De Laet made his international debut for Belgium in 2009, and gained two caps for the national team.
Club career
Stoke City
Born in Antwerp, De Laet began his career at Belgian club Royal Antwerp. On 17 August 2007, he signed a three-year contract with Championship team Stoke City for an initial £100,000 fee. In July 2008, De Laet joined AFC Bournemouth on trial and played his first game in a friendly against Portsmouth, a 4–1 defeat. However, he later returned to Stoke. In October 2008, he joined Wrexham of the Conference National on a one-month loan deal, making his debut in a 2–0 victory over Lewes in the league. He made three appearances during his time at the club before his loan spell was terminated in order for him to undergo a hernia operation.
Manchester United
On 8 January 2009, De Laet was signed by Premier League champions Manchester United on a three-year contract. The fee to be paid by Manchester United depended on appearances. After joining United, De Laet played exclusively for the club's reserve team. In March 2009, De Laet was named as one of five over-age players in the Manchester United under-18 squad for the Torneo Calcio Memorial Claudio Sassi-Sassuolo; he played in three of the five matches, and scored a penalty in the 5–3 semi-final penalty shoot-out win over Modena to take the Red Devils into the final, in which they beat Ajax 1–0.
De Laet made his first appearance for the Manchester United first team on 24 May 2009, when he was named at left back for the last game of the 2008–09 Premier League season against Hull City.
In the 2009–10 season, De Laet featured in the League Cup, coming on as a substitute against Wolverhampton Wanderers and Barnsley in the third and fourth rounds and starting against Tottenham Hotspur in the fifth. Despite a defensive injury crisis in November 2009, Alex Ferguson preferred to bring midfielder Michael Carrick on for Gary Neville ahead of De Laet, after the United captain suffered a groin strain in the next league match away to West Ham United on 5 December. He then played his first league game of the 2009–10 season on 15 December against Wolverhampton Wanderers. De Laet played his second league game against Fulham on 19 December, which ended in a 3–0 defeat. On 4 May 2010, he was voted as the Denzil Haroun Reserve Team Player of the Year, beating Oliver Gill and Magnus Wolff Eikrem to the award.
In September 2010, De Laet joined Championship side Sheffield United on a 30-day emergency loan deal after the Blades suffered a defensive injury crisis, with both Chris Morgan and Rob Kozluk ruled out for several weeks. De Laet returned to Old Trafford at the end of his month having made six appearances for the Blades.
On 17 November 2010, De Laet joined Championship team Preston North End on a 28-day loan after an injury to first-team defender Callum Davidson. On 14 January 2011, De Laet joined Portsmouth of the Championship on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season.
Norwich City loan
On 17 June 2011, De Laet joined newly promoted Premier League side Norwich City on loan until the end of the 2011–12 season. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw at Wigan Athletic, conceding the penalty for the Wigan goal. However, he redeemed himself with a number of excellent blocks to retain the scoreline. On 21 August, he scored his first goal for Norwich against former club Stoke City in a 1–1 draw. This was also De Laet's first senior goal. De Laet was sidelined with a back injury whilst at Norwich. He made his return from injury on 27 December 2011 against Tottenham Hotspur in a 2–0 loss. On 18 January 2012, he returned to United after Norwich cancelled his loan.
Leicester City
On 14 May 2012, De Laet signed a three-year deal with Leicester City. He was joined at Leicester by fellow United player Matty James, who signed on the same day. De Laet scored his first goal for Leicester shortly before half time in the 6–1 thrashing of Huddersfield Town on 1 January 2013. He scored his second just four days later, against Burton Albion in the first round of the FA Cup. De Laet ended his first season with Leicester having played 46 games and scoring twice in all competitions, steering City into the Championship play-offs. In the 2013–14 season, he helped Leicester gain promotion back to the top flight playing regularly in the first team once more. De Laet featured 35 times scoring two goals.
In the 2015–16 season, De Laet started the first seven games for Leicester, scoring his last goal for the club in a 3–2 win over Aston Villa on 13 September 2015. He eventually lost his place in the first team to Danny Simpson.
Middlesbrough loan
On 1 February 2016, De Laet joined Championship side Middlesbrough on loan for the remainder of the 2015–16 season. He helped Middlesbrough achieve promotion on the final day of the season, after a 1–1 draw with Brighton & Hove Albion. This meant that De Laet achieved the unique feat of playing with a club winning promotion from the Championship and then winning the Premier League title, courtesy of his 12 league appearances for Leicester in the same season.
Aston Villa
On 23 August 2016, De Laet signed a three-year deal with Championship club Aston Villa. On 14 September 2016, he was injured in the 67th minute in a 1–1 league game against Brentford. Scans later revealed the injury to be a season-ending one.
Royal Antwerp loan
On 23 January 2018, De Laet rejoined Royal Antwerp on loan for the remainder of the season.
Melbourne City loan
In September 2018, De Laet completed a loan move to Melbourne City of the A-League, reuniting with former Manchester United reserve team manager Warren Joyce. De Laet, who was stand-in captain at the time, scored on debut in the Melbourne Derby in front of 40,504 supporters, pouncing on a rebound in the 40th minute after a controversial penalty, awarded by the VAR, was missed.
In early 2019, Joyce shifted De Laet from defense to centre-forward with Ritchie scoring two goals in this position on 22 January 2019 against Western Sydney Wanderers as City defeated the Wanderers 4-3. De Laet's first goal in this match set a new club record for fastest ever goal in the A-League. Ritchie latched onto a loose back-pass from Keanu Baccus, took one touch to round WSW goalkeeper Nicholas Suman, before slotting the ball into the back of an empty net on the 30-second mark. The time beat Richard Garcia's previous club record of 34 seconds, set when the team was still named Melbourne Heart prior to the 2014 City Football Group takeover. The following day, De Laet revealed in an interview that the role of striker was not unfamiliar to him as Joyce used to play him in that role at the Manchester United Reserves when he was a youngster.
He was released by Aston Villa at the end of the 2018–19 season.
Return to Royal Antwerp
On 29 June 2019, after he was released by Aston Villa, it was announced by Royal Antwerp that he would sign permanently with the club that his career began at.
International career
A few days after his Manchester United debut, De Laet was called up for Belgium's Kirin Cup matches against Chile and Japan. He made his debut in the match against Chile on 29 May 2009. De Laet was a regular for the under-21s in the 2011 European Championship qualifying.
Career statistics
Honours
Leicester City
Premier League: 2015–16
Football League Championship: 2013–14
Middlesbrough
Football League Championship runner-up: 2015–16
Royal Antwerp
Belgian Pro League: 2022–23
Belgian Cup: 2019–20, 2022–23
Belgian Super Cup: 2023
Individual
Denzil Haroun Reserve Team Player of the Year: 2009–10
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Antwerp
Belgian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Royal Antwerp F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Melbourne City FC players
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
Premier League players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Marquee players (A-League Men)
Belgium men's under-21 international footballers
Belgium men's international footballers
Belgian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in England
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Australia |
2703851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic%20groups%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom | The United Kingdom is an ethnically diverse society. The largest ethnic group in the United Kingdom is White British, followed by Asian British. Ethnicity in the United Kingdom is formally recorded at the national level through a census. The 2011 United Kingdom census recorded a reduced share of White British people in the United Kingdom from the previous 2001 United Kingdom census. Factors that are contributing to the growth of minority populations are varied in nature, including differing birth rates and Immigration.
According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) based on population survey figures from 2019, people from ethnic minority backgrounds make up 14.4% of the United Kingdom (16.1% for England, 5.9% for Wales, 5.4% for Scotland and 2.2% for Northern Ireland).
History
A variety of ethnic groups have settled on the British Isles, dating back from the last ice age up until the 11th century. These populations included the Celtic Britons (including the Picts), Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Gaelic Scots, Norse, Danes and the Normans. Recent genetic studies have suggested that the prehistoric Bell Beaker influx and the Anglo-Saxon migrations had particularly significant effects on the genetic makeup of modern Britons.
King William the Conqueror, introduced the first Jewish settlers in England in 1070, and later on, in the 16th century, the first Romani's were introduced in Britain. The UK has a history of small-scale non-European immigration, with Liverpool having the oldest Black British community dating back to at least the 1730s, during the period of the African slave trade. The oldest Chinese community in Europe, dates back to the arrival of Chinese seamen in the 19th century. In the 19th century, there was an increase of Jewish and Irish people living in Great Britain, with many settling in Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham and in The East End Of London, where the ethnic dialects contributed to the formation of the Cockney dialect.
Since 1948 and particularly from the mid 1950's, immigration from the West Indies and the Indian Subcontinent occurred in substantial numbers due to labour shortages in Britain after World War II. Immigration started to increase in the 1950s and 1960s and the large influx of different cultures created different ethnic communities. However, instances of documented and perceived racism, and heavy-handed policing by the native English population, has led to a number of riots, most notably in 1958, 1981, 1985 and 2011. When Britain joined the EEC in 1973, the level of migration from Western European nations increased and migration from newer EU member states in Central, and Eastern Europe, have resulted in a large Eastern European population over the past 2 decades. However, after the Brexit Referendum in 2016, numbers began to decline once again.
Sociologist Steven Vertovec presents the idea of superdiversity in Britain, a notion that states that the increasing population of ethnic groups and communities are creating new, and smaller, ethnic minorities in Britain. The dynamics of superdiversity influence the social and economic patterns of the United Kingdom and have created complex social frameworks.
Official classification of ethnicity
The definition of ethnicity has been defined as "the social group a person belongs to, and either identifies with or is identified with by others, as a result of a mix of cultural and other factors including language, diet, religion, ancestry and physical features traditionally associated with race".
The 1991 UK census was the first to include a question on ethnicity. The 2001 UK Census classified ethnicity into several groups: White, Black, Asian, Mixed, Chinese and Other. These categories formed the basis for all National Ethnicity statistics until the 2011 Census results were issued. A number of academics have pointed out that since 1991, the ethnicity classification employed in the census, alongside other official statistics in the UK have high levels of confusion regarding the concepts of ethnicity and race. David I. Kertzer and Dominique Arel argue that this is the case in many censuses, and the definition of ethnicity should first be illuminated. User consultation undertaken for the purpose of planning the 2011 census revealed that some participants thought the "use of colour (White and Black) to define ethnicity is confusing or unacceptable".
Population by ethnicity
The population of the United Kingdom and its constituent countries are ethnically diverse today. From the beginning of modern migration to the country, the White population has been in proportional decline, however the question of ethnicity was only first asked in the 1991 census. In the four pie charts below shows the ethnic make up of each country of the United Kingdom and as a whole over time.
National minorities
The British government recognises the Scottish, Welsh, Irish and Cornish peoples as national minorities under the Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, which the UK signed in 1995 and ratified in 1998.
A proposal for Longitudinal Study of Ethnic Minorities (LSEM) was suggested by sociologist James Nazroo to create designated ethnic groups under Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Caribbean and Black African. The LSEM understood the constraints of the oversampling of groups and refined the methods of categorising the ethnic minorities.
Multiculturalism and integration
It is estimated that in 1950 there were no more than 20,000 non-white residents in the United Kingdom, almost all having been born outside the UK and now mainly residing in England.
However, the considerable migration after World War II increased the ethnic and racial diversity of UK, especially in London. The race relations policies that have been developed broadly reflect the principles of multiculturalism, although there is no official national commitment to multiculturalism.
The national identity of 'being British' is to respect the laws and parliamentary structures, as well as all maintaining the right to equality, however, this does not cover the concept of multiculturalism. This concept of 'being British' faces criticism on the grounds that it has failed to sufficiently promote social integration,. Some commentators have questioned the dichotomy between diversity and integration. and since 2001 it has been argued that the UK government has moved away from policy characterised by multiculturalism, and towards the assimilation of minority communities.
In 2016, the British government held a European Union membership referendum. The result of the referendum showed that 51.9% of British voters wanted to leave the EU and on 31 January 2020, the deal was reached for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to leave the EU on 1 January 2021, also known as Brexit, with terms being agreed to on 24 December 2020. Some have said that Brexit limits multiculturalism and encourages exclusive nationalism and nativism, however some feel that Brexit supports traditional British identity.
Attitudes to multiculturalism
A poll conducted by MORI for the BBC in 2005 found that 62 per cent of respondents agreed that multiculturalism made the UK a better place to live, compared to 32 percent who saw it as a threat. In contrast, Ipsos MORI data from 2008 showed that only 30 per cent saw multiculturalism as making the UK a better place to live, with 38 per cent seeing it as a threat. 41 per cent of respondents to the 2008 poll favoured the development of a shared identity over the celebration of diverse values and cultures, with 27 per cent favouring the latter and 30 per cent undecided.
A study conducted for the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) in 2005, found that in England, the majority of ethnic minority participants called themselves British, whereas white English participants said English first and British second. In Wales and Scotland the majority of white and ethnic minority participants identified with Welsh or Scottish first and British second. Research suggests that on average ethnic minorities are twice as likely to say their ethnicity is important to them than white British participants, although the extent of this difference also interacted with political beliefs.
Other research conducted for the CRE found that white participants felt that there was a threat to Britishness from large-scale immigration, claiming that they perceived ethnic minorities made a rise in moral pluralism and political correctness. Much of this frustration was directed at Muslims rather than minorities in general. Muslim participants in the study reported feeling victimised and stated that they felt the pressure of choosing between Muslim and British identities, whereas they saw it possible to be both.
Political representation
Ethnic minorities have been under-represented in comparison with their white counterparts in the United Kingdom's political system, particularly in the British Parliament. In 1981, the Home Affairs Select Committee report stated that an "increase in ethnic minority involvement in politics will create ... special representation for ethnic minorities". However, in 2017 Theresa May stated that ethnic minorities were still under-represented. In 2019, 65 Members of Parliament (MPs) or 10% of all MPs were from an ethnic minority background.
Representation in Parliament
Representation of ethnic minorities in Parliament began in 1987, seeing four ethnic minorities being elected into parliament. Among them was Diane Abbott, Britain's first black female Member of Parliament, who began as a member of the shadow cabinet and is now a prominent figure within the Labour Party.
Prior to the 2010 elections, the Conservatives had 2 MPs who were minorities and this increased to 11 after the 2010 General Election. After the 2017 General Elections, 52 minority MPs were elected, shared between Labour (32) and the Conservative (19) and one from the Liberal Democrats. The 2019 general elections showed an increase in these numbers with Labour having 41, the Conservatives having 22 and the Liberal Democrats having 2 ethnic-minority MPs.
Representation in Local Councils
In 2018, 3.7% of all local government officials had an ethnic minority background. London councils had the highest percentage for representation in their local councils in late 2017, 10.5%; this increased from 5.6% previously in the year. Outside London, councils have an average of 3% minority representation. In Scotland, 3.2% of local government officials are ethnic minorities, almost proportionately representing the 3.32% ethnic minority.
Since the 1980s, the number of minority councillors has been increasing over time, however, the main parties of minorities involved were the Labour party, with 94.4% of minority councillors affiliated with the Labour Party.
There were 35 minority councillors in London local councils in 1978 and this had increased to 193 by 1990. This was 10% of the 1,915 councillors representing 20% of London's population. According to a Census of Local Authority Councillors in 2013, there was 3.7% representation for minorities across all councils, compared to a representation of 13% nationally. Labour continues to have the largest proportion of ethnic minority councillors with 9.2%, followed by the Conservatives with 1.5%.
See also
British people
Demography of the United Kingdom
Foreign-born population of the United Kingdom
Genetic history of the British Isles
Historical immigration to Great Britain
Modern immigration to the United Kingdom
Languages of the United Kingdom
List of electoral firsts in the United Kingdom
Romanichal
References |
7502597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Cizik | Richard Cizik | Richard Cizik ( ) is President of the New Evangelical Partnership for the Common Good. He was the Vice President for Governmental Affairs of the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) and one of the most prominent Evangelical lobbyists in the United States. In his position with the NAE, Cizik's primary responsibilities were setting the organization's policy on issues and lobbying the White House, Congress, and the Supreme Court. Cizik also served as NAE's national spokesman and edited a monthly magazine, NAE Washington Insight. Since 2003, Cizik has been active in a type of environmentalism known as "creation care"; his stance on global warming has drawn both support and criticism from fellow Evangelicals. He serves on the board of advisors of the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions.
In 2008, he and Nobel Prize winner Eric Chivian, as a team, were named one of the 100 most influential scientists and thinkers by Time. On December 11, 2008, Cizik gave his resignation from his position with NAE after a December 2 radio broadcast of NPR's Fresh Air in which he voiced support for same-sex civil unions. His comments and his resignation have generated both strong support and strong criticism within the evangelical Christian community.
In January 2010, Cizik launched the New Evangelical Partnership for the Common Good together with David P. Gushee, professor of Christian Ethics at Mercer University, and Steve Martin, a pastor and documentary filmmaker. The faith-based non-profit, which represents the merger of the previously distinct but sometimes interrelated efforts of the three founding partners, reportedly exists "to advance human well-being as an expression of our love for Jesus Christ, which is itself a grateful response to his love for us and for a good but suffering world."
Biography
Cizik graduated with a B.A., cum laude, in political science from Whitworth College, received an M.A. in Public Affairs from the George Washington University School of Public & International Affairs (now called the Elliot School of International Affairs), a Master of Divinity from Denver Seminary and an honorary doctorate in Christian Leadership from the Methodist Episcopal Church.
On May 18, 2014, Whitworth University, awarded Cizik an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters. The University's Provost stated that "Richard Cizik, an alumnus from the class of 1973, is a pastor, writer, environmentalist, thinker, and activist...For his commitment to truth and to the Lordship of Jesus Christ, to the health of our planet and the well-being of humanity, and in recognition of his strength of purpose and his courage in speaking out on crucial issues as a thoughtful and fully committed man of God, I am proud to represent Whitworth University as we confer upon Richard Cizik this degree of doctor of humane letters, honoris causa."
He was awarded a post-graduate fellowship from the Scottish Rite Foundation to study at the George Washington University (1973–1974) and by the Rotary International Foundation to study at the Political Science University in Taipei, Taiwan (1975–1976). Cizik sits on advisory boards of the Institute on Religion and Public Policy, the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions at Duke University, and the Evangelical Environmental Network.
Cizik was named in 2006 by Beliefnet to be one of the "Most Inspirational" leaders of the year.
In 2007, Virginia Governor Tim Kaine named Cizik to the Virginia Climate Commission. That appointment has led to his speaking on climate change at the University of Virginia, Eastern Mennonite University, Roanoke College, among many other universities around the country.
Fast Company magazine named him in 2008 to a list of "Most Creative Thinkers." He was named an Open Society Fellow of the Open Society Institute in 2009 to 2010, during which time he built relationships between scholars and activists on topics such as war and peace, climate change, and criminal justice.
In 2010, he was named to a list of "Fifty Evangelical Leaders Who Shaped a Generation: The Renegade," by Roof Top Blog, WordPress and appeared in the acclaimed documentary on nuclear arms, directed by Lucy Walker and distributed by Participant Media, entitled "Countdown To Zero." Cizik has subsequently been a regular participant in Global Zero gatherings, including Summits held in London, England, and the Ronald Reagan Library in Simi Valley, California, and as a speaker at the Global Zero Inaugural Conference, held in Paris, in December, 2008.
In 2010, Cizik helped create and serves as co-chair of "The Casablanca Institute" to foster interfaith dialogue, build relationships between Evangelical Christians and Muslim leaders, and to seek common ground on the major issues facing both religious constituencies and the planet. In 2013, the Casablanca Institute was named one of the top ten "Best New Think Tanks" in a global ranking called "Global Go To Think Tank Rankings.
From 2010 to 2012, Rev. Cizik served as Co-chair along with R. Scott Appleby, Ph.D., professor of Political Science and Muslim fundamentalism scholar at Notre Dame, of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs Project entitled "Engaging Religious Communities Abroad: A New Imperative of U.S. Foreign Policy. The two-year project brought together 20 top government officials, diplomats, defense-policy experts, and religious leaders to examine recent foreign-policy history of the U.S. in the Muslim world and make recommendations for future engagement. The Report was distributed to U.S. Embassies around the globe by the U.S. Department of State.
In 2020, Cizik served as Co-Chair of "Evangelicals for Biden," an effort that successfully brought former Trump supporters over to Biden's side, particularly in Michigan and Georgia. In Michigan, for example, Trump's support among evangelicals dropped from 81% in 2016 to 70%. These conservative evangelicals who switched sides helped the Biden coalition to win necessary electoral votes to put Joseph Biden in the White House.
In 2022, Cizik founded the "Evangelicals for Democracy," a project of the New Evangelical Partnership for the Common Good, and a separate 501 (c)(3) non-profit organization.
Career
National Association of Evangelicals
Cizik was a staff member at the NAE from 1980 to 2008. He described himself in the early years as a "pro-Bush conservative" and generally took conservative positions on issues such as gay marriage, abortion, and stem-cell research. As the organization's primary lobbyist, Cizik was influential in pushing conservative Evangelical-supported legislation at a national level. However, he began moving more towards the center in the 1990s.<ref name="IRD">Interview with Richard Cizik, with Terry Gross. NPR's Fresh Air, 12/2/2008</ref>Evangelical Christian lobbyist pushes environment, by Deborah Zabarenko, Reuters, September 25, 2006
As national spokesman for millions of evangelicals, he has worked successfully with both Democrats and Republicans. In the fall of 2008, however, he began to publicly criticize John McCain ("I thought John McCain was a principled person," "But John McCain...seems to be waffling on issue after issue"). He voted for Barack Obama during the primaries, and strongly implied that he had voted for Obama in the general election. This, along with statements about abortion and same-sex civil unions, did not represent the NAE's position, and he resigned a week later.
Environmental activism
After hearing scientist and fellow Evangelical John Houghton present evidence on global warming in 2002, Cizik was convinced that environmentalism, and especially climate change, should be a part of the Evangelical political agenda.
Cizik calls this environmentalism "creation care." He differentiates "creation care" from other environmentalism because of the former's roots "not in politics or ideology, but in the scriptures." Cizik cites several Bible verses to support his position, including Genesis 2:15 and Revelation 11:18.
Cizik has been criticized for his global warming advocacy by fellow evangelicals and conservatives. He has responded to some of these critics by asking whether his critics are possibly being influenced by ties to the conservative movement or oil and gas companies.
Cizik's name appeared as a signatory on an initial draft of the 2006 Evangelical Climate Initiative's "Call to Action," but it was absent from the final draft. In an interview with Bill Moyers, Cizik indicated that pressure from his colleagues at the NAE caused him to remove his name from the statement. In fact the Executive Committee, responding to twenty Evangelical leaders who asked the NAE not to take a stance on global warming, had passed a resolution stating that "global warming is not a consensus issue" and instructing its staff "to stand by and not exceed in any fashion our approved and adopted statements concerning the environment contained within the Evangelical Call to Civic Responsibility."Evangelical Leaders Join Global Warming Initiative, by Laurie Goodstein, New York Times, February 8, 2006 (The 2001 document, For the Health of the Nation: An Evangelical Call to Civic Responsibility, includes a section on "protect[ing] God's creation" but does not mention climate change.)
In January 2007, Cizik and Eric Chivian co-hosted the launch of a collaboration between scientists and Evangelicals, presenting it as a joint project of Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment and the NAE. The 28 participants released "An Urgent Call to Action," which presented human-induced climate change as a primary concern and called for prompt public policy solutions. Critics of the collaboration pointed out that the NAE had not changed its position on climate change, but in response to a reporter's question Cizik insisted that the NAE board had approved "this dialogue."
In March 2007, James Dobson, head of Focus on the Family, and 24 other evangelical leaders signed a letter asking "the NAE board to ensure that Mr. Cizik faithfully represents the policies and commitments of the organization, including its defense of traditional values," and suggesting that Cizik resign "if he cannot be trusted to articulate the views of American evangelicals on environmental issues." A number of other evangelical leaders declined to sign Dobson's letter on the grounds that it was un-Christian. Richard Land of the Southern Baptist Convention noted, "I didn't feel that it was the most productive, most redemptive way to address the problem," and Leith Anderson, NAE president, stated that his mail was "overwhelmingly supportive of Rich." Cizik has responded by saying that "It's time we return to being people known for our love and care of the earth and our fellow human beings."
In December 2008, NAE President Leith Anderson reiterated that For the Health of the Nation contains the NAE's only official position on the environment, and confirmed that "we don't [have a specific position] on global warming or emissions. [Cizik] has spoken as an individual on that."
In 2008, TIME magazine named Richard Cizik and Eric Chivian to its list of most influential "Thinkers and Scientists" list called the "TIME 100."
In 2012, Rich Cizik became the Chief Spokesperson for the Good Steward Campaign, an ecumenically Christian environmental organization working on college campuses to inform and engage students in conversations about climate change, stewardship, creation care, and fossil fuel divestment. Rich travels up and down the East Coast doing speaking events for the Good Steward Campaign and spoken at schools like the University of Virginia and Eastern Mennonite University. He continues in this role today.
Gay rights issues
Cizik supported the passage of Proposition 8 and recently signed his name to a full-page ad in The New York Times' accusing the gay population of "anti-religious bigotry", especially against Mormons, and "trying to start a religious war." In response, a gay rights group placed another full-page advertisement in The Salt Lake Tribune'' titled "Lies in the name of the Lord" and featuring Pinocchio carrying a whitewashed "Cizik Version" of the Bible.
Cizik made a statement on the National Public Radio program "Fresh Air" in December 2008 in which he said that he supports same-sex civil unions and is “shifting” on gay marriage. He also commented that about 4 in 10 young evangelicals have a homosexual, bisexual, or transsexual friend or family member and about 5 in 10 favor either same-sex marriage or civil unions. Cizik later appeared to shift his position, releasing a statement reading: "I am now and always have been committed to work to pass laws that protect and foster family life, and to work against government attempts to interfere with the integrity of the family, including same-sex 'marriage' and civil unions." However, in a return visit to "Fresh Air" in July 2010, Cizik reiterated his support for same-sex civil unions and expressed his ambivalence about same-sex marriage. His NPR remarks led Cizik to resign from his position with the NAE.
Cizik's statements found support by some older evangelicals such as Jim Wallis and by many younger evangelicals, some of which ABC News says consider Cizik as a "hero". In contrast, the NAE stated that Ciziks' positions do not "appropriately represent the values and convictions" of the NAE. David Brody, Christian Broadcasting Network correspondent, commented on the divided reaction by saying that "At the end of the day, evangelicals are not going to budge on the life and marriage issues."
Abortion and health care
Cizik has described himself as an "advocate for pro-life policies without exception." He supports government distribution of contraception. He has stated that "younger evangelicals [...] are decidedly pro-life" and that "health care is just as important to younger evangelicals as is abortion." Cizik also conceived and helped draft the definite statement on evangelical support for family planning in 2012 entitled "A Christian Call to Common Ground on Family Planning, Maternal and Children's Health and Abortion Reduction" released at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., on October 15, 2012.
On December 24, 2012, Newsweek wrote in a piece entitled "Can Safe Sex Save the Earth?" that "If his ouster [National Association of Evangelicals] was meant to silence him, it didn't work." And that "Cizik has also made the case that access to contraceptives is not only good for people, but also, since it helps curb overpopulation, good for the planet. On his blog, he calls family planning a “green technology.”
See also
God's Warriors, a controversial CNN news program where Christiane Amanpour labeled Cizik as one of "God's Christian Warriors".
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American evangelicals
Leaders of Christian parachurch organizations
Elliott School of International Affairs alumni
Christianity and environmentalism
Religious action on climate change
Sustainability advocates
Whitworth University alumni
Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs |
38072750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%201916 | February 1916 | The following events occurred in February 1916:
February 1, 1916 (Tuesday)
A night raid by German Zeppelins on the West Midlands of England claimed 35 lives, with Tipton suffering the heaviest losses with 14 fatalities.
The airship Zeppelin LZ 54 crashed in the North Sea on its return from bombing the English midlands. All 16 crew drowned when the crew of a British fishing boat refused to rescue them.
British troop ship SS Empress Queen ran aground off the Isle of Wight and had to be abandoned.
The Royal Flying Corps established the No. 35 Squadron.
The new German cruiser SMS Emden, taking the legacy name from its famous predecessor, was launched by AG Weser in Bremen. She would survive the war but would be scuttled along with many ships with the Imperial German Navy in 1919.
Danish composer Carl Nielsen conducted the première of his Symphony No. 4, the Inextinguishable, in Copenhagen.
The secondary school Lycée Moulay Youssef opened in Rabat, Morocco and received its charter on February 17.
New South Wales Department of Education and Communities in Australia published the first edition of School Magazine, a literary publication for schoolchildren. It remains the longest-running children's magazine in the world.
Born: Bruce Gordon, American actor, best known for his gangster roles in the TV series The Untouchables, in Fitchburg, Massachusetts (d. 2011); Jack Lyons, British finance executive, key figure in the Guinness share-trading fraud scandal in 1987, in Leeds (d. 2008)
February 2, 1916 (Wednesday)
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – British Antarctic expedition commander Ernest Shackleton sent a larger party to bring back the third lifeboat from the sunken polar ship Endurance in anticipation of crossing open water during the Antarctic summer thaw. The crew had been on the open ice for close to three months, with seal meat being the primary staple to preserve packaged meals. Their teams of dogs were also reduced to two teams, with the others being shot to ensure more seal meat for expedition members.
A German zeppelin that disappeared on the air raid to Liverpool four days earlier was spotted by the British naval trawler King Stephen floating in the North Sea. After briefly speaking with Zeppelin Captain Odo Löwe and the crew, the trawler left the German air crew to their fate.
The 3rd Australian Division was established and would become the longest serving Australian division in the country's military history.
Two dioceses were established in Honduras - the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Pedro Sula and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santa Rosa de Copán.
Born: Al McWilliams, American cartoonist, artist for Dateline: Danger! which featured Danny Raven, the first leading African-American character in a comic strip, in New York City (d. 1993)
February 3, 1916 (Thursday)
A fire killed seven people and destroyed most of the Centre Block, the home of the Parliament of Canada, on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Canada. The fire, which started in the House of Commons reading room while Parliament was in session, was likely caused from an improperly extinguished cigar or faulty electrical wiring, although an investigating commission also put forth the theory sabotage could have also been a likely cause.
The Patna High Court was established in Patna, Bihar, India.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Guaxupé was established in Guaxupé, Brazil.
A solar eclipse occurred over the northern tip of South America.
Born: Daniel Canónico, Venezuelan baseball player, pitcher of the Venezuela national baseball team for the 1941 Baseball World Cup, in Barquisimeto, Venezuela (d. 1975)
February 4, 1916 (Friday)
The Banaras Hindu University was established in Varanasi, India by education leader Madan Mohan Malaviya.
Born: Pudlo Pudlat, Canadian Inuit artist, noted sketching and prints included Shores of the Settlement, In Celebration and Aeroplane, on Baffin Island, Northwest Territories (now Nunavut) (d. 1992)
February 5, 1916 (Saturday)
Trebizond Campaign – The Russian Empire launched a naval and land campaign to capture to port Trabzon, Turkey from the Ottoman Empire, where a large population of Armenians had been deported during the Armenian genocide.
The British Fourth Army was established under command of General Henry Rawlinson and would be one of the key British forces during the Battle of the Somme.
Royal Navy cruiser HMS Courageous was launched at Armstrong Whitworth shipyard in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and would serve out World War I. It was recommissioned for service as an aircraft carrier at the start of World War II but sunk by a German submarine in 1939.
German poet Hugo Ball and his future wife Emmy Hennings opened the Cabaret Voltaire in Zürich, a gathering for poets and intellectuals who were associated with Dadaism, including Marcel Janco, Richard Huelsenbeck, Tristan Tzara, and Sophie Taeuber-Arp and Jean Arp.
Born: Daniel Santos, Puerto Rican-American singer, credited for popularizing the bolero style of singing in the United States, in Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico (d. 1992)
Died: Francesco Marconi, Italian opera singer, known for his performances at Teatro Real and La Scala (b. 1853/1855); Alexander Wilson Drake, American artist and author, best known for Three Midnight Stories collection (b. 1843)
February 6, 1916 (Sunday)
Aircraft from the Imperial Russian Navy sank the Ottoman collier Irmingard, the largest ship sunk by air attack in World War I.
Born: William H. Blanchard, American air force officer, Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force from 1965 to 1966, in Boston (d. 1966); Esther Figueiredo Ferraz, Brazilian politician, Minister of Education from 1982 to 1985, first woman in Brazil to hold a cabinet position, in São Paulo (d. 2008)
Died: Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan writer, credited as the "father of modernismo (modernism)" in Spanish literature, author of Azul..., Prosas profanas y otros poemas and Cantos de vida y esperanza (b. 1867); William Peters Hepburn, American politician, U.S. Representative from Iowa from 1881 to 1887, and from 1893 to 1909 (b. 1833)
February 7, 1916 (Monday)
Erzurum Offensive – The Russian offense succeeded in capturing the Turkish towns of Hınıs and Muş, the provincial capital of Muş Province in the Ottoman Empire (now eastern Turkey).
British destroyer HMS Nomad was launched by Alexander Stephen and Sons at Glasgow, but would be sunk at the Battle of Jutland five months later.
Lady Hardinge Medical College was established in New Delhi. It was named after the late Winifred Sturt, also known as Lady Hardinge, wife of Charles Hardinge, Viceroy of India, who envisioned a college that provided women opportunities to study medicine.
Born: Joseph Stephen Crane, American business executive, owner of the Luau and Kon Tiki restaurant chain, former husband to Lana Turner, in Crawfordsville, Indiana (d. 1985); Frank Hyde, Australian rugby player, player for the Newtown Bluebags, (now Newtown Jets), Balmain Tigers, North Sydney Bears and New South Wales Rugby League, in Millers Point, New South Wales, Australia (d. 2007)
February 8, 1916 (Tuesday)
French cruiser Amiral Charner was torpedoed and sunk by German submarine SM U-21 off the coast of Egypt, killing 427 sailors.
Louis Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa, presided over the official opening of the University of Fort Hare in Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The first classes commenced on February 22.
Argentine tango composer Roberto Firpo was approached by Uruguayan musician Gerardo Matos Rodríguez at a music cafe in Montevideo with sheet music for a new tango. Firpo added arrangements from his own work and recorded it in November "La cumparsita", now considered one of the world's most recognizable tango melodies.
February 9, 1916 (Wednesday)
Battle for Lake Tanganyika – German steamship Hedwig von Wissmann was sunk by British gunboats HMS Mimi and HMS Toutou in Lake Tanganyika, Central Africa.
British pilot Harry Hawker flew the Sopwith Pup in its first test run.
Born: Tex Hughson, American baseball player, pitcher for the Boston Red Sox from 1941 to 1949, in Buda, Texas (d. 1993)
February 10, 1916 (Thursday)
Battle of Dogger Bank – The Royal Navy and Imperial German Navy clashed at Dogger Bank for the second time, with German destroyers sinking minesweeper HMS Arabis and killing 56 of her crew.
Enlisted Canadian servicemen rioted and vandalized two businesses owned and operated by German Canadians in Calgary over two days before the city restored order, following rumors a popular diner had been hiring "illegal aliens" instead of veterans.
The orchestral composition Symphony No. 1 in F Major by Leevi Madetoja was first performed by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra.
Born: Edward R. Roybal, American politician, member of Los Angeles City Council from 1949 to 1962, U.S. Representative from California from 1963 to 1993, in Pecos, New Mexico (d. 2005); Achiam, French-Israeli sculptor, recipient of the 1965 Grand Prix des Beaux-Arts de la ville de Paris, in Beit-Gan, Galilee (now Israel) (d. 2005)
Died: George Richardson, Canadian hockey player and army officer, played left wing for Queen's University, recipient of the Legion of Honour (killed in France) (b. 1886)
February 11, 1916 (Friday)
Erzurum Offensive – Russian artillery columns moved into range of shelling the Ottoman forts around Erzurum in what is now eastern Turkey.
Senussi campaign – Senussi supreme leader Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi and 500 men camped at the Bahariya Oasis in North Africa but were forced to move and spotted by recon aircraft.
Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Arethusa struck a mine and was wrecked in the North Sea, forcing the crew to abandon her.
The Bandelier National Monument was established in New Mexico in honor of anthropologist Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier.
Emma Goldman was arrested for lecturing on birth control under the Comstock laws, which prohibited the dissemination of any material deemed "obscene".
The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presented its first concert under the direction of conductor Gustav Strube.
The Romanian association football club București was founded in Bucharest as a university sports club for students and staff with programs in football, athletics and tennis. Renowned Romanian mathematician Traian Lalescu was the club's first president.
Born: Florynce Kennedy, American activist, co-founder of the National Black Feminist Organization, in Kansas City, Missouri (d. 2000)
February 12, 1916 (Saturday)
Erzurum Offensive – Russian forces captured Fort Kara-gobek at Erzurum, creating panic in the city.
Battle of Verdun – The Imperial German Army was set to launch a massive offensive against the French at Verdun, France, on this date but bad weather delayed the initial attack for nine days.
Battle of Salaita Hill – South African and German colonial forces fought the first large-scale battle of the East African Campaign at Traveta in what is now modern-day Kenya. The Allied force of 6,000 was unable to take a strategic hill and sustained 172 casualties.
Ross Sea party – British polar exploration ship Aurora was momentarily free from the packed ice in the Southern Ocean. It had been drifting in the ice for nearly 10 months since it lost anchor in McMurdo Sound on the Ross Sea near the Antarctic, stranding 10 members of the expedition onshore. Unfortunately, the ice reformed around the ship three days later and the vessel was stuck in the ice for another two weeks before it was finally free.
British cargo ship SS Leicester struck a mine and sank in the English Channel, with a loss of 17 of her crew.
The 55th Australian Battalion was established as part of the expansion of the First Australian Imperial Force.
Born: Joseph Alioto, American politician, 36th Mayor of San Francisco, in San Francisco (d. 1998); Helmut Gröttrup, German electrical engineer, developed the radio guidance system used to control the V-2 rocket, in Cologne (d. 1981); Max Geldray, Dutch jazz musician, best known for his harmonica performances on The Goon Show, in Amsterdam (d. 2004)
Died: Richard Dedekind, German mathematician, contributed to abstract algebra and the definition of real numbers (b. 1831); John Townsend Trowbridge, American writer, author of The South: A Tour of Its Battlefields and Ruined Cities (b. 1827)
February 13, 1916 (Sunday)
Erzurum Offensive – Russian forces began to advance on the Ottoman Third Army, which was too small to defend against the assault. Many Ottoman battalions averaged 350 men compared to Russian battalions made up of 1,000 soldiers.
The 37th Indian Brigade was established as part of the British Army's attempt to relieve defending forces during the Siege of Kut.
Born: John Reed, British actor and opera singer, lead actor and singer with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, in County Durham, England (d. 2010); Jagjit Singh Aurora, Indian army officer, commanding general during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, in Kala Gujran, British India (d. 2005); John Michelosen, American football coach, coached the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1948 to 1951 and Pittsburgh Panthers football club for University of Pittsburgh from 1955 to 1965, in Ambridge, Pennsylvania (d. 1982)
Died: Vilhelm Hammershøi, Danish painter, known for his realist painting including Interior with Young Woman from Behind and Amalienborg Square, Copenhagen (b. 1864); Harold Bache, English cricketer, played 20 first-class cricket matches, most with the Worcestershire County Cricket Club, killed in action at Ypres Belgium (b. 1889); Fehim Čurčić, Bosnian politician, 5th Mayor of Sarajevo, dignitary to Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on the day he was assassinated on June 28, 1914 (b. 1886)
February 14, 1916 (Monday)
Erzurum Offensive – Russian forces captured Fort Tafet at Erzurum, forcing Ottoman forces to begin evacuating the city.
Cochinchina uprising – A revolt among Vietnamese men began on the waterfronts of Saigon and spread to 13 of the 20 provinces of Cochinchina.
Soldiers of the British Second Army and the German 4th Army fought for control of The Bluff, a strategic mound near St Eloi southeast of the Ypres in Belgium.
Two Austrian planes dropped bombs on Porta Romana and Porta Volta in Milan.
Australian troops mutinied against conditions at the Casula Camp in New South Wales. They raided hotels in Liverpool, New South Wales before travelling by train to Sydney, where one soldier was shot dead in a riot at Central Railway station.
The 53rd and 56th Australian Battalions were established as part of the expansion of the First Australian Imperial Force.
The fraternity Phi Sigma Pi was established at the State Teachers College at Warrensburg, Missouri (now the University of Central Missouri).
Born: Marcel Bigeard, French military officer, one of the French commanders in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, in Toul, France (d. 2010); John L. Goldwater, American publisher, co-founder of Archie Comics, in New York City (d. 1999)
Born: Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese film director, known for films including The Human Condition, Kwaidan, Harakiri, and Samurai Rebellion, in Otaru, Japan (d. 1996); Edward Platt, American actor, best known for the role of "The Chief" in the 1960s TV spy comedy Get Smart, in Staten Island, New York (d. 1974)
February 15, 1916 (Tuesday)
Siege of Mora – Brigadier General Frederick Hugh Cunliffe, commander of Allied forces in Central Africa, sent a message to Captain Ernst von Rabe, commander of the German colonial forces at the mountain fortress near Mora in Kamerun (now modern-day Cameroon), offering terms of surrender that included all African native soldiers to be allowed safe passage back to their home villages and all German troops interned in England. Rabe accepted the terms with an additional offer all the native soldiers be paid for their military service.
Erzurum Offensive – The remaining Ottoman forts around Erzurum were evacuated.
Cochinchina uprising – An estimated 100 to 300 followers of Phan Xích Long, believing he was Emperor of Vietnam, attempted to break him out of out of his prison in Saigon, but were put down quickly by French authorities.
The British were forced off The Bluff by the Germans, although at a cost of 1,294 casualties while the British army sustained 329 casualties.
Senussi campaign – Aerial reconnaissance located the new main Senussi camp at Agagia in North Africa.
Royal Navy destroyer HMS Onslow was launched at Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company at Glasgow. She would take part in the Battle of Jutland five months later.
The Hunters Point Avenue station opened along the IRT Flushing Line in New York City.
Born: Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, Sri Lankan state leader, 4th President of Sri Lanka, in Udunuwara Divisional Secretariat, Ceylon (d. 2008); Mary Jane Croft, American actress, best known as Betty Ramsay on I Love Lucy, in Muncie, Indiana (d. 1999)
February 16, 1916 (Wednesday)
Erzurum Offensive – Russia captured the city of Erzurum. The Russian column did not effectively pursue the retreating Ottoman Third Army, allowing them to set up a new defense line less than 10 km away from the city. The Ottoman Empire lost 17,000 soldiers, including 10,000 casualties and 5,000 prisoners. The Russian Empire sustained 9,000 casualties, including 1,000 dead, 4,000 wounded and 4,000 affected with frostbite.
The 54th Australian Battalion was established as part of the expansion of the First Australian Imperial Force.
The village of Lomond, Alberta was established.
Born: Dương Văn Minh, Vietnamese state leader, last President of South Vietnam, in French Cochinchina, French Indochina (d. 2001); Kermit Roosevelt Jr., American intelligence officer, specialized in Middle East intelligence for the Central Intelligence Agency, grandson of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, in Buenos Aires (d. 2000)
February 17, 1916 (Thursday)
Ross Sea party – The sledging party of the second arm of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition was halted during their return trek from Mount Hope near the Beardmore Glacier where they had laid down a depot for the first arm of the expedition. The hostile weather left them stranded for five days until supplies ran out. Two of the members of the party, expedition leader Aeneas Mackintosh and Arnold Spencer-Smith, had taken ill and had to be left behind in the tent under care of Ernest Wild, brother to Frank Wild of the expedition party under Ernest Shackleton, while the others slogged to get more supplies.
The 58th Australian Battalion was established as part of the expansion of the First Australian Imperial Force.
The musical Robinson Crusoe, Jr. by Edgar Smith, with lyrics by Harold R. Atteridge and music by Sigmund Romberg, premiered at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in New York City. The musical in particular was styled and arranged for popular singer Al Jolson.
Born: Dick Farrelly, Irish songwriter, best known for "Isle of Innisfree", in Kells, County Meath, Ireland (d. 1990); Geoffrey Fisken, New Zealand fighter pilot, leading fighter ace for the British Commonwealth in the Pacific Theater during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, in Gisborne, New Zealand (d. 2011); Don Tallon, Australian cricketer, wicket-keeper for Queensland cricket team from 1933 to 1953 and Australia national cricket team from 1946 to 1953, in Bundaberg, Australia (d. 1984)
Died: Helen Farnsworth Mears, American sculptor, member of the White Rabbits female group of sculptors for the World's Columbian Exposition (b. 1872)
February 18, 1916 (Friday)
Siege of Mora – The German colonial force of 155 men at the mountain fortress near Mora in German Cameroon surrendered after a year and a half under siege by Allied forces. The surrender effectively ended the Kamerun campaign, as most of the remaining German troops escaped into neighboring Spanish Guinea weeks before under orders of German colonial commander Carl Heinrich Zimmermann.
An election on the Hong Kong sanitary board was held to fill a seat vacated after board member Gerard H. L. Fitzwilliams resigned in January., with 24-year old F. M. G. Ozorio elected as the youngest citizen ever to the board.
The 57th Australian Battalion was established as part of the expansion of the First Australian Imperial Force.
Hans Schmidt, a Roman Catholic priest in New York City was executed by hanging at Sing Sing prison for the murder of housekeeper Anna Aumüller, whom he had a secret affair with. He was only priest ever to be executed in the United States.
Born: Maria Altmann, Austrian-American Holocaust survivor and heiress, best known for her lawsuit against the Government of Austria to recover family-owned artwork by Gustav Klimt that had been stolen by the Nazis, in Vienna (d. 2011); Jean Drapeau, Canadian politician, 37th Mayor of Montreal, in Montreal (d. 1999)
February 19, 1916 (Saturday)
During the construction of a subway tunnel under the East River to Brooklyn Heights, New York City, two sandhogs were killed in an accident when a compressed air pocket burst out of its chamber. A third man, 28-year-old Marshall Mabey, survived being blown through the riverbed for , up through the river and to the top of a waterspout. He would continue working as a sandhog for 25 years.
Born: Eddie Arcaro, American jockey, only American rider to win the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing twice, in Cincinnati (d. 1997)
Died: Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist, leading researcher into shock waves in which the Mach number to measure velocity is named after him (b. 1838); John Winthrop Hackett, Australian news publisher, co-founder of The West Australian daily newspaper and first chancellor of the University of Western Australia (b. 1848)
February 20, 1916 (Sunday)
The Erie Philharmonic held its last concert in Erie, Pennsylvania before disbanding, but would reform again in 1921.
Born: Jean Erdman, American dancer and choreographer, recipient of the Tony Award for Best Choreography for The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in Honolulu (d. 2020)
Died: Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize and founding member of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society (b. 1844)
February 21, 1916 (Monday)
Battle of Verdun – The Imperial German Army launched one of the biggest offenses of World War I, mobilizing 1.25 million soldiers in 50 divisions to assault and break the French line at Verdun, France, which was being defended by 1.14 million French soldiers. The fearsome army and aerial assault involved using storm troopers for the first time, slinging hand grenades or using flamethrowers to destroy French defenses as opposed to firing their rifles.
Italian hospital ship HS Marechiaro was torpedoed and sunk by German submarine SM UC-12 near the Albanian port of Durrës, killing 33 people.
To support the morale of French troops defending against the German offensive at Verdun, French fighter pilot Jean Navarre began daily aerobatic flights over the front line in a Nieuport fighter with its fuselage painted in French red, white, and blue.
The 59th Australian Battalion was established as part of the expansion of the First Australian Imperial Force.
Died: Richard Murphy, American mariner, his boat command exploits were well chronicled in The Fisherman's Own Book (b. 1838)
February 22, 1916 (Tuesday)
Battle of Verdun – German forces advanced past the French to the edge of the village of Flabas, France, with only light casualties. Two French battalions led by Colonel Émile Driant tried to hold the line but were pushed back to the village of Samogneux where he was killed.
Cochinchina uprising – French colonial authorities executed Vietnamese revolutionary Phan Xích Long following an attempted prison breakout days earlier. The uprising was put down around the same time with 51 dissidents executed and hundreds more imprisoned.
The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Dismounted Brigades were formed to become part of the British Western Frontier Force in Egypt using elements of the Eastern Mounted Brigade, Highland Mounted Brigade, Lowland Mounted Brigade, Scottish Horse Mounted Brigade, South Eastern Mounted Brigade and the 2nd South Western Mounted Brigade.
February 23, 1916 (Wednesday)
Battle of Verdun – The Germans repulsed a French counterattack but managed to hold on to the village of Samogneux, France.
The 41st Indian Brigade was established to serve in the Mesopotamian campaign.
The McKinley Birthplace Memorial gold dollar was created by an act of the United States Congress in commemoration for late U.S. President William McKinley.
The Spanish opera The Wild Cat by Manuel Penella premiered at Teatro Principal in Valencia, Spain.
Born: Retta Scott, American animator, first woman to receive screen credit as an animator at the Walt Disney Animation Studios, in Omak, Washington (d. 1990)
Died: Hugo von Pohl, German naval officer, Chief of the German Imperial Admiralty Staff from 1913 to 1916 (b. 1855)
February 24, 1916 (Thursday)
Battle of Verdun – The Germans captured the village of Beaumont-en-Verdunois, France, and were set up to assault the strategic significant Fort Douaumont.
The National Union Government formed in Luxembourg during German occupation following the resignation of Hubert Loutsch as Prime Minister of Luxembourg. Victor Thorn then took leadership of the country, on condition the occupying Germans would not interfere with government while Luxembourg did not support the Allies.
The 60th Australian Battalion was established as part of the expansion of the First Australian Imperial Force.
St. Joseph's College was established in New York City and expanded to a second campus on Long Island, New York.
Born: Jaime Sarlanga, Argentine association football player, played forward for the Boca Juniors from 1940 to 1948 and the Argentina national football team, in Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina (d. 1966); Tim Walenn, British pilot, member of the Royal Air Force during World War II and escapee from Stalag Luft III (known as the master forger of the group), Hendon, London, England (d. 1944, executed)
February 25, 1916 (Friday)
Battle of Verdun – A German party was able to scale and capture Fort Douaumont.
Born: Kurt Welter, German air force officer, commander of the Nachtjagdgeschwader 11 wing of the Luftwaffe during World War II, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Lindenthal, Cologne, Germany (d. 1949, killed in a car accident)
Died: David Bowman, Australian politician, Leader of the Opposition in Queensland from 1908 to 1912 for the Australian Labor Party (b. 1860); John St. John, American politician, 8th Governor of Kansas (b. 1833)
February 26, 1916 (Saturday)
Battle of Verdun – The French failed to retake Fort Douaumont, forcing General Philippe Pétain to call off further attacks and have defenses consolidated around the remaining forts. The Germans had advanced on a front; French losses were and German losses were .
Action of Agagia – British forces in North Africa fought Senussi militia backed by the Central Powers east of the Egyptian port town of Sidi Barrani. The British force of 1,400 defeated a Senussi force estimated at between 1,500 and 1,600. The Senussi lost an estimated 500 men and horses while the British sustained 47 killed and 137 wounded.
French ocean liner turned auxiliary cruiser SS La Provence II was sunk by German submarine SM U-35 while transporting French troops, killing 990 out of the 1,732 passengers and crew on board.
French air force pilot Jean Navarre induced a German two-seat aircraft to land in French-held territory and surrender without ever firing a shot merely by appearing behind them over the Verdun battlefield. Later that morning, Navarre shot down a German bomber for his fifth victory.
No. 40 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps was established and became noted for using Australian and Canadian fighter pilots.
The 50th and 51st Australian Battalions were established as part of the expansion of the First Australian Imperial Force.
Born: Jackie Gleason, American comedian, actor and musician, best known for the 1950s TV sitcom hit The Honeymooners and films The Hustler and Smokey and the Bandit, in New York City (d. 1987); Preacher Roe, American baseball player, pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Brooklyn Dodgers from 1938 to 1954, in Ash Flat, Arkansas (d. 2008)
Born: Joan Curran, Welsh scientist, member of the Manhattan Project, inventor of the chaff used to screen aircraft on radar, in Swansea, Wales (d. 1999); Fang Yi, Chinese politician, Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1982, in Xiamen, China (d. 1997)
Died: Tomasa Ortiz Real, Spanish nun, founder of the Salesian Sisters of the Sacred Heart, beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2004 (b. 1842)
February 27, 1916 (Sunday)
Battle of Verdun – The spring thaw turned the ground to swamp and slowed German advances, allowing French time to regroup. German soldiers began suffering from exhaustion and lost 500 soldiers to one day of fighting around the village of Douaumont, France.
As a result of losing Erzurum, Turkey to Russia, Ottoman General Mahmud Kâmil Pasha was relieved of command of the Ottoman Third Army and replaced with General Wehib Pasha.
British passenger ship SS Maloja struck a mine and sank in the English Channel off Dover with the loss of 155 lives.
The 49th Australian Battalion was established as part of the expansion of the First Australian Imperial Force.
February 28, 1916 (Monday)
Senussi campaign – British forces were able to take the Egyptian port town of Sidi Barrani with no resistance.
A general election was held for the Faroe Islands, with the Union Party winning half of the electoral seats.
The Gulf Coast Lines rail company was established in New Orleans to handle coastal railways in Louisiana and Texas.
Born: Cesar Climaco, Filipino politician, mayor of Zamboanga City and prominent critic of Ferdinand Marcos, in Zamboanga City, Philippines (d. 1984, assassinated)
Died: Henry James, American-British writer, author of The Turn of the Screw, The Wings of the Dove and The Portrait of a Lady (b. 1843); Gregorio Cortez, American farmer and outlaw, became a folk hero among Mexican-Americans for evading arrest for 10 days following a shooting Cortez argued had been in self-defense and later exonerated for (b. 1875)
February 29, 1916 (Tuesday)
Battle of Verdun – The Germans were further delayed by a sudden snowstorm, allowing the French time to bring and of ammunition by rail from Bar-le-Duc, France, to Verdun.
The German auxiliary cruiser was intercepted and attacked by four Royal Navy ships in the North Sea, including and , after it broke through the Allies naval blockade. Greif sank Alcantara thanks to superior firepower when the smaller ship got too close, killing 72 British sailors before it was destroyed by the other three ships. In total, 220 out of the 360 crew on Greif were captured and another 130 were killed.
Born: Dinah Shore, American singer, best known for popular hits in 1940s and 1950s including "Baby, It's Cold Outside" and "Buttons and Bows", in Winchester, Tennessee (d. 1994); James B. Donovan, American lawyer, member of the diplomat legal team that negotiated the release of U.S. Air Force pilot Francis Gary Powers from Soviet custody, in New York City (d. 1970)
Born: Ruth Mary Reynolds, American activist, promoter of the independence of Puerto Rico, in Lawrence County, South Dakota (d. 1989); Leonard Shoen, American businessperson, founder of U-Haul, in McGrath, Minnesota (d. 1999)
Died: Florence Annie Conybeare, British suffragist, noted member of the Women's Liberal Federation (b. 1872)
References
1916
1916-02
1916-02 |
36608034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo%20Peillat | Gonzalo Peillat | Gonzalo Peillat (born 12 August 1992) is an Argentine-German field hockey player who plays as a defender for German club Mannheimer HC and for the Germany national team. In 2015, Peillat was awarded the FIH 2014 Rising Star of the Year.
He ended his Argentina career with a total of 153 caps and 176 goals and he is also considered as one of the greatest Argentine field hockey players of all-time. He represented Argentina in field hockey from 2011 to 2018 before switching his allegiance to Germany as of 2022. His girlfriend Florencia Habif is also a field hockey player.
Club career
Peillat played for Club Ferrocarril Mitre in Argentina until the 2014 World Cup. After this tournament, he wanted to improve his play so he transferred to the Netherlands to play for HGC. During the 2014 Dutch winter break he played his first season in the Hockey India League for the Kalinga Lancers and in the 2015 Hockey India League played for the Uttar Pradesh Wizards. After he became topscorer in the 2015–16 Dutch hoofdklasse season with 33 goals, he transferred to German club Mannheimer HC. In the 2016 and 2017 German winterbreak he again played for the Uttar Pradesh Wizards in the 2016 and 2017 Hockey India League. In the 2018 winter break when there was no Hockey India League, he played in the Malaysia Hockey League for Terengganu Hockey Team. In April 2018 he renewed his contract for Mannheim for another three years until 2021. He also participated in the premier division hockey league in Bangladesh for Mohameddan Sporting Club.
International career
Argentina career
He was part of the Argentine squad that emerged as runners-up to New Zealand in the final of the 2012 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. He was included in the Argentine field hockey squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics and he also made his Olympic debut during the 2012 London Olympics. He was the top goalscorer for Argentina during the men's field hockey competition during the 2012 Summer Olympics with a tally of four goals and Argentina bowed out of the competition with a tenth place finish. He was the top goalscorer during the 2012 Men's Pan-Am Junior Championship with 15 goals and Argentina eventually won the title by beating Canada in the final. He was a key member of the Argentina squad which won the 2013 Men's Pan American Cup and he scored a hat-trick in the final of the competition against Canada and he scored all four goals in the final for Argentina as they won the final 4-0. He was also the top goalscorer for Argentina at the 2013 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup with four goals. He was a member of the Argentine squad which won the 2013 Men's South American Hockey Championship.
He was named in the Argentine squad for the 2014 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup and it also marked his maiden FIH Hockey World Cup appearance. He was a vital cog of the Argentine hockey team that finished in third place in the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup, which remains the best ever performance for Argentina to date in a single edition of the FIH Men's Hockey World Cup. He scored the only goal for Argentina during their semi-final defeat to Australia 5-1 and Argentina claimed their first ever World Cup medal by defeating England 2-0 in the third place play-off during the 2014 World Cup campaign. He ended the 2014 Hockey World Cup as the top goalscorer of the tournament with 10 goals. He was part of the Argentina squad which qualified to the quarter-final of the 2014 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy.
He was a key member of the Argentine squad which claimed gold medal in the men's field hockey competition during the 2014 South American Games and he was also the top goalscorer of the competition with a tally of 16 goals. He was the top goalscorer at the 2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final with 8 goals. He was a crucial member of the Argentine squad which claimed gold medal in the men's field hockey tournament at the 2015 Pan American Games and was also the top goalscorer of the competition with a tally of 14 goals.
He was named in Argentine field hockey squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics and it marked his second Olympic appearance in Argentina colours. He scored a hat-trick in Argentina's win over defending Olympic champions Germany during the semi-final of the 2016 Summer Olympic men's field hockey tournament which helped Argentina to qualify for the final of the competition. All of his three goals came from the penalty corner in the first half of the match as Argentina defeated favourites Germany 5-2 in the semi-final to set up a grand final with Belgium. He also scored a goal in the final of the Olympic hockey tournament and Argentina defeated Belgium 4-2 to clinch the Olympic hockey gold medal for the first time. He was adjudged as the top goalscorer during the men's field hockey tournament at 2016 Summer Olympics with 11 goals. He was an integral member of the Argentine squad which emerged as runners-up to Australia at the 2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final and he was the top goalscorer for Argentina during the 2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League with three goals. He was part of the Argentina squad which won the 2017 Men's Pan American Cup and he was the joint top goalscorer of the competition alongside fellow Argentine player Matías Paredes with seven goals.
He was the top goalscorer of the 2018 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup with 8 goals and he was a vital member of the Argentina side which secured third place during the competition. During the opening match of the 2018 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup between Argentina and India, he scored a hat-trick which sealed the deal for Argentina in a close encounter where Argentina won 3-2. He was also the top goalscorer at the 2018 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy with a tally of 6 goals. He was part of the Argentina squad which emerged as runners-up to Germany at the 2018 Men's Hockey Düsseldorf Masters and he was the joint top goalscorer of the tournament for Argentina alongside Martin Ferreiro with two goals. He was the top goalscorer for Argentina during the 2018 FIH Men's Hockey World Cup with 6 and he was also the second leading goalscorer during the course of the tournament just behind Blake Govers and Alexander Hendrickx's tally of 7 goals. He also scored a brace in Argentina's defeat to England in the quarter-final clash of the 2018 Hockey World Cup, which was his last ever international appearance for him in Argentina colours. Argentina bowed out of the tournament with a seventh-place finish.
He openly publicly criticised the state of hockey in Argentina especially aftermath Argentina's 2018 World Cup campaign. He also pointed out allegations regarding favoritism and player politics in team selection and lack of passion in Argentine hockey. He alongside fellow hockey player Joaquín Menini pinpointed the loopholes in Argentine hockey especially highlighting how the game was managed in the country. Reports also surfaced regarding a rift between Peillat and the then Argentine skipper Agustín Mazzilli during the 2018 FIH Men's Hockey World Cup and the tensions embroiled further with Argentina's shock loss to England 2-3 in the quarter-finals which eventually ended the World Cup campaign for Argentina. Peillat along with Menini soon decided to walk away from Argentine hockey, due to both being ignored mostly by the Argentine hockey fraternity. He also reportedly engaged in a dispute with the Argentine head coach German Orozco in January 2019 and as a result, Peillat took a break from the Argentine national team.
Germany career
In late February 2022, Peillat acquired German citizenship and its national team coach André Henning asked permission from the International Hockey Federation for him to be part of the squad. On 7 March 2022, Peillat was listed for the first time as a German player to compete in the 2021-2022 Pro League Series. He made his international debut in Germany colours on 26 March 2022 against Spain during the 2021–22 Men's FIH Pro League.
He starred in Germany's dramatic come-from-behind win against world no 1 team Australia during the semi-finals of the 2023 FIH Hockey World Cup by scoring a hat-trick in the second half of the match to help Germany to qualify for the final of the tournament. Germany was trailing at 2-0 during halfway mark but ultimately defeated Australia albeit of Peillat's hat-trick of goals, and the match regulation time ended with Germany winning the tightly fought contest 4-3 at the end of the fourth quarter. Peillat scored from the penalty corners in the 43rd, 52nd and 59th minutes of the semi-final to stun Australia in order to help Germany reach their fourth ever Hockey World Cup final.
See also
List of men's field hockey players with 100 or more international goals
Honours
Club
Mannheimer HC
German national title: 2016–17
International
Argentina
Summer Olympics: 2016
Pan American Games: 2015
Pan American Cup: 2013, 2017
South American Games: 2014
South American Championships: 2013
Pan American Junior Championship: 2012
Germany
World Cup: 2023
Individual
Summer Olympics top goalscorer: 2016
Hockey World Cup top goalscorer: 2014
Pan American Games top goalscorer: 2015
Pan American Cup top goalscorer: 2017
Champions Trophy top goalscorer: 2018
South American Games top goalscorer: 2014
Sultan Azlan Shah Cup top goalscorer: 2018
FIH Rising Star of the Year: 2014
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Field hockey players from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of French descent
Argentine male field hockey players
Male field hockey defenders
Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2014 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
2018 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Olympic field hockey players for Argentina
Pan American Games gold medalists for Argentina
Olympic gold medalists for Argentina
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in field hockey
South American Games gold medalists for Argentina
South American Games medalists in field hockey
HGC (field hockey) players
Hockey India League players
Uttar Pradesh Wizards players
Competitors at the 2014 South American Games
Mannheimer HC players
Men's Hoofdklasse Hockey players
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
German male field hockey players
2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup players |
4842151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20San%20Francisco%20High%20School | South San Francisco High School | South San Francisco High School (known colloquially as South City High) is a 9-12 public high school in South San Francisco, California, United States and is part of the South San Francisco Unified School District (SSFUSD).
Vision Statement: South San Francisco High School will graduate resilient, empathetic, lifelong learners who will become productive, globally conscious citizens with useful skills to contribute to an ever changing society.
Campus
South San Francisco High School operates under a closed campus policy, prohibiting leaving the campus for lunch or meeting visitors and students during school hours. The district offices for the SSFUSD are located on the school campus at the main entrance.
South San Francisco High School is composed of a main office building, school library, auditorium, cafeteria large and small gyms, Science Garage, and nine campus wings. Wings B-G contain the majority of the school's academic classrooms. The "S" wing contains the woods, auto, ceramics, and art shops. The auditorium is located to the right of the main entrance with the cafeteria next to it. The "M" wing contains the broadcasting station and the band room. The video broadcasting class provides live segments daily through the schools cable network and online.
Brand new, on-campus baseball and softball diamonds opened in 2021, replacing two grassy practice fields in addition to the off-campus Bob Brian Field at Orange Memorial Park which had previously served as South City baseball's home field.
"Students have access to state-of-the-art equipment at the Science Garage biotech lab and classroom. Science Garage was built at South San Francisco High School with support from a $7.8 million grant from the Genentech Foundation, and opened in late 2017".
On April 1, 2019, students and staff planted 14 orange, persimmon, and apple trees in a new campus orchard.
An outdoor learning space was constructed in 2021 in a section of unused lawn space. The learning space includes picnic tables and benches for students to utilize during lunch as well as a projector and screen for outdoor lessons. The perimeter is lined with native plants and vegetables planted and maintained by the SSFHS Earth Club. Vegetables will be donated to Mission Meals.
Demographics
According to U.S. News & World Report, 95% of South San Francisco's student body is "of color," with 44% of the student body coming from an economically disadvantaged household, determined by student eligibility for California's Reduced-price meal program.
School logo and mascot
On Thursday, February 28, 2020, “school district officials adopted a student proposal to abandon Native American imagery considered insensitive and unnecessary.” The school will retain the Warrior mascot without the Native American imagery.
The proposal was advocated for by the South San Francisco High School's Students 4 Change group with the support of many current and former students, faculty members, and community members. They considered the logo depicting a generalized Native American man in a feathered headdress to be a stereotypical and disrespectful portrayal of indigenous people. SSFHS Students 4 Change circulated a petition, created an informative video, and presented to the school board prior to its official decision.
Support for the proposal was not universal. A competing petition was also circulated in favor of keeping the logo. Many students, faculty, community members, and one board member viewed the logo as a way to honor the Native Americans who formerly occupied the area as well as a way to honor school tradition and history.
Even so, it has been noted that even before this particular proposal, the school had been gradually phasing out the imagery over time. Several athletic uniforms and fields often sported “SC” for South City instead of the Native American headdress logo. The only physical mascot in recent years was the short lived tenure of “Wolfie” the Wolf.
Shortly after the board voted to change the school logo, a research committee was formed of students, parents, faculty members, and community members to gather input for developing a new logo. The school board voted unanimously to approve the new logos on March 25, 2021.
Academics
Wanting to provide opportunities for all students to be successful after high school whether they choose to go to college or immediately enter the workforce and begin their chosen careers, South San Francisco High Schools offers pathways for both College and Career Readiness.
College readiness
For students wishing to attend college after graduation, South San Francisco High School offers courses satisfying the A-G requirements needed for acceptance into a public California university. The rigorous academic program includes 14 Advanced Placement courses (Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Calculus AB, Language & Composition, Literature & Composition, Computer Science, World History, US History, Government, European History, Spanish, Italian, and Music Theory) and multiple honors courses. While these higher-level courses are not required to graduate, they are recommended for students wishing to be more competitive when applying to college.
Skyline College works closely with the high school through after school workshops about registering for classes and financial aide, concurrent enrollment, and programs such as Middle College, Kapatiran, and Herman@s. Both Kapatiran and L@s Hermano@s are after school seminar classes taught by Skyline College professors for which students can earn both high school and college credits.
Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) is an elective program offered at South San Francisco High School. While part of this program, students learn useful skills (such as note-taking, organization, collaboration, critical thinking, etc.), conduct research on possible future colleges and careers, attend field trips to visit college campuses, and more.
Sophomore and Junior year, all students enrolled in either World History or US History compete in National History Day. This project involves three components: research paper, physical project, and presentation. Students may choose a historical topic of their choice, but it must fit into that year's History Day Theme (previous themes include Triumph and Tragedy, Innovation, Turning Point, Rights & Responsibility, etc.). They then do in depth research of their topic in order to write their papers. Next they create a documentary film, website, performance or exhibit. Finally their projects are presented in a school-wide competition which can lead on to county, state, and national competitions. South City students have competed at the state level multiple times in recent years.
Career readiness
Career Technical Education (CTE), also known as Vocational Education classes are offered in a variety of subjects for students to explore possible career fields, including: Arts, Media & Entertainment; Building & Construction Trades; Health Science & Medical Technology; Information & Communication Technologies; and Transportation.
Work Experience and Community Service courses allow students to earn high school credits while gaining hands on experience outside of the classroom.
During their senior year, students complete a Senior Capstone Project in their English classes. The purpose of this project is to apply and showcase the skills they have learned over the all their four years of high school and to explore in depth a career field that interests them. They write a research paper about a controversial topic in their chosen career field. Next students complete at least 25 hours learning from/shadowing a mentor who works in that field, constantly updating a blog recounting the experience and creating a physical project based on what they learn. Physical projects can include but are not limited to: cellphone and computer based applications, choreographed dance routines, video interviews/montages/documentaries, and more. Finally, they present to a panel of faculty members, other students, and community members about what they learned through the whole experience.
Athletics
South San Francisco High School offers a variety of sports, including cheerleading, American football, badminton, baseball, basketball, golf, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball, wrestling and cross country.
The Bell Game is an annual tradition where South San Francisco High School plays against their rival, El Camino High School. The school that wins the football game wins the trophy, also known as "The Bell." The 2011 Bell Game was the 50th.
Special Olympics
"Just before the pandemic closures of 2020, South San Francisco held its first ever Special Olympics Northern California basketball tournament." After not being held in 2021 due to the COVID pandemic, the tournament returned in 2022 featuring teams from South San Francisco, Woodside, and Hillsdale High Schools. The tournament is planned to become an annual event.
Notable seasons
In 1980 the varsity football team defeated North Monterey County HS, 17–7, to win the Central Coast Section Championship.
In 1973, the sophomore football team went undefeated and unscored upon.
In 2021, the girls soccer team made school history with the program's first CCS title after four previous years of making it to CCS Playoffs.
Extra curricular activities
Clubs
One way students have of getting involved in their school community is by joining one or more of the 30+ clubs offered at South San Francisco High School. The list of South City High clubs includes, but is not limited to: ASB or Leadership, The Hermanos Club, Drama Club/Thespians Troupe, Journalism (which produces the school newspaper, the Warrior Post), Chess Club, Mock Trial, California Scholarship Federation, National Honor Society, the GSA (also known as Spectrum), Animal Rescue, Hip Hop Club, Electronics Club, Anime Club, Gaming Club, Filipino American Club, Italian Club, Folklorico, Conservation Club, and many more.
Notable alumni & faculty
Alumni
James H. Coleman (class of 2017), Youngest and first openly LGBTQ member of the South San Francisco City Council. Elected in SSF District 4 in 2020.
Mark Nargales, Elected Mayor of South San Francisco in 2021. "Prior to being elected to the city council, Nagales served South San Francisco as Parks and Recreation Commissioner (2008-2014, Chair in 2013) and Planning Commissioner (2015-2018, Chair in 2018). Nagales was elected to the City Council in November 2018, and is proud to be one of the first Filipinos elected in South San Francisco."
Doug Aronson (class of 1983?), The offensive lineman appeared in two games for the Cincinnati Bengals in 1987.
Patrick Hunter (class of 1983), A third-round pick out of Nevada in 1986, Hunter started 99 games at cornerback for the Seahawks over nine seasons in Seattle.
Milford Hodge (class of 1980?), Hodge played defensive line for the Patriots from 1986 to 1989.
Faculty
Rue Randall Clifford, One of SSFHS's first teachers. The school's football field is named Clifford Field in her honor.
Gene Mullin, Former SSFHS teacher & coach, City Council Member, Mayor, and State Assembly Member
See also
San Mateo County high schools
References
External links
South City ASB website
South City Video Art Youtube Channel
Educational institutions established in 1913
1913 establishments in California
South San Francisco, California
South San Francisco Unified School District
High schools in San Mateo County, California
Public high schools in California |
50605868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differences%20between%20Shinjitai%20and%20Simplified%20characters | Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters | Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters in the Japanese and Chinese languages exist.
List of different simplifications
The old and new forms of the Kyōiku Kanji and their Hànzì equivalents are listed below.
In the following lists, the characters are sorted by the radicals of the Japanese kanji. The two Kokuji 働 and 畑 in the Kyōiku Kanji List, which have no Chinese equivalents, are not listed here; in Japanese, neither character was affected by the simplifications.
No simplification in either language
(The following characters were simplified neither in Japanese nor in Chinese.)
一 丁 下 三 不 天 五 民 正 平 可 再 百 否 武 夏 中 内 出 本 世 申 由 史 冊 央 向 曲 印 州 表 果 半 必 永 求 九 丸 千 久 少 夫 午 失 末 未 包 年 危 后 兵 我 束 卵 承 垂 刷 重 省 看 勉 七 乳 才 予 事 二 元 亡 六 主 市 交 忘 夜 育 京 卒 商 率 就 人 化 今 仁 付 代 仕 他 令 以 合 全 任 休 件 仲 作 何 位 住 余 低 似 命 使 念 例 供 信 保 便 値 修 借 候 倍 俳 俵 健 停 働 像 先 入 八 分 公 共 弟 並 典 前 益 善 尊 同 周 次 兆 冷 弱 刀 切 別 判 制 券 刻 副 割 力 加 助 努 勇 勤 句 北 疑 十 古 孝 直 南 真 裁 博 上 反 灰 厚 原 台 能 友 収 口 司 右 兄 吸 告 君 味 呼 品 唱 器 四 回 因 困 固 土 去 地 在 寺 均 志 坂 幸 型 城 基 域 喜 境 士 冬 各 夕 外 名 多 大 太 奏 女 好 始 妻 姉 妹 姿 子 存 安 字 守 宅 宇 完 定 官 宙 宗 室 客 宣 家 害 案 容 宮 寄 密 宿 寒 富 察 寸 小 光 常 堂 尺 局 居 屋 展 山 岸 岩 炭 川 工 左 功 己 改 布 希 干 刊 幼 序 店 底 府 度 座 席 庭 康 延 建 式 弓 引 強 形 役 往 径 待 律 徒 得 街 心 快 性 忠 急 恩 情 感 想 成 戸 所 手 打 投 折 技 批 招 持 指 拾 接 推 探 授 提 操 支 政 故 教 救 散 敬 文 新 方 放 旅 族 旗 日 早 明 易 昔 春 星 昨 映 昭 最 量 景 晴 暗 暖 暴 曜 月 木 札 材 村 板 林 松 枚 枝 相 査 染 柱 格 校 根 株 械 植 棒 森 模 歌 止 整 死 列 段 母 毒 比 毛 氏 水 池 汽 法 治 波 油 注 河 泣 沿 泳 洋 活 派 洗 流 消 酒 浴 深 混 清 液 港 測 湖 源 演 潮 激 火 然 照 熟 燃 受 父 片 版 牛 物 牧 特 犬 犯 王 玉 班 理 球 望 生 用 田 男 町 思 界 胃 留 略 病 痛 登 白 的 皇 泉 皮 皿 盛 盟 目 具 眼 矢 知 短 石 砂 破 磁 示 祭 禁 利 私 和 委 季 科 秋 秒 移 税 程 穴 究 空 立 童 竹 笑 第 笛 等 答 策 筋 算 管 箱 米 料 粉 精 糖 素 置 罪 羊 美 差 着 群 羽 翌 老 考 耕 耳 取 有 肉 服 肥 背 肺 胸 期 朝 腹 臣 自 息 至 舌 航 船 良 色 花 苦 若 英 芽 草 茶 荷 菜 落 幕 墓 蒸 暮 血 行 衣 初 西 要 票 角 解 言 警 谷 欲 豆 象 赤 走 起 足 路 身 射 返 近 述 送 追 退 逆 迷 通 速 造 道 郡 部 配 酸 番 里 野 防 限 院 降 除 陛 障 集 雨 雪 青 非 悲 面 革 音 章 意 食 首 骨 高
Same simplification in both languages
(Order: Kyūjitai / Traditional Chinese form - Shinjitai / Simplified Chinese form)
萬-万, 畫-画, 晝-昼, 蠶-蚕, 舊-旧, 臺-台, 爭-争, 來-来, 寫-写, 區-区, 醫-医, 點-点, 參-参, 號-号, 國-国, 聲-声, 條-条, 學-学, 寶-宝, 當-当, 黨-党, 屆-届, 屬-属, 擔-担, 數-数, 斷-断, 暑-暑, 橫-横, 殘-残, 淺-浅, 溫-温, 燈-灯, 狀-状, 將-将, 獨-独, 硏-研, 禮-礼, 社-社, 神-神, 祖-祖, 祝-祝, 福-福, 祕-秘, 署-署, 者-者, 朗-朗, 亂-乱, 辭-辞, 蟲-虫, 都-都, 靜-静, 麥-麦, 黃-黄, 會-会, 體-体, 裝-装
About 30% of the simplified Chinese characters match the Japanese shinjitai.
Simplification in Japan only
(Order: Kyūjitai / Traditional - Shinjitai)
豫-予, 冰-氷, 罐-缶, 圍-囲, 巢-巣, 乘-乗, 佛-仏, 假-仮, 舍-舎, 效-効, 增-増, 卷-巻, 德-徳, 拜-拝, 濱-浜, 藏-蔵, 黑-黒, 窗-窓, 缺-欠, 步-歩, 每-毎, 辨/瓣/辯-弁,In Japan, 弁 is used to simplify three different Traditional characters (辨, 瓣, and 辯). 稻-稲
Simplification in PRC only (not exhaustive)
(Order: Kyūjitai / Traditional Chinese form / Modern Japanese form - Simplified Chinese form)
業-业, 東-东, 島-岛, 劇-剧, 願-愿, 裏-里, 係-系, 個-个, 倉-仓, 側-侧, 備-备, 傷-伤, 億-亿, 優-优, 貧-贫, 興-兴, 軍-军, 創-创, 動-动, 勢-势, 協-协, 準-准, 幹-干, 員-员, 鳴-鸣, 園-园, 場-场, 報-报, 執-执, 奮-奋, 婦-妇, 孫-孙, 憲-宪, 導-导, 層-层, 災-灾, 順-顺, 帳-帐, 庫-库, 張-张, 後-后, 術-术, 復-复, 衛-卫, 態-态, 慣-惯, 採-采, 捨-舍, 揮-挥, 損-损, 漢-汉, 敵-敌, 時-时, 題-题, 極-极, 構-构, 標-标, 機-机, 樹-树, 橋-桥, 決-决, 減-减, 測-测, 湯-汤, 漁-渔, 潔-洁, 無-无, 熱-热, 愛-爱, 現-现, 節-节, 聖-圣, 穀-谷, 異-异, 務-务, 確-确, 種-种, 積-积, 殺-杀, 競-竞, 筆-笔, 築-筑, 簡-简, 約-约, 級-级, 紅-红, 紀-纪, 紙-纸, 納-纳, 純-纯, 組-组, 終-终, 細-细, 結-结, 給-给, 統-统, 絹-绢, 綿-绵, 線-线, 網-网, 緯-纬, 編-编, 縮-缩, 績-绩, 織-织, 買-买, 義-义, 養-养, 習-习, 職-职, 書-书, 脈-脉, 勝-胜, 腸-肠, 臨-临, 葉-叶, 夢-梦, 衆-众, 補-补, 製-制, 複-复, 見-见, 規-规, 親-亲, 計-计, 記-记, 討-讨, 訓-训, 設-设, 許-许, 訪-访, 評-评, 詞-词, 話-话, 試-试, 詩-诗, 誠-诚, 語-语, 認-认, 誤-误, 誌-志, 調-调, 論-论, 談-谈, 課-课, 誕-诞, 講-讲, 謝-谢, 識-识, 議-议, 護-护, 頭-头, 貝-贝, 負-负, 則-则, 財-财, 敗-败, 責-责, 貨-货, 費-费, 貸-贷, 視-视, 貴-贵, 貯-贮, 賀-贺, 貿-贸, 資-资, 賃-赁, 質-质, 車-车, 輪-轮, 輸-输, 農-农, 連-连, 進-进, 週-周, 過-过, 運-运, 達-达, 遊-游, 遠-远, 適-适, 選-选, 遺-遗, 郵-邮, 針-针, 銀-银, 銅-铜, 鋼-钢, 鏡-镜, 長-长, 門-门, 問-问, 閉-闭, 間-间, 開-开, 聞-闻, 閣-阁, 陸-陆, 隊-队, 階-阶, 陽-阳, 際-际, 難-难, 雲-云, 電-电, 頂-顶, 類-类, 預-预, 領-领, 額-额, 風-风, 飛-飞, 飲-饮, 飯-饭, 飼-饲, 館-馆, 馬-马, 魚-鱼, 鳥-鸟, 蕓-芸, 滬-沪
Different simplifications in both languages
(Order: Kyūjitai / Traditional Chinese - Simplified Chinese - Shinjitai)
兩-两-両, 惡-恶-悪, 單-单-単, 嚴-严-厳, 傳-传-伝, 價-价-価, 兒-儿-児, 變-变-変, 圓-圆-円, 勞-劳-労, 壓-压-圧, 營-营-営, 團-团-団, 圖-图-図, 圍-围-囲, 賣-卖-売, 鹽-盐-塩, 處-处-処, 據-据-拠, 實-实-実, 專-专-専, 縣-县-県, 廣-广-広, 應-应-応, 歸-归-帰, 戰-战-戦, 擴-扩-拡, 擧-举-挙, 從-从-従, 戲-戏-戯, 對-对-対, 榮-荣-栄, 櫻-樱-桜, 檢-检-検, 樂-乐-楽, 樣-样-様, 權-权-権, 產-产-産, 氣-气-気, 濟-济-済, 齋-斋-斎, 滿-满-満, 帶-带-帯, 殼-壳-殻, 歷-历-歴, 莊-庄-荘, 歲-岁-歳, 肅-肃-粛, 龍-龙-竜, 龜-龟-亀, 靈-灵-霊, 麵-面-麺, 燒-烧-焼, 發-发-発, 顯-显-顕, 絲-丝-糸, 經-经-経, 繪-绘-絵, 續-续-続, 總-总-総, 練-练-練, 綠-绿-緑, 緣-缘-縁, 繩-绳-縄, 壞-坏-壊, 絕-绝-絶, 繼-继-継, 縱-纵-縦, 纖-纤-繊, 腦-脑-脳, 臟-脏-臓, 著-着-著, 藥-药-薬, 覺-觉-覚, 覽-览-覧, 頰-颊-頬, 觀-观-観, 譯-译-訳, 證-证-証, 讀-读-読, 說-说-説, 讓-让-譲, 豐-丰-豊, 贊-赞-賛, 轉-转-転, 輕-轻-軽, 邊-边-辺, 遞-递-逓, 遲-迟-遅, 鄕-乡-郷, 鐵-铁-鉄, 鑛/礦-矿-鉱, 錢-钱-銭, 鑒-鉴-鑑, 銳-锐-鋭, 錄-录-録, 藝-艺-芸, 鑄-铸-鋳, 鍊-炼-錬, 關-关-関, 險-险-険, 隱-隐-隠, 雜-杂-雑, 顏-颜-顔, 驛-驿-駅, 驅-驱-駆, 驗-验-験, 齒-齿-歯, 聽-听-聴, 廳-厅-庁, 擊-击-撃, 辯-辩-弁, 澀-涩-渋, 濾-滤-沪
Traditional characters that may cause problems displaying
Some of the traditional Kanji are not included in the Japanese font of Windows XP/2000, and only rectangles are shown. Downloading the Meiryo font from the Microsoft website (VistaFont_JPN.EXE) and installing it will solve this problem.
Note that within the Jōyō Kanji there are 62 characters the old forms of which may cause problems displaying:
Kyōiku Kanji (26):
Grade 2 (2 Kanji):
Grade 3 (8 Kanji):
Grade 4 (6 Kanji):
Grade 5 (1 Kanji):
Grade 6 (9 Kanji):
Secondary-School Kanji (36):
These characters are Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs for which the old form (kyūjitai) and the new form (shinjitai) have been unified under the Unicode standard. Although the old and new forms are distinguished under the JIS X 0213 standard, the old forms map to Unicode CJK Compatibility Ideographs which are considered by Unicode to be canonically equivalent to the new forms and may not be distinguished by user agents. Therefore, depending on the user environment, it may not be possible to see the distinction between old and new forms of the characters. In particular, all Unicode normalization methods merge the old characters with the new ones.
Different stroke orders in Chinese and Japanese
Some characters, whether simplified or not, look the same in Chinese and Japanese, but have different stroke orders. For example, in Japan, 必 is written with the top dot first, while the Traditional stroke order writes the 丿 first. In the characters 王 and 玉, the vertical stroke is the third stroke in Chinese, but the second stroke in Japanese.
Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau use Traditional characters, though with an altered stroke order.
See also
Singapore Chinese characters
References
Simplified Chinese characters
Kanji
Japanese language
China–Japan relations |
33751237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennie%20Harris | Rennie Harris | Lorenzo Harris (born January 28, 1964) is a dancer, choreographer, artistic director and professor of hip-hop dance. Harris formed the first and longest running hip-hop dance touring company, Rennie Harris Puremovement in 1992. In 2007, he conceived another touring company, RHAW or Rennie Harris Awe-Inspiring Works.
Harris has received numerous awards for his theatrical hip-hop dance performances or what he refers to as, "Hip-Hop concert dance". He is known for such works as Rome and Jewels, Facing Mekka, 100 NAKED LOCKS, Heaven, and a host of innovative repertory works, which have broken many stereotypes and expectations of hip-hop dance. After receiving an honorary doctorate from Bates College and an honorary doctorate from Columbia College, Harris' company was chosen as 1 of 4 US companies to serve as cultural ambassadors for President Obama's "Dance Motion USA." In 2012, it toured the Middle East, performing and giving hip hop workshops to Egyptians, Israelis and Palestinians.
Early years
Growing up in North Philadelphia, Rennie was first inspired by Don Campbell’s group, The Campbell Lockers, after seeing them on the TV show Soul Train. He started dancing socially as a kid but when he was around 12 years old, he started a dance group called Cobra III with his brother and childhood friend, nicknamed “Brainy.” Cobra III entered and won a local church talent show, marking the beginning of Harris’ life commitment to dance.
Career
Harris started his career by forming dance groups during his teens, such as the GQ group called, The Step Masters and a popping crew called, The Scanner Boys. These groups opened and performed with such acts as: Afrika Bambaataa, West Street Mob, Kool Moe Dee and the Treacherous Three, Super Nature, currently known as Salt-n-Pepa, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, and Doug E Fresh, Double Trouble, Roxanne Shante, UTFO, Whodini, Newcleus, Run-DMC, Kurtis Blow, Madonna, Brandy, Aliah, Sugar Hill Gang, Sister Sledge, Gloria Gaynor, The Tramps, and Debarge, among others.
Harris worked for the TV dance shows, "Dancin' On Air", "Dance Party USA", and then was given his own show to host called, "One House Street." Harris finished his commercial career with a prolonged tour with Cathy Sledge of Sister Sledge, as a choreographer and dancer. Harris then returned to Philadelphia and The Scanner Boys to continue to innovate hip-hop dance. The Scanner Boys disbanded in 1992 with their last performance at the “Dancing in the Streets" festival held at 30th Street Station in Philadelphia.
Puremovement
Harris founded Rennie Harris Puremovement in 1991–92, the company was created to further his efforts to preserve and disseminate hip-hop culture. The company's mission is to re-educate about hip-hop and its culture through its artistic work, lecture demonstrations, and discussions. The company currently performs newer repertory works such as: "Something to Do with Love", "Get It," and "Love American Style," among a host of other works. The company has performed such evening length productions as: "Rome and Jewels", "Facing Mekka", and "Heaven", of which they have won numerous awards for. 2012 marks the 20th Anniversary of Rennie Harris Puremovement of which the company toured excerpts of past works as well as newer works in commemoration.
Illadelph Legends of Hip-Hop Festival
Harris started Illadelph Legends of Hip-Hop Festival in 1998 to bring together the pioneers of the various forms of Street Dance. Focusing primarily on teaching technique, philosophy, history and aesthetic of street dance. Illadelph dance was the first of its kind and was the catalyst for many of the Street Dance intensives to date. Devoid of competition the festival is believed to be the first to only offer dance classes, panel discussions, and performances. Some of the seminal and legendary pioneers that taught at Illadelph were pioneers such as Don Campbell of The Campbell Lockers, Mr. Wiggles, Ken Swift, Crazy Legs, and international artists like Meech from France, Hiro from Japan, and Eva Shou from Denmark. The festival passes on the knowledge, tradition, and dance vocabulary of the various forms, such as Popping, Breaking, Locking, House dance, Waacking, and vogue. Illadelph Legends is the first Street Dance festival to specifically feature and promote technical classes and workshops on the history and theory with the pioneers and historians of street dance young and old.
Scholarship
Rennie started teaching hip-hop at the age of 15 with the Smithsonian Institution and continues to teach at various universities across the world. While is company is touring Rennie teaches at the University of Colorado at Boulder from August 26-December 18 and at the University of Texas Austin from January 15-May 15. In addition when traveling with his company he teaches workshops and lectures on the history of hip-hop and the various techniques of street dance that sprang from the culture. In 2010, Harris received an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from Bates College and a Doctorate in the Arts and Humanities from Columbia College for his work and commitment to Street and hip-hop dance. He has taught at Universities such as the University of Colorado-Boulder, Stanford University, New York University, University of California, Los Angeles, Temple University, Villanova University, University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, Ohio State University, Michigan University, University of Hawaii, Harvard University, among many others. As a part of his efforts to educate the world about hip-hop, he passes on his historical knowledge of the dance through performances all over the world, including but not limited to: London, Italy, Japan, China, Switzerland, Germany, Scotland, West Africa, Finland, the Netherlands, France, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, New Zealand, Perth, Auckland, Brazil, Jamaica, Trinidad, and the Bahamas. In addition, he has performed in theaters such as the Brooklyn Academy of Music, Lincoln Center, Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, Kennedy Center, Jacob's Pillow, Joyce Theater, Symphony Space, New Victory Theater, The Apollo Theatre in New York, Sadler's Wells Theatre (London), The Southbank Centre (London) and many other theaters and universities in the US and internationally.
Choreographed works
"Dear Frankie" Hubbard Street Dance Chicago (2023)
"Lazarus" Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater (2018)
(Vegas Contemporary Dance Company) (2011)
"Home" (Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater) (2011)
"Awake" (The Philadelphia Dance Company- Philadanco) (2011)
"Another One Bites the Dust" (RHAW) (2011)
“Voices” (Contact Theatre) (2010)
"3 B-boys & a Girl" (RHAW) (2010)
"Image" (RHAW) (2010)
"A Man’s World" (RHAW) (2010)
“Reign” (Lula Washington) (2009)
"Lavender Lover" (University of Colorado-Boulder) (2009)
(Rutgers University) (2009)
(Gus Giordano Jazz Company ) (2009)
“Something to do with Love” (University of California, Irvine) (2008)
“Endangered Species- solo by Desmond Richardson" (Complexions Contemporary Ballet) (2007)
“Philadelphia Experience” (The Philadelphia Dance Company) (2007)
“Jacobs Ladder” (Dayton Contemporary Dance Company) (2007)
“Pure Dance” (RHPM) (2007)
(William Penn Foundation) (2007)
(Ford Foundation) (2007)
"Ms. Spellings of Be" (2006)
“Meditation of a Goddess” (Goddess) (2006)
“PrinceScareKrow Road to the Emerald City” (Rennie Harris) (2006)
“100NAKEDLOCKS” (RHPM) (2006)
“Heaven” (RHPM) (2006)
“Human” (University of the Arts) (2006)
“Soul” (Sam Houston State University) (2006)
(Expressions Dance Company) (2005)
“Scourge” (Marc Bamuthi Joseph) (2005)
(Colorado Ballet) (2004)
"Love Stories" (Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater) (2004)
"Facing Mekka" (RHPM) (2003)
"Honoring the Source" (Legends of Hip-Hop) (2001)
(Ballet Memphis) (2001)
"Rome & Jewels" (RHPM) (2000)
Pan Logo (1998)
Mr. Campbell Lock (1998)
Jazz, Tap, Hip-Hop (1997)
"March of the Antmen" (1997)
“Shut Up and Dance!” (Pennsylvania Ballet) (1997)
"Hip-Hop and Holler!" (1997)
(John Coltrane Project) (1996)
Art Works in Different Place (1996)
"Lorenzo’s Oil" (Philadelphia Museum of Art, John Cage Exhibit) (1995)
"Fallen Crumbs from the Cake" (Pennsylvania Prison Society) (1995)
"Students of the Asphalt Jungle" (Chuck Davis) (1995)
The Rainbow Connection (1995)
Patriots (1995)
"State of Mind II" (Ivrim Festival) (1994)
Prima Materia Phila, PA (1994)
"Death Becomes Me" (1993)
"3 Minutes with You" (1993)
"P-Funk" (RHPM) (1993)
"Peace Out to James" (1993)
"Silent House" (1993)
"Beautiful Human Lies" (1993)
"State of Dazement" (1992)
"Endangered Species" (Mime Now Festival) (1992)
"Fresh Fruit" (1992)
"Puremovement" (1991)
"Hip-Hop to Be-Bop" (1987)
"Private Dancer" (1986)
"Nuclear War" (1986)
"Africana" (1985)
"Nuclear Wild Style" (1985)
"Oriental Pop" (1983)
"Planet Rock" (1982)
"Step Master" (1978)
"Cobra" (1977)
Honors
Samuel H. Scripps American Dance Festival Award for Lifetime Achievement in Choreography (2023)
Dance Motion USA (2011)
Creative Ambassador of Philadelphia PA (2011)
Honorary Doctorate in Arts and Humanities, Bates College (2010)
Recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship (2010)
Black Theater Alvin Ailey Award (2009)
Rutgers University Honorary Committee “Launch Pad” (2009)
Nominated for the Guggenhiem Award (2009)
National Endowment for the Arts (2009)
New England Foundation for the Arts (2009)
Dance Place Honors Rennie Harris (2008)
William Shakespeare Award (2008)
Master Choreography (2008)
United States Artists Fellowship (2007)
Governors Artist of the Year Award (2007)
Philadelphia Rocky Award (Peer recognition) (2007)
Kulu Mele “African-Rooted Dance, Arts and Culture” Award (2007)
Ford Foundation-Future Aesthetics (2006)
Ford Foundation-Artography Award (2006)
Ford Foundation-Preservation (2005)
Kennedy Center-Master of African-American Choreography (2005)
Awarded Key to the City of Philadelphia (2005)
Ford Foundation-Research & Preservation (2004)
Pennsylvania Council on the Arts (2004)
Awarded Key to the City of South Beach (2004)
Alpert Awards in the Arts-Fellowship (2003)
Philadelphia -Best of Philly (2003)
Pennsylvania Council on the Arts (2003)
William Penn Foundation (2003)
Creative Capital (2003)
Samuel Fels Foundation (2003)
Stockton Rush Bartol (2003)
Alvin Ailey Black Theater Award (2002)
Alvin Ailey Black Theater Award (2001)
Bessie Awards (2001)
Laurence Olivier Award (nominee) UK (2001)
Voted most influential Philadelphian in 100 years (2000)
National Endowment for the Arts (2000)
National Dance Project (2000)
Cultural Fund (2000)
Pew Charitable Trusts-Dance Advance (1999)
Ethnic Dance Award (1997)
Certificate of Achievement (1997)
Pew Charitable Trusts-Dance Advance (1997)
Pew Charitable Trusts-Fellowship (1996)
City of Philadelphia Cultural Fund Grant (1996)
Pew Charitable Trusts-Dance Advance (1995)
Philadelphia Repertory Development Initiative Grant (1995)
Philadelphia Repertory Development Initiative Grant (1993)
Most Exciting Dancer/Choreographer (1993)
City of Philadelphia (citation) (1988)
Best Of Philadelphia (citation) (1984)
References
External links
http://www.pcah.us/m/dance/rennie-harris-fit.pdf
Archival footage of dancers performing Rennie Harris' Rome and Jewels at Jacob's Pillow, 8/13/2000
American choreographers
Artists from Philadelphia
1964 births
Pew Fellows in the Arts
Living people |
3499726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushitaki%20Upanishad | Kaushitaki Upanishad | The Kaushitaki Upanishad (, ) is an ancient Sanskrit text contained inside the Rigveda. It is associated with the Kaushitaki shakha, but a Sāmānya Upanishad, meaning that it is "common" to all schools of Vedanta. It was included in Robert Hume's list of 13 Principal Upanishads, and lists as number 25 in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads.
The Kaushitaki Upanishad, also known as Kaushitaki Brahmana Upanishad, is part of the Kaushitaki Aranyaka or the Shankhayana Aranyaka. The Kausitaki Aranyaka comprises 15 chapters and four of these chapters form the Kaushitaki Upanishad.
Chronology
The chronology of Kaushitaki Upanishad, like other Upanishads, is unclear. It is based on an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.
Kaushitaki Upanishad was probably composed before the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. Ranade places Kaushitaki chronological composition in the third group of ancient Upanishads, composed about the time of Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads. Juan Mascaró posits that Kaushitaki Upanishad was probably composed after Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya and Taittiriya Upanishads, but before all other ancient Principal Upanishads of Hinduism. Deussen as well as Winternitz consider the Kaushitaki Upanishad as amongst the most ancient prose style Upanishads, and pre-Buddhist, pre-Jaina literature.
Ian Whicher dates Kaushitaki Upanishad to about 800 BCE. According to a 1998 review by Patrick Olivelle, and other scholars, the Kaushitaki Upanishad was likely composed in a pre-Buddhist period, but after the more ancient Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya Upanishads, placing the Kaushitaki text between 6th to 5th century BCE.
Structure
The Kaushitaki Upanishad is part of the Rig veda, but it occupies different chapter numbers in the Veda manuscripts discovered in different parts of India. Three sequences are most common: the Upanishad is chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4 of Kausitaki Aranyaka, or 6, 7, 8, 9 chapters of that Aranyaka, or chapters 1, 7, 8 and 9 in some manuscripts. Paul Deussen suggests that these different chapter numbers may reflect that Upanishadic layer of Vedic literature were created and incorporated as spiritual knowledge in the pre-existing Aranyaka-layer of Vedic texts, and when this was being done in distant parts of India, the sequencing information was not implemented uniformly.
The Kausitaki Upanishad is a prose text, divided into four chapters, containing 6, 15, 9 and 20 verses respectively.
There is some evidence that the Kaushitaki Upanishad, in some manuscripts, had nine chapters, but these manuscripts are either lost or yet to be found.
Content
First chapter
In the first chapter of the Kausitaki Upanishad, rebirth and transmigration of Atman (Self) is asserted as existent, and that one's life is affected by karma, and then it asks whether there is liberation and freedom from the cycles of birth and rebirth. Verse 2 of the first chapter states it as follows (abridged),
In verse 6 of chapter 1, the Kausitaki Upanishad asserts that a man is the season (nature), sprouts from season, rises from a cradle, reborn through his wife, as splendour. It then states, in a dialogue between Man and Brahman (Universal Self, Eternal Reality),
Edward Cowell translates the above verses that declare the "Oneness in Atman and Brahman" principle as follows,
Second chapter
In the second chapter of the Kausitaki Upanishad, each life and all lives is declared as Brahman (Universal Self, Eternal Being). To the extent a person realizes that his being is identical with Brahman, to that extent he is Brahman. He doesn't need to pray, states Kausitaki Upanishad, the one who realizes and understands his true nature as identical with the universe, the Brahman. To those who don't understand their Atman, they blindly serve their senses and cravings, they worship the without; and in contrast, those who do understand their Atman, their senses serve their Atman, they live holistically.
In verse 5 of the second chapter, the Kausitaki Upanishad asserts that "external rituals such as Agnihotram offered in the morning and in the evening, must be replaced with inner Agnihotram, the ritual of introspection". Paul Deussen states that this chapter reformulates religion, by declaring, "religion is supposed not to consist in the observance of the external cult; but that which places the whole life, with every breathe, in its service." It is knowledge that makes one the most beautiful, the most glorious, and the strongest. Not rituals, but knowledge should be one's pursuit.
Third chapter
After asserting Atman (Self) as personified God in first two chapters, the Kausitaki Upanishad develops the philosophical doctrine of the Atman in the third chapter. It identifies perception of sense-objects as dependent on sense-organs, which in turn depend on integrative psychological powers of the mind. Then it posits that freedom and liberation comes not from sense-objects, not from sense-organs, not from subjective psychological powers of mind, but that it comes from "knowledge and action" alone. The one who knows Self, and acts harmoniously with the Self, solemnly exists as the highest God which is that Self (Atman) itself. The chapter invokes deity Indra, personifies him as Atman and reveals him as communicating that he is Life-breath and Atman, and Atman is him and all is One.
The chapter presents the metaphysical definition of a human being as Consciousness, Atman, Self. In verse 3, it develops the foundation for this definition by explaining that speech cannot define a human being, because we see human beings midst us who are born without the power of speech (dumb); that sight cannot define a human being, because we see human beings midst us who are born without the ability of sight (blind); that hearing cannot define a human being, because we see human beings midst us who are born without the ability to hear (deaf); that mind cannot define a human being, because we see human beings midst us who are without the power of clear thinking (foolishness); that arms or legs cannot define a human being, because we see human beings midst us who lose their arms or legs (cut in an accident). A being has life-force, which is consciousness. And that which is conscious, has life-force.
In many verses of chapter 3, the theme, the proof and the premise is re-asserted by Kaushitaki Upanishad, that "Prana is prajna, Prajna is prana" (वै प्राणः सा प्रज्ञा या वा प्रज्ञा स प्राणः, Life-force is consciousness, consciousness is life-force).
In the last verses of chapter 3, the Kaushitaki Upanishad asserts that to really know someone, one must know his Self. Know the Self of the subject, not just superficial objects. The structure of its argument is as follows (abridged),
Edward Cowell translates these last verses as, "Prana is prajna, it is joy, it is eternally young, it is immortal. This is the guardian of the world, this is the king of the world, this is the lord of the world, this is my Self. Thus let a man know, thus let a man know." Robert Hume summarizes the last verse of Kaushitaki's Chapter 3 as stating that "a human being's ethical responsibility, his very self being is identical with the world-all".
Fourth chapter
The fourth chapter of Kausitaki Upanishad builds on the third chapter, but it peculiarly varies in various manuscripts of Rig veda discovered in Indian subcontinent. This suggests that this chapter may be an addition of a later era. Despite the variations, the central idea is similar in all recensions so far. The chapter offers sixteen themes in explaining what Brahman (Atman) is, which overlaps with the twelve found in Chapter 2 of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. This last chapter of Kausitaki Upanishad states that Brahman and Self are one, there is ultimate unity in the Self, which is the creative, pervasive, supreme and universal in each living being.
Translations
The Kaushitaki Upanishad has been translated by many scholars, but the translations vary because the manuscripts used vary. It was translated into Persian in medieval times, as Kokhenk; however, the manuscript used for that translation has been lost. The most cited English translations are those by Eduard Cowell, Paul Deussen, Robert Hume and Max Muller.
References
External links
Kaushitaki Upanishad Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press (1921)
Kaushitaki Upanishad Max Muller (Translator), Oxford University Press
Kaushitaki Upanishad Edward Cowell (Translator), Sanskrit version is in pages 1–144, Cowell's English translation begins page 145 onwards.
Sri Aurobindo, The Upanishads Upanishads. Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry. 1972.
Upanishads |
24689254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-free%20telephone%20numbers%20in%20the%20North%20American%20Numbering%20Plan | Toll-free telephone numbers in the North American Numbering Plan | Toll-free telephone numbers in the North American Numbering Plan have the area code prefix 800, 833, 844, 855, 866, 877, and 888. Additionally, area codes 822, 880 through 887, and 889 are reserved for toll-free use in the future. 811 is excluded because it is a special dialing code in the group NXX for various other purposes.
Calls to the toll-free numbers are charged to the receiving party, and are free to the caller if dialed from land-line telephones, but may incur mobile airtime charges for cellular service.
History
Most carriers in the United States and in all of Canada use flat-rate billing for local calls, which incur no per-call cost to residential subscribers. Long-distance calls have higher prices. As regulators in North America had long allowed long-distance calling to be priced artificially high in return for artificially low rates for local service, subscribers tended to make toll calls rarely and to keep them deliberately brief.
Some businesses, targeting to sell products to buyers outside the local calling area, were willing to accept collect calls or installed special services, such as Zenith number service, where they paid the cost of receiving telephone enquiries. Initially, all of these calls had to be completed by the switchboard operator.
The first automated toll-free telephone numbers were assigned with area code 800, created as inbound Wide Area Telephone Service (InWATS) in 1966 (U.S. intrastate) and 1967 (interstate). These terminated on special fixed-rate trunks which would accept calls from a specified calling area with either no limit or a specific maximum number of hours per month. The billing of calls was not itemized and the expensive fixed-rate line was only within financial reach of large corporations and government agencies. Typically, a service provider offered a variety of zones, each costing more than the smaller ones, but adding progressively larger areas from which calls would be accepted for a customer.
In the early 1980s, Bell Labs received a patent for what became AT&T's "Advanced 800 Service", a computer-controlled system where any toll-free number could point to any destination number, such as to a small business local number instead of a special InWATS line, and an itemized bill generated only for the calls the business actually received. By breaking the link between the number's exchange prefix and geographic location, this system opened opportunities for vanity number advertising – an advantage in media like commercial radio where numbers need to be memorable.
The toll-free long distance market was opened to competition after 1986 and a RespOrg system instituted in 1993 to provide toll-free number portability between rival carriers using the SMS/800 database. Open competition also brought an end to the pattern of long distance subsidizing local service, bringing per-minute charges down to levels where any business could afford to take orders using an 800-number.
Originally, 800 service in the US and 800 service in Canada were isolated from each other, but in 1984, an agreement between carriers in the two countries allowed the numbers in each country to be accessible to the other; providers of 800 service were able to add zones to cover the expanded areas able to be offered. The arrival of Advanced 800 Service meant that numbers originally limited to use in Canada became available to American customers, and vice versa.
Assignment
Toll-free telephone numbers in the NANP are regulated by the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 52 Section 101. RespOrgs assign the numbers in the SMS/800 database. SMS/800, Inc. administers this database as the Number Administration and Service Center, as a subcontractor for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
The SMS/800 database and RespOrg structure are used in the U.S. and Canada. A few specific exchanges remain reserved or are assigned to specific North American Numbering Plan countries which do not draw numbers from the SMS/800 pool:
Some 800-NXX prefixes are reserved for the following areas:
800-389 for the Bahamas
800-534 for Barbados
800-623 for Bermuda
800-415, 800-751, and 800-907 for the Dominican Republic
800-271 for Trinidad
800-855 is reserved for services for deaf or hearing-impaired users; these TTY-related numbers, operated by individual telephone companies, are assigned directly by the North American Numbering Plan Administrator (NANPA)
Several other prefixes, including 800-484, 800-703, 800-744, and 800-904 are reserved by the FCC.
NPA-911 is forbidden as 9-1-1 is an emergency telephone number. (This is less restrictive than the rules prohibiting all three-digit N-1-1 codes as exchanges in all geographic area codes.)
NPA-555 is reserved in every toll-free area code (except 800) for future information or directory assistance applications
Operation
The original 800-code operated for over thirty years before its 7.8 million possible numbers were depleted, but new toll-free area codes are being depleted at an increasing rate both by more widespread use of the numbers by voice-over-IP, pocket pagers, residential, and small business use, and response tracking for individual advertisements (each ad from each client gets a different freephone number) or sale, lease or shared use.
Some geographic area codes are similar to the toll-free codes, e.g., 801, 818, 860. Toll-free numbers are also sometimes confused with 900-numbers, for which the telephone company bills the callers at rates far in excess of long-distance service rates for services such as recorded information or live chat.
These toll-free numbers can normally be called from any telephone in Canada or the U.S., though the owner (and sometimes the provider) can put restrictions on their use. Sometimes they accept calls only from either Canada or the U.S., or even only from certain states or provinces. Some are not accessible from pay phones. Calls from pay phones assess the toll-free owner an additional fee in the U.S., as mandated by the FCC. Although toll-free numbers are not accessible internationally, many phone services actually call through the U.S., and in this case the toll-free numbers become available. Examples of these services are the erstwhile MCI Worldphone international calling card and any U.S.-based Internet telephone gateway. However, many calling card services charge their own fee when their toll-free numbers are used to make calls or when their toll-free numbers are used from pay phones.
From many countries, such as the U.K., U.S. toll-free numbers can be dialed, but the caller first gets a recorded announcement that the call is not free; in fact, on many carriers, the cost of calling a "toll-free" number can be higher than that of calling a normal number.
Operator handling
In the United States, both interexchange carriers (IXCs) such as Sprint, AT&T Inc., and Verizon, and Local Exchange Carriers (LECs) such as Verizon and AT&T offer toll-free services. The way that a toll-free number is handled depends on whether it is a domestic or an interexchange call. Most countries are divided into regions called exchanges, and within each exchange a local telephone company handles all phone services. Intraexchange calls, which do not leave the individual region, would be managed by the individual local telephone company. Calls that cross U.S. LATA boundaries, or originate in one country and terminate in another, are referred to as inter-exchange calls.
The format of the toll-free number is called a non-geographic number, in contrast to telephone numbers associated with households that are geographic. (Since the advent of cell phones and voice over IP, households can have any area code in the U.S., but it is still geographic in the sense that calls from that area code are considered local, but the recipient can be physically anywhere). In the latter case, it is possible to determine an approximate location of the caller from the area code (e.g. New York or London). In contrast, toll-free numbers could be physically located anywhere in the world.
When a toll-free number is dialed, the phone company must determine where the actual physical destination is, which is achieved by using the intelligent network capabilities embedded into the network.
In the simplest case, the toll-free number is translated into a regular geographic number, which is then routed by the telephone exchange in the normal way. More complicated cases may apply special routing rules in addition such as Time of Day routing.
Toll-free numbers are normally specific to each country. Canadian numbers are an exception as they are drawn from the same SMS / 800 pool as other North American Numbering Plan countries; the +800 Universal International Freephone Number is an exception as these work from multiple country codes.
The arbitrary distinctions between Local Exchange Carrier / Interexchange carrier, intrastate / interstate and the LATA structure are artificial U.S. regulatory constructs which do not have direct parallels in Canada or any other nation.
Routing in the U.S.
The IXCs generally handle traffic crossing local access and transport area (LATA) boundaries. A LATA is a geographical area within the U.S. that delineates boundaries of the LEC. LECs can provide local transport within LATAs. When a customer decides to use toll-free service, they assign a Responsible Organization (RespOrg) to own and maintain that number. The RespOrg can be either the IXC that is going to deliver the majority of the toll-free services or an independent RespOrg.
When a toll-free number is dialed, each digit is analyzed and processed by the LEC. The toll-free call is identified as such by the service switching point (SSP). The SSP is responsible for sending call information to the service control point (SCP), routing the request through at least one signal transfer point (STP) in the Signalling System 7 (SS7) network. SS7 is a digital out-of-band method of transmitting signalling (call control) information in the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). The SS7 network is a packet-switched network carrying signaling data (setup and tear down of the call and services) separate from the circuit-switched bearer network (the payload of the telephone call) in the AIN services network. The SSP asks the SCP where to send the call.
The LEC will determine to which IXC that number is assigned, based on the customer's choice. Toll-free numbers can be shared among IXCs. A customer may do this for disaster recovery or so they can negotiate a better price. For example, a customer may assign 50% of their traffic to Sprint and 50% to AT&T.
Once the LEC determines to which IXC to send the call, it is sent to the IXCs point of presence (POP). The IXCs SCP must now determine where to send the call. Once the final determination of where the call is supposed to go is completed, the call is then routed to the subscriber's trunk lines. In a call center or contact center environment, the call is then typically answered by a telephone system known as an automatic call distributor (ACD) or private branch exchange (PBX).
The subsequent routing of the call may be done in many ways, ranging from simple to complex depending on the needs of the owner of the toll-free number. Some of the available options are:
Time-of-Day (TOD) routing An example of using TOD routing would be a company with a call center on the east coast and a call center on the west coast. TOD routing would enable Follow the Sun routing. The east coast center opens first and calls are sent to that destination earlier in the day. As the time changes across the country, expanded coverage would be offered by the call center in the west.
Day of Week (DOW) or Day of Year (DOY) routing Depending on the day of the week and business practices, not all call centers operate 24×7. Some centers may be closed for weekends or holidays. DOW routing allows alternate routing for calls that arrive on specific days. DOY routing allows for alternate routing on fixed holidays (example December 25).
Area Code or Exchange routing Toll-free traffic may also be routed depending upon the location of the caller. For instance, if a company has call centers in the north and in the south, they may express a preference to have their southern callers speak with people in the southern call centers. Companies may also wish to take advantage of the difference in interstate rates versus intrastate rates. For example, the cost of a telephone call across multiple states may be less expensive than a call within a state, and as a result, the ability to route a call originating in Michigan to a call center outside Michigan can save a company substantial amounts of money.
Least-Cost routing Least-Cost routing is a variant of area code / exchange routing in which an independent RespOrg sends calls via different carriers based on which is least expensive for any given origination point. The RespOrg is not the carrier. A Canadian carrier could be used for Canadian calls and a U.S. carrier for American calls; a user with many inbound local voice over IP numbers in multiple cities could convert toll-free calls on one main toll-free number to local calls in each city where it has a point of presence.
Percentage Allocation routing If a company has multiple call centers, the company can choose to route calls across a number of call centers on a percentage basis. For example, an airline with ten call centers may choose to allocate 10% of all incoming traffic to each center.
All-Trunks-Busy routing If at a given time a company's trunk facilities can no longer handle the incoming traffic, an alternate destination may be chosen. This assists companies handling unexpected call volumes or during crisis times.
Ring No Answer Routing Some carriers have the ability to pull a call back into the network if the call is not answered. This provides for contingency routing for calls that ring and are not answered at the final destination.
Emergency or Disaster routing Companies usually have some type of disaster plan to deal with both natural (e.g. floods, fires and earthquakes) and man-made (e.g. bomb threats) emergencies. IXCs can provide alternate destinations should any of these situations occur.
Take Back and Transfer / Transfer Connect / Agent Redirect If a company uses an ACD to facilitate the transfer, the ACD will remain in the call as long as the parties are on the phone. The drawback is that this uses up trunk capacity on the ACD (or VRU). This is called by a number of names including hair-pinning or tromboning. IXCs have the capability to allow a company to answer a call, provide a level of service, and then transfer the call to another location. These IXC features provide a level of transferring that is different from what is available via the ACD. There is usually a feature charge associated with this offering.
All of the above routing features are sometimes referred to as static routing features. These routes are put in place and are not usually changed. If changes are required, a customer usually has several options to make changes. A customer can call the IXC or an independent RespOrg directly via a special toll-free number to make changes, or a customer may be able to make changes through direct access to the network via a dedicated terminal provided by the IXC.
Get a Toll-Free Number For Your Business ==References==
Telecommunications in Bermuda
Telecommunications in Canada
Telecommunications in the Caribbean
Telecommunications in the United States |
6953438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majid%20Khan%20%28detainee%29 | Majid Khan (detainee) | Majid Shoukat Khan (born February 28, 1980) is a Pakistani who was the only known legal resident of the United States held in the Guantanamo Bay Detainment Camp. He was a "high value detainee" subject to “enhanced interrogation” by the U.S. intelligence forces.
Khan originally came to the United States in 1998, where he gained asylum. He lived in a suburb of Baltimore, Maryland where he attended high school and became radicalized. He returned to his native Pakistan after the 9/11 attacks to join Al Qaeda and worked for them as a courier, according to the BBC, The Progressive, and the New York Times. Pakistani authorities captured him in 2003 and handed over to the CIA who held him incognito in a black site in Afghanistan, interrogating him and subjecting him to “the most horrific torture.” In 2006 he was sent to Guantanamo, where in 2012 he pleaded guilty to conspiracy and the murder of 11 innocent civilians in the 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing in Jakarta, Indonesia, and also for the attempted assassination of Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf. He also began cooperating with the U.S. government.
His sentence was completed on March 1, 2022, and after Belize agreed to accept him he was released from Guantanamo Bay to that country on February 2, 2023.
Early life
Khan's family settled in Catonsville, Maryland, near Baltimore, where he attended Owings Mills High School and was "exposed to radical Islam".
He was granted asylum in the U.S. in 1998, and graduated the following year.
In 2002, Khan returned to Pakistan, where he married 18-year-old Rabia Yaqoub.
According to Deborah Scroggins, author of Wanted Women, Khan had become more religious, after his mother's death, and had asked his aunt to help him find a wife who was also a religious scholar. Rabia was one of his aunt's students. According to the New York Times, it was then he became a courier for Al Qaeda.
He returned to the United States for a short period to continue his work as a database administrator in a Maryland government office. He claims that he helped the FBI investigate and arrest an illegal immigrant from Pakistan during this time.
On December 25, 2002, Aafia Siddiqui made a trip from Pakistan to the U.S., saying that she was looking for a job. She left the U.S. on January 2, 2003. The FBI suspects that the real purpose of her trip was to open a P.O. box for Khan. Siddiqui registered Khan as co-owner of the box, claiming he was her husband. The key to the box was later found held by Uzair Paracha, who was convicted of providing material support to al-Qaeda and was sentenced to 30 years in federal prison in 2006; fifteen years after his arrest, Uzair's conviction was deemed void on July 3, 2018, by Judge Sidney H. Stein, based on newly discovered statements made by Ammar al-Baluchi, Majid Khan (detainee) and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, bringing his involvement and intentions into question. Siddiqui's ex-husband said he was suspicious of Siddiqui's intentions, as she made her trip at a time when U.S. universities are closed.
Arrest and detention
Khan returned to Pakistan on March 5, 2003. He, his brother Mohammed, and other relatives were arrested at their residence in Karachi by Pakistani security agents and taken into custody. Khan and his family were taken to an unknown location. After about a month, the entire family, with the exception of Khan, was released.
Rabia Khan and the rest of his family heard nothing of his whereabouts for three years. Then, in September 2006, President George W. Bush announced that Khan, along with 13 other so-called "high value detainees", had been transferred from secret CIA prisons to military custody at Guantánamo Bay detention camp to await prosecution under the new military tribunal system authorized by the Military Commissions Act of 2006.
Legal issues
Khan was the first of the fourteen high-value detainees to challenge his detention in court. The Center for Constitutional Rights filed the habeas corpus challenge on October 5, 2006 — before President Bush signed the Military Commissions Act of 2006 into law.
But, the Military Commissions Act of 2006 restricted detainees from mounting challenges through U.S. courts and was retroactive. The Center for Constitutional Rights and others argued against this act before the U.S. Supreme Court in Boumediene v. Bush on December 5, 2007. Justice Kennedy held in the case that the MCA could not deny detainees and other petitioners, including Khan, their right to petition United States courts for writ of habeas corpus.
Allegations
In the government's account, Khan was exposed to a radicalized element of Islam while in the United States. Khan allegedly began attending secret prayer meetings at Baltimore's Islamic Society, where he was recruited by individuals who sought out disaffected young people. U.S. officials assert that Khan's first trip to Pakistan connected him to family members affiliated with Al-Qaeda. According to officials, these family members introduced Khan to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (KSM), the man accused of orchestrating the September 11, 2001 attacks. Allegedly Mohammed later enlisted Khan in helping to support and plan terrorist attacks against the U.S. and Israel.
Government officials assert that Khan, under KSM's tutelage, was being trained to blow up gas stations and poison water reservoirs, and that he plotted to assassinate Pakistani President General Pervez Musharraf. Khan's job at the family gas station played a role in the suspicions of U.S. intelligence analysts that he was part of a plot to blow up parts of the U.S. petroleum infrastructure. The U.S. government contends that Khan was aware that his visit to family in Pakistan in 2002 violated the terms of his asylum granted in 1998.
The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) asserted that Khan helped Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (mastermind of the September 11th attacks) plan attacks against gas stations and water reservoirs in the United States. ODNI alleges Khan was first introduced to al Qaeda through family and that Khan's experience working in his family's gas station "made Khan highly qualified to assist Mohammad with the research and planning to blow up gas stations."
Legal challenge to government
Khan's attorneys at the Center for Constitutional Rights insist that he was tortured, subjected to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, and coerced into making false and unreliable confessions.
Khan's appeal points out that although he had been in U.S. custody for more than three and a half years, he had never had any kind of review of the legality of his detention. Khan's attorneys at CCR petitioned to have his case tried in civilian court in the United States instead of by military tribunal at Guantanamo. A federal appeals court ruled in February 2007 that detainees at Guantanamo Bay could not use the U.S. court system to challenge their indefinite imprisonment.
Access to legal counsel
The Center for Constitutional Rights argued against the government's efforts to deny CCR attorneys access to Khan in a response brief filed November 3, 2006. In the brief, CCR argued that efforts by the Bush administration to deny Khan access to counsel, "ignores the Court's historical function under Article III of the Constitution to exercise its independent judgment," and used its classification authority to hide illegal conduct when the court had sufficient tools to prevent disclosure of sensitive classified information.
On November 4, 2006, the Justice Department said that Khan should not be allowed to speak to an attorney because he might "reveal the agency's closely guarded interrogation techniques".
James Friedman, a professor at the Maine School of Law, wrote that the Bush administration is arguing that Khan, and the other high-value detainees held in the Black Sites, should be gagged from talking about the interrogation techniques they were exposed to, even when talking privately to their own lawyers.
Friedman pointed out, "His combatant status was never reviewed as required by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) nor as outlined in the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005."
The D.I.A. told the court that if Mr. Khan told just any person what the [interrogation] procedures were, it would cause "extremely grave damage to the national security."
Marilyn A. Dorn, an official at the National Clandestine Service, part of the CIA, told the court that
If specific alternative techniques were disclosed, it would permit terrorist organizations to adapt their training to counter the tactics that C.I.A. can employ in interrogations.
Habeas corpus submission
Khan is one of 16 Guantanamo captives whose amalgamated habeas corpus submissions were heard by U.S. District Court Judge Reggie B. Walton on January 31, 2007.
Walton ruled that the cases be administratively closed (or stayed) until the District of Columbia Circuit resolved the issue of jurisdiction.
Pakistan's International News reported Khan's wife's lawyer told the Sindh High Court that she was not informed that Khan was in U.S. custody for the first three years after he disappeared.
Timeline of Majid Khan's Combatant Status Review Tribunal
The press release quoted from Gitanjali Gutierrez, Khan's lawyer:
According to the press release, Khan's Tribunal was scheduled to start on April 10, 2007, and to finish by April 13, 2007. Ali Khan made the affidavit on April 6, 2007, when the family confirmed they would not be allowed to testify in person.
According to Department of Defense spokesman Commander Jeffrey Gordon, Khan's Tribunal concluded April 15, 2007.
The Department of Defense announced on August 9, 2007 that all 14 of the "high-value detainees" who had been transferred to Guantanamo from the CIA's black sites, had been officially classified as "enemy combatants". Although judges Peter Brownback and Keith J. Allred had ruled two months earlier that only "illegal enemy combatants" could face military commissions, the Department of Defense waived the qualifier and said that all 14 men could now face charges before Guantanamo military commissions.
Legal action
First meeting with a lawyer
On October 15, 2007, Gitanjali Gutierrez, a CCR attorney, wrote about her pending first meeting with Majid Khan. Khan was the first of the "high value detainees" to meet with a lawyer.
Order to preserve evidence
In December 2007, a Federal appeals court in Washington DC ordered the Department of Defense to preserve evidence in Khan's case. The motion predated reporting that, contrary to earlier claims by the government, the CIA had taped the interrogations of Abu Zubaydah and Abdul Al Nashiri, including their waterboarding in 2002, and destroyed those tapes. A court order of late 2005 had ordered the government not to destroy such evidence. In an e-mail to The Washington Post Wells Dixon, one of Khan's lawyers, wrote:
The CIA denied that it had tortured Khan or any other captive. Dixon said:
The Baltimore Sun quoted a CIA spokesman, George Little, who repeated that the CIA stood by its assertion that it had stopped videotaping captives' interrogations in 2002. But Khan's lawyers said their client's interrogations had been taped more recently than that.
Motion to declare torture
A motion filed by the Center for Constitutional Rights was declassified in redacted form in December 2007. This motion aims for the Court of Appeals to declare that interrogation methods used against Majid Khan by the CIA "constitute torture and other forms of impermissible coercion."
The government's response to the motion was due to the court on December 20, 2009.
The CCR attorneys Dixon Wells and Gita S. Gutierrez released some of their declassified notes from their conversations with Majid Khan in November 2007. They included the following:
He chewed through the artery in his left arm until it bled in January 2007 and still had a scar.
He was on hunger strikes to protest for his rights to see his lawyers and to protest his conditions and being kept in isolation. Hunger strikes were the only way he knew to assert his rights. He said a teacher at Owings Mills High School had taught him about checks and balances, and he learned that if you do not assert and protect your rights, you do not deserve to be in the United States.
Khan went on hunger strike to get a subscription to The Washington Post.
When meeting Khan for the first time, the attorneys initially thought the guards had brought the wrong detainee, which had happened in the past. But he had lost so much weight that they did not recognize him. He looked at them and said, "Dixon? Gita? I've been waiting a long time to meet you. It's good to see you."
He is suffering from symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, including concentration, memory loss, and frantic expression.
He said he wished he had gone to college.
Petition of habeas corpus
A petition of habeas corpus was filed on Khan's behalf on September 29, 2006.
On July 22, 2008, J. Wells Dixon, Gitanjali S. Gutierrez, Shayana D. Kadidal, of the Center for Constitutional Rights, filed a "petitioner's status report" on behalf of Majid Khan, in Civil Action No. 06-1690, Majid Khan v. George W. Bush.
On August 1, 2008, Dixon filed a "Motion for Order directing the Court Security Office to file supplemental status report". He wrote that a Detainee Treatment Act appeal had been initiated on Khan's behalf. His motion said that in contrast to other captives' DTA appeals, the Department of Justice was not agreeing to allow exculpatory information prepared for his appeal to be made available for use on his habeas petition.
Declaration of sentence completed
Via "The Guantánamo Docket" published by the New York Times:
A senior Pentagon official declared his sentence complete on March 1, 2022. His lawyers argue that expiration of his sentence means he should be promptly released, although the U.S. had yet to reach a deal with a country to receive him.
Accusations against U.S.
Iyman Faris told authorities that Khan had referred to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed as an "uncle" and spoken of a desire to kill Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf. Faris later said that his accusations had been "an absolute lie" that he had been coerced into making.
Khan made repeated offers to submit to a polygraph test to prove his innocence, but was turned down.
Khan was represented by the Center for Constitutional Rights and is one of few so-called "high value detainees" to have legal representation. He has attempted suicide six times while in detention. He complained in writing of having his beard forcibly shaved (in violation of his religious practice) and spending weeks without sunlight; he also complained that detainees are expected to wash with "cheap branded, unscented soap", and that he is forced to read the "poor quality" Joint Task Force Guantanamo's weekly newsletter The Wire.
Letters from Guantanamo
Khan is the first of the 14 high-value detainees to get mail to his relatives. The Washington Post reported that four letters from Khan had been received, three to his relatives in Maryland, and one to his wife. The letters were delivered to his family through the International Committee of the Red Cross. Its contact with detainees is contingent on the agency's promise not to publicly disclose any information received during the meetings, which is its standard process.
Khan's letter to his wife was written in Urdu and was published on the BBC's Urdu web site. Khan's Maryland relatives also decided to make the letters public to bring more attention to his case. These letters, written on December 17, 2007, and December 21, 2007, were made public on January 18, 2008. The letters were filed as part of a petition in the Washington DC Federal Court of Appeal. The petition asks the court "to rule that he was tortured in U.S. custody." According to The Washington Post, Khan's letters were heavily redacted by military censors.
Khan wrote that he was in solitary confinement, but he could talk to nearby captives through the cell walls. Once a day he is permitted to leave his cell "to get sunburn" during an hour of solitary access in an exercise yard. His relatives said the letters showed he had become much more religious.
According to The Baltimore Sun:
{| class="wikitable"
|
In one five-page handwritten account from Khan to his lawyers, only a single sentence survives the censor's pen. It says, 'I was practically an American who lived a comfortable live [sic] under freedoms of America, who never lived in caves or Afghanistan.'
|}
Other quotes from Khan's letters include:
{| class="wikitable"
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"Think of me as a human being ... not a terrorist."
"I ask you to give me justice ... in the name of what U.S.A. once stood for and in the name of what Thomas Jefferson fought for ... allow me a chance to prove that I am innocent."
"Why would I ever want to harm U.S.A., who has never done anything but good to me and my family?"
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The Baltimore Sun reported that Khan said that when he lived in the United States, he paid $2,400 per month in U.S. taxes. It also reported that the only other captive he had any contact with since he arrived in Guantanamo was Abu Zubaydah.
Pakistani cooperation
In 2006, Khalid Khawaja, a spokesman for the Pakistani human rights group Defense of Human Rights, cited the examples of Majid Khan and Saifullah Paracha as proof that the Pakistani government had lied about whether it had handed over Pakistani citizens to the U.S. The Associated Press quotes Khawaja as stating that: "Pakistan has sold its own people to the United States for dollars."
Khaled el-Masri, a citizen of Germany held for five months in the CIA black site in Afghanistan known as the "Salt Pit" in 2003 and 2004, a victim of mistaken identity, reported that Majid Khan was one of his fellow captives there.
Related case
In September 2006, Uzair Paracha, the son of Saifullah Paracha, another Guantanamo detainee, was tried and convicted of terrorism charges in a U.S. court. Paracha had requested Majid Khan as a witness. The U.S. government declined to produce him, although he was in U.S. custody.
Torture
According to Khan, during his time imprisoned by the CIA, "the more I cooperated, the more I was tortured", and so he made up lies in order to appease interrogators. In the CIA black site, which he described as resembling a dungeon, "he was kept naked with a hood on his head, his arms chained in ways that made sleep impossible".
On March 13, 2008, the CIA released highly redacted documents from a Combatant Status Review Tribunal in which Khan describes abuse and torture he suffered in CIA custody.
The Senate Intelligence Committee's C.I.A. Torture Report, released December 9, 2014, revealed that Khan was one of the detainees subjected to "rectal feeding", which his lawyers described as a form of rape, as part of his ″torture regime″ at the black site prison. Khan's "lunch tray", consisting of hummus, pasta with sauce, nuts, and raisins was pureed and rectally infused," says the report.
Release and life in Belize
Sentence completion and release
On June 7, 2022, lawyers for Khan petitioned the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for a writ of habeas corpus. The petition asked the United States inter alia to release him from his unlawful detention in Guantanamo and for the United States to comply with their non-refoulement obligations under international law for relocation to anywhere but his native Pakistan.
On 25 July 2022 the New York Times published that "a senior Pentagon official declared" Khan's sentence was completed on March 1, 2022, Khan was transferred to Belize on February 2, 2023.
Belize
Belize’s foreign minister called its agreement to settle Khan along with his wife and their teenage daughter “a humanitarian act”. Belize had required that the US government provide funds to buy Khan "a home, a phone, a laptop and a car".
In Belize, Khan issued a statement saying:
References
External links
"Guantánamo's tangled web: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Majid Khan, dubious U.S. convictions, and a dying man", Andy Worthington, 14 July 2007
UN Secret Detention Report (Part One): The CIA's "High-Value Detainee" Program and Secret Prisons, Andy Worthington, 15 June 2010
Pakistani extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Pakistani emigrants to the United States
Living people
People subject to extraordinary rendition by the United States
1980 births
People from Catonsville, Maryland
People with acquired American citizenship
People convicted of war crimes
Pakistani people convicted of murder
Pakistani mass murderers
People convicted of murder by the United States military
Pakistani expatriates in Belize |
9819471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple%20of%20Ares | Temple of Ares | The Temple of Ares was a Doric hexastyle peripteral temple dedicated to Ares, located in the northern part of the Ancient Agora of Athens. Fragments from the temple found throughout the Agora enable a full, if tentative, reconstruction of the temple's appearance and sculptural programme. The temple had a large altar to the east and was surrounded by statues. A terrace to the north looked down on the Panathenaic Way. The northwest corner of the temple overlays one of the best-preserved Mycenaean tombs in the Agora, which was in use from ca. 1450-1000 BC.
The temple was originally located at Pallene (modern Gerakas), where it was dedicated to Athena Pallenis and - probably - Apollo. It is one of four temples by the "Theseum architect" and was probably built around 440-436 or 430-425 BC. It is the largest of several "itinerant temples," which were relocated to the Athenian Agora in the age of Augustus. The roof of the temple was spoliated in the second half of the second century AD to build the post-Herulian fortification wall. The sculptures were systematically defaced by Christians in the fifth century AD and the remains of the structure were demolished in the sixth century AD.
The foundations in the Agora were excavated in 1937, with some further work in 1951, after which they were reburied for their protection. Architectural fragments and sculpture have been found scattered throughout the Agora in secondary use. The original foundations remain in situ at Pallene, where they were excavated between 1994 and 1997.
Temple of Athena Pallenis
The temple originally stood in the sanctuary of Athena Pallenis, where foundations of a temple have been found that match the dimensions of the temple in the Agora. These foundations are located on the corner of Androutsou and Zalougou streets at modern Stavros in Gerakas, a northeastern suburb of Athens, the location of the ancient deme of Pallene. This site is at the base of Keraies hill, which is named by Euripides as the "sacred hill of Athena Pallenis." The foundations are oriented northwest-southeast, so that they align almost perfectly with Delos. They are 16.35 metres wide and 35.25 metres long. The southwest and northwest corners of the building are lost and much of the western side of the temple has remained unexcavated because it is under a residential dwelling. The ground is sloped and as a result, the foundations are over 2.53 metres deep at the west end, but only 1 metre deep in parts of the east end. The foundation consists of a series foundation walls which underlay the walls and columns of the superstructure. These foundation walls sit on top of the bedrock. They show that it was a hexastyle Doric temple whose columns, walls, and steps had the same dimensions as the Temple of Ares in the Agora. At the west end of the temple, two small marble fragments were found - one from a broken lion-headed waterspout and the other a narrow piece of marble from the stylobate. No other traces of the superstructure were found, strongly suggesting that the whole structure had been removed and rebuilt elsewhere.
The Temple of Athena Pallenis at Pallene is mentioned in a range of literary and epigraphic sources. Athena was associated with Pallene in several Greek myths, including the slaying of Pallas during the Gigantomachy and the birth of Erichthonius. The mythical king Eurystheus is said to have been buried in front of the temple. The deme had also been the site of Theseus' victory over his cousins, the Pallantidae, which formed the first step in his legendary unification of Attica.
The sanctuary was a key religious site for the four neighbouring demes of Pallene, Acharnae, Gargettus, and Paeania, which together formed a league. The alignment of the temple with Delos and the sculptures of the pronaos and opisthodomos indicate that Apollo was worshipped here alongside Athena. Ares, on the other hand, was not associated with the temple in any way at this stage. Based on features of the superstructure found in the Agora, William Bell Dinsmoor dated the Classical temple to ca. 440-436 BC. Based on features of the sculpture, Andrew Stewart et al. place it ca. 430-425 BC and propose that it was erected in response to the Plague of Athens.
The classical temple of Athena Pallenis was preceded by an archaic temple, which existed at the time of Pisistratus' final seizure of power in 546 BC. An isolated poros triglyph dating to around 650 BC, which was found near the church of St. George in 1927, may derive from this temple. Seventh-century BC figurines that were deposited in the Classical temple's foundations probably also come from the Archaic sanctuary. This archaic templemay have been located to the northeast of the Classical foundations.
Transfer
The temple was transferred to the Agora and rededicated to Ares during the reign of Augustus. A terracotta bowl found in the foundation packing in the Agora confirms the Augustan date. The mason's marks carved on the blocks to facilitate reassembly of the temple use letter forms which are characteristic of the Augustan age. The temple is aligned with the Odeon of Agrippa, which was built between 15 BC and ca. 13 BC. A drain running north from the Odeon diverts around the temple's altar, showing that the transfer of the temple post-dated the construction of the Odeon around 13 BC.
The temple was first connected to Ares at the time of this transfer. Stewart et al. propose that it continued to be sacred to Athena Pallenis as well, but there is no explicit evidence for this. An inscription on a statue base (IG II3 4, 242) found near the Agora records the dedication of a statue by "the community of Acharnae... as a thank-offering to Ares and Augustus," when one Apollophanes was priest of Ares. This is probably connected in some way with the transfer of the temple to the Agora, since Acharnae was the location of Athens' main cult for Ares from the fourth century BC through the Hellenistic period. A statue base found in the Agora inscribed with a dedication to Gaius Caesar "the New Ares" (IG II2 3250) may have been associated with the temple. Several authors have accordingly suggested that the transfer of the temple was associated with Gaius Caesar's visit to the city in 1 BC or his death in AD 4. Alternatively or additionally, it might be linked with the dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor in Rome by Augustus in 2 BC.
Masons' marks
As the temple at Pallene was demolished, a mason's mark was carved on each block, consisting of two or three letters, which would allow it to be placed in its proper location on the new site. Different systems were used for different parts of the building. The marks on the fragments of the crepidoma consist of three letters (e.g. ΓΓΕ, ΕΔΔ, ΨΔΔ). The final letter indicated which side of the building the block came from: Α (Greek aristera, "left"), Δ (Greek dexia, "right"), Ε (Greek eisodos, "entrance"), Ο (oposteros, "rear"), Θ (Greek thyra, "door," referring to the cross-wall containing the front door). The second letter indicated which step the block came from, counting down from Α (top/stylobate), to Δ (fourth step/euthynteria). The first letter listed where the block was located within the course, counting from the leftmost block from the point of view of someone standing outside the temple to the rightmost block. This system was also used for the wall blocks, the columns, the entablature, and the cornice, but the second letter was omitted when this was irrelevant or obvious.
Temple in the Agora
The temple is now located in the northern portion of the Agora, east of the Temple of Apollo Patroos and north of the Odeon of Agrippa, with which it is aligned. An inscription from 99/100 AD mentions in passing that Titus Coponius Maximus was the priest of Ares Enyalius and Enyo (IG II2 1072), which is generally assumed to be the cult based in this temple.
Foundations and surrounds
The foundations consist of a packing of broken stone lying on the bedrock, five layers of poros blocks, and a marble euthynteria. These foundations measure 35.032 metres long by 16.202 metres wide. The eastern part remains in situ, the western part was visible only as cuttings in the bedrock. The poros blocks seem to have been spoliated from the Hellenistic Arsenal which was located on the Agora hill and presumably destroyed after the Sack of Athens in 86 BC. In the Athenian Agora, this style of foundation is typical of the early first century AD and the ground level assumed by the foundations matches that of the early Roman period. At the east end of the temple, was a large staircase, 1.30 metres long by 4.7 metres wide, leading up to the front entrance.
There was a terrace along the north side of the temple, which extended north 6.75 from the temple at the west end and 7.50 metres at the east end, supported by a 1.44 metre high retaining wall of recycled poros blocks. This area may have been used for statues and as a viewing platform for watching processions on the Panathenaic Way to the north. A late sixth century BC or early fifth-century BC poros base measuring 2.40x2.40 metres stood north of the eastern end of the temple. The Panathenaic Way bends to go around it, indicating its importance. It is matched by another base on the other side of the Way. Both may have borne herms.
On the south side of the temple there are three large monument bases: one at the western end, one in the middle and one at the east end. The middle one is fourth century BC or Hellenistic in date. The eastern base is made of conglomerate and poros and measures 3.08 x 4.10 metres. It post-dates the Augustan temple.
There is another terrace in front of the temple, extending 8.25 metres to the east. The central area, directly in front of the temple was paved with Hymettan marble slabs. About ten metres east of the temple, in this paved area, there was a large altar, measuring 5.62 metres from east to west and 8.30 metres from north to south. The eastern part is the podium where animals were sacrificed; the western part is a stair case, 2.12 metres long and 7.00 metres wide. It was probably the same height as the stylobate of the temple. A set of orthostates with stone shields carved in relief may have run around the edge of the altar. There was an inscription on a band above them (Ag. I 6634), but it is too fragmentary to read. They were subsequently reused as underpinning for the pavement. A drain running north from the Odeon of Agrippa crosses this area and diverts around the altar A base was erected at the southwest corner of the altar. Another was located to the southeast. A marble block with an iron ring on the top, used as a hitching post for sacrifices was located to the north of the altar, but it was probably related to some earlier structure.
Superstructure
Around 230 fragments of the superstructure have been found reused in later structures throughout the Agora. They are now collected at the western end of the temple. They are made of a distinctive crystalline Pentelic marble with gray-green chlorite veins. They can be dated stylistically to the second half of the 5th century BC, probably the 430s BC. The style and dimensions are particularly similar to the Temple of Hephaestus, the Temple of Poseidon at Sounion, and the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous. Dinsmoor proposed that all four temples were the work of the same architect, nicknamed the "Theseum architect", who operated between 449 and 432 BC and probably built this temple between ca. 440-436 BC. Mason's marks and dowel holes of Augustan date indicate that the temple originally stood elsewhere and was dismantled, moved, and reconstructed on the Roman foundations.
The dimensions of the foundations and the architectural fragments indicate that the temple was a Doric hexastyle peripteral temple, i.e. it had a colonnade extending around the whole exterior, with six columns at the front and rear ends and thirteen columns along the north and south sides. The pronaos at the eastern end of the temple contained two columns between the antae and a door to the cella and was unusually deep (4.65 metres). It was matched by a shallower, closed opisthodomos at the western end. The whole structure stood atop a three-step crepidoma, which was 1.068 metres high. At the bottom step of the crepidoma, the superstructure was 34.961 metres long by 16.125 metres wide; the building itself was 32.847 long by 14.052 metres wide. The height of the temple from the bottom step to the cornice was about 9.7 metres. The design is similar to the Temple of Hephaestus above the Agora on Agoraios Kolonos hill, but slightly larger.
The columns were fluted with twenty flutes and had an estimated diameter of 1.074 metres at the base and an estimated height of about 6.1 metres. The intercolumniation was 2.685 metres.
From top to bottom, the Doric entablature consisted of an architrave (probably 0.847 metres high), a row of triglyphs (0.838 metres high and 0.536-0.537 metres wide, except for the corner triglyphs which were 0.555 metres wide) and metopes (0.806 metres wide), and a taenia with white or gilt guttae (0.344 metres high) on a blue background. It is unclear whether the metopes bore any sculpture; no candidates for metope sculpture have been found. Above this was a raking cornice and raking simas decorated with painted lotus and palmette designs and lion's head waterspouts. The roof was made of Pentelic marble tiles. Three marble ceiling beams, eight fragments of ceiling beams, and more than eighty marble coffers from the internal ceiling survive. Each coffer is a simple concave vault surrounded by an ovolo moulding. The vaults were painted blue, with a red circle in the centre surrounded by sixteen yellow rays, and red and green stripes around the edge. The ovolo was painted with a pattern of blue eggs, red darts, and gold shells, all on a blue background, and surrounded by a gold and blue band, a red stripe, a green stripe, an unpainted stripe, and a red band. These coffers were probably located in the pronaos.
Sculpture
The Agora excavations discovered large amounts of sculptural fragments, some of which can be attributed to the temple. These attributions are based on the use of Pentelic marble, stylistic dating to the late fifth century BC, whether the scale of the pieces matches the reconstructed dimensions of the temple, patterns of weathering (interior sculpture should be unweathered), and whether they are thematically appropriate for a temple Athena Pallenis (according to , the sculptural themes of a temple were chosen to "provide a sculpted frame for [its] cult"). Relief sculptures were often carved in a summary fashion on surfaces that would not be visible from the ground and had attachment points for connecting them to the structure. Findspots near the temple are sometimes indicative. Some pieces include restorations of Augustan date, associated with the transfer of the temple to the Agora.
Acroteria
The central eastern acroterion was a marble sculpture of a female figure in a Doric chiton. The head, forearms, and right lower leg are lost. The preserved remnants stand 1.10 metres high, but the original height would have been 1.35 metres. Most of the sculpture is in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens (inv. NM 1732); parts of the left leg are in the Agora Museum (inv. S 1539). She may have held a fragmentary shield (inv. S 2489). The style of the drapery suggests a date in the 430s-420s BC, but with substantial restorations in the Augustan period. The design is similar to sculptures of Nike, but she has no wings, so is probably Hebe, the goddess of youth, but Hygieia is also possible. The eastern corner acroteria were Nereids riding dolphins, one of which is in Athens (inv. NM 3397 + 4798) and the other in the National Archaeological Museum, Naples (no inventory number). The pair are symmetrical, stood 1.10 metres high and date to the 390s BC, which makes them significantly smaller and later than the other sculptures on the temple. They were probably added to the temple when it was transferred to the Agora in the Augustan period, perhaps as a reference to the naval victory at the Battle of Actium.
The central western acroterion was also female, but only the head (Agora inv. S 373) is certainly preserved. Stewart et al. suggest that she was Iris, goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods. The western corner acroteria were statues of Nike. The southwestern Nike of these is preserved only as an arm (Agora inv. S 312 Θ). The northwestern (inv. S 312) is complete except for the upper part of her head, her wings, arms, and parts of her legs. She originally stood 1.38 metres high and was depicted running to the right, with her arms raised and her head turned to look left. Stylistically, she is dated around 425 BC. Scholars initially attributed her to the nearby Stoa of Zeus, but she is too big for this setting and shows traces of Augustan period restorations similar to other sculptures from the temple. In the original context at Pallene, this western set of acroteria would have been more visible from the road.
Pediment
The east and west facades each had a pediment containing a triangular relief that was 12.633 metres wide and 1.507 metres high. The figures would have been about 1.25-1.35 metres high. It is difficult to determine whether sculptural fragments belonged to the pediment of this temple or the nearby Hephaisteion, since the two temples are of similar dimensions and date, but the fragments of the temple of Ares are made of Pentelic marble and those of the Hephaisteion are made of Parian marble. Six fragments have been identified, three from each end.
The fragments from the east pediment consist of a head of Athena in a triple-crested Attic helmet, the torso and upper legs of a nude man in a contraposto pose, and the thighs of a seated or reclining woman in drapery. The male torso appears to bear the same type of mason's marks as the architectural fragments from the temple. This is probably a scene of Athena "in her most formal "official" role as city goddess of Athens" meeting with a male figure, who is probably Theseus, about to set out to confront the invading Pallantidae. The battle was probably depicted in the metopes below.
The fragments of the west pediment consist of another head of Athena in an Attic helmet, the torso and upper legs of a statue of Athena in drapery with a gorgoneion around her neck, and the upper torso of a reclining male. The torso of Athena has a pair of mason's marks on her shoulders. It seems that Athena stood in the centre of the scene and was turning her head to address someone. The Attic helmet suggests that she did so in her role as city goddess. This may be a scene of the Athenians setting out to fight the invading Amazons, depicted in the metopes below.
Metopes
Most of the metopes on the east and west faces of the temple were 83.8 cm high and 80.15 cm wide, except for the two outermost metopes at each end, which measured 83.2 by 83.8 cm. Stewart et al. identify nine fragments with appropriate dimensions. The fragments of the east face consist of five nude male torsos, in poses which suggest that they were engaged in battle. Stewart et al. propose that these depict Theseus and the Athenians defeating his cousins, the Pallantidae, near Pallene. Theseus probably also appeared in the pedimental scene above the metopes. The fragments of the west face consist of a male head, a female head, and two fragments with parts of a nude male killing a nude woman. These clearly belong to an Amazonomachy.
High-relief frieze
The high-relief frieze, consists of 49 sculptural fragments of Pentelic marble at half life-size, which were found scattered throughout the Agora. The fragments include 26 heads and 6 torsos, indicating that there were at least 26 figures, of which at least 11 were male and at least 14 female. At least two of the figures were seated. One of the female torsos has drapery with the same pattern as the cult statue of Athena by Locrus which stood inside the temple. None of the preserved males are naked or fully dressed. There is also a hand holding cloth, a fragment of drapery, 1 arm, 10 feet, and 1 pair of sheep. A few fragments show signs of paint.
In 1951 they were identified as parts of a single fifth-century BC frieze, which was dubbed the "Agora High-relief frieze". It is clear that they belong to the pronaos and opisthodomos friezes of a temple, because they are designed to stand above eye level, because of their number and size, because they divide into two different styles (one for the pronaos and one for the opisthodomos), and they have no plinths or moldings (these would have been separate). They were definitively associated with the Temple of Ares in 2019. This is demonstrated by the scale of the fragments, their findspots, which cluster around the east and west facades of the temple.
Both friezes were ca. 83.5 centimetres high. The pronaos frieze, at the east end of the temple, was 12 metres long. This seems to have shown Amphitrite, Poseidon and Athena at left, facing Apollo, an enthroned Zeus, and Hera at right. Other fragments may depict Artemis, Leto, Aphrodite, and Hephaestus. The scene was probably Apollo's arrival at Pallene and incorporation into the local cult. The opisthodomos frieze at the west end was 8 metres long. This frieze appears to have depicted the prototypical sacrifice to Athena and Apollo at the first celebration of their annual festival. The pair are seated at the centre with their backs to one another and a scene of sacrifice between them (of which no fragments remain). To the left of Athena is a standing Nike and a seated Heracles. To the right of Apollo were a standing Leto and a seated Artemis. At the far left and right ends of the frieze were a pair of sheep being brought to the sacrifice. Sculptures of Ares, Aphrodite, and perhaps Eros are not certainly located.
Stylistically, the sculptures show particular affinities to the east frieze of the Parthenon, the east frieze of the Hephaisteion, the base of Nemesis at Rhamnus, and the east frieze and temple parapet of the Temple of Athena Nike. These parallels indicate a date ca. 430-425 BC. Multiple sculptors worked on different figures within the frieze. When the temple was transferred to the Agora, the friezes were disassembled by chiselling out the feet and then levering the blocks out with a crowbar. Two of the fragments are Roman-period repairs; one of these was left unfinished.
Cella
Pausanias states that the temple contained:
Alcamenes was active ca. 440-400. The Borghese Ares, now in the Louvre (inv. Ma 866), has been identified as a copy of his statue of Ares since the nineteenth century. This statue of a beardless young man is naked and stands contraposto with his weight on his left foot, his right arm by his side. His left arm holds a spear, but this is an early modern restoration; the original left hand probably held a shield and perhaps a spear. He wears a pseudo-attic helmet decorated with griffins, palmettes and two cats. A ring around his right ankle is probably a shackle, intended to insure that victory in war remained always with the Athenians. This motif occurs in various late 5th century depictions of Ares at Athens. Numerous other copies of this statue are known from the Roman period. One of these copies was found in fragments in the Agora (inv. S 475a-e) in packing behind the Bouleuterion screen wall, where it was deposited after weathering ca. 10-20 AD. Andrew Stewart proposes that the original stood in the Aglaureion, This would have been a bronze statue. This would have been transferred to the Temple of Ares, when it was built under Augustus. The statue's pseudo-Attic helmet is an Augustan-period feature, perhaps added during the move due to damage to the original or for stylistic reasons.
Evelyn Byrd Harrison and Stewart proposes that the statue of Athena by Locrus of Paros was the cult statue of Athena Pallenis from the original temple. Stewart argues that the statue of Athena by Locrus of Paros is a marble torso of Athena (inv. S 654), which was found in a Byzantine well to the south of the temple. A modified copy of the statue (with a head from a different prototype) is known from the Temple of Al-Lat at Palmyra. The statue would originally have been around 2.3 metres tall, including her helmet and dates to ca. 435-430 BC. She wore a long chiton, knotted at her waist. Her aegis was a band running across her chest from her right shoulder to her left hip, with the gorgoneion in the centre and metal snakes erupting from its edges (the surviving torse has holes into which these were inserted). She held a shield on her left arm and a spear upright in her right hand. Various features of this statue's drapery are shared with the statue of Athena from the pronaos or opisthodomos (inv. S 1072) and by an image of her known from Paros, suggesting that they are products of the same artist. A lewis hole on the left shoulder may have been cut to allow the workmen to transfer the statue to the Agora. Harrison instead identifies Locrus' statue with the Athena Giustiniani.
The Athena and Ares might have stood at the end of the cella as the main cult images of the sanctuary, perhaps flanked by the two images of Aphrodite mentioned by Pausanias. These have been identified with two female torsos (inv. S 1882 and S 378) found in the post-Herulian wall with architectural fragments of the temple. These statues are on the same scale and mirror each other, since the first rests her weight on her right foot, holds something (probably a sceptre) in her left hand, and leans left, while the latter rests her weight on her left foot, leans right and could have held a sceptre in her (lost) right hand. The former is a classical statue from around 420 BC, probably made by "Master A", one of the sculptors who worked on the parapet of the Temple of Athena Nike. The latter dates to the third century BC and is probably the statue of Aphrodite Hegemone from the Sanctuary of the People and the Graces. In the Augustan context, the statue of Ares would have been linked with Augustus' patron Mars Ultor, the Athena with Minerva, and the two statues of Aphrodite with Venus as ancestor of Augustus' family, the Gens Julia.
Destruction
Beams and coffers from the roof of the temple were spoliated around between ca. 270 and 300 AD for use as building material for the Post-Herulian Wall, along with the two statues of Aphrodite. The temple may have already been damaged during the Herulian Sack of Athens in 267 AD, like many other structures in the Agora. The statue of Athena from the west pediment seems to have been damaged and dumped at this time. The rest of the structure seems to have been intact at the beginning of the fifth century, when a rectangular building with concrete foundations was built directly north of the temple and its eastern end formed one of the edges of the north courtyard of the Palace of the Giants. At this time, Christians "systematically defaced" the sculptures and removed the breasts from the female ones. At some point in the sixth century AD, the remains of the temple were demolished, the sculptures were removed, their heads were chopped off, and many of them were burnt in lime kilns. This may have happened following Justinian's edicts closing the Academy (529-531) or after the Slavic sack of Athens in 582 AD. After this, the foundations were covered over with silt from the Eridanos. The altar was heavily damaged by the construction of two storage pits in the Byzantine period and a well in the Ottoman period.
Mycenaean tomb
Underneath the northwest corner of the temple in the Agora is a Mycenaean chamber tomb. Such tombs have been found throughout the Agora, but this is one of the better-preserved examples and it has a number of unusual features. It was used for 14-16 burials from ca. 1450 to ca. 1200 BC (Late Helladic II-III). The tomb consisted of a roughly triangular room cut into the bedrock, with corners at west, east, and north. It measured about 2.00 metres east-west, 2.85 metres north-south and was about 1.00 metres high. There was a square niche measuring 0.50x0.50 metres in the southwest corner. Unusually, there are two access corridors (dromoi). The original one runs east-west, terminating in a small door 0.80 metres wide at southwest corner of the burial chamber. The second dromos is located on the northeast side of chamber and runs northeast-southeast. It is short, narrow, and steep (1.58 metres long x 0.75 metres wide) and its doorway is only 0.59 metres wide. It appears to continue to the southeast past the door of the burial chamber. It appears to have been cut later, perhaps because the original dromos had become blocked.
Five or more bodies were buried on the floor of the tomb with Late Helladic II-IIIA pottery (ca. 1450-1400 BC). The bones were then swept aside and three more bodies were interred with Late Helladic IIIA pottery (ca. 1400 BC), Nine arrowheads were found inside the skull of the last of these, probably from a quiver that had become lodged in it as the body decomposed, rather than from war wounds. These bodies were covered with 0.40 metres of sand and then another six or seven bodies were buried in the northeast part of the tomb with Late Helladic IIIB-C pottery and beads (ca. 1300-1200 BC). In the protogeometric period (ca. 1000 BC), the tomb was reopened and one or more cremated bodies were buried in the chamber. A five-year-old boy was buried in a pit dug in the western dromos shortly after this. It is possible that all of these burials belonged to a single long-lived family.
Shortly after 480 BC workmen accidentally broke into the burial chamber, disturbing one of the skeletons. They deposited seven funerary lekythoi under the skeleton's knees and resealed the tomb. Two more lekythoi, deposited by the west door around 430 BC, may result from a second disturbance. The chamber was breached during the construction of the temple of Ares. The late Roman building was built directly over the tomb but did not damage it. These interventions destroyed both dromoi and the upper southern part of the burial chamber, but the rest of the tomb was unaffected.
Excavation
The temple of Ares was uncovered as part of the Agora excavations, which the American School of Classical Studies initiated in 1931 under the leadership of Homer Thompson. A triglyph from the temple was found during the first season and various architectural fragments were uncovered in the following years. The temple's foundations were uncovered in 1937 and the initial reconstruction of the temple from the fragments was produced by William Bell Dinsmoor.
The structure was reburied in 1951, because the pit tended to fill with water during the winter. Margaret Crosby and Gerald F. Sullivan supervised this process and further excavations undertaken to the north and east of the temple. The Mycenaean tomb was excavated during this season by Emily Townsend. Blocks from the superstructure were used to mark the outline of the temple.
Most of the acroterion sculpture was uncovered due north of the temple during the construction of the Athens-Piraeus Electric Railway in 1891. Smaller fragments from the leg were uncovered near the temple in 1951, confirming the connection to the structure. The main body is now kept in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens (inv. 1732). The pediment sculptures were discovered in 1950 and 1951.
The original foundations of the temple at Pallenis were uncovered during rescue excavations at Stavros in 1994, carried out by the 2nd ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, under the leadership of Manolis Korres.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Camp II, John McK. (2003) The Athenian Agora: A Short Guide to the Excavations. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. .
External links
Fragments of the Acroterion sculpture:
Ares
Temples of Ares
Temples of Athena
5th-century BC religious buildings and structures
Ancient Agora of Athens
430s BC
10s BC in the Roman Empire
6th-century endings
1st-century BC religious buildings and structures
Mycenaean tombs
420s BC
Temples of Apollo |
1859973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20King%20%28equestrian%29 | Mary King (equestrian) | Mary Elizabeth King (née Thomson, born 8 June 1961) is a British equestrian who competes in eventing. She has represented Great Britain at six Olympics from 1992 to 2012, winning team silver in 2004 and 2012, and team bronze in 2008. At the World Equestrian Games, she won team gold in 1994 and 2010, and team silver in 2006. She has also won four team golds and one team bronze medal at the European Eventing Championships.
King's individual honours include European bronze in 1995 and European Silver in 2007. She is a four-time British Open Champion (1990, 1991, 1996 and 2007). She won the CCI four star Badminton Horse Trials in 1992 and 2000, the CCI four star Burghley Horse Trials in 1996, and the CCI four star Rolex Kentucky with her homebred mare King's Temptress in 2011.
Early life
Mary King was born in Newark-on-Trent on 8 June 1961. Her father, Lieutenant-Commander M D H Thomson was a naval officer who suffered for the rest of his life from the consequences of a motorcycle accident that happened before Mary was born. Latterly he took the position of verger in Salcombe Regis parish church. He died in 2000. Her mother Patricia Gillian (Jill) continues the role of verger at the church. Mary also has an elder brother Simon Francis Bennett Thomson.
She attended Manor House Independent School (Honiton), Kings Grammar School (Ottery St Mary) and Evendine Court School of Domestic Economy (Cordon Bleu)(Malvern).
She did not grow up in a horsey family, but became fascinated by the vicar's pony, and eventually, aged 6, she persuaded her mother to lead her around the lanes on it. After that, she rode everything she could, even a donkey, and realised that she wanted to become a professional rider. It was not until she went to watch the Badminton Horse Trials, aged 11, with Axe Vale Pony Club, that she realised she wanted to become a professional three-day-event rider.
After school, she went to work for Sheila Willcox, a former European Champion, where she learned everything, from breaking in and producing young horses, to top class stable management.
A longing to travel took her to Zermatt where she worked as a chalet girl and which she described as being "great fun and a doddle after working in the yard". Subsequently, she joined the tall ship, Sir Winston Churchill, first as a trainee, then as a watch leader, before returning to set up her own stables.
Mary King converted a couple of cow sheds in a disused farmyard near her home and looked after other people's horses, gave riding lessons and bought and sold horses. To supplement her income, she cleaned houses, cooked, kept gardens tidy for people and delivered meat for the local butcher.
Funding proved even more difficult in 1988 when she started competing professionally, requiring her to sell horses which had proven successful. This changed, when after being offered good money for Divers Rock, a horse on which she had achieved 7th place at Badminton, she turned the offer down commenting "I'd rather be famous than rich." It proved to be the right decision because she secured her first sponsorship deal on the back of her success.
Equestrian career
Mary King went to her first Badminton in 1985, finishing in seventh place with Diver's Rock, and finally won the event in 1992 with her horse, King William. She later won the event again in 2000 with Star Appeal. Mary also won Burghley Horse Trials with Star Appeal in 1996. In 2011 Mary became the first rider to win Kentucky 4* with a homebred horse, Kings Temptress .
In 2001, whilst exercising horses at her home, she had a fall which broke her neck. However, less than a year later she was back at the top of the sport recording top ten placings at major international events including a 3rd placing at Burghley Four Star on her great campaigner King Solomon III.
She has won six team gold medals at World Equestrian Games and European Championships. She has been British Champion four times, more than anyone to date. King has also represented Britain in six Olympic Games: 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012. She has won;
Silver with the 2004 Olympic eventing team with King Solomon,
Bronze with the 2008 Olympic eventing team with Call Again Cavalier and
Silver with the 2012 Olympic eventing team with Imperial Cavalier.
King was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to equestrianism.
She married Alan King (known as David King) in 1995 and they and their two children, Emily and Freddie, live in Salcombe Regis, Devon. Her daughter Emily King also competes in eventing.
Horses
Former
King Seamus sold 2022
King Cyrys - by Future Gravitas out of King's Temptress - sold 2021
King's Rose - by Grafenstolz out of King's Temptress - sold 2021
King Robert II - by Chilli Morning out of King's Temptress - sold 2020
King's Ginger - by Chilli Morning out of King's Temptress - sold 2018
King Bill - by Mill Law out of King's Fancy- sold 2018 to Charlotte East
Kings Choice - Sold to young rider in Ireland 2015
Kings Temptress (by Primitive Rising out of Kings Mistress) mare Born 2000 - retired from competition 2015 due to arthritic lameness. Will now go on to breed foals for Mary. Died 2020
King Dan - Sold 2015
MHS King Joules -Too strong for Mary. Now competing with eventer Oliver Townend 2014
Cavalier Venture - Too big for Mary. Now competing with eventer Francis Whittington 2014
Imperial Cavalier - Won Olympic Team Silver in London 2012,European Team Bronze 2011, World Team Gold 2010. Retired from top level eventing 2014, Now competing with Yasmin Ingrahm
Fernhill Urco - Retired from top level eventing 2013, Now competing with Yasmin Ingrahm
Apache Sauce - Retired from top level eventing 2012, Died from tendon injury whilst competing at lower levels with Emily King in 2012
Chilli Morning - Too strong for Mary. Taken on by William Fox-Pitt in early 2012
Call again Cavalier- Won Team Silver World Equestrian games 2006,
Chatsworth CIC3* and British Open CIC3* 2007, Won Team Gold & Individual Silver at the 2007 European Championships,
Olympic Team Bronze at Beijing 2008,
L
Died at Express Eventing in November 2008 at the Millennium Stadium after breaking his leg
Cashel Bay- New rider as too strong for Mary, moved 2007King Solomon- Won Mary's first Olympic medal (Team Silver) in 2004
won Bleinham CCI3* in 1996, Saumur CCI3* in 1997Ryan V- Collapsed and died of a heart attack whilst competing at Weston Park in 2001
Star Appeal- Won CCI4* Burghley Horse Trials in 1996 and Badminton Horse Trials in 2000King William- Won CCI4* Badminton Horse Trials in 1992 and took Mary to her first two OlympicsKing Kong- Retired in 1995 due to tendon injuryKing Samuel sold 1992King Alfred sold 1991King Basil - advanced horse sold 1994King Cuthbert- Won Bramham CCI3* 1986, 2nd at Burghley, Retired 1990 & given to Annie CollingsKing Boris- Retired 1995Diver's Rock- Took Mary round her first Badminton in 1985King ArthurSilverstoneKing's Mistress- retired with tendon injury, kept as a broodmareKing Humphrey - Mary's first EventerFerrari- sold to the Pinders, later owners of Star Appeal
Bred
King's Fancy foaled 1998 (by Rock King out of Kings Mistress, full sister to Kings Gem) – Now competing with eventer Laura Shears.
King's Gem Born 1999 (by Rock King out of Kings Mistress, full sister to Kings Fancy) – Now competing with eventer Gemma Tattersall.
King's Temptress Born 2000 (by Primitive Rising out of Kings Mistress)- Retired May 2015.
King's Rock foaled 2002 (by Rock King out of Kings Fancy)- Now competing with eventer Charlie Clover
King's Command Born 2002 (by Primitive Rising out of Kings Mistress, full brother to Kings Temptress) Now competing with Charlotte Martin.
King Albert Born 2002 (by Mayhill out of Kings Gem)- Now competing with eventer Charlotte East.
King Casper Born 2004 renamed Every's King for 2010 season. (By Med Night Mahout out of Kings Temptress) - Now competing with eventer Annabelle Farrar.
King's Ginger Born 2010 (Gelding By Chilli Morning out of Kings Temptress) sold November 2018
King Robert II Born 2010 (Gelding By Chilli Morning out of Kings Temptress) sold October 2020
King Bill Born 2010 (Gelding By Mill Law out of Kings Fancy) sold May 2018 to Charlotte East
King's Rose Born 2011 (Filly By Grafenstolz out of Kings Temptress) sold January 2021
Tilly Born 2014 (Filly By Chilli Morning out of Kings Temptress)
Cyrys Born 2015 (Gelding By Future Gravitas out of Kings Temptress)
Kizzy Born 2016 (Filly By Cevin Z out of Kings Temptress)
King's Belief Born 2017 (Colt By Cevin Z out of King's Temptress)
King Vincent''' Born 2020 (Colt By Van Gogh out of King's Temptress)
Achievements
2014
3rd Grantham cup Belton CIC3* (Imperial Cavalier)
2012
5th London Olympics [Imperial Cavalier]
Team Silver London Olympics [Imperial Cavalier]
2011
World Number 1
Winner of HSBC FEI Classics Series
4th Pau Horse Trials CCI**** [Imperial Cavalier)
3rd Burghley Horse Trials CCI****(Kings Temptress)
4th Aachen Horse Trials *** (Imperial Cavalier)
8th Luhmühlen Horse Trials CCI**** (Apache Sauce)
3rd Badminton Horse Trials International CCI **** (Imperial Cavalier)
1st Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI **** (Kings Temptress)
2nd Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI **** (Fernhill Urco)
2010
3rd Belton Park CIC*** (Fernhill Urco)
4th Badminton Horse Trials International CCI **** (Imperial Cavalier)
7th Luhmuhlen Horse Trials CCI**** (Apache Sauce)
5th Burghley Horse Trials CCI**** (Apache Sauce)
7th Burghley Horse Trials CCI**** (Kings Temptress)
Team Gold at FEI World Equestrian Games, Kentucky (Imperial Cavalier)
6th World Games Kentucky (Imperial Cavalier)
2009
12th Burghley Horse Trials CCI**** (Apache Sauce)
18th Burghley Horse Trials CCI**** (Kings Temptress)
2nd Hartpury CIC*** (Apache Sauce)
7th Gatcombe CIC***W (Kings Temptress)
4th Luhmühlen Horse Trials CCI**** (King's Temptress)
5th Barbury Castle CIC*** (Apache Sauce)
4th Aachen CICO*** (Imperial Cavalier)
3rd Tattersalls CIC***W (Imperial Cavalier)
6th Tattersalls CIC*** (Fernhill Urco)
2008
8th Pau CCI**** (Call Again Cavalier)
3rd Burghley Horse Trials CCI**** (Imperial Cavalier)
4th Burghley Horse Trials CCI**** (Apache Sauce)
Team Bronze – Beijing Olympics (Call Again Cavalier)
11th Beijing Olympics (Call Again Cavalier)
8th Barbury International CIC *** (Call Again Cavalier)
2nd Bramham International CCI *** (Kings Fancy)
8th Saumur International CCI *** (Kings Gem)
5th Chatsworth International CIC *** (Kings Temptress)
11th Badminton International CCI **** (Apache Sauce)
2nd Belton Park International CIC *** (Imperial Cavalier)
3rd Burnham Market International CIC *** (Apache Sauce)
2007
9th Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI **** (Apache Sauce)
1st Chatsworth World Cup Qualifier CIC***W (Call Again Cavalier)
3rd Barbury Castle CIC*** (Call Again Cavalier)
1st British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (Call Again Cavalier)
2nd European Three Day Eventing Championships (Call Again Cavalier)
Team Gold – European Three Day Eventing
2nd Pau Horse Trials CCI**** (Imperial Cavalier)
2006
3rd Barbury Castle CIC*** (Cashal Bay)
10th Burghley Horse Trials CCI**** (Cashal Bay)
9th Boekelo CCI*** (Apache Sauce)
2005
7th Dartfield CCI ** (Apache Sauce)
8th Barbury Castle CIC *** (Call Again Cavalier)
3rd Blair Castle CCI * (Kings Gem)
4th Burghley CCI **** (Call Again Cavalier)
2nd Kreuth *** (Birthday Night)
5th Kreuth *** (Apache Sauce)
2004
20th Athens Olympics (King Solomon III)
Team Silver – Athens Olympics
2003
5th European Championships, Punchestown, Ireland (King Solomon III)
3rd British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (King Solomon III)
10th Bramham CCI *** (King George II)
4th Badminton CCI **** (King Solomon III)
2002
5th Boekelo CCIO *** (Ryan V)
3rd Burghley CCI **** (King Solomon III)
2nd Thirlestane Castle CIC ** (King Solomon III)
10th Thirlestane Castle CIC ** (King George II)
5th Punchestown CCIO *** (Ryan V)
4th Chatsworth CIC *** (King Solomon III)
2001
5th Punchestown CCI *** (Ryan V)
4th Burghley CCI **** (King Solomon III)
2nd Thirlestane CIC ** (King Richard)
2000
7th Olympic Games (Individual Competition), Sydney, Australia (Star Appeal)
1st Badminton CCI **** (Star Appeal)
1999
5th Burghley CCI **** (King Solomon III)
3rd Blair Castle CCI * (King Richard)
1997
1st Achselschwang CCI *** (King Solomon III)
3rd Blenheim CCI *** (King William)
8th and Team gold European Open Championships, Burghley (Star Appeal)
3rd Scottish Open Championships, Thirlestane Castle (King Solomon III)
2nd British Open Championships (National Champion), Gatcombe Park (King Solomon III)
3rd British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (Star Appeal)
1st Chantilly CIC ** (King William)
6th Punchestown CCI *** (King William)
2nd Badminton CCI **** (Star Appeal)
1st Saumur CCI *** (King Solomon III)
1996
1st Blenheim CCI *** (King Solomon III)
1st Burghley CCI **** (Star Appeal)
1st British Open Championships (National Champion), Gatcombe Park (King William)
2nd British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (King Solomon III)
1st Scottish Open Championships, Thirlestane Castle (Star Appeal)
1st Ladies Advanced, Thirlestane Castle (King S
12th Olympic Games (Individual), Atlanta, USA (King William)
1995
Team gold and Individual bronze European Championships, Pratoni del Vivaro, Italy (King William)
1st Scottish Open Championships, Thirlestane Castle (King William)
2nd Scottish Open Championships, Thirlestane Castle (Star Appeal)
2nd British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (Star Appeal)
1st Punchestown CCI *** (Star Appeal)
1994
2nd Le Lion d’Angers CCI *** (King Solomon III)
2nd Burghley CCI **** (King Kong)
4th Burghley CCI **** 1994 (Star Appeal)
10th British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (Star Appeal)
4th and Team gold World Equestrian Games, The Hague, Holland (King William)
1993
2nd Punchestown CCI *** (Star Appeal)
1992
2nd FEI Continental Cup Final, Pratoni del Vivaro, Italy (King Samuel)
1st Windsor CCI ** (King Kong)
1st Badminton CCI **** (King William)
1991
1st Loughanmore CCI ** (King Alfred)
Team gold European Championships, Punchestown, Ireland (King William)
1st British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (King William)
1st Osberton CCN (King Kong)
1990
2nd Burghley CCI **** (King Cuthbert)
4th Burghley CCI **** (King Boris)
9th Blenheim CCI *** (King William)
1st British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (King Boris)
6th Bramham CCI *** (King William)
3rd Badminton CCI **** (King Boris)
8th Badminton CCI **** (King Cuthbert)
1989
5th Le Lion d’Angers CCI *** (King William)
2nd Rotherfield Park CCI *** (King Cuthbert)
1st Windsor 3DE (King Max)
2nd Badminton CCI **** (King Boris)
1988
1st Breda CCI ** (King Max)
2nd Bramham CCI *** (King Cuthbert)
1st Osberton 3DE (King Samuel)
1987
15th Burghley CCI **** (King Boris)
2nd Windsor 3DE (King Arthur)
1986
1st Osberton 3DE (King Arthur)
4th Breda CCI ** (King Boris)
1st Bramham CCI *** (King Cuthbert)
2nd Bramham CCI *** (Silverstone)
1985
7th Badminton CCI **** (Divers Rock)
1984
6th Boekelo CCI *** (Divers Rock)
Bibliography
Mary Thomson's Eventing Year, 1993
All The Kings Horses, 1997
William and Mary, 1998
Mary King: The Autobiography, 2009
Won Gold Medal in 2012 Olympics
In media
Midas Interactive brought out the computer game Mary King's Riding Star which was available on a variety of platforms.
References
External links
Mary King: The Autobiography
Olympics biography
Mary King's Riding Star
Mary King's Olympic Diary
Mary King Interview on youtube
Mary King DS game
New Mary King Wii game
Mary King Facebook
Mary King Official Website
British event riders
1961 births
Living people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Deputy Lieutenants of Devon
People from East Devon District
Sportspeople from Newark-on-Trent
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Equestrians at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic equestrians for Great Britain
British female equestrians
Olympic medalists in equestrian
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics |
39332937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20E.%20Biddle | Mark E. Biddle | Mark E. Biddle (born 1957) is the Russell T. Cherry Professor of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament at the Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond in Richmond, Virginia. He is editor of the Review & Expositor journal.
Education
Biddle, a native of Fort Payne, Alabama, was educated in the public schools of DeKalb County, Alabama and Orange County, Florida. Biddle received a B.A. from Samford University in Homewood, Alabama, an M.Div. from the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky, a Th.M. from International Baptist Theological Seminary of the European Baptist Federation in Prague, Czech Republic and a Dr. Theol. from the University of Zurich in Zürich, Switzerland.
Books
A Redaction History of Jeremiah 2:1-4:2, Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments 77. Zürich: TVZ, 1990.
Polyphony and Symphony in Prophetic Literature: A Literary Analysis of Jeremiah 7-20, Studies in Old Testament Interpretation 2. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1996.
Deuteronomy, Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary 4. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2003.
Missing the Mark: Sin and Its Consequences in Biblical Theology. Nashville: Abingdon, 2005.
Judges: Reading the Old Testament. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2012.
A Time to Laugh: Humor in the Bible. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2013.
Articles in journals and collected works
"The Literary Frame Surrounding Jeremiah 30:1-33:26," Zeitschrift für Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 100 (1988): 409–413.
"The 'Endangered Ancestress' and Blessing for the Nations," Journal of Biblical Literature (=JBL) 109 (1990): 599–611.
"Christian Interpretation of the Old Testament: A Methodological Problem," Faculty Studies (Carson Newman College) 1990: 27–43.
"The Figure of Lady Jerusalem: Identification, Deification and Personification of Cities in the Ancient Near East," in The Canon in Comparative Perspective, Scripture in Context IV, B. Batto, W. Hallo, and L. Younger, eds. Lewiston: New York: Mellen Press, 1991. pp. 173–194.
"Bible Study Guide: The Book of Micah," Pulpit Digest 73/517 (1992): 77–81.
"Lady Zion's Alter Egos: Isaiah 47:1-15 and 57:6-13 as Structural Counterparts," in New Visions of the Book of Isaiah, JSOTSup 214, R. Melugin and M. Sweeney, eds. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1997. pp. 124–139.
"The City of Chaos and the New Jerusalem: Isaiah 24-27 in Context," Perspectives in Religious Studies 22 (1995): 5–12.
"Amos: Introduction," in Interpreting Amos for Teaching and Preaching. Macon: Smyth and Helwys, 1996.
"Laboratory for Learning: Promoting Community Learning Across Curricular and Co-Curricular Functions," (with E. Lee and W. McDonald) in Who Teaches? Who Learns? Authentic Student/Faculty Partners, R. Jenkins and K. Romer, eds. Providence, RI: Ivy Publishers, 1998. pp. 69–76.
"Literary Structures in the Book of Joshua," Review & Expositor (=RE) 95 (1998): 189–202.
"'Israel' and 'Jacob' in the Book of Micah: Micah in the Context of the Twelve," in Society of Biblical Literature 1998 Seminar Papers Part Two. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1998. pp. 850–871.
Sermon ideas/summaries on select texts in Genesis for the 2001 edition of Abingdon's Ministers Manual.
"Ancestral Motifs In 1 Samuel 25: Intertextuality and Characterization," JBL 121 (2002): 617–638.
"Contingency, God, and the Babylonians: Jeremiah on the Complexity of Repentance," RE 101 (2004): 247–65.
"A Word About Separation of Church and State," RE 101 (2004): 583–586.
"Genesis 3: Sin, Shame and Self-Esteem," RE 103 (2006): 359–370.
"Obadiah-Jonah-Micah in Canonical Context: The Nature of Prophetic Literature and Hermeneutics," Interpretation 61 (2007): 154–166.
"Song of Songs: A Brief Annotated Bibliography," RE 105 (2008): 481 – 490.
"Teaching Isaiah Today," PRS 36 (2009): 257–272.
"The Biblical Prohibition Against Usury," Int 65 (2011): 117–127.
"Joshua 24:1-3a, 14-25," Lectionary Homiletics 22/6 (October/November 2011): 41–42.
"Judges 4:1-7," Lectionary Homiletics 22/6 (October/November 2011): 49–50.
"Dominion Returns to Jerusalem: An Examination of Developments in the Kingship and Zion Traditions as Reflected in the Book of the Twelve with Particular Attention to Micah 4-5," in Perspectives on the Formation of the Book of the Twelve: Methodological Foundations, Redactional Processes, Historical Insights, BZAW 433. R. Albertz, J. Wöhrle, and J. Nogalski, eds.; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2012. pp. 253–267.
Dictionary articles
"Murder," in The Mercer Dictionary of the Bible, Watson E. Mills, ed. Macon: MercerUniversity Press, 1990.
"Redaction Criticism: Hebrew Bible," in Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, John H. Hayes, ed. Nashville: Abingdon, 1999. pp. 373–376.
"Jeremiah, Letter of Jeremiah, Baruch," Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
"Execration," "Flesh in the OT," "Humor" and "Perish" in New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 5 vols., K. D. Sakenfeld, et al., eds. Nashville: Abingdon 2006–2009.
"Sin," in Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic (2009).
"Deposit and Pledge," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Bible and Law (forthcoming).
Translations
Ernst Jenni and Claus Westermann, eds. Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. 3 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1997. (= Theologisches Handwörterbuch zum Alten Testament. 2 vols. Munich: Kaiser, 1984).
Hermann Gunkel. Genesis. Mercer Library of Biblical Studies. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1997.
Martin Hengel. The Septuagint as Christian Scripture: Its Prehistory and the Problem of Its Canon. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 2002. (= Die Septuaginta: Zwischen Judentum und Christentum. Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1994).
Julius Wellhausen. The Pharisees and the Sadducees: An Examination of Internal Jewish History. Mercer Library of Biblical Studies. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2001 (= Die Pharisäer und die Sadducäer: Eine Untersuchung zur inneren jüdischen Geschichte. 3rd ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1967).
Otto Kaiser. The Old Testament Apocrypha: An Introduction to the Fundamentals. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2004 (= Die alttestamentlichen Apokryphen: Eine Einleitung in Grundzügen. Gütersloh: Kaiser, 2000).
Contributing translator to Religion, Past and Present (= Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Leiden: Brill) Leiden: Brill, 2007ff.
M. Hauger, "'But We Were in the Wilderness, and There God Speaks Quite Differently': On the Significance of Preaching in the Theology and Work of Gerhard von Rad" in Int 62 (2008): 278–292.
Gerhard von Rad, "Sermon on Luke 24:13-35" in Int 52 (2008): 294–303.
Reinhard Feldmeier and Hermann Spieckermann, God of the Living. Waco: Baylor, 2011. (= Der Gott der Lebendigen: Eine biblische Gotteslehre. Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 2011.)
Sigmund Mowinckel, Psalm Studies. 2 vols. SBL History of Biblical Studies 2, 3. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2014. (= Psalmenstudien. 6 vols. Kristiania: Dybwad, 1921–1924).
Andreas Schüle, Die Urgeschichte (forthcoming).
Book reviews
W. Werner, Studien zur alttestamentlichen Vorstellung vom Plan Jahwes, in JBL 109 (1990): 512–514.
G. Fleischer, Von Menschenverkäufern, Baschankühen, und Rechtsverkehren and S. Rosenbaum, Amos of Israel (cluster review), in Critical Review of Books in Religion, E. J. Epp, ed. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991. pp. 133–136.
W. Dever, Recent Archaeological Discoveries and Biblical Research, in Interpretation 46 (1992): 197–198.
R. Ginn, The Present and the Past, J. Wilcox, The Bitterness of Job, and W. Farley, Tragic Vision and Divine Compassion (cluster review), in Perspectives in Religious Studies 18 (1991): 261–264.
J. Sasson, Jonah, in Horizons in Biblical Theology 13 (1991): 77–78.
H. Niehr, Der höchste Gott: Alttestamentlicher JHWH-Glaube im Kontext syrisch-kanaanäischer Religion des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr., in Catholic Biblical Quarterly (= CBQ) 54 (1992): 120–121.
J. van Ruiten, Een Begin Zonder Einde: De doorwerking van Jesaja 65:17 in de intertestamentaire literatuur en het Nieuwe Testament, in CBQ 54 (1992): 549–550.
D. H. Bak, Klagender Gott – Klagende Menschen, in CBQ 55 (1993): 108–109.
B. Bozak, Life 'Anew': A Literary-Theological Study of Jer. 30-31, in CBQ 55 (1993): 324–325.
Y. Goldman, Prophétie et royauté au retour de l'exil, in CBQ 55 (1993): 758–759.
R. Albertz, Religionsgeschichte Israels in alttestamentlicher Zeit, in CBQ 56 (1994): 312–314.
T. Lescow, Das Stufenschema: Untersuchungen zur Struktur alttestamentlicher Texte, in CBQ 56 (1994): 767–768.
H. Nobel, Gods gedachten tellen: Numerike structuuranalyse en de elf gedachten Gods in Genesis – 2 Koningen, in CBQ 56 (1994): 774–776.
J. Lundbom, The Early Career of the Prophet Jeremiah, in CBQ 57 (1995): 150–151.
B. Lang, Eugen Drewermann, interprète de la Bible: Le paradis. Le naissance du Christ, in CBQ 57 (1995): 560–561.
G. Fischer, Das Trostbüchlein: Text, Komposition un Theologie von Jer 30-31, in Religious Studies Review (= RSR) 21 (1995): 224.
J. Jeremias, Der Prophet Amos, in JBL 116 (1997): 548-550 (=http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/2644_1586.pdf).
R. Bergen, ed., Biblical Hebrew and Discourse Linguistics, in CBQ 58 (1996): 370–372.
K. Pfisterer Darr, Isaiah's Vision and the Family of God, in RSR 22 (1996): 60.
Jun-Hee Cha, Micha und Jeremia, in CBQ 59 (1997): 339–340.
D. Penchansky, The Politics of Biblical Theology, in CBQ 59 (1997): 133–135.
K. Schmid, Buchgestalten des Jeremiabuches: Untersuchungen zur Redaktions- und Rezeptionsgeschichte von Jer 30-33 im Kontext des Buches, in CBQ 60 (1998): 344–345.
D. Rotzoll, Studien zur Redaktion und Komposition des Amosbuches, in Review of Biblical Literature, M. Sweeney, el al, eds. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1999. pp. 158–159 (=http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/2534_1756.pdf).
B. Zapff, Redaktionsgeschichtliche Studien zum Michabuch im Kontext des Dodekapropheton, in CBQ 61 (1999): 569–570.
J. P. Fokkelman, Major Poems of the Hebrew Bible, Volume I: Ex. 15, Deut 32, and Job 3: At the Interface of Hermeneutics and Structural Analysis, in RSR 25 (1999): 285.
C. Seitz and K. Greene-McCreight, eds., Theological Exegesis: Essays in Honor of Brevard S. Childs, in CBQ 62 (2000): 190–91.
B. Janowski, Stellvertretung: Alttestamentlich Studien zu einem theologischen Grundbegriff, in RSR 24 (1998): 289.
W. Harrelson, The Ten Commandments and Human Rights, in RevExp 95 (1998): 288–289.
P. Kelley, Journey to the Land of Promise: Genesis – Deuteronomy, in RevExp 95 (1998): 292.
K. King, ed., Women and Goddess Traditions: In Antiquity and Today, in RevExp 95 (1998): 296.
R. Ulmer, trans., Maaserot – Zehnte, Maaser Sheni – Zweiter Zehnt, in RevExp 95 (1998): 293–294.
G. Ashby, God Out and Meet God: A Commentary on the Book of Exodus, in RevExp 95 (1998): 449.
F. Gorman Jr. Divine Presence and Community: A Commentary on the Book of Leviticus, in RevExp 95 (1998): 453.
T. Longman, III. The Book of Ecclesiastes, in RevExp 95 (1998): 454.
J. Oswalt, The Book of Isaiah: Chapters 40-66, in RevExp 95 (1998): 456.
E. Tiffany, The Image of God in Creation, in RevExp 95 (1998): 456–457.
G. Fackre, The Doctrine of Revelation: A Narrative Interpretation, in RevExp 95 (1998): 458.
R. Farmer, Beyond the Impasse: The Promise of a Process Hermeneutic, in RevExp 95 (1998): 459.
A. Porterfield, The Power of Religion: A Comparative Introduction, in RevExp 95 (1998): 461–462.
H. Utzschneider, Michas Reise in die Zeit, in CBQ 62 (2000): 739–740.
J. Watts, Reading Law: The Rhetorical Shaping of the Pentateuch, in RevExp 97 (2000): 107–08.
J. Eaton, Mysterious Messengers: A Course on Hebrew Prophecy From Amos Onwards, in RevExp 97 (2000): 514.
F. Holmgren, The Old Testament and the Significance of Jesus: Embracing Change – Maintaining Christian Identity, in RevExp 97 (2000): 514–515.
G. Fee, Listening to the Spirit in the Text, in RevExp 97 (2000): 516–517.
J. G. Millar, Now Choose Life: Theology and Ethics in Deuteronomy, in RevExp 97 (2000): 513–514.
P. D. Miller, Israelite Religion and Biblical Theology: Collected Essays, in RSR (2000).
Francis I. Andersen and David Noel Freedman, Micah: A New Translation With Introduction and Commentary, in CBQ 63 (2001): 507–508.
E. Ben Zvi, Micah in CBQ 63 (2001): 132–34.
J. R. Lundbom, Jeremiah 1-20: A New Translation With Introduction and Commentary in Interpretation 55 (2001): 316.
R. S. Wallace, The Story of Joseph and the Family of Jacob in RevExp 98 (2001): 280–81.
J. L. Crenshaw, The Psalms: An Introduction in RevExp 98 (2001): 281–82.
D. Ewert, How to Understand the Bible, in RevExp 98 (2001): 442–43.
R. J. Coggins, Joel and Amos, in RevExp 98 (2001): 445–47.
J. Blenkinsopp, Isaiah 1-39, in RevExp 98 (2001): 444–45.
K. Jobes and M. Silva, Invitation to the Septuagint, in RevExp 98 (2001): 443–44.
M. Fox, Proverbs 1-9, in RevExp 99 (2002): 110–11.
W. Brueggemann, Deuteronomy, Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries, in Interpretation 56 (2002): 328.
D. Gowan, Daniel, Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries, in RevExp 99 (2002): 277–8.
J. Barton, Joel and Obadiah, The Old Testament Library, in RevExp 99 (2002): 279–80.
T. Longman III, Song of Songs, The New International Commentary on the Old Testament, in RevExp 99 (2002): 284–85.
G. Fee, To What End Exegesis? in RevExp 99 (2002): 287.
W. Janzen, Exodus, Believers Bible Commentary, in RevExp 99 (2002): 455–56.
W. Brueggemann, Ichabod Toward Home: The Journey of God's Glory, in RevExp 99 (2002): 458.
P. Quinn-Miscall, Reading Isaiah: Poetry and Vision, in RevExp 99 (2002): 460–61.
C. Seitz, Figured Out: Typology and Providence in Christian Scripture, in RevExp 99 (2002): 456–57.
V. Matthews, Social World of the Hebrew Prophets, in RevExp 99 (2002): 461.
K. R. Nemet-Nejat, Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, in RevExp (forthcoming).
Stephan Davis, The Antithesis of the Ages: Paul's Reconfiguration of the Torah in RevExp 99 (2002): 623–24.
Paul Hooker, First and Second Chronicles, in RevExp 99 (2002): 625.
David L. Petersen, The Prophetic Literature: An Introduction, in RevExp 99 (2002): 627.
"Reading the Prophets," a cluster review of A. Heschel, The Prophets; W. Brueggeman, The Prophetic Imagination; and C. Dempsey, The Prophets, in Christian Reflection (2003): 82–86.
Steven Tuell, First and Second Chronicles, in RevExp 100 (2003): 131–132.
Mark S. Smith, Untold Stories: The Bible and Ugaritic Studies in the Twentieth Century, in RevExp 100 (2003): 136–37.
Duane A. Garrett, A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew, in RevExp 100 (2003): 135–36.
Jonathan Goldstein, Peoples of an Almighty God Competing Religions in the Ancient World in RevExp 100 (2003): 283–84.
Wojciech Pikor, La Comunicazione Profetica alla Luce di Ez 2-3, in CBQ 66 (2004): 299–300.
Martin Kessler, Battle of the Gods: The God of Israel Versus Marduk of Babylon: A Literary/Theological Interpretation of Jeremiah 50-51 in RBL (http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/4019_4302.pdf ).
Philippe Guillaume, Waiting for Josiah: The Judges, in Perspectives in Religious Studies 33 (2006): 512–513.
Louis Stulman, Jeremiah, Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries, in Int 60 (2006): 97–98.
Abraham Joshua Heschel, Heavenly Torah: As Refracted through the Generations, in Perspectives in Religious Studies 33 (2006): 511–512.
Bruce A. Little, A Creation-Order Theodicy: God and Gratuitous Evil, in RevExp 102 (2005): 532–33.
J. Neusner, Rabbinic Literature: An Essential Guide in RevExp 102 (2005): 536–38.
Carl E. Braaten and Christopher R. Seitz, eds., I Am the Lord Your God: Christian Reflections on the Ten Commandments in RevExp 102 (2005): 743–45.
Jacob Neusner, Transformations in Ancient Judaism: Textual Evidence for Creative Responses to Crisis in RevExp 103 (2006): 638–640.
Gary N. Knoppers, I Chronicles 1-9: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, AB 12; I Chronicles 10-20: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, AB 12A in RevExp 103 (2006): 836–39.
Athalya Brenner, ed., Are we Amused? Humour About Women in the Biblical Worlds, in PRS (forthcoming).
Elisabeth Tetlow, Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Vol. 1, The Ancient Near East in PRS 34 (2007): 241–245.
Walter Brueggemann, Solomon: Israel's Ironic Icon of Human Achievement in Int (2006).
Cheryl Anderson, Women, Ideology and Violence: Critical Theory and the Construction of Gender in the Book of the Covenant and the Deuteronomic Law in PRS 34 (2007): 241–245.
William Yarchin, History of Biblical Interpretation: A Reader in RevExp 103 (2006): 428–29.
Kiss, Jenö, Die Klage Gottes und des Propheten: Ihre Rolle in der Komposition und Redaktion von Jer 11-12, 14-15 and 18 in RBL 3 (2007) (http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/5346_5636.pdf ).
Mary Shields, Circumscribing the Prostitute: The Rhetorics of Intertextuality, Metaphor and Gender in Jeremiah 3.1-4.4 in RBL 8 (2008): 198-200 (=http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/4503_4563.pdf ).
Waltke, B, A Commentary on Micah in Int 62 (2008): 334–35.
Hjelde, Sigurd, Sigmund Mowinckel und seine Zeit: Leben und Werk eines norwegischen Alttestamentlers in RBL 9 (207) (http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/5794_6117.pdf).
Neil B. MacDonald, Metaphysics and the God of Israel: Systematic Theology of the Old and New Testaments in RevExp 104 (2007): 823–825.
Georg Fischer, Jeremia: Der Stand der theologischen Diskussion in CBQ 70 (2008): 339–341.
Patrick Miller, The Way of the Lord: Essays in Old Testament Theology in RevExp 105 (2008): 153–54.
Brian Block, Singing the Ethos of God in RevExp 105 (2008): 519–521.
Susan Niditch, Judges: A Commentary in RevExp (forthcoming).
J. Gordon Harris, et al., Joshua, Judges, Ruth in RevExp (forthcoming).
Kenneth Berding and Jonathan Lunde, eds., Three Views on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament in RevExp 106 (2009): 275–77.
T. Longman III, Jeremiah, Lamentations in RevExp 106 (2009): 501–02.
R. Smend, From Astruc to Zimmerli: Old Testament Scholarship in Three Centuries in CBQ 71 (2009): 149–150.
J. Crenshaw, Prophetic Conflict: Its Effect on Israelite Religion in RevExp 106 (2009): 635–37.
H. Bezzel, Die Konfessionen Jeremias: Eine redaktionsgeschichtliche Studie in CBQ 71 (2009): 600–602.
L. Allen, Jeremiah: A Commentary in Int 64 (2010): 86–88.
Gary A. Anderson, Sin: A History in Int 65 (2011): 206–208.
Reinhard Kratz and Herrmann Speickermann, eds., Zeit und Ewigkeit als Raum göttlichen Handelns in CBQ 72 (2010): 630–631.
T. Niklas, K. Zamfir, and H. Braun, eds. Theologies of Creation in Early Judaism and Ancient Christianity: In Honour of Hans Klein in CBQ 74 (2012): 411–13.
W. Brown, The Seven Pillars of Creation: The Bible, Science, and the Ecology of Wonder in RevExp 108 (2011): 110–111.
Lemche, N.P. The Old Testament between Theology and History: A Critical Survey in RevExp 108 (2011): 320-321 (with Kathryn Camp).
Dearman, J. Andrew. The Book of Hosea in Int 66 (2012): 211–212.
Spinks, D. Christopher. The Bible and the Crisis of Meaning: Debates on the Theological Interpretation of Scriptures in RevExp 108 (2011): 606–608.
Seitz, Christopher D. The Goodly Fellowship of the Prophets: The Achievement of Association in Canon Formation in Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 12 (2012). (http://www.jhsonline.org/reviews/reviews_new/review596.htm )
Jackson, Melissa A. Comedy and Feminist Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible: A Subversive Collaboration in RevExp 110 (2013): 142–144.
Mobley, Gregory. The Return of the Chaos Monster — And Other Backstories of the Bible in Int 67 (2013): 438–239.
Segal, Alan F. Sinning in the Hebrew Bible: How the Worst Stories Speak for Its Truth in Int (forthcoming).
Humphreys, W. Lee. The Character of God in the Book of Genesis: A Narrative Appraisal in RevExp (forthcoming).
Anderson, Cheryl B. Ancient Laws & Contemporary Controversies: The Need for Inclusive Biblical Interpretation in RevExp (forthcoming).
Papers and lectures
"The Figure of Lady Jerusalem: Identification, Deification and Personification of Cities in the Ancient Near East" (1991 SBL Southeastern Regional Meeting, Atlanta).
"Lady Zion's Alter Egos: Isaiah 47:1-15 and 57:6-13 as Structural Counterparts" (1991 SBL Annual Meeting, Kansas City).
"The City of Chaos and the New Jerusalem: Isaiah 24-27 in Context" (1992 SBL Annual Meeting, San Francisco).
"Confessional Materials in Jeremiah 7-10" (1993 SBL Annual Meeting, Washington, DC).
1993 Russell Bradley Jones Lecturer, Carson Newman College.
"Liturgical Materials in Jeremiah 7-20: The Question of the Genre of a Prophetic Book" (1994 SBL Annual Meeting, Chicago).
Response to P. Willey, "The Servant of YHWH and Daughter Zion: Alternating Visions of YHWH's Community" (1995 SBL Annual Meeting, Philadelphia).
"A Joel-Layer of Redaction in the Book of the Twelve? A Response to J. Nogalski's Redaction Critical Assessment" (panel presentation, Formation of the Book of the Twelve Consultation, 1995 SBL Annual Meeting, Philadelphia).
"Intertextuality, Micah, and the Book of the Twelve: A Question of Method" (1996 SBL Annual Meeting, New Orleans).
2001 Keynote Address, Lasker Sacred Music Festival, Lasker, NC
"Obadiah-Jonah-Micah in Canonical Context: The Nature of Prophetic Literature and Hermeneutics" (The Book of the Twelve Prophets Section, SBL Annual Meeting,Washington, DC, November 19, 2006)
"Dominion Returns to Jerusalem: An Examination of Developments in the Kingship and Zion Traditions as Reflected in the Book of the Twelve with Particular Attention to Micah 4-5" (paper read at the "Perspectives on the Formation of the Book of the Twelve" conference at the University of Münster, January 14–16, 2011).
"Die (Wieder)Herstellung der Ordnung: Sünde und Aus-der-Ordnung-Sein nach der priesterlichen Auffassung und in den Lehren und Taten Jesu" (invited guest lecture in the "Götterbilder – Gottesbilder – Weltbilder" graduate colloquium at the University of Göttingen, June 21, 2012).
Editor
W. Brueggemann, 1 and 2 Kings, Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2000.
T. Fretheim, Jeremiah, Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2002.
L. Bailey, Leviticus-Numbers, Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2005.
S. Balentine, Job, Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2007.
J. Nogalski, The Minor Prophets, Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, forthcoming.
J. Sanderson, Judges, Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, forthcoming.
Editorial board member, Review and Expositor.
General editor, Reading the Old Testament, Macon: Smyth & Helwys, forthcoming.
Issue editor of Review and Expositor volumes on Genesis and Song of Songs, RE 105/3 (2008) (both with Nancy de-Classe Walford) and "Left Behind."
Issue editor, Apocalypse Now? RE 106/1 (2009).
Crenshaw, James. Job, ROT (Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2011).
Managing editor, Review & Expositor. 2010–2011.
Bos, Johanna. 1 and 2 Samuel, Reading the Old Testament (=ROT). Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2012.
Fretheim, Terrance. Minor Prophets I, ROT. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2013.
Tuell, Steven. Minor Prophets II, ROT. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2013.
Sweeeney, Marvin. Ezekiel, ROT. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2013.
Cook, Stephen. Deuteronomy, ROT. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2014.
Johnstone, William. Exodus, Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary (=SHBC). Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2013.
O'Connor, Kathleen. Genesis, SHBC. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, forthcoming.
Associate editor, Review & Expositor. 2011–2012.
References
1957 births
Old Testament scholars
Academic journal editors
Samford University alumni
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni
University of Zurich alumni
Living people
People from Fort Payne, Alabama |
14275009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor%20%28American%20TV%20series%29 | Survivor (American TV series) | Survivor is the American version of the international Survivor reality competition television franchise, itself derived from the Swedish television series Expedition Robinson created by Charlie Parsons which premiered in 1997. The American series premiered on May 31, 2000, on CBS. It is hosted by Jeff Probst, who is also an executive producer along with Mark Burnett and the original creator, Parsons.
Survivor places a group of strangers in an isolated location, where they must provide food, fire, and shelter for themselves. The contestants compete in challenges including testing the contestants' physical abilities like running and swimming or their mental abilities like puzzles and endurance challenges for rewards and immunity from elimination. The contestants are progressively eliminated from the game as they are voted out by their fellow contestants until only one remains and is given the title of "Sole Survivor" and is awarded the grand prize of US$1,000,000 ($2,000,000 in Winners at War).
The American version has been very successful. From the 2000–01 through the 2005–06 television seasons, its first eleven seasons (competitions) rated among the top ten most-watched shows. It is commonly considered the leader of American reality TV because it was the first highly-rated and profitable reality show on broadcast television in the U.S., and is considered one of the best shows of the 2000s (decade). The series has been nominated for 63 Emmy Awards, including winning for Outstanding Sound Mixing in 2001, Outstanding Special Class Program in 2002, and was subsequently nominated four times for Outstanding Reality-Competition Program when the category was introduced in 2003. Probst won the award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program four consecutive times after the award was introduced in 2008. In 2007, the series was included in Time magazine's list of the 100 greatest TV shows of all time. In 2013, TV Guide ranked it at #39 on its list of the "60 Best Series of All Time".
In February 2023, the series was renewed for the 2023–24 television season, and season 45 premiered on September 27, 2023.
Format and rules
The first U.S. season of Survivor followed the same general format as the Swedish series. Sixteen or more players, split between two or more "tribes", are taken to a remote isolated location (usually in a tropical climate) and are forced to live off the land with meager supplies for 39 days (42 in The Australian Outback, 26 in post-2021). Frequent physical and mental challenges are used to pit the teams against each other for rewards, such as food or luxuries, or for "immunity", forcing the other tribe to attend "Tribal Council", where they must vote off one of their tribemates.
Signaling the halfway point in the game, survivors from both tribes come together to live as one, making it to the "merge". At this point, survivors will compete against each other to win individual immunity; winning immunity prevents that player from being voted out at Tribal Council. Most players that are voted out after the merge form the game's "jury". Once the group gets down to two or three people, a Final Tribal Council is held where the remaining players plead their case to the jury members. The jury then votes for which player should be considered the "Sole Survivor" and win the show's grand prize. In all seasons for the United States version (excluding Survivor: Winners at War), this has included a $1-million prize in addition to the Sole Survivor title; some seasons (particularly earlier seasons) have included additional prizes offered during the game, such as a car, as well as fan-favorite prizes awarded at the finale. All contestants are paid on a sliding scale based on the order they were voted out: the first player voted out has been given and the amount increases from there. Some of the seasons that have featured returning players have increased these amounts: Survivor: All-Stars featured payouts starting at , while Winners at War had a minimum payout. All players are offered for participating in the finale show.
The U.S. version has introduced numerous modifications, or "twists", on the core rules in order to keep the players on their toes and to prevent players from relying on strategies that succeeded in prior seasons. These changes have included tribal switches, seasons starting with more than two tribes, the ability to exile a player from a tribe for a short time, unannounced returning players, hidden immunity idols that players can use to save themselves or others at Tribal Council, special voting powers which can be used to influence the result at Tribal Council, the chance to return to regular gameplay after elimination through "Redemption Island", "Exile Island", "Edge of Extinction" or "The Outcast Tribe" twists, and a final four fire-making challenge as of season 35.
Series overview
The United States version is produced by Mark Burnett and hosted by Jeff Probst, who also serves as an executive producer. Each competition is called a season, has a unique name, and lasts from 13 to 16 episodes. The first season, Survivor: Borneo, was broadcast as a summer replacement show in 2000. Starting with the third season, Survivor: Africa, there have been two seasons aired during each U.S. television season. Starting with the forty-first season, no subtitle has been used in promotion of the season. Instead, the show began following a number format similar to Big Brother and The Amazing Race.
In the first season, there was a 75-person crew. By season 22, the crew had grown to 325 people.
A total of 662 contestants have competed on Survivors 44 seasons.
Production
Concept
The original idea of Survivor was developed by Charlie Parsons in 1994 under the name Castaway. Parsons formed Planet24 with Bob Geldof to produce the show and tried to have the BBC broadcast it, but the network turned it down. Parsons went to Swedish television and was able to find a broadcaster, ultimately producing Expedition Robinson in 1997. The show was a success, and plans for international versions were made.
Mark Burnett intended to be the person to bring the show to the United States, though he viewed the Swedish version as a bit crude and mean-spirited. Burnett retooled the concept to use better production values, based on his prior Eco-Challenge show, and wanted to focus more on the human drama experienced while under pressure. Burnett spent about a year trying to find a broadcaster that would take the show, retooling the concept based on feedback. On November 24, 1999, Burnett made his pitch to Les Moonves of CBS, and Moonves agreed to pick up the show. The first season, Survivor: Borneo, was filmed during March and April 2000, and was first broadcast on May 31, 2000. The first season became a ratings success, leading to its ongoing run.
Locations
The American version of Survivor has been shot in many locations around the world since the first season, usually favoring warm and tropical climates. Starting with season 19, two seasons have filmed back-to-back in the same location, to be aired in the same broadcast year. Since season 33, the show has been filmed in the Mamanuca Islands of Fiji.
From The Australian Outback to Island of the Idols, the show's run ended with a live reveal of the winner with votes read in front of a live studio audience, followed by a reunion show, hosted by Jeff Probst. Reunion shows for the first three seasons were hosted by Bryant Gumbel and the fourth season by Rosie O'Donnell. Between Africa and One World, the reunion locations alternated between Central Park, Madison Square Garden and the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City (home to the CBS's Late Show franchise) and CBS Television City or the CBS Studio Center in Los Angeles. The reunion show continued to be filmed at CBS Television City from Philippines to Island of the Idols.
The exceptions to the above outlined live reunion were for Survivor: Island of the Idols, which was filmed in front of a live studio audience but taped four hours in advance due to the controversy surrounding contestant Dan Spilo's behavior, and Survivor: Winners at War, where a video conferencing event was used during the broadcast of the final episode due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The final episode of the latter did not include the live reunion, except for a brief moment at the beginning of the episode where all 20 contestants appeared together on screen from their homes, and promo for the upcoming 41st season, which had not filmed at that time.
As part of this, up through Survivor: Cagayan, the production of the last part of the recorded final Tribal Council showed Probst taking the urn or container containing the votes and traveling with it by some means, transitioning this to the live show and suggesting a type of continuity between events; for example Survivor: The Amazon appeared to have Probst jet-ski from the Amazon rainforest directly to New York City where the live show was held. According to Probst, they had also filmed a similar sequence for the 29th season Survivor: San Juan del Sur: he had paddled out on a canoe from the location in Nicaragua, and then paddling into Venice, California from a nearby island. Once on the beach, he would have asked a teenager to borrow his skateboard in the same manner as the "Hey Kid, Catch!" Coke commercial with Mean Joe Greene, with Probst doing some tricks on the skateboard before tossing it back. However, Probst had no idea how to ride a skateboard and even after some basic training, he could not complete the trick for filming. Production opted to eliminate that transition for San Juan del Sur, and they eliminated any similar transitions for future seasons.
Beginning with season 41, the winner was revealed on location during the final tribal council, which was previously done in the original season (Borneo), as the producers were unsure on the ability to have a live finale due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The vote reveal was then followed by a Survivor After Show special with the finalists and the jury instead of a live reunion.
Reception
U.S. television ratings
Survivor was consistently one of the top 20 most watched shows through its first 23 seasons. It has not broken the top 20 since. Probst acknowledged that Kelly Kahl, the current president of CBS, had been a significant proponent of the show. When Survivor had launched, Kahl, then vice-president of scheduling, took a risk and moved the show's second season to Thursdays in competition with NBC's Friends. Survivor won viewership numbers over Friends, giving Kahl significant sway within CBS to continue supporting Survivor.
Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of the United States version of Survivor on CBS.
Note: Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps.
Awards and nominations
Primetime Emmy Awards
Other awards
Post-show auctions
At the end of each U.S. Survivor season from Survivor: Africa onward, various Survivor props and memorabilia are auctioned online for charity. The most common recipient has been the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation. Most recently, proceeds have gone toward The Serpentine Project, a charity founded by Jeff Probst, dedicated to helping those transitioning out of foster care upon emancipation at 18 years of age. Items up for auction have included flags, mats, tree mails, contestant torches, contestant clothing, autographed items, immunity idols and the voting urn.
Controversies and legal action
In February 2001, Stacey Stillman filed a lawsuit claiming that producers interfered in the process of Survivor: Borneo by persuading two members of her tribe (Sean Kenniff and Dirk Been) to vote her off instead of Rudy Boesch.
During a reward trip on Survivor: The Australian Outback, Colby Donaldson removed coral from the Great Barrier Reef and, on the same trip, a helicopter involved with the production crew flew around protected seabird rookeries. Both acts violated Australian law and the incidents could have resulted in fines up to A$110,000. Mark Burnett, the executive producer, issued an apology on behalf of Donaldson and the Survivor production team.
At the tribal immunity challenge for the final four players on Survivor: Africa, host Jeff Probst asked which female player in their season had no piercings. Kim Johnson answered Kelly Goldsmith, got the point, and went on to win the challenge, which put her through to the final three and ultimately (after winning another immunity challenge) the final two. Unbeknownst to the producers, another contestant on "Africa", Lindsey Richter, also had no piercings. Lex van den Berghe's answer had been Lindsey, but the show did not award him a point, which could have significantly changed the outcome of the challenge and the overall game. CBS later paid van den Berghe and Tom Buchanan, who had finished in fourth place, a settlement.
In the fifth episode of Survivor: All-Stars, a naked Richard Hatch came into contact with Sue Hawk after she blocked his path during an immunity challenge. Hatch was voted out that day for other reasons, but Hawk quit the game two days later as a result of what had happened. Hawk considered filing a lawsuit against the parties involved, but appeared with Hatch on The Early Show the morning after the sixth episode aired, stating she opted out of legal action because CBS had helped her "deal with the situation".
In January 2006, Richard Hatch, the winner of the first season of Survivor, was charged and found guilty of failing to report his winnings to the IRS to avoid taxes. He was sentenced to four years and three months in prison.
In the beginning of Survivor: Cook Islands, the tribes were grouped according to their race. Probst claimed the choice came from the criticism that Survivor was "not ethnically diverse enough", but several long-term sponsors, including Campbell's Soup, Procter & Gamble, Home Depot, and Coca-Cola dropped their support of the show shortly after this announcement, leading to speculation that the decisions were in response to the controversy. Each company has either denied the link to the controversy or declined to comment.
The selection process for the 14th season came under fire when it was revealed that, of the entire Survivor: Fiji cast, only Gary Stritesky had gone through the application process for the show; the rest of the contestants were recruited. Probst defended the process, citing finding diversity of cast as a reason.
At the Survivor: China reunion show, Denise Martin told producers and the audience that she had been demoted to a janitor from a lunch lady due to the distraction she was to students from her appearance on the show. Because of her misfortune, Burnett awarded Martin $50,000. But Martin would later recant her story after the school district she worked for publicly stated that she had taken the custodial position before appearing on the show. Martin then decided to donate the $50,000 to charity.
A brief uncensored shot of Marcus Lehman's genitals during the premiere episode of Survivor: Gabon led to the show and network being asked to apologize for the incident.
Jim Early (aka Missyae), who was a user on one of the fan forums for Survivor, was sued by Burnett, his production company, and CBS in August 2010, for allegedly releasing detailed spoiler information for Survivor: Samoa and Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains. Early revealed that he was getting his information from Russell Hantz, a contestant on both seasons, through both phone calls and emails. Early complied in the lawsuit by providing such evidence, eventually leading to its dismissal in January 2011. Although legal action was never taken against Hantz, the contract for a player in Survivor includes a liability of up to $5 million for the premature revealing of a season's results. Hantz has stated that the claim is false.
Contestants that did not make the jury in Survivor: Caramoan were not allowed on stage for the reunion show. While Jeff Probst claimed that the new stage could not accommodate all of the attending contestants, the format change was panned because the show's fans and fellow contestants felt that it was unfair for them to be left out in the audience. Erik Reichenbach, who finished 5th and did not even get a chance to speak at the reunion, called out the producers for their treatment of the contestants. Calling it a farce, he criticized how the reunion show left so many unanswered questions about the other contestants and his own evacuation during the season finale. He also criticized how the pre-jury members were completely left out in favor of featuring the show's former contestants, like Rob Mariano and Rudy Boesch.
In the sixth episode of Survivor: Game Changers, Jeff Varner revealed at Tribal Council that fellow contestant Zeke Smith was a transgender man. This caused an immediate uproar amongst his tribemates and host Jeff Probst, which led to Varner's immediate elimination. The incident was covered by various news outlets, with fans heavily criticizing Varner's actions. Varner explained himself following the episode's airdate and expressed regret for his actions. Varner was also fired from his real estate job after the episode aired.
Before the premiere of Survivor: David vs. Goliath, contestant Alec Merlino posted a photo of himself on Instagram with fellow contestant Kara Kay containing the caption "F*** it". This action broke Merlino's NDA with the show and was consequently stripped of all appearance fees and banned from the live reunion show. Due to this, Merlino did not have to pay the standard $5 million penalty for breaking the agreement.
In the eighth episode of the 39th season Survivor: Island of the Idols, contestant Dan Spilo was issued a warning by producers for inappropriately touching fellow contestants including Kellee Kim. Contestants Elizabeth Beisel and Missy Byrd came under fire for exploiting the situation as a strategic tool in voting out Kim later that episode. This moment has since been criticized by various news outlets for the reactions of Beisel and Byrd as well as the handling of the situation by producers. Beisel and Byrd later apologized, along with fellow contestants Lauren Beck and Aaron Meredith. Jeff Probst, CBS, and MGM released a statement about what happened and the production's reaction as well. Dan was later removed from the game at the end of episode 12 after "a report of another incident, which happened off-camera and did not involve a player". This is the first time a contestant has been ejected from the show by production. Spilo apologized to all involved for his behavior following the finale's broadcast. Because of the incident, the season's finale was not shown live but instead from an earlier live-to-tape recording, the first time since the live finale format was introduced. Further, CBS and Survivor announced they will revamp the show's rules and production to focus more on earlier detection and prevention of this type of inappropriate behavior, and strict penalties for castaways that engage in it, to be fully in place by the 41st season (the first season produced following the airing of Island of the Idols).
Merchandise
The success of Survivor spawned a wide range of merchandise from the very first season. While early items available were limited to buffs, water bottles, hats, T-shirts, and other typical souvenir items, the marketability of the franchise has grown tremendously. Today, fans can find innumerable items, including computer and board games, interactive online games, mugs, tribal-themed jewelry, beach towels, dog tags, magnets, multi-function tools, DVD seasons, Survivor party kits, insider books, soundtracks, and more.
Home media releases
Best of
Full seasons
Seasons 1, 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were released in stores. The remaining seasons have been released exclusively on Amazon.com through their CreateSpace manufacture on demand program. Select seasons have also been released on Blu-ray.
Paramount+
All seasons are available on Paramount+, ViacomCBS's over-the-top subscription streaming service in the United States and Australia. In the United States and Australia, seasons of Australian Survivor made after CBS acquired Network 10 in 2017 are also available.
Pluto TV
Survivor was added to Pluto TV, ViacomCBS's free Internet television service, as a standalone channel along on September 1, 2020.
Other media
Video games
The 2001 PC video game Survivor: The Interactive Game, developed by Magic Lantern and published by Infogrames, allows players to play and create characters for the game based on the Borneo or Australian Outback cast members. The game also includes a character creation system for making custom characters.
Gameplay consists of choosing survivors' skills (fishing, cooking, etc.), forming alliances, developing relationships with other tribe members, and voting off competitors at tribal council.
The game was very poorly received by critics. GameSpot gave the game a 'Terrible' score of 2.0 out of 10, saying "If you're harboring even a tiny urge to buy this game, please listen very carefully to this advice: Don't do it." Likewise, IGN gave the game a 'Painful' 2.4 out of 10, stating "It is horribly boring and repetitive. The graphics are weak and even the greatest Survivor fan would break the CD in two after playing it for 20 minutes." The game was the recipient of Game Revolution's lowest score of all time, an F-. An 'interactive review' was created specially for the game, and features interactive comments like "The Survival periods are about as much fun as" followed by a drop-down menu, "watching paint dry/throbbing hemorrhoids/staring at air/being buried alive."
On November 4, 2009, it was announced that a second video game adaptation would be released for the Wii and Nintendo DS. The game would require players to participate in various challenges like those in the reality shows in order to win.
Soundtracks
Various soundtracks have been released featuring music composed by Russ Landau, including soundtracks for seasons 9 through 27 (with the exception of season 14).
Thrill ride
The Tiki Twirl thrill ride at California's Great America in Santa Clara, California was originally called Survivor: The Ride. The ride includes a rotating platform that moves along an undulating track. Riders can be sprayed by water guns hidden in oversized tribal masks. Theme elements included drums and other familiar Survivor musical accents playing in the background, Survivor memorabilia throughout the queue and other merchandise for sale in nearby gift shops.
Notes
References
External links
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67161557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy%20Bogdanovich%20Yakulov | Georgy Bogdanovich Yakulov | Georgy Bogdanovich Yakulov, (Armenian Յակուլյան Գևորգ Բոգդանի Georges Yakulov (January 2 (14), 1884, Tiflis — December 28, 1928, Yerevan) - Russian and soviet artist of Armenian origin, painter, graphic artist, decorator, set designer, art theorist. Close to the circle of avant-garde innovators, he actively interacted with various artistic movements (cubism, futurism, imaginism, constructivism), but was not a member of any of the art groups, was looking for his own visual method, combining the culture of the East and the culture of the West. The ideas put forward by him "the theory of light and the origin of styles in art", called the "theory of multi-colored suns", developed by the French artist Robert Delaunay.
Biography
Early years
The future artist was born in Tiflis, in the Armenian family of the famous lawyer Bogdan Galustovich Yakulov (Yakulyan): George was the youngest, ninth child, a darling and a favorite of his parents. Father died in 1893, and mother, Susanna Artemievna (née Kananova), taking six children with her, she moved to Moscow, where George in the same year was assigned to the boarding school of the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages (expelled from the sixth grade in 1898 for disobeying the rules of the boarding school). Unlike older brothers, Alexandra and Yakov, who have chosen a legal career, George showed interest in art and in 1901, after two months of classes at the school of K.F. Yuon, he entered the Moscow school painting, sculpture and architecture, however, for failure to attend classes in May 1903, he was expelled from the head class of the painting department and was soon drafted into the army. Served in the Caucasus (where he managed to paint), participated in the Russo-Japanese War, in a battle near Harbin he was wounded and in 1905 he returned to Moscow.
Becoming an artist
The very first work "Horse Racing", created by Georgy Yakulov upon his return to Moscow and shown by him in 1906 at the exhibition "Moscow associations of artists", attracted attention in art circles and was noted by Pavel Muratov in the magazine "Vesy": "The paradoxical drawing" Horse Racing "by G. Yakulov is carried out sharply, the artist interestingly applied the colored spots of chinese vases to his theme". A strong impression on contemporaries was made by bright entertainment and organicity, with which Yakulov connected in this work the traditions of the East with the aesthetics of late modernism, and when, in 1908, Kazimir Malevich showed his flat gouaches with an entertaining crowd, they were perceived as an imitation of Yakulov.
The artist consolidated his creative success by participating in the exhibition "Wreath" (1907) a variety of graphic and painting works ("Man of the Crowd", "Roosters", "Sukhum under the Snow", "Hermitage Garden", "Arab Symphony" etc.) but now Muratov spoke very restrainedly about his recent debutant, in which, according to the critic, "sharpness and lethargy, originality and imitation are strangely mixed".
From the earliest works, Yakulov surprised by the combinations of the incompatible inherent in his style: in a small, reminiscent of an old miniature, "To the Street" (1909), the emphasized decorativeness of the enamel painting was combined with the methods of transmitting the light-air medium, realistic multi-storey building foreground - with a semi-fantastic view "on the blue street-bowl, in which not so much moving as resting black-red-white carriages with smart riders and pedestrians". At the exhibition "Wreath", he became close to the artists of the association "Blue Rose" - M. Saryan, P. Kuznetsov, N. Sapunov, S. Sudeikin, N. Krymov.
In the second half of the 1900s, Yakulov first appeared as an architectural decorator, decorating the premises for the "Evening of Russian Writers" (1907) and did first steps in book graphics - small works in the magazines "Libra" and "Golden Fleece". In 1908, his works were presented at the VI exhibition of the Union of Russians artists, in 1909 - at the exhibition "Secession" in Vienna, since 1911 have been exhibited at exhibitions of the "World of Art". At the beginning of 1911 G. Yakulov together with P. Konchalovsky, A. Lentulov, M. Larionov, N. Goncharova, K. Malevich, A. Exter took part in the exhibition "Moscow Salon".
In 1908 he made a trip to Italy (visiting Venice, Padua, Florence, Siena and Rome), in 1911-1913 he spent a long time in Paris (where he met and communicated with R. Delaunay), in 1913 he took part in the Autumn salon "Storm" in Berlin. In 1913, Yakulov, together with the blue-rozovites Saryan and N. Milioti, illustrated the book of poems "Purple Kifera" V. Elsner, with Sudeikin created the scenery for the theatrical program "Dog Carousel" in the artistic cabaret "Stray Dog" in St. Petersburg.
At the end of December 1913, at meetings in Stray Dog, a controversy arose about the priority of ideas, put forward by R. Delaunay in his theory of "simultanism-orphism" - after the report of the philologist A. Smirnov, who promulgated the concept of Delaunay, Yakulov protested against the appropriation of ideas from his own theory, which a week later, on December 30, he stated in his report: "Natural light (archaic solar), artificial light (modern electric)". On January 1, 1914, together with the "Budelians" A. Lurie and B. Livshits, he wrote the manifesto "We and the West", released shortly in three languages (Russian, French and Italian) and then reprinted by G. Apollinaire in the Mercure de France. Years later, Livshits briefly but eloquently described the co-author of this manifesto: "Unlike most painters, Yakulov had the gift of generalization and knew how to coherently express his thoughts".
At the beginning of 1914 in the almanac "Alcyone" Georgy Yakulov made an article-essay "Blue Sun", the first in a series of works outlining the theory of "multi-colored suns": following the "blue sun" of China, he intended to write about the "pink" sun of Georgia, "yellow" - India, but in this form the plan was not implemented, and only in 1922 the artist published an article developing his theory - "Ars solis. Colorist's Sporades".
Since the beginning of the First World War, Yakulov is again in the army, in the fall of 1914, he was seriously wounded in the chest: the bullet touched the lung (which in subsequent years contributed to the emergence of tuberculosis). After recovering from his injury, the artist spent a vacation in Moscow, created a number of sketches and drawings, with whom he participated in early 1915 at the exhibitions of the "Union of Russian Artists" and "World of Art". In March 1915 he returned to the front, on his subsequent vacations, in the spring of 1916 and 1917, he took part in the exhibitions of the "World of Art" in Petrograd. In June 1917, by the decision of the Provisional Government, as part of a group of artists, Staff Captain Georgy Yakulov was finally withdrawn from the active army.
Years flourishing
One of the "special points" in the creative biography of Georgy Yakulov, which marked the artist's transition from easel painting to theatrical and decorative and monumental art became his work on the design of the Moscow artistic cafe "Pittoresque" (pittoresque - "picturesque"). Even in the pre-revolutionary years Yakulov designed a number of club interiors as a decorator for various charity and entertainment events - an evening on the theme "China" at the Hunting Club (1908/1909), in the same place "Tiflis Maidan" together with B. Lopatinsky and A. Lentulov (1912), "Night in Spain" at the Merchant Club together with P. Konchalovsky (1912) and others. Retrofitting the high hall of the former Passage of San Galli on Kuznetsky Most, (commissioned by N. Filippov, one of the heirs of the famous moscow baker) was not only a more ambitious project, but also of particular professional complexity.
In the design of the cafe "Pittoresk" G. Yakulov acted as the author of the project and the head of the work, lasted from July 1917 to January 1918, and attracted a large group to carry them out constructivist artists and non-objects: L. Bruni, K. Boguslavskaya, S. Dymshits-Tolstaya, L. Golov, V. Tatlin, N. Udaltsova, B. Shaposhnikov, A. Rybnikov. Together with Tatlin, A. Osmerkin took part in the painting of the glass ceiling, A. Rodchenko was engaged in the development of lamps based on Yakulov's rough sketches (this was his first design job), sculptor P. Bromirsky helped to create chandeliers, the rotating elements of the hall's decorative solution were embodied in the material by N. Goloshchapov. For the artists invited by Yakulov, it was an opportunity not only to make money, but also to implement ideas in the material, which they previously developed only in sketches.
Yakulov's overall design solution separated the decoration from the walls and brought him into a constructively and dynamically organized space of the hall. But decorativeness, as an artistic principle, was preserved, which contradicted the main ideology of the constructivists and led to a purely formal participation in the work on the cafe "Pittoresk" of their leader Tatlin.
The cafe was opened on January 30, 1918. A string quartet played on the stage every day, artistic performances were played, writers read their works, there were disputes. A. Lunacharsky performed here, V. Bryusov, V. Mayakovsky, S. Yesenin, V. Kamensky, Sun. Meyerhold, A. Tairov, A. Mariengof often visited, V. Shershenevich, D. Shterenberg, A. Lentulov, K. Malevich, M. Saryan, A. Shchusev, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, V.Kachalov, I. Moskvin, V. Massalitinova, A. Dikiy, A. Koonen and many others. Bright, spectacular and innovative work on the creation of the cafe "Pittoresk" put forward Yakulova in the creative, and in the professional workshop, and socially and culturally to the center of the artistic life of Moscow: in the design of the cafe "Yakulov flashed immediately, easily and generously. His path was clear "- wrote A. Efros.
In the fall of 1918, the Pittoresk cafe, due to the change of owner and the threat of reorganization in the variety show, was transferred to the Theater Department of the Commissariat and renamed to the "Red Rooster" club-workshop. On the 1st anniversary of the October Revolution, the premiere of the play "Green Parrot" staged by A. Tairov took place here (based on the play by A. Schnitzler) set by G. Yakulov. Before that, in the spring of 1918, the first theatrical work of the artist, at the initiative of Meyerhold, was the design of the performance "Exchange" (joint production by Meyerhold and Tairov based on the play by P. Claudel) - at the Chamber Theater.
The first meeting between Yakulov and Yesenin took place in the "Red Rooster", which later turned into a great friendship. Yakulov moves closer to a group of imagists and on January 30, 1919, signed together with S. Yesenin, A. Mariengof, Rurik Ivnev, V. Shershenevich, and B. Erdman the "Declaration" of the imagists - it stated the "death of futurism", and modern painting was characterized as "cubes and Picasso's translations into the language of native aspens". In the same year, the Imagists decided to triple their cafe "Stall of Pegasus" on Tverskaya Street. The walls of the cafe were painted according to Yakulov's sketches and under each painting were poets of poets; "Pegasus' stall" opened in December 1919. In 1920, the artist received a large workshop in house no. 10 on Bolshaya Sadovaya Street, in the same year he marries Natalia Shif, and in September 1921, at one of the evenings in the Yakulov workshop, Sergei Yesenin met Isadora Duncan.
In 1920-1921 Yakulov designed Marienhof's books, "Hands with a Tie" and "Tuchelet." In 1922 he participated in the article "Ars Solis" and two drawings of theatrical scenery in the first issue of the magazine of imagists "Hotel for travelers in the beautiful".
In the period 1918–1920, Yakulov became a professor at the First Free State Art Workshops, formed on the basis of the former Stroganov School of Industrial Art, with P. Kuznetsov, A. Lentulov, P. Konchalovsky, V. Favorsky, A. Arkhipov, and other famous artists
Yakulov led a theatrical and decorative art workshop. Among his students were brothers Vladimir and Georgy Stenberg, Nikolay Denisovsky, Konstantin Medunetsky, Sergey Svetlov - they all joined the OBMOKhU group, their teacher took part in group exhibitions in 1919 and 1921, and the workshop of Professor Yakulov was awarded by the Theater Department of the People's Commissariat for Education for the competitive work of the layout for the play "Oedipus the King" (1920).
The most productive stage in Georgy Yakulov's creative activity was his work as a theater artist. From 1918 to 1926, he took part in 20 productions of Moscow theaters (some of them were not carried out, but were embodied in the sketches of scenery and costumes made by Yakulov). The presence of Georgy Bogdanovich on the Moscow stage "at times looked almost total", in 1923, critics wrote about the "yakulovization of the theater".
In 1918, in addition to "Exchange" and "Green Parrot", he worked on the play "The Seville Seducer, or the Stone Guest" Tirso de Molina (production by A. Chabrov; not completed).
1919: "Measure for Measure" by W. Shakespeare (State Demonstration Theater, staged by I. Khudoleev and V. Sakhnovsky).
1919-1920: "Hamlet" Shakespeare (Theater of the RSFSR 1st, production by V. Bebutov and Vs. Meyerhold - not completed).
1920: "Princess Brambilla", capriccio after E. T. A. Hoffmann (Kamerny Theater, production by A. Tairov); "King Oedipus" by Sophocles (Theater of B. Korsh, staged by Khudoleev); "Mystery-Buff" by V. Mayakovsky (Theater of the RSFSR 1st, staged by Meyerhold and Bebutov - not completed).
1921: "Rienzi", opera by R. Wagner (Theater of the RSFSR 1st, staged by Meyerhold - not performed with sets and costumes).
1922: Signor Formica, after Hoffmann (Chamber Theater, production by Tairov); "Girofle-Girofle", operetta by C. Lecoq (Chamber theater, production by Tairov). In August of the same year, the Chamber Theater organized a personal exhibition of Georgy Yakulov, presented more than 200 works of painting, sketches and models of scenery, costumes; artist N. Denisovsky painted a full-length portrait of the teacher for the exhibition against the background of a poster for "Pittoresk".
1923: "The Jewish Widow" by G. Kaiser (Theater B. Korsh, staged by V. Mchedelov and V. Sakhnovsky); "Rienzi", Wagner's opera ("Zimin's Free Opera", staged by I. Prostorov); "The Eternal Jew" by D. Pinsky after Eugene Sue ("Habima" theater, production by Mchedelov); "Carmen", ballet by E. Esposito (ballet troupe V. Krieger and M. Mordkin, production by M. Mordkin - not completed).
1924: "Beautiful Helena" by J. Offenbach (Experimental Theater / Branch of the Bolshoi Theater, production by B. Sushkevich); "Princess Turandot" by K. Gozzi (production not completed).
1925: "Green Island" by C. Lecoq (Musical Comedy Theater, production: G. Yaron); "King Lear" Shakespeare (unrealized production).
1926: "Rosita" by A. Globa (Chamber Theater, production by Tairov); "Shylock" ("The Merchant of Venice") by Shakespeare (Belarusian State Jewish Theater, staged by V. Sakhnovsky, M. Rafalsky).
Paradoxical and temperamental, Yakulov was one of the most distinctive figures in post-revolutionary Moscow:
At the same time, Yakulov did not remain aloof from the social aspirations of the new era and showed himself to be "an energetic champion of the rights of fellow artists". In 1917, together with Lentulov, he was elected to the artistic and educational commission under the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies, then, with Malevich and Tatlin, - in the bureau of the trade union for painters.
In 1920–1921, on the instructions of the Central Committee of RABIS, a group of artists headed by Yakulov for six months of painstaking work, complex tariff rates for all work processes in painting were developed, sculpture, architecture, printing: according to the People's Commissar A. Lunacharsky, the "Izotruda tariffication system" was carried out exhaustively.
Simultaneously and in parallel with theatrical and decorative creativity, Yakulov was able to step into the design and construction (architectural) sphere: in 1922 on the instructions of the head of the Sportintern N. Podvoisky, he participated in the preparation of the "Red Stadium" project in Luzhniki, in 1923–1924, in collaboration with V. Schuko, he created a project of a monument to 26 Baku commissars. Yakulov considered the design of the "26 monument" to be his major work: "This work completes a cycle of works throughout my entire artistic activity to create a work of heroic pathos".
In September–October 1923, Yakulov and Shuko traveled to Baku and on October 2, the executive committee of the Baku Council approved of the three considered projects of the monument preliminary design of Yakulov-Shchuko. In August 1924, Yakulov brought to Baku a finished project and layout of the "26", on August 24, the project was unanimously approved. The sculptural and architectural structure of the future monument had an asymmetric spiral shape, and by this decision, Yakulov actually entered into competition with Tatlin, who created their own model of the "Tower of the III International" in 1920.
According to the Yakulov-Shchuko project, the monument, about 56 meters high, had six floors and ended with an open observation gallery. The first floor housed a library with a book depository and an archive, on the second - a columned hall with choirs, on floors 3-6 - memorial rooms for the leaders of the revolution. Outside, the spiral ramp "Road 26" was decorated with sculptures of 26 Baku commissars. Memorial, conceived not just as a monument to people, but as a monument to events that embodied the ideas of millions, - "could turn into a center of public forums, mass theatrical performances, concerts, celebrations on the occasion of solemn dates".
S. Yesenin, under the impression of the image of the monument, created his "Ballad of twenty-six", dedicating it to my friend: "With love to the wonderful artist G. Yakulov", and read the ballad for the first time on the anniversary of the death of the commissars on September 20, 1924, on Freedom Square in Baku.
Models of the monument to 26 Baku commissars and theatrical scenery Yakulov participated in the World Exhibition in Paris (1925). Prior to that, in October 1922, five of his paintings were presented at the 1st Russian exhibition at the Van Diemen & Co gallery in Berlin, and in March 1923, while on tour of the Chamber Theater in Paris, he exhibited at the local gallery "Guillaume". Yakulov was a member of the selection committee of the Soviet section at the preparatory stage for the World Exhibition, and during her work he was elected vice-president and member of the jury for the Theater section, as well as a jury member for the Architecture Section (these international sections were housed in the Grand Palais). Yakulov's works, as a member of the international jury, did not participate in the competition, they were awarded Honorary Diplomas (the second most important award after the Grand Prix) out of competition.
The World's Fair, which opened on April 28, 1925, ran through October; Yakulov arrived in Paris in June and brought with him about 100 works, intending to organize a personal exhibition. The exhibition did not take place, but the artist stayed in Paris until December: his fame and recognition as a set designer is so high that Yakulov received an offer from S. Diaghilev to participate in the creation of a ballet about the life of modern Russia. By order of Diaghilev, he began to work on sketches of scenery and costumes for the ballet "Steel Gallop", libretto of which he wrote together with composer S. Prokofiev. "Steel Gallop" choreographed by L. Massine was performed on the stage of the Sarah Bernhardt Theater in Paris, then was shown in London.
Among the performances designed by Yakulov, there were several performances carried out in Baku, Yerevan and Tiflis. In the fall of 1923, during a trip to Baku related to the design of the "Monument to the 26", Yakulov took part in the work on the scenery of the play "Lake Lyul" A. Faiko at the Baku Workers' Theater (production by D. Gutman, premiere October 30).
In October 1926, G. Yakulov, together with A. Shchusev, at the invitation of the Central Election Commission of Armenia, participated in the jury on the competition projects of the People's House in Yerevan, after which the artist stays in the Transcaucasus for a long time: in late 1926 - early 1927, he worked on the design of four performances at once in Erivan and Tiflis: at the 1st State Theater of Armenia - Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice" (premiered on December 20, 1926) and "Morgan's In-Law" A. Shirvanzade (premiered on March 3, 1927); both performances were staged by A. Burdzhalyan, Yakulov was assisted in these works by the young artist S. Aladzhalov; at the State Drama Theater named after Sh. Rustaveli - "Carmencita" by K. Lipskerov after P. Mérimée (staged by A. Akhmeteli, premiered on November 5, 1927) and "Dideba Zaghes", cantata by M. Balanchivadze (gala evening on February 27, 1927, in honor of the 6th anniversary of the SSRG).
By the end of the summer of 1927, after the triumphant completion in Paris of the ballet the "Steel Gallop", when Yakulov again hoped to organize his personal exhibition from the works brought in 1925, from Moscow comes the news of the arrest of his wife. Leaving the paintings in Paris in the care of M. Larionov and N. Goncharova, he urgently returns home. Thanks to the help of friends and the artist's merits, the repressions against his wife were limited by the prohibition of living in Moscow. Yakulov with great difficulty managed to settle her in Kislovodsk, but these events dramatically changed his life. He was "heartbroken by family grief", recalled his teacher N. Denisovsky, "Yakulov was stabbed in the back from a loved one, the blow from which he never recovered" - wrote S. Aladzhalov, who helped Georgy Bogdanovich in his last work, - over the scenery and costumes for the play "Beauty from the island of Lulu" in December 1927 (based on the novel by S. Zayitsky, staged by R. Simonov at his Studio Theater, premiered on November 6, 1928).
Death and farewell
In the spring of 1928, the People's Commissariat for Education applied for the awarding of the title of Honored Artist to G. Yakulov, in connection with the 25th anniversary of his creative activity, a committee for the celebration of the anniversary was organized under the chairmanship of A. Tairov. However, the issue of awarding the title and the organization of the anniversary evening was delayed, Yakulov's lung tuberculosis progressed, and in August 1928 he left for Dilijan for treatment. In Armenia, he made a series of landscape sketches and wrote two programmatic articles: "Theater and Painting" and "Revolution and Art".
In November, Yakulov caught a cold and fell ill with pneumonia. He was admitted to the hospital in Yerevan, where he drew up detailed notes for the anniversary committee: "My biography and artistic activity", "My artistic activity from 1918 - 1928" and sent to the Chamber Theater, Tairov. These documents summed up the artist's creative life: on December 28, Georgy Yakulov died.
The upcoming jubilee celebration became a civil funeral service. By order of A. Lunacharsky, the coffin with the artist's body was sent by a special funeral carriage to Moscow. Farewell ceremony with Yakulov was held in Yerevan on December 31 - Armenian leaders and friends paid a debt to the artist - M. Saryan, A. Tamanian, M. Shaginyan, E. Lansere. On the way to Moscow, the funeral car was uncoupled from the train in Tiflis and on January 2, on the day of the 45th birthday of Georgy Yakulov, representatives of the Georgian public said goodbye to him - Sh. Eliava, T. Tabidze, L. Gudiashvili, V. Anjaparidze, Y. Nikoladze.
On January 6, a train with a funeral carriage arrived in Moscow, where the committee for organizing the funeral was created, headed by Lunacharsky. One of the organizers of an unusual farewell ceremony, Yakulov's student, artist N. Denisovsky, described in his memoirs this meeting, which involved an orchestra of 40 cavalrymen on horseback, 40 torches and a hearse wagon on a sleigh, draped with black cloth, with a red rectangular pedestal for the coffin; four lamps were lit on its sides, made at the Chamber Theater according to Yakulov's sketches for the play "Rosita":
On January 7, Georgy Yakulov was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. The committee for the perpetuation of his memory raised questions about the monument to the artist, about organizing an exhibition of his work, but to no avail. Only the widow was allowed to live in Moscow and was given a pension.
Family
Wife - Natalya Yulievna Yakulova (Shif) (1891-1974)
Nephew - virtuoso violinist Alexander Yakulov (1927-2007).
The fate of the creative legacy
Georgy Yakulov's posthumous exhibition of works in Moscow could not be organized, as it turned out that there was not a single painting in the artist's studio after his death, and his entire creative archive was missing. Yakulov had left about 100 of his paintings in Paris with Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova, but the French exhibition did not take place either, and Yakulov's paintings became the property of Goncharova's and Larionov's heirs after their death. In 1968 A.K. Larionova-Tomilina donated 11 works by Yakulov to the Tretyakov Gallery. A year before, the artist Rafael Kherumyan created the "Society of Friends of Georgy Yakulov" in Paris (whose members were Sonia Delaunay, spouses, art historians Valentina and Jean-Claude Marcade). In 1972, the Society acquired most of Yakulov's works from Larionov's heirs and donated them to the Art Gallery of Armenia. In the 1930s, Robert Delaunay organized a committee to publish a monograph about Georgy Yakulov, which included P. Picasso, B. Sandrard, A. Glez, M. Chagall, S. Prokofiev, however the project was not implemented.
Scattered works of the artist are in the collections of the Pompidou Center, Russian Museum, State Literary Museum, Perm Art Gallery, Kaluga Museum of Fine Arts, Samara Art Museum, Krasnodar Art Museum, remain in domestic and foreign private collections, but the total number of paintings by Yakulov is small and the location of many of his paintings is not known.
More fortunate for the theatrical legacy of Georgy Yakulov: a significant collection of it is kept in the Theater Museum Bakhrushina: sketches for scenery and stage costumes, models, dolls made according to the artist's sketches. Several costumes for the ballet "Steel Gallop" are in the National Gallery of Australia. Separate Yakulov sketches are in the collections of the St. Petersburg Museum of Theater and Musical Art, the museums of the Bolshoi Theater and the Shota Rustaveli Georgian Theater. The Library-Museum of the Paris Opera in the B. Kokhno fund contains two sketches by G. Yakulov for costumes for "Steel Dap", as well as a number of letters from the artist to S. Diaghilev (three of them, which are of significant importance in the theoretical legacy of Yakulov, were published in the article by G. Kovalenko). The main sets of documents and photographs related to the life and work of Georgy Yakulov are kept in the National Art Gallery of Armenia, in the Department of Manuscripts of the Theater Museum. Bakhrushin and at RGALI.
The first retrospective exhibitions of the artist's works were held in Yerevan in 1959, 1967 and 1975. In 2015, the Tretyakov Gallery organized the exhibition "Georgy Yakulov. Master of multicolored suns", presenting about 130 works from several museums and private collections.
Creation
Easel painting
The small number of surviving paintings by G. Yakulov makes it impossible to characterize his pictorial work as a whole, compose its periodization, correlate with the searches of other artists and forms the belief that, although Yakulov began as a painter, "but his talent had to develop and prove himself really not in easel painting". Attempts by researchers to identify the distinctive features of the artist's painting style using such a small amount of material give conflicting results: according to some authors, Yakulov "remained alien to both Cubism and Futurism", others have challenged this view by analyzing such works of the late 1910s, as "Tverskaya", still others believed that "it came rather from the Italian classics... His paintings "Fight of the Amazons", "There lived a poor knight", "Fight", "Lombardy", "Tverskaya" - were entirely inspired by his trip to Venice, Padua, Florence, Rome".
In other cases, it is practiced to avoid direct comparisons of Yakulov painting with the mainstream of the avant-garde - they are replaced by the analysis of its individual qualities: "The life of light in Yakulov's painting is strikingly diverse: not only images of the rays themselves, but their refraction, scattering, endless reflections in showcases, shiny surfaces... The artist introduces into his compositions a variety of screens, curtains, curtains, screens that transmit and attenuate the light flux in different ways. No less often in Yakulov's painting there are systems of mirrors, thanks to them, light plots acquire a special drama, subjugating spatial forms, involving the hero in a complex spatial intrigue: "Before the Mirror" (State Picture Gallery of Armenia, 1920), "Portrait of Alisa Koonen" (Private collection, Moscow, 1920) and others".
In addition to early decorative compositions that transformed visual images of the East in Western figurative forms ("Roosters", "Decorative Motif") and a series of paintings from the mid-1910s, embodying in practice the Yakulov theory of "multi-colored suns" ("Spring Walk", "Fantasy", "Bar" - all 1915), the cross-cutting themes of different years in Yakulov's painting were urbanism and the atmosphere of public entertainment: crowd in urban and suburban landscapes or in confined spaces of bars and cafes, masquerade, fairgrounds, characters from the Italian commedia dell'arte. These motives were developed by the artist in numerous versions of "Cafe", "Horse Racing", "Streets" and in individual works: "Tverskaya", "Circus", "Monte Carlo" and so on. The ironic perception of reality was mixed in these works of Yakulov with his stormy and fabulous fantasy, but sometimes it turned into a dark expression - both in the years of late modernity and in new, "constructivist" times, and took out of the modern Soviet artistic context such works of Yakulov, as the phantasmagoric painting "The Man of the Crowd" (1922; first version - 1907).
Theatrical and decorative art
Theatrical works fully revealed the synthetic character of Yakulov's work. A one-of-a-kind combination of constructivism with decorativeism, wild imagination and practical ingenuity, innovative searches and striving to preserve the generic specificity of theatrical art, wide intellectual outlook and lively reaction to the latest events in life and art - all this acquired an organic whole in the scenography of the outstanding theater artist.
Yakulov, the set designer, sought to co-write with the director: if in unrealized productions of "Hamlet" and "Mystery-Buff" this became the reason for the conflict with Meyerhold, then in partnership with Tairov - led to a true triumph in the play "Girofle-Girofle". At the same time, Yakulov not only created an enchanting spectacle, but also proved himself as an innovator in stage technology:
Carnival eccentricity of the Yakulov theater performances, who showed herself two years earlier in "Princess Brambill" and which seemed to the audience a cascade of impromptu, was strictly organized by the artist: this is evidenced by the preparatory sketches with the consistent development of mise-en-scenes and all the details of the spatial composition. The same careful study of many details distinguished Yakulov's preparation of the scenography of the ballet "Steel Skok" - all his drawings were accompanied by detailed verbal explanations of the nature of the interactions of the dynamics of movements of ballet dancers with the kinetics of the moving parts of the scenery, schematic indications of sources and directions of complex lighting scores and so on. "Steel Skok" was created in collaboration with the composer Prokofiev, whose music was written "simultaneously with Yakulov's script - by scenes, by episodes", and for the first time in the history of Diaghilev's" Russian ballets "the script prescribed" literally in seconds, not only the development of the plot, but also the nature of the movements and the number of characters".
The kinetic techniques of Yakulov's scenography reached their maximum amplification in "Steel Skok": criticism noted that at each site and at each level of space "something happens simultaneously and often completely independently of what is happening nearby". But this radical constructivist experiment of Yakulov remained only an episode in his theatrical work. He "did not consolidate his positions" did not repeat itself. Having exhausted one artistic technique, in parallel he developed another, depending on the genre specifics of a particular play.
When Yakulov turned to a tragedy that required meager formal decisions, his scenography - in "King Oedipus" or in an unrealized production of "Hamlet" - did not allow fragmentation of forms, the color conciseness of the scenery provided all the colorful power of the lighting. With even greater monumentality, Yakulov planned the pictorial solution of the opera "Rienzi", the scene of which, in an unrealized production by Meyerhold, was supposed to turn into an arena with an amphitheater. But the second version of the scenery, realized in Zimin's Free Opera, was sustained by the artist in strict forms and retained the heroic pathos of the original plan.
Theoretical ideas
Despite the significant number of Yakulov's appearances in print, he did not carry out a systematic presentation of his theoretical views. The theory of "multi-colored suns", declared by him in the articles "Blue Sun" and "Ars solis. Color Painter's Sporades ", remained unfinished and, according to researchers, was not so much a theory, how much by the presentation of the artist's philosophical ideas about the stylistic differences of cultures of different regions in the bizarre terminology of his own invention. According to the brief and generalizing formulation of his fellow futurist B. Livshits, Yakulov "had a kind of epistemological concept opposing the art of the West, as the embodiment of geometric perception, directed from object to subject, - the art of the East, the algebraic worldview, going from subject to object". In more specific issues - distinguishing the types of painting of previous eras by the prevailing color spectra and the search for color-space solutions for modern painting of the "electric sun" - Yakulov, according to his autobiography and the testimony of M. Larionov, in the summer of 1913 he collaborated with R. Delaunay, in parallel developing their theory of simultanism, but, unlike his French colleague, his ideas did not have a noticeable influence on the work of other artists.
At the same time, in a number of Yakulov's articles on the art of theater, the materials of his speeches, unfinished works and letters contain many theoretical statements, related to practical issues of theatrical work, often complementary to each other and in a complex constituting a single whole. At the end of a lecture given in 1926 to the troupe of the newly created Belarusian Jewish Theater Yakulov, answering the question, he makes a quick note: "We confuse kinetics with dynamics", left at that moment without explanation. In the work "Theater and Painting" written shortly before his death (published in 2010 in the book by V. Badalyan) Yakulov explains in detail the connection of these conceptual concepts in his theoretical system of concepts, comprehended by him independently of the then not yet arisen kinetic art:
Describing in the same lecture the pace of audience perception in different historical epochs a simple comparison of the speed of movement of a car wheel relative to a cart wheel, Yakulov makes a fundamental conclusion about the dependence of theatrical production on the specifics of the psychology of modern audience perception: "Every theater is looking for its own design, because the modern viewer, surrounded by modern everyday objects, to a certain extent accustomed, both in the sense of auditory and sound and in the sense of technology, to see things this way and not otherwise. <...> When you see this terrible speed of visual [perception] in a modern European city, experiences of impressions, then it will become quite obvious to you that the measured Greek tragedy, calculated for the whole day, is not suitable for us".
In August 1925, explaining in a letter to Diaghilev the script plan for the ballet they had conceived, Yakulov notes the internal correspondence to the theme of the future production of the Introduction, just composed by Prokofiev. At the same time, in literally a few phrases, he not only expresses program ideas about the relationship of music, choreography and scenography in the production of the play, but also provides a critical overview of other points of view:
Articles about art
An artist's diary. Blue sun // Alcyone. Almanac. Book. 1. - M., 1914. - S. 233–239.
The principle of staging "Measure for Measure" // Theater Bulletin. - M., 1919. - No. 47. - P. 11.
More about three-dimensionality // Theater Bulletin. - M., 1920. - No. 59. - P. 5–7.
From the artist's diary // Rampa. - M., 1921. - No. 8. - P. 4.
From the artist's diary // Art and Labor. - M., 1921. - No. 1. - P. 9.
The value of the artist in modern theater // Theater Bulletin. - M., 1921. - No. 80-81. - p. 17.
Ars solis. Colorist's Sporades // Hotel for travelers in the beautiful. - M., 1922. - No. 1.
My counterattack // Hermitage. - M., 1922. - No. 7. - P. 10–11.
On the problem of synthesis "East - West" // Screen. - M., 1922. - No. 22. - P. 13.
On eccentric art // Screen. - M., 1922. - No. 31. - P. 4.
"Signor Formica" (on the principles of Hoffmann's design) // Screen. - M., 1922. - No. 31. - P. 5.
Two productions of the season // Teatralnaya Moscow. - M., 1922. - No. 4. - P. 12; No. 46. - P. 7.
Ex oriente lux. "Eternal Jew", or the Second Exodus of Jews in Palestine // Spectacles. - M., 1923. - No. 43. - P. 3.
In memory of the 26 // Baku worker. - Baku, 1923, September 23.
Revolution and art (Artist Yakulov about his project of the monument to 26) // Baku worker. - Baku, 1923, September 25.
From the artist's diary // Spectacles. - M., 1923. - No. 69. - P. 6.
Artist's notebook // Ramp. - M., 1924. - No. 8-21. - P. 4.
About Meyerhold's "Forest" // Spectacles. - M., 1924. - No. 72. - P. 7.
Yakulov talks about philistinism // New ramp. - M., 1924. - No. 2. - P. 6.
"Stenka Razin" (What is your opinion about the play?) // Spectacles. - M., 1924. - No. 73. - P. 5.
Evaluation of artistic work // New ramp. - M., 1924. - No. 6. - P. 14.
An artist's diary. "Man of the Crowd" // Life of Art. - P. - M., 1924. - No. 2. P. 9–10; No. 3. - P. 7–9.
Monument 26 // Baku worker. - Baku, 1924, August 25.
"Arsonists". New Drama Theater // Art for the Working People. - M., 1925. - No. 8. - P. 12.
Sculptor Mendelevius // Krasnaya Niva. - M., 1925. - No. 6. - P. 125.
Trial of the theatrical season // New spectator. - M., 1925. - No. 19. - P. 11.
The paths of artistic culture in the TSFSR (Conversation with the artist Yakulov) // Dawn of the East. - Tiflis, 1926, December 15.
Picasso // Ogoniok. - M., 1926. - No. 20. - P. 10
About theater, cinema and art of the Transcaucasus (Fugitive notes) // Dawn of the East. - Tiflis, 1927, March 12.
Niko Pirosmanishvili (From the cycle "East - West") // Dawn of the East. - Tiflis, 1927, March 31.
"Steel skok" S. Prokofiev // Rabis. - M., 1928. - No. 25. - P. 5.
Easelism and modernity. Artist's Notes // Art. - M., 1929. - No. 1-2. - P. 103–105.
Arts parade and theater boundaries. Lecture (1926) // Mnemosyne: Documents and facts from the history of Russian theater of the twentieth century. Issue 5. / Publ., Entry. article and comment. V.V. Ivanova. - M .: Indrik, 2014. - P. 241–271.
Theater and Painting (1928) // Badalyan V. Georgy Yakulov (1884-1928) Artist, art theorist. - Yerevan: Edith Print, 2010.
Gallery
Painting, graphics
Theater
Literature
References
Links
Georgy Yakulov "Waves of Happiness" 1981 - Essays by Telman Zurabyan
Honoring the artist Yakulov
Grave of G. B. Yakulov and N. Yu. Yakulova at the Novodevichy cemetery (section 2, row 9, place 24)
1884 births
1928 deaths
20th-century painters
Russian painters
Armenian painters
Soviet painters
Russian scenic designers
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Georgian people of Armenian descent
Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture alumni
Academic staff of Stroganov Moscow State Academy of Arts and Industry |
36109159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Entre%20el%20Amor%20y%20el%20Odio%20characters | List of Entre el Amor y el Odio characters | Entre el Amor y el Odio is a Mexican telenovela based on radionovela Cadena de odio. This is a list of characters in this telenovela, with names of actors and actresses.
Main characters
Protagonists
Ana Cristina Robles (Susana González)
Ana Cristina Robles is a beautiful young girl who lives in Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. She lives in hut with her "grandfather" and "brother". Her biological mother Leonela is dead, and Ana Cristina believes that her father is dead, too, but he is alive. She has a beautiful horse called Parnaso, named after Greek mountain.
She was a good friend with old Don Fernando, member of the noble Villarreal family. Marcial Andrade accused her that she was a lover of Fernando.
One day, she met Octavio, nephew of Fernando, and they fell in love, but there were many things that caused quarrels between them.
Octavio Villarreal (César Évora)
Octavio is a member of Villarreal family, a lonely man who is angry at his uncle Fernando. In the past, Fernando was against the marriage between Octavio and woman called Frida. However, when Octavio heard that his uncle is at his deathbed, he went to Guanajuato to see him for the last time, and on his way, he saw Ana Cristina on her horse.
Ana Cristina and Octavio fell in love, but Frida returns to Octavio in order to seduce him. Still, Octavio married Ana Cristina because this was the last will of his uncle, but also because he started to feel strong love for Ana.
His child by Ana Cristina is called Fernandito ("little Fernando").
Antagonists
Frida de Villarreal (Sabine Moussier)
Frida is a young woman of great beauty and intelligence. She created persona of sweet and kind lady, but she is in reality a vamp and femme fatale.
Her aunt Cayetana raised her. Frida tried to marry Octavio, but Don Fernando gave plenty of money to her and her aunt, and Frida and Cayetana went to live a life full of luxury and perversions.
When Frida found out that Fernando is dead, she was very happy and went immediately to Guanajuato, where she found Octavio and Ana Cristina. Although Octavio married Ana, Frida still tried to sleep with him in order to keep him with her.
Eventually Frida fell in love with Octavio and went insane. She was committed to a mental hospital.
Marcial Andrade (Alberto Estrella)
Marcial, named after the Roman war god Mars, is the secret lover of Frida and fake best friend of Octavio. Together they run the Villareal company, but Marcial wants to have all the factory for himself. He is a cruel and ambitious man, but nonetheless intelligent and calculated, with an obsession for the French emperor Napoleon to such extent, that he plays strategy games on a table and having a real life sized Napoleon statue at home.
Octavioʻs aunt thinks that Marcial is a good person and keeps him with her in Villarreal villa, but Marcial tries to kill her. In fact, Marcial proves to be a serial killer, assassinating everyone who is in his path to obtain what he wants. He is responsible for the most deaths in the series.
Marcial slept with Frida many times and played erotic games with her, but he is in love with a beautiful woman, María Magdalena, who lost her husband. Marcial tries to marry her, but Frida bares him a son.
After getting leprosy, Frida invites Marcial over in a hotel room and shows him to an oil bath. Eventually, she shows her scars to Marcial and begs him to kiss her. Her appearance disgusts Marcial and in an act of revenge, Frida throws a torch in the oil bath, causing it to burst into flames. Marcial screams for help but is engulfed in the fire. Against all odds, he survives the ordeal, but ironically is heavily disfigured, even worse than Frida, who had previously repulsed him. He tries to kidnap Fernandito but is caught by Octavio. After climbing a ladder to the feet of a statue, he holds Octavio at knife point until Frida shows up. Marcial tries to convince her to kill everyone present, but after she hesitates, he calls her "mediocre" and she shoots him twice. He falls, but lives for a few more minutes. Struggling for his life he asks the people present to help him, but they all refuse, having suffered deeply because of his actions. He is given the chance to make amends, but he shows no regret over his actions and admits in a demonic voice that everything he did was for his "friend that he did not want to betray", heavily implying the Devil. He vows to return, since evil never ends and finally passes away.
Other characters
Villarreal family
Except Octavio, other members of Villarreal family are:
Don Fernando Villarreal (Joaquín Cordero)
Fernando Villarreal was an old, humble and rich man, who was beloved by all Guanajuato and his workmen. He offered money to Frida and thus prevented the marriage between her and Octavio. He was a good friend and foster father of Ana Cristina.
Doña'' Josefa Villarreal (Marga López)Doña'' Josefa is a kind old woman, aunt of Octavio and sister of the late Fernando. Her other brother was Nicolás, father of Octavio. She is a foster mother of Ana Cristina, beloved by servants, Octavio and workers in her factory.
Marcial tried to kill her by tarantulas.
Both Frida and Ana Cristina became wives of Octavio and members of Villarreal family.
Moreno family
Rodolfo Moreno (José Ángel García)
Rodolfo was a head of the family, good man who worked for the happiness of his wife María Magdalena and his sons. He slept with Rebeca, his cousin-in-law, and fathered Gabriel with her and José Alfredo with María. Marcial killed him in hospital because he fell in love with María Magdalena.
María Magdalena (María Sorté)
María Magdalena is the wife of Rodolfo, biological mother of José Alfredo and foster mother and "aunt" of Gabriel. She is also a cousin of Rebeca and good friend with Ana Cristina. She married Marcial who was very violent to her.
Gabriel Moreno (Luis Roberto Guzmán)
Gabriel is a son of Rebeca and Rodolfo and half-brother (also step-brother) of José Alfredo. He believed that his mother is María Magdalena and slept with Cayetana. He raped young girl named Fuensenta and admired Marcial.
José Alfredo (Fabián Robles)
José Alfredo is a son of Rodolfo with María Magdalena, who loved Ana Cristina. Some time it was believed that his mother is Rosalía.
He is very noble and marries Fuensanta.
Fridaʻs family
Cayetana (Maritza Olivares)
Cayetana was an aunt of Frida as a sister of Rosalía. She was also Frida's foster mother. She raised young Frida and wanted fortune of Villarreal family. She was at first friends with Marcial and slept with Gabriel. Later she was killed by a truck on the road.
Rosalía (Silvia Manríquez)
Rosalía is a mother of Frida who left her to Cayetana when Frida was born. However, Rosalía is a good woman who searched for her child. She found Frida and tried to care for her, but Frida was always rough to her.
Minor characters
Carmen Salinas – Chelo, a good old woman
Armando Palomo – Libertad, nurse of Frida
Luz Elena González – Fuensanta, young woman who married José Alfredo
Radamés de Jesús – Marcelino, stepbrother of Ana Cristina
Carlos Torres – Moises, love of Josefa and her servant
Ninón Sevilla – Macarena
Juan Carlos Serrán – Vicente
Mauricio Aspe – Tobias, evil friend of Marcial
Rubén Morales – Father Jesús Alarcón
Marlene Favela – Cecilia, killed by Marcial
Marcial Casale – Trinidad
Aurora Alonso – Prudencia
Carlos Amador – Chino
Patricia Romera – Lucha
Violeta Isfel – Paz, servant of Josefa
Marcelo Buquet – Facundo
José Luis Reséndez – Nazario, brother of Cecilia
Benjamín Rivero – Ratón, friend of Marcial
Alberto Loztin – Rubén Alarcón
Miguel Córcega – Manuel Robles, foster father of Ana Cristina
Jaime Lozano Aguilar – Dr. Ramos
Freddy Ortega – Caco
Germán Ortega – Queco
Oscar Traven – Nicolás Villarreal, father of Octavio and brother of Josefa
Jacqueline Bracamontes – Leonela, mother of Ana Cristina
Enrique Lizalde ‒ Rogelio Valencia, father of Ana Cristina and husband of Leonela
Felicia Mercado – Lucila Montes, lover of Rogelio
Víctor Noriega – Paulo Sacristán
Arturo Peniche – Fabio Sacristán, Paulo's brother
Notes
Entre el Amor y el Odio
Entre el Amor y el Odio |
465668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Hung | William Hung | William Hing Cheung Hung (; born January 13, 1983) is a Hong Kong motivational speaker and former singer who gained fame in 2004 as a result of his unsuccessful audition singing Ricky Martin's hit song "She Bangs" on the third season of the television series American Idol.
At the time of his audition, Hung was a civil engineering student at UC Berkeley. After his spirited audition to be the next American Idol, he won the support of many fans, ironically, based on his perceived lack of musical talent. Hung voluntarily left university to pursue a music career. His recording career was marked by negative critical reaction.
He brought his own career as a musician to an end when in 2011 he accepted a job opportunity as a technical crime analyst for the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, and decided to pursue law enforcement. Since then, Hung has reflected positively on his pop music career.
Personal life
Hung is a 73rd-generation descendant of Confucius.
After growing up in the Sha Tin district of British Hong Kong, Hung moved with his family to the Van Nuys area in Los Angeles, California, at age 11. He was a civil engineering student at University of California, Berkeley, when he competed on the US television contest series American Idol. He exited college to pursue his music career and later graduated from California State University, Northridge with a degree in mathematics. Hung later completed an MBA from Marist College.
Hung was married to Jian Teng on June 18, 2014. Prior to this marriage, he had already gone through a divorce. This second marriage also ended in divorce. In 2022, Hung admitted that his gambling addiction had contributed towards his divorce and that he was taking steps to eradicate it from his life.
Career
Initial fame
While studying civil engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, Hung auditioned for the third season of American Idol in San Francisco in September 2003, becoming the final auditioner on the show of January 15, 2004.
"I want to make music my living," said Hung, before he started singing and dancing to Ricky Martin's "She Bangs". As judges Randy Jackson and Paula Abdul tried to restrain their laughter, judge Simon Cowell dismissed Hung's performance, remarking "You can't sing, you can't dance, so what do you want me to say?", to which Hung replied, "Um, I already gave my best, and I have no regrets at all." Jackson and Abdul applauded his positive attitude, with Abdul remarking, "That's the best attitude yet." Hung's response to Cowell's criticism starkly contrasts with the often confrontational rejoinders of other contestants. Hung added, "...you know, I have no professional training of singing and dancing," eliciting mock surprise from Cowell, who replied, "No? Well, this is the surprise of the century." Hung was not admitted through to the next round.
Cult following
Hung rapidly gained a cult following. A William Hung fan site, set up by realtor Don Chin and his wife Laura, recorded over four million hits within its first week. Remixes of Hung's audition performance topped song request lists at a number of radio stations.
Hung subsequently appeared on several television programs including Jimmy Kimmel Live!, On Air with Ryan Seacrest, Entertainment Tonight, George Lopez, the Late Show with David Letterman, Countdown with Keith Olbermann, The Howard Stern Radio Show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Dateline NBC, Arrested Development and CBS's The Early Show. Hung was featured in several national magazines and newspapers; he was parodied on Saturday Night Live, Mad TV, Celebrity Deathmatch, and The Fairly OddParents. He was reportedly invited to perform at MTV's Asia Awards held in mid-February.
An online petition to bring Hung back to American Idol included more than 100,000 signatures by late February. Hung was brought back to American Idol as part of a mid-season special titled Uncut, Uncensored and Untalented, airing March 1, 2004. The special documented what it was like to experience the audition process and, in Hung's case, emerge as an inadvertent celebrity.
At the 2006 Artichoke Festival in Castroville, California, Hung was crowned the Artichoke King; Marilyn Monroe had previously received a similar honor.
Record deal
William Hung was offered a $25,000 advance on a record deal from Koch Entertainment in 2004, and released three albums on that label in 2004 and 2005. His first album was Inspiration. Produced by Giuseppe D, it was recorded over a March 2004 weekend with Hung singing vocals over karaoke music. To promote it, Hung performed before nearly 20,000 fans during half-time at a Golden State Warriors basketball game on April 6 and performed "She Bangs", included on the album, on such shows as The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. The album received highly negative reviews, but ultimately went on to sell about 200,000 copies and reached Number One on Billboard's Top Independent Album Chart. His two follow-up albums were far less successful, as Hung for the Holidays (a Christmas album) only sold 35,000 copies, despite a national promotion campaign including appearances on The Howard Stern Show, and Miracle: Happy Summer from William Hung (another karaoke cover album) only sold 7,000. In a February 2006 interview, he said he was working on a fourth album of 5 or 6 tracks, but none was released, and he retired in 2011.
Television, commercials and movies
Hung appeared in commercials for the search engine Ask.com, the Game Show Network (spoofing Freddie Mercury and singing an off-key "We Are the Champions"), as well as the mobile phone service provider Cingular Wireless. He also appeared to sing "Take Me Out to the Ballgame" in May 2004 at the Rogers Centre for the Toronto Blue Jays.
His first movie, a low-budget Hong Kong period comedy called Where is Mama's Boy (2004), was released in January 2005. Hung played a good-natured village kid who sells Chinese pancakes to pay his mother's medical bills. His character gets discovered as a singer, and helps a woman protect her business from her jealous, conniving elder sister. In the film, Hung played opposite veteran Hong Kong actress Nancy Sit and parodied his own American Idol performance with the song "Siu Beng" (Cantonese) ("Chinese Pancake"), an allusion to his American Idol audition song, "She Bangs". Despite solid financial backing and the involvement of Nancy Sit, the film was a box office flop.
Lampooning his own career, Hung later made appearances in Airline, Arrested Development, and George Lopez.
Retirement from music
In 2011, Hung became a technical crime analyst for the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, and retired from music. Hung remains optimistic about his new career path, and states he does not regret that his music career has ended. "I showed that even the Average Joe could succeed," he remarked on his short-lived time as a pop star.
Hung later joined the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health around 2014. In 2017, Hung became a motivational speaker; he has been booked as a keynote speaker for groups such as the Asian Realtors Association of America.
On April 7, 2016, he made a surprise performance of "She Bangs" on the American Idol season 15 finale.
On May 2, 2022, Hung made another surprise appearance on American Idol season 20.
Analysis of popularity
Commentator Emil Guillermo claimed that Hung may not have gained as much attention had he been of another race, and his popularity may be derived from his being a representation of the Asian stereotype, characterized by nerdiness, bucked teeth, studiousness, speaking with a strong "fresh off the boat" accent, and lacking singing talent or rhythm. Documentary filmmaker James Hou commented, "As Asian Americans, we look through this racial lens, and we see this guy who embodies all the stereotypes we're trying to escape from."
Some analysts have argued that Hung's career arose out of mockery, and that the media exploited him as a joke rather than as a talented or inspirational figure. Ron Lin, former editor in chief of the UC Berkeley's Daily Californian asserts: " really difficult for Asian American males to break through and (Hung) may not be the most appealing example."
Amber Eliza Watts suggested that Hung's cult following derived from him being the antithesis of everything Idol represented, with his lack of musical talent and odd looks, and how unlike other audition failures he was not arrogantly expecting to be made a pop star, he just wanted to sing. In a 2008 American Idol extra, in response to the question, "Why do you think it is that people gravitate towards William Hung so much?", Hung stated, "I believe it's my attitude and charisma, I tell people constantly, media, everywhere I go, just never give up on your dream."
Discography
Albums
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Music videos
Hung's music video, "She Bangs", was viewed over 2 million times on YouTube before it was made private.
See also
Fernando Villares - a Mexican singer with a similar music career
References
External links
Wittmeyer, Alicia. Daily Californian. Monday February 2, 2004.
Bulwa, Demian. "UC's accidental pop star / 'American Idol' reject is hot item on campus -- and far beyond." San Francisco Chronicle. Wednesday February 11, 2004.
Guillermo, Emil. "William Hung: Racism, or Magic?" San Francisco Chronicle. Tuesday April 6, 2004.
Navarro, Mireya. "Trying to Crack the Hot 100." The New York Times. March 4, 2007.
William Hung at Rolling Stone
William Hung poker tournament results
1983 births
Living people
American Idol participants
American Internet celebrities
American male pop singers
American poker players
California State University, Northridge alumni
Descendants of Confucius
MNRK Music Group artists
Hong Kong emigrants to the United States
John H. Francis Polytechnic High School alumni
Male actors from Los Angeles County, California
Marist College alumni
Musicians from Los Angeles County, California
Outsider musicians
People from Van Nuys
Singers from California
University of California, Berkeley alumni |
1661025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan%20Gloria | Nissan Gloria | The Gloria () is a large luxury car made from 1959 by the Prince Motor Company, and later by Nissan Motors since its merger with the former - hence being originally marketed as Prince Gloria and later as Nissan Gloria. Initially based on the smaller Prince Skyline, the Gloria line was merged with Nissan Cedric starting with 1971 models and both continued until 2004, when they were both replaced by Nissan Fuga.
After Nissan assumed Prince's operations, the now Nissan-badged Glorias were sold along with the Nissan Skyline. They were marketed through the Nissan Prince Shop network, composed of dealerships that were formerly affiliated with the Prince company. The Prince G engine was used in the Gloria until 1969.
It was inspired by the Latin word "Glory".
First generation BLSI
The Prince Automobile Manufacturers, previously known as Fuji Precision Industry, released a modification of their Prince Skyline with a more luxurious approach, and modified exterior sheet metal, at the All Japan Automobile Show, after the Tokyo Motor Show and the Skyline 1900 exhibition, in October 1958. In February 1959 the BLSIP Gloria was released with the 1.9 L GB-30 OHV 4-cylinder engine. Reflecting popular appearances found in North America, the Gloria used a styling feature on the front bumper, called "Dagmar bumpers". The grille featured "PRINCE" in individual gold letters. The side trim was similar to the Skyline, except the chrome-framed painted strip ends at the rear door instead of the back of the car. The other side of the painted section is painted the same color as the car and inside this section is a "Prince Gloria" badge. Inside the Gloria used the same dashboard as the Skyline, but a clock and radio were standard. The radio featured two speakers, a new idea for the time. The seats were similar but were trimmed in a plush cloth fabric. The rear seat featured a fold down armrest.
In April 1959, Crown Prince Akihito was presented with the first Gloria as a wedding gift. According to the article found in Japanese Wikipedia, the Gloria got its name as a tribute when the first series BLSI sedan was presented to the then Crown Prince Akihito, the future Emperor of Japan, and Princess Michiko as an anniversary gift after one year of marriage. The Prince Automotive Industry was the official vehicle supplier to the Imperial Household Agency at that time, previously known as Fuji Precision Technology. Previously, the Crown Prince was also presented with the first Prince Sedan earlier.
In February 1960 the BLSIP-2 was released. The front end was modified with quad headlights and although the grille opening remained the same, the grille itself was changed, with six thick horizontal bars replacing the 13 thin horizontal bars. The rear end was completely redesigned; the tail lights were moved low to just above the rear bumper. The tail fins were capped off with stainless steel trim that ran from one fin, down under the trunk lid opening and back up the fin on the other side. The trunk lid featured a "Prince" badge and a "Gloria" badge to the right of it. The panel between the tail lights was covered in metal trim. Side trim remained identical from the BLSIP-1. The BLSIP-2 continued to use the GB-30 engine.
In February 1961 the BLSIP-3 was released. It featured the new 1.9 L GB-4 inline-four engine. The front end was changed slightly, with the "PRINCE" grille letters removed and instead a Prince badge on the left front side of the hood. The side trim and rear trim panels remained identical to the BLSIP-2.
The suspension used double wishbone and coil springs in the front, and De Dion setup in the back.
Second generation S40
Later in 1962, Prince introduced the second generation, "S40" Gloria. It was the first six-cylinder Prince, while also offering an updated straight-four, the 94 hp (70 kW) 1.9 L G-2. In June 1963, the first mass-produced Japanese SOHC six-cylinder engine was introduced, known as the G-7, and was installed in the new Gloria Super 6, model S41. The same engine was used in the Gloria 6 Estate and in a commercial delivery van called "Gloria 6 Wagon". This new engine produces 106 hp SAE (79 kW) at 5,400 rpm, with a new SOHC head. The Gloria has an independent suspension in front and a de Dion tube in the back.
A prototype of the second generation Gloria had many design similarities to the Chevrolet Corvair, and Hino Contessa, but the production version was completely redesigned. The production Gloria shows some visual similarities to the 1959 Buick LeSabre, Invicta, and Electra, as evidenced in the strong character/beltline that encompasses the car, the wrap-around windshield and rear window, and the rear roof extension over the rear window. This Gloria also made it into export markets, for instance going on sale in Finland in April 1965.
On October 1962 at the 9th All-Japan Auto show, the 2.5 L G-11 engine was presented, although it was not immediately installed in any car. In May 1964, the Grand Gloria S44P was released. Its introduction preceded the 1964 Summer Olympics held later in October. This vehicle included electric power windows and the 2.5 L engine. This was the first Gloria that was no longer regarded as a compact sedan under Japanese vehicle classification regulations due to the engine displacement exceeding two litres.
The second Japan Grand Prix saw the G7B-R Gloria Super 6 engine win the T-VI class race, albeit installed in a lighter Skyline.
In 1966 the S41-2 series was introduced. The exterior remained the same from the S40-1 models, except the grille which had bigger rectangular slots. At the same time Prince merged with Nissan and because of this the badges were changed. In non-Asian markets the cars were sold as the Prince B200. Many cars featured a small "Nissan" badge on the back. The data tag in the engine compartment mentioned both Prince and Nissan. In some European markets the Gloria was sold as the PMC-Mikado Gloria 6. The Super Gloria was sold in export markets as the Prince B250. The S41-2 series continued to use the low compression version of the G-7 engine and the S44-2 continued to use the G-11 engine. The four cylinder engine was dropped.
The Gloria was the first Prince to be assembled outside Japan when New Zealand importer Croyden Motors contracted Steel Brothers Addington to assemble an initial 300 units from CKD kits at a new 1,000-unit factory specially built for the job.
Third generation A30
April 1967 saw a restyle of the bodywork, and all Prince vehicles were now known as Nissan (but the A30 Gloria was officially registered as "Prince" to the Government). The former Prince company, now integrated into Nissan operations, was given the task of designing the Nissan Prince Royal, to be used by the Imperial Household, and thus presented a special version of the Gloria which had a similar appearance to the previous Prince Royal. The styling of this generation (namely, the stacked headlights) appears to have been inspired by contemporary Cadillacs and Pontiacs, while the side mimiced the styling of Ford Galaxies from that era. The car also adopted some styling cues from the Nissan Prince Royal, built exclusively for the Emperor of Japan. Vehicles designated as the Super Deluxe, the Super 6 and Van Deluxe had the 6-cylinder engine, whereas the Standard and Van Standard used the 4-cylinder engine. Later the Super Deluxe GL became the top trim level. Due to the Gloria and Cedric being combined to save on production costs, the De Dion axle previously used by the Prince Gloria was downgraded to a solid rear axle with leaf springs.
The original model was the PA30 sedan and VPA30 wagon, originally fitted with Prince's own G7 six-cylinder engine. The four-cylinder version, with Nissan's H20 engine, was called A30 or VA30. In November 1969 Prince's six-cylinder motor was swapped for a Nissan unit; from now on the chassis code is HA30. Disc brakes for the front wheels were added to the options list.
With the introduction of the fourth generation in 1971, the Gloria model was merged with its former competitor, the Nissan Cedric, to become the Nissan Gloria. This name was also used in some export markets instead of the Cedric or 260C moniker. The Prince dealership network that sold the Gloria was renamed Nissan Prince Store, and the Gloria took the top level vehicle offered at Nissan Prince, while the Nissan Skyline became the junior model.
This generation of Prince was also assembled in New Zealand by Steel Brothers in Christchurch but was now badged as a Nissan Gloria though it was still imported by Croyden Motors, a separate company to Datsun importer Nissan-Datsun NZ Ltd. A total of 900 Prince and Nissan Glorias were built in NZ [Assembly, Mark Webster, 2002, p144] which corresponds to the annual low-volume import licence allocation of 300 CKD units a year under government policy of the time. Following the merger of Prince and Nissan in Japan, the Gloria in NZ effectively was replaced by Nissan-Datsun imports of Japanese-assembled Datsun 2300 Personal Six sedans and, later, imported 240C and locally assembled 260C sedans.
Fourth generation 230
Starting with this generation in February 1971, the Cedric and Gloria were essentially the same vehicle, with the Gloria being more upscale than the Cedric. The hood ornament is a stylized version of the Japanese Paper Crane (Orizuru). The primary differences are the hood, radiator grille, taillights and wheel covers. This generation saw Nissan use the "coke bottle styling" appearance, shared with other 1970s Nissan products. The front of the vehicle shares some visual appearances with the 1967–1968 Mercury Marquis.
The four-cylinder is the H20-series OHV engine, with the 6-cylinder L20 engine using twin carburetors sourced from manufacturer SU carburetor. The H20P uses LPG for fuel, and the SD20 OHV is a diesel engine. The SD20 was the first time a diesel engine was offered in a Gloria.
October 1971 saw the 2.6-litre L26 six-cylinder engine added to the options list.
In August 1972, both a two-door hardtop coupé "personal luxury car" and a four-door hardtop was added, to compete with the Toyota Crown coupé.
Fifth generation 330
This generation of the Gloria has been completely shared with the Cedric, essentially being the same vehicle, aside from changes in appearance. Halogen headlights are introduced to the Gloria, along with both a 2-door and 4-door hardtop body style, in addition to a 4-door sedan. The twin carburetors were removed from the small L20 six-cylinder, due to emission regulations. The 2.6 L engine is replaced with the larger 2.8 L version of the same. The overhead valve H20 four-cylinder engine remained in use for the 4-door sedan for taxi usage, usually running on LPG fuel.
October 1975 saw the introduction of the 2000GL-E and the 2000SGL-E, with the "E" designation signifying fuel injection, which was included in the Nissan NAPS emission control technology package..
June 1976 saw cosmetic changes, with halogen headlights being used on all versions except the sedan used for taxi service. Wheel covers are now painted to match the exterior body color.
June 1977 saw the introduction of the 2800 E Brougham at the top of the options list. The SD22 2.2 L diesel on the basic sedan and wagon, which was a first for the Gloria. Column shift is replaced with a floor-mounted system on the 4-door hardtop.
November 1978 saw another emissions adjustment. Items found on the 2800 Brougham were introduced on the 2000 SGL-E sedan and hardtop. Radial tires are introduced.
Sixth generation 430
June 1979 saw a completely redesigned Nissan Gloria with assistance with Pininfarina, with a more simple and straightforward appearance over the previous generation, and exchanging the single unit halogen headlights with 4 sealed beam headlight units. Computer-controlled fuel injection was added to more engines offered, with the "E" designation signifying fuel injection.
The 2-door hardtop coupe was discontinued and replaced with the luxury sports coupe Nissan Leopard.
Trim levels were expanded, and were designated the Brougham, SGL Extra, SGL, GL and the Jack Nicklaus edition which was very similar to the Brougham, which offered the turbo. Other trim levels were the Turbo S, Custom S, Custom Deluxe, Deluxe and the Standard at the bottom. The diesel engine SD22 was offered in 1979 on the sedan GL and DX. The Standard Sedan and Van were discontinued April 1981. October 1979, the 6-cylinder LD28 diesel was added with the automatic transmission selector moved from column shift to a floor-mounted system. December 1979 was when the first turbo L20ET was introduced,
February 1980 saw the LD28 6-cylinder offered with a 5-speed manual transmission installed with a floor-mounted shifter, but leaving the column shift for the 4-speed manual transmission. Later in April of that same year the Turbo Brougham appeared. A glass moonroof was also offered on SGL-F models.
In April 1981 both models get redesignation of the front grille, headlamp cluster, tail lamp, and "C Pillar" trim.
In order to avoid confusion between the 6th gen Gloria and Cedric (both these cars had identical body design and headlights for the 1979 model) Nissan gave both models different radiator grilles; vertical grilles for the Cedric and a horizontal grille for the Gloria
Seventh generation Y30
June 4, 1983 saw a major restyle of the previous generation for all versions of the Gloria. Sedans used for taxi service utilized four round headlights whereas other versions upgraded to European style halogen headlights.
The straight-six engine, which had been used for many years, was upgraded to an all new V6-design, called the VG series engine which made its debut in the Cedric/Gloria. This was the first, mass production V6 engine built in Japan. The VG range uses fuel injection rather than carburetors for fuel delivery. The VG20ET was turbocharged, for better performance while staying within the Japanese tax parameters for a compact car. The twin-carbureted four-cylinder CA20S engine was fitted to the lowest-spec versions (standard, De Luxe). This four-cylinder was also available in a version built to run on LPG fuel, meant to be used for taxi service. From February 1984 there was also a six-cylinder L20P, which also ran on LPG. In June 1984 the powerful 3-litre VG30ET turbo V6 was introduced.
Trim levels offered were the Brougham, SGL, Grand Edition, GL Grand Edition, GL and the Standard. In June 1984 the Brougham VIP appeared as the top level car. The Jack Nicklaus special edition, introduced with the previous edition, was a sales success for the company and continued to be offered as a hardtop and only with a turbocharged engine. Electronic adaptive self-levelling air suspension also appeared in June 1984.
For the four-door hardtop, the front driver and passenger seat belt shoulder strap was connected at the top to the ceiling, however, the upper portion could be detached, with the shoulder strap resting on the driver's and passenger's shoulder so that rear passengers could have an unobstructed view from the rear seat without the seat belt hanging from the ceiling. The upper part would then swing up to the ceiling and could be fastened into place.
June 1985 saw mild exterior changes, with the biggest mechanical change being a variable nozzle for the VG20ET turbocharged engine. The diesel straight-six engine LD28 was also upgraded to the RD28 Straight-6 engine. An ultrasonic sensing electronically controlled suspension called Super Sonic suspension was added to the options list, with an upgrade to MacPherson struts for the front and a rigid link coil suspension for the rear.
Export versions usually received the diesel sixes or the three-liter six-cylinder engines, although there was also a version with the four-cylinder 2.3-litre SD23 engine, producing (SAE net). With nearly exactly the same specifications as the Japanese market engine, the fuel-injected three-liter six claimed (SAE net) or (DIN) in export, as opposed to JIS in Japan. There was also a carbureted version available in some markets such as the Middle East (VG30S), with at a lowly 4,800 rpm.
Eighth generation Y31
The Y31 sedan was introduced in 1987. The Y30 hardtop was replaced by the succeeding Y32, and the Y30 Wagon/Van version was not replaced. After this generation, Glorias were only available to private customers in four-door hardtop guise. Engines available continue to be the newly developed VG series engine, with the VG20DET adding DOHC, another first for Nissan. June 1987 saw a special-edition Gloria intended for parade usage.
The four-speed automatic transmission is now computer controlled for smoother shifts. The transmission now exclusively uses a floor-mounted gear shifter, and a five-speed manual transmission was still available. The rear suspension was upgraded to multi-link independent setup. Trim levels are standard, Custom, Super Custom, Classic, Classic SV, Gran Turismo, and Brougham VIP. There was also a long wheelbase model built by Autech. The Gran Turismo received more sport-oriented styling, adding a youthful appearance, which found new, younger, buyers. The sporty GranTurismo SV version, discontinued in 1991, had short bumpers with a body kit, and was powered by 1998cc VG20DET engine. The sedan version of the Y31 was rebodied at the launch of the Y32. The Gloria is mechanically related to the Crew, although the former is larger.
The Gloria competed for buyers with related Nissan vehicles that shared platforms used for the Gloria, specifically, the Nissan Cima, Nissan Leopard and the Nissan Cedric, as well as other sport-oriented vehicles, such as the Nissan Cefiro, Nissan Skyline and Nissan Laurel.
The Gloria Y31 can be distinguished from its sibling, the Cedric Y31 by the taillights at the back. Unlike its sibling, the Gloria has not received a new body.
The 4-speed automatic transmission is now computer controlled for smoother shifts. The transmission now exclusively uses a floor mounted gear shifter, and a 5-speed manual transmission is still available. The rear suspension was upgraded to multi-link independent setup. Trim levels start with the VIP Brougham, Gran Tourismo, Classic SV, Classic and Super Custom. The Gran Turismo received more sport-oriented styling, adding a youthful appearance, which found new, younger, buyers.
Ninth generation Y32
This generation was introduced June 1991, and was offered as a sedan; a center "B" pillar was added to improve vehicle solidity, and improve crash worthiness, but is obscured behind side window glass and frameless side windows. The VG series engine continues to be offered with the 5-speed computer-controlled automatic transmission, with the 4-speed offered with the RD28 diesel engine. A manual transmission was no longer offered.
Trim levels offered were the Gran Turismo SV, Grand Turismo, and the top level vehicle is called the Gran Turismo ULTIMA. Other trim levels offered were the Brougham VIP type C, Brougham G, Brougham, Classic SV and the Classic.
By then, the popularity of the Nissan Cima affected sales of the Gloria, as sales were not as high as in past generations.
Tenth generation Y33
The Y33 series Nissan Gloria is given a body restyle and introduced June 1995. Major changes were the introduction of the newly developed VQ series engine, and replacing the VG series, with the VQ30DET turbo utilizing an intercooler and DOHC valvetrain architecture. AWD is introduced only on the RB25DET, including Nissan's ATTESA E-TS. The diesel RD28 is now only available with a 4-speed automatic transmission. Due to economic pressure, some of the trim levels are discontinued, leaving the Gran Turismo type X, Gran Turismo Ultima, Gran Turismo SV, Gran Turismo S, Gran Turismo, Brougham VIP, Brougham and the Brougham J.
The four-door sedan is no longer offered, leaving the four-door hardtop as the only bodystyle.
Eleventh generation Y34
June 1999 saw the release of the final version of the Gloria, with design assistance from Porsche. Direct Injection is introduced on all engines with the "DD" designation. The AWD was offered only on vehicles with the RB25DET engine. The top levels 300 ULTIMA-Z and the 300 ULTIMA-ZV were available with the CVT transmission as the only option.
January 7, 2000 saw Autech release a 40th anniversary edition of the Gloria.
End of production
Production of the Gloria ended after 46 years, and was replaced by the Nissan Fuga in October 2004.
References
External links
Nissan Sedan history (japanese site)
RatDat.com - paint colors, sales brochures, and model names
Full-size vehicles
Gloria
Luxury vehicles
Executive cars
Cars introduced in 1959
1960s cars
1970s cars
1980s cars
1990s cars
2000s cars |
232879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20J.%20Robinson%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Goderich | F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich | Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon, (1 November 1782 – 28 January 1859), styled The Honourable F. J. Robinson until 1827 and known between 1827 and 1833 as The Viscount Goderich (pronounced ), the name by which he is best known to history, was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1827 to 1828.
A member of the rural landowning aristocracy, Robinson entered politics through family connections. In the House of Commons, he rose through junior ministerial ranks, achieving cabinet office in 1818 as President of the Board of Trade. In 1823, he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, a post he held for four years. In 1827, he was raised to the peerage, and in the House of Lords was Leader of the House and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.
In 1827, Prime Minister George Canning died after only 119 days in office, and Goderich succeeded him. However, he was unable to hold together Canning's fragile coalition of moderate Tories and Whigs, and he himself resigned after only 144 days. Canning and Goderich were the two shortest-ruling Prime Ministers in British history, until Liz Truss in 2022.
After leaving the premiership Goderich served in the cabinets of two of his successors, the Earl Grey and Sir Robert Peel.
Early years: 1782–1804
Robinson was born at Newby Hall, Yorkshire, the second son of Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham, by his wife Lady Mary Yorke, a daughter of Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke. He was educated at a preparatory school at Sunbury-on-Thames, then attended Harrow School from 1796 to 1799, followed by St John's College, Cambridge, from 1799 to 1802. William Pitt the Younger was Member of Parliament for Cambridge University, to which, as The Times said, "accordingly most of the budding Tory statesmen of the day resorted". Robinson was an accomplished classicist, winning Sir William Browne's Medal for the best Latin ode in 1801. After graduating in 1802 he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn. He remained a member there until 1809, but did not pursue a legal career and was not called to the bar.
Against the background of the Napoleonic Wars Robinson did part-time military service at home as captain (1803), ultimately major (1814–1817) in the Northern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry.
Early political career: 1804–1807
Member of Parliament, 1804–1812
Robinson entered politics through a family connection. His mother's cousin, the third Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, appointed him as his private secretary in 1804. Two years later Hardwicke secured for him the parliamentary seat of Carlow, a pocket borough near Dublin. In 1807 Robinson gave up the seat and was elected as MP for Ripon, close to his family home in Yorkshire.
First political appointments: 1807–1812
In his first years in Parliament Robinson declined offers of junior ministerial posts, out of deference to his patron Hardwicke, who was an opponent of the Prime Minister, the Duke of Portland. However, the Foreign Secretary, George Canning, chose him as the secretary of Lord Pembroke's mission to Vienna, aimed at securing a new treaty of alliance between Britain and Austria. The mission was unsuccessful, but Robinson's reputation was not damaged, and, as his biographer E Royston Pike puts it, "as a good Tory [he was] given several small appointments in successive ministries." His political thinking was greatly influenced by Canning, but he became the protégé of Canning's rival Lord Castlereagh, who appointed him his under-secretary at the War Office in May 1809. When Castlereagh resigned from the government in October, unwilling to serve under the new Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, Robinson resigned with him. In June 1810 he accepted office as a member of the Admiralty board. At the time of Perceval's assassination early in 1812, he was absent from parliament ostensibly on militia duties in Yorkshire.
He was made a Privy Counsellor in August 1812,
Marriage
In 1814 Robinson married Lady Sarah Albinia Louisa Hobart (1793–1867), daughter of the 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire, and first cousin to Castlereagh's wife. There were three children of the marriage, only one of whom survived to adulthood:
Hobart Frederick Robinson (September 1816)
Eleanor Henrietta Robinson (31 October 1826)
George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (24 October 1827 – 9 July 1909)
Senior Minister: 1812–1822
Robinson served under Lord Liverpool as Vice-President of the Board of Trade between 1812 and 1818, and as joint-Paymaster of the Forces between 1813 and 1817, from which position he sponsored the Corn Laws of 1815. Robinson's Corn Importation Bill, successfully presented to Parliament in February 1815, was a protectionist measure, imposing minimum prices for imported wheat and other grains. The historian Gregor Dallas writes:
The Corn Laws made the price of wheat artificially high, to the benefit of the landed classes and the detriment of the working classes. While the Bill was going through Parliament Robinson's London house in Old Burlington Street was frequently attacked by angry citizens; in one such attack the railings outside the house were ripped out, the front door smashed open, paintings ripped, and furniture thrown out of the window. In another attack two people were shot, one of them fatally. Describing the incident to the House of Commons Robinson was moved to tears, showing, as the biographer P. J. Jupp put it, "a propensity under stress which was to earn him the first of several nicknames, in this case the Blubberer".
In 1818 Robinson entered the cabinet as President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy, under the premiership of Lord Liverpool. In 1823 he succeeded Nicholas Vansittart as Chancellor of the Exchequer. The historian Richard Helmstadter writes:
Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1822–1827
Robinson served as Chancellor for four years, and was regarded as a success in the post. The public finances were in good order, with a revenue surplus for the first three years of his chancellorship. He cut taxes and made grants to house the Royal Library in the British Museum and to buy the Angerstein Collection for the National Gallery. Jupp writes, "These achievements, together with his support for Catholic relief and the abolition of slavery, led to his being regarded as one of the most liberal members of the government and to two more nicknames – 'Prosperity Robinson' and 'Goody'." Robinson's last year at the Treasury was overshadowed by a run on the banks, caused by the collapse of the City of London bankers Pole Thornton and Co. Robinson was not blamed for the collapse, but his measures to mitigate the crisis were widely seen as half-hearted.
Under strain from the financial crisis, Robinson asked Liverpool for a change of post. In January 1827 he was given a peerage as Viscount Goderich, but Liverpool had no time to reshuffle his cabinet, being taken ill in February 1827 and resigning the premiership. He was succeeded by Canning, whose appointment caused a major realignment in the political factions of the day. The Tories split into four groups, distinguished by their view of Catholic Emancipation. Canning and his followers were liberal on the matter; Robinson belonged to a moderate group that was willing to support Canning; the faction led by the Duke of Wellington and Robert Peel opposed emancipation; and an ultra-Tory group resisted any kind of liberalising measure.
To the anger of the King, George IV, who regarded it as a betrayal, Wellington and Peel refused to serve under Canning. With half the Tories ranged against him, Canning was obliged to seek support from the Whigs. Goderich, appointed by Canning as Leader of the House of Lords as well as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, found the upper house no less stressful than the Commons. He was the target for the anger of the anti-Canning Tories in the Lords, suffering many personal verbal assaults; when he attempted to get a new Corn Law enacted it was defeated by an alliance of peers led by Wellington.
Prime Minister: 1827–1828
Appointment
Canning's health had been declining since the beginning of 1827, and on 8 August he died. A prominent Whig commented, "God has declared against us. He is manifestly for the tories, and I fear the king also, which is much worse." The King, however, though he had long inclined to favour Tories over Whigs, was still angry at the refusal of Wellington and Peel to serve in Canning's cabinet. A widespread expectation (possibly shared by Wellington himself) that the King would send for Wellington was confounded. On the day of Canning's death Goderich and the Home Secretary, William Sturges Bourne, were summoned to Windsor Castle, where the King announced his intention of appointing Goderich to the premiership.
Government crisis
Goderich immediately encountered difficulty in balancing the conflicting demands of the King and the Whigs about the composition of his cabinet. George considered that the three ministerial posts held by Whigs were quite enough; the Whigs pressed hard for the inclusion of a fourth, Lord Holland, as Foreign Secretary. Goderich satisfied nobody with his inability to resolve matters. A leading Whig, George Tierney, spoke of his party's dissatisfaction with Goderich: "[T]hey think Goderich has behaved so ill in this affair that they can have no confidence in him. They believe so much in the integrity of his character that they do not suspect him of any duplicity in what has passed, but his conduct has been marked by such deplorable weakness as shows how unfit he is for the situation he occupies."
There was further discontent in the coalition cabinet at Goderich's vacillation over the appointment of a Chancellor of the Exchequer, once again caught between the demands of the King and those of his Whig allies. Within a month, William Huskisson, a Tory colleague, was writing of Goderich: "The king has taken the exact measure of him, and openly says he must do all the duties of a premier himself, because Goderich has no nerves! I am using nearly his own words; and he has been acting, and still talks of acting up to this declaration." George's contempt for his Prime Minister was confirmed in his description of Goderich as "a damned, snivelling, blubbering blockhead."
In addition to the conflicting pressures from the King and the Whigs, Goderich had to cope with the mental problems from which his wife was suffering. In December Huskisson wrote:
Resignation
Wellington was by now distancing himself from the Extreme-Tory wing of his party, and by January 1828 the King had concluded that the coalition could not continue and that a Tory ministry under Wellington would be preferable. Goderich had already written a letter of resignation to the King, but had not yet sent it, when he was summoned to Windsor. He described the disintegrating state of his administration; the King asked him to send for the Lord Chancellor, who was in turn bidden to summon Wellington to receive the King's commission to form a government. According to one account, Goderich was in tears during his interview with the King, who passed him a handkerchief, but within days Goderich was rejoicing in his release from office: "quite another man [who] sleeps at nights now, and laughs and talks as usual." His premiership had lasted 144 days, which remains one of the shortest in British history, twenty-five days longer than that of his immediate predecessor, Canning.
Goderich is 'the man with the hat' in the painting "The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter" by the Dutch painter Pieter Christoffel Wonder. In 2014 a Dutch art student did research on the painting and discovered that it depicts the resignation of Prime Minister Frederick John Robinson in January 1828.
Later years: 1828–1859
Later cabinet posts, 1830–1846
In 1830 Goderich moved over to the Whigs and joined Lord Grey's cabinet, as Colonial Secretary. Both on moral and on economic grounds he was strongly opposed to slavery throughout his career, and he worked hard in the 1830s for the emancipation of slaves throughout the British Empire. His work was continued by his successor as Colonial Secretary, Lord Stanley, whose abolitionist legislation Goderich piloted through the House of Lords.
In 1833 Goderich was created Earl of Ripon. He had not sought the advancement in the peerage, but wished to accept the King's offer of the Garter, for which, at that time, a viscountcy was considered an insufficient rank. He left the Colonial Office in the same year, and did not wish to hold any further office, but Grey insisted on his taking the senior non-departmental post of Lord Privy Seal. However, the next year Goderich and Stanley broke with the Whigs over what they saw as a threat to the established status of the Church of Ireland.
From 1841 to 1843 Ripon served in Peel's second administration as President of the Board of Trade, with the young W. E. Gladstone as his deputy. His final ministerial post was President of the Board of Control from 1843 to 1846. During his career, as Helmstadter observes, he had been, in succession, "a Pittite, a Tory, a Canningite, a Whig, a Stanleyite, a Conservative, and a Peelite. Between 1818 and 1846 he was a member of every government except Wellington's and Melbourne's."
Apart from his political career Goderich served as president of the Royal Geographical Society from 1830 to 1833, and of the Royal Society of Literature from 1834 to 1845. He died in January 1859, aged 76. He outlived five of his successors in the prime ministry.
Death
Ripon died at Putney Heath, London, in January 1859, aged 76. He was succeeded by his only son, George who became a noted Liberal statesman and cabinet minister and was created Marquess of Ripon. The son was unique in being conceived at No. 11 Downing Street, while Robinson was Chancellor of the Exchequer, and being born at No. 10, when his father, now Goderich, was Prime Minister.
Goderich's government, September 1827 – January 1828
Lord Goderich – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords
Lord Lyndhurst – Lord Chancellor
The Duke of Portland – Lord President of the Council
The Earl of Carlisle – Lord Privy Seal
The Marquess of Lansdowne – Secretary of State for the Home Department
The Earl of Dudley – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
William Huskisson – Secretary of State for War and the Colonies and Leader of the House of Commons
J. C. Herries – Chancellor of the Exchequer
The Marquess of Anglesey – Master-General of the Ordnance
Charles Grant – President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy
Charles Williams-Wynn – President of the Board of Control
William Sturges Bourne – First Commissioner of Woods and Forests
Lord Bexley – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Viscount Palmerston – Secretary at War
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
External links
More about Frederick Robinson, Viscount Goderich on the 10 Downing Street website.
Paper by M. Oderwald: "The stairecase of the Londen residence of the painter".
|-
1782 births
1859 deaths
19th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
British Secretaries of State
Robinson, Frederick John
Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of
Robinson, Frederick John
Paymasters of the Forces
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Frederick
Goderich, Federick
People from Ripon
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Earls of Ripon
Peers of the United Kingdom created by George IV
Peers of the United Kingdom created by William IV
Younger sons of barons
Fellows of the Royal Society
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Frederick
UK MPs who were granted peerages
19th-century heads of government
Frederick John
Tory prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Presidents of the Board of Trade
Presidents of the Royal Society of Literature
Leaders of the House of Lords
Presidents of the Board of Control |
52395275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Maria%20Mirabella | Francesco Maria Mirabella | Francesco Maria Mirabella (Alcamo, 4 April 1850 – Alcamo, 27 December 1931) was an Italian historian, educator, and poet.
Biography
He was born in Alcamo (in the province of Trapani): his father was Ludovico Mirabella, an ebonist and sculptor, among whose works there is a wooden statue of Saint Francis of Assisi in the Church of Saint Anne. After ending his studies with Jesuits, he attended the Royal Gimnasium getting the Teacher Training School diploma. So he started his school career first at Erice, then at Castellammare del Golfo and later in Alcamo. When he was 39 he married with Maria Culmone and they had five children.
Mirabella was a teacher for several years, and since 1903 he was a head teacher.
He also had a very great passion for the historical studies on the territory of Alcamo, and published more than 50 works such as essays and books on the literature and art of Sicily and Alcamo.
It is very important the correspondence between Mirabella and Giuseppe Pitrè, which contains information about the folkloristic material sent to him.
Like Pietro Maria Rocca, he was also engaged with the works of cataloguing of the Civic Library and the notarial Archive. He died on 27 December 1931.
After his death, they entitled him the homonymous Comprehensive School which is located in Viale Italia in Alcamo.
Works
A la Madonna di li miraculi (rhymes in Sicilian dialect; Alcamo: Tip. Jemma, 1954 (posthumous)
Alcamensia: noterelle storiche con appendice di documenti inediti di Francesco Maria Mirabella; Alcamo: ed. Sarograf, 1980
Al Camo per Alcamo in un documento alcamese del 1564 (in Archivio Storico Siciliano, n.s.,a.26,1901)
Alcamo sacra, scritto di G.B. Bembina, con note di P. M. Rocca, rivedute ed accresciute da Francesco Maria Mirabella. (Accademia di studi cielo d'Alcamo); Alcamo: Tip. Cartografica, 1956 (posthumous)
Ancora su Marco Filippi poeta cinquecentista, di Francesco Maria Mirabella; Palermo: Scuola tip. Boccone del povero, 1924
Artisti trapanesi in Alcamo (in La Siciliana, a.8, n.12, Siracusa, 1925)
Bernardo Tornamira benefattore della biblioteca di San Martino delle Scale, di Francesco M. Mirabella; Palermo: tip. Lo Statuto, 1895
Canti latini di Sebastiano Bagolino; verseggiati in volgare da Francesco M. Mirabella; Alcamo: tipografia Bagolino presso L. Pipitone e C., 1876
Cenni degli Alcamesi rinomati in scienze, lettere, arti, armi e santità, compilati da Francesco M. Mirabella ; preceduti da una memoria storica dell'origine di Alcamo;Alcamo: tip. Gaetano Surdi e C., 1876
Cenni degli alcamesi rinomati in scienze, lettere, arti e santità, di Francesco M. Mirabella; Sala Bolognese: A. Forni, stampa 1973
Cielo D'Alcamo ossia la quistione del nome dell'autore del contrasto «Rosa fresca aulentissima», riesaminata da F. M. Mirabella; Alcamo: Francesco Spica, 1892
Degli Emblemi Morali di mons. Giovanni Orosco tradotti da Sebastiano Bagolino (in Nuove Effemeridi Siciliane,s.3,v.13,1882)
Della tradizione popolare alcamese (in La Tempra,a.2, n 2,Alcamo, 1922
Dell'origine di Alcamo; memoria storica seguita da cinque tavole sinottiche delle opere d'arte e de monumenti antichi della medesima città e del suo territorio, per Francesco M. Mirabella; Alcamo: Tip. G. Surdi e C., 1875
Di alcuni disegni e dipinti di Sebastiano Bagolino (in Archivio Storico Siciliano, n.s.,a.9,1885)
Di Leonardo Bagolino pittore del secolo XVI e di una sua tela residente in Alcamo: notizie seguite da documenti, di F.M. Mirabella; Palermo: stabilimento bibliografico Virzì, 1882
Di un codice autografo di Sebastiano Bagolino (in Nuove Effemeridi Siciliane,s.3,v.5,1877)
Di un mendacio relativo alla rivoluzione del 1860 (in La Siciliana, Siracusa, 1931)
Di un poeta cinquecentista sconosciuto: Marco Filippi: miscellanea di F.M. Mirabella (in Archivio Storico Siciliano, n.s.,a.38,1913)
Dodici epigrammi inediti di Sebastiano Bagolino tratti da un manoscritto del suo tempo (in Nuove Effemeridi Siciliane,s.3,v.11,1881)
Ero e Leandro: poemetto greco, versione di Francesco M. Mirabella; Palermo: tip. del giornale di Sicilia, 1882
Esercizi pratici coordinati alle regole grammaticali per gli alunni delle scuole elementari superiori, compilate dal prof. P. G. Piazza; Palermo: Libr. Internazionale L. Pedone Lauriel di Carlo Clausen Edit., 1889 (Tip. Dello Statuto)
Frammenti di un diario alcamese del secolo 18° di Stefano Monteleone; [pref. di F. M. Mirabella]; Alcamo: Tip. Francesco Spica, 1892
Giacomo Fazio soldato e poeta; Palermo: Tipografia Boccone del Povero, 1928
Guida artistica della città di Alcamo, compilata da F.M. Mirabella e P.M. Rocca; Alcamo: Tipografia Bagolino, 1884
Il Crocifisso dell'Abbondanza (in La Siciliana, a.7, n.8, Siracusa, 1924)
Il Moncata. Dialogo di Sebastiano Bagolino ora la prima volta pubblicato per cura e con prefazione di F. M. Mirabella; Alcamo: Tipografia Francesco Spiga, 1887
La canzona di Ciullo d'Alcamo; chiosata e commentata da Francesco M. Mirabella; Alcamo: Tipografia e litografia Bagolino, 1872
La pesca nei mari e nelle acque interne d'Italia; Milano: La goliardica, 1963
La provincia di Trapani: Notizie di geografia astronomica, fisica, politica e storica ad uso delle scuole della provincia stessa per Francesco M. Mirabella; Palermo: Tipografia del Giornale di Sicilia, 1882
Le feste catanesi di S.Agata cent'anni or sono (in La Tempra,a.2, n2, Alcamo, 1922
Lu cuntu di li tri arrigordi(in archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari,a.13, Palermo, 1894
L'ultima prigionia di Argisto Giuffrè; Palermo: tip. Lo statuto, 1898
Marco Gentiluccio da Spoleto poeta italiano e latino del secolo 16°: notizie per Francesco M. Mirabella; Spoleto: Tip. P. Bossi, 1882
Memorie biografiche alcamesi: precedute da notizie sull'origine e sulle antichità ed opere d'arte della città di Alcamo, F. M. Mirabella; Alcamo: prem. tip. V.Segesta e figli, 1924
Nuovi documenti su Giacomo Pino Salemi, Baldassare Massa e Battista Carrabio scultori del secolo 16°, di Francesco M. Mirabella; Palermo: tip. dello Statuto, 1892
Privilegio concesso a salvatore Burgarella da carlo V imperatore (in Archivio Storico Siciliano, n.s.,a.13,1888)
Scioglilingua siciliani (in Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari,a.6, Palermo, 1887)
Sebastiano Bagolino poeta latino ed erudito del secolo 16°; (in Archivio Storico Siciliano, n.s.,a.23–26,1908–1911)
Sull'alfabeto vulgare: osservazioni e proposte,di Francesco Maria Mirabella; Alcamo: G. Surdi e C.,1874
Su l'origine e le opere d'arte della Maggiore Chiesa di Alcamo; Alcamo, 1919
Sul reclusorio delle donne riparate di Alcamo e altre note storiche; Alcamo, Sarograf, 1981 (posthumous)
Sul verso che precede la prima strofa del Contrasto di Cielo d'Alcamo ne' notamenti di A. Colocci, osservazioni di Francesco M. Mirabella; Bologna: Tipografia Fava e Garagnani, 1886
Una lettera del P. Mariano Bonofino di Alcamo, di Francesco M. Mirabella; Palermo: Tipografia dello Statuto, 1884
Un documento riguardante la più antica edizione dei carmi latini di Sebastiano Bagolino (in il Biblofilo, a.4, n.5, Bologna, 1883)
See also
Sebastiano Bagolino
Carlo Cataldo
Nino Navarra (poet)
Vincenzo Regina
Pietro Maria Rocca
References
Sources
Andrea Chiarelli, Dario Cocchiara, Alcamo nel XX secolo volume I, Alcamo, Campo, 2005.
Carlo Cataldo, La Casa del Sole: storia, folklore e cultura di Sicilia, Alcamo, grafiche Campo, 1999.
External links
comune.alcamo.tp.it
Catalogo SBN
cataloghi
People from Alcamo
20th-century Italian historians
Italian schoolteachers
1931 deaths
1850 births
20th-century Italian poets
19th-century Italian historians |
45529275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Hillman | Neil Hillman | Dr Neil Hillman (born 31 January 1960, Sutton Coldfield, England) is a British television and feature film sound designer and editor, notable for his work on the Oscar-winning film Lincoln, New York I Love You and Grace of Monaco. Hillman was awarded the World Medal for Sound Design at the New York Festival for the film The 13th Day in 2010 and in November 2010 was awarded the Royal Television Society award for Best Production Craft Skills for Sound Design and Mixing on the film Handle With Care.
Early life and education
Hillman began his career as an electronics engineer with American machine tool manufacturer Cincinnati Milacron. After completing his apprenticeship he graduated from the University of Aston in Industrial Electronics and Instrumentation in 1981, after previously studying Electrical and Mechanical Engineering at Matthew Boulton College and North Birmingham Polytechnic (now Birmingham City University). He completed his PhD by Practice within the University of York’s Department of Theatre, Film and Television (TFTV), researching Emotion in Sound Design under the supervision of Dr. Sandra Pauletto.
Career
After completing his foundation degree and apprenticeship in Electrical Engineering, Hillman joined the Midlands-based Central Independent Television in 1982 as a sound technician, working on all aspects of broadcast audio. He left Central TV in 1989 to work as a freelance location Sound Recordist, Dubbing Mixer and Broadcast Sound Supervisor. During this time he contributed regularly to long-running BBC TV series', including The Antiques Roadshow (where he introduced stereo location recording to the programme), travelled extensively overseas to record sound for programmes such as Tomorrow's World and Top Gear, and recorded and mixed choral music on location for Songs of Praise.
In 1999 Hillman was invited to join Optical Image, a growing UK video post-production company, in a new position as Head of Sound. Hillman set up the post-production sound department for a joint animation venture with Mike Young Productions, Butt Ugly Martians; a 26-part production where Hillman worked alongside Producer Bill Schultz, better known at this time for his role as a Producer on US animation hits The Simpsons and King of the Hill. Hillman was the Sound Designer and re-recording mixer for the entire Butt Ugly Martians series, collaborating with multiple-Emmy winning Sound Editor, Rick Hinson MPSE on episodes 1 and 2.
Between 2000 and 2001, he both location recorded and then audio post-produced a four-part series for Discovery, called Beyond The Horizon, which documented a year in the lives of a group of RAF pilots as they attempted to qualify for the elite Red Arrows display team. The year spent working alongside such excellence, Hillman later said, would irrevocably focus his determination and commitment to achieve similar levels of quality and professionalism in his own work.
Hillman left Optical Image in 2002 to form his own audio post-production studios, The Audio Suite. Between 2002 and 2012, The Audio Suite worked as preferred audio suppliers to All3Media, the UK's largest television Production Group, and they were also suppliers to the terrestrial channels of BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel Five and the digital channels BBC Three, BBC Four, ITV4, National Geographic and Discovery. During this time Hillman and The Audio Suite worked on some of the most popular shows on UK television, including Channel Five's The Gadget Show, as well as contributing ADR (also known as dubbing) to prestigious TV dramas such as Spooks, Hustle and Survivors for the BBC.
Also during this period, Hillman passed the 500 IMDb (Internet Movie Database) credit mark and worked as the Sound Designer and Re-recording mixer on feature films including The 13th Day (for which he was awarded a World Medal for Sound Design at the 2010 New York Film Festival), The Mandrake Root, The Craftsman (a finalist in the 2013 New York Film Festival best soundtrack category), Handle With Care (the film earned two Royal Television Society awards: Best Production Skills for Hillman's soundtrack and Best Short Film), Money Kills, and contributed ADR services to film productions such as Director Steven Spielberg's Lincoln, (re-recording the dialogue of the character Tad Lincoln, played by Gulliver McGrath) for DreamWorks, New York I Love You, (re-recording Oscar-winning actress Julie Christie with Director Shekhar Kapur, who took the Directorial reins following the untimely death of the original Director Anthony Minghella) and Grace of Monaco.
In 2012, Hillman transitioned The Audio Suite from a large commercial work-for-hire post-production facility, with a large city-centre studio complex, to a smaller, bespoke Sound Design practice with in-house studios, where he currently works as a Broadcast Sound and Post-Production Consultant.
Current work
After transitioning The Audio Suite into a smaller and more agile Sound Design practice, two of Hillman's initial projects were the sound design and mixing of Film Director Pip Piper's musical documentary Last Shop Standing, featuring British musicians Paul Weller, Johnny Marr, Norman Cook, Clint Boon, Richard Hawley and Billy Bragg, which went on to earn a maximum 5-star review in Q magazine; and the sound design, sound editing and mixing of Director Lisle Turner's feature film Here And Now, with final mixing taking place at the legendary AIR studios (Associated Independent Recording), London.
He has recently contributed to a number of television shows and features, including Star Wars Rebels for Disney in the US, and Doctor Who, The Only Way Is Essex, Death Comes to Pemberley, Doc Martin and Peaky Blinders in the UK. His feature film work continues to include production sound mixing (as a location Sound Recordist) as well as audio post-production, as a Supervising Sound Editor / Sound Designer.
In 2015 Hillman was the Production Sound Mixer for the film Scott and Sid which went on to win several awards including Best British Film at the National Film Awards in 2019.
In 2017 he was the Dialogue Editor and Supervising Sound Editor / Sound Designer for the British independent film Finding Fatimah which was edited and pre-mixed at The Audio Suite and mixed for theatrical release at Pinewood Studios.
In 2018 he completed the sound design and mixing work on the second of Director Pip Piper's trilogy on record stores, vinyl records and independent music venues, The Vinyl Revival which featured Pink Floyd’s
Nick Mason, Portishead guitarist Adrian Utley and emerging band, The Orielles.
The final film of the series, Long and Winding Road premiered at Bush Hall, London on January 21, 2020 and featured Radiohead musician Philip Selway talking with small venue owners and artists including Nick Mason, Adrian Utley, IDLES, Nadine Shah, Gaz Coombes, Novelist, Richard Hawley, Talk
Show, Squid, Pip Blom and venues such as the 100 Club, The Boileroom, the John Peel Centre, the Trades Club, Bush Hall, the Brudenell Social Club, The Cookie, the Moles Club, The New Adelphi Club, The Leadmill, and 229 The Venue.
Through the Audio Suite's Sound Design practice, he is also regularly engaged by marketing agencies and commercial production companies to help with the promotion of national and international brands.
As well as his operational work of sound designing, editing and mixing, Hillman consults to Production Companies and Broadcasters on strategic planning for projects with complex workflow and delivery requirements, with clients such as the Olympic Broadcasting Services and UEFA. He worked as an Audio Mixer and as Commentary Control Liaison at the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics, the Foreign Commentary Broadcast Liaison (CCR) for the 2013 UEFA Champions League Final, Sound Supervisor for Boxing at the 2014 XX Glasgow Commonwealth Games, Commentary Control Liaison at the Rio 2016 Olympics and as part of the team installing and operating the Commentary Switching Centre within the International Broadcast Centre (IBC) at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games.
Under the Dr. Neil Hillman banner, his Consultancy practice aids a diverse range of clients including film and television Producers with viability and budgeting analysis for below-the-line shooting and post-production costs, as well as equipment manufacturers and systems suppliers at the product design, development and application stages of new industry products.
This advisory service extends to areas wider than film and television; consulting to a range of industry sectors on user interfaces (UI), the end-user experience and on creating more efficient workflow by embracing new ways of thinking about existing systems and production arrangements.
Writing and publications
In 1997 Hillman started writing articles regularly for the industry-leading audio magazine Studio Sound, as well as other industry titles including Audio Media, TVB Europe, Line Up and Stage and Screen, and occasionally for mainstream publications such as BBC Top Gear magazine.
In 2001, Hillman was asked to become a member of a small team of writers for a new professional audio magazine called Resolution, assembled by ex-Studio Sound Editor Zenon Schoepe. Hillman went on to contribute regularly to 'Resolution' magazine for over ten years, commencing with its first issue, writing on modern sound production and reviewing equipment.
His first book, Journeyman, was published in October 2013 and is a retrospective view of the most significant decade of digital development (2000 - 2010) in the professional audio-for-picture sector.
He has been featured in several newspapers regarding his outspoken views on the demise of regional production in the English Midlands, and sound quality for broadcast television; including The Birmingham Post and The Daily Telegraph.
In 2019 he contributed a Chapter to Routledge's Foundations in Sound Design and was subsequently invited to write a deeper study of innovative sound design techniques for the publisher. The book 'Sound for Moving Pictures: the Four Sound Areas' is scheduled for publication in January 2021.
Research and teaching
In 2010, Hillman commenced a part-time PhD by Practice within the University of York’s Department of Theatre, Film and Television (TFTV), researching Emotion in Sound Design under the supervision of Dr. Sandra Pauletto. His research involved the Emotion of Sound Design and how sound designers may determine and predict how an audience will react to certain audio stimuli when these are used to support and enhance moving pictures. He is a member of the TFTV Sound Design research group.
His PhD research resulted in three academic papers: 'The Craftsman: the use of sound design to elicit emotions' was presented at the University of Ulster's Cinesonika 3 conference in February 2013, and in July 2013 Hillman presented 'Organic and free-range sound design' at the University of York's International Sound Symposium. Both papers have subsequently been published, with 'Organic and free range sound design' published by Edinburgh University Press in edition 4.2 of The New Soundtrack and ‘The Craftsman: the use of sound design to elicit emotions’ published by Intellect in edition 7.1 of The Soundtrack. In March 2016 ‘Audio Imagineering: Utilising the Four Sound Areas Framework for Emotive Sound Design within Contemporary Audio Post-production’ was published by Edinburgh University Press in edition 6.1 of The New Soundtrack.
As part of his wider academic work he is an enthusiastic supporter of new talent and regularly teaches undergraduate, postgraduate and Continuing Professional Development theory and practical sessions at the University of York. He has lectured in Film Production at Staffordshire University and the University of Gloucester; and in Sound for Film and Video at the School of Digital Media Technology at Birmingham City University (BCU), where he is a student mentor and a member of BCU's School of Digital Media Technology Industrial Advisory Board. As an invited international speaker, he has delivered workshops at SAE Institute Brisbane and Queensland University of Technology. He has also delivered talks for wider audiences in the UK: for the BFI, the Grierson Trust and the BBC Academy.
Awards and recognition
In 2008, Hillman sound designed the short film Steamy Windows for UK production company ST16, which won the New York Film Festival Gold Medal and the IVCA Gold Award. That same year, The Audio Suite were nominated for a high-profile Conch award in the TV Facility of the Year category
In 2010, he was recognized by The Royal Television Society when he was bestowed with their 'Best Production Craft Skills' Award for his work on the feature film Handle With Care He also received the New York Festivals Film and Television Festival World Medal for his Sound Design on the feature film The 13th Day in 2010. and was a Finalist in 2013 for his work on The Craftsman. Hillman has contributed to many other award-winning films and programmes.
Neil Hillman is a member of the prestigious Motion Picture Sound Editors (MPSE) society. He was proposed for membership by Rick Hinson, the President of the American academy of Motion Picture Sound Editors, a friendship from when they worked together on Butt Ugly Martians.
He is also a regularly invited member of the New York Festivals Grand Jury, working with other international award-winning Directors, Producers, Writers and Sound professionals to judge entries to the festival
Personal life
Hillman operates from studios in Birmingham, UK and Brisbane, Australia. He is married to Heather, who is the joint managing director of The Audio Suite and occasional voice actress.
He is a keen guitar player and composed, recorded and played the music for StorySmyth Tales - a series of six animated films for young children: Scruff Sheep, Pond Goose, Little by Little, Little Apple Goat, Just Like Tonight and Hurry Up And Slow Down.
He is an experienced sailor, motorcyclist and racketball player and has practised Wadō-ryū karate since his early teens. He is a Senpei at Team Blackbelt.
Selected work
Film
Grace of Monaco (2014) ADR Mixer
Officer Down (2013) ADR Recordist
Lincoln (2012) ADR Mixer
New York, I Love You (2008) ADR Mixer
The Mandrake Root (2008) Sound Designer
Television
Star Wars Rebels (2014) Sound Editor
The Only Way Is Essex (2014) Sound Editor
The Gadget Show (2004-2012) Sound Re-recording Mixer
5th Gear (2004-2011) Sound Re-recording Mixer
Butt Ugly Martians (2002) Supervising Sound Editor
References
1960 births
Living people
British sound designers
People from Sutton Coldfield
People from Moseley
Wadō-ryū practitioners
English male karateka
Alumni of the University of York |
2193186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20E.%20Ross | Joe E. Ross | Joe E. Ross (born Joseph Roszawikz; March 15, 1914 – August 13, 1982) was an American actor known for his trademark "Ooh! Ooh!" exclamation, which he used in many of his roles. He starred in such TV sitcoms as The Phil Silvers Show and Car 54, Where Are You?.
Career
Ross was born on March 15, 1914, to Jewish immigrant parents in New York City who owned a candy store. Aged 16, he dropped out of Seward Park High School to become a singing waiter at the Van Cortlandt Inn in the Bronx. When the cafe added a female dancer and singer, Ross was promoted to announcer. He added some jokes and became a comedian.
In 1938, he appeared at the Queens Terrace, near Jackson Heights, New York. Jackie Gleason had already been playing there for 16 weeks, and the manager was about to ask Gleason to stay a while longer. Ross heard of the opening, auditioned for it, got the contract, and also stayed for 16 weeks. He then turned burlesque comic on the Schuster circuit out of Chicago.
His career was interrupted by World War II. He served in the United States Army Air Corps at Camp Blanding, Florida, before being stationed in England.
Discharged at the war's end, Ross became an announcer-comic at Billy Gray's Band Box in Hollywood. He kept his ties to burlesque, and appeared in Irving Klaw's feature-length theatrical film Teaserama (1955), a re-creation of a burlesque show.
In 1955, Ross worked at a nightclub in Miami Beach called Ciro's. He was spotted by Nat Hiken and Phil Silvers, who were planning You'll Never Get Rich (later known as The Phil Silvers Show and sometimes Sgt. Bilko) and loved Ross's comedy skills. Ross was hired on the spot and cast as the mess sergeant, Rupert Ritzik.
Ross made Ritzik memorable. Ritzik was henpecked, stupid, and greedy, always an easy mark for Bilko's schemes. Whenever Ritzik had a sudden inspiration, he would hesitate and stammer "Ooh! Ooh!" before articulating his idea. The catchphrase came from the actor's own frustration when he couldn't remember his lines. Silvers would deliberately stray from the scripted dialogue and give Ross the wrong cues, prompting a genuinely confused reaction and an agonized "Ooh! Ooh!" from Ross. Another exclamation Ross used often on the show was "I knew it! I knew it!" each time he lost money on a gambling bet he had been hesitant to make. It began a running gag that Ritzik was jinxed against any bet made with Bilko.
After The Phil Silvers Show ended in 1959, Nat Hiken went on to produce Car 54, Where Are You? and cast Ross as Patrolman Gunther Toody of New York's 53rd Precinct. Fred Gwynne, another Bilko alumnus, played Toody's partner, Francis Muldoon. Toody could usually be counted on at some point to say "Ooh! Ooh!", or "Do you mind? Doyoumind?". Ross became so identified with his policeman role that he recorded an album of songs entitled "Love Songs from a Cop". Roulette Records released the LP in 1964. Ross did the voice for Toody for the episode "Car 54" of Hanna-Barbera's Wait Till Your Father Gets Home, in which Toody and Muldoon moonlight running a day care center and one of the children turns up missing.
Ross also starred as Gronk in Sherwood Schwartz's ill-fated 1966 sitcom It's About Time, which featured two 1960s American astronauts who were thrown back in time to the prehistoric era.
Following the breakup of Allen & Rossi in 1968, Steve Rossi teamed for less than three months with Ross in an act called "Rossi & Ross". Rossi & Ross played once on Ed Sullivan and disbanded in January 1969.
Ross also was a prominent cartoon voice into the 1970s, playing the stereotypical bumbling sergeant in many cartoons such as Hong Kong Phooey (as Sgt. Flint) and Help!... It's the Hair Bear Bunch! (as Botch). He also voiced Roll on CB Bears segment Shake, Rattle and Roll. His "Ooh! Ooh!" catchphrase was emulated by Frank Welker in the animated series Fangface and Norm Prescott as Theodore H. Bear in The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle and Jeckles Quacula episodes. He was also one of the few white comedians with 1970s label Laff Records, which specialized in African-American comedians and released his album Should Lesbians Be Allowed to Play Pro-Football?.
Personal life
Ross had trouble memorizing his lines and used his catchphrase "Ooh! Ooh!" as a delaying tactic to remember what he was supposed to say. He was often known as a difficult person to work with and co-workers complained that he was continually vulgar, even cursing around children. Imogene Coca, who played Ross's caveman wife in the sitcom "It's About Time," hated working with Ross and referred to him as "that awful man."
Others, however, called him "a man of sweet character" and he was described as a "trouper, cooperative and hard working" during his career. Who's Who in Comedy: Comedians, Comics, and Clowns from Vaudeville to Today's Stand-Ups described Ross as having a "Runyonesque sweetness and likeability despite his obtuseness (that) kept him performing right up to the end."
Death
Ross died of a heart attack on August 13, 1982, while performing in the clubhouse of his apartment building in Los Angeles, The Oakwood Apartments. He was buried in Forest Lawn-Hollywood Hills Cemetery. Jay Leno, who met Ross when he first arrived in Hollywood and said Ross was the first movie star to become his friend, delivered the eulogy. Ross' gravestone is inscribed with the double entendre "This man had a ball".
Selected filmography
The Sound of Fury (1950) - Nightclub Entertainer (uncredited)
This Woman Is Dangerous (1952) - Asst. Manager (uncredited)
Models Inc. (1952) - Front Man (uncredited)
Around the World in Eighty Days (1956) - Extra (uncredited)
Hear Me Good (1957) - Max Crane
Maracaibo (1958) - Milt Karger
Tall Story (1960) - Mike (uncredited)
The Bellboy (1960) - Joey, Gangster
All Hands on Deck (1961) - Bos'n
Tony Rome (1967) - Bartender at Paradise Club (uncredited)
The Love Bug (1968) - Detective
Judy's Little No-No (1969)
Beach Boy Rebels (1969)
The Boatniks (1970) - Nutty Sailor
The Naked Zoo (1970) - Mr. Barnum
The Juggler of Notre Dame (1970)
Revenge Is My Destiny (1971) - Maxie Marks
Frasier, the Sensuous Lion (1973) - Kuback
How to Seduce a Woman (1974) - Bartender
Alias Big Cherry (1975)
Linda Lovelace for President (1975) - Dirty Guy #2
The Godmothers (1975) - Gino
The World Through the Eyes of Children (1975) - Michael
Slumber Party '57 (1976) - Michael
The Happy Hooker Goes to Washington (1977) - Night Watchman
Gas Pump Girls (1979) - Bruno
Skatetown, U.S.A. (1979) - Rent-a-Cop
The Woman Inside (1981)
Television
The Colgate Comedy Hour - Episode #2.19 (1952)
The Phil Silvers Show - 53 episodes - MSgt. Rupert B. Ritzik (1956–1959)
Car 54, Where Are You? - 60 episodes - Officer Gunther Toody (1961–1963)
It's About Time - 26 episodes - Gronk (1966–1967)
Batman - episode - The Funny Feline Felonies - Talent Agent (uncredited) (1967)
The Red Skelton Hour - episode - The Pied-Eyed Piper - Clancy the Cop (1968)
McMillan & Wife - episode - The Easy Sunday Murder Case - The Doorman (1971)
Help!... It's the Hair Bear Bunch! - 16 episodes - Botch (voice) (1971)
Love, American Style - episode - Love and the Cryptic Gift / Love and the Family Hour / Love and the Legend / Love and the Sexpert (segment "Love and the Sexpert") (1973)
Hong Kong Phooey - 31 episodes - Sergeant Flint (voice) (1974)
Wait Till Your Father Gets Home - episode - Car 54 - Officer Gunther Toody (voice) (1974)
The Ghost Busters - episode - Jekyll & Hyde: Together, for the First Time! - Mr. Hyde (1975)
CB Bears - Segment - Shake, Rattle, & Roll - 13 episodes - Roll (voice) (1977)
The Love Boat - episode - A Selfless Love/The Nubile Nurse/Parents Know Best - Mr. Ross (1978)
References
External links
Interview about Joe E. Ross with friend Hank Garrett
1914 births
1982 deaths
American male comedians
American male voice actors
Jewish American male actors
Jewish male comedians
Jewish comedy and humor
Male actors from New York City
Military personnel from New York City
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
American male television actors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
20th-century American male actors
Comedians from New York City
20th-century American comedians
Seward Park High School alumni
20th-century American Jews |
55897608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20J.%20Steiner | David J. Steiner | David J. Steiner (February 2, 1965 – December 26, 2016) was an American documentary filmmaker, educator, rabbi, real estate investor, mediator and political activist, best known for the documentary film Saving Barbara Sizemore (2016).
Early life
David Jay Steiner was born in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family, and was raised in nearby Lincolnwood, Illinois. His parents, Robinn Schulman, a nurse whose family owned the company that manufactured Shane Toothpaste (now known as AloeSense), and Joseph Steiner, a figurative painter and art instructor, divorced when he was young, but maintained an amicable relationship. As a youth, he began a lifelong affiliation with Habonim Dror, the labor Zionist youth movement.
Education
Steiner was educated in Lincolnwood, Illinois area public schools until his sophomore year of high school, when unaccompanied by his family, he moved to Israel. In accord with his socialist values, he lived in the kibbutz community of Hakfar Hayarok. On the kibbutz, Steiner was assigned to the dairy, and was put in charge of the artificial insemination and midwifery process for cows. For the rest of his life, Steiner would incorporate bovine imagery into his work; he really loved cows. Steiner served in the Israel Defense Forces and fought in the 1982 Lebanon conflict.
Steiner attended the University of Illinois-Chicago (UIC), and then the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) where he studied film, and, taking after his father, painting. As a painter, he was devoted to the styles of expressionist painters such as Alice Neel and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, as well as his father. He continued and further developed his political activism while living in Los Angeles and as a film student, took the actor and political activist Edward Asner as his mentor.
Steiner learned his style of filmmaking in film school at UCLA.
Steiner was drawn to film and comedy. He was strongly influenced by the comic tradition of Jews in America—the Marx Brothers, borscht belt stand-up comedians, Woody Allen and Lenny Bruce, to name a few. Of all things, Steiner was a non-conformist and an experimental visionary, like another one of his heroes, Frank Zappa. These influences would influence Steiner's later work—both his cinematic work and his writings.
As and adult and well in his late 40s, Steiner completed his doctorate in education at the National Louis University in Skokie, Illinois. Steiner undertook rabbinical studies at the Shalom Hartman Institute, the Hebrew Seminary of the Deaf and the International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism. On November 7, 2017, he was posthumously ordained a rabbi by the International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism at a ceremony in Farmington Hills, Michigan.
Career
After earning his art degree at UCLA, Steiner returned to Chicago and soon thereafter moved back to Israel, where he married and had three children. He continued his creative efforts in Israel, developing CD-ROM and video content for a multimedia company, Hed Arzi Music, and teaching. Steiner strongly believed that the best way to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was to find ways to get Israeli and Palestinian youth together to create art, play sports and have constructive dialog, so he started an organization that brought together Israeli and Palestinian youth. It was at this time that Steiner's son befriended some refugees from South Sudan, which formed the inspiration for the documentary Steiner was working on at the time of his death in Africa in 2016.
Upon his return from Israel, Steiner and his family settled in Skokie, Illinois, where Steiner tackled many projects simultaneously. He created educational software products, and invested in residential real estate. Several of his properties were located in the Humboldt Park neighborhood of Chicago, where Steiner started a book club for homeless individuals in that area. During this time, Steiner also served as director of the religious school at Congregation Solel in Highland Park, Illinois, and completed his doctoral degree in education at National Louis University. Steiner also wrote a number of screenplays at this time.
However, becoming a rabbi was important to Steiner, and he was given the opportunity to study at the Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem, so the family returned to Israel. The return was short-lived, as the economic crisis of 2008–2009 resulted in the reduction of the endowment upon which Steiner's rabbinical program was funded. So the Steiners returned to the United States, this time to Tarzana, California, where Steiner assumed the position of director of education at Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, California.
After a year in California, Steiner returned to Chicago, as his marriage ended in divorce. Soon after though, he met Diane Kliebard Silverberg, an attorney. Coincidentally, Silverberg was the daughter of Herbert Kliebard, a noted historian of education at the University of Wisconsin, who was a great influence on Steiner's academic work in the education field. Silverberg and Steiner eventually became engaged, and together, the two traveled to a number of faraway locations where Steiner was invited to speak and lecture, including Hong Kong. The two also traveled together to Israel, Morocco, Spain, Canada, Cuba, and the United Kingdom. He also gave lectures in Bosnia-Herzegovina. During this time, Steiner resumed his rabbinical studies at the International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism, as well as extensive training as a mediator. Upon completion of his mediation studies, he started Third Eye Mediation, his professional mediation practice.
While attending a mediation conference in Chicago, Steiner met Jonathan Speller, an administrator at the Barbara A. Sizemore Academy, an afrocentric charter school on the South Side of Chicago. Speller invited Steiner to the school for a Kwanzaa celebration; the school fascinated Steiner, and he decided to apply his film skills to teach children attending that school to make a documentary film. This became the basis for Saving Barbara Sizemore, Steiner's 2016 documentary.
Film
Saving Barbara Sizemore
Steiner's documentary Saving Barbara Sizemore was released in the U.S. on August 27, 2016, at the Capital City Black Film Festival in Austin, Texas.
The film depicts story of the students, teachers and parents of the Barbara A. Sizemore Academy, a charter school in the Englewood area of Chicago. Barbara A. Sizemore Academy serves an African-American community which is economically disadvantaged and beset by violence. The film documents the school's unique methods, which rely heavily on African culture, customs and social structure.
In the fashion of noted documentary filmmaker Michael Moore's classic Roger and Me, Steiner takes a group of school kids to confront School District Superintendent Forrest Claypool and Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel about the school district's plans to shut down the school. In so doing, Steiner, who had a doctorate in education, teaches the students not only about how to operate a camera, but also how to use the power of filmmaking as a tool of political advocacy.
Untitled Uganda project
In the mid-2000s, when Steiner lived in Tel Aviv with his wife and children, his young son had befriended a pair of South Sudanese boys. After Steiner returned to the United States with his family to take an administrative position as an educational director at Valley Beth Shalom in Los Angeles, he learned that these boys were being deported, part of an overall Israeli government program to deport African refugees.
This spurred Steiner to action, and he contacted his friend and UCLA film school classmate, David Bret Egen. He and Egen decided to make a documentary film about the refugee crisis, one that would incorporate the stories of his son's South Sudanese friends into a new documentary, to be filmed in the United States, Israel and Uganda, where the South Sudanese boys were living after their removal from Israel—away from their parents, who were living in war-torn Juba, South Sudan.
Steiner and Egen brought with them Sarah Giroux, a camera operator from Chicago, as well as two of the kids who helped make Saving Barbara Sizemore. In December, 2016, they began production of the Uganda portion of the film. They also screened Steiner's first film at a Ugandan film festival. However on December 26, 2016, Steiner was killed in a bus accident, as their vehicle was hit at high speed by a reckless driver outside of Iganga, Uganda, after the crew attended a holiday party. The other members of the crew escaped with non-life threatening injuries. As of November, 2017, with the film partially completed, the Steiner family and Egen have taken steps to continue and complete the film, as a tribute to Steiner and his legacy.
The Come True Project, an Israeli charity established to help support the education of South Sudanese refugee children living in Uganda, established the David J. Steiner Scholarships Fund in furtherance of this purpose.
Writings and political activism
David Steiner was a prolific writer of articles, blog entries, screenplays, and academic writings. His blog, titled The Radish: On The Beet with David Steiner, ran for six years (2008-2014), and in it, Steiner discussed a variety of topics related to causes that where close to him—peace in the Middle East, the refugee crisis, Israeli politics, mediation, baseball, and more. The name of the blog was derived from the first letters of his name: Rabbi Doctor Shteiner.
Israel was always on the forefront of Steiner's mind, and his writings reflected his advocacy for an inclusive Jewish homeland, one built on democracy, tolerance and progressive values.
Steiner was a regular contributor to eJewish Philanthropy, a resource for Jewish organizations and professionals. His articles drew upon his vast knowledge of Jewish history, philosophy and liturgy, as well as popular culture and contemporary themes and issues.
Steiner was an early supporter of Barack Obama, and in February, 2007, traveled to Springfield, Illinois in freezing cold weather to watch Obama declare for the presidency at an outdoor event. In the 2016 election cycle, he strongly supported Senator Bernie Sanders' presidential campaign. Near the end of his life, Steiner also actively supported protests related to police brutality, more particularly those related to police-involved shootings of unarmed African-Americans.
Among those who noted the passing of Steiner in December, 2016, was Ameinu, the progressive Zionist organization, whose leadership lauded Steiner for "providing thoughtful writings and event programs that fused Jewish scholarship, Israel education and social justice engagement."
In 2017, the Barbara A. Sizemore Academy renamed their media studies center the "David J. Steiner Digital Media Department", in honor of the man whose film helped save their school. As another posthumous honor, the Chicago chapter of the Center for Conflict Resolution named its annual David Steiner Dedicated Volunteer Award after Steiner, acknowledging that the over 200 disputes he mediated in just two years is a record that likely will never be broken—or indeed, even approached.
Personal life
Steiner had a son and two daughters from a previous marriage. At the time of his death, Steiner was engaged to Diane Silverberg, and the two were living together in Evanston, Illinois. Steiner is buried at Memorial Park Cemetery in Skokie, Illinois. On June 6, 2018, Steiner's son Itamar was selected by the Chicago Cubs in the 40th round of the 2018 Major League Baseball draft.
Filmography
References
External links
The Radish: On The Beet with David SteinerSteiner's blog from 2008 to 2014.
eJewish Philanthropy link to Steiner articles
Come True Project: David J. Steiner Scholarships Fund
1965 births
2016 deaths
Film directors from Illinois
20th-century American Jews
American socialists
American documentary film directors
People from Lincolnwood, Illinois
Film people from Chicago
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
National Louis University alumni
Writers from Chicago
Road incident deaths in Uganda
21st-century American Jews |
36468146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wilson%20%28Puritan%20minister%29 | John Wilson (Puritan minister) | John Wilson (c. 1588 – 1667) was a Puritan clergyman in Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the minister of the First Church of Boston from its beginnings in Charlestown in 1630 until his death in 1667. He is most noted for being a minister at odds with Anne Hutchinson during the Antinomian Controversy from 1636 to 1638, and for being an attending minister during the execution of Mary Dyer in 1660.
Born into a prominent English family from Sudbury in Suffolk, his father was the chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and thus held a high position in the Anglican Church. Young Wilson was sent to school at Eton for four years, and then attended the university at King's College, Cambridge, where he received his B.A. in 1610. From there he studied law briefly, and then studied at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he received an M.A. in 1613. Following his ordination, he was the chaplain for some prominent families for a few years, before being installed as pastor in his home town of Sudbury. Over the next ten years, he was dismissed and then reinstated on several occasions, because of his strong Puritan sentiments which contradicted the practices of the established church.
As with many other Puritan divines, Wilson came to New England, and sailed with his friend John Winthrop and the Winthrop Fleet in 1630. He was the first minister of the settlers, who established themselves in Charlestown, but soon crossed the Charles River into Boston. Wilson was an encouragement to the early settlers during the very trying initial years of colonization. He made two return trips to England during his early days in Boston, the first time to persuade his wife to come, after she initially refused to make the trip, and the second time to transact some business. Upon his second return to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635, Anne Hutchinson was first exposed to his preaching, and found an unhappy difference between his theology and that of her mentor, John Cotton, who was the other Boston minister. The theologically astute, sharp-minded, and outspoken Hutchinson, who had been hosting large groups of followers in her home, began to criticize Wilson, and the divide erupted into the Antinomian Controversy. Hutchinson was eventually tried and banished from the colony, as was her brother-in-law, Reverend John Wheelwright.
Following the controversy, Wilson and Cotton were able to work together to heal the divisions within the Boston church, but after Cotton's death, more controversy befell Boston as the Quakers began to infiltrate the orthodox colony with their evangelists. Greatly opposed to their theology, Wilson supported the actions taken against them, and supervised the execution of his former parishioner, Mary Dyer in 1660. He died in 1667, the longest-lived of the early ministers in the Boston area, and his passing was lamented by those who knew him and worked with him, but he is also remembered for the roles he played in the persecution of those who did not embrace the Puritan orthodoxy.
Early life
John Wilson was born in Windsor, Berkshire, England about 1588, the son of the Reverend William Wilson (1542–1615). John's father, originally of Sudbury in Suffolk, was a chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund Grindal. His father was also a prebend of St Paul's in London, a minister in Rochester, Kent, and a rector of the parish of Cliffe, Kent. Wilson's mother was Isabel Woodhull, the daughter of John Woodhull and Elizabeth Grindal, and a niece of Archbishop Grindal. According to Wilson's biographer, A. W. M'Clure, Archbishop Grindal favored the Puritans to the extent of his power, to the displeasure of Queen Elizabeth.
Wilson was first formally educated at Eton College, where he spent four years, and at one time was chosen to speak a Latin oration during the visit of the duc de Biron, ambassador from the court of Henry IV of France. The duke then gave him a special gift of a gold coin called "three angels", worth about ten shillings. On 23 August 1605, at the age of 14, Wilson was admitted to King's College, Cambridge. While there he was initially prejudiced against the Puritans, but changed his stance after reading Richard Rogers' Seven Treatises (1604), and he subsequently traveled to Dedham to hear Rogers preach. He and other like-minded students frequently met to discuss theology, and he also regularly visited prisons to minister to the inmates. He received his B.A. from King's College in 1609/10, then studied law for a year at the Inns of Court in London. He next attended Emmanuel College, Cambridge, noted for its Puritan advocacy, where he received his M.A. in 1613. While at Emmanuel, he likely formed a friendship with future New England divines, John Cotton and Thomas Hooker. He was probably soon ordained as a minister in the Anglican Church, but records of this event are not extant.
In 1615 Wilson visited his dying father, who had these parting words for his son: "while thou wast at the university, because thou wouldst not conform, I fain would have brought thee to some higher preferment; but I see thy conscience is very scrupulous about somethings imposed in the church. Nevertheless, I have rejoiced to see the grace and fear of God in thy heart; and seeing thou hast hitherto maintained a good conscience, and walked according to thy light, do so still. Go by the rule of God's holy word, and the Lord bless thee."
Wilson preached for three years as the chaplain to several respectful families in Suffolk, one of them being the family of the Countess of Leicester. It was to her that he later dedicated his only book, Some Helps to Faith..., published in 1630. In time he was offered, and accepted, the position of minister at Sudbury, from where his family had originated. While there he met John Winthrop, and likely supported Winthrop's unsuccessful 1626 bid to become a member of Parliament. Wilson was suspended and then restored several times as minister, the issue being nonconformity (Puritan leanings) with the established practices of the Anglican Church. Like many Puritans, he began turning his thoughts toward New England.
Massachusetts
Wilson was an early member of the Massachusetts Bay Company, and accompanied John Winthrop and the Winthrop Fleet to New England in 1630. As soon as they arrived, he, with Governor Winthrop, Thomas Dudley, and Isaac Johnson, entered into a formal and solemn covenant with each other to walk together in the fellowship of the gospel. Life was harsh in the new wilderness, and Plymouth historian Nathaniel Morton said that Wilson "bare a great share of the difficulties of these new beginnings with great cheerfulness and alacrity of spirit." Wilson was chosen the pastor of their first church in Charlestown, being installed as teacher there on 27 August 1630, and in the same month the General Court ordered that a dwelling-house should be built for him at the public expense, and the governor and Sir Richard Saltonstall were appointed to put this into effect. By the same authority it was also ordered, that Wilson's salary, until the arrival of his wife, should be 20 pounds a year. After the Charlestown church was established, most of its members moved across the Charles River to Boston, after which services were held alternately on each side of the river, and then later only in Boston.
Well before leaving England, Wilson was married to Elizabeth Mansfield, the daughter of Sir John Mansfield, and had at least two children born in England, but his wife had initially refused to come to New England with him. Her refusal was the subject of several letters sent from John Winthrop's wife, Margaret, to her son John Winthrop Jr., in May 1631. Wilson then made a trip back to England from 1631 to 1632. Though his biographer, in 1870, stated that she still did not come back to New England with Wilson until 1635, Anderson in 1995 pointed out that the couple had a child baptized in Boston in 1633; therefore she had to have come with Wilson during this earlier trip.
On 2 July 1632 Wilson was admitted as a freeman of the colony, and later the same month the first meeting house was built in Boston. For this and Wilson's parsonage, the congregation made a voluntary contribution of 120 pounds. On 25 October 1632 Wilson, with Governor Winthrop and a few other men, set out on a friendly visit to Plymouth where they were hospitably received. They held a worship service on the Sabbath, and that same afternoon they met again, and engaged in a discussion centered around a question posed by the Plymouth teacher, Roger Williams. William Bradford, the Plymouth governor, and William Brewster, the ruling elder, spoke, after which Governor Winthrop and Wilson were invited to speak. The Boston men returned the following Wednesday, with Winthrop riding Governor Bradford's horse.
On 23 November, Wilson, who had previously been ordained teacher, was installed as minister of the First Church of Boston. In 1633 the church at Boston received another minister, when John Cotton arrived and was installed as teacher. In November 1633 Wilson made one of his many visits outside Boston, and went to Agawam (later Ipswich), since the settlers there did not yet have a minister. He also visited the natives, tending to their sick, and instructing others who were capable of understanding him. In this regard he became the first Protestant missionary to the North American native people, a work later to be carried on with much success by Reverend John Eliot. Closer to home, Wilson sometimes led groups of Christians, including magistrates and other ministers, to the church lectures in nearby towns, sharing his "heavenly discourse" during the trip.
In late 1634, Wilson made his final trip to England, leaving the ministry of the Boston Church in the hands of his co-pastor, John Cotton, and traveling with John Winthrop Jr. While returning to England he had a harrowing experience off the coast of Ireland during some violent winter weather, and though other ships perished, his landed. During his journey across Ireland and England, Wilson was able to minister to many people, and tell them about New England. In his journal, John Winthrop noted that while in Ireland, Wilson "gave much satisfaction to the Christians there about New England." Leaving England for the final time on 10 August 1635, Wilson arrived back in New England on the third of October. Soon after his return, M'Clure writes, "the Antinomian Controversy broke out and raged for two...years and with a fury that threatened the destruction of his church."
Antinomian Controversy
Wilson first became acquainted with Anne Hutchinson when in 1634, as the minister of the Boston Church, he was notified of some heterodox views that she revealed while en route to New England on the ship Griffin. A minister aboard the ship was questioned by her in such a way as to cause him some alarm, and word was sent to Wilson. In conference with his co-minister in Boston, the Reverend John Cotton, Hutchinson was examined, and deemed suitable for church membership, though admitted a week later than her husband because of initial uncertainty.
When Wilson returned from his England trip in 1635, he was accompanied aboard the ship Abigail by two other people who would play a role in the religious controversy to come. One of these was the Reverend Hugh Peter, who became the minister in Salem, and the other was a young aristocrat, Henry Vane, who soon became the governor of the colony.
In the pulpit, Wilson was said to have a voice that was harsh and indistinct and his demeanor was directed at strict discipline, but he had a penchant for rhymes, and would frequently engage in word play. He was unpopular during his early days of preaching in Boston, partly attributable to his strictness in teaching, and partly from his violent and arbitrary manner. His gruff style was further highlighted by the mild qualities of John Cotton, with whom he shared the church's ministry. When Wilson returned to Boston in 1635, Hutchinson was exposed to his teaching for the first time, and immediately saw a big difference between her own doctrines and his. She found his emphasis on morality, and his doctrine of "evidencing justification by sanctification" (a covenant of works) to be repugnant, and she told her followers that Wilson lacked "the seal of the Spirit." Wilson's doctrines were shared with all of the other ministers in the colony, except for Cotton, and the Boston congregation had grown accustomed to Cotton's lack of emphasis on preparation "in favor of stressing the inevitability of God's will." The positions of Cotton and Wilson were matters of emphasis, and neither minister believed that works could help to save a person. It is likely that most members of the Boston church could not see much difference between the doctrines of the two men, but the astute Hutchinson could, prompting her to criticize Wilson at her home gatherings. Probably in early 1636 he became aware of divisions within his own Boston congregation, and soon came to realize that Hutchinson's views were widely divergent from those of the orthodox clergy in the colony.
Wilson said nothing of his discovery, but instead preached his covenant of works even more vehemently. As soon as Winthrop became aware of what was happening, he made an entry in his journal about Hutchinson, who did "meddle in such things as are proper for men, whose minds are stronger." He also noted the 1636 arrival in the colony of Hutchinson's in-law who became an ally in religious opinion: "There joined with her in these opinions a brother of hers, one Mr. Wheelwright, a silenced minister sometimes in England."
Meetings of the ministers
In October 1636 the ministers, realizing that a theological tempest was forming in the colony, decided to get to the heart of the issue, and held a series of meetings, which also included Hutchinson and some of the magistrates. In order to deal with the theological errors of the Hutchinson group, the ministers first had to come to a consensus about their own positions, and this they were unable to do. Hutchinson's followers used this impasse to attempt to have Wheelwright appointed as another minister to the Boston church, an expression of their dissatisfaction with Wilson. Winthrop came to Wilson's rescue, as an elder in the church, by invoking a ruling requiring unanimity in a church vote, and was thus able to forestall Wheelwright's appointment there. Instead, Wheelwright was sent about ten miles south to Mount Wollaston to preach.
As the meetings continued into December 1636, the theological debate escalated. Wilson delivered "a very sad speech of the condition of our churches," insinuating that Cotton, his fellow Boston minister, was partly responsible for the dissension. Wilson's speech was moved to represent the sense of the meeting, and was approved by all of the ministers and magistrates present with the notable exceptions of Governor Vane, Reverend Cotton, Reverend Wheelwright, and two strong supporters of Hutchinson, William Coddington and Richard Dummer.
Cotton, normally of a very placid disposition, was indignant over the proceedings and lead a delegation to admonish Wilson for his uncharitable insinuations. On Saturday, 31 December 1636, the Boston congregants met to prefer charges against Wilson. Governor Vane launched the attack, and was joined by other members of the congregation. Wilson met the onslaught with a quiet dignity, and responded soberly to each of the accusations brought against him. The crowd refused to accept his excuses, and demanded a vote of censure. At this point Cotton intervened, and with more restraint than his parishioners, offered that without unanimity a vote of censure was out of order. While the ultimate indignity of censure was averted, Cotton nevertheless gave a grave exhortation to his colleague to allay the temper of the congregants. The next day Wilson preached such a conciliatory sermon that even Governor Vane rose and voiced his approval.
"Dung cast on their faces"
The Boston congregants, followers of Hutchinson, were now emboldened to seize the offensive and discredit the orthodox doctrines at services throughout the colony. The saddened Winthrop lamented, "Now the faithfull Ministers of Christ must have dung cast on their faces, and be not better than legall Preachers." As Hutchinson's followers attacked ministers with questions calculated to diminish confidence in their teachings, Winthrop continued his lament, "so many objections made by the opinionists...against our doctrine delivered, if it suited not their new fancies." When Wilson rose to preach or pray, the Hutchinsonians boldly rose and walked out of the meeting house. While Wilson was the favorite butt of this abuse, it was not restricted just to the Boston church, and similar gestures were being made toward the other ministers who preached a covenant of works.
In hopes of bringing the mounting crisis under control, the General Court called for a day of fasting and repentance to be held on Thursday, 19 January 1637. During the Boston church service held that day, Cotton invited Wheelwright to come forward and deliver a sermon. Instead of the hoped-for peace, the opposite transpired. In the sermon Wheelwright stated that those who taught a covenant of works were Antichrists, and all the ministers besides Cotton saw this as being directed at them, though Wheelwright later denied this. During a meeting of the General Court in March Wheelwright was questioned at length, and ultimately charged with sedition, though not sentenced.
Election of May 1637
The religious division had by now become a political issue, resulting in great excitement during the elections of May 1637. The orthodox party of the majority of magistrates and ministers maneuvered to have the elections moved from Boston to Newtown (later Cambridge) where the Hutchinsonians would have less support. The Boston supporters of Hutchinson wanted a petition to be read before the election, but the orthodox party insisted on holding the election first. Tempers flared, and bitter words gave way to blows as zealots on both sides clamored to have their opinions heard. During the excitement, Reverend Wilson was lifted up into a tree, and he bellowed to the crowd below, imploring them to look at their charter, to which a cry went out for the election to take place. The crowd then divided, with a majority going to one end of the common to hold the election, leaving the Boston faction in the minority by themselves. Seeing the futility of resisting further, the Boston group joined in the election.
The election was a sweeping victory for the orthodox party, with Henry Vane replaced by Winthrop as governor, and Hutchinson supporters William Coddington and Richard Dummer losing their positions as magistrates. Soon after the election, Wilson volunteered to be the minister of a military unit that went to Connecticut to settle the conflict with the Pequot Indians. When he returned to Boston on 5 August, two days after Vane boarded a ship for England, never to return, Wilson was summoned to take part in a synod of all the colony's ministers. Many theological issues needed to be put to rest, and new issues that arose during the course of the controversy had to be dealt with.
Trials of Hutchinson
By late 1637, the conclusion of the controversy was beginning to take shape. During the court held in early November, Wheelwright was finally sentenced to banishment, the delay caused by the hopes that he would, at some point, recant. On 7 November the trial of Anne Hutchinson began, and Wilson was there with most of the other ministers in the colony, though his role was somewhat restrained. During the second day of the trial, when things seemed to be going in her favor, Hutchinson insisted on making a statement, admitting that her knowledge of things had come from a divine inspiration, prophesying her deliverance from the proceedings, and announcing that a curse would befall the colony. This was all that her judges needed to hear, and she was accused of heresy and sentenced to banishment, though she would be held in detention for four months, awaiting a trial by the clergy. While no statements made by Wilson were recorded in either existing transcript of this trial, Wilson did make a speech against Hutchinson at the end of the proceedings, to which Hutchinson responded with anger four months later during her church trial.
Her church trial took place at the Boston meeting house on two consecutive Thursdays in March 1638. Hutchinson was accused of numerous theological errors of which only four were covered during the first day, so the trial was scheduled to continue the following week, when Wilson took an active part in the proceedings. During this second day of interrogation a week later, Hutchinson read a carefully written recantation of her theological errors. Had the trial ended there, she would have likely remained in communion with the church, with the possibility of even returning there some day. Wilson, however, did not accept this recantation, and he re-opened a line of questioning from the previous week. With this, a new onslaught began, and when later given the opportunity, Wilson said, "[The root of]... your errors...is the slightinge of Gods faythfull Ministers and contenminge and cryinge down them as Nobodies." Hugh Peter chimed in, followed by Thomas Shepard, and then Wilson spoke again, "I cannot but reverence and adore the wise hand of God...in leavinge our sister to pride and Lyinge." Then John Eliot made his statement, and Wilson resumed, "Consider how we cane...longer suffer her to goe on still in seducinge to seduce, and in deacevinge to deaceve, and in lyinge to lye!"
As the battering continued, even Cotton chided her, and while concerns from the congregation brought pause to the ministers, the momentum still remained with them. When the final points of order were addressed, it was left to Wilson to deliver the final blow: "The Church consentinge to it we will proced to excommunication." He then continued, "Forasmuch as you, Mrs. Hutchinson, have highly transgressed and offended...and troubled the Church with your Errors and have drawen away many a poor soule, and have upheld your Revelations; and forasmuch as you have made a Lye...Therefor in the name of our Lord Je[sus] Ch[rist]...I doe cast you out and...deliver you up to Sathan...and account you from this time forth to be a Hethen and a Publican...I command you in the name of Ch[rist] Je[sus] and of this Church as a Leper to withdraw your selfe out of the Congregation."
Later years
Hutchinson left the colony within a week of her excommunication, and following this conclusion of the Antinomian Controversy, Wilson worked with Cotton to reunite the Boston church. Following Cotton's death in 1652, his position was filled, following four years of campaigning, by John Norton from Ipswich. Norton held this position until his death in 1663.
Wilson was an early advocate of the conversion of Indians to Christianity, and acted on this belief by taking the orphaned son of Wonohaquaham, a local sagamore into his home to educate. In 1647 he visited the "praying Indians" of Nonantum, and noticed that they had built a house of worship that Wilson described as appearing "like the workmanship of an English housewright." During the 1650s and 1660s, in order to boost declining membership in the Boston church, Wilson supported a ruling known as the Half-Way Covenant, allowing parishioners to be brought into the church without having had a conversion experience.
In 1656, Wilson and John Norton were the two ministers of the Boston church when the widow Ann Hibbins was convicted of witchcraft by the General Court and executed in Boston. Hibbins' husband died in 1654, and the unhappy widow was first tried the next year following complaints of her neighbors about her behavior. Details of the event are lacking, because the great Boston journalist, John Winthrop was dead, and the next generations of note takers, Increase Mather and Cotton Mather had not yet emerged. A 1684 letter, however, survives, written by a Reverend Beach in Jamaica to Increase Mather in New England. In the letter Beach stated that he, Wilson and others were guests at Norton's table when Norton made the statement that the only reason Hibbins was executed was because she had more wit than her neighbors, thus implying her innocence. The sentiments of Wilson are not specifically expressed in the letter, though several writers have inferred that his sentiments were the same as Norton's.
Execution of Mary Dyer
In the 1650s Quaker missionaries began filtering into the Massachusetts Bay Colony, mostly from Rhode Island, creating alarm among the colony's magistrates and ministers, including Wilson. In 1870, M'Clure wrote that Wilson "blended an intense love of truth with as intense a hatred of error", referring to the Quakers' marked diversion from Puritan orthodoxy.
On 27 October 1659 three Quakers—Marmaduke Stevenson, William Robinson and Mary Dyer—were led to the Boston gallows from the prison where they had been recently held for their Quaker evangelism, against which Massachusetts had enacted very strict laws. Wilson, now nearly 70, as pastor of the Boston church was on hand as the supervising minister. As the two Quaker men first approached the gallows, wearing hats, Wilson said to Robinson, "Shall such jacks as you come in before authority with your hats on?" Ignoring the barb, Robinson then let forth a barrage of words, to which Wilson angrily responded, "Hold thy tongue, be silent; thou art going to die with a lie in your mouth." The two Quaker men were then hanged, after which it was Dyer's turn to ascend the ladder. As the noose was fastened about her neck, and her face covered, a young man came running and shouting, wielding a document which he waved before the authorities. Governor Endecott had stayed her execution. After the two executions had taken place, Wilson was said to have written a ballad about the event, which was sung by young men around Boston.
Not willing to let public sentiment over the executions subside, Dyer knew that she had to go through with her martyrdom. After the winter she returned to the Bay Colony in May 1660, and was immediately arrested. On the 31st of the month she was brought before Endecott, who questioned her briefly, and then pronounced her execution for the following day. On 1 June, Dyer was once again led to the gallows, and while standing at the hanging tree for the final time, Wilson, who had received her into the Boston church 24 years earlier and had baptized her son Samuel, called to her. His words were, "Mary Dyer, O repent, O repent, and be not so deluded and carried away by deceit of the devil." Her reply was, "Nay, man, I am not now to repent." With these final words, the ladder was kicked away, and she died when her neck snapped.
Death and legacy
Wilson's final years were marked by a prolonged illness. In his will, dated 31 May 1667, Wilson remembered a large number of people, among them being several of the local ministers, including Richard Mather of Dorchester and Thomas Shepard Jr. of Charlestown. He died on 7 August 1667, and his son-in-law Samuel Danforth wrote, "About two of the clock in the morning, my honored Father, Mr. John Wilson, Pastor to the church of Boston, aged about 78 years and an half, a man eminent in faith, love, humility, self-denial, prayer, sound[n]ess of mind, zeal for God, liberality to all men, esp[ecial]ly to the s[ain]ts & ministers of Christ, rested from his labors & sorrows, beloved & lamented of all, and very honorably interred the day following." His funeral sermon was preached by local divine, Increase Mather.
Wilson was notable for making anagrams based on the names of his friends and acquaintances. M'Clure described them as numerous and nimble, and if not exact, they were always instructive, and he would rather force a poor match than lose the moral. An anecdote given by Wilson biographer M'Clure, whether true or not, points to the character of Wilson: a person met Wilson returning from a journey and remarked, "Sir, I have sad news for you: while you have been abroad, your house is burnt." To this Wilson is reputed to have replied, "Blessed be God! He has burnt this house, because he intends to give me a better."
In 1809 historian John Eliot called Wilson affable in speech, but condescending in his deportment. An early mentor of his, Dr. William Ames, wrote, "that if he might have his option of the best condition this side of heaven, it would be [to be] the teacher of a congregational church of which Mr. Wilson was pastor." Plymouth historian Nathaniel Morton called him "eminent for love and zeal" and M'Clure wrote that his unfeigning modesty was excessive. In this vein, M'Clure wrote that Wilson refused to ever sit for a portrait and his response to those who suggested he do so was "What! Such a poor vile creature as I am! Shall my picture be drawn? I say No; it never shall." M'Clure then suggested that the line drawing of Wilson in the Massachusetts Historical Society was made after his death. Cotton Mather, the noted Puritan who was a grandson of both Richard Mather and John Cotton wrote of Wilson, "If the picture of this good, and therein great man, were to be exactly given, great zeal, with great love, would be the two principal strokes that, joined with orthodoxy, should make up his portraiture."
Family
Wilson's wife, Elizabeth, was a sister of Anne Mansfield, the wife of the wealthy Captain Robert Keayne of Boston, who made a bequest to Elizabeth in his 1656 will. With his wife, Wilson had four known children, the oldest of whom, Edmund, returned to England, married, and had children. Their next child, John Jr., attended Harvard College in 1642 and married Sarah Hooker, the daughter of the Reverend Thomas Hooker. The Wilsons then had two daughters, the older of whom, Elizabeth, married Reverend Ezekiel Rogers of Rowley, and then died while pregnant with their first child. The younger daughter, Mary, who was born in Boston on 12 September 1633, married first Reverend Samuel Danforth, and following his death she married Joseph Rock.
See also
History of Boston
History of Massachusetts
References
Bibliography
Online sources
External links
Some of the works of Wilson
1591 births
1667 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
American religious writers
17th-century English Puritan ministers
Massachusetts colonial-era clergy
17th-century New England Puritan ministers
People from colonial Boston
Burials in Boston
17th-century writers in Latin
American writers in Latin |
289997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Metheny | Pat Metheny | Patrick Bruce Metheny ( ; born August 12, 1954) is an American jazz guitarist and composer.
He was the leader of the Pat Metheny Group (1977–2010) and continues to work in various small-combo, duet, and solo settings, as well as other side projects. His style incorporates elements of progressive and contemporary jazz, latin jazz, and jazz fusion. He has three gold albums and 20 Grammy Awards, and is the only person to have won Grammys in 10 categories.
Biography
Early years and education
Metheny was born in Lee's Summit, Missouri. His father Dave played trumpet, his mother Lois sang, and his maternal grandfather Delmar was a professional trumpeter. Metheny's first instrument was the trumpet, on which he was taught by his brother, Mike. Pat's brother, father, and grandfather played trios together at home. His parents were fans of Glenn Miller and swing music. They took Pat to concerts to hear Clark Terry and Doc Severinsen, but they had little respect for guitar. Pat's interest in guitar increased around 1964 when he saw the Beatles perform on TV. For his 12th birthday, his parents allowed him to buy a guitar, which was a Gibson ES-140 3/4.
Pat Metheny's life changed after hearing the album Four & More by Miles Davis. Soon after, he was captivated by Wes Montgomery's album Smokin' at the Half Note which was released in 1965. He cites the Beatles, Miles Davis, and Montgomery as having the biggest impact on his music.
When he was 15, Metheny won a scholarship from Down Beat magazine to a one-week jazz camp where he was mentored by guitarist Attila Zoller, who then invited him to New York City to meet guitarist Jim Hall and bassist Ron Carter.
While playing at a club in Kansas City, Metheny was approached by Bill Lee, a dean at the University of Miami, and offered a scholarship. After less than a week at college, Metheny realized that playing guitar all day during his teens had left him unprepared for classes. He admitted this to Lee, who offered him a job to teach as a professor, as the school had recently introduced electric guitar as a course of study.
He moved to Boston to teach at the Berklee College of Music with jazz vibraphonist Gary Burton and established a reputation as a prodigy.
Debut album
In 1974, he appeared on an album unofficially titled Jaco with pianist Paul Bley, bassist Jaco Pastorius, and drummer Bruce Ditmas on Carol Goss's Improvising Artists label—but he was unaware that he was being recorded. The next year he joined Gary Burton's band with guitarist Mick Goodrick.
Metheny released his debut album, Bright Size Life (ECM, 1976), with Jaco Pastorius on bass guitar and Bob Moses on drums. His next album, Watercolors (ECM, 1977), was the first time he recorded with pianist Lyle Mays, who became his most frequent collaborator. The album also featured Danny Gottlieb, who became the drummer for the first version of the Pat Metheny Group. With Metheny, Mays, and Gottlieb, the fourth member was bassist Mark Egan when the album Pat Metheny Group (ECM, 1978) was released.
Pat Metheny Group
When Pat Metheny Group (ECM, 1978) was released, the group was a quartet comprising, besides Metheny, Danny Gottlieb on drums, Mark Egan on bass, and Lyle Mays on piano, autoharp, and synthesizer. All but Egan had played on Metheny's album Watercolors (ECM, 1977), recorded a year before the first group album.
The second group album, American Garage (ECM, 1979), reached number 1 on the Billboard jazz chart and crossed over onto the pop charts. From 1982 to 1985, the Pat Metheny Group released Offramp (ECM, 1982), a live album, Travels (ECM, 1983), First Circle (ECM, 1984), and The Falcon and the Snowman (EMI, 1985), a soundtrack album for the movie of the same name for which they collaborated on the single "This Is Not America" with David Bowie. The song reached number 14 in the British Top 40 in 1985 and number 32 in the U.S.
Offramp marked the first appearance of bassist Steve Rodby (replacing Egan) and a Brazilian guest artist, Nana Vasconcelos, on percussion and wordless vocals. On First Circle, Argentinian singer and multi-instrumentalist Pedro Aznar joined the group; as drummer, Paul Wertico replaced Gottlieb. Both Rodby and Wertico were members of the Simon and Bard Group at the time and had played in Simon-Bard in Chicago before joining Metheny.
First Circle was Metheny's last album with ECM; he had been a key artist for the label but left following disagreements with the label's founder, Manfred Eicher.
Still Life (Talking) (Geffen, 1987) featured new group members trumpeter Mark Ledford, vocalist David Blamires, and percussionist Armando Marçal. Aznar returned for vocals and guitar on Letter from Home (Geffen, 1989).
During this period the Steppenwolf Theater Company of Chicago featured compositions by Metheny and Mays for their production of Lyle Kessler's play Orphans, where it has remained special optional music for all productions of the play around the world since.
Metheny then again delved into solo and band projects, and four years went by before the release of the next group record, a live album titled The Road to You (Geffen, 1993), which featured tracks from the two Geffen studio albums among new tunes. The group integrated new instrumentation and technologies into its work, notably Mays' use of synthesizers.
Metheny and Mays themselves refer to the next three Pat Metheny Group releases as a triptych: We Live Here (Geffen, 1995), Quartet (Geffen, 1996), and Imaginary Day (Warner Bros., 1997). Moving away from the Latin style which had dominated the releases of the previous ten years, these albums included experiments with sequenced synthetic drums on one track, free-form improvisation on acoustic instruments, and symphonic signatures, blues, and sonata schemes.
With Speaking of Now (Warner Bros., 2002), new group members were added: drummer Antonio Sánchez from Mexico City, trumpeter Cuong Vu from Vietnam, and bassist, vocalist, guitarist, and percussionist Richard Bona from Cameroon.
The Way Up (Nonesuch, 2005) consists of a single 68-minute-long piece—split into four sections—based on a pair of three-note kernels: the opening B, A, F and the derived B, A, F. On The Way Up, harmonica player Grégoire Maret from Switzerland was introduced as a new group member, while Bona contributed as a guest musician.
Side projects
Outside the Group, Metheny has shown different sides of his musical personality. He made the album Orchestrion (Nonesuch, 2010) with elaborate, custom mechanical instruments which allowed him to compose and perform as a one-person orchestra. By contrast, his album Secret Story (Geffen, 1992) used orchestral arrangements found more often in movie soundtracks, such as his own The Falcon and the Snowman (EMI, 1985) and A Map of the World (Warner Bros., 1999). His solo acoustic guitar albums include New Chautauqua (ECM, 1979), One Quiet Night (Warner Bros., 2003), and What's It All About (Nonesuch, 2011). He explored the fringes of the avant-garde on Zero Tolerance for Silence (Geffen, 1994). This, too, was an album of solo guitar, but it was electric guitar. Metheny had ventured into the avant-garde before on 80/81 (ECM, 1980), Song X (Geffen, 1986) with Ornette Coleman, and The Sign of Four with Derek Bailey (Knitting Factory Works, 1997).
In 1997, Metheny recorded with bassist Marc Johnson on Johnson's release The Sound of Summer Running (Verve, 1998). The next year, he recorded a guitar duet with Jim Hall (Telarc, 1999), whose work has strongly influenced Metheny's. He collaborated with Polish jazz and folk singer Anna Maria Jopek on Upojenie (Warner Poland, 2002) and Bruce Hornsby on Hot House (RCA, 2005).
He recorded on albums by his older brother, Mike Metheny, a jazz trumpeter, among them Day In – Night Out (1986) and Close Enough for Love (2001).
The long list of his collaborators includes Lyle Mays, Bill Frisell, Billy Higgins, Brad Mehldau, Charlie Haden, Chick Corea, Dave Holland, Dewey Redman, Eberhard Weber, Herbie Hancock, Jack DeJohnette, Jaco Pastorius, Jim Hall, John Scofield, Joni Mitchell, David Bowie, Joshua Redman, Marc Johnson, Michael Brecker, Mick Goodrick, Roy Haynes, Steve Swallow, and Tony Williams.
Unity Band
In 2012, he formed the Unity Band with Antonio Sánchez on drums, Ben Williams on bass and Chris Potter on saxophone. This ensemble toured Europe and the U.S. during the latter half of the year. In 2013, as an extension of the Unity Band project, Metheny announced the formation of the Pat Metheny Unity Group, with the addition of the Italian multi-instrumentalist Giulio Carmassi.
Influences
As a young guitarist, Metheny tried to sound like Wes Montgomery, but when he was 14 or 15, he decided it was disrespectful to imitate him. In the liner notes on the 2-disc Montgomery compilation Impressions: The Verve Jazz Sides, Metheny is quoted as saying, "Smokin' at the Half Note is the absolute greatest jazz-guitar album ever made. It is also the record that taught me how to play."
Ornette Coleman's 1968 album New York Is Now! inspired Metheny to find his own direction. He has recorded Coleman's compositions on a number of albums, starting with a medley of "Round Trip" and "Broadway Blues" on his debut album, Bright Size Life (1976). He worked extensively with Coleman's collaborators, such as Charlie Haden, Dewey Redman, and Billy Higgins, and he recorded the album Song X (1986) with Coleman and toured with him.
Metheny made three albums on ECM with Brazilian vocalist and percussionist Naná Vasconcelos. He lived in Brazil from the late 1980s to the early 1990s and performed with several local musicians, such as Milton Nascimento and Toninho Horta. He played with Antônio Carlos Jobim as a tribute, in a live performance in Carnegie Hall Salutes The Jazz Masters: Verve 50th Anniversary.
He is also a fan of several pop music artists, especially singer/songwriters including James Taylor (after whom he named the song "James" on Offramp); Bruce Hornsby, Cheap Trick, and Joni Mitchell, with whom he performed on her Shadows and Light (Asylum/Elektra, 1980) live tour. Metheny is also fond of Buckethead's music. He also worked with, sponsored or helped to make recordings of singer/songwriters from all over the world, such as Pedro Aznar (Argentina), Akiko Yano (Japan), David Bowie (UK), Silje Nergaard (Norway), Noa (Israel), and Anna Maria Jopek (Poland).
Two of Metheny's albums, The Way Up (2005) and Orchestrion (2010), show the influence of American minimalist composer Steve Reich and use similar rhythmic figures structured around pulse. Metheny recorded Reich's composition Electric Counterpoint on Reich's album Different Trains (Nonesuch, 1987).
Guitars
Pikasso
Metheny plays a custom-made 42-string Pikasso I created by Canadian luthier Linda Manzer. He plays it on "Into the Dream" and on the albums Quartet (1996), Imaginary Day (1997), Jim Hall & Pat Metheny (1999), Trio → Live (Warner Bros., 2000), and the Speaking of Now Live and Imaginary Day Live DVDs. Metheny has used the guitar in his guest appearances on other artists' albums. He used the Pikasso on Metheny/Mehldau Quartet (Nonesuch, 2007), his second collaboration with pianist Brad Mehldau and his trio sidemen Larry Grenadier and Jeff Ballard; the Pikasso is featured on Metheny's composition "The Sound of Water". Manzer has made many acoustic guitars for Metheny, including a mini guitar, an acoustic sitar guitar, and the baritone guitar, which Metheny used for the recording of One Quiet Night (2003).
Guitar synthesizer
Metheny was one of the first jazz guitarists to use the Roland GR-300 Guitar Synthesizer. He commented, "you have to stop thinking about it as a guitar, because it no longer is a guitar." He approaches it as if he were a horn player, and he prefers the "high trumpet" sound of the instrument. One of the patches that he has often used is on Roland's JV-80 "Vintage Synth" expansion card, titled "Pat's GR-300". In addition to the Roland, he uses a Synclavier controller.
Six-string and twelve-string electric
Metheny was an early proponent of the twelve-string guitar in jazz. During his 1975 tour with the Gary Burton "Quartet" (five people, including Metheny), he primarily played electric twelve-string guitar against the six-string work of resident guitarist Mick Goodrick.
Prior to Metheny, Pat Martino had used the electric twelve-string guitar on a studio album, Desperado, and John McLaughlin had used a double-neck electric guitar with the Mahavishnu Orchestra. Ralph Towner was perhaps the first to use acoustic twelve-string guitar extensively in jazz ("The Moors", from Weather Report's I Sing the Body Electric, Columbia, 1972), and Larry Coryell and Philip Catherine made extensive use of acoustic twelve string in alternate tunings at the 1975 Montreux Jazz Festival, later releasing some of the material on their 1976 Twin House album.
Metheny used a twelve-string guitar on his debut album, Bright Size Life (1976), including alternate tuning on "Sirabhorn", and on later albums ("San Lorenzo", from Pat Metheny Group and Travels).
Use of hollow-body electric guitars
At the age of 12, Metheny bought a natural finish Gibson ES-175 that he played throughout his early career, until it was retired in 1995. After his first tour of Japan in 1978, he began an association with Ibanez guitars, who have since produced a range of PM signature models.
Personal life
Metheny is the younger brother of jazz flugelhornist Mike Metheny. He lives in New York City with his wife, Latifa (née Azhar), and three children. Latifa has been credited for album photography. Metheny was in a relationship with Sônia Braga.
Awards and honors
Only artist to win Grammy Awards in ten different categories
DownBeat Hall of Fame, 2013
Miles Davis Award, Montreal International Jazz Festival, 1995
Orville H. Gibson Award, 1996
Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music, 1996
Guitarist of the Year, DownBeat Readers' Poll, 1983, 1986–1991, 2007–2016
Best Jazz Guitarist, Guitar Player magazine, 1982, 1983, 1986
Best Jazz Guitarist, Guitar Player magazine Readers' Poll, 1984, 1985, 2009
Best Acoustic Guitarist, Acoustic Guitar magazine Readers' Poll, 2009
Echo Award for Best Guitar Instrumentalist – International for TAP: John Zorn's Book of Angels Vol. 20, 2014
Echo Award, International Ensemble of the Year, Kin, 2015
Missouri Music Hall of Fame, 2016
Lifetime Achievement Award, JazzFM, 2018
Elected into Royal Swedish Academy of Music, 2018
2018 NEA Jazz Masters, 2017
Honorary Doctorate of Music from McGill University, 2019
Grammy Awards
Source:
Discography
Bright Size Life (ECM, 1976) – rec. 1975
Watercolors (ECM, 1977)
Pat Metheny Group (ECM, 1978)
New Chautauqua (ECM, 1979) – rec. 1978
American Garage (ECM, 1979)
80/81 (ECM, 1980)
As Falls Wichita, So Falls Wichita Falls with Lyle Mays (ECM, 1981) – rec. 1980
Offramp (ECM, 1982) – rec. 1981
Travels (ECM, 1983) – live rec. 1982
Rejoicing (ECM, 1984) – rec. 1983
First Circle (ECM, 1984)
The Falcon and the Snowman (EMI, 1985) – soundtrack rec. 1984
Song X with Ornette Coleman (Geffen, 1986) – rec. 1985
Still Life (Talking) (Geffen, 1987)
Letter from Home (Geffen, 1989)
Question and Answer (Geffen, 1990) – rec. 1989
Secret Story (Geffen, 1992)
The Road to You (Geffen, 1993) – live rec. 1991
Zero Tolerance for Silence (Geffen, 1994) – rec. 1992
I Can See Your House from Here with John Scofield (Blue Note, 1994)
Dream Teams with Sonny Rollins trio (Bugsy, 1994) – live rec. 1983, 86
We Live Here (Geffen, 1995) – rec. 1994
Quartet (Geffen, 1996)
Passaggio per il paradiso (MCA, 1996) – soundtrack
Beyond the Missouri Sky (Short Stories) with Charlie Haden (Verve, 1997)
Imaginary Day (Warner Bros., 1997)
Like Minds (Concord Jazz, 1998) – rec. 1997
Jim Hall & Pat Metheny (Telarc, 1999) – rec. 1998
A Map of the World (Warner Bros., 1999) – soundtrack
Trio 99 → 00 (Warner Bros., 2000)
Trio → Live (Warner Bros., 2000)
Speaking of Now (Warner Bros., 2002)
One Quiet Night (Warner Bros., 2003)
The Way Up (Nonesuch, 2005) – rec. 2003–04
Metheny/Mehldau (Nonesuch, 2006)
Metheny Mehldau Quartet (Nonesuch, 2007)
Day Trip(Nonesuch, 2008)
Tokyo Day Trip (Nonesuch, 2008)
Upojenie with Anna Maria Jopek (Nonesuch, 2008)
Quartet Live with Gary Burton (Concord Jazz, 2009)
Orchestrion (Nonesuch, 2010)
What's It All About (Nonesuch, 2011)
Unity Band with Chris Potter (Nonesuch, 2012)
The Orchestrion Project (Nonesuch, 2013)
Tap: Book of Angels Volume 20 (Tzadik/Nonesuch, 2013)
KIN (←→) (Nonesuch, 2014)
Hommage à Eberhard Weber (ECM, 2015)
The Unity Sessions (Nonesuch, 2016)
Cuong Vu Trio Meets Pat Metheny (Nonesuch, 2016)
From This Place (Nonesuch, 2020)
Road to the Sun (Modern Recordings, 2021)
Side-Eye NYC (V1.IV) (Modern Recordings, 2021)
Dream Box (Modern Recordings, 2023)
References
Further reading
Florin, Ludovic, and Ségala, Pascal. Pat Metheny, Artiste multiplunique (in French). Éditions du Layeur, 2017. ()
Goins, Wayne E. Emotional Response to Music: Pat Metheny's Secret Story. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2001.
External links
Official site
Pat Metheny's guitar rig
Pat Metheny's artist file at the Montreal International Jazz Festival's website
1954 births
Living people
People from Lee's Summit, Missouri
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Lead guitarists
American jazz guitarists
Jazz fusion guitarists
Berklee College of Music faculty
Grammy Award winners
University of Miami alumni
University of Miami faculty
Guitarists from Missouri
ECM Records artists
Geffen Records artists
Nonesuch Records artists
Pat Metheny Group members
Jazz musicians from Missouri
Improvising Artists Records artists |
338842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canosa%20di%20Puglia | Canosa di Puglia | Canosa di Puglia, generally known simply as Canosa (), is a town and comune in the province of Barletta-Andria-Trani, Apulia, southern Italy. It is located between Bari and Foggia, on the northwestern edge of the plateau of the Murgia which dominates the Ofanto valley and the extensive plains of Tavoliere delle Puglie, ranging from Mount Vulture at the Gargano, to the Adriatic coast. Canosa, the Roman Canusium, is considered the principal archaeological center of Apulia, and is one of the oldest continually inhabited cities in Italy. A number of vases and other archaeological finds are located in local museums and private collections. It is not far from the position on the Ofanto River where the Romans found refuge after the defeat of the Battle of Cannae and is the burial place of Bohemund I of Antioch.
Name
Canosa is the Italian development of the Latin , derived from the Greek Kanýsion (), whose origin is uncertain. According to the Latin commentator Servius, Canusium derived from ("dog"), an animal associated with the local worship of Aphrodite. Other derivations include from Greek kháneon (, "wicker basket"), from the abundant wicker growing along the Ofanto; the Hebrew chanuth ("tavern"); and the Etruscan name Canzna.
Geography
Territory
Canosa sits on the right bank of the Ofanto river (the ancient ) and is nearly from the Adriatic Sea. The town sits upon the Murgia plateau, between above sea level. The city is built on a mostly sandy or clay surface that covers a limestone layer ("calcareniti of Gravina") which in turn constitutes the typical white-yellowish tuff and is easily collapsible.
This morphological feature allowed the underground construction of artificial grottoes (used in the 19th century as cellars), and the creation of a Hypogeum. The tuff derived from the excavations has gone towards the construction of buildings on the surface. There are risks of subsidence due to the presence of caves and underground channels typical of karst environments. The buildings of the town of Canosa are considered high risk for collapse. In recent years there have been many building failures and disruptions of roads. The area extends south to the slopes of the Murgia, and is mostly flat. The basins of Rendina and Locone contribute to the large area .
Climate
Canosa has a typical temperate climate, mild spring and autumn, and cold winters and mild summers.
The monthly average temperature is strongly influenced by the Murgiano Range from in January, to in August. The average annual rainfall is of rainfall, distributed mainly in the period from September to April. Climate classification of Canosa is Climate zone C.
History
Prehistory
The ancient Greeks and Romans ascribed the foundation of Canusion or Canusium to the Homeric hero Diomedes, but archeologists have established human presence in the area back to the 7th millennium BC. The Diomedea fields were one of the main centers of the Dauni, a northern branch of the Iapyges, during the Neolithic (6th to 4th millennia BC). Toppicelli on the Ofantina plain has revealed buildings and tombs of a rich aristocracy that also seem related to this group.
Excavations have also discovered metal and amber designs which appear Etruscan.
Antiquity
Canusion became an important commercial center for craftsman, especially of ceramics and pottery. Probably settled by the Pelasgians, it became a Greek polis by the time of the development of Magna Grecia. This Hellenistic city—located at the site of the present urban core—first appears in the historical record as an ally of the Samnites in their wars against Rome but was either subdued or voluntarily switched sides in , after which it served as a Roman ally. Following Hannibal's victory over the consuls Paullus and Varro at nearby Cannae, Canosa protected the fleeing remnants of the Roman army within its walls. In the second year of the Social War, it joined the rebels and successfully resisted a Roman siege. During that conflict or the civil wars that followed, it seems to have suffered greatly and been much reduced in size, although it improved its status to a self-governing municipality () in and protected those privileges throughout the conflicts. A list of its local senators has been recovered from the ruins.
The town was a center for agricultural production and trade, particularly in Apulian wool. Horace's Satires complain of the area's gritty bread and bad water but note that the people were still fluent in both Latin and Greek. Its coins continued to bear Greek inscriptions through the Roman period. The Via Traiana reached the town in and the ruins of a large gateway still honor that emperor. The city also boasted a very large amphitheater. It became a Roman colony () under Marcus Aurelius. Herodes Atticus oversaw the process and constructed an aqueduct, completed in 141. Antoninus Pius made it the capital of the Province of Apulia and Calabria. Towards the end of the 3rd century it became the capital of Apulia and Calabria II Royal.
Middle Ages
The city continued to flourish into the early medieval period, when it became known as the "city of bishops". Some of its bishops are known from the 4th century. Bishop Stercorius took part in the 343 Council of Sardica, and Bishop Probus intervened decisively against a Spanish bishop who wanted to name his own successor in a council convoked at Rome by Pope Hilarius in 465. The diocese reached its apogee under St Sabinus (514–566), who subsequently was honored as the town's patron saint.
The area suffered severely at the hands of the Lombards during the invasion that established the Duchy of Benevento and the Muslim invasions which followed. In the early 9th century, Muslims entirely destroyed the town and, in 844, Bishop Angelarius translated the relics of Rufinus, Memorus, and Sabinus to Bari. Soon after, Pope Sergius II confirmed him as the bishop of Bari and Canosa, a united title borne by Bari's archbishops until 1986. (It remains a titular see.)
In 963, Canosa was rebuilt at a site below the former Roman city. It remained a Lombard gastaldate until the Norman conquest that established the Kingdom of Sicily. Under Bohemund I of Antioch (d. 1111), son of Robert Guiscard, it regained some of its earlier importance. The 5-domed cathedral of St Sabinus was completed in 1101. Bohemund's tomb is located just to its south. Following the extirpation of the Hohenstaufens, however, it again went into decline.
Modernity
The ruins and settlement of Canosa were repeatedly damaged by earthquakes, particularly those in 1361, 1456, 1627, 1659, 1694, and 1851. The town was also repeatedly sacked, notably by the Tarantini in 1451 and by Napoleon in 1803. As a fief, it was controlled by the Casati, the Orsini of , the Grimaldi of Monaco, the Gemmis family of Castelfoce, the Affaitati of Barletta, and the Capece Minutolo of Naples. Tiberio Capece was named "prince of Canosa" in 1712.
After the Italian Wars of Independence and the disastrous earthquake in 1851, Canosa remained predominantly bourgeois town as demonstrated by the construction of palaces. Virtually unscathed by World War I, the town suffered the effects of the 1930 Irpinia earthquake, which caused enormous damage.
On 6 November 1943, during World War II, the area was bombed by the Allies shortly after the armistice of 8 September. Some buildings were damaged, including the churches of San Francesco and San Biagio and the Town Hall, and 57 people lost their lives. In April 2001 the City of Canosa was awarded the bronze medal for Civil Valor in remembrance of the tragedy. On 17 September 1962, by decree of the President, Canosa was awarded the title of City for its historical traditions and the merits acquired by the community. In 1980 Canosa was again damaged by an earthquake.
Currently the economy of Canosa is based mainly on agriculture, with a service sector (archaeological, tourism) and industry and handicrafts, including textiles, food processing and manufacturing.
Main sights
Religious architecture
Cathedral of San Sabino
The Cathedral of San Sabino was founded in the 8th century by the Lombards Duke Arechis II of Benevento, after the abandonment of early Christian sites in San Leucio and St. Peter. Originally dedicated to Saints John and Paul, was named after St. Sabinus of Canosa on 7 September 1101, by Pope Paschal II, some four hundred years after the transfer of the saint's remains in the crypt. It was recognized as a cathedral in 1916 by Pope Benedict XV.
The plan of the basilica is a Latin cross, covered by five domes and an apse lit by three windows, whose central body is covered with a stained glass window depicting the patron saint. It is an example of Romanesque/Byzantine architecture. Below the chancel are the crypt, shrine of the saint. The arches are supported by marble columns with Corinthian capitals, which were retrieved from devastated ancient monuments. The cathedral lies three feet below the square.
After the earthquake of 1851, the cathedral was damaged and the restoration work led to an expansion of the Latin cross, as well as the reconstruction of the facade in local tuff with three portals, each corresponding to the aisles.
The chapels contain in order: a baptismal font, a fresco, an altar dedicated to Our Lady of the Fountain (protectress of Canosa) whose icon came after the First Crusade, in the adjacent Mausoleum of Bohemond, the wooden statue and a painting of Alphonsus Maria de Liguori, and the tomb of Blessed Father Antonio Maria Losito (1838–1917).
The left aisle houses the tomb of the Bishop of Lecce Archbishop Francesco Minerva (1904–2004) following three chapels: one containing the relics, chalices, crucifixes, and a silver bust of the saint enclosed by an iron grating, and the other dedicated to St. Anthony (but with canvas representing St. Francis of Assisi), the third devoted to St. Anne. On the left arm of a Latin cross are two other chapels that of the St. Sacramento containing the statue of the Sacred Heart and the other of St. Joseph.
The presbytery has a high altar with ciborium, set on a marble base with three steps, surmounted by a canopy supported by four red marble columns with Corinthian capitals, octagonal pyramid in two sections held up a total of 48 columns of the same marble, very similar to that in the Basilica of San Nicola di Bari.
Mausoleum of Bohemond
Accessible from the right transept of the cathedral is the Mausoleum of Bohemond. (You will have to ask a church official to unlock the door which gives access.) Erected sometime after 1111, the little building has an upper part characterized by a polygonal drum surmounted by a hemispherical dome. Opposite the door to the Mausoleum is a stone carved heraldic device, a Lion Rampant, the style of which appears contemporary with Bohemond, and could therefore represent his personal coat of arms. An asymmetrical bronze double door (now preserved in the side chapel in the adjoining Basilica of Our Lady of the Fountain) was probably created by Roger Melfi (11th century). Inside, in addition to the columns, one going deep, there is on the marble floor the word "".
Other churches
Church of St. Anthony of Padua
Church of St. Catherine
Church of Saints Francis and Blaise
Church of Saint Lucia and Teodoro, also called the Blessed Purgatory
Church of Our Lady of the Assumption
Church of Our Lady of Constantinople
Church of Maria Immacolata
Church of Maria del Caramel and Carmine
Church of Maria del Rosario O Rosal
Church of Passion of Jesus Christ (Rector)
Church of Jesus the Liberator
Church of Jesus, Joseph and Mary -
Church of St. John the Baptist
Church of St. Therese of the Child Jesus -
Civil architecture
Historical buildings
The center of the city is littered with 18th- and 19th-century buildings of great artistic and aesthetic value.
Casieri palace
Iliceto palace, housing a puppet museum (19th-20th centuries).
Palazzo Scocchera Santa
Palazzo Barbarossa
Rossi Palace
Palazzo Sinesi, containing 400 findings dating back to the 4th-3rd centuries BC.
Palace De Muro Fiocco
Palazzo Fracchiolla-Minerva
City Palace
Caporale palace
Palazzo Visconti
Palace Forino on via De Gasperi
Mazzini School via Piave
Teatro D'Ambra
The city 's historic theater is the Teatro D'Ambra, now owned by the city and renamed Teatro Comunale. Its construction was commissioned by Raffaele Lembo, a wealthy local grain merchant, and dates to 1923. The draft prepared by engineer and architect Arturo Boccasini of Barletta, had designed the Teatro Di Lillo of Barletta and had collaborated on the project of Teatro Margherita di Bari. The theater was opened in late 1926 when, with scarce economic resources, they completed part of the structure including without ornaments and decorations. Purchased by the City of Canosa and delivered to the city on 5 February 2005, the historic theater will be completely renovated and restored to house performances again.
In May 2006 the renovation work were frozen after of an exceptional archaeological discovery, which was found under the gallery of the theater. This is a complicated intersection of Imperial age with some structures being from the Archaic Age (8th-7th centuries BC).
Other
Villa Comunale
The Villa Comunale, the center of Canosa, has its origins in the 19th century. Mayor Vincent Sinesi who in 1888 arranged the building adjacent to the Cathedral and the Mausoleum of Bohemond to be donated to the municipality by a few Canosa families.
Beyond the Mausoleum of Bohemond, there is a monument dedicated to Scipio Africanus, and an altar commemorating the fallen of all wars.
The lapidarium is composed of a remarkable archaeological heritage with Dauna and Roman inscriptions, funerary reliefs, capitals and columns, lintels, and the well of the imperial villas.
Archaeological sites
Castle
The "castle" is actually the acropolis of ancient Canosa (Castrum Canus). The three great towers are the ruins of the eponymous estate located atop the hill overlooking the valley Ofantina. Originally a place of worship and pre-Roman fort, built of tufa blocks was rebuilt as a bastion of the same materials by the Grimaldi. Last owners, from 1856, were the Prince of Canosa Capece Minutolo of Naples, and remained until 1948. The wear of the blocks that compose it and the color denotes the passage of these various civilizations that have developed the structure in different epochs. The castle has also reported damage after the devastating bombing of the Second World War. Along the steep hill of the Acropolis, there is the old part of the country, with its narrow streets and staircases. At the southern base lie the remains of a Roman amphitheater.
Hypogeum and catacombs
Canosa has ancient Hypogeum (many probably still hidden). These were used first by Dauni as pagan catacombs, and, within them, celebrated funerary cults, demonstrating an advanced civilization in the vast era from 6000 BC to 2nd century AD). The burials in the tombs continued to Roman times. The tombs contained, in addition to the deceased (often found in the fetal position), personal items found in urns or deposited in niches. Over the years, however, many of these artifacts (including precious jewelry in gold and bronze, pottery, red figures and askos) have been lost (or in private hands) due to grave robbers. Often these sites have frescoes with an allegorical passage of the deceased to take in the afterlife (for ). The most important are those of the Cerberus, Lagrasta, Boccaforno and the Hoplite. Other exhibits recovered at the local Museum.
Not far from the town lies in the depths of clay soil, the necropolis of Santa Sofia. Used around the 4th century AD, for early Christians, it extended over other tombs dating back to the time of the persecution against the Christians. It was discovered around 1960 and is undergoing restoration.
Other hypogeum and catacombs include:
Ori Tomb (4th century BC)
Ipogei Monterisi-Rossignoli (4th century BC)
Varrese Tomb (4th century BC)
Hypogeum Cerberus (4th century BC)
Ipogeo Scocchera A (4th century BC)
Ipogeo Scocchera B (called Ipogeo Boccaforno, 4th century BC)
Ipogei Casieri (4th century BC)
Hypogeum Vessel Dario (4th century BC)
Ipogei Lagrasta (2nd century BC)
Ipogeo dell'Oplita (2nd century BC)
Ipogeo Matarrese
Ipogeo Reimers
Tomb of Largo Constantinople (3rd century BC)
Necropolis of Santa Sofia (2nd-4th century AD)
Temples and archaic churches
Basilica di San Leucio
The Basilica of San Leucio is one of the greatest examples of early Christian architecture in Apulia. A pagan temple until the 2nd century AD, probably dedicated to Minerva, was transformed into a Christian Basilica between the 4th and 5th centuries AD.
The structure is the result of merging the cultures of Magna Graecia and Italica consisting of a cell dedicated to worship located between two large rooms, with polychrome mosaics, tufa plastered figured capitals and painted columns in Doric – Ionic.
The early Christian Basilica of San Leucio was built on a Hellenistic temple. Its construction reused the already existing walls, columns and capitals. The floor plan is called a double envelope consists of an outer wall of square shape of per side with exedra on each side within which there is a second concentric squares with colonnade exedras. The architecture of the basilica is of oriental inspiration, with preference for large color spaces. In the 9th century a chapel was built adjoining the apse for burial rites.
Basilica di San Pietro
The Basilica di San Pietro was the first cathedral of the Christian era, then transformed into a tomb of Saint Sabino (556), patron of Canosa.
The complex is with three naves, apse and narthex of St. Peter's, preceded by a large atrium portico and bordered by a residential building and several other structures used in cemetery functions: a mausoleum, the Sepulchre of Bishop Sabino, a large brick kiln devoted to cooking and a domus, used probably as a bishop's residence. Also present are mosaics and Doric-Ionic capitals. Since 2001 the entire area is ongoing systematic excavation by the University of Foggia and the University of Bari.
Baptistry of San Giovanni
The main body of the twelve-sided shape, contained a heptagonal baptismal font. The compositions were mainly in marble and tuff. The columns that support the barrel vault was damaged over time, as they have lost the gold mosaics that once covered it. Corresponding to the cardinal points, left four small dodecagon aisles to form a structure of a Greek cross. In the 1800s, it was used as a mill. Nevertheless, such use did not affect the status of the building. Since 2001 it is the subject of research by the University of Foggia. Recently, under the Baptistry, have yielded two distinct levels of an early Christian church.
Temple of Jupiter "Toro"
The Roman temple of Jupiter "Toro", a peripteral temple with six columns on the short sides and ten on the long sides, and a brick staircase, took its name from a statue of Jupiter found at the excavation in 1978.
Other sites
Among other monuments are the Ofanto Roman Bridge (1st century AD), which allowed the passage of the Via Traiana from one side of the river and was used for road traffic until the 1970s. It was reconstructed in the Middle Ages and restored again in 1759. The base consists of four pillars shaped like a spearhead and five mixed arches.
Notable are the Tower and Mausoleums, Casieri Bagnoli and Barbarossa, and the Arch of Gaius Terentius Varro, opus latericium and the opus reticulatum monuments dedicated to the passage of the Roman consul in the Battle of Cannae. The first three sites preserve the remains of some of the fallen in the battle.
Finally, the Roman Baths (Ferrara and Lomuscio) located in the city center came to light in the 1950s. They have enriched apse mosaics.
Languages
The dialect is a primary Italo-Romance dialect arising directly from the Vulgar Latin spoken in ancient Canusium. Linguistically, part of the southern dialects spoken in North Central Apulia. The vocabulary is almost entirely of Latin origin with influences of ancient Greek. Norman domination has left some words, without upsetting the existing lexical and grammatical system.
Culture
Education
Canosa is home to four secondary schools:
State Professional Institute for Agriculture and the Environment "May 1".
Nicola Garrone State Professional Institute for Trade.
Luigi Einaudi Istituto Tecnico Commerciale Statale
Enrico Fermi Liceo Scientifico Statale
Museums
Museo Civico Archeologico
The Archaeological Museum was established in 1934 and placed in the 18th-century Casieri palace. It houses about 2,000 archaeological finds from excavations in tombs at Canosa and the 5th-3rd centuries BC. There are inscriptions, sculptures, reliefs, marbles, coins, jewelry, ceramics and pottery dating back to a broad span of about 1500 years representing the ancient Dauno, Roman, early Christian and medieval Byzantine.
In the past, the museum has been deprived of some pieces of inestimable value, such as gold from the Tomb of the Ori. These jewels are now held at the National Archaeological Museum of Taranto, and scattered in major Italian and European museums (including the Louvre Museum in Paris). The museum collection includes:
Pieces of red-figure pottery and amphorae.
Cruet, pitchers, bowls, jars, amphoras, urns, small vases in the 3rd century BC
Jewish, Roman and Christian lamps. There are also a clay statue of a woman in prayer and some lead of the aqueduct of Herodes Atticus
Coinage of Canusium.
Askos and lekanoi polychrome Iapyges inscriptions,
Fragments of medieval pottery and Neolithic flints.
Palazzo Sinesi - Archaeological Foundation Canosina
Palazzo Sines (19th century), has since 1994 been an exhibition space for thematic exhibitions. It is the seat of the Archaeological Foundation Canosina and home to the Superintendent of Archaeological Heritage of Apulia.
Palazzo Iliceto
Palazzo Iliceto is an imposing 18th-century building intended as an exhibition space for special exhibits. Until 2005 it was the home of the Museo delle Marionette Canosa, and since 2005 houses the archaeological exhibition God with lightning. It was also used for some theater in the summer of 2003, and outdoor film screenings in the summers of 2004 and 2005. Exhibitions include:
God with lightning (from 18 May 2005): This is an archaeological exhibition that has images sacred to Canusium, sponsored by the Foundation Archaeological Canosina.
The Museum of Puppets (the valuable and interesting collection of Aquila-Taccardi: an assortment of 52 large characters in beech, walnut and pine, antique silk robes, armor, copper and nickel silver represented noble Spanish Christians, princesses and Saracens, popes, dukes and cardinals.
The days of the sacred (2003) show the traditions of Holy Week and in Canosa di Puglia.
Museum of Country Life
The Museum of Country Life is housed in an old bakery in the service area of the castle and is sporadically open during the summer, the patron festivals, and at events organized in the castle.
The museum, through an extensive development of original objects, traces the daily rural life in the last century, browsing habits and customs of a civilization now vanished. The museum is divided into three macro-areas:
Domestic life: pots, kettles, wooden spoons, faggots to feed the flame and other tools for preparation of food farmers. Also furniture, a stroller, representations of deities placed on the facades of houses.
Agriculture: pruning scissors, blankets, bags, straining vats, crusher, press and barrels of various sizes, plows, hoes, harrows, and agrarian civilization objects linked to production and consumption of extra virgin olive oil, wine and wheat.
The craft: the tools of the blacksmith, the tinsmith, shoemaker, plus all the necessary trades related to the processing of clay, hides, the production of cheeses and dairy products.
Food and wine
The 'Canosina' gastronomy is strongly linked to rural and Mediterraneans culinary traditions.
One of the most characteristic is the burned flour of wheat (in the Apulian dialect gren IARS): A dark meal of humble origins, obtained from the grain recovered from the burning of stubble after harvest, from which it was produced the characteristic dark color meal. This recovery was done by people who could not afford the "normal" flour. The most original and popular products that are obtained by mixing equal parts white flour and wheat flour are burned dragged (in dialect strasc-net) with prosciutto and bread (in dialect ppen to prusutt) to make a dark bread mixed with white.
Distinguishing gastronomy features of the city are the renowned extra virgin olive oil obtained from Corato olives. Rosso Canosa Wine, produced with Uva di Troia (grapes of Troy, also called a variety of Canosa). Wine production also includes white and red wines, as well as excellent sparkling wines. The main products under the brand IGT (Typical Geographic Indication) are: Nero di Troia, Trebbiano, Cabernet Sauvignon, Puglia Rosso, Sangiovese.
Rosso Canosa DOC
The Italian wine DOC of Rosso Canosa is designated only for red wine production with the 100 ha (250 acre) zone. Grapes are limited to a harvest yield of 14 tonnes/ha with the finished wine needing at least 12% alcohol. The wine are a blend of 65% Uva di Troia, up to 35% blend of Montepulciano and Sangiovese with Sangiovese, itself, not to exceed 15%, and other local red grape varieties allowed up to 5%. If the wine is labeled Riserva then it must be aged for a minimum of 2 years with at least one of those years spent in oak barrels/wood. Riserva wine must also have a higher minimum alcohol level of 13%.
Markets
The food market (also known as the square) takes place daily in the Piazza Galuppi, currently in the recovery phase, while the traditional weekly market is held every Thursday (with some exceptions) in the St. Johns (known as field-field).
People
Paulina Busa (fl. 216 BC), a merciful noblewoman during the Second Punic War.
Sabinus of Canosa (461–566), bishop and patron saint of Canosa.
Bohemond I of Antioch or Altavilla (1050?–1111), Prince of Taranto, commander of the First Crusade and buried at Canosa.
Archbishop Francesco Minerva, archbishop (1904–2004), archpriest of the cathedral parish priest of San Sabino, later Bishop of the Diocese of Nardo-Gallipoli and finally archbishop of Lecce.
Enzo de Muro Lomanto (1902–52), tenor of international fame, married to the soprano Toti Dal Monte
Lino Banfi (1936), actor
Gaetano Castrovilli (1997), professional football player
Events
February
Death of San Sabino (February 9) – Liturgy, a procession and fireworks.
Our Lady of Lourdes (February 11)
Canosa carnival
March
Our Lady of Constantinople (1 st Tuesday of the month) – Pilgrimage to the Shrine of Our Lady of Constantinople, according to a custom dating from the 8th century.
Via Crucis evocation of the 14 Stations of the Cross, organized by the Santa Teresa Parish.
April
Procession of the Addolorata (Friday before Palm Sunday) - is the procession that begins the rites of Holy Week. The procession includes the participation of a very large number of faithful, mostly women dressed and veiled in black, often barefoot. Tradition recalls that the Virgin Mary, in search of her son Jesus, knocked (hence tupp-tuzz'le, i.e. knock) at church doors before reaching the cathedral.
The Tomb (Rite of Holy Week,
Procession of the Mysteries (Rite of Holy Week, Good Friday)
Procession of Distressed (Rite of Holy Week, Holy Saturday) - Probably the most impressive procession of Holy Week. It starts from the Church of San Francesco and San Biagio on Saturday morning. Children dressed as angels open the procession showing the subjects and sentences the Passion of Christ. Below the Distressed statue followed by a large choir of some 250 girls with their faces covered and dressed in black, some still barefoot, screaming (in harrowing ways) a typical song, the Stabat Mater.
Procession of Our Lady of the Fountain - the rediscovery of the traditional Feast of First Fruits, on the second Sunday of Easter. Canosini producers lead the ancient icon, preserved in the cathedral by nine centuries
May
Week of Cultural Heritage
Citizen Fair (20 and May 21)
June
St Maria Altomare (June 1) - local parties organized by the parish of Jesus, Mary and Joseph.
July
Diomede Award - Apulia rewards distinguished Canosa for meritorious work in economic, sporting, social, scientific, artistic and cultural efforts.
Our Lady of Mount Carmel (July 16) - neighborhood festivals organized by the rector of Mount Carmel.
"Canosa Summer" (July 31) - Musical entertainment
August
Festival of San Sabino, Madonna della Fonte and St. Alphonsus Maria de Liguori (August 1, 2)
Sagra dell Old Red Wine (1st week of month)
Rite of Percocca (2nd Sunday of month)
Feast of the Assumption (August 15)
October
Santa Teresa (October 1)
Our Lady of the Rosary (October 7)
November
St. Catherine of Alexandria Martyr (November 25)
December
Sagra dell Extra Virgin Olive Oil
St. Immaculate (December 8) - local parties organized by the parish of St. Immaculate.
Saint Lucia (December 13)
Living Nativity - Representation with 150 figures that extends over an area of 6000 m 2 and a path along 300 m. The first edition was published in 2004. It is estimated about 40,000 visitors a year come witness it.
Christmas in the City - White Night
Exhibition of Nativity crafts, organized by the local branch of the Italian Association of Friends of the Natvity
Economy
The Canosina economy is mainly linked to agriculture. The historic resources, archaeological and tourist, facilitate the influx of visitors. The city's central position in relation to the surrounding area, however, helped give rise to particular firms in the textile and food industries.
Agriculture
The location puts the area between the Canosa Murgia and Tavoliere delle Puglie, a few miles of Lake Locone. Due to the mild temperatures, typical of the area are the production of figs, prickly pears, almonds, lampascioni, peaches and cherries, without neglecting other vegetables (turnips, beets and Arugula), and vegetables.
Recently (2005) there have been controversies and protests by farmers due to low scores on local products, which have followed the movement disruption and confrontation with the recording of incidents of crime.
Farms surrounding cattle, sheep and goats guarantees the production of milk and cheese for the surroundings dairy industries.
Handicrafts
The realization of handmade wicker baskets or clay pots are still frequent. Still practiced is the ancient crafts such as shoemaking.
Industry
The rolas a strategic road junction has allowed the city to host a number of distribution centers for goods, such as fruits and medicines. In recent decades, Canosa has developed several wineries and olive oil center, along with a major pasta factory.
Since the early 2000s a planned incinerator in the territory of Canosa has led to many demonstrations and protests. After a long and complicated litigation between the municipal administration and the manufacturers of the plant, in March 2007 a decision of the Council of State overturned the building permit for the construction.
Transportation
Roads and highways
Canosa is located near one of the most important motorway hubs of southern Italy. From 1973, the Motorway A16 (Naples-Canosa, also known as Two Seas Highway) intersects Motorway A14 (Bologna – Taranto, also called the Adriatic highway). The toll of Canosa is 172 km from Naples, 611 km from Bologna and 133 km from Taranto. At average of 15 - 20 thousand cars, with peaks of 40 - 45 thousand units, and the toll road of Canosa will be extended.
In the northeast the modern Provincial Road 231 Andries Coratina (SS 98) parallels the Via Traiana built by Emperor Trajan in 108 AD, linking the ancient Trajan Benevento to Brindisi. In Roman times there was probably a port for shipment of goods, which still is an all-important reference port located at Barletta. Other roads of major importance are the Provincial Road 231 Andries Coratina (SS 98) and State Road 93 Appulo Lucana Barletta-Canosa.
Railways
Canosa has a railway station, currently on the Barletta-Spinazzola line. The project dates back to 1861, but in 1888 is entered into an agreement with Southern Railways Company for the construction of the line. The railway line was inaugurated on August 1, 1895. Since the nineties the line was strongly curtailed.
Twin towns
Canosa is twinned with:
Grójec, Poland
Dubrovnik, Croatia
Grinzane Cavour, Italy
Torremaggiore, Italy
Sports
The soccer team of the city is the SS Canosa. The company's corporate colors are red and blue. Currently playing in the Promotion cup, but in the past has played in the Cup of Excellence and the Championship Series D. It also won the Amateur Cup of Italy. Among the sports facilities in the city include:
Municipal Stadium Sabino Moroccan
Stadio Comunale San Sabino
Sports Palace
References
Sources
External links
Campi Diomedei: Information
Canosa web portal
Tourism portal
Cities and towns in Apulia
Pre-Roman cities in Italy
Catholic titular sees in Europe
Burial sites of the House of Hauteville |
6359258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20O.%20Levy | Harold O. Levy | Harold Oscar Levy (December 14, 1952 – November 27, 2018) was an American lawyer and philanthropist who last served as the executive director of the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation. Having previously held leadership roles as a corporate attorney, venture capital investor and as a manager in the financial services industry, Levy is best known for having served as Chancellor of the New York City public schools, the largest school system in the U.S., from 2000 to 2002.
Early life and education
Levy's parents were Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. His father, a former textile merchant in Trier, Germany, owned a hardware store on East 59th Street, and the family lived in the Washington Heights neighborhood. A student leader throughout his education, he graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1970. He earned a B.S in 1974 from Cornell University's School of Industrial & Labor Relations. During his time at Cornell, he resided in the Telluride House. He then earned a master's degree in Politics, Philosophy and Economics in 1978 from Oxford University, and J.D. in 1979 from Cornell Law School.
Wall Street career (1985–2000)
During the first period of his career, Levy worked on Wall Street providing legal advice to Citigroup, Inc. and its predecessors, Traveler's Group, Inc., Salomon, Inc. and Philipp Brothers, Inc. He was the associate general counsel and handled special assignments, including serving as Citigroup's director of global compliance, Salomon Brothers' senior litigation counsel, and serving as liaison to community groups, including Reverend Jesse Jackson's Rainbow / Push Wall Street Project.
During this time, he also began his advocacy for public education, becoming a one-man lobbyist for the public schools. He served as President of University Settlement, New York's oldest social settlement, located on New York's Lower East Side. He was also chair of the City Bar Association's Committee on Education and pro bono counsel to a number of community organizations.
Chancellor Ramon Cortines appointed Levy chair of the New York City Commission on School Facilities and Maintenance Reform. The commission concluded the schools needed billions in new investment, drawing Levy further into the struggle to improve education in New York City. The Commission's lobbying led to a massive infusion of funds to rehabilitate the city school buildings, as a result of which the school system ended its reliance on coal-fired boilers. The New York State Legislature subsequently elected Levy to be a member of the New York State Board of Regents.
New York City School Chancellor (2000–2002)
Levy became New York City School Chancellor in 2000, managing a $13 billion budget. He served for nearly three years, including during 9/11. The system is the nation's largest, at the time serving 1.1 million students. It currently has more than 1,800 schools.
Levy's tenure as chancellor was marked by significant reform and a number of positive results. The first non-educator to serve in the office, he imposed management accountability metrics; overhauled teacher recruitment; in collaboration with the UFT, the teacher's union, he ended the practice of hiring teachers on "emergency credentials"; and he started the much-emulated Teaching Fellows program.
Although he is well known for being plain-spoken and blunt, he largely tried to avoid politics and controversial issues when possible in favor of his practical, data-driven reforms. The New York City Board of Education voted 4 to 3 to make Levy interim chancellor, a move opposed by then-mayor Rudy Giuliani. However, Levy's business-like approach eventually engendered a mutual respect with Giuliani and other skeptics, and he was unanimously voted permanent chancellor after five months on the job.
The subsequent programs he implemented were characteristically student-centered. He instituted the first K-12 student information reporting system, established the first new selective public high schools in over 60 years, and created programs offering students college-level instruction. He also ran what remains the country's largest summer school with over 300,000 students, which was subsequently recognized to have been among the most cost-effective interventions for low performing students. Reading and math scores rose considerably during his time in office, including the largest-ever one-year gain in math scores.
Levy left the office of chancellor in August 2002 after overseeing a friendly transition to his successor, Joel Klein.
Later career (2002–2014)
Following his departure from the chancellor's office, Levy continued to promote innovation in education. He became a member of the senior management team of Kaplan, Inc., at a time that it was owned by The Washington Post, and subsequently joined its Higher Education Division, which included over 70 for-profit campuses and an online university with over 60,000 students. He founded Kaplan University's online School of Education, which focused on training special education and math teachers. Levy was a member of the board of Hesser College and Kaplan University. He was also a trustee of Pace University.
In 2010, U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan appointed Levy to the Committee on Measures of Student Success. Levy currently serves on several corporate and philanthropic boards, including Cambium Learning Group, MetSchools, and the American College of Greece. Mr. Levy received numerous awards and honors, was an adjunct professor at Columbia University, and is the author of numerous articles and editorials.
Later, Levy was a managing director and education practice head for Palm Ventures, LLC, from 2010 to 2014. The firm invests in businesses with a transformative social impact, including for-profit schools such as Cogswell Polytechnical College and Nightingale College, and education technology businesses such as Producteev, LateNiteLabs, and FIRE Solutions.
Then, he was a member of College Promise Campaign National Advisory Board, whose mission includes "advocating for free community college, as well as degree and certificate completion for responsible students."
Jack Kent Cooke Foundation
In August 2014, the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation announced that Levy had been named executive director effective September 1. Levy lead the foundation's efforts to support high-performing, low-income students.
The Cooke Foundation is a private, independent foundation dedicated to advancing the education of exceptionally promising students who have financial need. Founded in 2000 by the estate of the late Jack Kent Cooke, the Cooke Foundation has awarded over $152 million in scholarships to nearly 2,200 students from 8th grade through graduate school, and over $90 million in grants to organizations that serve such students. The foundation's endowment was worth $641 million as of July 2016.
Under Levy's leadership, the Cooke Foundation dramatically increased the number of talented low-income students applying for Cooke Scholarships and has drawn national attention to the achievements of Cooke Scholars, who have defied stereotypes by graduating from top colleges and universities at the same rate as more affluent students.
The Cooke Foundation's groundbreaking education research and media coverage for the research have also increased since Levy became executive director in 2014. In addition, he started a new scholarship that enables Cooke Scholars to pursue graduate degrees at Oxford and Cambridge universities.
Leading Cooke Foundation efforts to bring about equal opportunity in college admissions for outstanding low-income students across the United States, Levy traveled around the nation and appeared in the media to discuss unjustified barriers that keep many academically qualified low-income students out of top colleges and universities. He has met with policymakers, business leaders and educators.
The first-ever national convening of the principals of selective public high schools was organized by Levy in 2015 on the topic "Closing the Excellence Gap: Nurturing Talent of High-Achieving, Low-Income High School Students." The conference led to the creation of the Coalition of Leaders for Advanced Student Success (CLASS), which works to ensure that the nation's brightest students, regardless of income, have the skills and knowledge to succeed in school and the workforce. A second conference was held in February 2016.
The Cooke Foundation now awards an annual $1 million Cooke Prize for Equity in Educational Excellence, recognizing a college that has made strides in enrolling low-income students and supporting them to successful graduation.
Personal life
In 1986, Levy married Patricia Sapinsley, an architect who now works in the Urban Future Lab at New York University. They have two children, Hannah and Noah. Hannah is a sculptor in New York City who graduated from Cornell and the Staedelschule fine arts academy, having held a German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) fellowship, in Frankfurt, Germany.
In April 2018, Levy announced that he had Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in an Op-Ed arguing for educational reforms for college admissions, including the ending of legacy admissions and increased financial aid. He died at his Manhattan home on November 27, 2018.
Bibliography
Harold O. Levy. "We need poverty-based affirmative action at America's colleges," The Washington Post.
Harold O. Levy. "Talented Low-Income Students Belong at Top Colleges. Why Aren't We Helping Them Get there?" Fox News Channel
Harold O. Levy. "Education Officials Flunk Statistics 101," The Wall Street Journal.
Harold O. Levy. "Why China and India Love U.S. Universities," Scientific American.
Harold O. Levy. "Why Schools Make Bad Buying Decisions," Edsurge.
Harold O. Levy. "Educated nation?," The Hechinger Report.
Harold O. Levy. "Mayoral Control: No Going Back," New York Post.
Harold O. Levy. "Five Ways to Fix America's Schools," The New York Times.
Harold O. Levy. "The Great Truancy Cover-Up," The Yale Review.
Harold O. Levy. "Charters & Accountability," New York Post.
Harold O. Levy. "Mistaking Attendance," The New York Times.
Harold O. Levy. "How Do You Spend $1.93 Billion," The New York Times.
Harold O. Levy. "How to Fix Albany: An Independent Budget Office," The New York Times.
Harold O. Levy. "What a Chancellor Needs Most," The New York Times.
Harold O. Levy. "The Schools Need $7 Billion," The New York Times.
Harold O. Levy. "Science Teaching vs. Aircraft Carriers," The Daily Beast.
Harold O. Levy. "Report of the Commission on School Facilities and Maintenance Reform."
Harold O. Levy. "The Commercialization of Higher Education: A for-Profit Perspective CHEA International Commission Meeting," Kaplan, Inc.
Harold O. Levy. "Chancellor's Report on the Education of English Language Learners," New York City Board of Education.
References
External links
Harold O. Levy at the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation
New York City Department of Education
1952 births
2018 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
Lawyers from New York City
Writers from New York City
New York City School Chancellors
Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations alumni
Cornell Law School alumni
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
Deaths from motor neuron disease
American people of German-Jewish descent
Educators from New York City
The Bronx High School of Science alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American lawyers
Kaplan University people |
43611341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yik%20Yak | Yik Yak | Yik Yak is a pseudonymous social media smartphone application that initially launched in 2013 and relaunched in 2021. The app, which is available for iOS and (formerly) Android, allows college students to create and view discussion threads within a radius (termed "Yaks" by the application). It is similar to other anonymous sharing apps such as Nearby, but differs from others such as Whisper in that it is intended for sharing primarily with those in proximity to the user.
Despite strong levels of growth in 2013 and 2014, following several bouts of heavy criticism in the media over the dissemination of racism, antisemitism, sexism and the facilitation of cyber-bullying, the service saw stagnation in the growth of its user base. In 2016 alone, user downloads fell 76% compared to 2015. Failing to maintain user engagement, Yik Yak announced on April 28, 2017, that the service would close in the coming week. For $1 million, Block, Inc. (formally Square, Inc.), purchased Yik Yak's intellectual property and hired several of its former employees. On August 15, 2021, Yik Yak announced via their official website that they were making a comeback, with the app available for download on iOS and now recently available on Android. However, as of an update in March, 2023, the app is no longer available on Android, with no indication from Yik Yak regarding when, or if, it will return to the platform.
History
The co-founders, Tyler Droll and Brooks Buffington, are both graduates from Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina. The two started collaborating when they were placed into the same class where they learned how to code iPhone apps. After graduating from Furman University, they decided to go full-time with their project. Droll dropped out of medical school just before it started and Buffington put his finance career on hold. The two released the app in November 2013, and twelve months later, Yik Yak was ranked as the ninth most downloaded social media app in the United States. Improvements on the Yik Yak app continued throughout 2015, including measures to ensure its sustainability. The last major change was the announcement on January 20, 2016, that a web version of the app was available. Attempts were made in 2015 to reduce its use for cyber-bullying, such as the new mandatory use of handles (later reverted to an optional feature) and removal of the "My Herd" feature (also was later reverted).
On April 24, 2017, in a Bloomberg article, Block, Inc. (formerly Square, Inc.) announced its intent to acquire the rights to Yik Yak and five members of its team for reportedly less than $3 million, later revealed to be closer to $1 million after final sale.
On April 28, 2017, Yik Yak announced it would be shutting down due to declining popularity, and the app ceased to function as of May 5, 2017.
In February 2021, an unnamed team purchased the rights to the YikYak brand from Block, Inc.
On August 15, 2021, Yik Yak announced it would be making a comeback via their social media channels. The relaunched app has been available for download on iOS since August 2021. The Android version of the app has been released in July 2022.
In May 2022, a student revealed that, after analyzing app data, he was able to gain access to precise locations of Yik Yak users. The accuracy was within 10 to 15 feet and, in combination with user IDs, could potentially be used to reveal users' identities.
On September 14, 2022, a student at Western Kentucky University was charged with "terroristic threatening" after posting a message on Yik Yak about a bomb on campus.
On September 18, 2022, a student at the Oxford College of Emory University faced consequences after alluding to a bomb hidden in a residential hall via the Yik Yak app.
On September 21, 2022, a student at the University of Utah was arrested after she threatened to detonate a nuclear reactor if the school's football team lost their game via the Yik Yak app.
On October 21, 2022, two students at Lake Stevens High School were "referred for criminal prosecution" after making a bomb threat via the Yik Yak app.
Funding
Yik Yak was originally funded by Atlanta Ventures with offices based in the Atlanta Tech Village. On April 22, 2014, the company announced that it had secured $1.5 million in funding from various companies such as Vaizra Investments, DCM, Kevin Colleran, and Azure Capital Partners. This funding came five months after Yik Yak was founded, and was intended both to enhance the app, and to market the app both in the United States and overseas. On June 30, 2014, a little over two months after the initial $1.5 million, Yik Yak secured $10 million more from its previous investors, together with new investors Renren Lianhe Holdings and Tim Draper. During the fall of 2014, with exponential user growth, Yik Yak secured over $60 million from Sequoia Capital and other investors. Less than one year after its launch, Yik Yak then had a valuation of over $350 million. On May 5, 2017, the application servers and website went offline, and the application became defunct. In 2021, Yik Yak announced on its website that it had received $6.25 million in seed funding from an unnamed investor.
Features
Yak: A shorthand term used to refer to a post on the Yik Yak app. Yaks provide the main function of the app, and can be up or downvoted, commented on, and shared. Yaks are limited to 200 characters and can be removed if a yak violates the community guardrails.
Yakarma: Yakarma is a numerical score generated by the software that aims to measure the active success of a user. This number can increase or decrease based upon the responses to their yaks by other proximate users. Yakarma changes depending on the number of downvotes or upvotes, replies, and comments that are made on a user's post. Receiving downvotes negatively affects a user's Yakarma, while upvotes increase it. The exact effect on yakarma is determined by the status (yakarma) of the voting user.
New: Features new yaks posted within 5 miles in chronological order.
Hot: Features the top yaks posted within 5 miles, top yaks reset daily at 8pm EST / 7pm Central.
Reply Icons: User anonymity is designed into Yik Yak conversations by assigning the Original Poster an OP icon, and repliers were randomly generated emojis, while in the original application was limited to 20 emojis, the relaunch provided over 100. While the icon is randomly assigned, the user can choose to randomize it as many times as they like. This icon follows the user in every conversation they participate in, and the user has the possibility to credit their icon to a yak they post if they choose. Each reply icon could be backed by any of the color circles, which added to the randomness of the anonymity for each user.
Nationwide Hot: This feature shows the highest voted yaks in descending order.
Upvote/Downvote: Up and down votes are essentially user ratings on a given yak. For a post to become popular it has to receive more upvotes than downvotes, at which time it displays a positive number next to it. If votes on a post reach a value of -5, it will be permanently deleted.
Cuss Buster: Similar to the word filter, the Cuss Buster filters out Yaks that may contain inappropriate language. The Cuss Buster is an option users can enable/disable in settings. While it does provide a filter to censor words, it cannot guarantee inappropriate content will be caught and removed from the feed.
Defunct features
Other Top Yaks: This simply showed the Google Images result page from searching the word "yak". Usually just pictures of yaks (the animal).
Photos: This feature allowed users to include pictures in their yaks. The company indicated that uploaded photos were moderated and that no inappropriate content, illegal content, or faces were allowed in local feeds. More specifically, photo collections displayed a grid of popular photographs submitted from anyone in the specified location.
Hidden Features: Yik Yak also contained a word filter. When a post contained threatening or offensive language, the app would remind the user that their post could be offensive, and asked them if they still wished to post it. If the user bypassed the warning, the post would then be flagged and subject to removal by moderators. Posts that contained phone numbers could not be posted.
Campus Rep Program
The Campus Rep (short for Campus Representative) Program was announced by Yik Yak via Twitter on December 23, 2021. Campus Representatives, also called Campus Herders, are students at a college or university who find and post Yaks from their respective herds to a social media account (Instagram, TikTok) they run and manage.
Dissolution of original company
One of the biggest criticisms of social media sites and applications is their inherent potential to feed the growing amount of cyberbullying. Due to the widespread bullying and harassment committed through Yik Yak, many schools and school districts took action to ban the app. These included several Chicago school districts, Norwich University in Vermont, Eanes Independent School District in Texas, Lincoln High School district in Rhode Island, New Richmond School District in Ohio, Shawnigan Lake School in Canada and Pueblo County School District in Colorado. Tatum High School in New Mexico banned cell phone use from the school due to Yik Yak, and the Student Government Association at Emory University in Georgia attempted to ban the app across campus, but failed to do so after immense backlash from students. Students at Colgate University staged a three-day protest in September 2014 substantially driven by racist messages on Yik Yak.
On May 13, 2015, Santa Clara University President Michael Engh released a statement to all students after several racist remarks were posted on Yik Yak. He wrote, “Hate speech, not to be confused with free speech, has no place at Santa Clara University, because it violates the dignity and respect with which each member of our community is entitled to be treated. Hurtful comments directed at individuals or groups diminish us all and create a divisive atmosphere of distrust and suspicion.”
On October 3, 2014, The Huffington Post published an editorial by Ryan Chapin Mach titled "Why Your College Campus Should Ban Yik Yak", which asserted that Yik Yak's anonymous messaging boards "are like bathroom stalls without toilets. They're useless, they're sources of unhelpful or harmful conversations, and they're a complete eyesore."
To remedy the cases of bullying in middle and high schools around the country, Droll and Buffington amended the application to include geofences that work in the background. These unseen fences disable the application within their defined borders. At first these boundaries were installed manually by the developers, but it quickly became clear they would need outside assistance. They found this assistance in a Vermont-based company known as Maponics. Maponics “builds and defines geographic boundaries.” They happened to already have nearly 85% of the country's high schools mapped, making it easy to block access to Yik Yak in those areas. The fences disabled the app on all middle and high school grounds throughout the country. If the app is opened within one of these areas the user is displayed a message along the lines of: “it looks like you’re trying to use Yik Yak on a middle school or high school grounds. Yik Yak is intended for people college-aged and above. The app is disabled in this area.”
The frequency of bullying and harassment that happened on Yik Yak might have been exaggerated by media stories citing specific incidents. Researchers have identified how Yik Yak is mostly used as a positive way to explore racial, ethnic, and sexual identities and to build a sense of community on campus. Others have identified how Yik Yak gives marginalized students a voice on campus.
In 2015, Yik Yak gained attention by being the subject of preventing a suicide attempt at the College of William and Mary.
In December 2014, security researchers discovered and demonstrated a potential attack on the service, where a Yik Yak user could have their account compromised and be deanonymised (having their identity revealed) if an attacker was using the same WiFi network.
In February 2015, Yik Yak was exposed for systematically downvoting and deleting posts that mention competitors. The automatic system downvoted and deleted any posts that contained words that associated with names of other apps used by university students, including "fade", "unseen", "erodr", and "sneek". The downvoting algorithm, which assigned downvotes on regular intervals until the posts were deleted, appeared to be designed to mislead users to thinking that their posts were unpopular amongst peers, rather than censored by Yik Yak itself.
In December 2015, the SLOG and The Seattle Times reported that a Western Washington University student had been arrested and released on bail after calling for the lynching of the student body president of the university. The racist threats were posted on Yik Yak.
During 2016, use of Yik Yak declined severely, by 76% over 2015. This limited its former projected growth potential, and in December 2016, Yik Yak laid off 60 percent of its workers. Based on a report by The Verge, the community, marketing, design, and product teams were all deeply affected. In addition to the aforementioned manipulation of content by corporate, the presence of extensive cyberbullying on the site was a primary cause of this decline in usage. However, TechCrunch pointed out that "any forum offering users anonymity and a means of chatting" would have the potential to be "plagued by cyberbullies".
In April 2017, the company announced its closure. The mobile payment operator Square Inc purchased what remained of the organization for $1m and stripped the company of its assets and integrated Yik Yak's engineers into their operations.
See also
Digg
Nearby
Skout
Whisper
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
2013 establishments in the United States
2017 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Android (operating system) software
Anonymous social media
Companies based in Atlanta
Defunct social networking services
Internet properties disestablished in 2017
Internet properties established in 2013
IOS software
Privately held companies of the United States
Proprietary cross-platform software
Social media
Social networking services
Re-established companies
Internet properties established in 2021
2021 establishments in Tennessee |
33368862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe%20Pineda | Guadalupe Pineda | Guadalupe Pineda Aguilar (born February 23, 1955) is a Mexican singer considered one of Mexico's grassroots musical icons. She is a recipient of the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and a multi-Latin Grammy nominee, she has released more than 30 albums during her career covering various styles of music with sales over 14 million copies worldwide. In 1984, she recorded her breakthrough hit "Yolanda", also known as "Te Amo", composed by Pablo Milanes, selling more than 1.5 million copies. She primarily sings in Spanish, but has also sung in French, Italian, English, and Hebrew. She has been called the “Queen of Bolero”, but has also sung ballads, mariachi, tango, ranchera, and opera. Pineda has performed all over México, Latin America, and Spain, as well as in Europe and North America.
She has received gold and platinum certifications for some of her best-selling records, including "Un Poco Más" (1986), "20 Boleros de Siempre" (1990), "Costumbres" (1991), and a double-platinum certification for her album, "Arias de Opera" (2004). Her voice has transcended Mexican frontiers; she has participated in Mexican and international films, and also has been part of musical projects abroad such as "Buddha-bar" of France, or the "Monte Carlo" Italian collection, that have been edited and released all over the world. Her albums have been released in countries as far as Japan and she has performed on stage around the world (United States, Ireland, Spain, Italy, France, Colombia, Puerto Rico, Argentina, Central and South America). Some of her most notable shows have taken place in Paris in 2005, and at the historic Argentinian opera house, Teatro Colón of Buenos Aires, in November 2006. There have been also shows at some of the most important and recognized forums in Mexico, such as Palacio de Bellas Artes, Sala Nezahualcoyotl, Teatro de la Ciudad de Mexico, Teatro Degollado, El Teatro Juarez, and forums of the Cervantino Festival, as well in the most representative and famous civic square of the country, the Zocalo de la Ciudad de Mexico.
Early life
Pineda is originally from Guadalajara, Mexico. Her mother, Josefina Aguilar Barraza, is a sister of singer and actor Antonio Aguilar. She is a first cousin of singers Antonio Aguilar, hijo and Pepe Aguilar.
Career
She began her singing career while studying sociology at UNAM in Mexico City, leaving school to pursue a singing career full-time. At first, she was paid only thirty pesos plus food per performance. She learned Hebrew and Yiddish from the owner of one of the clubs she sang at. She began two groups called La propuesta and Sanampay with whom she recorded two records. Shortly afterwards, she went solo.
For the next ten years, she mostly performed at universities, public plazas, and other such venues until her first major hit Yolanda (Te amo) came in 1984 which sold 1.5 million copies in Mexico. This led to major venues in Mexico such as the Teatro de Bellas Artes, La Sala Nezahualcóyotl, the Auditorio Nacional, the Teatro de la Ciudad de México, the Teatro Degollado, the Teatro Juárez and the Festival Internacional Cervantino.
Appearances
Pineda has appeared throughout Mexico and in various parts of the world, playing festivals, headlining her own tours and participating in other events. In Mexico, she appeared at the Festival International Cervantino, Palacio de Bellas Artes, the Auditorio Nacional, the Teatro Metropólitano, Teatro de la Ciudad "Esperanza Iris", Teatro Degollado and the Teatro Juárez. Other countries she has performed in include United States, Italy, Ireland, Spain, France, Puerto Rico, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela and Argentina. She has appeared in festivals and venues such as the Rimini Italia Festival (1987), El casino de Madrid, Spain (1989), MGM Grand Las Vegas (1996), Teatro de Bellas Artes in Puerto Rico (2003), Saint Germain des Prés Cultural Festival, La maison de L’Amerique Latine (2005), El Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires (2006), the New York Theater and UIC Pavilion in Chicago (2007), Festival Internacional del Mariachi at the Santa Barbara Bowl (2008), Harris Theater in Chicago, Du Rond Point Theater in Paris, and Notre Dame (2009) . The singer recently presented her daughter, Mariana Gurrola Pineda, on stage as a new talent singing with her in duet.
Recordings
Pineda has recorded 30 albums, the last eight of which she produced herself under the Inter-sound label, with distribution by Televisa-Emi. Her first album as an independent producer was Arias de Ópera. Her albums have sold in various parts of the world in countries such as Japan, the U.S., Ireland, Spain, France, Italy, Venezuela, Argentina, Colombia as well as in various other countries in Latin America. She and/or her voice have appeared in movies such as Monjas coronadas by Mexican director Paul Leduc, Campanas rojas a joint Mexico/USSR production by Sergei Bondarchuk and La finestra di fronte from Italy directed by Ferzan Özpetek.
Awards
Pineda received a Gold certification with the hit album Un Poco Más in 1986, success that continued with 20 Boleros de Siempre in 1990 and Costumbres in 1991, both selling over 100,000 copies. In 2002, she became the only Mexican to be included in a discography compiled by the Buddha Bar of France. In 2004, her album Arias de Opera earned her a Double Platinum certification. In 2007, she received an award at the Cannes Festival for her work in French and charity work for the poor, from the Europa-Africa Committee. In 2009, she became the first Mexican to receive the Grand Prix Sacem Award in France for her album Francia con Sabor Latino.
In 2016, her album collaboration with Tania Libertad and Eugenia León titled Las Tres Grandes: Primera Fila, receives Gold certification in Mexico and a Latin Grammy nomination for Best Long Form Music Video.
In 2017, she receives the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award to honor her brilliant musical career and achievements.
Artistry
Pineda's voice is among the best-known in Mexico, with poet Alí Chumacero calling it “a voice of brilliant metal.” She has sung in various styles from bolero, tango, ranchero, ballads, merengué, jazz and opera. She has sung works by José Alfredo Jiménez, Agustín Lara, Violeta Parra, Pablo Milanés, Carlos Gardel, Edith Piaf, Charles Aznavour, Johannes Brahms and Franz Schubert . She has been called the “Queen of Bolero”, with the album Los Trios del Siglo including bolero classics such as Historia de un amor, Contigo, Sin ti, Rayito de Luna and Ódiame. She has performed operatic aria compositions by Verdi, Saint-Saëns, Bizet, Donizetti and Puccini. The Enamorarse Así album is a tribute to mariachi, filled with classics from that genre. A Flor de Piel pays homage to two Latin American singers, Olga Guillot and Mercedes Sosa, to whom she gave a tribute performance at Lincoln Center in New York City.
She has collaborated with Mireille Mathieu, Linda Ronstadt, Aida Cuevas, Pepe Aguilar, Tania Libertad, Eugenia León, Carlos Cuevas, La Sonora Santanera, Plácido Domingo, Pablo Milanés, Paquita la del Barrio, Maria León, Lila Downs, Ely Guerra, Rocío Dúrcal, Fernando de la Mora, Mercedes Sosa, Natalia LaFourcade, Antonio Aguilar, José Beltrán and Armando Manzanero. She has appeared with musical groups such as Los Tres Ases, Los Tres Reyes, and Los Dandys. In 2011, she sang with the Orquesta Filarmónica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (OFUNAM), at the Sala Nezahualcóyotl in Mexico City.
She mostly sings in Spanish but has sung in other languages as well. She recorded the song Cómo Fue in Italian. She also recorded an album called Un mundo de arrullos of children’s songs in various languages such as Portuguese, French, Italian, Hebrew, Maya and Gaelic. Other albums have contains songs in other languages such as Corcovado in Portuguese on the Gracias a la Vida album and Over the Rainbow in English. In 2009, she recorded the French language album called Francia con sabor latino. The album originally was only going to be marketed in France, but it was sold in Mexico reaching number one in sales for a period of eight weeks in the country. Though not a native speaker, she has studied the language since childhood. She sang selections from the album at a gala in Los Pinos in honor of French president Nicolas Sarkozy who was present.
Discography
Homenaje a Los Grandes Compositores (2018)
Las Tres Grandes: Primera Fila (with Tania Libertad and Eugenia León) (2015) - Gold Certification
Tiempo de amar (2015)
En Bellas Artes, Vol. 2 (2013)
En Bellas Artes, Vol. 1 (2013)
A flor de piel (2011)
Francia con Sabor Latino (2009) - Winner of the Grand Prix Sacem Award in France
La voz en vivo, Vol.2 (2007)
La voz en vivo, Vol 1 (2007)
Gracias a la vida (2006)
Un mundo de arrullos
Canciones de mi tierra (2004)
Arias de ópera (2002) - Double Platinum Certification
Con los tríos del siglo (2000)
Vestida de besos (1998)
Así como tú (1997)
Enamorarse así (1994)
De nuevo sola (1993)
Costumbres (1991) - Gold Certification
Boleros de siempre (1990) - Gold Certification
Eclipse de Mar
Un Canto a México
Para Comenzar
Solamente una vez
Todo cambia (1980)
Un poco más (1985) - Gold Certification
Te amo (1984) - Platinum Certification
Guadalupe Pineda (1981)
Guadalupe Pineda y Carlos Díaz “Caito”
Coral Terrestre (Grupo Sanampay)
Yo te nombro (Grupo Sanampay)
References
Mexican women singers
Living people
1955 births
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Women in Latin music |
4562266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877%20in%20baseball | 1877 in baseball |
Champions
National League: Boston Red Caps
International Association: London Tecumsehs
League Alliance: Indianapolis Blues (West) & Syracuse Stars (East)
New England Association: Lowell Ladies' Men
New York State Championship Association: Syracuse Stars
U.S. newspapers' poll: Boston Beaneaters (NL) and Lowell Ladies' Men (NEA) ranked #1 and #2 in the United States championship poll.
Inter-league playoff: Lowell (NEA) def. Boston (NL) 2 games to 1
Inter-league playoff: Syracuse (NYSCA) def. Boston (NL), 1 game to 0 (score 6–0)
League Alliance Tournament winner: Syracuse Stars
New York State Championship Tournament winner: Binghamton Crickets
Inter-league playoff: Binghamton (NYSC) def. Boston (NL), 1 game to 0 (score 4–1)
Inter-league competition: National League teams defeated New England Assn, teams, in wins 24–22.
National League final standings
Statistical leaders
Notable seasons
Boston Red Stockings first baseman Deacon White leads the NL with 103 hits, 49 runs batted in, a .387 batting average, a .950 OPS, and a 193 OPS+.
Boston Red Stockings pitcher Tommy Bond has a record of 40–17 and wins the NL triple crown with 40 wins, a 2.11 earned run average, and 170 strikeouts. His 521 innings pitched and 135 ERA+ both rank second in the league.
Louisville Grays pitcher Jim Devlin has a record of 35–25 and an earned run average of 2.25. He leads the NL with 559 innings pitched and a 146 ERA+. His 35 wins and 141 strikeouts both rank second in the league. After the season ends, Devlin admits to throwing games and is banned from MLB for life.
Events
January–March
January 8 – Learning that a club can now assess a player 30 dollars for his uniform and 50 cents a day to defray the cost of meals while the team is on the road, third baseman Joe Battin balks at signing a contract with St. Louis for the coming season but eventually complies.
February 3 – Cherokee Fisher admits taking $100 to throw a game from the 1876 season. Fisher will only appear in 1 more game in his career (1878) after his admission.
February 20 – The International League, the first minor league, is formed in Pittsburgh.
February 27 – Candy Cummings, player-manager of the Live Oaks of Lynn, Massachusetts, is elected President of the International League.
March 5 – The Hartford club agrees to play its home games in Brooklyn. The team will retain the Hartford name, although it will only play 2 league games in Hartford.
March 22 – The National League publishes the 1877 schedule. It is the first time the league has handled scheduling, a practice that continues to this day.
April–June
April 12 – Jim Tyng, a catcher for Harvard, becomes the first backstop to wear a face mask during a game. Harvard team manager, Fred Thayer, will receive a patent for the mask in 1878.
May 2 – Boston, who will win the pennant with a 42–18 record in 1877, lose an exhibition game to the Allegheny club of the International League. Pud Galvin tosses a one-hit shutout and hits a home run to defeat the Red Caps 1–0.
May 3 – Five New England teams – the Fall River Cascades, Lowell Ladies' Men, Lynn Live Oaks, Manchester Reds and Providence Rhode Islands form the New England Association playing each other 10 games each for a 40-game schedule to decide the so-called "Championship of New England".
May 4 – Five New York State teams – the Auburn Auburnians, Binghamton Crickets, Buffalo Bisons, Rochester Flour Citys and Syracuse Stars form the New York State Association playing each other 10 games each for a 40-game schedule to decide the so-called "Championship of New York State".
May 5 – Baseball's first "minor league" of sorts is formed as the National League recruits 12 teams to play in the "League Alliance". The LA Eastern Division enlists the: Brooklyn Chelseas, Philadelphia Athletics and Syracuse Stars while the LA Western Division enlists the: Chicago Fairbanks, Indianapolis Hoosiers, Janesville Mutuals, Memphis Reds, Milwaukee Cream Citys, Minneapolis Browns, St. Paul Red Caps and Winona Clippers.
May 10 – The Lowell Ladies' Men, members of the New England Association, affiliate themselves with the National League by joining the NL's "farm system", i.e. the League Alliance East Division. Lowell competes in both circuits and wins the pennant in each.
May 17 – The National League votes to change to a livelier ball to replace the one described as being "dead enough to bury" in a special league meeting.
June 5 – Star pitcher Albert Spalding makes his last career start on the mound.
June 10 – St. Louis and Cincinnati play a Sunday exhibition game. It will be the one and only Sunday game played in professional baseball until 1892.
June 18 – The Cincinnati club disbands after running out of money. The Buffalo Bisons of the New York Association also disband.
June 21 – Cincinnati stockholders re-structure the club in order to keep it running and maintain its place in the National League but 2 players, Jimmy Hallinan and Charley Jones, have already been signed by Chicago. The Chicagos will return Jones on June 29, but will retain Hallinan.
June 30 – Cincinnati signs Candy Cummings to help bolster their pitching. Cummings will continue to hold his position as President of the International League while playing in the NL.
July–September
July 3 – Cincinnati loses to Louisville in their first game since re-organization. The Cincinnatis hope to avoid forfeiture of games played and expulsion by the National League by finishing out the season.
July 11 – Pete Hotaling, of the Syracuse Stars in the International League, wears a catcher's mask in his first game back after missing a month after being struck in the eye by a foul ball.
July 13 – George Bradley of Chicago ends his streak of pitching 88 consecutive games after playing third base in the Chicagos' victory.
July 20 – Will White makes his major league debut. White is the first professional player to wear glasses. No other big-leaguer will wear glasses until Lee Meadows in 1915.
August 6 – As per National League rules, Cal McVey of visiting Chicago randomly draws the umpire from 3 slips of paper placed in a hat for their game against first-place Louisville. When McVey draws an umpire named Dan Devinney, he disgustedly grabs the hat and discovers that all 3 pieces of paper have the same name on them. The angered Chicagos proceed to pound the Louisvilles 7–2.
August 8 – Catcher Mike Dorgan of St. Louis, after seeing starter John Clapp get his jaw smashed by a foul ball, takes his place wearing a catcher's mask.
August 12 – Johnny Quigley, a catcher for the Harlem Clippers, dies from injuries sustained in a collision with Dan Brouthers at home plate on July 7.
August 20 – Louisville vice-president, Charles Chase, receives a telegram from an unknown source stating that something was going on with the Louisville players and that bettors were placing their money on Hartford in their game to be played that day. Hartford defeats Louisville 6–1.
August 21 – Louisville loses again to Hartford 7–0.
August 25 – The Louisvilles surrender a run in the 8th and 2 more in the 9th and lose to second-place Boston 3–2 in the opener of a crucial 3 game series. The loss drops Louisville into a first-place tie with the Bostons.
August 25 – Joe Battin and Joe Blong of St. Louis are named by gamblers in both cities as willing players in a loss to Chicago. Neither player ever appears in a National League game again.
August 27 – Boston takes the second game of their series with Louisville by a score of 6–0. The victory gives them sole possession of first place over Louisville.
August 28 – Boston completes the sweep over Louisville by winning 4–3.
September 25 – Jim Devlin and George Hall of the Louisville Club are named by Louisville newspaper writer John Haldeman to have thrown an exhibition game played the previous day against Indianapolis. Both players will later admit this to club officials.
September 29 – Boston clinches the pennant with an 8–4 victory over Hartford. Manager Harry Wright appears in his final game as a player.
September 30 – The Lowell Ladies' Men clinch the New England Association pennant posting a 33–7 won-lost record.
October–December
October 1 – The Syracuse Stars clinch the New York State Association pennant.
October 2 – The London, Ontario, Canada Tecumsehs win the first International Association championship with a 5–2 win over Pittsburgh.
October 3 – The Indianapolis Hoosiers clinch the League Alliance Western division title.
October 5 – Louisville wins its 4th consecutive game since Boston clinched the pennant.
October 4 – Several newspapers around the U.S. declare Boston (most games won) and the Lowell Ladies' Men (best W-L percentage) to be the 2 best teams of pro baseball.
October 15 – In an inter-league game played at Syracuse, New York, the New York State Association champion Syracuse Stars defeat National League champion Boston by a score of 6–0.
October 20 – Tommy Bond demonstrates proof that a curveball really does curve by throwing it around stakes driven into the ground before an exhibition game.
October 26 – Jim Devlin and George Hall are confronted by Louisville vice-president Charles Chase with charges of throwing games. Both players admit to the charges, and also implicate teammates Al Nichols and Bill Craver in the scandal.
October 27 – The Louisville Club formally drops Jim Devlin, George Hall, Al Nichols and Bill Craver for their involvement in the fixing of games. The players' remaining salaries are forfeited to the team. Devlin's testimony included statements that the team had paid umpire Dan Devinney (see August 6) extra to call games in Louisville's favor in roughly 20 games during the season. The club denied the charge as a lie by Devlin, but the method for choosing umpires was changed by the National League before the 1878 season began.
November 6 – The Lowell Ladies' Men, pennant winners of the New England Association, defeat NL champion Boston, 9–4, to win the 1877 Inter-League playoff between the champions of the 2 leagues, 3 games to 1. Newspapers around the country did not use the term "World Series" yet, instead referring to the series sometimes as the "United States' Series" or the "Inter-League Exhibitions".
November 20 – The New York Clipper sporting periodical published a list of the results of interleague competition between the teams of the National League and the teams of the New England Association. The NEA teams win the 48-game competition against the NL teams with 24 victories, 23 defeats and 1 tied contest. In 50 decisions played between the National League and New York State Association teams, the NL teams win 33 games while the NYSA teams win 17. In 50 decisions between NL teams and the teams of the International Association the NL teams prevail winning 30 contests while the IA teams win 20 games.
November 24 – The New York Mercury prints an amazingly accurate prediction about the future of baseball. "The baseball mania is getting so bad that every city will soon have a mammoth structure like the Roman Coliseum to play in. This will be illuminated by electric lights so that games can be played nights‚ thus overcoming a serious objection at present existing."
December 4 – At its winter meetings, the National League formally confirms the expulsion of the 4 Louisville players. They also vote to throw out all of Cincinnati's games because they failed to pay their $100 league fee.
December 5 – The National League accepts the withdrawal of the St. Louis franchise from the league. Cincinnati is re-admitted while Indianapolis and Milwaukee are admitted as new teams for the 1878 season.
December 6 – William Hulbert is re-elected as president of the National League and limits are placed upon the amount of non-league games that teams may play. The league also strips Hartford of its membership due to continual financial problems.
December 7 – The Providence Rhode Islands jump leagues- going from the New England Association to the National League. The team formally joins the NL on January 16, 1878.
December 12 – Indianapolis and Milwaukee of the League Alliance announce their intention to join the National League for the 1878 season.
December 30 – The Lowell Spindle Citys (formerly Ladies' Men), Lynn Live Oaks and Manchester Reds leave the New England Association and join the International Association. The remaining NEA team, Fall River Cascades, disbands- effectively ending the NEA.
December 31 – The Auburn Auburnians, Binghamton Crickets, Rochester Flour Citys and Syracuse Stars leave the New York State Association and join the International Association – effectively ending the NYSA.
Births
January 22 – Tom Jones
January 24 – Pop Rising
February 4 – Germany Schaefer
March 11 – Norwood Gibson
April 2 – Ed Siever [1]
April 5 – Wid Conroy
May 16 – Art Williams
July 20 – Red Kleinow
September 7 – Mike O'Neill
September 9 – Frank Chance
September 29 – Harry Steinfeldt
October 10 – Pep Deininger
October 26 – Doc Newton
November 4 – Tommy Leach
November 23 – George Stovall
November 30 – Tacks Latimer
December 1 – Matt Broderick
December 7 – Hobe Ferris
1 – Some sources show 1875
Deaths
October 1 – Ed Somerville, 24, second baseman for the Louisville Grays in 1876.
December 18 – Archie Bush, 31, umpire for two game during the 1871 National Association season.
References
Orem, Preston D. (1961). Baseball (1845–1881) From the Newspaper Accounts. Altadena, California: Self-published.
Gilbert, Thomas W. (1995). Superstars and Monopoly Wars: Nineteenth-Century Major League Baseball. New York: Franklin Watts.
External links
1877 season at Baseball-Reference.com
Charlton's Baseball Chronology at BaseballLibrary.com
Year by Year History at Baseball-Almanac.com
Retrosheet.org
1877 |
43097993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%20Raj | Rupert Raj | Rupert Raj (born 1952) is a Canadian trans activist and a transgender man. His work since his own gender transition in 1971 has been recognized by several awards, as well as his inclusion in the National Portrait Collection of The ArQuives: Canada's LGBTQ2+ Archives.
Personal life
Raj was born in Ottawa, Ontario in 1952. His father was East Indian and his mother Polish; they met in Stockholm where Raj's father, Amal Chandra Ghosh, worked as a nuclear physicist. After the birth of their first child, the family moved to Ottawa, Canada, where Amal took up a position as a professor of physics at Carleton University. Both parents were killed in a car accident in August 1968, when Raj was sixteen, and the five children (three brothers and one sister) moved into four different homes until they respectively reached 18 or 21 years of age.
In 1971, at age 19, Raj scheduled an appointment with the Harry Benjamin Foundation's endocrinologist, Dr. Charles Ihlenfeld. Since Raj was not yet 21, the age of majority in New York, his older brother provided consent. Dr. Ihlenfeld examined Raj and administered his first shot of testosterone.
Raj graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in psychology from Carleton University in 1975, and moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, following two friends, both trans women activists who had been involved in the Association of Canadian Transsexuals (A.C.T.) in Toronto. Raj continued his activism by starting a petition to get Ontario to cover sex-reassignment surgery through the provincial health insurance plan, OHIP—an effort that was unsuccessful at the time.
In May 1977, Raj moved with his partner (a pansexual trans man) and the partner's two children to Calgary, Alberta, because they had learned that surgeons at the Foothills Hospital, in affiliation with the University of Calgary's gender clinic were performing phalloplasties for female-to-male (FTM) transsexuals. While they were both approved for phalloplasty, neither of them had the surgery at that time; at only 100 pounds, the surgeons concluded that Raj did not have enough tissue to work with. Raj did, however, undergo the panhysterectomy at this time. After waiting for another 34 years, he finally underwent "bottom surgery" (not phalloplasty, but metoidioplasty) in Montreal, Quebec in 2012 at age 60.
Foundation for the Advancement of Canadian Transsexuals and Gender Review
In January 1978, Raj started an organization for trans people (including trans men and women, as well as cross-dressers), the Foundation for the Advancement of Canadian Transsexuals (FACT); the organization's newsletter was Gender Review: A FACTual Journal. FACT continued some of the earlier work of the ACT. The first issue of Gender Review was published in June 1978 and included a story on “Transsexual Oppression” concerning Montrealer Inge Stephens; information about transsexual resources; a listing of publications by Dr. Harry Benjamin and Dr. Charles L. Ihlenfeld; a bibliography of books and articles by and about trans people; and news items about Mario Martino, trans woman Canary Conn's appearance on the Phil Donahue show, and other notices. Raj moved back to Ottawa and then to Toronto in the following years, but continued to edit the journal until February 1982.
In December 1981 Raj decided to focus on the unique, specific needs of trans men. At the time, there were very few trans advocacy groups for trans men in particular. Raj's work, based in Toronto, Canada, joined that of Mario and Becky Martino's Labyrinth Foundation's Counseling Services (Yonkers, NY); Johnny A's F2M (meetings in New York, NY; Rites of Passage newsletter out of Tenafly, NJ); Jude Patton's Renaissance group in Santa Ana, CA; and Jeff S.’s group in Southern California. Raj resigned from his role at both FACT and Gender Review, and both were taken over by Susan Huxford, a trans woman from Hamilton, ON with whom Raj had begun working in late 1979.
Metamorphosis Medical Research Foundation and Metamorphosis Magazine
Raj had planned to partner with Mario Martino (also known as Angelo Tornabene) in Yonkers, NY to research, develop, and market a penile prosthetic device as an alternative to phalloplasty. It was for this reason that Raj named the new organization the Metamorphosis Medical Research Foundation (MMRF). At the same time, however, Raj wanted to provide support for other trans men, and serve as an information broker between the medical/psychological community and trans men and their loved ones. Beginning in 1979 and through the MMRF years, Raj was also an active correspondent with Lou Sullivan, and Raj’s friendship and activism played an important role in Sullivan’s later work in founding the San Francisco-based support and education group “FTM” in 1986.
Consequently, Raj founded the bi-monthly magazine Metamorphosis (February 1982 February 1988). The magazine promised information on various aspects of trans men written by Raj and others, clinical research, hormones, surgery, tips to effectively passing as male in public, and legal reform for trans people. Metamorphosis became the most important international magazine for FTMs in the 1980s. Most of its subscribers were American, but there were also trans men from Canada, Great Britain, Europe, Australia and New Zealand who eagerly paid to get the sought-after news, information and resources.
In 1988, Raj decided to close MMRF and end publication of Metamorphosis due to cumulative burnout.
Gender Worker and Gender NetWorker
Raj formed a new organization in June 1988, Gender Worker (later named "Gender Consultants" when his then wife joined his entrepreneurial enterprise as a co-consultant), and published a new newsletter Gender NetWorker specifically designed for “helping professionals and resource providers” who worked with transsexuals and transvestites (aka cross dressers) (1988, two issues).
Between 1990 and 1999, Raj was not publicly active as a trans activist, opting to mainstream into cisgender, straight society for those nine years in hopes of healing from massive burnout. Raj re-emerged in 1999 to begin a support group in Toronto called the Trans-Men/FTM Peer-Support Group. Since then, Raj has been active in Toronto as a psychotherapist, gender specialist, and trans-positive professional trainer.
RR Consulting and Beyond
In April 2002, Raj founded “RR Consulting,” a part-time, home-based, private psychotherapy and consulting practice serving trans, genderqueer, intersex and two-spirit adults and their loved ones, and also gender-independent kids and their parents. He also assessed trans people for readiness for either cross-sex hormone therapy or sex-reassignment surgery. Additionally, he provided trans-focussed training workshops on the medical, psychological, social, vocational, legal and spiritual/existential aspects of gender identity and gender transitioning for hospitals, health centres, universities, colleges and corporate workplaces.
In November 2002, Raj started working as a mental health counselor at Sherbourne Health Centre (SHC) in Toronto, providing individual, couple and family therapy for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, transgender, gender-questioning and sexually-questioning clients and their loved ones, and also co-facilitated SHC's “Gender Journeys” (a psychoeducational group for people considering transitioning to their identified gender) from 2006 to 2013. He retired from Sherbourne in 2015.
Beyond his clinical work, Raj was active in the trans, genderqueer, intersex and two-spirit communities in Toronto, participating in numerous community advisory committees for local community agencies, spearheading the first annual Trans Pride Day at SHC in 2004 (which was later renamed to include intersex and two-spirit people), delivering public speeches at the 2011 Honoured Dyke Group event of Pride Toronto (honouring the Trans Lobby Group, of which Raj was the sole trans male member), the 2012 Toronto Trans March, and the 2014 Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDoR) held at Toronto City Hall, proclaiming it as an official day in Toronto along with the raising of the first Ontario trans flag. On July 1, 2018, he marched in the Trans* Pride Toronto March, proudly carrying the Trans Coalition Project (Toronto) banner with Toronto Trans Alliance leader, Stephanie Woolley and Trans Lobby Group leader, Susan Gapka. On August 4, he led Fierté Simcoe Pride’s Trans* Rally/March in Orillia, Ontario, along with trans youth leader, Brandon Rhéal Amyot. Raj officially retired in 2017, and now lives in southern Europe.
"Voluntary Gender Work" and Burn-out
Rupert Raj coined the term "voluntary gender worker" to describe the unofficial (and often unrecognized) labor that transgender activists (including himself) do. In a speech given at the 2016 Moving Trans History Forward Founders Panel, Raj described the work that he had done over the past thirty years, including (but not limited to) "providing information, referrals, education, counseling, [...] free education, doing training workshops, offering newsletter and magazine subscriptions on transsexualism, gender dysphoria, and gender reassignment to psychiatrists, psychologists, psychotherapists, social workers, physicians, and nurses, as well as researchers academics, educators, students, lawyers, policy makers, and politicians." Raj works to bring attention to the risks that voluntary gender work brings to those who in a 1987 essay titled "Burnout: Unsung Heroes And Heroines In The Transgender World," originally published in The Transsexual Voice. Raj runs through an abbreviated list of activists he knows who are suffering burnout before turning to his own person experience. At the time of writing, he stated that "I am not yet ready to resign, even though I have been suffering symptoms of 'burn-out' for about a year now (and wish I could go on a sabbatical leave for a few month). Yet I/we desperately need resources in order that [we] might survive." Almost thirty years later, Raj announced that he had taken indefinite medical leave as a result of said burn-out, and he officially retired from his job as a psychotherapist at Toronto's Sherbourne Health Centre .
Education and Professional Affiliations
In 2001, Raj graduated from The Adler School of Professional Psychology (main campus based in Chicago) with a Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology. Raj is a member of the Canadian Professional Association for Transgender Health (CPATH) (2007 – present), and in 2015 became a Canadian Certified Counsellor (CCC) and joined the College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario (CRPO).
Publications and Presentations
To date, Raj has published four trans-focused clinical research papers. He has written a book chapter in the 1997 edited collection Gender Blending. Raj is also the co-editor (with Prof. Dan Irving of Carleton University) of Trans Activism in Canada: A Reader. The book includes chapters from a total of 43 transgender and cisgender contributors in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, and a foreword by Prof. Aaron Devor of the University of Victoria and an afterword by Prof. Viviane Namaste of Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec.
Since 1999, Raj has designed and delivered more than 20 distinct trans-focused training workshops and presentations in Canada, the US and the UK. In April 2006, he taught an accredited elective course for The Adler School of Professional Psychology (Ontario campus) in Toronto, employing his "TransPositive Therapeutic Model" (2002), supporting transsexual/transgender adults. Building on this basic model, Raj's "TransFormative Therapeutic Model" (2008) supported therapists working with couples and families with trans members, as well as gender non-conforming youth and their parents.
From 1982 to 1991, Rupert compiled/edited an international trans poetry anthology, Of Souls and Roles, Of Sex and Gender (likely the first of its kind), which he donated in manuscript form to The ArQuives: Canada's LGBTQ2+ Archives in 2006. From 1991 to 2014, he added several more poems and modified the title: “Of Souls & Roles, Of Sex & Gender: A Treasury of Transsexual, Transgenderist & Transvestic Verse from 1967 to 1991." The volume includes nearly 400 poems penned by 169 trans people throughout Canada, the US, the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, and was donated to The Transgender Archives where it is currently available via PDF.
In 2017, an article Raj wrote, "Worlds in Collision", appeared in the anthology of writing about Toronto's queer history, Any Other Way: How Toronto Got Queer. His sociohistorical memoir, Dancing The Dialectic: True Tales of A Transgender Trailblazer was first published in 2017; a second edition was published in 2020.
Recognition
Raj has received a number of awards, including a listing in the International Who’s Who In Sexology (First Edition, The Institute for Advanced Studies in Human Sexuality in San Francisco, 1986). In 2000, Xanthra McKay a 23 minute video entitled "Rupert Remembers," in which Raj discusses trans spaces and activism in Toronto during the 1970s and 1980s. Raj has been awarded two Lifetime Achievement Awards: the City of Toronto's Access, Equity, and Human Rights Pride Award (2001) and the Community One Foundation's Steinert and Ferreiro Award, a recognition of leadership in Canadian LGBTTIQQ2S communities (2010).
In 2011, The Trans Health Lobby Group (THLG) won an award from Pride Toronto as the “Honoured Dyke Group." The THLG was co-founded by Rupert Raj, Susan Gapka, Michelle Hogan, Joanne Nevermann and Darla S.; subsequent early members included Shadmith Manzo, Martine Stonehouse and Davina Hader. Raj was the only active trans-male member.
In 2013, Raj was honoured by The ArQuives: Canada's LGBTQ2+ Archives in Toronto, the largest community-based LGBTQ archive in the world, through his induction into The ArQuives' National Portrait Collection. Original Plumbing, a Brooklyn-based trans* male quarterly periodical, included Raj in its 2013 Heroes issue, along with other trans* historical figures and activists. Raj is featured in the 1999 video, "Rupert Remembers," in a 2000/2001 Canada-wide TV documentary series, "Skin Deep" , and in a 2001 video, "Rewriting the Script: A Love Letter to Our Families," reflecting the experiences of queer South Asians and their families . Also in 2013, the Trans Lobby Group, which Raj co-founded as the Trans Health Lobby Group, won an Inspire Award in Toronto for “Community Organization of the Year Award” (Note: The THLG changed its name by deleting “Health” to reflect a broader mandate beyond merely health care, including advocating for politico-legal human rights provincially and federally.) More recently, the Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity has featured Rupert's work on their resources page for transgender, intersex, and Two Spirit people.
In 2022, Raj was selected to receive an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Simon Fraser University, in Burnaby BC. SFU's honorary degree is the highest honour conferred by the university. The degrees are awarded to distinguished individuals in recognition of their scholarly, scientific or artistic achievement, or in recognition of exceptional contribution to the public good. In October 2022, Rupert was presented with Fantasia Fair's 2022 Transgender Pioneer Award. Established in 2002, this award is the transgender community’s longest existing award, honouring the lifetime achievements of those who have changed the world so trans people could come together in safety and comfort. In 2023, an entry on Raj was added to the online Canadian Encyclopedia.
Notes
At this point, Raj was still using his earlier chosen name, Nicholas (or Nick) Christopher Ghosh. In later years, he started using the name "Rupert Raj" as a pseudonym, to separate his trans activism (under the name Rupert Raj) from his personal life (where he used the name Nick Ghosh). In 1988, he made "Rupert Raj" his legal name, using it in his activism and personal life, stopping the use of "Nick Ghosh."
References
External links
Rupert Raj fonds at The ArQuives: Canada's LGBTQ2+ Archives
1952 births
Living people
Canadian people of Indian descent
Canadian people of Polish descent
Transgender rights activists
Transgender male writers
Canadian LGBT rights activists
Canadian transgender writers
Writers from Ottawa
Canadian psychologists |
274147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental%20Jet%20Set%2C%20Trash%20and%20No%20Star | Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star | Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star is the eighth studio album by American experimental rock band Sonic Youth, released on May 10, 1994, by DGC Records. It was produced by Butch Vig and recorded at Sear Sound studio in New York City, the same studio where the band's 1987 album Sister was recorded. Unlike its predecessor Dirty, Experimental Jet Set features a more low-key approach and references the band's earlier work on the independent record label SST Records. The album contains quieter and more relaxed songs that deal with personal and political topics.
Upon release, Experimental Jet Set reached No. 34 on the US Billboard Top 200 chart and No. 10 on the UK Albums Chart. It was the band's highest peak on the US charts until their 2009 album The Eternal reached No. 18. The song "Bull in the Heather" was released as a single and as a music video featuring Kathleen Hanna of Bikini Kill. The album received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who highlighted the band's ability to create both noise and melody. However, some felt that the album's anti-commercial style was difficult to appreciate.
Background and recording
Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star is the follow-up to Sonic Youth's 1992 album Dirty, which was released by DGC in the wake of Nirvana's breakthrough into the mainstream. Dirty became one of the band's most commercially successful albums, selling around 500,000 copies worldwide as of May 1994. The album also reached No. 83 on the US Billboard Top 200 chart and No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart. After Dirty, Sonic Youth decided to step away from major-label alternative rock acts, which singer and guitarist Thurston Moore thought the media associated the band with. Touring with indie rock bands like Pavement, Sebadoh, and Royal Trux inspired Sonic Youth to write a quieter and more subtle album.
Like its predecessor, Experimental Jet Set was produced by the band and alternative rock veteran Butch Vig. According to the band, "The idea this time was to cut as much of it live as we could, and not labor over polishing and overdubbing in the usual big-rock manner." Similarly, guitarist Lee Ranaldo explained that the band wanted to achieve a more lo-fi approach: "None of [Experimental Jet sets] music was labored, some of it was done in people's bedrooms, even. [... We wanted] to write the songs and record them simply and basically." Additionally, the band ordered Vig to refrain from his desire to apply a buzz remover to several tracks. The album was engineered by John Siket and recorded at Sear Sound studio in New York City, the same studio where the band's 1987 album Sister was recorded. The band claimed that the album was recorded over the master tapes of Sister to save costs, and it is possible to hear some parts of Sister during quiet sections of the final recording. The album was recorded on a two-inch 16-track analog tape recorder through antiquated equipment.
Music and lyrics
Unlike Dirty, which features a loud and "dense blast of noise", Experimental Jet Set was considered warmer and more relaxed. Singer and bassist Kim Gordon described the sound of the album as "art-core" and Bradley Bambarger of Billboard noted that the album references the band's earlier work on the independent record label SST Records, stating that it features "a sparse, bracingly dichotomous work of 'quiet noise' that, with its wayward tonalities and laconic grooves, speaks to the future while thinking of the past." In fact, the song "Screaming Skull" is about the band's nostalgia for their days on SST Records, which is mentioned frequently throughout the song. It also references fellow bands Hüsker Dü and The Lemonheads. The song was inspired by a conversation Moore had with film director Dave Markey about the SST Superstore, a shop located on Sunset Strip which supplies SST records and skateboard-related products.
Most of the lyrics on Experimental Jet Set deal with political and personal topics. Gordon explained that the song "Bull in the Heather" is about "using passiveness as a form of rebellion—like, I'm not going to participate in your male-dominated culture, so I'm just going to be passive." Similarly, the song "Androgynous Mind" addresses traditional gender roles, while "Self-Obsessed and Sexxee" is an observation on an anonymous riot grrrl. Moore explained that the latter is not about Courtney Love of Hole or Kathleen Hanna of Bikini Kill; it is about "being attracted to somebody who's obviously out of control with self-obsession in the high-profile alternative-rock world." The track "Quest for the Cup" deals with a person who desires more than it is needed. The opening track, "Winner's Blues", alludes to the pressure of fame and has been described as an acoustic and sad lullaby. The song was originally intended to be an outtake designated for the compilation DGC Rarities Vol. 1, but the band ultimately decided to include it in the album at the last minute during the mixing sessions. Another outtake, "Compilation Blues", was instead included on the compilation.
Experimental Jet Set was also the first Sonic Youth album to feature a hidden track on the CD release; just over a minute after the closing track "Sweet Shine" finishes, there is 1:30 of "bonus noise" featuring a looped speech of a Japanese gas attendant. Unlike on previous Sonic Youth albums, Ranaldo did not write or sing any songs because he did not like how his compositions were treated and assembled for Dirty and its predecessor Goo. David Browne, author of Goodbye 20th Century: A Biography of Sonic Youth, remarked that "a sense of ambivalence and impermanence hung over [Experimental Jet Set], even down to the cover", which "for the first time since Sonic Youth in 1982, featured their faces instead of a piece of art."
Promotion and release
To promote the album, the song "Bull in the Heather" was released as a single in April 1994. The single features an outtake, "Razor Blade", which was recorded at the same sessions as "Winner's Blues" and "Compilation Blues", and an alternate version of "Doctor's Orders" as B-sides. The song reached No. 13 on the US Modern Rock Tracks and No. 24 on the UK Singles Chart. The track "Self-Obsessed and Sexxee" was intended to be the second single from the album. A promo CD was issued, but plans for a regular release were eventually canceled. The remaining copies were sold off through the Sonic Death fan club magazine. The CD includes the same B-sides as "Bull in the Heather". A music video featuring Kathleen Hanna was made for "Bull in the Heather" under the direction of Tamra Davis.
Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star was released on May 10, 1994, by DGC, which also released the band's previous two albums. The album peaked at No. 34 on the US Billboard Top 200 chart and No. 10 on the UK Albums Chart. It was the band's highest position on the US charts until their 2009 album The Eternal reached No. 18. The album also charted in several other countries, including Australia, New Zealand, The Netherlands and Sweden. The band did not support the album with a tour due to Gordon's advanced pregnancy at the time. As of 2005, the album had sold 246,000 copies in the US according to Nielsen SoundScan.
Critical reception
Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star received generally favorable reviews from music critics. Barbara O'Dair of Rolling Stone felt that the album was "quietly confident; more ambitious and weirder than Dirty". However, she remarked that the band "saved their integrity at the expense of quality; with a little more grease, their grit might get across better." Lorraine Ali, writing for the Los Angeles Times, praised Gordon's dynamic singing and the guitar playing for giving the album a sleepy and dreamy mood, concluding that Sonic Youth "transcends the confining roles of pretentious art-rock band or palatable alternative group, and instead offers a penetrating album that's all its own." Billboard also praised the album, saying that it offered both noise and melody that "cohabitate exceedingly well".
In a mixed review, AllMusic reviewer Jason Birchmeier criticized Experimental Jet Set for its stripped-down sound, saying that the album only contains "odd lyrics and unique guitar nuance." Similarly, Evelyn McDonnell of Entertainment Weekly noted that the songs "never quite emerge from the sketch stage" and that newcomers may find it difficult to appreciate. In contrast, Alternative Press highlighted the album's anti-commercial aesthetic, claiming that "It doesn't get much cooler than this". The Advocate criticized the album and the band for not taking risks, concluding: "Sonic Youth is stuck repeating the same experience. And this time around, the songs don't stick." Mike Rubin, writing for Spin, described Experimental Jet Set as a "low-key, mellow affair", but highlighted the guitar playing and the audio feedback on some songs.
In a positive review for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau highlighted the band's ability to create unexpected noises, which he described as "marks of flesh-and-blood creatures thinking and feeling things neither you nor they have ever thought or felt before. If they can't quite put those things into words, that's what unexpected noises are for." Unlike previous Sonic Youth albums, Experimental Jet Set was not ranked in the Top 40 of The Village Voices Pazz & Jop critics' poll for 1994, but Christgau placed it at No. 3 in his own "Dean's List". In a retrospective review for About.com, 90s rock expert Melissa Bobbitt wrote: "Though it might not be as universally celebrated as 1988's Daydream Nation or Dirty, this record represented the triumphant rise of the Alternative Nation and its progressive nature." In 2014, Guitar World placed Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star at No. 44 in their "Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994" list.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Sonic Youth
Thurston Moore - vocals, guitar
Kim Gordon - vocals, bass
Lee Ranaldo - guitar
Steve Shelley - drums, percussion
Design
Kevin Reagan – sleeve design
Catherine Lewis – sleeve photography
Stefano Giovannini – sleeve photography
Technical
Butch Vig – recording, mixing, production
John Siket – engineering
Howie Weinberg – mastering
Bil Emmons – technician
Devin Emke – technician
Ed Raso – technician
Fred Kevorkian – technician
Ollie Cotton – technician
Walter Sear – technician
Charts
Album
Singles
References
External links
1994 albums
Albums produced by Butch Vig
Geffen Records albums
Sonic Youth albums |
46976528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishonored%202 | Dishonored 2 | Dishonored 2 is a 2016 action-adventure game developed by Arkane Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. It is the sequel to 2012's Dishonored. After Empress Emily Kaldwin is deposed by the witch Delilah Copperspoon, the player may choose between playing as either Emily or her Royal Protector and father Corvo Attano as they attempt to reclaim the throne. Emily and Corvo employ their own array of supernatural abilities, though the player can alternatively decide to forfeit these abilities altogether. Due to the game's nonlinear gameplay, there are a multitude of ways to complete missions, from non-lethal stealth to purposeful violent conflict.
Ideas for Dishonored 2 began while developing the downloadable content of its predecessor, which spawned the decision to create a voice for Corvo Attano after being a silent character in the first installment. The advancement of the timeline was brought about once Emily Kaldwin, a child in Dishonored, was proposed as a playable character. The game's aesthetic was influenced by paintings and sculptures. Set in the fictional city of Karnaca, its history was invented in the span of one year. The city itself was based on Larnaca in Cyprus and other Mediterranean countries like Greece, Italy, and Spain, drawing on the architecture, fashion, and technologies of 1851. Voice actors include Rosario Dawson, Sam Rockwell, Robin Lord Taylor, Jamie Hector, Pedro Pascal, and Vincent D'Onofrio.
Dishonored 2 was released to a positive reception. Praised were the improvements made since the first game: the more challenging stealth, the adaptability of Emily and Corvo's abilities to both play styles, the creative design of individual missions, the realization of the game's world, and the artificial intelligence. Criticism was directed at the lack of focus of the overarching narrative. The PC version of the game became subject to technical issues at launch. Dishonored 2 won the award for Best Action/Adventure Game at The Game Awards 2016 and for Costume Design at the 2017 NAVGTR Awards. Since then, it has been listed as one of the greatest games ever made.
Gameplay
Dishonored 2 is an action-adventure game with stealth elements played from a first-person perspective. After playing as Empress Emily Kaldwin during the prologue, players may decide to play either as Emily or as Corvo Attano, the protagonist from Dishonored, the previous game. Side missions unlock alternate methods of assassination, non-lethal approaches and paths to navigate the main mission. Both characters wield a pistol, crossbow, a retractable blade, grenades and mines—all of which are upgradable. Upgrades may be purchased at black market shops found throughout levels, and blueprints scattered throughout the environment unlock new upgrades. Coin is required to buy these upgrades, which can be found throughout levels or gained from other collectibles, like stealing paintings. Players can choose whether to play stealthily or not and can finish the game without taking a life. Health elixirs and food consumables will restore health, while mana elixirs replenish mana.
Enemy detection works on line-of-sight, with players being able to use cover or high areas out of enemies' cones of vision to stay undetected. Darkness can aid the player in staying hidden, but it is only effective at a distance. Enemy alert meters and musical cues let the player know if they have been spotted. Noise will cause enemies to go to investigate, including noise made by broken bottles or the player striking a sword against a wall; this may be used deliberately to lure guards into traps or disrupt their patrol route. Players can look through keyholes to help them survey a room before entering and can lean to look from cover without fully exposing themselves. The player is able to be detected if they peer out from behind a wall for too long, a feature not seen in Dishonored. To avoid detection, the player may choke people out or slit their throats. Bodies can be carried away and concealed. Alarms can be disabled to assure that enemies are not alerted to the player's presence. Walls of Light, deadly electrical barriers powered by wind or whale oil, are subject to have their power turned off or be rewired so that only enemies are killed by going through them. Whale oil canisters explode on harsh impact, and can be thrown at enemies to that end.
Dishonored 2 introduces non-lethal combat moves to throw people off-balance or knock someone unconscious—choke-holds, blocks, pushes, kicks, crouch-slides, drops from high up, sleep darts, stun mines, and various supernatural abilities—and features the chaos system used in the first game. The player gains chaos by killing characters, representative of the player destabilizing the world. The game adds an element to the system where, at the start of a mission, random non-player characters are procedurally assigned one of three states: sympathetic, guilty, and murderous. Killing a "sympathetic" person gives the player more chaos than killing others, while in contrast killing a murderous character gives the player a lesser amount. The amount of chaos accrued affects the dialog used by Emily and Corvo and the quantity of enemies present in each given level. Further, insects called bloodflies make nests in corpses; therefore if many people are killed, there will be an increase in bloodflies. Loot can be found in the nests which, if destroyed, can be obtained. The bloodflies similarly encourage the player to hide bodies from them while on a mission. Each level in the game is intended to have a unique theme, in either fiction or game mechanic. In one level, the player is confronted with two factions each with their own assassination target, and may use the level's reoccurring dust storms for cover. In another, time distortion is introduced as the player traverses an abandoned mansion in ruins. The player is given a device that lets them glimpse three years into the past, where the mansion is still occupied and guards roam, and can shift back and forth between the two points in time.
Abilities and powers
As in the first game, the player has access to supernatural powers. These powers are optional and may be rejected. Independently from whether these supernatural powers are rejected or not, the player receives a heart item which aids in the discovery of bone charms and runes; these provide passive perks and skill points, respectively; if the powers are not accepted, runes are converted into additional coins. The heart reveals whether those the player comes across are sympathetic, guilty or murderous. Unlike the first game, the upgrading system was changed to a skill tree with multiple paths and more possible upgrades; a power may have a lethal or non-lethal upgrade. Each character has unique powers. "Dark Vision", the power that more easily identifies the player's surroundings, including where an enemy directs their gaze, is available to both. Another skill tree, applied to both playable characters, unlock more passive abilities which do not consume mana, such as the ability to run faster and jump higher, or the ability to craft bonecharms.
Corvo retains many of the powers available in the first game, though his progress in them has been reset. "Blink" teleports him to a chosen location, but in addition can be upgraded to freeze time or impart damage on impact with the momentum gained from teleportation. Corvo may summon rats with "Devouring Swarm" to clear dead bodies before bloodflies lay eggs in them. While its original use allowed Corvo to possess animals and humans, "Possession" is enhanced to take control of dead bodies as well as multiple hosts in succession. "Bend Time" can be used to slow down time, circumventing dangerous checkpoints or reaching enemies unobserved. The ability "Windblast" enables Corvo to summon a blast of wind that can deflect projectiles and push enemies off ledges. Emily has powers new to the series, including "Far Reach", which allows her to pull objects and enemies toward her and travel without physical movement by clasping onto something to propel herself forward. She can use "Mesmerize" to distract her enemies, moving them into a state of sedation. "Domino" permits Emily to connect several of her enemies together so that they share the same outcome. With "Shadow Walk", she is turned into a shadowy cloud that moves swiftly and changes tangibility at will. "Doppelganger" conjures a clone of Emily in order to misdirect her opponents, and can work alongside "Domino".
Synopsis
Setting
While players begin and end the game in Dunwall, much of the story takes place in the coastal city of Karnaca, the capital of Serkonos that lies along the southern region of the Empire of the Isles, whose chief exports include silver. Unlike Dunwall, which relied on whale oil for power, Karnaca is powered by wind turbines fed by currents generated by a cleft mountain along the city's borders, though the winds that blow over and into the city cause it to be rife with dust storms, most notably within its mining district which led it to be known as the "Dust District". At the time the game begins, two factions, the Howlers and Overseers, engage in violent conflict within the district, with the Howlers seeking to oppose the new Duke and his government following the passing of its previous Duke, leading to the Grand Serkonan Guard, Karnaca's law enforcement and military, erecting defensive barriers called Walls of Light in response to the disarray.
Characters
The main characters of Dishonored 2 that the player can control are Corvo Attano (Stephen Russell), a former bodyguard turned assassin and the main character of Dishonored; and Emily Kaldwin (Erica Luttrell), the former Empress of the Empire of the Isles. The game's main antagonists include Luca Abele (Vincent D'Onofrio), the new duke of Serkonos following the passing of his father Theodanis; and Delilah Copperspoon (Erin Cottrell), a witch and the antagonist of the previous game's downloadable content packs The Knife of Dunwall and The Brigmore Witches, as well as being the half-sister of Emily's deceased mother; promotional material from the special collector's edition of the game references her as "Delilah Kaldwin".
Other characters in the game include Meagan Foster (Rosario Dawson)the captain of the Dreadful Wale; Paolo (Pedro Pascal)leader of the Howler Gang; Mindy Blanchard (Betsy Moore)Paolo's second-in-command; Mortimer Ramsey (Sam Rockwell)a corrupt officer of the Dunwall City Watch; Liam Byrne (Jamie Hector)the Vice Overseer of Karnaca who opposes the Howlers; Anton Sokolov (Roger L. Jackson)Dunwall's genius inventor; the Outsider (Robin Lord Taylor)the representational figure of the Void, an alternate dimension that grants supernatural abilities; and Jessamine Kaldwin (April Stewart)Emily Kaldwin's mother, whose spirit was trapped in The Heart.
Plot
Fifteen years after Corvo Attano restored Emily Kaldwin to the throne following the assassination of her mother, Dunwall has prospered under her reign. A serial killer known as "the Crown Killer" has been murdering Emily's enemies, leading many to believe that Emily and Corvo are responsible. During a ceremony in remembrance of Jessamine Kaldwin's assassination, Duke Luca Abele of Serkonos arrives with the witch Delilah Copperspoon. Delilah claims to be Jessamine's half-sister and the true heir to the throne. The Duke's men attack, killing Emily's men. The player then chooses whether to continue as Emily or Corvo, and the character not chosen is magically turned to stone by Delilah. The player escapes to the Dunwall docks, where Meagan Foster is waiting. Meagan was sent by Anton Sokolov to warn Emily and Corvo about the Duke's coup. They sail for Karnaca, where Delilah began her rise to power. During the voyage, the player is visited by the Outsider, who offers them supernatural powers and instructs them to stop Delilah.
Arriving in Karnaca, the player is tasked with rescuing Sokolov, who was kidnapped by the Crown Killer. Infiltrating Addermire Institute, where the Crown Killer is reportedly hiding out, the player discovers that the Crown Killer is the alter ego of Karnaca's Chief Alchemist, Alexandria Hypatia (Jessica Straus). Hypatia accidentally created the Crown Killer persona when she tested an experimental serum on herself, and the Duke then exploited this to frame Emily. The player either kills Hypatia or cures her condition.
Investigating Addermire, it is revealed that Sokolov was imprisoned by Kirin Jindosh (John Gegenhuber), the Duke's Grand Inventor. The player enters Jindosh's Clockwork Mansion, kills him or performs an electrical lobotomy on him, and frees Sokolov. Sokolov directs the player to eliminate Breanna Ashworth (Melendy Britt), the curator of the Royal Conservatory and witch working for Delilah. The player enters the Royal Conservatory and discovers that Ashworth brought Delilah back from the Void, after her defeat at the hands of Daud, the assassin who killed Emily's mother. Ashworth is either killed or has her powers removed.
With Delilah being too powerful to defeat conventionally, Sokolov suggests the player investigate the home of mining magnate Aramis Stilton (Richard Cansino). Upon entering Stilton's mansion, the player discovers that he had gone insane after witnessing Delilah's resurrection. With the aid of the Outsider, the player travels back in time and observes the Crown Killer, Jindosh, Ashworth, and the Duke pull Delilah from the Void. Afterward, Delilah siphons part of her soul into a statue, making her immortal.
The player invades the Duke's palace to eliminate him and retrieve Delilah's soul. After either killing the Duke or working with his body double to depose him, the player finds the statue and extracts Delilah's soul. The player then returns to Dunwall for a final confrontation with Delilah. After reuniting Delilah with her soul, the player may choose to kill Delilah or trick her into trapping herself inside her own painting.
Endings
There are multiple endings based on whether the player caused high chaos by indiscriminate murder, or achieved low chaos by refraining from taking lives. These endings are also dependent on whom the player killed or spared, and which factions, if any, they sided with.
In the High Chaos ending, the player is faced with the choice of freeing Emily / Corvo from petrification or leaving them that way. If Emily is not left in stone, she becomes a vengeful empress and brutally purges Delilah's supporters. If Corvo leaves Emily petrified, he takes the throne for himself and becomes a brutal tyrant known as Emperor Corvo "the Black". Karnaca is either ruled by a new tyrant or collapses into anarchy and, if alive, Sokolov becomes a broken man after witnessing the perversion of his work, and is exiled to his home country.
In the Low Chaos ending, the player frees Emily / Corvo from their imprisonment. A council of representatives, or, optionally, Corvo, who can make himself the new Duke, takes charge in Karnaca and brings the city back from the brink. Emily becomes a fair and just ruler, reuniting the Empire. Sokolov, proud to see his work used for good, returns to his home country to spend his last days in comfort.
In either ending, if Meagan survives, she is revealed to be Billie Lurk and leaves to search for Daud, leading to Dishonored: Death of the Outsider.
Development
Dishonored 2 was developed by Arkane Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. After having co-directed the first game, Harvey Smith worked as director of Dishonored 2. Though the first Dishonored was developed by both Arkane teams in Lyon, France and Austin, United States, its sequel was developed largely solely in Lyon as Arkane Studios Austin were focused on developing 2017's Prey. Both studios collaborated on the game, and playtested each other's builds. The game runs on Arkane's "Void" engine, as opposed to Unreal Engine 3 that was previously used in Dishonored. The Void engine is based on id Tech 5, though the majority of the original engine was rewritten. Arkane removed unneeded elements from the engine like the mini open world and overhauled the graphics. The new engine is intended to improve in-game lighting and post-processing to help the game's visuals, and allows the game to visualize subsurface scattering.
Dishonored was not developed with a sequel in mind, but ideas for one began to emerge during the development of its downloadable content. Harvey Smith called the decision to play as Emily as intuitive at the start, with Emily having been a child in the original game. The impact that Emily had on players in Dishonored, which changed how the game was being played, made the developer decide to continue her story and give her more depth in Dishonored 2. Although this meant moving the timeline along, Arkane did not want to go too far for fear of losing the series' gaslamp fantasy / steampunk aesthetics. The choice to include Corvo as an alternate player character was itself a later decision.
In contrast to the first game, it was decided that both Emily Kaldwin and Corvo Attano should be voiced in Dishonored 2. The developers had previously experimented with a voiced player character with the assassin Daud in two pieces of Dishonoreds downloadable content, The Knife of Dunwall and The Brigmore Witches. Voiced player characters allowed the developers to draw attention to things on-screen via dialogue, and Arkane found them better at making players more emotionally invested. As Corvo had been a silent character in the first game, Arkane wanted to avoid going against any broad assumptions a player may have made about his character while also giving him a more assertive personality, which Smith remarked as an increased challenge for the writers. Originally, the player was to have access to all the powers regardless of what character was chosen. However, instead the team chose to limit them, and have the character's powers "reflect their lives or their time in the world".
Arkane was influenced by some criticisms of the first Dishonored. Although the difficulty was not considered a major problem, a sizeable number of players had complained the first was too easy, and thus the harder difficulty settings were reworked. The chaos system of Dishonored, considered as merely a binary ersatz meter, was intended to have more depth in the sequel. The altered chaos system, where different individuals grant varying amounts of chaos, was implemented due to how many players used the Heart in the original game. As the Heart would reveal secrets about whomever it was pointed at, players would use it to decide which non-player characters to kill and which to leave be or spare. Also intended to yield additional improvements was the upgrade system, which would for the first time level up based on a skill tree. Bone charms were made into craftable items, with 400,000 possible combinations available. While taking into account the intricacies of how supernatural abilities would be used, designers faced increased difficulty in relation to the play-style where the game is traversed in their absence, noting the accommodation of the play-style in a way that would not cancel out the other as a challenge.
As Arkane's Austin studio had left to work on Prey, Arkane Studios Lyon had to rebuild the AI team and begin work on the AI "from scratch". In addition to their own individual AIs, the guards in the game respond to a master AI that assigns them roles and helps them react to and work with each other.
With Dishonored 2, developers wanted to make the game's characters more representative. Arkane tried to give more key roles to non-white characters both to match the "melting pot" nature of the Empire and create a realistic world, and to ensure any potential player could find themselves reflected in the world. Elsewhere, characters exist who are not heterosexual, though developers wished this to feel a natural part of the world rather than "draw[ing] a big sign" around them. Emily's sexuality itself is deliberately never specified in order to allow for players to impose their own interpretations. The first Dishonored had received some criticisms about giving women limited types of roles. From Dishonoreds downloadable content onwards, Arkane attempted to address these concerns and reach a more "plausible balance" in the world. This trend continued for Dishonored 2 which has women in a wider range of roles, including as guards.
Art, level design and setting
Sébastien Mitton, who acted as art director on the first game, returned to the position for Dishonored 2. Viktor Antonov, who helped conceive of Dishonoreds "painterly" look, had moved on as a general creative consultant for Bethesda and thus was less involved in the art of Dishonored 2. Arkane drew on paintings and sculptures for the art design, and had Lucie Minne mold several clay busts. The game begins and ends in the city of Dunwall, the setting of the first game, with most of the game taking place in Karnaca, "the jewel of the south". The change in setting in part was out of a desire to show another corner of the series' Empire. On using both settings, Harvey Smith commented that Arkane felt "we need to start it at home ... and then venture out into an exotic place and come back". Mitton wanted Dishonored 2 to be a visual "journey to a new city", though keeping the same sensibility of the first game and elements like oppression, disease, magic, and decay.
The history of Karnaca reportedly took approximately a year to create. After the creation of the setting's basic outline, the team focused on developing ideas that were inspired from inside the game, rather than from the outside world. Arkane had anthropology and politics in mind when creating the land's history, looking upon the first settlers of the region, the influence of foreign powers taking up residence there, and the different "tides of culture" that shaped the city. An attempt was made to have the game feature various different types of architecture, to reflect these various waves of settlers. The Arkane team worked with industrial designers and architects in creating Karnaca.
Based on southern Europe countries like Greece, Italy and Spain, Karnaca is warmer and sunnier than Dunwall. Reference photos were used from a variety of places to help design the city, including Cuba, Lyon and Malibu, California. The buildings in Karnaca frequently have flat roofs and more ornate windows. Photography from the 1920s was examined in order to help build a setting with a historical disposition, using reference websites like Shorpy.com and looking at the work of Agustín Casasola. Whereas Dishonored was largely built on the real world of 1837, Dishonored 2 draws ideas from "the architectural forms, popular fashions, and far-out technologies" of 1851. Arkane tried to take architectural concerns into account, and considered the effect the wind would have on the way the city developed, with energy being generated by wind turbines. Level designers and level architects collaborated throughout the entire production as locations were built. In making Karnaca, a style of Art Nouveau was applied.
The developers intended to depict Karnaca as grounded environment to help the city seem as though it could exist in reality. Arkane wished to avoid what one member dubbed "the Deus Ex effect"—wherein man-sized vents were placed wherever the game designers felt, often in nonsensical places. The team tried to reflect practicalities of everyday life; for instance, a building would have to have some kind of toilet and a guard's placement should make in-world sense. Colonies in places such as Australia, India and Africa were investigated to comprehend the transition of people adapting from the cold climate of Dunwall to areas with a warmer constitution like Karnaca.
Designing the in-game propaganda, they studied its use in history, finding the same pattern of elements reappearing throughout the centuries. In place of the militarily inspired propaganda of the first game, Dishonored 2 would employ a subtler approach; lavish posters for invariably canceled enterprises meant to aid the people of Serkonos were made to exhibit the nature of tyranny as practised by the Duke of Serkonos and his government. To further detail the world, the narration team would come up with fictitious products and brand names and make advertisements of them.
Release
The game was formally announced during Bethesda's Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 press conference by Dishonored co-directors Raphaël Colantonio and Harvey Smith, but was leaked the night before during a rehearsal. Lucie Minne's clay models, along with other Dishonored art, were featured on display at Art Ludique in an exhibit focused on French video games. Dishonored 2 appeared again at E3 2016. An image for the game by Sergei Kolesov was featured as part of the "Into the Pixel" collection. It was released to manufacturing on 1 November and made available on 11 November. The PC version was tamper-protected by anti-piracy software Denuvo, which was cracked in June 2017 by hacker group SteamPunks.
Preordering Dishonored 2 granted players access to the full game a day early. Bethesda announced a special collector's edition of the game as a pre-order on their online store. The collector's edition included a 13.5 inch replica of Corvo Attano's signature mask, a zinc alloy replica of Emily Kaldwin's ring, a Delilah Kaldwin propaganda poster and a metal collector's edition case for the game disc and manual. Digital bonuses were also included in the form of the Digital Imperial Assassin's Pack, which included additional in-game content. Pre-orders for console versions of the collector's edition came with a copy of Dishonored: Definitive Edition, a remastered version of the first game for the eighth generation of consoles with all downloadable content included.
In May 2016, Bethesda announced a Dishonored tie-in comic miniseries and novel trilogy. The comic mini-series, published by Titan Comics and written by Gordon Rennie with art by Andrea Olimpieri and Marcelo Maiolo, consists of four issues, the first of which was published in August. The three tie-in novels are published by Titan Books, the first of which, The Corroded Man, written by Adam Christopher, was published in September, with the second and third volumes following in 2017. In addition, a Dark Horse Comics-created artbook, The Art of Dishonored 2, was released, launching on the same date as the game. An art contest was held over social media—from 28 June to 17 July—with five winning participants being featured in the book. A graphic novel, The Peeress and the Price, was released on 20 February 2018. Written by Michael Moreci, drawn by Andrea Olimpieri and colorized by Mattia Iacono, it was created as a follow-up to the game.
Dishonored 2 received later updates. A New Game Plus mode was made available on 19 December 2016, which also allows the player access to both protagonists' powers in a single playthrough. Customizable difficulty settings along with a mission-select option were postponed to 23 January 2017 for all platforms. A standalone expansion, Dishonored: Death of the Outsider, was released on 15 September 2017. It follows Billie Lurk and Daud the assassin as they embark on a mission to kill the Outsider.
Reception
Pre-release
Emily Kaldwin's reveal as player character at E3 2015 drew attention pre-release. GamesRadar called it one of the event's biggest surprises, noting the rarity of female protagonists. Both GameSpot and The Guardian commented on the prominence of female player characters in 2015's E3 expo. Game Informer called her one of ten "most promising" new characters revealed at the expo. The game's appearance at E3 2016 gained accolades. IGN awarded it "Best Xbox One Game", and it was nominated "Game of the Show", "Best PlayStation 4 Game", "Best Action Game", "Best Trailer", and "Best PC Game", being the runner-up to the last of which.
Dishonored 2 was nominated for "Best of Show", "Best Console Game", "Best PC Game" and "Best Action/Adventure Game" at the Game Critics Awards. Game Informer awarded the game "Best Multiplatform Game". PC Gamer gave the game "Best of Show". Eurogamer selected the game as one of the five best games at E3, highlighting the time-manipulating level and commenting "it's hard to imagine there'll be any game as intricate released this year, nor one quite so imaginative".
Post-release
Dishonored 2 received generally favorable reviews according to Metacritic. The levels "Clockwork Mansion" and "A Crack in the Slab" were singled out to considerable praise. The game has been the recipient of over one hundred Best of 2016 awards. On its release, PC players reported issues with performance such as loss of frame rate and display resolution, and system crashes. Three patches for the PC version were released to remedy the problem.
Chris Carter of Destructoid considered the stealth approach "glorious"; the heart item one of his favorite ways to be exposed to further content; the puzzles and traversal challenges demanding; and the task of becoming a better assassin rewarding. The only complaints concerned shortcomings in frame rate capabilities on the Xbox One console, "stilted voice acting and script issues, despite the compelling narrative". Electronic Gaming Monthly's Nick Plessas wrote that Dishonored 2 "[recreates] many of the positive experiences from the previous instalment, but [requires] much greater effort on the part of the player this time around to achieve it". According to Plessas, the game's emotional substance was derived from the player character as coupled with the choices and their consequences to the story, though he was moved significantly more by the "smaller moments" of the game than the finale.
Writing for Game Informer, Matt Bertz thought the balance between low-chaos and high-chaos play styles held an improved competence from the original game and that each approach availed thought-provoking scenarios to be solved. Each character's abilities were praised as "equally useful". Bertz disparaged the main story beats however, calling them "rushed and underdeveloped", whilst lauding the environmental storytelling. James Kozanitis at Game Revolution enjoyed playing as Emily Kaldwin the most and said that, because some elements from Dishonored had returned, Emily infused a fresh perspective into the overall experience. Kozanitis favored the stealthier approach, which was said to better accommodate side quests—opined as the chief incentive for playing Dishonored 2. GameSpots Scott Butterworth was satisfied with the use of weapons and observed that the sophisticated behavior patterns of the artificial intelligence (AI) rendered into "fun" experimentation, especially for stealth employment. The lack of increasing challenges was subject to criticism, with Butterworth lamenting the "underutilized" new enemies; the plot met charges of reproval for the same reason. Conversely, one quest involving time manipulation was declared a "masterpiece unto itself" and another in a clockwork-driven mansion was labeled as "mind-bending".
Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar complimented its sense of place, supernatural abilities and execution, but disapproved of the character development and constraint of a number of mechanics that were otherwise "brilliant". GamesRadar remarked in the days following that the Clockwork Mansion mission exemplified the best of Arkane Studios' "rich, intricate level design". IGNs Lucy O'Brien felt the decision to allocate powers and story details between the two player characters was "smart", echoing the view that the characters' abilities were "excellently" adaptable to both play styles. She commended the level design for distinguishing each level in terms of providing unique gameplay mechanics and expressed admiration for the game world's "gorgeous, painterly aesthetic". Phil Savage, writing for PC Gamer, stated that "at its worst, it offers a similar experience to its predecessor, which is to say, it offers tens of hours of extraordinary first-person stealth and action". PC Gamer later recognized the Clockwork Mansion as one of the best levels of 2016. Polygons Arthur Gies noted the combat system as "improved and refined", the setting as "Dishonored 2s greatest inherited strength" and the AI units for their "excellent peripheral vision", yet regarded the inability to replay missions and the absence of a New Game Plus option as "possible deal-breakers". Alice Bell at VideoGamer.com wrote in her verdict: "Dishonored 2 takes everything you loved about Dishonored and improves upon it without becoming bloated. It's a beautifully designed, layered game, stuffed with hidden gems and secret stories. Also you can stab people in mid air".
Sales
Dishonored 2 was the fourth best-selling game in its first week of release, but the launch week sales dropped thirty-eight percent when compared with the original game, although only sales of physical copies were recorded. That same week, the game had sold the most pre-orders on Steam and was ranked sixth in overall sales. It was the seventh best-selling retail video game in the UK in its second week of release, according to Chart-Track, a fifty-two percent decrease from the first week – similar to that of its predecessor. After a reduction in cost, Dishonored 2 re-entered the UK charts in the fourth week of May 2017, ranked in 8th place with a 1,267 percent rise in sales.
Accolades
See also
Immersive sim
Notes
References
External links
2016 video games
Action-adventure games
Arkane Studios games
Bethesda Softworks games
Dark fantasy video games
Dishonored (series)
Dystopian video games
Fiction about murder
First-person adventure games
Gangs in fiction
Fiction about government
Id Tech games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games
Single-player video games
Stealth video games
Steampunk video games
Video game sequels
Video games about psychic powers
Video games about revenge
Video games about spirit possession
Video games about the paranormal
Video games about time travel
Video games adapted into comics
Video games adapted into novels
Video games developed in France
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games scored by Daniel Licht
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
Video games about witchcraft
Xbox Cloud Gaming games
Xbox One games
Xbox One X enhanced games
Immersive sims
The Game Awards winners
Video games directed by Harvey Smith |
21678907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraith%20%28Zak-Del%29 | Wraith (Zak-Del) | Wraith (Zak-Del) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Although Wraith first appears in the prologue as a vision,<ref>Annihilation: Conquest Prologue</ref> his first physical appearance was in Annihilation Conquest: Wraith #1 in Annihilation: Conquest.
Publication history
Wraith first appeared in Annihilation: Conquest: Wraith #1 (2007) and was created by Javier Grillo-Marxuach and Kyle Hotz. Wraith returned in Donny Cates and Geoff Shaw's 2019 relaunch of Guardians of the Galaxy.
Fictional character biography
Wraith is the son of Kree scientist Sim-Del, who created a power source sufficient to "light an entire galaxy". Kree society banished him, but he continued his work, using the power source to turn the barren planetoid he inhabited into a paradise. The Kree then destroyed him, his wife, and all traces of his work. However, his son was sent off on an escape ship. The ship drifted into The Exoteric Latitude, the space of the Nameless, an offshoot of the Kree, who were once ancient Kree explorers lost thousands of years ago, and their bodies were invaded by the Exolon, parasites that feed on the souls of living creatures. The Nameless made Zak-Del one of their own and were promptly infected with the Exolon. Because he had become a Nameless, he was subjected to endless self-inflicted torture, as this is the only way a Nameless can remember their life before losing their soul. He was haunted by the image of the signet ring worn by the man who killed his parents, and that is what brings him to Kree space — to hunt down that man. Wraith defeated the leader of the Nameless, and he stole their polymorphic weapon and a ship that transported him back into the galaxy to hunt down the man. Although his time with the Nameless made him rather cold and show brutal efficiency as a fighter, Wraith retains some pragmatic yet, moral standards.
Wraith first appeared when he incapacitated an entire Phalanx battle-cruiser, drawing the attention of both the Phalanx and the Resistance forces led by Ra-Venn opposing them. Because he capably made the Phalanx feel fear, as both sides wished to add him to their ranks. He gets tracked by the Phalanx to the resistance's base, and in allowing them to escape, he is captured and brought before Ronan the Accuser, head of the Kree empire since the end of the Annihilation War, now a slave and Head Inquisitor of the Phalanx. Though Ronan subjects Wraith to all manners of horrible torture, inflicting more pain than any Kree can withstand, Wraith refuses to give up his origins, finally prompting an infuriated Ronan to attempt to impale him on a spike. Wraith pulls himself off and immediately heals. Ronan states that due to his seeming immunity to pain, he is not Kree, but something else, like a wraith. It amuses the son of Sim-Del, and he decides that Wraith is a suitable new name for himself. Wraith then divulges his origins. He says that he pities Ronan because he is a slave. The Accuser decides the highest degree of torture he could inflict would be to make Wraith a slave to the Phalanx for all time, and he promptly infects Wraith with Phalanx technology.
Wraith remains steadfast and enters a self-induced coma-like state, causing frustration in Ronan and annoyance in the Phalanx. A vision of Sim-Del in Wraith's mind convinces him to continue fighting, as only the punishment of the man with the signet ring could set his and his wife's spirits free. His father also convinces him that he cannot find the man alone, and so Wraith enlists the help of Super-Skrull and Praxagora. The trio escape and meet up with the Resistance, saving them from a Phalanx warship. Although he has little interest in the war with the Phalanx, Wraith accepts the offer to join the Resistance and fight the Phalanx in return for their help in tracking down the people who murdered his family. With Wraith and crew's assistance, the rebellion manages to capture a Phalanx scientist who has information on the Phalanx's super weapon. After determining the deployment point and the time of the attack, the fleet launches a suicide mission to deliver Wraith, Super-Skrull and Praxagora to the scene, where they infiltrate the Phalanx fleet and find the weapon, a Phalanx-infected Supreme Intelligence. Here Wraith again sees his father's spirit, speaking through the Supreme Intelligence, who instructs him not to stop the weapon, but to let it activate, and then to release the Exolon and absorb the Supreme Intelligence's soul, not only saving the Kree, but also dealing a massive blow to the Phalanx and freeing Ronan from the Phalanx's control. Wraith also convinces Ronan to overcome his shame and lead the Kree against their captors. He himself remains with the resistance, not revealing what he has truly done, to later use the Supreme Intelligence's soul to become a beacon of hope for the people.
Wraith and allies travels to the planet Kree-Lar, a ceded territory of the Kree that is home to Ravenous (the former right-hand man of Annihilus from "Annihilation" storyline) and enemies to the Kree, at Ronan's behest. Wraith makes his wariness and distrust of this mission clear to Ronan before their ship is attacked and are sent crashing into the planet. The group land on the surface and found that the Phalanx engaging warfare with the Ravenous, but Wraith uses his Exolon parasites paralyze the Phalanx and stop the fighting. Recognizing Wraith being the key to dealing with the Phalanx, the Ravenous agreed to allow the group to see their leader. During the audience, Wraith demonstrates his powers the Ravenous before subduing him, allowing Ronan to access the secret chamber underneath the throne. Ronan leads Wraith the 15,000 Kree Sentries that lays dormant in the chamber, which Wraith and Praxagora reprogrammed to make the sentries immune to the Phalanx's abilities. As Ronan launches the 15,000 Kree Sentries to Hala to destroy all Phalanx and Phalanx-infected Kree on the Kree homeworld Hala, Wraith stands quietly aside as he watches Ronan enacts his plans and orders Ravenous to get them a ship to travel to Hala. Upon arriving in Hala's space system, the group notices other forces are fighting against the Phalanx, Praxagora is possessed by Ultron, who is the Phalanx Technarchy's primary director, and stuns Wraith so he can transfer his essence into the Sentries and adds them to his army. Ultron kills Praxagora and explodes the ship, but Wraith and the others are saved by the Super-Skrull' force field, who takes them Hala's surface. Upon seeing Adam Warlock and Phyla-Vell battling a giant-size Ultron, Wraith aids them by using the Exolon to trapped Ultron in his current body, allowing Phyla-Vell to finished him off. After the battle, Wraith uses his Exolon to purge any Phalanx-infected Kree citizens before continuing on his quest to find his family's killer.Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z Update #1
After Gamora killed Thanos in Infinity Wars, Wraith attended Thanos's funeral and witness Starfox showing all the guests a recording of Thanos stating that he uploaded his consciousness in a new body before his death. While Wraith watches everyone angrily debate whether Thanos was telling the truth, they are attack by the Black Order, who steals Thanos's body and rip open a hole in space, sending Wraith and everyone else into the rip. Wraith and many others are saved by Gladiator and the Shi'ar Empire, allowing Starfox to continue recruit warriors to find Gamora, the most likely candidate to be Thanos's new body. Wraith brings up the issue of the Black Order, but Starfox assure they are searching for them and Nebula states that the team should track down Nova to find Gamora's location. The Dark Guardians found Nova and ambush him, wounding him enough to crash land onto a planet. Wraith demands Nova to tell Gamora's location, stating the fact he does not want to harm him if does have to. Wraith also reveals his reason for helping Starfox is so he could find Knull, the ancient malevolent primordial deity who created the Klyntar and the Exolon. Wraith wants to have Knull free him from the Exolon parasites. When Gladiator and Cosmic Ghost Rider orders him to back off, Nova takes the chance to fly off again, but the team plans to track down again. As Nebula predicted, Nova leads them to Gamora, who was about Star-Lord's ship, and attack. Amidst the chaotic battle, Starfox and his team easily overwhelmed the Guardians and captured Gamora. After delivering Gamora to Starfox, Wraith demanded that Starfox uphold his part of their bargain. Starfox handed Wraith a flashdrive of all the information he collected on Knull, though he told Wraith the intel is not very much. When the Black Order and Hela appeared, Wraith did not intervene since he already got what he needed.
Eventually Wraith tracked down Knull on Klyntar and discovered the Exolon were discarded offshoots created by Knull, and had them stripped from him. After being kicked off into the space by Knull, he discovered that Knull also has an opposite, a god of light, and transported to Earth to tell Eddie Brock and died in the process.
Powers and abilities
Wraith is experienced fighter and possesses an unidentified polymorphic weapon which can take on a variety of forms, including a gun, a whip, a small blade, and devices like binoculars. As a Kree, Wraith possesses his species' unique physiology, having far greater natural attributes than a human and is resistant to poisons, toxins and diseases. Due to the Exolon parasites that infect and maintain his body, he possesses enhanced speed, strength and agility greater than a normal Kree, as well as an ability to heal himself from even the most egregious of wounds. He also does not age and cannot die, at least not in any way yet shown. By summoning swarms of Exolon, he can strike fear into his opponents, and, because the Exolon feed on souls, swarms of it appear—at least to the Phalanx— to eat the exposed soul of a living being. Due to the nature of the Nameless and their rituals of inflicting pain on themselves, he also has an unnaturally high tolerance for pain, not screaming or making any other negative reactions to it. Due to not being alive in a conventional sense, Wraith also has an unspecific degree of immortality and is immune to scanners as he is not identified as a life-form. The Exolon also grants Wraith the ability to absorb energy blasts and the souls of other beings.
In other media
Television
Wraith appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced by Jeff Bennett. This version's father was killed after he chose to have himself and a weapon he had created be destroyed by a black hole rather than be used by Ronan the Accuser. Ever since, Zak-Del blamed Gamora for what happened, as she had brought his father to Ronan, and swore revenge.
Video games
Wraith appears in Marvel: Avengers Alliance 2.
Wraith appears as a Toy Box townsperson in Disney Infinity 2.0 and Disney Infinity 3.0. Wraith appears in Minecraft as a DLC skin in the Guardians of the Galaxy Skin Pack.
Although he does not physically appear in Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy'', a profile of Wraith can be accessed in the Nova Corps' database.
Collected editions
References
External links
Wraith (Zak-Del) at Marvel Wiki
Comics characters introduced in 2007
Fictional whip users
Marvel Comics aliens
Marvel Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Kree
Marvel Comics male superheroes |
3194729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfork%20Dam | Norfork Dam | Norfork Dam is a large dam in northern Arkansas southeast of Mountain Home. It dams North Fork River and creates Norfork Lake. The top of the dam supports a 2-lane roadway, part of AR 177.
History
In the late 1930s, before construction of the Norfork Dam had begun, the local economy of Baxter County, Arkansas was deteriorating. The yearly per capita income had fallen to between one-hundred and two-hundred dollars, and in 1940 alone more than six hundred small farms were abandoned. Those who remained looked forward with enthusiasm to any solution that promised relief from their economic problems. Mountain Home, Arkansas, then the largest community, was described as having no prospect for new business and very few paved roads. When construction of the dam finally began in the spring of 1941 it was said that, "before the first shovel of dirt was thrown, or the first tree dozed down, the Mountain Home people knew that a new era had dawned" United States, History of the Corps of Engineers. As the largest nearby community, Mountain Home was to derive the most spectacular benefit for the Corps projects in the area. Centrally located between both Norfork and Bull Shoals Dam, few of its citizens could foresee the economic change Norfork Dam would bring to the poor agricultural community (Messick).
Clyde T. Ellis, who defeated Claude Fuller in 1938 to become the representative for the third district, envisioned a smaller Arkansas version of the Tennessee Valley Authority. Ellis made Norfork Dam his personal project and fought for it until construction began in the spring of 1941. Having won the election with the promise of cheap hydroelectricity, he hoped the dams would give rise to industry and lift the region out of the depths of depression. Ellis firmly believed that if Norfork Dam was built then the other dams would follow. Authorization for construction of the dam was included as part of the Flood Control Act of 1938. Norfork Dam was to be one of six dams built to accomplish flood control in the White River basin. The act was later revised in 1941 to include Bull Shoals and Table Rock.
Power generation
Power generation was not originally included in the project purpose for Norfork Dam. However, this was unacceptable to the people of Baxter County and the surrounding region. The sparse population of the area did not justify investment, by private companies, in a large network of power lines. It was believed that, if the dam did not include power generation, it could be many years before the region would gain service. While most citizens would have accepted any type of government project to help boost the economy, a large delegation from the region met in Harrison, Arkansas to insist that power generation be included in the project purpose. The Baxter County delegation wanted to pass a resolution that would have expressed opposition to any dam that did not include hydroelectric power facilities. They feared that the cost/benefit ratio would not justify congressional expenditure unless power generation was included, and the dam would never be built. However, the Batesville, Arkansas delegation was able to convince the assembly that the resolution may be interpreted as general opposition to the dam and it never passed. They believed that the population and economic growth brought by the construction of the dam would make it feasible for power companies to move in. As it happened the citizens of Baxter County need not have worried. Shortly after construction began Congress, under the threat of impending war, authorized construction of the power house and two out of the four generators for Norfork Dam (Messick).
Construction
Built on the North Fork River, Norfork Dam was one of the six largest concrete dams in the country at the time of its construction. All preliminary investigation, the final design of the structure, and the preparation of construction plans and specs was carried out under the supervision of Lieutenant Colonel Stanley L. Scott. Much work had to be done before construction could begin on the massive structure. First, a suitable location had to be found before any other type of work could begin. Because of the large number of caves in the region foundation exploration, using diamond tipped drills, was carried out for nearly a year before plans were completed. Once a site was selected, a nearby source of sufficient materials for construction had to be located. Since the site was acceptable for either an earth or concrete dam, the types of construction materials and their locations would be the deciding factor in determining what type of dam would be built. The decision to build a concrete dam was made because sufficient quantities of concrete aggregate could be located near the construction site, while there was insufficient material for an earth dam. The detailed design of the dam, construction plans and specifications were prepared by the design section of the engineering division under Mr. G.R. Schneider.
The construction contracts for the dam were awarded to the Morrison-Knudsen company and the Utah Construction Company. Both companies had participated in the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam and Hoover Dam. Construction began in the spring of 1941 with the removal of of earth to expose the bedrock foundation and an additional had to be removed to stabilize it. This was accomplished using draglines and power shovels. Most of the smaller aggregate used in construction was removed from the sand and gravel bars of a twenty-mile (32 km) section of the White River. A quarry and crushing plant was required to create nearly 800,000 tons of larger aggregate. Between thirty-five hundred and four thousand people came to witness the first blast to be made on Norfork Dam. Touted by advertisers as the biggest blast in the world; many of the spectators were sorely disappointed when the blast finally occurred. They had been made to believe that the entire cliff was going to be blown away. After the event, construction officials said no one had ever intended to do this and apologized for the disappointment (Blevins; Scott).
Norfork Dam is a gravity dam; this means that it resists the thrust of water entirely by its own weight. This takes enormous amounts of concrete which can be expensive; however, many engineers prefer the solid strength of gravity dams to arch dams or buttress dams. For example, Norfork Dam and the powerhouse cost approximately 28,600,000 dollars; a very large sum of money in the early 1940s. It was constructed in sections, called monoliths, ranging from forty to fifty-four feet in length and not exceeding five feet in height (Scott).
The completion of the dam had an immediate effect; with freedom from the fear of floods many people began to reoccupy farms downstream of the dam. Ironically the areas most affected by seasonal flooding were those covered by the reservoir, and the dam had little effect on flooding of the White River. However, not everyone was happy with the construction of the dam, nearly four-hundred people had to be removed from one of the most heavily populated and prosperous regions of Baxter County to make room for the reservoir. The government only paid people for their land if they had structures on it, effectively stealing thousands of acres from rightful landowners. As a result, many people did not get paid for their land when it was covered. One Widowed woman was given only $1500 in exchange for 666 acres in the present day Cranfield Area of the lake. This was awarded after a nearly 10 year long legal battle. One man who thought he had lake front property paid taxes on it until 2004 when he realized that his property was underwater (Andrewson).
The record level of occurred in 2008, according to the U.S. Corps Of Engineers. Flood pool is .
Effect of Norfork Dam on Baxter County
From the very beginning Norfork Dam has brought tourists to Baxter County and the surrounding area, and with them an economic prosperity that no one could have dreamed of at the time.
Norfork Lake
Norfork Lake covers with more than of shoreline. There are 19 recreational parks on the lake that provide places for camping, hiking, picnicking, swimming, boating, and water skiing. Commercial docks on Norfork Lake provide boats, motors, diving equipment, and guides to the lake.
Most of the lake lies within Baxter County, Arkansas, with its Northernmost portion in Ozark County, Missouri.
Bass, crappie, walleye, catfish, and bream are all found on the lake with almost all other varieties of fresh water game fish. Below the dam, North Fork River has a superb population of trout. The Norfork National Fish Hatchery maintains a continuous supply of trout.
See also
List of Arkansas dams and reservoirs
Notes
References
Andrewson, Jane. Personal interview. 12 Apr. 2005.
Blevins, Bill D. Baxter County Chronicles. Mountain
Home: Tumbling Shoals Publishing Company, 2005.
Messick, Mary A. History of Baxter County 1873-1973.
Mountain Home: Mountain Home Chamber of Commerce, 1973.
Scott, Stanley L. "Norfork Dam Magazine." Norfork
Dam Magazine. Mountain Home: Shiras Brothers
Print Shop, 1941.
United States. United States Army Corps of Engineers.
A History of The Little Rock District U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers 1881-1979. Little Rock: U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, 1979.
Norfork Lake. Little Rock: U.S. Corps of Engineers, 2005.
External links
Norfork Lake Chamber of Commerce
Buildings and structures in Baxter County, Arkansas
Dams in Arkansas
Reservoirs in Arkansas
Lakes of the U.S. Interior Highlands
Ozarks
Reservoirs in Missouri
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Bodies of water of Baxter County, Arkansas
Bodies of water of Ozark County, Missouri
1940s establishments in Arkansas |
14257881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20and%20development%20of%20ACE%20inhibitors | Discovery and development of ACE inhibitors | The discovery of an orally inactive peptide from snake venom established the important role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in regulating blood pressure. This led to the development of captopril, the first ACE inhibitor. When the adverse effects of captopril became apparent new derivates were designed. Then after the discovery of two active sites of ACE: N-domain and C-domain, the development of domain-specific ACE inhibitors began.
Development of first generation ACE inhibitors
The development of the nonapeptide teprotide (Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro), which was originally isolated from the venom of the Brazilian pit viper Bothrops jararaca, greatly clarified the importance of ACE in hypertension. However, its lack of oral activity limited its therapeutic utility.
L-benzylsuccinic acid (2(R)-benzyl-3-carboxypropionic acid) was described to be the most potent inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A in the early 1980s. The authors referred to it as a by-product analog and it was proposed to bind to the active site of carboxypeptidase A via succinyl carboxyl group and a carbonyl group. Their findings established that L-benzylsuccinic acid is bound at a single locus at the active site of carboxypeptidase A. The authors discussed but dismissed the suggestion that the carboxylate function might bind to the catalytically functional zinc ion present at the active site. Later however this was found to be the case.
Drug design of captopril (sulfhydrils)
Over 2000 compounds were tested randomly in a guinea pig ileum test and succinyl-L-proline was found to have the properties of a specific ACE inhibitor. It showed inhibitory effect of angiotensin I and bradykinin without having any effects on angiotensin II. Then researchers started to search for a model that would explain inhibition on the basis of specific drug interactions of compounds with the active site of ACE. Previous studies with substrates and inhibitors of ACE suggested that it was a zinc-containing metalloprotein and a carboxypeptidase similar to pancreatic carboxypeptidase A. However ACE releases dipeptides rather than single amino acids from the C-terminus of the peptide substrates. And it was assumed that both their mechanism of action and their active site might be similar. A positively charged Arg145 at the active site was thought to bind with the negatively charged C-terminal carboxyl group of the peptide substrate. It was also proposed that ACE binds by hydrogen bonding to the terminal, non scissile, peptide bond of the substrate.
But since ACE is a dipeptide carboxypeptidase, unlike carboxypeptidase A, the distance between the cationic carboxyl-binding site and the zinc atom should be greater, by approximately the length of one amino acid residue. Proline was chosen as the amino acid moiety because of its presence as the carboxy terminal amino acid residue in teprotide and other ACE inhibitors found in snake venoms. Eleven other amino acids were tested but none of them were more inhibitory. So it was proposed that succinyl amino acid derivative should be an ACE inhibitor and succinyl-L-proline was found to be such an inhibitor.
It was also known that the nature of penultimate amino acid residue of a peptide substrate for ACE influences binding to the enzyme. The acyl group of the carboxyalkanoyl amino acid binds the zinc ion of the enzyme and occupies the same position at the active site of ACE as the penultimate. Therefore, the substituent of the acyl group might also influence binding to the enzyme. A 2-methyl substituent with D configuration was found to enhance the inhibitory potency by about 15 fold of succinyl-L-proline. Then the search for a better zinc-binding group started. Replacement of the succinyl carboxyl group by nitrogen-containing functionalities (amine, amide or guanidine) did not enhance inhibitory activity. However a potency breakthrough was achieved by the replacement of the carboxyl group with a sulfhydryl function (SH), a group with greater affinity for the enzyme bound zinc ion. This yielded a potent inhibitor that was 1000 times more potent than succinyl-L-proline.
The optimal acyl chain length for mercaptoalkanoyl derivates of proline was found to be 3-mercaptopropanoyl-L-proline, 5 times greater than that of 2-mercaptoalkanoyl derivates and 50 times greater than that of 4-mercaptoalkanoyl derivates. So the D-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl-L-proline or Captopril was the most potent inhibitor. Later, the researchers compared a few mercaptoacyl amino acid inhibitors and concluded that the binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme involved a hydrogen bond between a donor site on the enzyme and the oxygen of the amide carbonyl, much like predicted for the substrates.
Drug design of other first generation ACE inhibitors
The most common adverse effects of Captopril, skin rash and loss of taste, are the same as caused by mercapto-containing penicillamine. Therefore, a group of researchers aimed at finding potent, selective ACE inhibitors that would not contain a mercapto (SH) function and would have a weaker chelating function. They returned to work with carboxyl compounds and started working with substituted N-carboxymethyl-dipeptides as a general structure (R-CHCOOH-A1-A2). According to previous research they assumed that cyclic imino acids would result in good potency if substituted on the carboxyl terminus of the dipeptide. Therefore, substituting A2 with proline gave good results. They also noted that according to the enzyme's specificity imino acids in the position next to the carboxyl terminus would not give a potent compound. By substituting R and A1 groups with hydrophobic and basic residues would give a potent compound. By substituting –NH in the general structure resulted in loss of potency which is consistent to the enzyme's need for a –NH in corresponding position on the substrates. The results were 2 active inhibitors: Enalaprilat and Lisinopril. These compounds both have phenylalanine in R position which occupies the S1 groove in the enzyme. The result was thus these two new, potent tripeptide analogues with zinc-coordinating carboxyl group: Enalaprilat and Lisinopril.
Discovery of 2 active sites: C-domain and N-domain
Most of the ACE inhibitors on the market today are non-selective towards the two active sites of ACE because their binding to the enzyme is based mostly on the strong fundamental interaction between the zinc atom in the enzyme and the strong chelating group on the inhibitor. The resolution of the 3D structure of germinal ACE, which has only one active site that corresponds with C-domain of the somatic ACE, offers a structural framework for structure-based design approach. Although N- and C-domain have comparable rates in vitro of ACE hydrolyzing, it seems like that in vivo the C-domain is mainly responsible for regulating blood pressure. This indicates that C-domain selective inhibitors could have similar profile to that of a current non-selective inhibitors. Angiotensin I is mainly hydrolyzed by the C-domain in vivo but bradykinin is hydrolyzed by both active sites. Thus, by developing a C-domain selective inhibitor would permit some degradation of bradykinin by the N-domain and this degradation could be enough to prevent accumulation of excess bradykinin which has been observed during attacks of angioedema. C-domain selective inhibition could possibly result in specialized control of blood pressure with less vasodilator-related adverse effects. N-domain selective inhibitors on the other hand give the possibility of opening up novel therapeutic areas. Apparently, the N-domain does not have a big role in controlling blood pressure but it seems to be the principal metabolizing enzyme for AcSDKP, a natural haemoregulatory hormone.
Drug design of Keto-ACE and its ketomethylene derivatives
It was found that other carbonyl-containing groups such as ketones could substitute for the amide bond that links Phe and Gly in ACE inhibitors. Keto-ACE, first described in 1980, has emerged as a potential lead compound for C-domain specific ACE inhibitors. Keto-ACE, a tripeptide analogue of Phe-Gly-Pro, contains a bulky P1 and P2 benzyl ring and was shown to inhibit the hydrolysis of angiotensin I and bradykinin via the C-domain. The synthesis of keto-ACE analogues with Trp or Phe at the P2’ position led to a marked increase in C-domain selectivity, but the introduction of an aliphatic P2 group conferred N-domain selectivity. Inhibitory potency may further be enhanced by the incorporation of hydrophobic substituent, such as phenyl group at the P1’ position. P1’ substituents with S-stereochemistry have also been shown to possess greater inhibitory potency than their R-counterparts.
Keto-ACE was used as the basis for the design of ketomethylene derivates. Its analogues contain a ketomethylene isostere replacement at the scissile bond that is believed to mimic the tetrahedron transition state of the proteolytic reaction at the active site. The focus was on a simple tripeptide Phe-Ala-Pro, which in earlier enzyme assays has shown inhibition activity. Replacement of alanine with glycin gave a tripeptide with 1/14th of the inhibition activity of Phe-Ala-Pro. The benzoylated derivative of Phe-Gly-Pro, Bz-Phe-Gly-Pro, was twice as active. To reduce the peptidic nature of ketomethylene inhibitors the P1’ and P2’ substituent may be cyclized to form a lactam, where there is a correlation between the inhibitory potency and the ring size. In 2001 it was postulated that a substitution α to nitrogen and making of 3-methyl-substituted analog of A58365A, a pyridone acid isolated from the fermentation broth of the bacterium Streptomyces chromofuscus with ACE inhibitory activity, might influence the level of biological activity by steric or hydrophobic effect, and/or by preventing reactions at C3. It was also noticed during the synthetic work on A58365A that potential precursors were sensitive to oxidation of the five-membered ring and so the 3-methyl analogue might be more stable in this respect.
Drug design of silanediol
The fact that carbon and silicone have similar, but also dissimilar, characteristics triggered the interest in substituting carbon with silanediol as a central, zinc chelating group. Silicone forms a dialkylsilanediol compound that is sufficiently hindered so the formation of a siloxane polymer does not occur. Silanediols are more stable than carbon diols so they are expected to have longer half-life. Silanediols are also neutral at physiological pH (do not ionize).
Four stereoisomers of Phe-Ala silanediol were compared to ketone-based inhibitors and the silanediol were found to be fourfold less potent than the ketone analogue. This is because silanediols are weaker zinc chelators compared with ketones. Replacement of the silanediol, with a methylsilano group gave little enzyme inhibition. This confirms that the silanediol group interacts with ACE as a transition state analogue and the interaction is in a manner similar to that of ketone. If the benzyl group of silanediol is replaced by an i-butyl group it gives a weaker ACE inhibitor. Introduction of a hydrophobic methyl phenyl gives a little more potency than an analogue with a tert-butyl-group at P1. That suggests that methyl phenyl gives a better S1 recognition than a tert-butyl group.
Phosphinic peptides
Phosphinic peptides are pseudo-peptides where a phosphinic acid bond (PO2-CH-) has replaced a peptide bond in the peptide analogue sequence. To some extent the chemical structure of phosphinic peptides is similar to that of intermediates which are produced in hydrolysis of peptides by proteolytic enzymes. The hypothesis has been made that these pseudo-peptides mimic the structure of the enzyme substrates in their transition state and crystallography of zinc proteases in complex with phosphinic peptides supports that hypothesis.
Drug design of RXP 407
RXP 407 is the first N-domain selective phosphinic peptide and was discovered by screening phosphinic peptides libraries. Before the discovery of RXP 407 it had long been claimed that the free C-terminal carboxylate group in P2’ position was essential to the potency of ACE inhibitor so it can be reasoned that this has postponed the discovery of N-domain selective ACE inhibitors. When RXP 407 was discovered researchers looked into phosphinic peptides with 3 different general formula, each containing 2 unidentified amino acids, only 1 of these general formula showed potent inhibition (Ac-Yaa-Pheψ(PO2-CH2)Ala-Yaa’-NH2). Peptide mixtures were made, substituting Yaa and Yaa’ with different amino acids, trying to establish if there would be a potent inhibitor that could inhibit either the N-domain or the C-domain of the enzyme. The result was that the compound Ac-Asp(L)-Pheψ(PO2-CH2)(L)Ala-Ala-NH2 actively inhibited the N-domain and was given the name RXP 407. Structure-function relationship showed that the C-terminus carboxamide group played a crucial role in the selectivity for the N-domain of ACE. Additionally, the N-acetyl group and the aspartic side chain in the P2 position aides in the N-domain selectivity of the inhibitor. These features make the inhibitor inaccessible to the C-domain but give good potency for the N-domain, this leads to a difference in inhibitory potency of the active sites of three orders of magnitude. These results also indicate that the N-domain possess a broader selectivity than the C-domain. Another difference between the older ACE inhibitors and RXP 407 is the molecular size of the compound. The older ACE inhibitors had mostly been interacting with S1’, S2’ and S1 subsites but RXP 407 interacts in addition with the S2 subsite. This also is important for the selectivity of the inhibitor since the aspartic side chain and N-acetyl group are located in the P2 position.
Drug design of RXPA 380
RXPA380 was the first inhibitor that was highly selective of the C-domain of ACE, it has the formula Phe-Phe-Pro-Trp. The development of this compound was built on researches that showed that some bradykinin-potentiating peptides showed selectivity for the C-domain and all had several prolines in their structure. These observations lead the researchers to synthesize phosphinic peptides containing a proline residue in the P1’ position and evaluating these compounds led to the discovery of RXPA380. To study the roles of the residues on RXPA380 the researchers made 7 analogues of RXPA380. All of the compounds made were obtained as a mixture of either 2 or 4 diastereoisomers but all of them were easily resolved and only one of them was potent. This is consistent with the initial modeling studies of RXPA380 which showed that only one diastereomer could accommodate in the active site of germinal ACE. Analogues where pseudo-proline or tryptophan residues had been substituted showed less selectivity than RXPA380. This is probably because these two analogues have more potency toward the N-domain than RXPA380 does. Substituting both of these residues gives great potency but none selectivity. This shows that pseudo-proline and tryptophan residues accommodate well in the C-domain but not in the N-domain. Two more analogues with both pseudo-proline and tryptophan but missing the pseudo-phenylalanine residue in P1 position showed low potency for N-domain, similar to RXPA380. This supports the significant role of these two residues in the selectivity for C-domain. These two analogues also have less potency for the C-domain which shows that the C-domain prefers pseudo-phenylalanine group in P1 position. Modeling of RXPA380-ACE complex showed that the pseudo-proline residue of the inhibitor was surrounded by amino acids similar to that of the N-domain thus interactions with S2’ domain might not be responsible for the selectivity of RXPA380. Seven of 12 amino acids surrounding tryptophan are the same in C- and N-domain, the biggest difference is that 2 bulky and hydrophobic amino acids in the C-domain have been replaced with 2 smaller and polar amino acids in the N-domain. This indicates that low potency of RXPA380 for N-domain is not because the S2’ cavity does not accommodate the tryptophan side chain but rather that important interactions are missing between the tryptophan side chain and the amino acids of the C-domain. Based on the proximity between the tryptophan side chain and Asp1029 there is also a possible hydrogen bond between the carboxylate of Asp1029 and the NH indole ring in the C-domain but this interaction is much weaker in the N-domain.
References
ACE inhibitors
Drug discovery |
25355418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20J.%20Alexander | Robert J. Alexander | Robert Jackson Alexander (November 26, 1918 – April 27, 2010) was an American political activist, writer, and academic who spent most of his professional career at Rutgers University. He is best remembered for his pioneering studies on the trade union movement in Latin America and dissident communist political parties, including ground-breaking monographs on the International Communist Right Opposition, Maoism, and the international Trotskyist movement.
Biography
Early years
Robert J. Alexander was born in Canton, Ohio on November 26, 1918. His family moved to Leonia, New Jersey in 1922, when his father, Ralph S. Alexander accepted a teaching position at Columbia University. Alexander graduated from the public high school in 1936 and matriculated at Columbia, receiving a B.A. in 1940 and a Master of Arts degree the following year. In 1936 Alexander took a senior trip to Spain, which sparked a lifelong interest in Hispanic cultures.
Alexander was drafted in April 1942 into the United States Army Air Corps. He spent 25 months stationed in Great Britain, during which time he spent his off hours speaking to a number of British trade unionists, taking extensive notes of his conversations. These discussions helped Alexander to refine an interview style of research which would later become a hallmark of his academic work.
After demobilization he began work for the State Department. While there, he received a grant from the Office of International Exchange of Persons of the State Department to work on his Ph.D. dissertation on labor relations in Chile, where he conducted hundreds of interviews in virtually all the major factories of the country. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1950.
Alexander was married to Joan O. Powell in 1949. The couple had two children.
Political career
Alexander was active in the socialist and trade union movements. In 1934, politicized by the Great Depression, Alexander joined the Young People's Socialist League, the youth section of the Socialist Party of America. He continued organizing activities for YPSL while at Columbia and remained an active member of its parent group, the Socialist Party of America, serving as a member of its executive council 1957 to 1966. When the Socialist Party changed its name in December 1972 to Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA), he maintained his membership until 1980; according to Perrone's biographical sketch, Alexander thought that SDUSA had become "too conservative".
It was as a leader of the New Jersey YPSLs that he first met Jay Lovestone, then head of the Communist Party, Opposition. Alexander would later go on six missions to Latin America for Lovestone, first under the auspices of the Free Trade Union Committee, then under the direction of the AFL-CIO International Department.
Alexander was a member of the board of directors of the Rand School of Social Science from 1952 until its closure in 1956. He served on the League for Industrial Democracy's National Council and was an active member of Americans for Democratic Action and a delegate to several of its national conventions.
During the 1950s, Alexander served as a consultant for the American Federation of Labor and AFL-CIO on the organized labor movement in Latin American and the Caribbean. In 1961, he was named by president-elect John F. Kennedy to the Task Force on Latin America, which recommended the establishment of the Alliance for Progress.
Alexander was also a lifelong member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Academic career
Alexander became an instructor at Rutgers while still in Chile in the late 1940s. He was promoted to assistant professor in 1950, associate professor in 1956, and full professor in 1961.
Although Alexander was a member of the Economics department at Rutgers, he was an interdisciplinary scholar, working extensively in the fields of political science and history. Alexander was regarded as a champion of the principle of academic freedom and was a founder of the faculty union at Rutgers. In 1963 Alexander achieved his "highest honor", the Order of the Condor of the Andes from the Bolivian government.
Alexander was a founding member of the Middle Atlantic Council of Latin American Studies (MACLAS), and served as the group's president from 1987 to 1988.
During his career, Alexander wrote and published extensively on Latin American politics and trade union movements, as well as surveys on dissident radical movements such as the Right Opposition, Trotskyism, and Maoism.
Alexander retired from Rutgers in 1989.
Death and legacy
Robert J. Alexander died April 27, 2010. He was 91 years old at the time of his death.
Alexander's voluminous papers are housed by the Special Collections and University Archives section of Rutgers University, located in New Brunswick, New Jersey. The collection includes of material, which is housed off site.
References
Works
Labor Parties of Latin America. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1942.
What Do You Know about British Labor? New York: Rand School Press, 1942.
Labour Movements in Latin America. London: Fabian Publications, 1947.
Perón Unmasked: The Martyrdom of the Free Trade Union Movement in Argentina. Washington, D.C., Educational and Publicity Department, Inter-American Regional Organization-ICFTU, 1950.
The Peron Era. New York, Columbia University Press 1951.
World Labor Today: Highlights of Trade Unions on Six Continents, 1945-1952. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1952.
Communism in Latin America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957.
The Bolivian National Revolution New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1958.
Two Revolutions. Caracas: Imprenta Naciónal, 1960.
The Struggle for Democracy in Latin America. New York: Macmillan, 1961.
Labor Relations in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962.
A Primer of Economic Development. New York: Macmillan, 1962.
Today's Latin America. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1962.
American Finance Capitalism: A Discussion. Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1963.
The Venezuelan Democratic Revolution: A Profile of the Regime of Rómulo Betancourt. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1964.
Latin America: An Introduction to the History, Geography, Cultures and Political and Economic Problems of the 20 Latin American Republics. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1964.
Latin-American Politics and Government. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Organized Labor in Latin America. New York: Free Press, 1965.
An Introduction to Argentina. New York: Praeger, 1969.
The Communist Party of Venezuela. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1969.
Trotskyism in Latin America. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1973.
Latin American Political Parties. New York: Praeger, 1973.
Aprismo: The Ideas and Doctrines of Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1973.
A History of the Economics Department of Rutgers College. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers College Economics Dept., 1974.
Agrarian Reform in Latin America. New York: Macmillan, 1974.
Four Alexander Families of Wayne County, Ohio. New Brunswick, NJ: Mega-Ton Publishers, 1975.
Report of Commission of Enquiry into Human Rights in Paraguay of the International League for Human Rights. With Ben Stephansky. New York: International League for Human Rights, 1976.
A New Development Strategy. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1976.
Arturo Alessandri: A Biography. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1977.
The Tragedy of Chile. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978.
Juan Domingo Peron: A History. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1979.
The Right Opposition: The Lovestoneites and the International Communist Opposition of the 1930s. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981.
Bolivia: past, present, and future of its politics New York, Praeger; Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, 1982.
Rómulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982.
Political Parties of the Americas: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies. (General Editor.) Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982.
Biographical Dictionary of Latin American and Caribbean Political Leaders (General Editor.) New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
Venezuela's Voice for Democracy: Conversations and Correspondence with Rómulo Betancourt. New York: Praeger, 1990.
International Trotskyism 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991.
Juscelino Kubitschek and the Development of Brazil. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1991.
The ABC Presidents: Conversations and Correspondence with the Presidents of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992.
The Bolivarian Presidents: Conversations and Correspondence with Presidents of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994.
Presidents of Central America, Mexico, Cuba, and Hispaniola: Conversations and Correspondence Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995.
Presidents, Prime Ministers, and Governors of the English-Speaking Caribbean and Puerto Rico: Conversations and Correspondence. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997.
The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999.
International Maoism in the Developing World. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999.
International Maoism in the Developed World. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001. Google Preview
Haya de la Torre, Man of the Millennium: His Life, Ideas and Continuing Relevance Lima, Peru: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre Institute, 2001.
A History of Organized Labor in Cuba. Westport, Conn., Praeger, 2002.
A History of Organized Labor in Brazil. With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Westport, Conn., Praeger, 2003.
A History of Organized Labor in Argentina. Westport, Conn., Praeger, 2003.
A History of Organized Labor in English-speaking West Indies. With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004.
A History of Organized Labor in Uruguay and Paraguay. With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005.
A History of Organized Labor in Bolivia. With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005.
A History of Organized Labor in Peru and Ecuador. With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007.
A History of Organized Labor in Panama and Central America. With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008.
International Labor Organizations and Organized Labor in Latin America and the Caribbean: A History. With Eldon Parker. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger/ABC-CLIO, 2009.
Further reading
Victor G. Devinatz, "Robert J. Alexander's U.S. Left-Wing Interview Collection and Archaeology of Dissident Communism," Working USA: The Journal of Labor and Society, vol. 15 (June 2012), pp. 153–175.
1918 births
2010 deaths
Activists from Ohio
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
American social democrats
American socialists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Historians of communism
Latin Americanists
Members of Social Democrats USA
New Jersey socialists
Ohio socialists
People from Leonia, New Jersey
Rutgers University faculty
Socialist Party of America politicians from New Jersey
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Writers from Canton, Ohio |
2068779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Juan%2C%20La%20Union | San Juan, La Union | San Juan, officially the Municipality of San Juan (; ), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of La Union, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 40,507 people.
History
Early history
Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, San Juan was an Ilocano settlement called Dalandan, which is the name of the fruit Citrus aurantium Linn. that grew abundantly in the area.
Spanish colonial era
In 1582, San Juan was proclaimed a mission station under the authority of the Augustinian Order, as recorded by the Nueva Segovia Bi-centennial souvenir booklet dated April 25, 1587. By 1586 the town had become the center of the parish and was renamed San Juan by the Augustinian Fathers after the Catholic Patron Saint of San Juan Bautista. The town boasted an Augustinian convent and a population of 6,000. Its first priest was Friar Agustin Niño.
The center of the parish was subsequently transferred to Bauang, with San Juan sometimes being an out-station (visita) of Bauang and sometimes of Bacnotan. In 1707 the Church of St. John the Baptist was constructed at San Juan. In 1772, the mission station was placed under the authority of the Dominican Order. In 1807, San Juan was established as a parish in its own right.
On March 2, 1850, San Juan became part of the province of La Union, when the province was created by Governor-General Antonio Maria Blanco.
In 1898 during the latter days of the Philippine Revolution, the whole of San Juan was razed to the ground by a great fire. With the demise of the church, convent, and rectory, the church registers were destroyed, although subsequent registers from 1898 to 1917 do survive and have been microfilmed. Municipal birth registers were begun in 1922.
American invasion era
After the Spanish–American War, Father Mariano Gaerlan was appointed priest. He was a native of San Juan, the first Filipino priest for the town, and one of the "Nine Clerics" of Nueva Segovia who fought in the revolution. He also began the reconstruction of the church in 1902, which was completed under his successor, Father Eustaquio Ocampo.
Another local resident, also named Mariano Gaerlan, wrote Biag ti Maysa a Lakay, Wenno Nakaam-ames a Bales (i.e., Life of an Old Man, or a Dreadful Revenge) under the pen-name of Batallador. The book was in the local Ilokano language and published in 1909. He was originally from Candon, Ilocos Sur where he also maintained a residence and an aspiring politician who was never elected to public office. He had several children including Nieves Gaerlan who married Antonio "Matias" Aquino, a then Mayor of San Juan, and "Captain" Candonino Gaerlan, a guerrilla leader, and Filipino war hero.
Japanese occupation era
From 1941 to 1945 San Juan was occupied by the invading Japanese forces during World War II.
On January 19, 1942, Gaerlan co-led the first guerrilla ambush against Japanese forces in the Philippines, which was prosecuted on the southern outskirts of Candon. He was subsequently appointed commander of the Third Battalion of the 121st Infantry Regiment of the United States Armed Forces in the Philippines – Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL). This regiment is often referred to as the La Union Infantry Regiment and was commanded by "Captain" George M. Barnett. Gaerlan was killed and subsequently beheaded later that same year at San Juan after he was betrayed by the local chief of police while visiting his sister. His head was stuffed into a jar of alcohol and displayed in the plazas of the towns en route to Candon. There the town mayor convinced the Japanese that this was in poor taste, and the container was thrown into a rice paddy west of the town.
As the war progressed, crops and local services were destroyed. Food was in short supply.
San Juan was liberated in 1945 by the soldiers of the 121st Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFIP-NL and guerrillas of the La Union Infantry Regiment during the Battle of San Fernando under Major Russell W. Volckmann on their way to meet the liberating forces of General Douglas MacArthur on the beaches of Lingayen Gulf.
Philippine independence
After the war, inflation led to the financial crisis of 1950 which was followed by the introduction of import controls. Subsequent government-sponsored irrigation systems and farm technicians led to a slow but assured recovery with increased productivity and profitability.
Geography
San Juan is located in the west of the province of La Union, along the Manila North Road, between latitudes 16°39'N and 16°43'N and longitudes 120°9'E and 120°15'E.
San Juan is bounded on the north by the municipality of Bacnotan along the Baroro River, and on the east by the municipalities of San Gabriel and Bagulin along the Dasay-Duplas-Nagyubuyuban Creek. On the south it is bounded by the City of San Fernando and on the west by the South China Sea.
San Juan is north of San Fernando City, the provincial capital and regional center. It is also north of Manila.
The total land area of San Juan is , which is 4% of the province of La Union. Some 505.08 hectares or 8.46% is claimed by the municipality of Bacnotan and San Fernando City.
Barangays
San Juan is politically subdivided into 41 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
Allangigan
Aludaid
Bacsayan
Balballosa
Bambanay
Bugbugcao
Caarusipan
Cabaroan
Cabugnayan
Cacapian
Caculangan
Calincamasan
Casilagan
Catdongan
Dangdangla
Dasay
Dinanum
Duplas
Guinguinabang
Ili Norte (Poblacion)
Ili Sur (Poblacion)
Legleg
Lubing
Nadsaag
Nagsabaran
Naguirangan
Naguituban
Nagyubuyuban
Oaquing
Pacpacac
Pagdildilan
Panicsican
Quidem
San Felipe
Santa Rosa
Santo Rosario
Saracat
Sinapangan
Taboc
Talogtog
Urbiztondo
Climate
The climate in San Juan is "dry" from November to April and "wet" from May to October. The south-west monsoon brings abundant rainfall during the wet season, whereas the north-east monsoon passing over the Cordillera Mountains to the east brings the drier conditions. The average annual temperature is .
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of San Juan, La Union, was 40,507 people, with a density of .
According to a local 1896 census, the population of San Juan was 10,510. At that time, there were twenty-eight barrios inhabited by 9,989 residents, and four rancherias inhabited by 521 "infieles" or non-Christians (Igorots). These barrios were Ili, Barraca, Panicsican, Talogtog, Sabangan, Taboc, Lubing, Sinapangan, Cacapian, Caculangan, Santa Rosa, Caaniyan, Oaquing, Catdongan, Caarusipan, Guinguinabang, Bugbugcao, Pacpacac, Legleg, Nadsaag, Capacuan, Bacnotan, Dasay, Al-langigan, Bombuneg, Balballosa, Duplas and San Felipe. The rancherias were Rancho de Locutan, Indang, Amontoc and Losoya. Yli, also known as Poblacion, had a population of 1,134 residents described as 2 "Españoles peninsulares", 2 "Mestizos de español", 1,122 "naturales" and 8 "Chinos".
In the early 1900s cholera was a scourge that took the lives of many people.
As of the census of 2000, San Juan was home to 30,393 indigenous Ilocano people, concentrated in six barangays along the national highway. This is equivalent to 33.86% of the total population and is growing at the rate of 1.8% per annum. The average population density was 2,964 persons per square kilometer. In the two urban barangays where some 15% of the population reside, the population density rose to 3,073 persons per square kilometer, while in the remaining rural barangays the population density was 2,886 persons per square kilometer.
Economy
Tourism
San Juan is considered to be the Surfing Capital of the Northern Philippines and is known for its consistent intermediate quality surf and two surfing seasons from July to October and November to March.
There is also a local museum, Museo de San Juan.
Cottage Industries
Pottery, blanket-weaving, basketry, bamboo-craft, and broom-making are produced as a folk-industry. Hollow concrete blocks are manufactured in rural villages for local building projects.
Agriculture
Yellow corn is one of the most important crops in San Juan, and is used as a raw material for food and industrial products such as starch, corn oil, beverages, gluten, snacks etc. It constitutes about 50% of the feed for local livestock and poultry enterprises. It was nominated as the product for the One Town One Product (OTOP) Philippines program of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to promote entrepreneurship and create jobs.
Government
Local government
San Juan, belonging to the first congressional district of the province of La Union, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.
Elected officials
Gallery
References
External links
[ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
Philippine Census Information
Local Governance Performance Management System
Municipalities of La Union
Beaches of the Philippines
Surfing locations in the Philippines |
33935705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Defense%20Authorization%20Act%20for%20Fiscal%20Year%202012 | National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 | The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2012 () is a United States federal law which, among other things, specified the budget and expenditures of the United States Department of Defense. The bill passed the U.S. House on December 14, 2011 and passed the U.S. Senate on December 15, 2011. It was signed into law on December 31, 2011 by President Barack Obama.
In a signing statement, President Obama described the Act as addressing national security programs, Department of Defense health care costs, counter-terrorism within the United States and abroad, and military modernization. The Act also imposed new economic sanctions against Iran (section 1245), commissioned appraisals of the military capabilities of countries such as Iran, China, and Russia, and refocused the strategic goals of NATO towards "energy security". The Act increased pay for military service members and gave governors the ability to request the help of military reservists in the event of a hurricane, earthquake, flood, terrorist attack, or other disaster.
The Act contains controversial language allowing the indefinite military detention of persons the government suspects of involvement in terrorism, including U.S. citizens arrested on American soil. Although the White House and Senate sponsors of the Act maintained that the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) already allowed indefinite detention, the Act "affirms" this authority and makes specific provisions as to its exercise. The detention provisions of the Act have received critical attention from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Bill of Rights Defense Committee, and media sources which are concerned about the scope of the President's authority. The detention powers contained within the Act face legal challenge.
Section 818
This section contains "critical provisions" reflecting a bipartisan amendment regarding counterfeit electronic parts in the Defense Department's supply chain, adopted following concerns raised by Senators Carl Levin and John McCain, chairman and ranking member respectively of the Senate Committee on Armed Services, regarding counterfeit electronic parts highlighted in an investigation commenced in March 2011, which found that 1,800 cases of suspected counterfeit components were in use within over 1 million individual products". Further year-long work undertaken by the Senate Committee and contained in a report on counterfeit parts in the Department of Defense supply chain released on 12 May 2012 showed that counterfeit electronic parts of Chinese origin had been found in the Air Force's C-130J and C-27J cargo planes, in assemblies used in the Navy's SH-60B helicopter, and in the Navy's P-8A surveillance plane, among 1800 cases identified.
Detention without trial: Section 1021
The detention sections of the NDAA begin by "affirm[ing]" that the authority of the President under the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF), a joint resolution passed in the immediate aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, includes the power to detain, via the Armed Forces, any person, including a U.S. citizen, "who was part of or substantially supported al-Qaeda, the Taliban, or associated forces that are engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners", and anyone who commits a "belligerent act" against the United States or its coalition allies in aid of such enemy forces, under the law of war, "without trial, until the end of the hostilities authorized by the [AUMF]". The text authorizes trial by military tribunal, or "transfer to the custody or control of the person's country of origin", or transfer to "any other foreign country, or any other foreign entity".
Addressing previous conflicts with the Obama Administration regarding the wording of the Senate text, the Senate–House compromise text, in sub-section 1021(d), also affirms that nothing in the Act "is intended to limit or expand the authority of the President or the scope of the Authorization for Use of Military Force". The final version of the bill also provides, in sub-section(e), that "Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect existing law or authorities relating to the detention of United States citizens, lawful resident aliens of the United States, or any other persons who are captured or arrested in the United States". As reflected in Senate debate over the bill, there is a great deal of controversy over the status of existing law.
An amendment to the Act that would have replaced current text with a requirement for executive clarification of detention authorities was rejected by the Senate. According to Senator Carl Levin, "the language which precluded the application of section 1031 to American Citizens was in the bill that we originally approved in the Armed Services Committee and the Administration asked us to remove the language which says that U.S. citizens and lawful residents would not be subject to this section". The Senator refers to section 1021 as "1031" because it was section 1031 at the time of his speaking.
Requirement for military custody: Section 1022
All persons arrested and detained according to the provisions of section 1021, including those detained on U.S. soil, whether detained indefinitely or not, are required to be held by the United States Armed Forces. The law affords the option to have U.S. citizens detained by the armed forces but this requirement does not extend to them, as with foreign persons. Lawful resident aliens may or may not be required to be detained by the Armed Forces, "on the basis of conduct taking place within the United States".
During debate on the senate floor, Levin stated that "Administration officials reviewed the draft language for this provision and recommended additional changes. We were able to accommodate those recommendations, except for the Administration request that the provision apply only to detainees captured overseas and there's a good reason for that. Even here, the difference is modest, because the provision already excludes all U.S. citizens. It also excludes lawful residents of United States, except to extent permitted by the constitution. The only covered persons left are those who are illegally in this country or on a tourist visa or other short-term basis. Contrary to some press statements, the detainee provisions in our bill do not include new authority for the permanent detention of suspected terrorists. Rather, the bill uses language provided by the Administration to codify existing authority that has been upheld in federal courts".
A Presidential Policy Directive entitled "Requirements of the National Defense Authorization Act" regarding the procedures for implementing §1022 of the NDAA was issued on February 28, 2012, by the White House. The directive consists of eleven pages of specific implementation procedures including defining scope and limitations. Judge Kathrine B. Forrest wrote in Hedges v. Obama: "That directive provides specific guidance as to the 'Scope of Procedures and Standard for Covered Persons Determinations.' Specifically, it states that 'covered persons' applies only to a person who is not a citizen of the United States and who is a member or part of al-Qaeda or an associated force that acts in coordination with or pursuant to the direction of al-Qaeda; and "who participated in the course of planning or carrying out an attack or attempted attack against the United States or its coalition partners" (see p. 11–12). Under procedures released by the White House the military custody requirement can be waived in a wide variety of cases. Among the waiver possibilities are the following:
The suspect's home country objects to military custody
The suspect is arrested for conduct conducted in the United States
The suspect is originally charged with a non-terrorism offense
The suspect was originally arrested by state or local law enforcement
A transfer to military custody could interfere with efforts to secure cooperation or confession
A transfer would interfere with a joint trial
Actions from the White House and Senate leading to the vote
The White House threatened to veto the Senate version of the Act, arguing in an executive statement on November 17, 2011, that while "the authorities granted by the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, including the detention authority ... are essential to our ability to protect the American people ... (and) Because the authorities codified in this section already exist, the Administration does not believe codification is necessary and poses some risk".
The statement furthermore objected to the mandate for "military custody for a certain class of terrorism suspects", which it called inconsistent with "the fundamental American principle that our military does not patrol our streets". The White House may now waive the requirement for military custody for some detainees following a review by appointed officials including the Attorney General, the secretaries of state, defense and homeland security, the chairman of the military's Joint Chiefs of Staff and the director of national intelligence.
During debate within the Senate and before the Act's passage, Senator Mark Udall introduced an amendment interpreted by the ACLU and some news sources as an effort to limit military detention of American citizens indefinitely and without trial. The amendment proposed to strike the section "Detainee Matters" from the bill, and replace section 1021 (then titled 1031) with a provision requiring the Administration to clarify the Executive's authority to detain suspects on the basis of the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists. The amendment was rejected by a vote of 60–38 (with 2 abstaining). Udall subsequently voted for the Act in the joint session of Congress that passed it, and though he remained "extremely troubled" by the detainee provisions, he promised to "push Congress to conduct the maximum amount of oversight possible".
The Senate later adopted by a 98 to 1 vote a compromise amendment, based upon a proposal by Senator Dianne Feinstein, which preserves current law concerning U.S. citizens and lawful resident aliens detained within the United States. After a Senate–House compromise text explicitly ruled out any limitation of the President's authorities, but also removed the requirement of military detention for terrorism suspects arrested in the United States, the White House issued a statement saying that it would not veto the bill.
In his Signing Statement, President Obama explained: "I have signed the Act chiefly because it authorizes funding for the defense of the United States and its interests abroad, crucial services for service members and their families, and vital national security programs that must be renewed ... I have signed this bill despite having serious reservations with certain provisions that regulate the detention, interrogation, and prosecution of suspected terrorists".
The vote
On December 14, 2011, the bill passed the U.S. House by a vote of 283 to 136, with 19 representatives not voting, and passed by the U.S. Senate on December 15, 2011, by a vote of 86 to 13.
Controversy over indefinite detention
American and international reactions
Section 1021 and 1022 have been called a violation of constitutional principles and of the Bill of Rights. Internationally, the UK-based newspaper The Guardian has described the legislation as allowing indefinite detention "without trial [of] American terrorism suspects arrested on U.S. soil who could then be shipped to Guantánamo Bay;" Al Jazeera has written that the Act "gives the U.S. military the option to detain U.S. citizens suspected of participating or aiding in terrorist activities without a trial, indefinitely". The official Russian international radio broadcasting service Voice of Russia has been highly critical of the legislation, writing that under its authority "the U.S. military will have the power to detain Americans suspected of involvement in terrorism without charge or trial and imprison them for an indefinite period of time"; it has furthermore written that "the most radical analysts are comparing the new law to the edicts of the 'Third Reich' or 'Muslim tyrannies'". The Act was strongly opposed by the ACLU, Amnesty International, Human Rights First, Human Rights Watch, The Center for Constitutional Rights, the Cato Institute, Reason Magazine, and The Council on American-Islamic Relations, and was criticized in editorials published in the New York Times and other news organizations.
Americans have sought resistance of the NDAA through successful resolution campaigns in various states and municipalities. The states of Rhode Island and Michigan, the Colorado counties of Wade, El Paso, and Fremont, as well as the municipalities of Northampton, MA. and Fairfax, CA, have all passed resolutions rejecting the indefinite detention provisions of the NDAA. The Bill of Rights Defense Committee has launched a national campaign to mobilize individuals at the grassroots level to pass local and state resolutions voicing opposition to the NDAA. Campaigns have begun to grow in New York City, Miami and San Diego, among other cities and states.
Attorneys Carl J. Mayer and Bruce I. Afran filed a complaint January 13, 2012, in the Southern U.S. District Court in New York City on the behalf of Chris Hedges against Barack Obama and Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta to challenge the legality of the Authorization for Use of Military Force as embedded in the latest version of the National Defense Authorization Act, signed by the president December 31. Lt. Col. Barry Wingard, a military attorney representing prisoners at Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp, noted that under the NDAA "an American citizen can be detained forever without trial, while the allegations against you go uncontested because you have no right to see them".
Views of the Obama Administration
On December 31, 2011, and after signing the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 into law, President Obama issued a statement on it addressing "certain provisions that regulate the detention, interrogation, and prosecution of terrorism suspects". In the statement the President maintains that "the legislation does nothing more than confirm authorities that the Federal courts have recognized as lawful under the 2001 AUMF". The statement also maintains that the "Administration will not authorize the indefinite military detention without trial of American citizens", and that it "will interpret section 1021 in a manner that ensures that any detention it authorizes complies with the Constitution, the laws of war, and all other applicable law". Referring to the applicability of civilian versus military detention, the statement argued that "the only responsible way to combat the threat al-Qa'ida poses is to remain relentlessly practical, guided by the factual and legal complexities of each case and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each system. Otherwise, investigations could be compromised, our authorities to hold dangerous individuals could be jeopardized, and intelligence could be lost".
On February 22, 2012, the Administration represented by Jeh Charles Johnson, General Counsel of the U.S. Department of Defense defined the term "associated forces". Johnson stated in a speech at Yale Law School:
On February 28, 2012, the administration announced that it would waive the requirement for military detention in "any case in which officials [believe] that placing a detainee in military custody could impede counterterrorism cooperation with the detainee's home government or interfere with efforts to secure the person's cooperation or confession". Application of military custody to any suspect is determined by a national security team including the attorney general, the secretaries of state, defense, and homeland security, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Director of National Intelligence.
On September 12, 2012, U.S. District Judge Katherine B. Forrest issued an injunction against the indefinite detention provisions of the NDAA (section 1021(b)(2)) on the grounds of unconstitutionality; however, this injunction was appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit the following day and was later reversed.
The Administration explained on November 6, 2012, the terms "substantially supported" and "associated forces" in its opening brief before the U.S. Second Court of Appeals in Hedges v. Obama. With respect to the term "substantially supported" the Obama administration stated:
And with respect to the term "associated forces", the Administration cited the above-mentioned Jeh Johnson's remarks on February 22, 2012:
The Administration summarized later in its brief that:
NBC News released in February 2014 an undated U.S. Department of Justice White paper entitled "Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen who is a Senior Operational Leader of Al Qa'ida or An Associated Force." In it the Justice Department stated with respect to the term "associated forces"
Legal arguments that the legislation does not allow the indefinite detention of U.S. citizens
Mother Jones wrote that the Act "is the first concrete gesture Congress has made towards turning the homeland into the battlefield", arguing that "codifying indefinite detention on American soil is a very dangerous step". The magazine has nevertheless contested claims by The Guardian and the New York Times that the Act "allows the military to indefinitely detain without trial American terrorism suspects arrested on U.S. soil who could then be shipped to Guantánamo Bay", writing that "they're simply wrong ... It allows people who think the 2001 Authorization to Use Military Force against the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks gives the president the authority to detain U.S. citizens without charge or trial to say that, but it also allows people who can read the Constitution of the United States to argue something else". Legal commentator Joanne Mariner has noted in Verdict that the scope of existing detention power under the AUMF is "subject to vociferous debate and continuing litigation". In the years that followed the September 11 attacks, the AUMF was interpreted to allow the indefinite detention of both citizens and non-citizens arrested far from any traditional battlefield, including in the United States.
Other legal commentators argue that the NDAA does not permit truly "indefinite" detention, given that the period of detention is limited by the duration of the armed conflict. In making this claim, they emphasize the difference between (1) detention pursuant to the "laws of war" and (2) detention pursuant to domestic criminal law authorities. David B. Rivkin and Lee Casey, for example, argue that detention under the AUMF is authorized under the laws of war and is not indefinite because the authority to detain ends with the cessation of hostilities. They argue that the NDAA invokes "existing Supreme Court precedent ... that clearly permits the military detention (and even trial) of citizens who have themselves engaged in hostile acts or have supported such acts to the extent that they are properly classified as 'combatants' or 'belligerents'". This reflects the fact that, in their view, the United States is, pursuant to the AUMF, at war with al-Qaeda, and detention of enemy combatants in accordance with the laws of war is authorized. In their view, this does not preclude trial in civilian courts, but it does not require that the detainee be charged and tried. If the detainee is an enemy combatant who has not violated the laws of war, he is not chargeable with any triable offense. Commentators who share this view emphasize the need not to blur the distinction between domestic criminal law and the laws of war.
Legal arguments that the legislation allows indefinite detention
The American Civil Liberties Union has stated that "While President Obama issued a signing statement saying he had 'serious reservations' about the provisions, the statement only applies to how his administration would use the authorities granted by the NDAA", and, despite claims to the contrary, "The statute contains a sweeping worldwide indefinite detention provision ... [without] temporal or geographic limitations, and can be used by this and future presidents to militarily detain people captured far from any battlefield". The ACLU also maintains that "the breadth of the NDAA's detention authority violates international law because it is not limited to people captured in the context of an actual armed conflict as required by the laws of war".
Proposed legislative reforms
Following the passage of the NDAA, various proposals have been offered to clarify the detainee provisions. One example, H.R. 3676, sponsored by U.S. Representative Jeff Landry of Louisiana, would amend the NDAA "to specify that no U.S. citizen may be detained against his or her will without all the rights of due process". Other similar bills in the U.S. House of Representatives have been introduced by Representatives John Garamendi of California and Chris Gibson of New York.
The Feinstein-Lee Amendment that would have explicitly barred the military from holding American citizens and permanent residents in indefinite detention without trial as terrorism suspects was dropped on December 18, 2012, during the merging of the House and Senate versions of the 2013 National Defense Authorization Act.
Legal challenges to indefinite detention
Hedges v. Obama
A lawsuit was filed January 13, 2012, against the Obama Administration and Members of the U.S. Congress by a group including former New York Times reporter Christopher Hedges challenging the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012. The plaintiffs contend that Section 1021(b)(2) of the law allows the detention of citizens and permanent residents taken into custody in the United States on "suspicion of providing substantial support" to groups engaged in hostilities against the United States such as al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
In May 2012, a federal court in New York issued a preliminary injunction which temporarily blocked the indefinite detention powers of NDAA Section 1021(b)(2) on the grounds of unconstitutionality. On August 6, 2012, federal prosecutors representing President Obama and Defense Secretary Leon Panetta filed a notice of appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, hoping to eliminate the ban. The following day arguments from both sides were heard by U.S. District Judge Katherine B. Forrest during a hearing to determine whether to make her preliminary injunction permanent or not. On September 12, 2012, Judge Forrest issued a permanent injunction, but this was appealed by the Obama Administration on September 13, 2012. A federal appeals court granted a U.S. Justice Department's request for an interim stay of the permanent injunction, pending the Second Circuit's consideration of the government's motion to stay the injunction throughout its appeal. The court also said that a Second Circuit motions panel will take up the government's motion for stay pending appeal on September 28, 2012. On October 2, 2012, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the ban on indefinite detention will not go into effect until a decision on the Obama Administration's appeal is rendered. The U.S. Supreme Court refused on December 14, 2012, to lift the stay pending appeal of the order issued by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on October 2, 2012. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals overturned on July 17, 2013, the district court's ruling which struck down § 1021(b)(2) of NDAA as unconstitutional, because the plaintiffs lacked legal standing to challenge it. The Supreme Court denied certiorari in an order issued April 28, 2014. Critics of the decision quickly pointed out that, without the right to a trial, it is impossible for an individual with legal standing to challenge 1021 without having already been released.
States taking action against indefinite detention sections of NDAA
As of April 2013, four states had passed resolutions through committee to adjust or block the detainment provisions of the 2012 NDAA. Anti-NDAA legislation passed the full Indiana Senate by a vote of 31–17. An additional 13 states have introduced legislation against the detainment provisions.
Counties and municipalities taking action against indefinite detention sections of NDAA
Nine counties have passed resolutions against sections 1021 and 1022 of the NDAA. They are: Moffat, Weld, and Fremont counties in Colorado; Harper County, Kansas; Allegan and Oakland counties in Michigan; Alleghany County in North Carolina; and Fulton and Elk counties in Pennsylvania. Resolutions have been introduced in three counties: Barber County, Kansas; Montgomery County, Maryland; and Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.
Eleven municipalities have passed resolutions as well. They are: Berkeley, Fairfax, San Francisco, and Santa Cruz, California; Cherokee City, Kansas; Northampton, Massachusetts; Takoma Park, Maryland; Macomb, New York; New Shorehampton, Rhode Island; League City, Texas; and Las Vegas, Nevada (currently waiting on the county to pass a joint resolution). An additional 13 municipalities have introduced anti-NDAA resolutions: San Diego, California; Miami, Florida; Portland, Maine; Chapel Hill, Durham, and Raleigh, North Carolina; Albuquerque, New Mexico; Albany and New York City, New York; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Dallas, Texas; Springfield, Virginia; and Tacoma, Washington.
Northampton, Massachusetts, became the first city in New England to pass a resolution rejecting the NDAA on February 16, 2012. William Newman, Director of the ACLU in western Massachusetts, said, "We have a country based on laws and process and fairness. This law is an absolute affront to those principles that make America a free nation".
Sanctions targeting the Iranian Central Bank
As part of the ongoing dispute over Iranian uranium enrichment, section 1245 of the NDAA imposes unilateral sanctions against the Central Bank of Iran, effectively blocking Iranian oil exports to countries which do business with the United States. The new sanctions impose penalties against entities—including corporations and foreign central banks—which engage in transactions with the Iranian central bank. Sanctions on transactions unrelated to petroleum take effect 60 days after the bill is signed into law, while sanctions on transactions related to petroleum take effect a minimum of six months after the bill's signing. The bill grants the U.S. President authority to grant waivers in cases in which petroleum purchasers are unable, due to supply or cost, to significantly reduce their purchases of Iranian oil, or in which American national security is threatened by implementation of the sanctions. Following the signing into law of the NDAA, the Iranian rial fell significantly against the U.S. dollar, reaching a record low two days after the bill's enactment, a change widely attributed to the expected impact of the new sanctions on the Iranian economy. Officials within the Iranian government have threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz, an important passageway for Middle East oil exports, should the United States press forward with the new sanctions as planned.
Military pay and benefits
Amendments made to the bill following its passage include a 1.6 percent pay increase for all service members, and an increase in military healthcare enrollment and copay fees. The changes were unanimously endorsed by the Senate Armed Services Committee.
See also
Hedges v. Obama
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists
Enemy Expatriation Act
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
Marbury v. Madison
Military Commissions Act of 2006
National Defense Authorization Act
Posse Comitatus Act
Ex parte Quirin
Smith Act
Unlawful combatant
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013
References
External links
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 as enacted (details) in the US Statutes at Large
Cutting through the Controversy about Indefinite Detention and the NDAA (ProPublica)
2011 controversies
2012 controversies
Acts of the 112th United States Congress
Civil liberties in the United States
Human rights in the United States
Obama administration controversies
U.S. National Defense Authorization Acts
Counterterrorism in the United States |
40069788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enough%20Said | Enough Said | Enough Said is a 2013 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Nicole Holofcener. The film stars Julia Louis-Dreyfus, James Gandolfini, Catherine Keener, Toni Collette and Ben Falcone. Louis-Dreyfus plays Eva, a divorced masseuse who begins a relationship with Albert (Gandolfini), only to discover that he is the former husband of her client and friend Marianne (Keener).
Holofcener wrote the script, which was partly inspired by her own life, after she was approached by two producers from Fox Searchlight Pictures who offered to produce her next project. It was filmed in Los Angeles on a budget of $8 million. Gandolfini died after the film was completed but before it was released; Holofcener dedicated the film to him.
Enough Said premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival and was released on Gandolfini’s birthday, September 18, 2013, ranking as the fifth best-reviewed wide release of the year, according to Rotten Tomatoes. The film was praised for Louis-Dreyfus and Gandolfini's performances, as well as Holofcener's screenplay and received several major award nominations, including for a Golden Globe for Louis-Dreyfus (her first nomination for a film role), a Screen Actors Guild Award, two Independent Spirit Awards and four Critics' Choice Movie Awards.
Plot
Eva, a massage therapist and the divorced mother of a teenage girl, attends a party in Pacific Palisades with her friends, married couple Will and Sarah. There she meets a poet, Marianne, and Will introduces Eva to one of his friends, Albert. After the party, Albert asks Will for Eva's number and, although hesitant since she is not physically attracted to him, Eva agrees to go on a date with Albert, which goes well. Marianne contacts Eva for a massage, and after taking an immediate liking to one another they become friends.
Eva finds herself growing fonder of Albert and they have lunch with his teenage daughter, Tess, who, like Eva's daughter Ellen, is graduating from high school and moving away to attend college. A few days later, Eva goes to her massage appointment with Marianne and realizes that Albert is Marianne's ex-husband after Marianne tells a story about how he manages to pick out onions when scooping salsa — the same story Albert had told Eva, but about guacamole. Tess then arrives at the house and Eva's suspicions are confirmed. Marianne tries to introduce Eva to Tess, but Eva hides behind a tree to avoid the meeting. Eva continues seeing Albert, keeping her friendship with Marianne a secret; likewise, she does not tell Marianne that she is seeing him.
Eva encourages Marianne to voice her complaints about Albert so she can identify potential problems in her relationship with him. At the encouragement of Eva, Sarah and Will invite her and Albert to a dinner party, which ends badly after Eva nitpicks over Albert's faults, which upsets him. At another appointment with Marianne, Eva is exposed when Albert arrives to drop Tess off. He is angry that Eva kept her friendship with Marianne a secret, and breaks up with her.
Eva and her ex-husband take Ellen to the airport for her flight to college. A few months later, on Thanksgiving Day, Eva drives by Albert's home and stops in front of the house on her way to pick up Ellen from the airport. He sees her and she awkwardly waves. He eventually comes outside, to Eva's surprise, and sits with her on the porch while they begin to renew their relationship.
Cast
Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Eva
James Gandolfini as Albert
Catherine Keener as Marianne
Toni Collette as Sarah
Ben Falcone as Will
Toby Huss as Peter
Anjelah Johnson as Cathy
Michaela Watkins as Hilary
Eve Hewson as Tess
Amy Landecker as Debbie
Jessica St. Clair as Cynthia
Christopher Nicholas Smith as Hal
Kathleen Rose Perkins as Fran
Tracey Fairaway as Ellen
Phillip Brock as Jason
Tavi Gevinson as Chloe
Production
Enough Said was the fifth film written and directed by Nicole Holofcener. After the release of her fourth film, Please Give (2010), she was approached by Matthew Greenfield and Claudia Lewis from Fox Searchlight, who offered to produce Holofcener's next project on the condition that it was more mainstream than her previous films. She wrote three drafts of the screenplay over six months. The premise was partly inspired by Holofcener's own life as a divorced mother of two teenagers and her "feelings and fears about what [her] life will be like when [her] kids go away". While writing the film, she said, "I was having thoughts about my ex-husband and my new boyfriend and thinking about being married and how I'm trying to have a relationship that's happier the second time." Small details of the plot were also drawn from her life; Albert's guacamole-eating habit was inspired by a story that her boyfriend told her about his ex-wife.
Neither Julia Louis-Dreyfus nor James Gandolfini was Holofcener's first choice to play the lead roles. Louis-Dreyfus was cast after she approached Holofcener to express her interest in appearing in one of Holofcener's films. Holofcener's first choice as Albert was Louis C.K., who read part of the script but was not interested in the role. Gandolfini did not feel that he was right for the part, but Holofcener later described him as "perfect". Catherine Keener, who played Marianne, is a frequent collaborator of Holofcener's, having appeared in all four previous films that Holofcener had directed.
The film was shot on location over 24 days in Los Angeles, with a budget of $8 million. It was filmed by cinematographer Xavier Pérez Grobet, with whom Holofcener had previously worked on the HBO television series Enlightened. Although each scene was scripted, the actors would often ad-lib lines of dialogue. The final scene of the film, in which Eva and Albert reunite in front of his house, was improvised by Louis-Dreyfus and Gandolfini. It was edited by Robert Frazen, Holofcener's boyfriend at the time, who had also worked on all four of her previous films.
Gandolfini died of a heart attack in June 2013, almost a year after production on the film had ended but before it was released. The film's editing was complete by then but Holofcener added a dedication to the end-credits reading "For Jim". Gandolfini never saw the completed film.
Release
Enough Said premiered on September 7, 2013 at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released theatrically shortly thereafter on September 18, 2013. On its opening weekend, the film earned $240,000 from four theaters for a $60,000 per-theater average, ranking among 2013's best specialty release openers. It received a wide release on September 27 and gradually expanded to a peak of 835 theaters in late October. Over 121 days in theaters, the film grossed $17.6 million at the U.S. box office. It earned $7.7 million from other countries, making a total worldwide gross of $25.3 million.
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray formats on January 14, 2014. The Blu-ray disc includes six making-of featurettes, titled "Second Takes", "Cast", "Story", "Meet Eva and Albert", "Nicole Holofcener" and "Julia".
Reception
Critical response
Enough Said received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 95%, based on 190 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Wryly charming, impeccably acted, and ultimately quite bittersweet, Enough Said is a grown-up movie in the best possible way." Another review aggregation website, Metacritic, gave the film a score of 78 out of 100, based on 44 critics, signifying "generally favorable reviews". Many critics also listed the film among their 10 best of the year.
Specifically, Enough Said was praised for its commitment to realism, both in the way Holofcener's characters converse and in the themes the film addresses. In a review for The New York Times, A. O. Scott claimed that "Line for line, scene for scene, it is one of the best-written American film comedies in recent memory." Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times felt that Enough Said demonstrated "Holofcener's gift for portraying life as it is lived", while David Denby, writing for The New Yorker, wrote that it "approaches novelistic richness". In The New York Times Book Review, Francine Prose praised Holofcener for having written characters "with sufficient depth and wisdom that ... the actors never seem to be movie stars impersonating people. Rather, they disappear into the vulnerable and self-doubting characters they play without a hint of the preening vanity that so often causes cinematic performances to seem forced and shallow."
Numerous critics also praised Gandolfini and Louis-Dreyfus's performances in the film. Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post wrote that Gandolfini brought "superb sensitivity and naked vulnerability" to his portrayal of Albert, while Indiewire's Eric Kohn felt that Gandolfini "truly blossoms" in the film. Writing for The Wall Street Journal, Joe Morgenstern similarly described Gandolfini's performance as "marvelous" and "grounded in genial humanity", and found Louis-Dreyfus to be "equally endearing". Ty Burr of The Boston Globe wrote that Gandolfini gave "a performance of immense tenderness and charm", "as endearing as it is heartbreaking", and said of Louis-Dreyfus, "Holofcener brings out a vulnerability you may have forgotten was in this actress." Slate magazine's Dana Stevens, meanwhile, wrote that "There's no one making films right now who writes that kind of dialogue better than Holofcener ... And it's hard to imagine anyone speaking it better than Gandolfini and Julia Louis-Dreyfus."
In a negative review for the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle wrote that he found Eva and Albert's romantic pairing implausible and, knowing that Gandolfini died after making the film, found the references to Albert's obesity "awkward and macabre and not at all enjoyable". The Financial Times Antonia Quirke, meanwhile, described the film as immemorable, "very modest" and "too depressing".
Accolades
In popular culture
On the animated series The Great North, Beef Tobin's favorite film is Enough Said and his continual replaying of it leads to his family developing cabin fever while being iced in.
References
External links
at Fox Searchlight
2013 films
2013 romantic comedy films
2013 independent films
American romantic comedy films
Films scored by Marcelo Zarvos
Films directed by Nicole Holofcener
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films with screenplays by Nicole Holofcener
Fox Searchlight Pictures films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
TSG Entertainment films
English-language romantic comedy films |
339739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown%20Heights%2C%20Brooklyn | Crown Heights, Brooklyn | Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Crown Heights is bounded by Washington Avenue to the west, Atlantic Avenue to the north, Ralph Avenue to the east, and Empire Boulevard/East New York Avenue to the south. It is about wide and long. Neighborhoods bordering Crown Heights include Prospect Heights to the west, Flatbush and Prospect Lefferts Gardens to the south, Brownsville to the east, and Bedford–Stuyvesant to the north.
The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is Eastern Parkway, a tree-lined boulevard designed by Frederick Law Olmsted extending east–west. Originally, the area was known as Crow Hill. It was a succession of hills running east and west from Utica Avenue to Washington Avenue, and south to Empire Boulevard and East New York Avenue. The name was changed when Crown Street was cut through in 1916.
The northern half of Crown Heights is part of Brooklyn Community District 8 and is patrolled by the 77th Precinct of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). The southern half is part of Brooklyn Community District 9 and is patrolled by the 71st Precinct of the NYPD. Crown Heights's primary ZIP Codes are 11213, 11216, 11225, 11233, and 11238. Politically, it is represented by the New York City Council's 35th, 36th, and 41st Districts.
History
Early history
Although no known physical evidence remains in the Crown Heights vicinity, large portions of what is now called Long Island including present-day Brooklyn were occupied by the Lenape Native Americans. The Lenape lived in communities of bark- or grass-covered wigwams, and in their larger settlements—typically located on high ground adjacent to fresh water, and occupied in the fall, winter, and spring—they fished, harvested shellfish, trapped animals, gathered wild fruits and vegetables, and cultivated corn, tobacco, beans, and other crops.
The first recorded contact between the indigenous people of the New York City region and Europeans was with the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 in the service of France when he anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. There he was visited by a canoe party of Lenape. The next contact was in 1609 when the explorer Henry Hudson arrived in what is now New York Harbor aboard a Dutch East India Company ship, the Halve Maen (Half Moon) commissioned by the Dutch Republic.
European habitation in the New York City area began in earnest with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement, later called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (New Amsterdam), on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614. By 1630, Dutch and English colonists started moving into the western end of Long Island. In 1637, Joris Jansen de Rapalje purchased about around Wallabout Bay and over the following two years, director Kieft of the Dutch West India Company purchased title to nearly all the land in what is now Kings County and Queens County from the indigenous inhabitants.
Finally, the areas around present-day Crown Heights saw its first European settlements starting in about 1661/1662 when several men each received, from Governor Peter Stuyvesant and the directors of the Dutch West India Company what was described as “a parcel of free (unoccupied) woodland there” on the condition that they situate their houses “within one of the other concentration, which would suit them best, but not to make a hamlet.”
19th century
In the 19th century, the area was rural. The Crow Hill penitentiary and various orphanages were located in the area at the time. In 1884, Alexander Jefferson was killed during a prolonged hanging after being convicted of the Crow Hill Murders. Appeals seeking to overturn his death sentence documented the significant poverty in the area at the time.
Early and mid-20th century
Crown Heights had begun as a fashionable residential neighborhood, a place for secondary homes in which Manhattan's growing bourgeois class could reside. The area benefited by having its rapid transit in a subway configuration, the IRT Eastern Parkway Line (), in contrast to many other Brooklyn neighborhoods, which had elevated lines. Conversion to a commuter town also included tearing down the 19th century Kings County Penitentiary at Carroll Street and Nostrand Avenue.
Beginning in the early 1900s, many upper-class residences, including characteristic brownstone buildings, were erected along Eastern Parkway. Away from the parkway were a mixture of lower middle-class residences. This development peaked in the 1920s. Before World War II Crown Heights was among New York City's premier neighborhoods, with tree-lined streets, an array of cultural institutions and parks, and numerous fraternal, social and community organizations.
From the early 1920s through the 1960s, Crown Heights was an overwhelmingly white neighborhood and predominantly Jewish. In 1950, the neighborhood was 89 percent white, with some 50 to 60 percent of the white population, or about 75,000 people, being Jewish, but new arrivals from the West Indies and the American South created a growing Black presence. By 1957, there were about 25,000 Blacks in Crown Heights, making up about one-fourth of the population. Around the same time, suburbanization began to rapidly affect Crown Heights and Brooklyn. Robert Moses expanded the borough's access to eastern Long Island through expressway construction; by way of the G.I. Bill, many families moved east. Most of these opportunities were limited to whites. Levittown in Nassau County, for example, prohibited applications from Black families. As the Jewish, Irish and Italian populations of Crown Heights moved out of the neighborhood, black people from the south and immigrants from the Caribbean continued to move there. The 1957 departure of the Brooklyn Dodgers and the destruction of Ebbets Field for public housing for its Black population symbolically served as the end of the old white ethnic Crown Heights and in the 1960s the neighborhood experienced mass white flight. The demographic change was astounding; in 1960 the neighborhood was 70% white, by 1970 it was 70% Black. The one exception to this pattern were Lubavitch Hasidic Jews.
There were thirty-four large synagogues in the neighborhood, including the Bobov, Chovevei Torah, and 770 Eastern Parkway, home of the worldwide Lubavitch movement. There were also three prominent Yeshiva elementary schools in the neighborhood, Crown Heights Yeshiva on Crown Street, the Yeshiva of Eastern Parkway, and the Reines Talmud Torah.
Late 20th century
The 1960s and 1970s were a time of turbulent race relations in the area: With increasing poverty in the city, racial conflict plagued some of its neighborhoods, including Crown Heights, with its racially and culturally mixed populations. At the request of their leader, the Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the neighborhood's mostly white and relatively large population of Lubavitch Hasidim stayed in the community as other whites were leaving.
In 1964 the Labor Day Carnival celebrating Caribbean culture was moved to the neighborhood when its license to run in Harlem was revoked. It now attracts between one and three million people and is held on the first Monday in September.
During the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, Crown Heights was declared a primary poverty area due to a high unemployment rate, high juvenile and adult crime rate, poor nutrition due to lack of family income, relative absence of job skills and readiness, and a relatively high concentration of elderly residents. Violence broke out several times in the neighborhood during the late 20th century, including during the New York City blackout of 1977: More than 75 area stores were robbed, and thieves used cars to pull up roll-down curtains in front of stores.
In 1991, there was a three-day outbreak known as the Crown Heights Riot, which started between the neighborhood's West Indian/African American and Jewish communities. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after Gavin Cato, the son of two Guyanese immigrants, was struck and killed by a car in the motorcade of prominent Hasidic rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. A mob began to attack a Jewish volunteer ambulance, which withdrew. Rumors, which later proved to be unfounded, circulated that the ambulance refused to treat Gavin Cato's injuries while removing members of Schneerson's motorcade instead. Yankel Rosenbaum, a visiting rabbinical student from Australia, was killed in the riot, while Jews were assaulted, and there was property damage amid rock throwing in the ensuing riots. The riot unveiled long-simmering tensions between the neighborhood's Black and Jewish communities, which impacted the 1993 mayoral race and ultimately led to a successful outreach program between Black and Jewish leaders that somewhat helped improve race relations in the city. Through the 1990s, crime, racial conflict, and violence decreased in the city and urban renewal and gentrification began to take effect including in Crown Heights.
Early 21st century
In the 2010s, Crown Heights experienced rapid gentrification. In some areas the increasing rents have caused the displacement of long-time residents. Not only did rents for each apartment increase drastically but building management firms such as BCB Realty, affiliated with companies that buy up buildings in the neighborhood, aimed to remove long-term residents by buying them out or pressuring them to move by "failing to adequately maintain apartments", according to a housing activist, with the aim of forcing out the rent-stabilized. Other tactics include relocating residents from their apartments claiming renovation and locking them out, as employed by another realtor in the neighborhood, ZT Realty. In 2017, real estate developer Isaac Hager faced opposition from activists when he proposed building a 565-unit apartment complex in Crown Heights; in April 2019, a judge issued a restraining order against the project.
In the wake of the 2010 opening of Basil Pizza & Wine Bar, a series of upscale, kosher, foodie restaurants opened in Crown Heights, which The Jewish Week described as "an eating destination."
In November 2013, a series of attacks on Jewish residents were suspected to be part of "knockout games". Media attention to knockout attacks increased following the incidents in Crown Heights. In response to the violence, the Jewish community hosted an event for African-American teens, designed to promote greater understanding of Jews and their beliefs. The event, hosted by the Jewish Children's Museum, was coordinated by local Jewish organizations, public schools, and by the NYPD's 71st and 77th precincts.
Demographics
Crown Heights is divided into two neighborhood tabulation areas, Crown Heights North and Crown Heights South, which collectively comprise the population of Crown Heights.
Crown Heights has a majority West Indian and African American population according to the 2010 census. Reflecting the most varied U.S. population of Caribbean immigrants outside the West Indies, Crown Heights is known for its annual West Indian Carnival. The vivid ostentation goes along Eastern Parkway, from Utica Avenue to Grand Army Plaza. According to the West Indian-American Day Carnival Association, over 3.5 million people participate in the parade each year.
Crown Heights also contains a significant number of Hasidic Jews. It is the location of the Worldwide Headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish movement, at 770 Eastern Parkway. An Orthodox Jewish community which established itself in Crown Heights in the 1940s has continued to thrive around that location.
Crown Heights North
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Crown Heights North was 103,169, a change of -293 (-0.3%) from the 103,462 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of .
The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 49% African American, 31% White, 3% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14% of the population.
The entirety of Community District 8, which covers Crown Heights North, had 97,130 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 79.2 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 20% are between the ages of 0–17, 37% between 25 and 44, and 22% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 12% respectively.
As of 2016, the median household income in Community District 8 was $60,107. In 2018, an estimated 21% of Crown Heights North residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 50% in Crown Heights North, lower than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , Crown Heights North is considered to be gentrifying.
According to the 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning, there is still an overwhelming Black population majority of 40,000 or more residents, but there is a diverse cultural population with each the White and Hispanic populations at between 10,000 and 19,999 residents.
Crown Heights South
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Crown Heights South was 39,670, a change of -2,700 (-6.8%) from the 42,370 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of .
The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 62.8% (24,921) African American, 25.8% (10,221) White, 0.7% (285) Asian, 0.2% (81) Native American, 0% (12) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (127) from other races, and 1.5% (601) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.6% (3,422) of the population.
The entirety of Community District 9, which covers Crown Heights South, had 98,650 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.2 years. This is equal to the median life expectancy of all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 22% are between the ages of 0–17, 30% between 25 and 44, and 25% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 14% respectively.
As of 2016, the median household income in Community District 9 was $51,072. In 2018, an estimated 22% of Crown Heights South residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in nine residents (11%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 55% in Crown Heights South, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , Crown Heights South is considered to be gentrifying.
As of the 2020 census according to New York City Department of City Planning, there were between 20,000 and 29,999 Black residents and 10,000 to 19,999 White residents. The concentration of Black residents in South Crown Heights is slightly lower than North Crown Heights.
Politics
The neighborhood is part of New York's 9th congressional district, represented by Democrat Yvette Clarke since 2013. It is also part of the 19th and 20th State Senate districts, represented by Democrats Roxanne Persaud and Zellnor Myrie, and the 43rd and 57th State Assembly districts, represented respectively by Democrats Diana Richardson and Phara Souffrant Forrest. Crown Heights is located in New York's 35th and 36th City Council districts, represented respectively by Democrats Crystal Hudson and Chi Ossé.
Crown Heights is served by Brooklyn Community Board 8 north of Eastern Parkway and Brooklyn Community Board 9 south of Eastern Parkway.
Police and crime
Crown Heights is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD. Crown Heights North is covered by the 77th Precinct, located at 127 Utica Avenue, while Crown Heights South is patrolled by the 71st Precinct, located at 421 Empire Boulevard.
The 77th Precinct ranked 42nd safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010, while the 71st Precinct ranked 46th safest. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 85 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights North and 73 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights South, both areas' rates of violent crimes per capita are greater than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rates of 872 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights North and 598 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights South are both greater than that of the city as a whole.
The 77th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 85.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 2 murders, 32 rapes, 180 robberies, 297 felony assaults, 158 burglaries, 397 grand larcenies, and 72 grand larcenies auto in 2018. The 71st Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 82.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 8 murders, 26 rapes, 166 robberies, 349 felony assaults, 143 burglaries, 464 grand larcenies, and 68 grand larcenies auto in 2018.
Fire safety
The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates four fire stations in Crown Heights:
Engine Company 234/Ladder Company 123/Battalion 38 – 1352 St Johns Place
Rescue 2 – 1472 Bergen Street
Engine Company 280/Ladder Company 132 – 489 St Johns Place
Engine Company 227 – 423 Ralph Avenue
Health
, preterm births in Crown Heights and births to teenage mothers in Crown Heights North are more common than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers in Crown Heights South are less common than in other places citywide. There were 92 preterm births per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights North and 91 preterm births per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights South (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide). Additionally, there were 24.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights North and 14.8 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights South (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Both neighborhoods have a relatively high population of residents who are uninsured, or who receive healthcare through Medicaid. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 12% in Crown Heights North and 16% in Crown Heights South, compared to the citywide rate of 12%.
The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, is in Crown Heights North and in Crown Heights South, slightly higher than the citywide and boroughwide averages. Eighteen percent of Crown Heights North residents and eight percent of Crown Heights South residents are smokers, compared to the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Crown Heights North, 26% of residents are obese, 13% are diabetic, and 33% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. By comparison, in Crown Heights South, 32% of residents are obese, 15% are diabetic, and 37% have high blood pressure. In addition, 19% of children are obese in both Crown Heights North and South, compared to the citywide average of 20%.
Eighty-four percent of Crown Heights North and eighty-one percent of Crown Heights South residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is slightly lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 78% of Crown Heights North and 84% of Crown Heights South residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", compared to than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket, there are 25 bodegas in Crown Heights North and 21 bodegas in Crown Heights South.
Post offices and ZIP Codes
Crown Heights North is covered by ZIP Codes 11238, 11216, 11213, and 11233 from west to east, while Crown Heights South is covered by ZIP Codes 11225 and 11213 from west to east. The United States Postal Service operates two post offices nearby: the Saint Johns Place Station at 1234 St Johns Place, and the James E Davis Station at 315 Empire Boulevard.
Education
Crown Heights generally has a similar ratio of college-educated residents to the rest of the city . In Crown Heights North, 44% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, while 16% have less than a high school education and 40% are high school graduates or have some college education. In Crown Heights South, 35% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, while 16% have less than a high school education and 48% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Crown Heights North students excelling in reading and math has been increasing, with reading achievement rising from 31 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rising from 22 percent to 47 percent within the same time period. In Crown Heights South, reading achievement rose from 31 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rose from 21 percent to 47 percent within the same time period.
Crown Heights' rates of elementary school student absenteeism are higher than the rest of New York City. The proportions of elementary school students who missed twenty or more days per school year were 28% in Crown Heights North and 22% in Crown Heights South, compared to the citywide average of 20% of students. Additionally, 71% of high school students in Crown Heights North and 77% of high school students in Crown Heights South graduate on time, compared to the citywide average of 75% of students.
Schools
Among the public schools are the International Arts Business School, The League School, The School for Human Rights, The School for Democracy and Leadership and the High School for Public Service: Heroes of Tomorrow, all on the campus of the now-closed George W. Wingate High School, and Success Academy Crown Heights, part of Success Academy Charter Schools. M.S. 587, New Heights Middle School, Achievement First Crown Heights Elementary School, and Achievement First Crown Heights Middle School are all located in Crown Heights, housed in the Mahalia Jackson School building. Explore Empower Charter School is also located in Crown Heights.
Medgar Evers College is an institution of higher education in the neighborhood.
The orthodox Jewish community is serviced by gender-segregated schools. Among the girls schools are Beth Rivkah Academy, founded in 1941 by the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchak Schneerson, as the oldest Chasidic school for girls; the school now hosts preschool through higher learning institutions. Newer schools include Bnos Menachem, Bais Chaya Mushka, Bnos Chomesh and Chabad Girls Academy. The boys are educated at Oholei Torah, Yeshiva Tomchei Temimim Lubavitch, Cheder Ohr Menachem, Gan Academy, Darchei Menachem and various other smaller schools.
Libraries
The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) has three branches in Crown Heights:
The Crown Heights branch, on the border with Flatbush/Prospect Lefferts Gardens, is located at 560 New York Avenue near Maple Street. The branch was built in 1958 as part of a plan by mayor Abraham Beame.
The Brower Park branch is located on the ground floor of the Brooklyn Children's Museum. The original Brower Park branch at 725 St. Marks Avenue was built in 1963 under the Beame plan; at the time, it was northern Brooklyn's first new library in four decades. A new library was announced in 2017, and the original building at 725 St. Marks Avenue was vacated in 2020. Brower Park Library reopened for lobby service in the Brooklyn Children's Museum in 2021, with full service resuming in 2023.
The Eastern Parkway branch and Eastern Parkway Learning Center is located at 1044 Eastern Parkway at Schenectady Avenue. It is a two-story, limestone-clad Carnegie library branch with of floor space. The branch was renovated at least four times, most recently in 2016.
Transportation
Crown Heights is served by the New York City Subway's IRT Eastern Parkway Line, with stations at Franklin Avenue (), Nostrand Avenue (), Kingston Avenue (), and Utica Avenue (). It is also served by the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line at President and Sterling Streets (). The subway's BMT Franklin Avenue Line, served by the contains stations at Botanic Garden and Park Place. The IND Fulton Street line runs on its namesake street, 2 blocks north of the border between Crown Heights and Bedford-Stuyvesant, stopping in the Crown Heights area from Clinton-Washington Avenues to Ralph Avenue and Broadway Junction. Just east of the Utica Avenue station, on the border with Brownsville, there is a park called Lincoln Terrace (also known as Arthur S. Somers Park), which slopes gently down toward the southern Brooklyn coastline; the IRT New Lots Line transitions from a tunnel to an elevated structure within this park.
Several bus lines serve the area, including the .
Recreation
Crown Heights has one botanical garden:
Brooklyn Botanic Garden
There are also four museums in Crown Heights:
Brooklyn Museum
Brooklyn Children's Museum
Jewish Children's Museum
Weeksville Heritage Center
Crown Heights has several parks:
Prospect Park and Mount Prospect Park runs along Crown Heights' western edge.
Brower Park
St. John's Park and Recreation Center
Hamilton Metz Field
Wingate Park
Parkside Playground
Landmarks
23rd Regiment Armory
770 Eastern Parkway (central headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement)
Crown Heights North Historic District
Ebbets Field Apartments
George W. Wingate High School
Hunterfly Road Historic District
Kol Israel Synagogue
Medgar Evers College
former Nassau Brewing Company
Park Place Historic District
St. Bartholomew's Protestant Episcopal Church and Rectory
Notable people
Abraham Abraham (1843–1911), businessman who was the founder of the department store Abraham & Straus in 1865
Bob Arum (born 1931), founder and CEO of Top Rank, a professional boxing promotion company
Abraham Beame (1906–2001), 104th mayor of New York City, serving from 1974 to 1977
Robert S. Bennett (born 1939), attorney who represented President Bill Clinton during the Lewinsky scandal
William Bennett (born 1943), Secretary of Education under President Ronald Reagan
Oni Blackstock, primary care and HIV physician, researcher, and founder of Health Justice, a racial and health equity consulting practice
Uché Blackstock, physician
James Bouknight (born 2000), professional basketball player
Buckshot (born 1974), rapper
Shirley Chisholm (1924-2005), educator and politician
Iris Cantor (born 1931), philanthropist
Clive Davis (born 1932), music industry executive
James E. Davis (1962-2003), police officer, corrections officer, councilmember, minister and community activist
Byron Donalds (born 1978), politician and businessman serving as the U.S. representative for Florida's 19th congressional district since 2021
Israel Englander (born 1948), billionaire hedge fund manager
Joseph Esposito (born 1950), NYC Emergency Management commissioner, started as a beat cop in Crown Heights
Phara Souffrant Forrest (born 1989), member of the New York State Assembly from the 57th district
Avraham Fried (born 1959), Hasidic singer
Yitzchak Ginsburgh (born 1944), American-born Israeli rabbi
Allen Grubman, entertainment lawyer
Maggie Haberman (born 1973), journalist
Jamie Hector (born 1975), actor, portrays Marlo Stanfield on the HBO series The Wire
Sidney "Sonny" Hertzberg (1922–2005), professional basketball player who played for the New York Knicks
Regina Herzlinger (born c. 1944), professor at Harvard Business School
Gavriel Holtzberg (1979–2008), murdered Orthodox rabbi and Chabad emissary to Mumbai, India
J.I the Prince of N.Y (born 2001), rapper
Simon Jacobson (born 1956), rabbi, author and journalist
Yosef Yitzchak Jacobson (born 1972), rabbi and orator
Hakeem Jeffries (born 1970), U.S. Representative (NY-8), leader of the House Democratic Caucus, and House Minority Leader
Harold S. Koplewicz (born 1953), child and adolescent psychiatrist
Carol Laderman (1932–2010), medical anthropologist.
Nas (born 1973), famous hip-hop artist, songwriter, record producer and actor
Norman Mailer (1923–2007), novelist, journalist and author
Marty Markowitz (born 1945), former Brooklyn borough president
Matisyahu Miller (born 1979), reggae artist
Stephanie Mills (born 1957), singer
Mark D. Naison (born 1946), professor of history and former political activist
Lemrick Nelson (born 1975), convicted of violating Yankel Rosenbaum's civil rights in his murder during the 1991 Crown Heights riot
Linda Nochlin (1931–2017), art historian best known for her pioneering 1971 article "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?"
Mendy Pellin, Hasidic comedian
Mary Pinkett (1926–2003), politician who served in the New York City Council from 1974 to 2001, representing the 28th and 35th districts, who was the first black New York City Councilwoman
Harvey Pitt (1945-2023), lawyer and SEC chairman
Aaron Raskin, religious leader, Chabad Lubavitch rabbi and author
Kendall Schmidt (born 1990), television actor (Big Time Rush) and singer
Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902–1994), the Rebbe of Chabad-Lubavitch
Meyer Seewald (born 1988) community activist, founder of the Jewish Community Watch, an organization whose mission is the prevention of child sex abuses in the Orthodox community
Allie Sherman (1923-2015), National Football League player and head coach
Sholom Shuchat (born 1984), Chabad-Lubavitch rabbi, dayan and posek
Shyne (born 1978 as Jamal Barrow), rapper and politician
Carl Sigman (1909–2000), songwriter
Beverly Sills (1929–2007), opera singer and administrator
Mighty Sparrow (born 1935), Calypso musician from Trinidad/West Indies
Susan McKinney Steward (1847–1918), first African-American woman to earn a medical degree in New York
Aaron Swartz (1986–2013), computer programmer, writer, archivist, political organizer, and internet activist
William L. Taylor (1931–2010), attorney and civil rights advocate
Simcha Weinstein (born 1975), author and rabbi
Mendy Werdyger (born 1959), Hasidic Jewish singer, songwriter, and record store owner
Yoni Z (born Yoni Zigelboum in 1991), Jewish recording artist, songwriter and entertainer
In popular culture
Film
Project 2x1, a 2013 documentary shot with Google Glass, features scenes shot by the Caribbean and Hasidic residents.
Crown Heights (2004), a television film by Jeremy Kagan for Showtime.
Crown Heights (2017)
Brooklyn Babylon
Television
Location for 4th season of High Maintenance (2016-2020)
Music
The 2004 song "King Without a Crown" by Matisyahu
The song "Act Like U Want It" by Black Moon references Franklin Avenue
The video "Moshpit" by Baby Keem
References
Further reading
Race and Religion among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights, by Henry Goldschmidt (Rutgers University Press, 2006)
"Strolls Upon Old Lines: Crow Hill and Some of Its Suggestions" from the Brooklyn Eagle December 9, 1888
Jerome Krase and Judith N. DeSena, 2016. Race, Class, and Gentrification in Brooklyn: A View from the Street. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Jerome Krase, 1982. Self and Community in the City. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1982. On line edition: http://www.brooklynsoc.org/PLG/selfandcommunity/index.html
Jerome Krase and Charles LaCerra. 1992. Ethnicity and Machine Politics: The Madison Club of Brooklyn. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America
Chabad communities
Jewish communities in the United States
Neighborhoods in Brooklyn
Orthodox Judaism in New York City |
40800690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail%20art | Nail art | Nail art is a creative way to paint, decorate, enhance, and embellish nails. It is a type of artwork that can be done on fingernails and toenails, usually after manicures or pedicures.
History
The exact origin of nail treatments is unclear since they appear to have originated in different parts of the world around the same time. In ancient Egypt, from 5000 to 3000 BC, women would dye their nails with henna to indicate social status and seductiveness. Women of the lower class wore pastel and neutral shades, while the upper classes wore deep, bright shades. In Babylonia, 3200 BC, men, not women, painted their nails with black and green kohl, an ancient cosmetic. To prepare for war, warriors of Babylon spent hours having their nails prepared, hair curled, and other similar beauty treatments. As in ancient Egypt, nail color indicated one's status, black for noblemen and green for the common man. Around the same time, in 3000 BC, the first nail polish originated in ancient China. It was made from beeswax, egg whites, gelatin, vegetable dyes, and gum arabic. Chinese dipped their nails in this mixture for several hours or left it on to dry. Colors ranged from pink to red, depending on the mix of the ingredients. During the Zhou Dynasty, 600 BC, royalty used this simple nail polish with gold and silver dust on their nails to show their social status.
The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) was known for extremely long nails. Sometimes, these nails were protected by gold- and jewel-encrusted nail guards. Servants performed personal chores for the royals so their nails did not break or become damaged. Empress Dowager Cixi of China, who ruled from 1835 to 1908, was known for her outrageous nails. Many photos show the empress with 6-inch-long gold guards protecting her long nails. A lot of these above did not use nail art as it is widely known today, only stained, dyed, or dusted the fingernails and toenails. The first actual record of nail art was from the short-lived Inca Empire (1438-1533) ,one of the largest empires in South America. Incas decorated their nails by painting eagles on them. In 1770, the first fancy gold and silver manicure sets were created. French King Louis XVI, who ruled from 1774 until his deposition in 1792, always had his nails taken care of using these sets.
In the early 1800s, the modern manicure developed with the invention of the orange stick, a thin wooden stick with one pointy end, usually made from orange wood. It was invented in 1830, by Dr. Sitts, a European podiatrist, who adapted a dental tool for manicure purposes. Before this invention, people used acid, a metal rod, and scissors to shape and trim nails. In 1892, Dr. Sitts' niece invented a nail-care line for women of any social class, eventually reaching United States salons. Before then, women had short, almond-shaped nails and often used oils for additional shine or tint. Not long after, in 1907, the first liquid nail polish was invented, although it was colorless. Soon after that, it was available in a variety of different colors. In 1925, the lunar manicure (today known as the half-moon manicure) was seen everywhere. Reds and pinks were used on the nail bed while avoiding the area around the cuticles. Then again in the 1970s, the natural look was back in fashion and preferred by many women, but only for a short time. The French manicure style was created in Paris in 1976 by Jeff Pink, the founder of the Los Angeles-based cosmetic company ORLY. Nail painting came back in vogue in the 1980s and has been extremely popular since then.
Types of nail art
Nail art is a technique involving the decoration of nails with paint, polish, or other materials. It is used to create designs ranging from simple to elaborate.
Traditional nail polish
The most common type of nail art involves the use of traditional nail polish. This method is easy to apply and remove, and relatively inexpensive, although it lacks the durability of some other forms and can chip easily.
Acrylic nails
Acrylic nails are created using a mixture of acrylic powder and liquid monomer. They provide a more durable and complex design option compared to traditional nail polish, but are also more difficult to apply and remove, and can be more expensive.
Gel nails
Gel nails are created using a gel that is cured under UV light. They are similarly durable and complex in design to acrylic nails, but can be more costly. Application and removal processes are similar to those for acrylic nails.
Nail wraps
Nail wraps are pre-made designs applied to the nails. They provide a quick and easy method of nail art creation and come in a variety of designs. They can be applied over traditional nail polish or acrylic nails.
Other types
Other types of nail art include stamping, stenciling, and hand painting. Stamping involves the use of a special tool to transfer a design from a stamp to the nail. Stenciling uses a pre-cut stencil to create a design on the nail. Hand painting utilizes brushes or other tools to create a design on the nail.
Social relevance
In some cultures, nail art can be tied to the concept of femininity and the sense of belonging in a group of females. While it is mostly women that have nail art, it is increasing in popularity among men.
Nail art is also a way to create its own identity through fashion, using colors and shapes as a disruption of childhood and entering the female teen/adult world, also leaving the influence of their parents to create their selves.
The nail is also part of the puzzle of mounting gender identity; the nails for teenagers and adult women represent a piece of the symbol of what is a woman and how the woman should present herself. Though women use nail art to express their womanliness, the different types define a woman with particular personalities, e.g. French manicure (delicate).
Media
The nail-care industry has been expanding ever since the invention of modern nail polish. Nail art's popularity in media started with the printed press with women's magazines. It had an essential rollout as not a mainstream fashion trend before the 2000s. After the internet age and the everyday use of social media, the trend became prominent subculture among women. Social media made it easier to connect to the mass audience, and with this, people started to share their designs as a way of their creativity and use the nail as their blank canvas. YouTube, Pinterest, Instagram, Tumblr, and Twitter are the major platforms which provide many new ideas and designs for the subculture. However, according to a study, Pinterest is the most critical platform for recent beauty trends. In 2012, the United States witnessed surging popularity of nail art.
Techniques and tools
Manicurists start with the same techniques as for the manicure or pedicure:
Acrylics: a chemical mixture of monomer liquid and polymer powder that can be directly applied on the nails or on artificial nails, also called nail extensions or enhancements.
Nail gel: a chemical combination similar to acrylics, also known as shellac nails. Manicurist applies several layers on the fingernails or/and toenails and lets it cure under a UV or LED light. When the gel is fixed, it hardens the nails. The gel is also typical in a polish form known as gel polish, and, like other forms of gel, it also requires a UV or LED light to cure. The difference between acrylic and gel is that acrylic dries naturally, but gel needs UV light to cure. Similarly, where regular nail polish will dry naturally, the gel polish will remain tacky until cured by a UV light.
Nail polish/nail varnish: a lacquer applied to finger and toenails to protect or as a base color. Nail manicurists also use a base coat to protect and strengthen nails and prevent natural nails from yellowing or staining.
Several options are available for decorating nails:
Glitters
Nail art pens
Piercing
Stamping
Water decals
Water marbling
Adding accessories
Studs, rhinestones, miniature plastic bowties, beads, dried flowers, and aluminum foil
Acrylic powder for 3D art. The 3D acrylic nail art powder is a polymer powder used with a monomer liquid to create designs.
To decorate the nails, manicurists use several tools, such as:
Nail dotters, also known as "dotting tools."
Nail art brushes
Stationery tape/stickers
Thin, colored striping tape
Sponges (for gradient effects)
Do-it-yourself (DIY) is a new concept of doing nail art without the aid of experts or professionals. One way to do a DIY design is by using home tools such as toothpicks, earbuds, cellophane tape, etc., or toolsets with dotted tools, brushes, and nail-art pens.
As nail art has evolved, nail artists use acrylic powder to match clients' skin tones when doing specific techniques (Baran, 168).
Innovations
Some brands try to innovate by creating new kinds of nail polish.
Textures: microbeads or caviar beads are applied just before the nail polish becomes dry. These textures give a sand-like texture to the nail.
Holographic effect: When exposed to light, polishes with holographic finishes give off flashy rainbow reflections.
Velvet manicure: Velvet fibers called velveteen are sprinkled onto wet polish. The excess is gently brushed off, leaving behind a fuzzy velvet feel.
Crackle effect: Nail polish pioneer Sally Hansen created the first "crackle" effect polish. Acting as an overcoat, a crackle polish is applied onto already-painted nails and dries to a shattered or cracked effect.
Thermochromic polish: When exposed to hot or cold temperatures, nail polish changes color.
Matte effect: These nail polishes can transform a layer of glossy nail polish into a flat matte finish.
Inverse French: Also called a "half-moon." The half-moon is created on the root nail's root in one color while the other is painted differently.
Nail stickers: A form of artificial nails, there is an extensive range of nail stickers, strips, and wraps on the market used to mimic nail polish.
Notable nail artists
Jenny Bui
Simply Nailogical
References
External links
Nail care
Nail polish
Handwear |
12498208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanted%20%282009%20film%29 | Wanted (2009 film) | Wanted is a 2009 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Prabhu Deva and produced by Boney Kapoor. It is a remake of the 2006 Telugu film Pokiri. The film stars Salman Khan in the lead role with Prakash Raj, Ayesha Takia, Vinod Khanna, Mahesh Manjrekar and Inder Kumar while Prabhu Deva, Govinda and Anil Kapoor make special appearances.
Set in Mumbai, the plot revolves around an undercover IPS officer disguised as thug whose killer instincts earn him not only his girlfriend's disapproval and a corrupt cop's enmity but also the attention of a wanted don. Nirav Shah and Sethu Sriram handled the cinematography while Dilip Deo edited the film. The soundtracks were composed by Sajid–Wajid, while Salim–Sulaiman handled the background music score. The film was shot primarily in Mumbai with songs filmed in Australia and other foreign countries.
The film was released theatrically on 18 September 2009 to generally mixed-to-positive reviews with critics and audience praising the performances (particularly Khan, Raj, and Manjrekar), music, humor, and mass moments but criticizing the direction and use of cliches. The movie became a commercial success, grossing around and thus, it emerged as one of the biggest successful films of 2009. The film received 3 IIFA nominations and 1 Filmfare Award.
Plot
The city of Mumbai is rife with the nefarious activities of land mafia. There are two rival gangs: one under Gani Bhai, who resides in Dubai, and another operated by a local goon named Datta Pawle. They threaten builders and landowners into giving them protection money or property through force, extortion, or murder. Ashraf Khan IPS take charge as the new Police Commissioner of Mumbai and starts cracking down on crime in the city.
Radhe is a thug, who is abducted by Genghis and his henchmen. Radhe has taken a contract from Pawle to beat up Genghis, which he does. However, Golden Bhai, Gani Bhai's brother invite Radhe to join their gang. Radhe declines stating that he does not work for any gang, but is ready to do anything for money. Meanwhile, Radhe falls in love with Jahnvi, an aerobics teacher, when he visits his friend Ajay's aerobics class, but she mistakes him for a pervert. Jahnvi lives with her widowed mother Laxmi and younger brother Ballu. Sonu Gates, a software engineer, lives above Jahnvi's house and frequently, albeit comically and unsuccessfully, tries to convince her to marry him. Daulat Talpade is a corrupt Senior Inspector in the colony where Radhe and Jahnvi live and is on Gani Bhai's payroll. He lusts for Jahnvi and decides to make her his mistress, even after she rejects him multiple times.
Radhe's first assignment with Gani Bhai's gang is to kill a member of Pawle's gang. However, The police show up at the spot where Radhe and the other gangsters are waiting. Radhe engages the cops long enough for the others to finish the task and flee. He also helps Jahnvi escape from Talpade. She is impressed by his kindness, and a friendship soon blossoms between the two, leading to the development of unspoken romantic feelings for each other. When Jahnvi tries to express her feelings to Radhe, they are attacked by members of Pawle's gang, whom Radhe finishes off. Jahnvi is shocked to learn that Radhe is a gangster with no qualms about killing people. Later, Talpade arranges for some thugs to pretend to assault Jahnvi, so that no decent family will want to take her as their daughter-in-law, as a result of which with no other option, Jahnvi and Laxmi will accept his demands. Radhe learns of this and thrashes Talpade incognito. After much ado and mental anguish, Jahnvi accepts Radhe's love. Soon, Gani Bhai arrives from Dubai and kills Pawle. He also meets Radhe to discuss the killing of a minister by blowing up a school. Radhe disagrees with Gani Bhai's method as it would involve killing innocents, including women and children.
In the middle of their argument, the police raids the club and arrests Gani Bhai. His gang members retaliate by kidnapping Ashraf's daughter, drugging her and creating a lewd video of her which they threaten to release to the media if Gani Bhai is not released, forcing the embattled commissioner to release Gani Bhai. However, in her drugged state, Ashraf's daughter reveals that her father had placed an undercover officer as a mole in Gani Bhai's gang. The gang members find out that an IPS police officer by the name of Rajveer Shekhawat, the son of a retired police inspector Shrikant Shekhawat, has gone undercover to finish off the underworld mafia gangs and is now a part of their gang. Gani Bhai kills Ajay, believing he is Rajveer. However, it is revealed that Ajay was actually Shrikant's adopted son. Gani Bhai then kills Shrikant to lure the real Rajveer. When Rajveer actually turns up, everyone, especially Jahnvi and Talpade are shocked to see that he is Radhe. Rajveer had gone undercover by posing himself as Radhe and had killed all the gangsters under Ashraf's orders. After Shrikant and Ajay's funerals, Radhe forces Talpade to call Gani Bhai to find out his location, which is Binny Mills. He goes there and starts to kill Gani Bhai's gang members one by one, rescuing Ashraf's daughter in the process.
In a final confrontation, Radhe thrashes and kills Gani Bhai by slashing his throat with a broken glass window, following which he shoots Talpade by saying the following words: Ek bar joh maine commitment kar di uske baad toh main khud ki bhi nahi sunta (transl. Once I get committed, I won't listen even to my own words)
Cast
Salman Khan as Indian Police Service Officer Rajveer "Radhe" Singh Shekhawat
Prakash Raj as Shamsuddin Ashgar Gani "Gani Bhai"
Ayesha Takia as Jahnvi Verma
Sarfaraz Khan as Aslam Khan
Inder Kumar as Ajay Shekhawat
Vinod Khanna as Shrikant Shekhawat
Mahesh Manjrekar as SI Daulat R. Talpade
Mahek Chahal as Shaina
Govind Namdeo as Police Commissioner Ashraf Taufiq Khan
Aseem Merchant as Golden Bhai
Harry Josh as Genghis Khan, Golden Bhai's henchman
Manoj Pahwa as Sonu Gates
Sajid Ali as Radhe's friend
Raju Mavani as Datta Pawle, who plans to kill the local MLA
G. V. Sudhakar Naidu as Shiva, Datta Pawle's henchman
Prateeksha Lonkar as Laxmi Verma
Anil Kapoor as Ravi Patwardhan in song "Jalwa"
Govinda as Raj Verma song "Jalwa"
Prabhu Deva as Special Appearance in song "Jalwa"
Anupam Shyam as Dilip Topi
Vijay Patkar as Ganesh
Manesha Chatarji as Commissioner's daughter
Salman Yusuff Khan as Special Appearance in song 'Most Wanted Title Track'
Production
Director Prabhu Deva was also the director of the previous Tamil remake, Pokkiri.
Asin Thottumkal & Ileana D'Cruz were approached for the role of Jhanvi, but due to other commitments, both rejected the offer. Consequently, the role went to Ayesha Takia. Nana Patekar was originally offered the role of Gani Bhai but due to his busy schedule, the role went to Prakash Raj, who was seen in the original. Salman Khan became very excited after hearing the script and agreed to the role. Part of the film was shot in the Greek Islands of Rodos, Santorini, and Paros.
Music
The music of the film was given by Sajid–Wajid. The album received mixed to negative reviews from critics, with some songs seeing positive response. The songs "Jalwa", "Love Me Love Me" and "Le Le Maza Le" became a huge hit among the audiences.
Reception
Critical response
Wanted received positive reviews from critics.
Nikhat Kazmi from The Times of India gave it 4 out of 5 stars praising Khan's performance. Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama gave it 4 out of 5 stars saying, "WANTED rides on Salman Khan's star power. He may not be the best actor in town, but in a film like WANTED, in a role that seems like an extension of his personality, you can't think of anyone else enacting this role with flourish." Raja Sen from Rediff gave a negative rating of 2 out of 5 stars and said, "The writing is both amateurish and crass, while the songs are plain hideous...Khan might be having fun, but the fact a film like Wanted underscores is how badly Bollywood needs a breed of younger leading men. And how the existing lot need roles that fit." Indicine gave it 3 out of 5 stars, calling it "watchable for Salman Khan" and the "best out and out action flick of Bollywood".
Accolades
2010 Filmfare Awards
Best Action – Vijayan Master
2010 IIFA Awards
Nominated: IIFA Award for Best Movie – Boney Kapoor
Nominated: IIFA Award for Best Actor – Salman Khan
Nominated: IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role – Prakash Raj
Stardust Awards
Best Film of the Year – Action / Thriller – Boney Kapoor
Star Screen Awards
Best Action – Vijayan Master
References
External links
wanted thebollywoods
2000s Hindi-language films
2009 films
2009 action thriller films
Indian action thriller films
Films set in Mumbai
Hindi remakes of Telugu films
Films directed by Prabhu Deva
Films shot in Greece
Films shot in Mumbai
Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police
Hindi-language action thriller films |
7776260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring%20Me%20the%20Horizon | Bring Me the Horizon | Bring Me the Horizon (often abbreviated as BMTH) are a British rock band, formed in Sheffield in 2004. The group currently consists of lead vocalist Oliver Sykes, guitarist Lee Malia, bassist Matt Kean, drummer Matt Nicholls and keyboardist Jordan Fish. They are signed to RCA Records globally and Columbia Records exclusively in the United States.
The band released their debut album Count Your Blessings in 2006. Upon release, the album's deathcore sound polarised listeners, and was largely met with critical disdain. The band began to break away from this sound with their second album Suicide Season (2008), which was considered a creative, critical and commercial turning point for the band. Bring Me the Horizon released their third album, There Is a Hell Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven Let's Keep It a Secret., in 2010, propelling them to greater international fame, whilst incorporating influences from classical music, electronica and pop. Their major label debut, Sempiternal, (2013) achieved Gold certification in Australia (35,000) and Silver in the United Kingdom (60,000). That's the Spirit (2015) debuted at number two in the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200. Their sixth studio album Amo (2019) became their first UK chart-topper. The same year, the band also released Music to Listen To... (2019). Post Human: Survival Horror followed in 2020, the first in a planned series of four projects under the Post Human name. The band have also released two extended plays and two live albums. They have received four Kerrang! Awards, including two for Best British Band and one for Best Live Band, and have been nominated for two Grammy Awards. The band has sold over 5 million records worldwide, and have topped the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart with songs such as "Throne", "Drown", "Mantra" and "Parasite Eve".
The style of their early work, including their debut album Count Your Blessings, has been described primarily as deathcore, but over the course of several albums, the band has shifted its style and moved in a more melodically-oriented direction by combining their approach to metalcore with elements of electronica, pop and hip hop.
History
Formation and early releases (2002–2006)
Bring Me the Horizon's founding members came from diverse musical backgrounds within metal and rock. Matt Nicholls and Oliver Sykes had a common interest in American metalcore such as Norma Jean and Skycamefalling, and used to attend local hardcore punk shows. They later met Lee Malia, who spoke with them about thrash metal and melodic death metal bands like Metallica and At the Gates; Malia had also been part of a Metallica tribute band before meeting the pair. Bring Me the Horizon officially formed in March 2004, when the members were aged 15 to 17. Curtis Ward, who also lived in the Rotherham area, joined Sykes, Malia and Nicholls on drums. Bassist Matt Kean, who was in other local bands, completed the line-up. Their name is paraphrased from a line of dialogue spoken by Captain Jack Sparrow in the 2003 film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, where Sparrow says: "Now, bring me that horizon."
In the months following their formation, Bring Me the Horizon created a demo album titled Bedroom Sessions. They followed this by releasing their first EP, This Is What the Edge of Your Seat Was Made For, in September 2004 through local UK label Thirty Days of Night Records. Bring Me the Horizon were the label's first signing. It was recorded at Pristine Studios in Nottingham over the course of two weekends, with drums and bass guitar laid down over the first weekend, and guitars and vocals completed a week later.
UK label Visible Noise noticed the band after the release of their EP, and signed them for a four-album deal, in addition to re-releasing the EP in January 2005. The re-release gained the band significant attention, eventually peaking at No. 41 on the UK album charts. The band was later awarded Best British Newcomer at the 2006 Kerrang! Awards ceremony.
The band's first tour was supporting The Red Chord across the United Kingdom. As with other early tours, they were able to get this slot by tricking venue promoters. Kean and Oliver's mother Carol Sykes were the de facto managers of the band at this time, a role they continued to occupy until 2008. For The Red Chord support, Kean emailed promoters and pretended they were opening on all the dates, when they were supposed to play only at their local show. This led them to being booked for the whole tour. In another case, Sykes created an e-mail account in the name of Johnny Truant vocalist Oliver Mitchell, which he used to contact a promoter requesting Bring Me the Horizon on their tour. Alcohol consumption fuelled their live performances in their early history when the band would get so drunk they vomited on stage and damaged their equipment.
Count Your Blessings (2006–2007)
The band released their debut album Count Your Blessings in October 2006 in the United Kingdom and in August 2007 in the United States. They rented a house in the country to write songs, but easily became distracted. They then recorded the album in inner-city Birmingham, a process which was infamous for their excessive and dangerous drinking. During this period drummer Nicholls summarised it saying "we were out every night, just being regular 18-year-olds". Critics panned the album adding to the strongly polarised responses the band were already seeing from the public.
They supported Count Your Blessings by going on a lengthy headline tour of the UK in November, and immediately followed this joining Lostprophets and The Blackout on a UK tour through late November and December 2006.
In January 2007, Bring Me the Horizon were able to set their sights beyond the UK, when they replaced Bury Your Dead on Killswitch Engage's European headline tour. The slot became available after Bury Your Dead were forced to withdraw by the departure from the band of their vocalist, Mat Bruso. Bring Me the Horizon's presence on the tour was poorly received by fans of Killswitch Engage, with concert attendees regularly throwing bottles at the band before they even started playing their set.
Suicide Season and Ward's departure (2008–2009)
Bring Me the Horizon recorded their second studio album, Suicide Season, in Sweden with producer Fredrik Nordström. He was unimpressed with their first album and was initially absent from the recording sessions unless he needed to be there. Nordström later heard the new sound they were experimenting with during a recording session and became very involved in the record. It was promoted virally in the weeks before its release with the promotional tag line "September is Suicide Season." To promote Suicide Season the band embarked on their first headline tour of the United States, as well as appearing at the 2008 Warped Tour. In May 2008, Bring Me the Horizon was the main supporting band on I Killed the Prom Queen's farewell Australian tour with The Ghost Inside and The Red Shore.
Suicide Season was released on 18 September 2008 in the United States on Epitaph and on 29 September in Europe through Visible Noise. In 2009, Bring Me the Horizon attended the 2009 Kerrang! Tour alongside Black Tide, Dir En Grey, In Case of Fire and Mindless Self Indulgence. They also joined Thursday, Cancer Bats, Four Year Strong and Pierce the Veil on the North American leg of the 2009 Taste of Chaos tour from February to April after the tour's organizer Kevin Lyman offered them the slot. The band were initially hesitant to join this tour, but were convinced after Lyman offered them a bus and $500 of fuel for the tour.
During the Taste of Chaos tour in March of that year, guitarist Curtis Ward left the band. His relationship with the band had deteriorated as his stage performances were poor. He was abusive to audiences during the Taste of Chaos tour, and had contributed little to the writing of Suicide Season. Another reason for his departure was the worsening tinnitus in his one functioning ear. Ward was born deaf in one ear and admitted playing in the band worsened the ringing in his other ear to such a degree that he was unable to sleep at night. Ward offered to perform the rest of the tour dates, which the band rejected and instead asked their guitar technician, Dean Rowbotham, to substitute for him for the remaining performances. Lee Malia noted that Ward's departure helped improve everyone's mood as he had been very negative. Within a week of the tour finishing, Sykes began talking to Jona Weinhofen, at the time the guitarist of Bleeding Through. The band knew of him from his work with his former band I Killed the Prom Queen, and he was asked to join them. Ward has since worked on the TV show Top Gear, and has occasionally performed on stage with Bring Me The Horizon, playing "Pray For Plagues", most notably at Wembley Arena in 2015. In 2016, it was announced that Ward had joined the band Counting Days.
In November 2009, Bring Me the Horizon released a remixed version of Suicide Season, titled Suicide Season: Cut Up! Musicians and producers featured on the album include: Ben Weinman, Skrillex, L'Amour La Morgue, Utah Saints and Shawn Crahan. Musically, the album incorporates many genres including: electronica, drum and bass, hip-hop and dubstep. The dubstep style of the record has been acknowledged in tracks by Tek-One and Skrillex while the hip-hop elements are found in Travis McCoy's remix of "Chelsea Smile".
There Is a Hell... (2010–2011)
The band's third album, and first with their new rhythm guitarist Jona Weinhofen, titled There Is a Hell Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven Let's Keep It a Secret., was released on 4 October 2010 and debuted at number 17 on the Billboard 200 in the United States, number 13 on the UK Album Chart, and number one on the Australian Albums Chart, the UK Rock Chart and the UK Indie Chart. Despite reaching number one in Australia, the album's sales were the lowest for a number one album in the history of the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) charts.
Matt Nicholls describes the lyrical themes of There Is a Hell... as being "repercussions of everything we were singing about on our last CD [Suicide Season]," calling the music and lyrics a lot moodier and darker. Five singles were released from the album including: "It Never Ends", "Anthem", "Blessed with a Curse", "Visions", and "Alligator Blood", with music videos produced for each of the songs. The band embarked on a headline tour in intimate venues across the United Kingdom with support from Cancer Bats and Tek-One. In December 2010, Bring Me the Horizon joined Bullet for My Valentine as the main support band, alongside Atreyu, on a short five-date arena tour around the United Kingdom. To cope with high demand, Live Nation released extra standing tickets for all dates.
In April 2011, Bring Me the Horizon embarked on a European tour, starting in the United Kingdom. They toured with Parkway Drive and Architects as main support bands, with The Devil Wears Prada as the opening support for the UK and dubstep group Tek-One. The tour, however, was not without its hindrances. On 28 April, Nicholls broke his arm whilst playing football with members of Bring Me the Horizon, Parkway Drive and Architects. Instead of cancelling the tour, Architects' drummer Dan Searle filled in as drummer, but this meant that Bring Me the Horizon's setlist was halved in length. The tour was extended with a North American leg from 13 August to 4 October, retaining Parkway Drive and Architects and adding Deez Nuts to the line up. On 23 August they released the fourth music video and single, "Visions", and on 31 October the music video for the song "Alligator Blood" was released.
In December 2011, Machine Head completed an arena tour across Europe with Bring Me the Horizon as the main support band along with DevilDriver and Darkest Hour. Oliver Sykes said these would be the last European dates before they began writing and the recording their fourth album. 2011 ended with an announcement by the band on 29 December of a new extended play titled The Chill Out Sessions, a collaborative effort with British DJ Draper. Draper first released an "officially sanctioned" remix of the song "Blessed with a Curse" in May 2011. The EP was originally supposed to be released in time for New Year's Day, and made available for download and purchase though Bring Me the Horizon's website, but the EP's release was cancelled due to the band's "current management and label situation".
Sempiternal and Weinhofen's departure (2012–2014)
After an intense touring schedule, Bring Me the Horizon finally completed their third album's promotion at the end of 2011. They returned to the UK for an extended break and eventually starting work on their next album. Much like their previous two albums, they wrote their fourth album in seclusion and isolation to stay focused. This time, they retreated to a house in the Lake District. In July, the band started to publish images of themselves recording at a 'Top Secret Studio Location,' and revealed they were working with producer Terry Date for the recording and production of the album. On 30 July, the band announced they had left their label and signed with RCA, who would release their fourth album in 2013. The band played only three shows in all of 2012: Warped Tour 2012 on 10 November at the Alexandra Palace in London, which they headlined, (and was initially believed to be their only show), the BBC Radio 1's Radio 1 Rocks show on 22 October, where they played a six-song set supporting Bullet for My Valentine, and at a warm-up show for Warped Tour in Sheffield on 9 November. In late October it was announced that the fourth album would be called Sempiternal with a tentative release in early 2013. On 22 November the band released the Draper collaborative album The Chill Out Sessions free of charge.
On 4 January 2013, Bring Me the Horizon released the first single from Sempiternal, "Shadow Moses". It was first played by radio presenter Daniel P. Carter on BBC's Radio 1. Due to popular demand, Epitaph released the music video for the song a week earlier than planned. In January, the band also saw a change in their line up. This began early in the month when Jordan Fish, Worship keyboardist and session musician for the band during the writing of Sempiternal, was announced as a full member. Then later in the month, Jona Weinhofen left the band for undisclosed reasons. Despite the band denying speculation that Fish replaced Weinhofen, reviewers said that replacing a guitarist with a keyboardist better fit their style.
The band was confirmed for several festival appearances in February. They played the Australian Soundwave festival, performing at all five dates in: Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth, and then at RAMFest in South Africa with Rise Against in March, Rock Am Ring and Rock im Park festivals in Germany in June, and from June until August they played Warped Tour 2013 in the U.S. and Canada. To coincide with 29 April release of Sempiternal the band made their first headline tour of the United Kingdom in 18 months with Crossfaith and Empress AD.
In support of Sempiternal, the band toured Australia with Of Mice & Men and Crossfaith, and played a British tour with Pierce The Veil and Sights & Sounds. They then completed the American Dream Tour in North America, supported by Of Mice & Men, Issues, letlive. and Northlane. The band was announced as the main supporter for American band A Day to Remember on their "Parks & Devastation Tour" across America throughout September and October, along with support acts Motionless in White and Chiodos. The band performed at Wembley Arena in London on 5 December with support acts Young Guns, Issues and Sleepwave, which was recorded and released as a live album/DVD.
Later in 2014, the band released two new tracks titled "Drown" on 21 October, as a stand-alone single, and "Don't Look Down" on 29 October, as part of the re-score of Drive.
That's the Spirit (2015–2017)
In late June, the band began to promote pictures of an umbrella symbol being used as a tattoo, and on stickers, and posters across England, the United States, Australia, and Europe; it was later used for a promotional cover for the band's first single. The band released a short video in early July where the words "that's the spirit" could be heard in reverse. On 13 July 2015, the promotional single "Happy Song" was released on the band's Vevo page, and on 21 July 2015, Sykes revealed the album's name was That's the Spirit. The band released the single and music video for "Throne" on 23 July 2015, and another promotional track from the album, titled "True Friends", was released on 24 August 2015. The album was released on 11 September 2015 to critical acclaim. It has led to several music videos including "Drown", "Throne", "True Friends", "Follow You", "Avalanche", and "Oh No".
The band embarked on a U.S. tour in October 2015 with support from metalcore band Issues and rock band PVRIS. The band also toured Europe in November 2015, and embarked on a second U.S. tour in April and May 2016. This was followed by an Australian tour in September 2016, and a second European tour in November 2016.
On 22 April 2016, the band performed a live concert with an orchestra conducted by Simon Dobson at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The concert marked the first time the band had performed with a live orchestra. It was recorded, and the live album, Live at the Royal Albert Hall, was released on 2 December 2016 through the crowdfunding platform PledgeMusic on CD, DVD, and vinyl, with all proceeds donated to Teenage Cancer Trust. Following the show, Fish hinted at the possibility of doing a full tour with an orchestra, saying: "It seems almost a bit of a shame to go to all this effort for months and months for just one night."
Amo (2018–2019)
In August 2018, cryptic posters appeared in major cities throughout the world with the message "do you wanna start a cult with me?". The posters were attributed by major media outlets to the band only by their use of the hexagram logo previously used by the band. During this time the band themselves have not acknowledged their involvement with the campaign publicly. Each poster provided a unique phone number and a website address. The website provided a brief message titled "An Invitation To Salvation" and shows the date of 21 August 2018. The phone lines placed fans on hold with lengthy, varied audio messages that changed frequently. Some of these messages reportedly end with a distorted audio clip of what was assumed to be new music from the band.
On 21 August, the band released the lead single "Mantra". The following day the band announced their album Amo, released on 11 January 2019, along with a set of tour dates called the First Love World Tour.
On 21 October, the band released their second single "Wonderful Life" featuring Dani Filth, along with the tracklist for Amo. That same day, the band announced that the album has been delayed and is now set for 25 January 2019.
On 1 December, it was reported that during a show at London's Alexandra Palace a fan died in the mosh pit and was escorted by paramedics and security. A day later, it was confirmed by the band with a statement: "Words cannot express how horrified we are feeling this evening after hearing about the death of a young man at our show last night. Our hearts and deepest condolences go out to his family and loved ones at this terrible time. We will comment further in due course."
On 3 January 2019, the band released their third single "Medicine" and its corresponding music video. On 22 January, three days before the album release, the band released the fourth single "Mother Tongue". On 24 January, the band released the fifth single "Nihilist Blues" featuring Grimes.
On 26 July, the band released the sixth single "Sugar Honey Ice & Tea" alongside an accompanying music video. On 21 October, the band released the seventh single "In the Dark" alongside an accompanying music video featuring Forest Whitaker. On 6 November, the band released the song "Ludens", which is part of Death Stranding: Timefall, along with the news that the band are planning on never releasing an album again and instead want to release EPs. On 27 December, the band released Music to Listen To... without any prior announcement.
Post Human: Survival Horror & Nex Gen (2020–present)
On 20 March 2020, the band shared that they were in a home studio, writing and recording material for their eighth record, with part of it being co-produced by Mick Gordon. On 25 June, the band released the single "Parasite Eve" alongside an accompanying music video. On the same day, the band also announced a project that they have been working on titled Post Human, which they said to be four EPs released throughout the next year which when combined would make an album. On 2 September, the band released with English singer Yungblud a collaborative single titled "Obey" and its corresponding music video. On 14 October, the band officially announced through social media that Post Human: Survival Horror would be released on 30 October 2020. On 22 October, a week before the release date, the fourth single "Teardrops" was released alongside an accompanying music video.
In December 2020, Fish said that the band had been writing "on and off" and would be focusing on their next release in early 2021. He also updated the group's release plan, saying that they "planned to do four EPs in a year, but [Post Human: Survival Horror] was almost an album, so I think the spacing will be a bit longer than intended, just because they're probably going to turn out bigger than intended." Upon being released on physical formats on 22 January 2021, Post Human: Survival Horror would chart again and reach a new peak to gift Bring Me the Horizon their second UK number one on the UK Albums Chart. Two years after Amo would be the first to reach this feat. The band collaborated with singer Olivia O'Brien on a track titled "No More Friends". The song is from O'Brien's Episodes: Season 1' EP which was released on 11 June 2021.
On 2 September 2021, the band announced the release of an upcoming single, "Die4U", which was released on 16 September. On 8 December, the band was announced as the Saturday co-headliner alongside Arctic Monkeys at the 2022 iteration of the Reading and Leeds Festival, headlining the bill for the first time ever. Speaking to NME about the announcement, Sykes expressed his thoughts about headlining Reading and Leeds, as well as what to expect from their headline set:
In February 2022, it was reported that the band were set to contribute to the soundtrack and provide the main theme for Gran Turismo 7. On 4 February, the band released their rendition of "Moon Over the Castle" as a single ahead of schedule due to the song being leaked early. At the 42nd Brit Awards, the band were brought out as a surprise act to perform "Bad Habits" alongside Ed Sheeran. The studio version of "Bad Habits" featuring the band followed on 17 February. On 16 March, the band were featured on the fourth single "Maybe" from Machine Gun Kelly's Mainstream Sellout. It would become the first song by the band to reach the Billboard Hot 100, debuting at #91 and later peaked at #68. On 26 March, the band teased a collaborative single with Australian rapper Masked Wolf on their social media platforms titled "Fallout", slated for release on 1 April 2022. On 21 April, the band were featured on Norwegian singer Sigrid's single "Bad Life" from her album How to Let Go.
During Bring Me the Horizon's Malta event on 26 May, the band showcased their latest single "Strangers" for the first time at their DJ set. On 22 June, the band later officially announced the single to be released on 6 July. The single was then released alongside an accompanying music video. Bring Me the Horizon are set to headline the Australian music festival, Good Things in December. On 4 May 2023, the band released the single, "Lost". On 1 June 2023, the band released the single, "Amen!" featuring Daryl Palumbo of Glassjaw and Lil Uzi Vert. On 10 June 2023, the band announced the second Post Human installment, Post Human: Nex Gen, which was to be released on 15 September 2023. However, on 24 August, Sykes announced via a statement on his social media that the release is being delayed due to "unforeseen circumstances" which had left the band "unable to complete the record to the standard we'd be happy with". The band released the record's fifth single "Darkside" on 13 October.
Artistry
Style and influences
Among Bring Me the Horizon's earliest influences were bands like At the Gates, Carcass, Pantera, Metallica, The Dillinger Escape Plan, Every Time I Die, Norma Jean, Skycamefalling and Poison the Well; and genres death metal, grindcore, and emo have been cited by AllMusic writer Steward Mason. However, as their sound developed, the band started to take influences from progressive rock, post-rock, dubstep and electronica. The band's musical style has been described mainly as metalcore and – though they have since moved on from the genre – their early material was considered deathcore. Across their career the band has also been said to play within the genres alternative metal, alternative rock, pop rock, electronic rock, hard rock, heavy metal, post-hardcore, pop metal, pop, nu metal, electropop, hip hop, EDM, arena rock, melodic metalcore, electronicore, electronica, screamo, hardcore punk, technical metal, and emo.
Bring Me the Horizon have attempted to grow and change with each album, believing they should be different. Raziq Rauf, writing for Drowned in Sound, described Count Your Blessings as possessing "Norma Jean-style thunderous riffs mixed with some dastardly sludgy doom moments and more breakdowns than your dad's old Nissan Sunny." Metal Hammer described Suicide Season as a "creative, critical and commercial success" for the band as they started to adopt a more eclectic style, with its "crushingly heavy party deathcore". Leading up to its release, Oliver Sykes described it as "100% different to Count Your Blessings" and noted the album sounds "more rock than metal". As time went by, Bring Me the Horizon began rejecting their debut album Count Your Blessings and considered Suicide Season as their "Year Zero[...] [their] wipe-the-slate-clean time".
Bring Me the Horizon then moved even further away from deathcore with their third album There Is a Hell..., which incorporated electronica, classical music and pop music into their metalcore style. This required more ambitious production feats, such as using a full choir, a synthesised orchestra and glitched out vocals and breakdowns that were also toned down, favouring quiet atmospheric passages in song breaks. For the writing of Sempiternal, the band pooled far broader influences such as post-rock acts like This Will Destroy You and Explosions in the Sky and from pop music.
Bring Me the Horizon has experimented with its music in recent years, mixing pop with metal music, leading the band to be labelled a pop metal act. With the release of That's the Spirit, their sound shifted towards electronic rock, alternative metal and alternative rock, also incorporated other genres such as pop rock and nu metal, while completely abandoning the metalcore sound of their earlier albums.
Songwriting and recording process
In all the band's album notes, all of Bring Me the Horizon's lyrics are said to be written by lead vocalist Oliver Sykes while all five members—as a band—were credited with writing the music. With the exception of Count Your Blessings, the band has always written in a secluded location to avoid being distracted. Oliver Sykes' lyrics have a strong feeling of catharsis for him. He mainly draws from personal experience and has described the band's live performances as therapeutic. In 2006, when asked about the lyrics of Count Your Blessings, as they had been criticised for their content solely fixated on heartbreak and other themes that were called "shallow and meaningless", he responded "My life's never been that bad so I've not got that much to talk about."
Band members have described how the debut album was written in inner-city areas of Birmingham while being pressured to write and record songs to the deadlines given. This resulted in the band being unimpressed with the final product. However, for the writing process of Suicide Season, the band realised that they much preferred picking areas with less human contact in order to focus on the music; they wrote their second album in the Swedish countryside. During the writing of Suicide Season, former and founding rhythm guitarist Curtis Ward wrote only two riffs of his rhythm parts of the album, mostly relying on Lee Malia to write all of the guitar sections of the album.
Lee Malia has stated that the typical writing process involves Oliver Sykes writing the main structure of the songs, followed by Malia writing the main riff. From this they would collaborate with each other to structure their work better and then later include the rest of the band in writing the rest of the song. The writing dynamic of Sempiternal, typically featured Sykes, Malia and newly introduced member Jordan Fish. Malia felt that with Fish's influence on the record he was pushed to create more inspired guitar riffs. As they all took a break before writing their fourth album, they felt less of a need for an isolated writing environment.
Image and legacy
During the band's early years, they were praised for their business acumen for selling mail-order merchandise and not relying on sales at live shows. Bring Me the Horizon's image has been characterised by the dominating personality of singer and front-man Oliver Sykes, and he has often been seen as the band's "Poster boy", bearing the brunt of the band's controversial reputation. In their early years, Bring Me the Horizon's image was infamously characterised by its members fashion sense and use of skinny-fit jeans, T-shirts with death metal band logos on the front and coloured hair/straightened hair. The band's image fit into what was called scene fashion. The effect of their fashion aesthetics showed people, in show promoter Iain Scott's perspective, that "you don't have to look like a diabolical metalhead to be into metal or play in a metal band". However, their fashion conscious appearance earned them a "style over substance" label.
Many controversies that occurred in their early years greatly affected public perceptions of the band, particularly an incident in 2007 at Nottingham's Rock City venue, when a female fan claimed that Oliver Sykes had urinated on her. The charges were dropped due to a lack of evidence from CCTV footage in the area. There were several documented examples of violence against the band during their live shows, including Sykes being pepper sprayed on stage; and people getting onstage to assault the band.
Despite the controversy over their image, various journalists have credited the band as being one of the most forward-thinking heavy bands in the UK. In 2012, just four years after the release of Suicide Season, the album was inducted into Rock Sound's Hall of Fame, credited as a significant influence on the works of Asking Alexandria, The Ghost Inside and While She Sleeps. It was credited as an influence on metalcore contemporaries Architects on Hollow Crown with their incorporation of keyboards and programming, and The Devil Wears Prada's Dead Throne for its more experimental and opinion-dividing sound. In an interview with Kerrang!, guitarist Lee Malia remarked that the band wanted to go a bit more experimental, saying: "I always think we have been a year ahead of bands who are kind of just seeing what's cool and then copying it."
The band caused further controversy in February 2016 when Oliver Sykes trashed Coldplay's table at the 2016 NME Awards during a live performance of Bring Me the Horizon's track "Happy Song". Although some people thought the table trashing was because of a prior feud between the two bands relating to similar album artwork, Sykes later stated that the act was not an act of "dirty protest", and suggested that it was "pure coincidence" that Coldplay were sitting at the table he trampled. Coldplay frontman Chris Martin admitted that he had never even heard of Bring Me the Horizon before the incident and he laughed it off, stating that "it was great, very 'rock and roll'".
Band members
Current
Oliver Sykes – lead vocals ; keyboards, programming ; additional studio guitars
Matt Kean – bass
Lee Malia – lead guitar ; rhythm guitar
Matt Nicholls – drums
Jordan Fish – keyboards, programming, drum pads, percussion, backing vocals
Current touring musicians
John Jones – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Former
Curtis Ward – rhythm guitar
Jona Weinhofen – rhythm guitar, backing vocals ; keyboards, programming
Former touring musicians
Dean Rowbotham – rhythm guitar
Robin Urbino – rhythm guitar
Tim Hillier-Brook – rhythm guitar
Brendan MacDonald – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Count Your Blessings (2006)
Suicide Season (2008)
There Is a Hell Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven Let's Keep It a Secret. (2010)
Sempiternal (2013)
That's the Spirit (2015)
Amo (2019)
Other commercial releases
Music to Listen To... (2019)
Post Human: Survival Horror (2020)
Post Human: Nex Gen (2024)
Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
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| 2019 || "Mantra" || Best Rock Song ||
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| 2020 || Amo || Best Rock Album ||
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BRIT Awards
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| 2020 || Bring Me the Horizon || Best Group ||
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NME Awards!
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| rowspan="2"| 2017 || Bring Me the Horizon || Best Live Band ||
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| Bring Me the Horizon || Music Moment of the Year ||
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| 2020 || Bring Me the Horizon || Best Band in the World ||
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| rowspan="2"| 2022 || Bring Me the Horizon || Best Band in the World ||
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| Bring Me the Horizon || Best Live Act ||
| Kerrang! Awards!
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| 2006 || Bring Me the Horizon || Best British Newcomer ||
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| 2008 || Bring Me the Horizon || Best British Band ||
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| 2009 || Bring Me the Horizon || Best British Band ||
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| rowspan="3"| 2011 || "Blessed with a Curse" || Best Single ||
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| Bring Me the Horizon || Best British Band ||
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| There Is a Hell Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven Let's Keep It a Secret. || Best Album ||
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| 2012 || "Alligator Blood" || Best Video ||
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| rowspan="4"| 2013 || "Shadow Moses" || Best Single ||
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| "Shadow Moses" || Best Video ||
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| Sempiternal || Best Album ||
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| Bring Me the Horizon || Best British Band ||
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| rowspan="2"| 2014 || Bring Me the Horizon || Best Live Band ||
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| Bring Me the Horizon || Best British Band ||
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| rowspan="2"| 2015 || Bring Me the Horizon || Best British Band ||
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| "Drown" || Best Single ||
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| 2016 || Bring Me the Horizon || Best British Band ||
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| rowspan="2"| 2019 || Amo || Best Album ||
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| Bring Me the Horizon || Best British Act ||
| AIM Independent Music Awards!
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| rowspan="3"| 2011 || Bring Me the Horizon || Best Live Act ||
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| Bring Me the Horizon || Hardest Working Band or Artist ||
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| Bring Me the Horizon || Independent Breakthrough of Year ||
| Alternative Press
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| rowspan="2"| 2014 || Sempiternal || Best Album ||
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| Bring Me the Horizon || Best International Band ||
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| 2015 || "Drown" || Best Music Video ||
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UK Music Video Awards
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| 2016
| "True Friends"
| Best Rock/Indie Video – UK
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Heavy Music Awards
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| 2017
| Bring Me the Horizon
| Best UK Band
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| rowspan="2"| 2019
| Bring Me the Horizon
| Best UK Band
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| Bring Me the Horizon
| Best Live Band
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| rowspan="4"| 2020
| Bring Me the Horizon
| Best UK Band
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| Amo
| Best Album
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| Amo
| Best Album Artwork
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| "In the Dark"
| Best Video
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| rowspan="2"| 2021
| Post Human: Survival Horror
| Best Album
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| Bring Me the Horizon
| Best UK Band
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| rowspan="4"| 2022
| "Die4U"
| Best Single
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| Bring Me the Horizon
| Best Live Band
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| Bring Me the Horizon
| Best UK Band
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| "Die4U"
| Best Video
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Readers polls
In a 2009 Rock Sound readers' poll, Bring Me the Horizon achieved both Best British Band and Worst British Band.
In 2011 The Guardian ran a poll for "Who should win the Mercury prize?" and used 50 albums, Bring Me the Horizon's third album There Is a Hell... won with 37%.
In a 2013 Sirius XM published poll, Bring Me the Horizon won Best Song Discovery for "Go to Hell, for Heaven's Sake" with the Octane radio station.
In a 2013 Alternative Press readers poll, Bring Me the Horizon was nominated for four categories: Best Vocalist (Oliver Sykes; position 3), Best Keyboardist (Jordan Fish; position 1), Single Of The Year ("Shadow Moses"; position 2) and "Best Album Art" (Sempiternal; position 2).
In 2021, Kerrang! readers voted "Die4U" as the best song and music video of the year. Bring Me the Horizon was also voted as the best band and best live band of the year. They were also voted as the second-best cover story of the year by Kerrang Magazine.
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
2004 establishments in England
British alternative metal musical groups
British musical quintets
Columbia Records artists
English alternative rock groups
English deathcore musical groups
English metalcore musical groups
English pop rock music groups
Kerrang! Awards winners
Musical groups from Sheffield
Musical groups established in 2004
RCA Records artists
Let Them Eat Vinyl artists |
9930166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Gertrude%20Hullett | Death of Gertrude Hullett | Gertrude "Bobby" Hullett (1906 – 23 July 1956), a resident of Eastbourne, East Sussex, England, was a patient of Dr John Bodkin Adams, who was indicted for her murder but not brought to trial for it. Adams was tried in 1957 for the murder of Edith Alice Morrell, and the prosecution intended to proceed with the Hullett indictment as a second prosecution that could follow the Morrell case in certain circumstances, although it did not bring the case to trial following the verdict in the Morrell trial.
The Morrell trial featured in headlines around the world and was described at the time as "one of the greatest murder trials of all time" and "murder trial of the century". However, the Hullett charge was dropped by the Attorney General after Adams was acquitted of murdering Mrs Morrell through a legal device that was later described by the trial judge as "an abuse of process", used to conceal the deficiencies of the prosecution case.
Husband's death
On 14 March 1956, Mrs Hullett's husband Alfred John (Jack) Hullett died at age 71 and left Adams, who had treated him for some years, £500 in his will out of an estate of £94,644. In November 1955, Jack Hullett had been diagnosed by Adams with a bowel obstruction that was probably cancerous, and likely to be fatal, as was later confirmed by a consultant surgeon who operated on Hullett. Something went wrong in the initial operation and Hullett was left in considerable pain, despite a second operation. Hullett's pain continued after his release from hospital, so Adams prescribed high doses of opiate painkillers and barbiturates. In March 1956, Hullett was examined by a heart specialist, who considered that Hullett had been suffering from a heart condition from childhood, and that it was getting worse. Considering his deteriorating heart condition and the likelihood that the cancer would return, this specialist expected that Hullett would die within the following few months, and that he might die at any time. On 13 March, he had severe chest pains consistent with a heart attack, a diagnosis supported by the nurse that was present, who also recalled that Adams had given him an injection she believed was a highly concentrated form of morphine at 10.30pm. Hullett died eight hours later.
Shortly after Hullett's death, Adams went to a chemist's shop to get a 10cc hypodermic morphine solution (which contained 5 grains of morphine) in the name of Mr Hullett, and asked for the prescription to be back-dated to the previous day. When the police investigated the case, they presumed that this was a ruse to cover up that Adams had given Mr Hullett morphine which was assumed to be from his own private supplies. However, the police suspicion that Adams had injected Hullett with a lethal dose of 5 grains of morphine at 10.30pm on 13 March was disproved at the committal proceedings when the prosecution's medical expert witness admitted in cross examination that, as Mr Hullett had received a morphine injection about eight hours before his death but had woken and talked to a nurse half an hour before his death, the injection could not have been as much as 5 grains and the death was probably from coronary thrombosis, as Adams had certified.
Her treatment
Gertrude Hullett, 50, became depressed after Jack's death, and Adams prescribed sodium barbitone and sodium phenobarbitone for her. Several of her friends and her household staff later told the police that she appeared to be drugged, and claimed that they had urged her to leave Eastbourne and Adams' care. Cullen reports that, over a period of 80 days, 1,512 grains of the former and 6¼ grains of the latter were prescribed, and she called this a large dose. However, Adams told the Coroner's inquest that it was his practice to give Mrs Hullett two 7½ grain sleeping tablets daily at first, which experts later confirmed was a normal dose, and that he later reduced this to two 6 grain, then to two 5 grain, tablets. In the months immediately after her husband's death in March 1956, Mrs Hullett had told Adams of her wish to commit suicide, and letters found after her death show that she had seriously contemplated suicide in April 1956. Her friends who saw her in the days before her death described her mental state then as being more cheerful and natural than before, one likening her to "a person who has come to a decision about something". Mrs Hullett's daughter, a close friend and two servants later stated to the police that they believed that Mrs Hullett had taken her own life, the friend that had found the letters in which she had contemplated suicide calling it a "planned suicide". Leslie Henson, who anonymously contacted the police about the death, was working in Dublin around the time of Mrs Hullett's death.
On 17 July 1956, Mrs Hullett wrote out a cheque for Adams in the amount of £1,000; to pay for an MG car which her husband had promised to buy him. Adams' treatment of this cheque has raised speculation: he paid the cheque into his account the next day, and on being told that it would clear by the 21st, asked for it to be specially cleared, so that it would arrive in his account the following day. His bank account at the time was not low on funds, it contained £12,069. Furthermore, special clearance was usually given in cases where a cheque might bounce, yet Mrs Hullett was one of the richest residents in Eastbourne. If she had died before the cheque cleared through, it could have been stopped by her executors, although they would have required due cause to do so.
On 19 July, Mrs Hullett is thought to have taken an overdose, and was found the next morning in a coma. Adams was unavailable and a colleague, Dr Harris, attended her until Adams arrived later in the day. Despite her possible suicidal tendencies, Dr Harris diagnosed a cerebral haemorrhage as most likely cause of her death on hearing that she had complained of a headache and giddiness the previous evening. As Dr Harris was also told that Mrs Hullett had been prescribed sleeping pills, he searched for an empty bottle, but found none. Adams arrived later and Harris asked about a possible barbiturate overdose, which Adams said was impossible, and he did not mention to his colleague during their discussion that Mrs Hullett had suffered from depression. The two doctors decided a cerebral hemorrhage was most likely, due partly to contracted pupils. This, however, is could also be a symptom of morphine or barbiturate poisoning. Moreover, her breathing was shallow, typical of an overdose-induced coma.
On 21 July, a pathologist by the name of Dr Shera was called in to take a spinal fluid sample, and immediately asked if her stomach contents should be examined in case of narcotic poisoning, but Adams and Harris both opposed this. After Shera left, Adams visited another colleague, Dr Cook, at the Princess Alice Hospital in Eastbourne and asked about the treatment for barbiturate poisoning. He was told to give doses of 10 cc of a relatively new antidote Megimide every five minutes, and was given 100 cc to use. The recommended dose in the instructions was 100 cc to 200 cc. Dr Cook also told him to put Hullett on an intravenous drip. Adams did not follow these suggestions.
The next morning, at 8:30 a.m., Adams called the coroner to make an appointment for a private post-mortem. The coroner asked when the patient had died and Adams said she had not yet. Dr Harris visited again that day and Adams still made no mention of potential barbiturate poisoning. When Harris left, Adams administered a single injection of 10 cc of the Megimide. Mrs Hullett developed broncho-pneumonia and on the 23rd at 6:00 a.m., Adams gave Mrs Hullett oxygen. She died at 7:23 a.m. on the 23rd. The results of a urine sample taken on the 21st were received after Mrs Hullett's death, on the 24th. It showed she had 115 grains of sodium barbitone in her body, twice the fatal dose. Hullett's friend, actor Leslie Henson, knew that Mrs Hullett's husband had died four months earlier and that the two both saw Adams as their doctor. He telephoned the Eastbourne police anonymously to warn them of the fears he and his wife had, which was one of the reasons that an investigation was started. Henson, who was in Dublin when Mrs Hullett died, claimed that she was turning into a drug addict, and that the pills she had been prescribed had changed her personality and caused her death. However, the coroner who had, in that official capacity, called the Eastbourne Chief Constable earlier was the more immediate cause of the police investigation.
Later, before Adams' trial in 1957, the Director of Public Prosecutions's office compiled a table of patients who had been treated with Megimide and Daptazole for barbiturate poisoning between May 1955 and July 1956 at Saint Mary's Hospital in Eastbourne, where Adams had worked one day a week as an anaesthetist. Six of those patients had been treated in the first half of 1956, before Hullett's death. All but one had been put on a drip, and several had taken a higher dose than Mrs Hullett. It was presumed by the DPP, therefore, that Adams would have heard of these cases and the use of Megimide.
Will
In a will dated 14 July, Mrs Hullett had left Adams her 1954 Rolls-Royce Silver Dawn, worth at least £2,900. Adams changed the car's distinctive vanity registration (AJH532) on 8 December and then sold it on the 13th. He was arrested six days later on 19 December.
Inquest
As Mrs Hullett's death was unexpected, an inquest was opened on 23 July and adjourned pending a post-mortem: after the hearing was resumed, it ended on 21 August. The coroner asked Adams why there had been no intravenous drip, to which Adams answered, "She wasn't perspiring. She had lost no fluids." A nurse, however, described Mrs Hullett as "sweating a good deal" from the 20th till her death. When asked if he read the instructions for the Megimide, Adams answered, "No, I didn't." The coroner also described the use of oxygen as "a mere gesture". In his summing up, the coroner then said that it was "extraordinary that the doctor, knowing the past history of the patient" did not "at once suspect barbiturate poisoning". He described Adams's 10 cc dose of Megimide as another "mere gesture".
The inquest concluded that Mrs Hullett committed suicide: in Cullen's opinion, the inquest should have been adjourned until the police investigation had been concluded. However, the coroner had asked Superintendent Hannam in open court whether the police wished him to adjourn the inquest, to which Hannam replied that he had no application to make. In his summing up, the coroner offered the jury four possible verdicts: an accidental overdose, suicide either with or without Mrs Hullett having a disturbed mind or an open verdict. He advised them that there was no evidence that anyone administered the overdose to her and did not encourage a finding that it was accidental, pointing them toward a suicide verdict. Although Cullen claims that the jury were directed not to find that Mrs Hullett died as a result of Adams's criminal negligence, it is more correct to say that the coroner discouraged this finding without making any direction, saying that they could only be concerned with negligence so gross that it fell just short of murder, not an error of judgement or carelessness.
Trial
Adams was prosecuted for the murder of Edith Alice Morrell and found not guilty in 1957. Although the Attorney General Sir Reginald Manningham-Buller, had filed a second indictment in the case of Mrs Hullett, contrary to the normal rule in 1957 that only a single murder indictment should be filed,
Adams was never tried for this but, at the committal hearing, Melford Stevenson, who led the crown's case there, put the case that Adams either administered a fatal dose of barbiturates to Mrs Hullett or gave her a fatal dose to take herself, which was murder. He had made the explicit claim that Adam's instructions to specially clear Mrs Hullett's cheque two days before her death showed that he knew she would be die very soon; as Mrs Morrell was wealthy and Adams had ample cash in his bank accounts, there was no other reason for his wanting special clearing. However, Devlin questioned how this could transform a case that seemed obviously to be suicide into one of murder. Stevenson also made reference to the deaths of Mrs Hullett and her husband as evidence of critical similarities to the death of Mrs Morrell. Devlin considered the police case that there were similarities in deaths of Mrs Morrell and Mrs Hullett was not well founded, as the claimed similarities were not sufficiently distinctive. Had the police found two recent cases similar to Mrs Hullett's, where a patient had died of an overdose of sleeping pills prescribed by Adams, that might have shown system, but the police had found no such cases.
After Adams' acquittal in the Morrell case, the expectation was that the Attorney General would offer no evidence in the case and the judge would direct the jury to return a not guilty verdict. To general surprise, Manningham-Buller, entered a plea of nolle prosequi in the Hullett case. The presiding judge Patrick Devlin said that nolle prosequi had never before been used to prevent an accused person from being acquitted, and described it as "an abuse of process" which left Adams under the suspicion that there might have been something in the talk of mass murder.
References
Sources
Barbiturates-related deaths
Deaths by person in England
1956 crimes in the United Kingdom
1956 deaths
1956 in England
Drug-related deaths in England |
5824697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctosaurus | Nyctosaurus | Nyctosaurus (meaning "night lizard" or "bat lizard") is a genus of nyctosaurid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous period of what is now the Niobrara Formation of the mid-western United States, which, during the time Nyctosaurus was alive, was covered in an extensive shallow sea. Some remains belonging to a possible Nyctosaurus species called N.lamegoi have been found in Brazil, making Nyctosaurus more diverse. The genus Nyctosaurus has had numerous species referred to it, though how many of these may actually be valid requires further study. At least one species possessed an extraordinarily large antler-like cranial crest.
Nyctosaurus was a mid-sized pterosaur that lived along the shores of the Niobrara Formation of the United States, which back then was within a large inland sea called the Western Interior Seaway. It has been suggested that it would have flown similar to modern-day soaring birds such as albatrosses, which consisted of flying very long distances and rarely flapping. The species N. gracilis and N. nanus have previously been considered as species of the closely related Pteranodon, back then known as P. gracilis and P. nanus, due to their similarities.
Discovery and species
The first Nyctosaurus fossils were described in 1876 by Othniel Charles Marsh, based on fragmentary material, holotype YPM 1178, from the Smoky Hill River site in Kansas. Marsh referred the specimen to a species of his new genus Pteranodon, as Pteranodon gracilis. Later that year, Marsh reclassified the species in its own genus, which he named Nyctosaurus, meaning "night lizard" or "bat lizard", in reference to the wing structure somewhat paralleling those of bats. In 1881, Marsh incorrectly assumed the name was preoccupied and changed it into Nyctodactylus, which thus is now a junior synonym. In 1902, Samuel Wendell Williston described the most complete skeleton then known (P 25026) discovered in 1901 by H. T. Martin. In 1903, Williston named a second species, N. leptodactylus, but this is today considered identical to N. gracilis.
In 1953, Brazilian paleontologist Llewellyn Ivor Price named a partial humerus, DGM 238-R found in Brazil, N. lamegoi; the specific name honours the geologist Alberto Ribeiro Lamego. This species has an estimated wingspan of four metres; today, it is generally considered to be a form different from Nyctosaurus, but has not yet been assigned its own genus name.
In 1972, a new skeleton, FHSM VP-2148, in 1962 discovered by George Fryer Sternberg, was named N. bonneri; today, it is generally seen as identical to N. gracilis.
In 1978, Gregory Brown prepared the most complete Nyctosaurus skeleton currently known, UNSM 93000.
In 1984, Robert Milton Schoch renamed Pteranodon nanus (Marsh 1881), "the dwarf", Nyctosaurus nanus. The question of this species validity is currently pending further study.
In the early 2000s, Kenneth Jenkins of Ellis, Kansas collected two specimens of Nyctosaurus, which were the first to demonstrate conclusively that not only was this species crested, but that the crest in mature specimens was very large and elaborate. The specimens were purchased by a private collector in Austin, Texas. Despite being in private hands rather than a museum collection, paleontologist Chris Bennett was able to study the specimens and gave them the manuscript reference numbers KJ1 and KJ2 (for Kenneth Jenkins). Bennett published a description of the specimens in 2003. Despite the unusual crests, the specimens were otherwise indistinguishable from other specimens of Nyctosaurus. However, the then-currently named species were extremely similar and Bennett declined to refer them to a specific one pending further study of the differences, or lack thereof, between species of Nyctosaurus.
Description
Size and weight
Nyctosaurus was similar in anatomy to its close relative and contemporary, Pteranodon. It had relatively long wings, similar in shape to modern seabirds. However, it was much smaller overall than Pteranodon, with an adult wingspan of over . Some wingspan estimates by German paleontologist Peter Wellnhofer in 1991 however, reached a total of about , and the dubious species "N." lamegoi had a wingspan estimate of around according to Price back in 1953. It is estimated that N. gracillis was about long and weighed .
Skull and beak
Some skull specimens preserve a distinctively large crest, at least tall in the older adults, and was relatively gigantic compared to the rest of the body, while also being over three times the length of the head. The crest is composed of two long, grooved spars, one pointed upward and the other backward, arising from a common base projecting up and back from the back of the skull. The two spars were nearly equal in length, and both were nearly as long or longer than the total length of the body. The upward-pointing crest spar was at least long and the backward-pointing spar was at least long.
The jaws of Nyctosaurus were long and extremely pointed. The jaw tips were thin and needle sharp, and are often broken off in fossil specimens, giving the appearance that one jaw is longer than the other, though in life they were probably equal in length.
Wings
Nyctosaurus had wings very similar in built to those of its relative Pteranodon, which have a high aspect ratio and low wing loadings. The wing structure generally resembles that of the modern-day albatross, and therefore also flew like it. Unlike the related Pteranodon however, Nyctosaurus was much smaller in size, and had a relatively shorter wingspan, though still large compared to earlier pterosaurs.
Forelimbs
Like the closely related Pteranodon, Nyctosaurus also had relatively long forelimbs compared to other earlier genera. Most of the tendons of the upper arm and forearm were mineralized within, this is a unique feature only seen in nyctosaurids, another of which was the related Muzquizopteryx. Another distinctive feature seen in Nyctosaurus was that it only had three phalanges instead of four, as seen in other pterodactyloids, this trait is rarely seen in other pterosaurs, and perhaps may have been an autapomorphy only found in Nyctosaurus.
Nyctosaurus had unusually elongated metacarpals which measured about 2.5 times the length of its humerus. Proportions such as these can only be seen in two other groups of pterosaurs: the pteranodontids and the azhdarchids. Another feature that Nyctosaurus had in common with Pteranodon was its wing fingers, which occupied about 55 percent of the whole wing.
Studies on Nyctosaurus anatomy have concluded that the first, second and third metacarpals have lost contact with the carpus, similar to pteranodontids, but unlike them, Nyctosaurus, and possibly other nyctosaurids, had also lost the corresponding digits except the "flight" digit. As a result, it was likely to have impaired its movement on the ground, leading scientists to conjecture that it spent almost all of its time on the wing and rarely landed. In particular, the lack of claws with which to grip surfaces would have made climbing or clinging to cliffs and tree trunks impossible for Nyctosaurus.
Hindlimbs
Contrary to its elongated forelimbs, Nyctosaurus had proportionally short hindlimbs compared to the overall body size. Analyses show that Nyctosaurus had the shortest hindlimbs of any pterosaur genera, in terms of hindlimb-to-body ratio, which was only about 16 percent the size of its wing.
Classification
Below is a cladogram following Brian Andres and Timothy Myers in 2013, showing the phylogenetic placement of this genus within the clade Pteranodontia. Two species of Nyctosaurus (N. gracilis and "N." lamegoi) were included in the analysis, and were placed within the family Nyctosauridae, sister taxa to Muzquizopteryx.
In 2018, a topology by Nicholas Longrich and colleagues had made the clade Pteranodontoidea the more inclusive group, while Pteranodontia was restricted to only pteranodontids and nyctosaurids. In this analysis, three species of Nyctosaurus were included: N. lamegoi, N. nanus and N. gracilis; all three of which were placed as derived members of the Nyctosauridae.
Paleobiology
Life history
Nyctosaurus, like its relative Pteranodon, appears to have grown very rapidly after hatching. Fully adult specimens are no larger than some immature specimens such as P 25026 (pictured below), indicating that Nyctosaurus went from hatching to adult size (with wingspans of or more) in under a year. Some sub-adult specimens have been preserved with their skulls in nearly pristine condition, and lack any trace of a head crest, indicating that the distinctively large crest only began to develop after the first year of life. The crest may have continued to grow more elaborate as the animal aged, though no studies have examined the age of the fully adult, large-crested specimens. These individuals may have been 5 or even 10 years old at the time of their deaths.
Crest function
Only five relatively complete Nyctosaurus skulls have been found. Of those, one is juvenile and does not possess a crest (specimen FMNH P 25026), and two are more mature and may show signs of having had a crest but are too badly crushed to say for sure (FHSM 2148 and CM 11422). Two specimens (KJ1 and KJ2) described in 2003, however, preserved an enormous double-pronged crest.
A few scientists had initially hypothesized that this crest, which resembles an enormous antler, may have supported a skin "headsail" used for stability in flight. While there is no fossil evidence for such a sail, studies have shown that a membranous attachment to the bony crest would have imparted aerodynamic advantages. However, in the actual description of the fossils, paleontologist Christopher Bennett argued against the possibility of a membrane or soft tissue extension to the crest. Bennett noted that the edges of each prong were smooth and rounded, and showed no evidence for any soft-tissue attachment points. He also compared Nyctosaurus with large-crested tapejarids, which do preserve soft tissue extensions supported by prongs, and showed that, in those species, the attachment points were obvious, with jagged edges where the transition from bone to soft tissue occurred. Bennett concluded that the crest was most likely used solely for display, citing similar structures in modern animals. The 2009 study by Xing and colleagues testing the aerodynamics of the giant crest with a "headsail" also tested the aerodynamics of the same crest with no sail, and found that it added no significant negative factors, so a crest with no headsail would not have hindered normal flight. It is more likely that the crest acted mainly for display, and that any aerodynamic effects it may have had were secondary. Bennett also argued that the crest was probably not a sexually dimorphic character, as in most crested pterosaurs, including the related Pteranodon, both sexes are crested and it is only the size and shape of the crest that differs. The apparently non-crested Nyctosaurus specimens therefore probably came from sub-adults.
Wing loading and speed
Researchers Sankar Chatterjee and R.J. Templin used estimates based on complete Nyctosaurus specimens to determine weight and total wing area, and to calculate its total wing loading. They also estimated its total available flight power based on estimated musculature. Using these calculations, they estimated the cruising speed of Nyctosaurus gracilis as 9.6 meters/second (34.5 kilometers/hour or 21.4 miles/hour).
Paleoecology
All known Nyctosaurus fossils come from the Smoky Hill Chalk of Kansas, part of the Niobrara Formation. Specifically, they are found only within a narrow zone characterized by the abundance of ammonite fossils belonging to the species Spinaptychus sternbergi. These limestone deposits were laid down during a marine regression of the Western Interior Seaway that lasted between 85 and 84.5 million years ago. Therefore, Nyctosaurus was a relatively short-lived species, unlike its relative Pteranodon, which is found throughout almost all of the Niobrara layers into the overlying Pierre Shale Formation, and existed between 88 and 80.5 million years ago.
The ecosystem preserved in this zone was unique in its abundance of vertebrate life. Nyctosaurus shared the sky with the bird Ichthyornis and with Pteranodon longiceps, though the second Niobrara Pteranodon species, P. sternbergi, had disappeared from the fossil record by this point. In the waters of the Western Interior Seaway below swam mosasaurs such as Clidastes, Ectenosaurus, Eonatator, Halisaurus, Platecarpus and Tylosaurus, several remains of the plesiosaurs Dolichorhynchops and Polycotylus, cephalopods like Baculites and Tusoteuthis, and the sea turtles such as Ctenochelys and Toxochelys were also found. Flightless diving birds such as Parahesperornis were also known from the fossil site, and a wide variety of fish including swordfish-like Protosphyraena, as well as the predatory fishes Pachyrhizodus, Xiphactinus, Ichthyodectes, Gillicus, Leptecodon, Enchodus and Cimolichthys, the filter feeding Bonnerichthys, the dorsal finned Bananogmius, and the cartilaginous fishes Cretolamna, Ptychodus, Rhinobatos and Squalicorax were also found within the formation. Several dinosaur genera were found along with Nyctosaurus remains, these included the nodosaurids Hierosaurus and Niobrarasaurus, as well as the hadrosaur Claosaurus.
See also
List of pterosaur genera
Timeline of pterosaur research
References
Further reading
External links
Nyctosauridae (scroll down) in The Pterosaur Database
Pteranodontians
Late Cretaceous pterosaurs of North America
Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
Fossil taxa described in 1876 |
69912096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20in%20British%20music | 2022 in British music | This is a summary of the year 2022 in British music.
Events
19 January – English Touring Opera announces that James Conway is to stand down as its artistic director at the close of 2022, and to serve in a part-time capacity in the post for the remainder of the calendar year.
8 February
The BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra announces the appointment of Ryan Wigglesworth as its next chief conductor, effective September 2022.
The 2022 Brit Awards are the first to be held without gender-related categories.
Adele makes a rare live appearance at the 2022 Brit Awards.
9 February – The Barbican Centre announces the appointment of Claire Spencer as its first-ever chief executive officer, effective May 2022.
29 March – Concert for Ukraine, a two-hour fundraising event organised by ITV, Livewire Pictures, Global Radio and the Disasters Emergency Committee, takes place in Birmingham.
25 April – The Philharmonia Orchestra announces the appointment of Thorben Dittes as its next chief executive, effective 1 August 2022.
19 May – The Academy of St Martin in the Fields announces the appointment of Annie Lydford as its next chief executive, effective September 2022.
21 May – The first night of the new Glyndebourne Festival Opera production of The Wreckers takes place, the first opera by a female composer to be staged at Glyndebourne, and the first professional staging of the opera with its original French libretto.
23 May
The BBC announces its new roster of New Generation Artists for the period 2022–2024:
Santiago Cañón-Valencia (cellist)
Ryan Corbett (accordionist)
Hugh Cutting (countertenor)
Leonkoro Quartet
Geneva Lewis (violinist)
Fergus McCreadie (jazz pianist)
Masabane Cecilia Rangwanasha (soprano)
The English Symphony Orchestra announces the appointment of Seb Lovell-Huckle as its next chief executive officer, effective 8 August 2022.
31 May – The Association of British Orchestra announces that Mark Pemberton is to stand down as its chief executive at the end of September 2022.
1 June: Queen's Birthday Honours (Platinum Jubilee)
Stephen Hough is made a Knight Bachelor.
Chi-chi Nwanoku is made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
Harry Bicket, Justin Hayward, and David Jackson are each made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.
Hugh Atkins (Tim Blacksmith), Sandra Colston, Julia Desbrulais, Beverley Humphreys, Elizabeth Llewellyn, Elaine Mitchener, and Bonnie Tyler are each made a Member of the Order of the British Empire.
21 June – The Orlando Consort announces that it is to disband in June 2023.
24 June – Billie Eilish headlines the Pyramid stage at the 2022 Glastonbury Festival, the youngest headliner in Glastonbury's history.
25 June – Sir Paul McCartney headlines the Pyramid stage at the 2022 Glastonbury Festival, the oldest headliner in Glastonbury's history.
5 July
Westminster Abbey announces the appointment of Andrew Nethsingha as its next organist and master of choristers, effective in 2023.
St. John's College, Cambridge announces that Andrew Nethsingha is to stand down as its director of music at the close of 2022.
27 July – Belfast Cathedral announces the disbandement of its cathedral choir and the elimination of the post of Director of Music, effective 1 September 2022.
9 August – The Royal Albert Hall announces that Craig Hassall is to stand down as its chief executive officer in early 2023.
7 September – Southbank Sinfonia at St John's Smith Square announces the departure today of Richard Heaton as its co-director.
8 September
Opera North announces that Richard Mantle is to stand down as its general director at the end of 2023.
Following the death of HRH Queen Elizabeth II, the BBC Proms cancels the remaining three Proms of the 2022 season, including The Last Night, the first cancellation of The Last Night since 1944.
12 September – The BBC announces that Alan Davey is to stand down as controller of BBC Radio 3 in March 2023.
20 September – The Ulster Orchestra announces simultaneously the appointment of Auveen Sands as its next chief executive, the first woman named to the post, effective at the end of October 2022, and the elevation of Daniele Rustioni's title with the orchestra to music director with immediate effect.
9 October – Percussionist Jordan Ashman is named the 2022 BBC Young Musician of the Year.
18 October – Little Simz wins the 2022 Mercury Prize for her album Sometimes I Might Be Introvert. The ceremony had previously been scheduled for 8 September but was suspended following the death of Queen Elizabeth.
22 December – Lambeth Council suspends the Brixton O2 Academy's licence following the deaths of two concertgoers during a crowd crush at the venue.
Bands formed
CuteBad
Bands disbanded
Genesis
Lighthouse Family
Supergrass
Bands reformed
The Damned (original line-up)
The Delgados
Everything but the Girl
Hard-Fi
Inspiral Carpets
Pink Floyd – a one off recording, "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!", in aid of Ukrainian Humanitarian relief, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Pulp
Roxy Music
Symposium
Classical works
Joseph Davies – Parallax (for violin and orchestra)
Simon Holt – The Sower
Helen Grime – Trumpet Concerto: night-sky-blue
Richard Baker – The Price of Curiosity
Alex Mills – Landsker
Graham Fitkin – Bla, Bla, Bla
Gavin Higgins (music) and Francesca Simon (text) – The Faerie Bride
Charlotte Bray
Forsaken
'The Earth Cried Out to the Sky' (settings of English translations of texts by Borys Humenyuk and Ostap Slyvynsky)
Conor Mitchell – Look Both Ways (text excerpts by Peter Pears and Benjamin Britten)
Claire Victoria Roberts – Like Ships Adrift
Sally Beamish – Hive (concerto for harp and orchestra)
Julian Anderson – Symphony No. 2 (Prague Panoramas)
Gavin Higgins – Concerto Grosso for Brass Band and Orchestra
Matthew Kaner (music) and Simon Armitage (text) – Pearl
Errolyn Wallen – LADY SUPER SPY ADVENTURER
Public Service Broadcasting – This New Noise
Judith Weir – 'Like as the hart'
Sir James MacMillan – 'Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?'
New operas
Tom Coult and Alice Birch – Violet
Will Todd (composer), David Pountney, Sarah Woods, Edson Burton, Miles Chambers, Eric Ngalle Charles, Shreya Sen-Handley (librettists) – Migrations
Laura Bowler and Laura Lomas – The Blue Woman
British music awards
6 January – PinkPantheress is announced as the BBC Sound of 2022.
8 February – Brit Awards – see 2022 Brit Awards
Charts and sales
Number-one singles
The singles chart includes a proportion for streaming.
Number-one albums
The albums chart includes a proportion for streaming.
Number-one compilation albums
The compilation chart includes a proportion for streaming.
Year-end charts
Top singles of the year
This chart was published by the Official Charts Company on January 4, 2023
Best-selling albums
This chart was published by the Official Charts Company on January 4, 2023
Deaths
10 January – Francis Jackson, organist and composer, 104
17 January – Jennifer Toye, operatic soprano, 88
18 January – Roger Tapping, classical violist resident in the US and past violist of the Takács Quartet, 61
19 January – Nigel Rogers, classical tenor and early music specialist, 86
30 January – Norma Waterson, English folk singer, songwriter (The Watersons), 82, pneumonia.
9 February
Joseph Horovitz, Austrian-born classical composer, 95
Ian McDonald, English multi-instrumental musician, (King Crimson), (Foreigner), 75, cancer.
19 February – Gary Brooker, singer, songwriter, musician, (Procol Harum), 76 (cancer)
20 February – Jamal Edwards, DJ, entrepreneur, 31 (heart attack)
25 February – MC Skibadee, musician, drum and bass MC, 54
26 February – Nicky Tesco, singer, (The Members), 66
13 March – Mary Lee, singer, 100
24 March – John McLeod, classical composer, 88
25 March – Philip Jeck, experimental composer, 69
26 March – Tina May, singer, 60
30 March – Tom Parker, singer, (The Wanted), 33, brain tumour.
7 April – Christopher Ball, classical composer, 85
18 April – Harrison Birtwistle, classical composer, 87
1 May – Ric Parnell, drummer (Atomic Rooster), (Spinal Tap), 70.
11 May – William Bennett, classical flautist, 86
13 May
Ricky Gardiner, guitarist, composer, worked with (David Bowie), (Iggy Pop), 73, Parkinsons.
Simon Preston, classical organist, conductor, and composer, 83
17 May – Rick Price, bassist (The Move) (Wizzard), 77
18 May
Cathal Coughlan, singer and musician, (Microdisney), (The Fatima Mansions), 61
Anne Howells, classical mezzo-soprano, 81
26 May
Andy Fletcher, keyboard player, DJ, (Depeche Mode), 60
Alan White, drummer, (Yes), (Plastic Ono Band), 72
8 June – David Lloyd-Jones, classical conductor and founder of Opera North, 87
2 July – Peter Brook, theatre and opera director, 97
4 July – Alan Blaikley, songwriter and composer, 82
5 July – Manny Charlton, rock guitarist (Nazareth), 81
9 July – Barbara Thompson, jazz saxophonist (Colosseum, Manfred Mann's Earth Band, Keef Hartley Band), 77
10 July – Andrew Ball, classical pianist, 72
11 July – Monty Norman, composer ("James Bond Theme"), 94
12 July – Bramwell Tovey, classical conductor and composer, 69
15 July – Paul Ryder, bassist, (Happy Mondays), 58
25 July – Martin How, classical composer and organist, 91
27 July
Bernard Cribbins, actor and singer ("Hole in the Ground", "Right Said Fred"), 93.
Tom Springfield, musician (The Springfields) and songwriter ("I'll Never Find Another You", "Georgy Girl"), 88
3 August – Nicky Moore, singer (Samson), 75
8 August
Darryl Hunt, bassist (The Pogues), 72
Olivia Newton-John, English-Australian singer, songwriter and actress, 73
11 August – Darius Campbell, Scottish singer ("Colourblind". "Incredible (What I Meant to Say)", "Girl in the Moon"), songwriter, musician, actor, film producer, 41.
15 August
Daphne Godson, classical violinist and founding member of the Scottish Baroque Ensemble, 90
Steve Grimmett, heavy metal singer (Grim Reaper, Onslaught, Lionsheart), 62
2 September – Drummie Zeb, English reggae musician (Aswad) and record producer, 62.
14 September – Paul Sartin, English folk singer, musician (Bellowhead, Faustus, Belshazzar's Feast) and composer, 51.
22 September – Stu Allan, dance music DJ (Clock) and record producer, 60, stomach cancer.
3 November – Noel McKoy, soul singer, 62.
8 November – Dan McCafferty, Scottish singer-songwriter, musician (Nazareth), 76.
10 November – Nik Turner, English musician, saxophonist and flautist (Hawkwind), 82.
11 November
Keith Levene, English guitarist, musician, founding member of (The Clash), (Public Image Ltd), 65.
Rab Noakes, Scottish singer-songwriter, musician (Stealers Wheel), 75.
21 November – Wilko Johnson, English guitarist, singer, songwriter, actor, (Dr. Feelgood), (The Blockheads), 75.
30 November – Christine McVie, English singer, musician, keyboardist, (Fleetwood Mac), (Chicken Shack), 79
3 December – Jamie Freeman, singer and songwriter, brain cancer, 57.
6 December – Jet Black, English drummer, (The Stranglers), 84.
10 December – Tracy Hitchings, English musician (Landmarq), 60, cancer.
13 December
Bayan Northcott, English music critic (The Independent, BBC Music Magazine) and composer, 82.
Kim Simmonds, Welsh rock singer and musician, (Savoy Brown), 75, colon cancer.
18 December
Martin Duffy, English keyboardist, (Primal Scream), (Felt), 55, complications from a fall.
Terry Hall, English singer, musician, (The Specials), (Fun Boy Three), (The Colourfield), 63.
23 December – Maxi Jazz, English musician, rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ.(Faithless), 65
See also
2022 in British radio
2022 in British television
2022 in the United Kingdom
List of British films of 2022
Notes
References
2022 |
17572569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20American%20League%20Championship%20Series | 2008 American League Championship Series | The 2008 American League Championship Series (ALCS), the second round of the 2008 American League playoffs, was a best-of-seven series matching the two winners of the American League Division Series. The AL East Division champion Tampa Bay Rays, who had defeated the Chicago White Sox in the ALDS, were paired with the wild-card and defending world champion Boston Red Sox, who had defeated the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, in the ALDS. Tampa Bay held the home field advantage.
The Rays won the series four games to three, becoming the first team since the 1992 Atlanta Braves to win a seventh game after blowing a 3–1 lead. The series began at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida, on Friday, October 10, 2008, and was broadcast on TBS. Game 7 was played on Sunday, October 19. This was the Rays' first appearance in the ALCS while the Red Sox were making their fourth appearance in the last six seasons and ninth overall. The two teams hit a combined 26 home runs—a record for league championship series.
The Rays would go on to lose the World Series to the Philadelphia Phillies in five games.
Background
In spring training before the start of the 2008 season, James Shields joked that the goal for the newly branded Rays (they had just changed their name from the Devil Rays) was to not lose 100 games — having dropped 96 in the 2007 season. Veteran and former World Series champion Cliff Floyd, who had signed with the team in the off-season at age 35, contemplated retirement after the first few days of spring training. “You’re wondering, ‘What the hell are you doing?'”, said Floyd in 2018 at the team’s ten year-anniversary. “Why are you signing with this team? What makes you think this is the right move?” With a payroll of only $43.8 million, the second lowest in the majors, Tampa Bay entered the season facing 125-1 odds to win the AL pennant and 300-1 odds to win the World Series. But the franchise that never had finished above .500 or reached the postseason in their brief 11-year history improbably won the AL East over the New York Yankees ($209 million payroll) and Boston Red Sox ($133.4 million). To get to their first ALCS appearance in franchise history, they beat the White Sox in four games in the ALDS.
Finishing 2nd in the American League East was the defending champions Boston Red Sox. After being a season-long running distraction in the clubhouse, GM Theo Epstein traded superstar Manny Ramirez to the Dodgers in a blockbuster three-way deal. In the deal, the Red Sox acquired outfielder Jason Bay and minor league infielder Josh Wilson, and the Pittsburgh Pirates got infielder Andy LaRoche and pitching prospect Bryan Morris from the Dodgers and outfielder Brandon Moss and pitcher Craig Hansen from the Red Sox. The acquisition of Jason Bay proved to be a wake-up call for the defending champs, as they compelled a 34-19 record after the trade and qualified for the postseason as a wild card. In the ALDS, they upset the Angels in four games.
Summary
Tampa Bay Rays vs. Boston Red Sox
Game summaries
Game 1
Boston won a pitcher's duel on a sacrifice fly by Jed Lowrie in the fifth off of James Shields and an RBI double by Kevin Youkilis in the eighth off of J. P. Howell with the run charged to Shields. Starter Daisuke Matsuzaka held the Rays hitless until Carl Crawford singled to lead off the seventh inning. He allowed four singles and five walks in seven innings while striking out nine. Jonathan Papelbon pitched a perfect ninth for his fourth career ALCS save.
Game 2
The Rays won a hard-hitting, marathon game that lasted 5 hours and 27 minutes, and featured seven home runs, which broke the ALCS record and tied the all-time LCS record. Starters Scott Kazmir and Josh Beckett were both ineffective, giving up six of those home runs and lasting under five innings.
In the top of the first, David Ortiz walked and Kevin Youkilis singled with two outs before both scored on Jason Bay's double, but in the bottom of the inning, Carlos Pena doubled with two outs before Evan Longoria's home run tied the game. Dustin Pedroia's leadoff home run in the third put the Red Sox up 3−2, but in the bottom of the inning, B. J. Upton's one-out home run tied the game again, then Longoria doubled with two outs before scoring on Carl Crawford's single to put the Rays up 4–3. Cliff Floyd's leadoff home run in the fourth extended the Rays' lead to 5–3, but home runs by Pedroia and Youkilis in the fifth tied the game. Grant Balfour relieved Kazmir and allowed a home run to Bay to put the Red Sox up 6–5. In the bottom of the inning, Upton walked without out, stole second and scored on Pena's single to tie the game. Longoria's RBI double then put the Rays up 7–6. Javier Lopez relieved Beckett and allowed an RBI single to Crawford. Bay's single in the seventh off of Chad Bradford scored Pedroia, who walked off of J. P. Howell with one out earlier that inning. A wild pitch by Dan Wheeler in the eighth allowed Pedroia, who singled to lead off the inning off of Bradford, to score and tie the game, forcing extra innings. In the bottom of the 11th, Mike Timlin walked three to load the bases before a sacrifice fly by Upton allowed Fernando Perez to score the winning run. The Rays' 2007 #1 draft pick, David Price, was credited with the win.
Game 3
The Rays hit Boston ace Jon Lester and reliever Paul Byrd hard in Game 3, moving ahead two games to one. The Rays scored their first run in the second on Dioner Navarro's RBI groundout with runners on second and third. Next inning, B. J. Upton hit a towering three-run homer over the Green Monster to make it 4–0. Evan Longoria followed with a home run later in the inning to make it 5–0. Tampa Bay starter Matt Garza pitched brilliantly against the Red Sox lineup. The 3–4–5 hitters went 0–9 against him and the Red Sox's only run came in the seventh on Jacoby Ellsbury's sacrifice fly off of J. P. Howell that scored Jason Varitek, who walked off of Garza to lead off the inning. In the eighth, New England native Rocco Baldelli hit a three-run homer of his own, also over the Green Monster, off of Byrd to seal the win. Carlos Peña homered in the ninth, also off of Byrd to extend his postseason success.
Game 4
The Rays routed the defending World Champions for the second straight night with a 13–4 win in Boston. Carlos Peña got it going in the first with a two-run homer off starter Tim Wakefield. Evan Longoria followed it up with his third homer of the series and fifth in the playoffs. Willy Aybar hit his first home run of the postseason in the third when he sent one over the Green Monster for a two-run homer. Kevin Cash's leadoff home run in the third off of Rays starter Andy Sonnanstine put the Red Sox on the board. In the fifth, Carl Crawford doubled with one out in the fifth off of Justin Masterson and scored on Aybar's single. Next inning, Jason Bartlett tripled with one out off of Manny Delcarmen.
After Akinori Iwamura walked, B. J. Upton's RBI single made it 7–1 Rays. Delcarmen walked two to load the bases and force in another run before being relieved by Javier Lopez, who allowed back-to-back RBI singles to Crawford and Aybar, then an RBI groundout to Navarro. In the bottom of the inning, David Ortiz hit a leadoff triple and scored on Kevin Youkilis's groundout. In the eighth, Mike Timlin walked Pena to lead off the inning, then allowed an RBI triple to Crawford and RBI single to Aybar. In the bottom of the inning, Jed Lowrie hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a groundout and scored on Dustin Pedroia's single. Trever Miller relieved Sonnastine and allowed a two-out RBI double to Youkilis. Edwin Jackson pitched a scoreless ninth as the Rays were one win away from the World Series. Carl Crawford went 5-for-5 with two stolen bases in the game.
Game 5
Tampa Bay jumped out to an early lead when B. J. Upton hit a two-run home run with no one out in the first inning. Carlos Peña and Evan Longoria increased the lead to 5–0 with back-to-back home runs in the third, the former a two-run shot. With his home run, Longoria tied Carlos Beltrán's record for consecutive postseason games with a home run. Daisuke Matsuzaka allowed no more runs after that through six innings, but Boston was unable to score against Scott Kazmir. In the top of the seventh, Jonathan Papelbon came on after Manny Delcarmen walked the only two batters he faced. The inherited runners scored on an Upton double, making it 7–0.
In the bottom of the seventh, with two outs and runners on first and third, Dustin Pedroia hit an RBI single off Grant Balfour to finally get the Red Sox on the board. The next batter, David Ortiz, hit a three-run home run to right field, ending a postseason home run drought of 61 at-bats. In the eighth inning, J. D. Drew hit a two-run homer to right field off Dan Wheeler. Later, Coco Crisp hit an RBI single to right field to score Mark Kotsay from second to tie the game. In the ninth inning, after J. P. Howell retired the first two Boston batters, Kevin Youkilis hit a ground ball to third base. Longoria scooped the ball, but his throw was off, and bounced into the stands, allowing Youkilis to reach second. After an intentional walk to Jason Bay, Drew hit a single over the head of right fielder Gabe Gross to win the game.
The comeback of the Red Sox from a seven-run deficit is the second-biggest in postseason history, the largest since Game 4 of the 1929 World Series, and the largest ever for a team on the brink of elimination.
Game 6
Josh Beckett pitched five innings and allowed two solo home runs, to B. J. Upton in the first and Jason Bartlett in the fifth, to record the win. Boston scored on home runs from Kevin Youkilis in the second and Jason Varitek (his first series hit) in the sixth, a Youkilis groundout in the third, and a single by David Ortiz after Bartlett's throwing error extended the sixth inning.
Umpire Derryl Cousins was struck by a foul ball from Varitek in the second inning, leaving the game with a bruised collarbone after the third. The game was delayed for 15 minutes while Cousins was X-rayed by Rays trainer Ron Porterfield; the game resumed with a five-man umpiring crew.
TBS television missed most of the game's first inning, with viewers getting a rerun of The Steve Harvey Show instead. The network picked up the game just prior to the last out in the bottom of the first, with announcer Chip Caray apologizing to viewers for "technical difficulties". TBS acknowledged there was a problem with one of their routers used in the broadcast transmission of the relay of the telecast from Atlanta.
When facing elimination, Terry Francona's Red Sox won nine of ten postseason games.
Game 7
The Rays shook off the ghosts of Red Sox past to win their first American League pennant, winning a tight game 3–1. Dustin Pedroia got the Red Sox off to a good start with a one-out homer in the first off Matt Garza, but Garza settled in and delivered an MVP performance. Tampa Bay tied the game in the fourth with an Evan Longoria RBI double, then went ahead in the fifth on an RBI single by Rocco Baldelli. In the seventh, Willy Aybar added insurance with a home run to lead off. In the eighth, David Price, who made his major league debut a little over a month before came on to pitch to J. D. Drew with the bases loaded and struck him out on a checked swing. In the ninth, Price recorded his first Major League save by getting Jed Lowrie to ground into a force play to Akinori Iwamura. With the win, the Rays became the second team to go to the World Series after posting the worst record the year before, joining the 1991 Atlanta Braves, who went on to lose to the Minnesota Twins.
Composite box
2008 ALCS (4–3): Tampa Bay Rays over Boston Red Sox
Aftermath
After being plagued by futility as the Devil Rays, amassing just a .399 winning percentage over their brief first 11 years as a franchise, the “worst-to-first” 2008 Rays set a new standard of success for baseball in Tampa Bay. Led by general manager Andrew Freidman (as well as an impressive front office personnel that would go on run teams in the future) and manager Joe Maddon, the Rays became one of the more innovative teams in baseball. From 2010-2013, the Rays won at least 90 games each season, a remarkable feat for a team with one of the lowest payrolls in baseball, particularly in a division with the Yankees and Red Sox. Even after Freidman and Maddon left after the 2014 season, the Rays success and innovation continued. Run by Matthew Silverman, Chaim Bloom (who eventually became the Red Sox President of Baseball Operation after the 2019 season), and Erik Neander (an interim in 2008), the Rays tied the franchise record in wins in 2019, won the pennant in 2020 for the first time since 2008, and surpassed the franchise record for wins and won 100 games in 2021.
The 2008 Rays were covered in depth in the book ‘The Extra 2%: How Wall Street Strategies Took a Major League Baseball Team from Worst to First’ by Jonah Keri.
In 2011, The Red Sox became the first team in the history of Major League Baseball to have a nine-game lead in September and fail to make the postseason that season, thanks to their 7-20 record in the final month of the regular season. Their collapse allowed the Rays to sneak past them to win a wild card spot. The Red Sox avenged their 2011 collapse and 2008 ALCS series loss to the Rays in the 2013 American League Division Series, beating Tampa Bay in four games. The Red Sox would go on to win the World Series in 2013, their third championship in nine seasons. The Red Sox would later go on to beat the Rays in the 2021 American League Division Series in four games, as well.
Kevin Cash, a back-up catcher in 2008 for the Red Sox, has been the Tampa Bay Rays manager since 2018, winning the manager of the year in 2020. Cash was also a part-time catcher for Tampa Bay in 2005.
References
External links
2008 ALCS at Baseball Reference
American League Championship Series
American League Championship Series
Tampa Bay Rays postseason
Boston Red Sox postseason
American League Championship Series
American League Championship Series
American League Championship Series
Baseball competitions in Boston
21st century in St. Petersburg, Florida
American League Championship Series
Baseball competitions in St. Petersburg, Florida |
20930692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Howard%20%28fighter%29 | John Howard (fighter) | John J. Howard (born March 1, 1983) is an American professional mixed martial artist currently competing in the Middleweight division of the Eagle Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2004, Howard has formerly competed for the International Fight League, the Ultimate Fighting Championship, CES MMA, the Cage Fury Fighting Championships and Professional Fighters League.
Background
Howard was born and raised by his single mother along with his brother in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts where he still resides to this day. Howard got into fights often while growing up. In high school, Howard played football and basketball and learned the electrical trade after getting his high school degree. He found martial arts after going to a Job Corps to get his high school diploma where he learned grappling from a freestyle grappler. Later on in his career he has become well known for his wrestling skills and takedowns in MMA despite not having any background in it . After graduating, Howard began training at a local gym. Howard's nickname "Doomsday" is from the infamous villain who killed Superman. Howard once sparred against Tamerlan Tsarnaev, a boxer, when the two trained at Wai Kru Mixed Martial Arts in Boston.
Mixed martial arts career
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Howard made his UFC debut on January 31, 2009, against Chris Wilson at UFC 94, winning via split decision.
He then faced Tamdan McCrory at UFC 101. This fight was significant for both as the two had become friends fighting on promotions in the Northeast. Howard won the fight via split decision.
Howard fought Dennis Hallman on December 5, 2009, at The Ultimate Fighter 10 Finale. After getting out-grappled for most of the fight, Howard knocked out Hallman at 4:55 of the third round.
Howard was expected to face Anthony Johnson on March 21, 2010, at UFC Live: Vera vs. Jones, but Johnson sustained an injury during training. UFC newcomer Daniel Roberts stepped in to be Howard's new opponent. Howard defeated Roberts via first-round KO.
Howard was defeated by Jake Ellenberger via third round TKO due to doctor stoppage at UFC Live: Jones vs. Matyushenko. Though Howard had success on the feet, he was unable to defend the takedowns of Ellenberger. Ellenberger would go on to cause Howard's left eye to close after repeatedly landing short elbows and punches from the guard leading to the stoppage,
Howard next faced former title challenger Thiago Alves on December 11, 2010, at UFC 124. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.
Howard was expected to face Martin Kampmann on June 26, 2011, at UFC on Versus 4 However, Kampmann was forced out of the bout with an injury and replaced by Matt Brown. Howard was defeated by Brown after three tough rounds via unanimous decision (29-28, 29–28, 29–28). After the loss to Brown, Howard was released from the promotion.
Classic Entertainment and Sports (CES MMA)
Howard made his CES debut at CES MMA: Never Surrender against Todd Chattelle for the CES Middleweight Championship. He won via TKO in the second round.
Howard made his first title defense against Scott Rehm. He won via TKO.
Howard's next title defense was against Brett Chism. He won via TKO.
Howard's next title defense was at CES MMA: Path to Destruction, against Jason Louck. He won via KO just 23 seconds into the first round.
Howard defended his title for the fourth time against Chris Woodall. He won via KO in the first round.
Return to the UFC
Following the Boston Marathon bombing, Howard openly stated that he would like to be on the UFC Fight Night 26 card in Boston, Massachusetts in August 2013 to show support for his hometown. On July 17, 2013, it was announced that he would appear on the card, replacing Josh Samman in a Middleweight bout against Uriah Hall. He defeated Hall via split decision.
Howard returned to Welterweight and faced Siyar Bahadurzada on December 28, 2013, at UFC 168. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
Howard faced Ryan LaFlare at UFC Fight Night 39. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.
Howard was then expected to face Rick Story at UFC Fight Night 45 on July 16, 2014. However, he was forced from the bout due to injury and was replaced by returning veteran Leonardo Mafra.
Howard faced Brian Ebersole on September 27, 2014, at UFC 178. He lost the fight via split decision.
Howard faced Lorenz Larkin on January 18, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 59. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.
Howard was expected to face Brandon Thatch on July 11, 2015, at UFC 189. However, on June 23, Thatch was pulled from that bout in favor of a fight with Gunnar Nelson as his scheduled opponent John Hathaway was forced out with injury. Howard faced Cathal Pendred at the event. Howard won the fight via split decision.
Howard faced Tim Means on December 10, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 80. He lost the fight via knockout in the second round.
World Series of Fighting
On March 8, 2016, it was announced that Howard had signed with the World Series of Fighting promotion.
After winning against Michael Arrant at WSOF 31 via unanimous decision, Howard faced Abubakar Nurmagomedov on October 7, 2016, at WSOF33, losing the fight via unanimous decision.
A year later on October 27, 2017, at CES MMA 46: Howard vs. Carroll, Howard faced Roger Carroll, winning the bout by unanimous decision.
Professional Fighters League
2018 Season
In the 2018 season, Howard participated in PFL 3 on July 5, where he faced Gasan Umalatov. Howard won the fight via submission using a rear-naked choke in the second round.
Howard then faced Bruno Santos at PFL 6 on August 16, 2018. He lost the bout via unanimous decision.
Later that year, at the 2018 PFL Middleweight Quarterfinal bout, Howard faced Eddie Gordon and won the fight via unanimous decision.
However, at PFL 10 on October 20, 2018, Howard's bout with Louis Taylor ended in a technical draw due to an illegal knee. Howard was eliminated via a first-round tiebreaker.
2019 Season
To start off the 2019 season on May 9, 2019, at PFL 1, Howard faced Magomed Magomedkerimov, losing the bout via guillotine choke at the end of the first round.
On July 11, 2019, at PFL 4, he faced Ray Cooper III, winning the bout after knocking him out in the first round.
However, his next fight against David Michaud at PFL 7 on October 11, 2019, resulted in a loss via unanimous decision.
Independent promotions
Howard faced Ozzie Alvarez at CES MMA 63: Howard vs Alvarez, winning the bout via unanimous decision.
Howard faced Tyler Ray at XMMA 3 on October 23, 2021. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.
Howard faced Ramazan Kuramagomedov at Eagle FC 44, on January 28, 2022. He lost the bout via unanimous decision.
Howard faced Ange Loosa on April 2, 2022, at XMMA 4. He lost the bout via unanimous decision.
Personal life
Howard has three daughters, one with one woman and two with another; the girls live with their mothers. Before fighting professionally, Howard worked as an electrician. He is also a diehard New England Patriots fan, and is a fan of all of the professional teams out of Boston including the Boston Red Sox, the Boston Celtics, and the Boston Bruins. He also enjoys playing video games in his free time. In 2016, after undergoing a series of non-invasive neurological tests, Howard was diagnosed as having autism spectrum disorder at the age of 33. Referring to this diagnosis, Howard said "Now a lot of stuff in my life makes sense. Now I'm thinking about my life, it makes sense why I do certain things. Even to this day."
Championships and accomplishments
Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Fight of the Night (One time)
Knockout of the Night (One time)
Ring of Combat
ROC Welterweight Championship (One time)
CES MMA
CES Middleweight Championship (One time)
Mixed martial arts record
|-
|Loss
|align=center|29–19–1
| Ange Loosa
|Decision (unanimous)
| XMMA 4: Black Magic
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
| New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|29–18–1
|Ramazan Kuramagomedov
|Decision (unanimous)
|Eagle FC 44
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Miami, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|29–17–1
|Tyler Ray
|Decision (unanimous)
|XMMA 3: Vice City
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Miami, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Won
|align=center|29–16–1
|Ozzie Alvarez
|Decision (unanimous)
|CES MMA 63: Howard vs Alvarez
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Springfield, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|28–16–1
|David Michaud
|Decision (unanimous)
|PFL 7
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 28–15–1
| Ray Cooper III
| KO (punches)
| PFL 4
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:23
| Atlantic City, New Jersey
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 27–15–1
| Magomed Magomedkerimov
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| PFL 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:54
| Uniondale, New York
|
|-
|Draw
|align=center| 27–14–1
|Louis Taylor
|Technical Draw (illegal knee)
| rowspan=2 |PFL 10
| rowspan=2 |
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:55
| rowspan=2 |Washington, D.C., United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center| 27–14
|Eddie Gordon
|Decision (unanimous)
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center| 26–14
|Bruno Santos
|Decision (unanimous)
|PFL 6
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 26–13
| Gasan Umalatov
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| PFL 3
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:59
| Washington D.C., United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|25–13
|Roger Carroll
|Decision (unanimous)
|CES MMA 46: Howard vs. Carroll
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Lincoln, Rhode Island, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|24–13
|Abubakar Nurmagomedov
|Decision (unanimous)
|WSOF 33
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Kansas City, Missouri, United States
|Welterweight bout.
|-
|Win
|align=center|24–12
|Michael Arrant
|Decision (unanimous)
|WSOF 31
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Mashantucket, Connecticut, United States
|Return to Middleweight.
|-
|Loss
|align=center|23–12
|Tim Means
|KO (punch)
|UFC Fight Night: Namajunas vs. VanZant
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:21
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|23–11
|Cathal Pendred
|Decision (split)
|UFC 189
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|22–11
| Lorenz Larkin
|TKO (punches)
| UFC Fight Night: McGregor vs. Siver
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:17
| Boston, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|22–10
| Brian Ebersole
|Decision (split)
| UFC 178
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|22–9
| Ryan LaFlare
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC Fight Night: Nogueira vs. Nelson
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|22–8
| Siyar Bahadurzada
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 168
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|21–8
| Uriah Hall
|Decision (split)
|UFC Fight Night: Shogun vs. Sonnen
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Boston, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|20–8
| Chris Woodall
|TKO (punches)
|CES MMA: New Blood
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:14
|Lincoln, Rhode Island, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|19–8
| Jason Louck
|KO (punches)
|CES MMA: Path to Destruction
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:23
|Lincoln, Rhode Island, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|18–8
| Leandro Batata
|Decision (unanimous)
|HFR 2: High Fight Rock 2
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Goiânia, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|18–7
| Brett Chism
|TKO (punches)
|CES MMA: Real Pain
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:31
|Lincoln, Rhode Island, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|17–7
| Scott Rehm
|TKO (arm injury)
|CES MMA: Far Beyond Driven
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:28
|Lincoln, Rhode Island, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|16–7
| Todd Chattelle
|TKO (punches)
|CES MMA: Never Surrender
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:42
|Lincoln, Rhode Island, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|15–7
| Dennis Olson
|Decision (unanimous)
|CFA 3
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Miami, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|14–7
| Matt Brown
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC Live: Kongo vs. Barry
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|14–6
| Thiago Alves
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 124
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|14–5
| Jake Ellenberger
|TKO (doctor stoppage)
|UFC Live: Jones vs. Matyushenko
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|2:21
|San Diego, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|14–4
| Daniel Roberts
|KO (punches)
|UFC Live: Vera vs. Jones
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:01
|Broomfield, Colorado, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|13–4
| Dennis Hallman
|KO (punches)
|The Ultimate Fighter: Heavyweights Finale
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|4:55
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|12–4
| Tamdan McCrory
|Decision (split)
|UFC 101
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|11–4
| Chris Wilson
|Decision (split)
|UFC 94
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|10–4
| Charlie Brenneman
|Decision (unanimous)
|Ring of Combat 21
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|9–4
| Nick Calandrino
|TKO (punches)
|IFL: Connecticut
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|2:24
|Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8–4
| Jose Rodriguez
|KO (punches)
|Ring of Combat 18
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:07
|Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|7–4
| Dan Miller
|Decision (unanimous)
|Ring of Combat 17
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|Middleweight bout.
|-
|Loss
|align=center|7–3
| Woody Weatherby
|TKO (punches)
|WFL 19
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:32
|Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|Welterweight debut; for vacant WFL Welterweight Championship.
|-
|Win
|align=center|7–2
| Mandela K'ponou
|Submission (armbar)
|CZ 23
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|N/A
|Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|6–2
| Nick Catone
|Decision (unanimous)
|CFFC 5
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|N/A
|Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|6–1
| Josh Rosaaen
|Submission (triangle choke)
|CFFC 4
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|1:17
|Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|5–1
| Alexandre Moreno
|Submission (armbar)
|WFL 10
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|N/A
|Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|5–0
| Jason Dublin
|Submission (arm-triangle choke)
|CZ 15
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:39
|Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|Won vacant CZ Welterweight Championship.
|-
|Win
|align=center|4–0
| Aldo Santos
|Submission (armbar)
|WFL 4
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:41
|Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|3–0
| Mandela K'ponou
|Submission (heel hook)
|WFL 1
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:52
|Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|2–0
| Les Richardson
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|CZ 9
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:53
|Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|1–0
| Jason Dublin
|Decision (unanimous)
|CZ 8
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
|Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
See also
List of current WSOF fighters
List of male mixed martial artists
References
External links
Official John Howard Tee KO Merch
American male mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from Massachusetts
Welterweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
African-American mixed martial artists
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
American Muay Thai practitioners
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Boston
People from Dorchester, Massachusetts
Sportspeople with autism
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people
American disabled sportspeople |
576462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McCormack%20%28tenor%29 | John McCormack (tenor) | John Francis McCormack, KSG, KSS, KHS (14 June 1884 – 16 September 1945), was an Irish lyric tenor celebrated for his performances of the operatic and popular song repertoires, and renowned for his diction and breath control. He was also a Papal Count. McCormack became a naturalised American citizen before returning to live in Ireland.
Early life
John Francis McCormack was born on 14 June 1884 in Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland, the second son and fifth of the 11 children (five of whom died in infancy or childhood) of Andrew McCormack and his wife Hannah Watson. His parents were both from Galashiels, Scotland and worked at the Athlone Woollen Mills, where his father was a foreman. He was baptised in St Mary's Church, Athlone, on 23 June 1884.
McCormack received his early education from the Marist Brothers in Athlone and later attended Summerhill College, Sligo. He sang in the choir of the old St Peters church in Athlone under his choirmaster Michael Kilkelly. When the family moved to Dublin, he sang in the choir of St Mary's Pro-Cathedral where he was discovered by Vincent O'Brien. In 1903, he won the coveted gold medal of the Dublin Feis Ceoil.
In March 1904, McCormack became associated with James Joyce, who at the time had singing ambitions himself. Richard Ellmann, in his biography of Joyce, states that "Joyce spent several evenings with him" (i.e. McCormack), practising; along with Joyce's acquaintance Richard Best; McCormack persuaded Joyce to enter the Feis Ceoil that year, where the not yet famous writer was awarded the Bronze Medal (3rd prize).
Career
Fundraising activities on his behalf enabled McCormack to travel to Italy in 1905 to receive voice training by Vincenzo Sabatini (father of the novelist Rafael Sabatini) in Milan. Sabatini found McCormack's voice naturally tuned and concentrated on perfecting his breath control, an element that would become part of the basis of his renown as a vocalist.
In 1906, he made his operatic début at the Teatro Chiabrera, Savona. The next year, he began his first important operatic performance at Covent Garden in Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana, becoming the theatre's youngest principal tenor. In 1909, he began his career in America. Michael Scott ("The Record of Singing" 1978) writes that at this stage of his career, he should be considered a tenor of the Italian style—and he sang (and recorded) French operatic arias in the Italian language. Steane ("The Grand Tradition" 1971) stresses that, for all his later devotion to the concert platform (and his Irish identity), he was (for albeit a relatively brief period) in essence an Italian operatic tenor.
In February 1911, McCormack played Lieutenant Paul Merrill in the world premiere of Victor Herbert's opera Natoma with Mary Garden in the title role. Later that year, he toured Australia after Dame Nellie Melba engaged him, then at the height of his operatic career, aged 27, as a star tenor for the Melba Grand Opera Season. He returned for concert tours in subsequent years.
By 1912, he was beginning to become involved increasingly with concert performances, where his voice quality and charisma ensured that he became the most celebrated lyric tenor of his time. He did not, however, retire from the operatic stage until after his performance of 1923 in Monte Carlo (see biography below), although by then the top notes of his voice had contracted. Famous for his extraordinary breath control, he could sing 64 notes on one breath in Mozart's "Il mio tesoro" from Don Giovanni, and his Handelian singing was just as impressive in this regard.
McCormack made hundreds of recordings, his best-known and most commercially successful series of records being those for the Victor Talking Machine Company during the 1910s and 1920s. He was Victor's most popular Red Seal recording artist after tenor Enrico Caruso. In the 1920s, he sang regularly on radio and later appeared in two sound films, Song o' My Heart, released in 1930, playing an Irish tenor, and as himself appearing in a party scene in Wings of the Morning (1937), the first British three-strip Technicolor feature.
McCormack was one of the first artists to record the popular ballad "I Hear You Calling Me" written in 1908 by Harold Harford and Charles Marshall; he recorded it twice for Odeon starting in 1908 and a further four times for Victor between 1910 and 1927 – it became his best seller. He was the first artist to record the famous World War I song "It's a Long Way to Tipperary" in 1914; He also recorded a best-selling version of another popular World War I tune "Keep The Home Fires Burning" in 1917. He also sang songs expressive of Irish nationalism — his recording of "The Wearing of the Green", a song about the Irish rebellion of 1798, encouraged 20th-century efforts for Irish Home Rule — and endorsed the Irish Nationalist estrangement from the United Kingdom. McCormack was associated particularly with the songs of Thomas Moore, notably "The Harp That Once Through Tara's Halls", "The Minstrel Boy", "Believe Me If All (Those Endearing Young Charms)", and "The Last Rose of Summer". Between 1914 and 1922, he recorded almost two dozen songs with violin accompaniment provided by Fritz Kreisler, with whom he also toured. He recorded songs of Hugo Wolf for the Hugo Wolf Society in German. In 1918, he recorded the song "Calling Me Home to You".
In 1917, McCormack became a naturalised citizen of the United States. In June 1918, he donated $11,458 ($215,296 in 2022) towards the USA's World War I effort. By then, his career was a huge financial success, earning millions in his lifetime from record sales and appearances.
By 1920, Edwin Schneider had become McCormack's accompanist and the two were "inseparable". When Schneider retired, Gerald Moore took over as accompanist from 1939 to 1943.
In 1927, McCormack moved into Moore Abbey, Monasterevin, County Kildare, and adopted a very opulent lifestyle by Irish standards. He also owned apartments in London and New York. He hoped that one of his racehorses, such as Golden Lullaby, would win The Derby, but they never did.
McCormack also bought Runyon Canyon in Hollywood in 1930 from Carman Runyon. McCormack saw and liked the estate while there filming Song o' My Heart (1930), an early all-talking, all-singing picture. McCormack used his salary for this movie to purchase the estate and built a mansion he called 'San Patrizio', after Saint Patrick. McCormack and his wife lived in the mansion until they returned to England in 1938.
McCormack toured often, and in his absence, the mansion was often let to celebrities such as Janet Gaynor and Charles Boyer. The McCormacks made many friends in Hollywood, among them Errol Flynn, Will Rogers, John Barrymore, Basil Rathbone, Ronald Colman, Charles E. Toberman and the Dohenys. After his farewell tour of America in 1937, the McCormacks deeded the estate back to Carman Runyon expecting to return to the estate at a later date. World War II intervened and McCormack did not return.
McCormack originally ended his career at the Royal Albert Hall in London, during 1938. However, a year after that farewell concert, he was back singing for the Red Cross and in support of the war effort. He gave concerts, toured, broadcast and recorded in this capacity until 1943 when poor health finally forced him to retire permanently.
Personal life and death
McCormack married Lily Foley in 1906; they had two children, Cyril and Gwen.
Ill with emphysema, he bought a house near the sea, "Glena", Booterstown, Dublin. After years of increasingly poor health, and a series of infectious illnesses, including influenza and pneumonia, McCormack died at his home in Booterstown on 16 September 1945. He is buried in Deansgrange Cemetery, St. Patrick's section, plot reference E/120.
Honours
McCormack was much honoured and decorated for his musical career. In 1928, he received the title of Papal Count from Pope Pius XI in recognition of his work for Catholic charities. He had earlier received three papal knighthoods, Knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre (KHS), Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (KSG) and Knight of the Order of St. Sylvester (KSS). He was also a Knight of Malta and a Privy Chamberlain of the Sword and Cape, an honour which is known now as a Gentlemen of His Holiness.
One of the most famous performances of McCormack's Irish career was his singing of César Franck's Panis angelicus to the hundreds of thousands who thronged Dublin's Phoenix Park for the 1932 Eucharistic Congress.
A life-sized bronze statue of McCormack by sculptor Elizabeth O'Kane was established in Dublin on 19 June 2008. The statue stands in the Iveagh Gardens, close to the National Concert Hall.
In his hometown of Athlone, he is commemorated by the Athlone Institute of Technology who named their performance hall after him, the John McCormack Hall.
He is also commemorated by an English Heritage blue plaque on the house near Hampstead in London, 24 Ferncroft Avenue, where he lived from 1908 until 1913.
A silver €10 collectors coin with a mintage of 8,000 pieces was issued by the Central Bank of Ireland in January 2014 featuring a portrait of McCormack; the coin was issued as part of the EUROPA star series in keeping with the 2014 theme of European musicians.
A statue of the tenor was unveiled in a square newly named in his honour outside the Civic Centre in Athlone on 24 October 2014. The sculpture, created by the Irish artist Rory Beslin, was celebrated by free admission to an exhibition of the celebrated singer's memorabilia.
In 1984, a street in Washington, D.C., was named in his honour. The street is near the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception and commemorates McCormack's role in supporting its construction by signing a benefit recital in 1928.
See also
List of people on stamps of Ireland
Notes
References
Bibliography
John McCormack: His Own Life Story (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1918; reprint New York: Vienna House, 1973; )
L.A.G. Strong: John McCormack: The Story of a Singer (London: Methuen & Co., 1941; 2nd ed. London: P. Nevill, 1949)
Lily McCormack: I Hear You Calling Me (London: W.H. Allen, undated [1949] & Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1949; reprint Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1975)
Raymond Foxall: John McCormack (London: Robert Hale, 1963)
Leonard F. MacDermott Roe: The John McCormack Discography (Lingfield, Surrey: Oakwood Press, 1972)
Gordon T. Ledbetter: The Great Irish Tenor (London: Duckworth, 1977, ; reprint Dublin: Town House, 2003; )
Paul Worth & Jim Cartwright: John McCormack: A Comprehensive Discography (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1986)
Gus Smith: John McCormack: A Voice to Remember (Dublin: Madison Publishers, 1995)
John McCormack, Icon Of An Age (includes DVD, 4 CDs, and the book The Letters of John McCormack to J.C. Doyle by G.T. Ledbetter) (Dublin: Zampano Productions, 2006)
External links
The John McCormack Society
History of the Tenor / John McCormack / Sound Clips and Narration
John McCormack essay at London Poetry Review
Discography of John McCormack on Victor Records
John McCormack recordings at the Library of Congress
Public domain recordings of John McCormack at the Internet Archive.
John McCormack recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
1884 births
1945 deaths
Irish people of Scottish descent
Burials at Deans Grange Cemetery
Irish emigrants to the United States
Irish operatic tenors
Knights of Malta
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Musicians from County Westmeath
Papal counts
People educated at Marist College, Athlone
People educated at Summerhill College
People from Athlone
20th-century Irish male singers
Papal chamberlains
Knights of St. Gregory the Great
Knights of the Order of St. Sylvester
American Roman Catholics
Irish Roman Catholics |
13224846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD%20Publications | CD Publications | CD Publications began as a news service firm located just outside Washington DC, United States. It produces Web-based "news services" (or newsletters) whose topics of coverage include housing, health care, education, funding, aging and Native Americans.
History
Beginnings
CD Publications was founded in 1961 by Ash Gerecht of Kansas City, MO, and his wife, Gloria. The company was originally headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland.
The first newsletter published was Housing Affairs Letter. It was followed by Community Development Digest (1965), Housing Market Report (1976), Managing Housing Letter (1978), Housing the Elderly (1982) and CD Housing Register (1983).
Expansion
In 1984, the company added senior affairs to its housing-related subjects with Aging News Alert. In 1986, coverage was expanded to include grant-seeking with Federal Assistance Monitor and business in 1987 with Minorities in Business Insider. New topics of coverage came in late 1998 when Youth Crime Alert and Workplace Discrimination Alert were founded.
In 2001, the company began a transition from print-only publications to Web-based online news services. This project was led by veteran newsletter executive Jim Rogers, formerly of Inside Washington Publishers and Phillips Business Information, who served as the company's Assistant Publisher and Editorial Director.
During the decade in which the transition project began, several publications were folded into other publications. For example, Minorities in Business Insider became part of Federal & Foundation Assistance Monitor, as did Youth Crime Alert and Workplace Discrimination Alert. Healthcare Disparities Report became part of Community Health Funding Report, as did Disabilities Funding Report and Substance Abuse Funding News. Other CD Publications news products include: Aging News Alert, Children and Youth Funding Report, Private Grants Alert, Native American Report, and Community Development Digest.
In February 2011, the company's oldest publication, Housing Affairs Letter, celebrated its 50th anniversary.
In December 2013, the Gerecht family relinquished ownership of the company, selling it to Eli Global Research of Durham, North Carolina. Today, the company operates as CD Publications Group, a division of Eli Global. Rogers continues to serve as its managing editor.
Acquisitions
In late 1996, LRP Publications (Hotsham, PA) sold Serving Elderly Clients, which CD Publications folded into the newly launched Senior Law Report. In late 1999, CD Pubs bought The Maturing Marketplace from Silver Spring-based Business Publishers, Inc., and folded it into Selling to Seniors, which at the time was edited by Allison Patterson. BPI then sold Federal Research Report in January 2001 (according to one report), which CD Pubs added to Federal Assistance Monitor. The company acquired Inside Housing from Housing Ink, also of Silver Spring, in mid-2001 and merged it into Housing Market Report, the report which also gained the readership of Construction News when that title was bought from Evans Publishing of Portland, Oregon, in December 2004.
In the second half of 2004, CD Publications acquired Health Grants & Contracts Weekly from LRP Publications of Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, and folded it into the twice-monthly Community Health Funding Report. In Fall 2006, the company acquired Native American Report and Native American Law Report from Eli Research and combined them into Native American Report. It also acquired Child Protection Report from the same group.
Sales, cancellations, internal mergers
In late 2006, Managing Housing Letter was merged with Landlord Law Report (est. 1998) to form Landlord Law & Multi-housing Report. Around the same time, Child Protection Report was folded into Children & Youth Funding Report, following an attempt to promote the former publication on its own.
In January 2007, Aid For Education Report, Disability Funding Report and Substance Abuse Funding News were converted to online-only publications in an attempt to lower costs and save them from cancellation. However, by mid year, DFN had been folded into SAF to create Substance Abuse & Disability Services Report, and AFE was folded into Federal Assistance Monitor (higher ed) and Children and Youth Funding Report (K-12). As part of the same deal in which the company acquired NAR and CPR, CD Publications sold Homeland Security Funding Report to Eli.
In September 2010, however, the company reprised its coverage of security-related issues with the creation of Public Safety Funding Report. One year later, that publication was folded into Community Development Digest.
Publications (current)
Children & Youth Funding Report
Children & Youth Funding Report reports on public and private sources of funding for programs focused on high-risk, low income and underserved youth and children. CYF posts announcements of federal, foundation and private grants for child welfare, juvenile justice, education, health care and other related areas. It covers legislation, government policy, local programs, proposal-writing, and federal departments/agencies related to child services.
Community Health Funding Report
Community Health Funding Report reports on sources of funding for healthcare concerns, such as substance abuse, teen pregnancy, minority healthcare, maternal/child health, chronic illness, mental health and HIV/AIDS programs. It also covers activities of Congress and federal agencies. CHF posts grant announcements, interviews, advice columns, case studies and budget updates. It also reports on healthcare reform and model programs.
Federal & Foundation Assistance Monitor
Federal & Foundation Assistance Monitor reports on public and private sources of funding for community programs, including education, youth services and health care. It also covers activities of Congress and federal agencies. FAM posts federal funding announcements, private grants, legislative actions toward community programs, policy news and proposal-writing tips. It also covers fundraising workshops sponsored by the Foundation Center, the Support Center and other agencies.
Native American Report
Native American Report reports on activities of Congress, the courts and federal agencies related to tribal interests. NAR publishes news articles on tribal issues related to health access, health promotion and disease management. It also provides updates on, among other things, education improvement and employment/job training programs. Other topics include the Bureau of Indian Affairs, taxation, regulations, Native American law, sovereignty and gaming disputes.
Private Grants Alert
Private Grants Alert, which is taglined "your monthly round-up of the latest funding from foundations, corporations and individuals," publishes notices of funding for social service programs. PGA compiles and publishes a list of roughly 70 new private and corporate grant notices per month. It includes funder contact information and advice columns.
Community Development Digest
Community Development Digest is one of the oldest professional community development periodicals still being produced. Also known as CD Digest or CDD, "the national newsletter on community and economic development" reports on the Community Development Block Grant program (CDBG) [1] and covers congressional legislation, agency regulations, court decisions and funding.
CDD coverage of community development projects has included transit, as in February 1999 reports on federal light-rail systems to be funded under the 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century. There's also a consistent emphasis on restoration efforts, of both historical and utilitarian structures.
In early 2008, CDD invested news space on lobbying efforts of the National Alliance of Community Economic Development Associations (NACEDA) for legislation to prevent home foreclosures, as well as attacks on the Bush Administration's proposed FY09 budget cuts to CDBG.
Over the years, CDD has been sourced, referenced or mentioned in numerous books and reports. These include From Nation to States: The Small Cities Community Development Block Grant Program (1986), Understanding Local Economic Development (1999), Urban Planning in a Multicultural Society (2000) and Asset Building and Community Development (2001). CDD finds its way into local government meetings, either as a reference source or just through the endorsement of a meeting attendee. Among those who have posted their meeting minutes, with mention of CDD, online are the Allegany County (NY) Planning Board (September 15, 2004) and the Warren County (NY) Board Of Supervisors (October 13, 2006). Currently, CDD posts updates on such issues as community planning, infrastructure financing, enterprise zones, downtown and rural development, housing rehabilitation and preservation, and neighborhood revitalization. It also provides a "roundup" of state and local development efforts in urban and rural communities.
Housing Affairs Letter
Housing Affairs Letter is a news service (or newsletter) produced in Silver Spring, MD by CD Publications that covers the public, private and subsidized housing industries. It is one of the oldest continuing publications of its kind.
Housing Affairs Letter was the first newsletter produced by CD Publications upon its founding in 1961. It began publication four years before the creation of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, and a significant percentage of its coverage since then has focused on HUD.
Over the years, HAL articles have been reprinted, referenced, quoted or mentioned in numerous periodicals and journals, including The Washington Post, the National Review, The Journal of Housing, and the Journal of Urban Law.
HAL has been mentioned in or used as a reference for many books, including:
Problems in Political Economy: An Urban Perspective
Where to Find Business Information: A Worldwide Guide for Everyone who Needs the Answers to Business Questions
Leading Issues in Black Political Economy
A Right to Housing: Foundation for a New Social Agenda
The Encyclopedia of Housing
The Review of Black Political Economy
Housing Urban America
Housing: Federal Policies and Programs
Journalism That Matters: How Business-to-Business Editors Change the Industries They Cover
A Different Vision
HUD Scandals: Howling Headlines and Silent Fiascoes
Additionally, HAL has appeared in Congressional reports, in documents of city planning and development committees, and in multiple publications of such housing organizations as the Fannie Mae Foundation. In 2007, HAL appeared as "suggested additional reading" on Dr. Sammis B. White's syllabus for a class entitled "Housing Markets and Public Policy." It was mentioned alongside such respected national publications as Fortune, Forbes and the Wall Street Journal.
HAL currently reports on the full housing industry, with emphases on HUD, Fannie Mae, Federal Reserve Board activities, Congressional legislation and Fair Housing.
Aging News Alert
Also known as "The Senior Services & Funding Report," Aging News Alert reports on senior programs, new funding and federal actions affecting the elderly. Its coverage includes the Older Americans Act, long-term care, Social Security and Medicare, transportation, health and nutrition, senior law and elder abuse. ANA covers congressional legislation and agency regulation. It also contains interviews with government officials and association representatives, and posts notices of aging-related grants.
Notes
"CD Publications acquires Weekly from LRP" (2004-09-07). Newsletter on Newsletters, The.
"CD Publications.(Acquisitions)" (March 2007). Newsletter on Newsletters, The.
"CD Publications launches two newsletters focusing on two growing problems in American society." (March 2004). Newsletter on Newsletters, The.
"CD PUBLICATIONS' "LANDLORD LAW REPORT" NEWSLETTER." (1998-03-31).
"Federal Research Report." (2001-01-31). COPYRIGHT 2001 JK Publishing, Inc.
"CD PUBLICATIONS BUYS 'SERVING ELDERLY CLIENTS'; STARTS 'SENIOR LAW REPORT'" (1996-11-30). COPYRIGHT 1996 JK Publishing.
"Homeland security subject of new title from CD Publications." (2002-12-31). Newsletter on Newsletters, The. COPYRIGHT 2002 Newsletter Clearinghouse. Found online at "Encyclopedia.com
Malinowsky, H. Robert. "AIDS/STD News Report: Legislation, Funding, Grant Tips, R&D, News, December 9, 1998." (April 1999). AIDS BOOK REVIEW JOURNAL, University of Illinois at Chicago. Found online at "UIC.edu
Morris, Andrew J. and Martin Degollo. "Information on Government People--Government documents relating to people". (2007-2008). Found online at "Govpeople.org https://web.archive.org/web/20081204204510/http://www.govpeople.org/Other_People/_PERIODICAL_PRESS_GALLERIES.htm
"Acquisitions for NAIC Bibliographic Database and Reading Room Collections" (November 1998). National Aging Information Center. Found online at "Administration on Aging (https://web.archive.org/web/20061002234058/http://www.aoa.gov/naic/acqNov-98.html)".
"Publications". A Grantseeker's Resource Guide To Obtaining Federal, Corporate and Foundation Grants. Federal Funding Resources. Found online at "www.tea.state.tx.us (http://www.tea.state.tx.us/opge/grantdev/seekers/document4.html)".
"Brief, To-the-Point Messages Attract Prospective Donors" (2000-06-05). Substance Abuse Funding News. (c) CD Publications (March 31, 2000). Found online in A Fund Raiser's Newsyletter - June 2000 at "www.jointogether.org (http://www.jointogether.org/news/funding/trends/a-fundraisers-newsyletter-6-5-2000.html)".
"Cultivating Future Supporters Raises Cash and Creates Pool of Volunteers" (Summer 1998). Fundraising Ideas That Work!. (c) CD Publications (April 1998). Found online in A FUND RAISER'S NEWSLETTER FROM JOYAUX ASSOCIATES at "www.lib.msu.edu (https://web.archive.org/web/20080907054738/http://www.lib.msu.edu/harris23/grants/news98su.htm)".
"Acquisitions." (2001-07-15). Newsletter on Newsletters, The. Found online at "Allbusiness.com (http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/direct-marketing-direct-mail/800493-1.html)".
"Acquisition." (2005-01-17). Newsletter on Newsletters, The. Found online at "Allbusiness.com (http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/direct-marketing-direct-mail/317824-1.html)".
"Homeland security subject of new title from CD Publications." (2002-12-31). Newsletter on Newsletters, The. Found online at "Allbusiness.com (http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/direct-marketing-direct-mail/396948-1.html)".
"Acquisition." (1999-11-30). Newsletter on Newsletters, The. Found online at "Allbusiness.com (http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/direct-marketing-direct-mail/355189-1.html)".
References
External links
CD Publications Home
Publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 1961 |
2244271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running%20with%20Scissors%20%28memoir%29 | Running with Scissors (memoir) | Running with Scissors is a 2002 memoir by American writer Augusten Burroughs. The book tells the story of Burroughs's bizarre childhood life after his mother, a chain-smoking aspiring poet, sent him to live with her psychiatrist. Running with Scissors spent eight weeks on the New York Times bestseller list.
Plot summary
Running with Scissors covers the period of Burroughs' adolescent years, beginning at age 12 after a brief overview of his life as a child. Burroughs spends his early childhood in a clean and orderly home, obsessing over his clothes, hair, accessories, and having great potential, with his parents constantly fighting in the background.
When his parents separate and his mother begins to second-guess her sexuality, Burroughs is sent to live with his mother's psychiatrist, Dr. Finch, who lives in a rundown Victorian house in Northampton, Massachusetts. Finch lives with his "legal" wife, Agnes, as well as his two biological and one adopted children and some of his own patients. Rules are practically nonexistent and children of all ages do whatever they please, such as having sex, smoking cigarettes and cannabis, and rebelling against authority figures. Finch feels that, at age 13, children should be in charge of their own lives. However, the dysfunctional issues that occur in the Finch family are outdone by the psychotic episodes frequently experienced by Burroughs' mother.
The Finch house is a parallel universe to the home Burroughs came from. It is filthy, with cockroaches roaming around the uncleaned dishes, Christmas trees left up year-round, stairs up which Burroughs is afraid to walk because he thinks that they will collapse under him, and nothing off limits. Eventually, Finch comes to believe that God is communicating with him through his feces and develops a form of divination to try and decipher these messages. When Hope, Finch's second oldest daughter, believes her cat is dying, she keeps it in a laundry basket for four days until it dies: "Hope said Freud died of kitty leukemia and old age, I thought it was because Freud was stuck under a laundry basket with no food or water for 4 days."
Burroughs' mother is shown as emotionally drained, excessive, self-centered, and ultimately incapable of being a parent. She has a sexual relationship with a local minister's wife, which is revealed to Burroughs when he accidentally walks in on them when he skips school. When this relationship ends, Burroughs' mother starts another with an affluent African-American woman. This relationship is tumultuous and unstable. At one point, they have a mental patient named Cesar live at their house after another of his mother's breakdowns as his "dad". Cesar attempts to rape Burroughs while he is sleeping, but is unsuccessful (when Cesar goes to live with the Finches later in the book, he pays one of the Finches' daughters for sex and is then forced from the home). His mother's biggest psychotic episode happens when she and Dorothy (her partner) move everything out of their house and attack Burroughs when he tries to intervene. This later ends with a "road trip" and events leading to Burroughs' mother being restrained on a bed.
Burroughs tells Dr. Finch's adopted 33-year-old son, Neil Bookman, that he is gay. From the age of 13 to 15, Burroughs has an intense and open sexual relationship with Bookman, which begins when Bookman forces the young boy to perform oral sex on him. Neither his mother nor any member of the Finch family is bothered by their relationship. Burroughs begins to enjoy exacting power over Bookman by threatening to charge him with statutory rape. Bookman is obsessed with the young boy, even though Burroughs has problems with their relationship (going in phases of needing the affection of Bookman to wanting to humiliate or get away from him) which only infatuates Bookman more. Bookman eventually leaves Northampton for New York City and is never heard from again by Burroughs or the Finches, even after they try everything in their power to find him.
Burroughs forms a close relationship with Finch's daughter, Natalie, who is one year older than he is, even though he dislikes her at the beginning of the book. They do everything together, from finding jobs to running behind a waterfall to demolishing the kitchen ceiling. They finally leave the Finch household together.
At the end of the book, when Burroughs is living in his own apartment with Natalie, he is asked to choose between his mother and Finch when she accuses the doctor of raping her in a motel to cure her of one of her psychotic episodes. He still considers Finch's family and his mother to be his family, and he cannot bring himself to choose sides, although he is fairly certain that Finch did rape his mother. Quoted from the book, Burroughs states: "So it came to this: Was I a turd-reading Finch? Or was I my crazy mother's son? In the end, I decided that I was neither."
Characters
Augusten Burroughs The main character, son of Deirdre and Norman, was sent to live with his psychotic mother's psychiatrist, Dr. Finch, and his family at the age of 13 and is eventually signed off to the Finch family. He has mild obsessive compulsive tendencies. It is at the Finch house where he enters into a relationship with Neil, trying to live with the insane and dirty living conditions of the Finches while coping with his mother's mental condition. He has a close relationship with Natalie, Dr. Finch's youngest daughter. He has a passion for hair products, wanting to have his name on a line of hair products.
Deirdre Burroughs Deirdre is the mother of Augusten and was married to Norman until their divorce. She is a mentally unstable poet, who, after her divorce, engages in a relationship with the local minister's wife. She allows Augusten to pretend to attempt suicide so he can be released from school. She has a relationship with a teenage girl after the minister's wife will not divorce her own husband.
Dr. Finch The psychiatrist of Deirdre, father of Natalie and Hope, and "husband" of Agnes Finch. Although Agnes and Dr. Finch are technically married, Dr. Finch has multiple other relationships with various women, all of whom he calls his wife, saying that Agnes is only his "legal" wife and doesn't understand him. Dr. Finch takes Augusten in, and later legally adopts him, after Deirdre decides she cannot handle the emotional stress of mothering Augusten. Dr. Finch's psychiatric methods are highly unconventional; he unwittingly makes his patients worse instead of curing them by giving them unmarked medicines, using techniques that disturb them, and generally encouraging their unhealthy behavior.
Neil Bookman The adopted son of Dr. Finch. Soon after Burroughs moves in with the Finches, Neil, who was 33, forms a sexual relationship with Burroughs, who was only 13. He becomes infatuated with and very protective of Burroughs, who rarely returns these feelings, but still maintains a relationship with him. His infatuation eventually turns to obsession and he constantly tells Burroughs he would die if Burroughs left him.
Natalie Finch The youngest daughter of Dr. Finch and Agnes who is seen as wild, unruly, and promiscuous throughout the memoir, giving her first hand job at the age of 11. She is only one year older than Burroughs, with whom she eventually becomes great friends.
Norman Burroughs The abusive and alcoholic husband of Deirdre and father of Augusten. His abusive, oppressive relationship with Deirdre is one of the main causes of her instability and Augusten's difficult life. When Augusten later tries to reach out to him, his phone calls are ignored, leading to further estrangement.
Agnes Finch Mother of the Finch children and wife of Dr. Finch. Her role in the family is small, serving as more of a maid than a wife or mother. No one in the household shows her any respect and rarely even listen to her, telling her constantly to "shut up".
Hope Finch The older sister to Natalie. She works as a receptionist in Dr. Finch's office and is the first person in the Finch family to befriend Burroughs.
Fern The first female lover of Deirdre Burroughs. She is a minister's wife with children, and keeps her relationship with Deirdre a secret. The relationship ends when Fern refuses to leave her family.
Dorothy A teenage, African-American former patient of Dr. Finch who becomes Deirdre's second female lover. Dorothy, who was also mentally unstable, encouraged Deirdre's erratic behavior, finding it exciting. She does everything from setting money on fire to putting broken glass in the bathtub.
Film adaptation
The film adaptation of Running with Scissors, directed by Ryan Murphy, released in 2006, stars Alec Baldwin, Annette Bening, Brian Cox, Joseph Fiennes, Evan Rachel Wood, Jill Clayburgh, Gwyneth Paltrow and Joseph Cross as Burroughs. The plot of the film is focused on the relationship between the mother and the son.
Legal case
In 2005, the family of Dr. Rodolph H. Turcotte (1919–2000) of Massachusetts filed suit against Burroughs and his publisher, alleging defamation of character and invasion of privacy. They stated that they were the basis for the Finch family portrayed in the book but that Burroughs had fabricated or exaggerated various descriptions of their activities.
The case was later settled with Sony Pictures Entertainment in October 2006, prior to the release of the film adaptation. Burroughs and his publisher, St. Martin's Press, settled with the Turcotte family in August 2007. The Turcottes were reportedly seeking damages of $2 million for invasion of privacy, defamation, and emotional distress; the Turcottes alleged Running with Scissors was largely fictional and written in a sensational manner. Burroughs defended his work as "entirely accurate", but agreed to call the work a "book" (instead of a "memoir") in the author's note, to alter the acknowledgments page in future editions to recognize the Turcotte family's conflicting memories of described events, and express regret for "any unintentional harm" to the Turcotte family. Burroughs felt vindicated by the settlement. "I'm not at all sorry that I wrote [the book]. And you know, the suit settled—it settled in my favor. I didn't change a word of the memoir, not one word of it. It's still a memoir, it's marketed as a memoir, they've agreed one hundred percent that it is a memoir."
Future printings of Running with Scissors will contain modified language in the Author's Note and Acknowledgments pages. Where the Acknowledgments page had read: "Additionally, I would like to thank each and every member of a certain Massachusetts family for taking me into their home and accepting me as one of their own," the following was substituted: "Additionally, I would like to thank the real-life members of the family portrayed in this book for taking me into their home and accepting me as one of their own. I recognize that their memories of the events described in this book are different than my own. They are each fine, decent, and hard-working people. The book was not intended to hurt the family. Both my publisher and I regret any unintentional harm resulting from the publishing and marketing of Running with Scissors."
In addition, on the Author's Note page—but, as the family agreed, nowhere else—the word "book" replaced the word "memoir." The work is still described as a memoir on the cover, title page and elsewhere.
References
External links
Literary Review @ Reader Meet Author
Full summary of Running with Scissors
2002 non-fiction books
American memoirs
Books about child abuse
Memoirs adapted into films
LGBT literature in the United States
2000s LGBT literature
Literary autobiographies
Picador (imprint) books
LGBT autobiographies
Works about dysfunctional families |
1939202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg%20City%20Islanders | Harrisburg City Islanders | Harrisburg City Islanders, known as Penn FC in their final season, were an American professional soccer team based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 2003, the team most recently played in the USL Pro, the second tier of the United States soccer league system. In October 2018, the club formally announced it will not participate in the 2019 season and would have resume play in 2020 as a member of USL League One, a league in the third tier.
On November 15, 2017 the team was rebranded as Penn FC. The rebrand served in conjunction with a partnership with Rush Soccer youth development program. Penn FC served Rush Soccer's professional team and the club's most important piece to their extensive network. The team played its home games at FNB Field on City Island. The team's colors were blue, black and grey corresponding to Rush Soccer's branding established in 1997. In December 2019, ahead of the 2020 season, reports noted that the club had ceased operations and no longer had any employees on payroll.
History
League
USL Pro Soccer League – inaugural season (2004)
The Harrisburg City Islanders were announced as a new professional soccer team on September 24, 2003 as a member USL Pro Soccer League’s Atlantic Division on the third tier of the American soccer pyramid. As the team prepared for its inaugural season, Bill Becher was named the first head coach of the club and forward David Bascome was signed as the first player. The City Islanders won their first match 5–2 on the road against the Northern Virginia Royals with Steve Fisher scoring the club's first ever goal.
The City Islanders were powerful contenders in the USL second division, finishing second the Atlantic Division and fifth overall in their inaugural season and qualifying for the playoffs. They were eliminated in the Atlantic Division Finals by the Pittsburgh Riverhounds.
USL Second Division and USL Pro (2005–2014)
The 2005 season saw the City Islanders continue to be contenders in the league, now organized in a single table as the USL Second Division (USL-2), finishing third in the table and qualifying for the playoffs. They were eliminated in the Atlantic Division Finals by the eventual champions, Charlotte Eagles. The season's success was recognized as Bill Becher was named USL-2 Coach of the Year, while Chad Severs was named Rookie of the Year who led the scoring with 13 goals and 5 assists.
In 2006, the club failed to reach the playoffs, but regained form in 2007. The City Islanders would win their first championship in USL Second Division Championship, defeating the Richmond Kickers on penalty kicks. Dustin Bixler was named the match's Most Valuable Player.
The City Islanders qualified for the playoffs in 2008 and 2009 but were unable to recapture the title. Danny Cepero played for Harrisburg on loan from the New York Red Bulls in 2008, and upon returning to New York, became the first goalkeeper in Major League Soccer history to score from open play. In 2009, Ty Shipalane became the second City Islander to win Rookie of the Year and became the first City Islander to jump directly to Major League Soccer after signing with D.C. United at the conclusion of the season.
The 2010 season would be the second time in the club's history missing the playoffs. On March 1, 2010, the City Islanders entered into an agreement to become the official USL affiliate of Major League Soccer's Philadelphia Union. The affiliation would soon have City Islanders defender, Sheanon Williams sign with the Union and become an immediate insertion in the first tier club's starting eleven.
The 2011 season saw the USL Second Division be reorganized into the USL Pro with Harrisburg competing in the National Division. The City Islanders won the USL Pro National Division title over the Rochester Rhinos advancing to the first USL Pro final against the newly formed, and regular-season champion, Orlando City. Similar to the last championship appearance, the City Islanders would play to a draw (2–2) in regulation time, only this time falling on penalty kicks 3–2.
The City Islanders would have successful seasons in 2012 and 2013, but would earn a spot in the USL Pro final during the 2014 season after a dark horse run through the playoffs, having finished in the last remaining qualifier spot. The final was, again, played at a newly formed club, and regular-season champion, Sacramento Republic FC. Sacramento would win the title 2–0, with Harrisburg earning their second runner-up in four seasons.
USL and rebrand (2015–2018)
Undergoing massive expansion and vying for second division status in the American soccer pyramid, the USL Pro was rebranded as simply "USL." The re-branding and additional teams intended to increase the quality of play and infrastructure throughout the league, as well as provide better player development in cooperation with Major League Soccer. Since the league restructured, the City Islanders have struggled to keep pace, missing out on the playoffs for both the 2015 and 2016 seasons.
On January 5, 2017, the United States Soccer Federation granted USL provisional Division II status; making the 2017 season the first time the City Islanders would compete as a Division II team. Shortly before the 2017 season, George Altirs was announced as new majority owner of the club so as to "stay in Harrisburg and build an international developmental base that is unique and exciting." As majority owner, Altirs "will oversee the technical side of the club, including player and staff selections, transfers, and outside, non-local partnerships for the Harrisburg City Islanders." The ownership addition was intended to allow the City Islanders to keep pace with the growth of the USL.
On November 15, 2017, it was announced that the City Islanders would be rebranded as Penn FC starting with the 2018 season. The rebrand was announced as a focus on player and product development, situating the team as the top of a development pyramid for the existing Rush Soccer program. The rebranding saw wholesale changes with the team's personnel, retaining only five players from the 2017 roster. Bill Becher was appointed technical director, leaving his role as the club's first and only head coach. In February 2017, Raoul Voss was announced as the first head coach for Penn FC. Ahead of the 2018 season, Penn FC made some key signings including the return of former City Islander standouts Ken Tribbett and Lucky Mkosana, and forward Tommy Heinemann.
Penn FC's inaugural season started off with mixed results, going 6-4-7 through their first 17 matches. Conflicts with baseball operations and schedule at FNB Field required the team to have an to have long away stints until a final 9-match home stand. The team's poor away form mid-season carried into the home-stand with Penn FC going 1-2-6 in their remaining 9 matches. The team finished 13th in the Eastern Conference, their lowest position since joining the USL.
Hiatus and Ceasing Operations
Prior to the conclusion to the 2018 season, the Penn FC officially announced the team would be on hiatus for the 2019 season and return play in 2020 as part of the newly formed USL League One in the third tier of American soccer. After months of speculation, there had been minimal announcements regarding the team's preparations for entering League One. In December 2019, during the USL Winter Meetings, reports noted that the club had ceased operations and no longer had any employees on payroll after 16 years of professional soccer.
U.S. Open Cup
Penn FC also competes in the U.S. Open Cup, where they developed a reputation as "giant killers" for defeating several teams from Major League Soccer. Harrisburg boasts an overall record of 12–5–3 in the competition, including a perfect 5–0 mark against teams from the Premier Development League and 5–6 record against MLS clubs. The City Islanders first competed in the U.S. Open Cup in 2007, defeating two amateur squads before upsetting D.C. United 1–0 to reach the quarterfinals. They subsequently lost to the New England Revolution 1–2, but in 2009 exacted revenge by beating the Revolution 2–1 before losing to D.C. United 1–2 in the quarterfinals. The City Islanders repeated the feat in 2010, knocking off Major League Soccer's New York Red Bulls 1–0 in the round of 16 and claiming a cash prize for advancing furthest of any USL Pro team in the tournament. The City Islanders again dispatched the New England Revolution in the 2012 edition of the U.S. Open Cup, prevailing on penalty kicks after a 3–3 draw in the round of 32. Harrisburg next defeated the Red Bulls 3–1 to advance to the quarterfinals, where they lost to the Philadelphia Union by a 5–2 scoreline. In 2012, the City Islanders again won the cash prize for advancing further than any USL Pro team in the tournament by virtue of a tie-breaker.
Friendlies
The City Islanders hosted several exhibition matches, or friendlies, against international and top-flight competition. A partnership with D.C. United of Major League Soccer created the "Clash of the Capitals," annual matches between the two capital cities held in 2005–06. In the inaugural edition of the competition in 2005, D.C. United won 1–0 in front of over 4,000 fans at the Skyline Sports Complex. The following year's matchup was staged at Cumberland Valley High School, where 5,133 fans turned out to witness Freddy Adu and United prevail 2–1. That same year included the City Islanders' first international exhibition, as the club defeated Jamaica's Village United F.C. 5–1 at Hersheypark Stadium.
In 2009, the City Islanders played Crystal Palace F.C. of the Football League Championship, England's second division, at Lancaster's Clipper Magazine Stadium. A crowd of 5,099 witnessed the match, a 3–1 Crystal Palace win that included goals by Palace stars Darren Ambrose, Neil Danns, and Freddie Sears. Brandon Swartzendruber scored the lone goal for the City Islanders.
Affiliation with Philadelphia Union
On March 1, 2010, the City Islanders entered into an agreement to become the official USL affiliate of Major League Soccer's Philadelphia Union. As part of their affiliation, the City Islanders host annual friendly matches against the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. As of the 2014 season, the Islanders have only won one match against their top flight affiliate.
In 2010, the teams played to a 1–1 draw, with Danny Mwanga giving the Union a lead in the 30th minute before an own goal allowed Harrisburg to equalize a minute later. J.T. Noone appeared for both clubs in the match, playing the first half for the City Islanders before switching jerseys and completing the second half for Philadelphia.
The Union prevailed in the 2011 edition by a 5–3 scoreline. The City Islanders carried a 2–0 lead into halftime behind goals by Nelson Becerra and Andrew Welker, but heavy substitutions allowed the Union to demonstrate their superior depth, and they scored five times in thirty minutes before Jose Angulo pegged one back.
With both teams fielding numerous reserves, the City Islanders won the 2012 rematch, which was played at Hersheypark Stadium. Jorge Perlaza and Kai Herdling scored for the Union, while a brace by Garret Pettis and goal by Yann Ekra carried the USL-PRO outfit to the 3–2 victory.
After five years of cooperation, it was announced on August 19, 2015 that the affiliation would dissolve at the conclusion of the 2015 season as the Union would develop their own USL team, Bethlehem Steel FC, in the Lehigh Valley starting in 2016. The final friendly between the two teams as affiliates took place in Lancaster, Pennsylvania in front of a record crowd of 6,546 attendees. The Union won the match 3–1.
The table below summarizes the results of the annual contests between the Islanders and Union.
Colors and badge
The team's colors were blue and white. The logo can also be adorned with a gold star above it, representing the USL Championship the team won in 2007. The team has since issued two anniversary crests for their 10th and 12th seasons.
In 2016, the City Islanders alternatively dropped "Harrisburg" from the team's title in an attempt to increase the club's footprint in central Pennsylvania.
Stadium
For the first 12 seasons, the City Islanders competed at the Skyline Sports Complex. Since the 2016 season at FNB Field on City Island in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The stadium has a capacity of 6,187 spectators. The City Islanders also compete at Clipper Magazine Stadium in Lancaster, Pennsylvania which serves as an alternate home ground during the 2016 season.
Stadium expansion/upgrade
Recognizing the need to modernize the facilities with the growth of the USL, in 2015 the parent company of the Harrisburg City Islanders, the Harrisburg Capital Soccer, Inc. have begun applying for grant funding to facilitate upgrades to the existing complex. The proposed upgrades were anticipated to include increasing capacity to 5,000 seats, dedicated VIP areas, entrance plaza, upgraded concessions, restrooms, indoor locker rooms, state-of-the-art broadcasting booth, and a new scoreboard. New seating is intended to be an upgrade from existing bleachers with a mix of individual bucket seats, ten luxury suites, a VIP deck with seating, and bleacher seats with back supports. This expansion is intended to meet the minimum capacity required by the USSF for a league to compete as Division 2 in the American soccer pyramid.
Relocation to FNB Field
The 2016 season marked the City Islanders transition from Skyline Sports Complex to FNB Field on City Island in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The transition was a result of the collaboration with the current tenants, the Harrisburg Senators, and to keep pace with the stadium standards being implemented by the USL. The team would also share home matches with Clipper Magazine Stadium in Lancaster, Pennsylvania as an effort to expand the Islanders fanbase throughout south central Pennsylvania. From the 2017 season, the Penn FC plays all of their home matches at FNB Field to focus on the Harrisburg area.
When Penn FC announced their hiatus for the 2019 season, the decision was largely cited as looking for a more permanent stadium solution. Sharing FNB Field with the Harrisburg Senators proved to be difficult with scheduling and poor playing conditions because of the transitions between soccer and baseball fields.
Youth development
As the City Islanders, The City Islanders Academy system fielded both boys and girls teams U-9 through U-17, and U20 and U23 adult men's teams. The club also fielded teams that competed in the Super-20 League, a league for players 17 to 20 years of age, operated by the United Soccer Leagues. The academy has also established partnerships with 17 youth soccer clubs across Central Pennsylvania.
The re-branding of the club to Penn FC has also begun the club's partnership with Rush Soccer, an established youth academy system based in Littleton, Colorado representing over 32,000 youth soccer players from 85 clubs around the world. The goal of the partnership was to provide the academy with a professional team to be at the pinnacle of the Rush Soccer development program, drawing from large player pools and international affiliations. Rush soccer became a pioneer by reverse-engineering the pathway from youth soccer to the professional level.
Supporters groups
As the City Islanders, two supporters groups had formed: the City Island Hecklers (founded by "Them Hecklerz"), and the Sons of the Susquehanna (founded by Tyler Knupp, Kris Ortega, Ian Goldinger, and Raymond Stellhorn former Cedar Cliff High School Students). The two groups would position themselves behind opposing goals on matchdays. During the City Islanders affiliation with the Philadelphia Union, members of the Sons of Ben (supporters of the Philadelphia Union) also provided support.
Capital City Crew
Ahead of the 2017 season, the newly formed Capital City Crew became the recognized supporters group of the team.
Broadcasting and media coverage
Most Penn FC home matches were broadcast live on Invica, with tape delay feeds on ABC 27 Weather Channel, Comcast channel 245 and Verizon Fios channel 462. Additionally, many road games were broadcast through USLLive. Michael Bullock covers the team for the Patriot-News, while Derek Meluzio provides commentary and videos from his Upper 90 blog. The column "Confessions of a Soccer Nobody" appears regularly in the Sports' Burger, offering additional coverage and insight.
As of the 2014 season, USL began regularly broadcasting all league matches on the USL YouTube channel. Home match broadcasting is provided live by Inivca where play-by-play announcing covered by Brian Keyser with color commentary by Charlie Gerow.
Sponsorship
Staff
Referenced from HCI coaching staff and front office.
1Bill Becher appointed general manager in February 2016.
2Tim Schulz, Rush Soccer President & CEO, appointed general manager in January 2018.
Notable former players
Head coaches
Figures correct . Includes all competitive matches
Honors
United Soccer Leagues Champions
Winners: 2007
Finalists: 2011, 2014
Individual Achievements
The following detail individual achievements earn by Penn FC players over the club's history.
United Soccer Leagues Coach of the Year
2005: Bill Becher
USL Rookie of the Year
2005: Chad Severs
2009: Ty Shipalane
USL Championship MVP
2007: Dustin Bixler
USL All-League First Team
2005: Shane Crawford, Sumed Ibrahim
2007: Matt Nelson, Mike Lookingland, Mo Oduor, Brian Ombiji
2009: Dustin Bixler, Ty Shipalane
2010: Dustin Bixler
2013: Sainey Touray
USL All-League Second Team
2005: David Schofield, Chad Severs
2008: Dustin Bixler
2009: Chase Harrison, Chad Severs
2010: Anthony Calvano, Jason Pelletier
2011: José Angulo
2012: Luckymore Mkosana
2013: Luckymore Mkosana, Nick Noble
2014: Matt Bahner
2016: Jose Barril
Record
Year-by-year
Referenced from Harrisburg City Islanders club history.
Keystone Derby
Although they had been rivals and competed against each other in previous seasons, the inaugural Keystone Derby was officially contested between Penn FC and the Pittsburgh Riverhounds in 2015. Pittsburgh went on to win the cup in the first edition of the tournament in a series that saw 28 goals through four matches. The City Islanders would claim their first derby title in 2016.
Key
Won
Lost
References
External links
City Islanders
Soccer clubs in Pennsylvania
Association football clubs established in 2003
Association football clubs disestablished in 2019
Former USL Championship teams
USL Second Division teams
USL League One teams
2003 establishments in Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Union
Rush Soccer |
10719504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Virginia%20Civil%20War%20units | List of Virginia Civil War units | Virginia provided the following units to the Virginia Militia and the Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS) during the American Civil War. Despite the state's secession from the Union it would supply them with third most troops from a Southern state (next to Tennessee and North Carolina) along with the newly created West Virginia totaling at 22,000. Also listed are the units of Virginian origin in the service of the Union Army.
Infantry units (PACS)
Infantry brigades
1st Virginia Brigade (Stonewall Brigade)
2nd Virginia Brigade
3rd Virginia Brigade
Wise Legion
Infantry regiments
Infantry battalions
Cavalry units (PACS)
Cavalry brigades
1st (Stuart's) Virginia Cavalry Brigade
2nd Virginia Cavalry Brigade
3rd (Wickham's) Virginia Cavalry Brigade
4th Virginia Cavalry Brigade (Laurel Brigade)
Cavalry regiments
Cavalry battalions, companies, and mounted rifle guards
Irregular units
Artillery units (PACS)
Artillery regiments
1st Regiment, Virginia Artillery
1st Regiment, Virginia Light Artillery (Pendleton's)
2nd Regiment, Virginia Artillery
5th Regiment, Virginia Artillery
Artillery battalions
1st Battalion (Hardaway's, Moseley's)
4th Battalion, Virginia Heavy Artillery
7th Battalion, Virginia Heavy Artillery
10th Battalion, Virginia Heavy Artillery (Allen's)
12th Battalion, Virginia Light Artillery
13th Battalion, Virginia Light Artillery
16th Battalion, Virginia Heavy Artillery
18th Battalion, Virginia Light Artillery
18th Battalion, Virginia Heavy Artillery
19th Battalion, Virginia Heavy Artillery (Atkinson's)
20th Battalion, Virginia Heavy Artillery
38th Battalion, Virginia Light Artillery (Read's)
Light artillery batteries
Stafford Light Artillery
Heavy artillery batteries
Bayley's Battery (Virginia Heavy Artillery)
Bethel Artillery (Coffin's)
Botetourt Artillery (Bowyer's)
Campbell Battery (Patterson's)
Coleman's Battery (Neblett's)
Halifax Artillery (Wright's)
Johnston Artillery (Epes')
Kyle's Battery
Lunenberg Artillery (Allen's)
Marion Artillery (Wilkinson's)
Pamunkey Artillery (A.J. Jones')
Horse artillery
1st Stuart's Horse Artillery (Pelham's)
2nd Stuart's Light Horse Artillery
Callahan's Horse Artillery
Chew's Battery
Moorman's/Shoemaker's Battery
Petersburg Artillery
Virginia State units
Virginia State Line
1st Regiment, Virginia State Line
2nd Regiment, Virginia State Line
3rd Regiment, Virginia State Line
4th Regiment, Virginia State Line
5th Regiment, Virginia State Line
Virginia militia regiments
Virginia local defense battalions
1st Battalion, Virginia Cavalry, Local Defense (Browne's)
1st Battalion, Virginia Infantry, Local Defense (Ordnance Battalion)
2nd Battalion, Virginia Infantry, Local Defense (Waller's/Quartermaster Battalion)
3rd Battalion, Virginia Infantry, Local Defense (Departmental)
4th Battalion, Virginia Infantry, Local Defense (Naval/Navy Department Battalion)
5th Battalion, Virginia Infantry, Local Defense (Arsenal Battalion)
6th Battalion, Virginia Infantry, Local Defense (Tredegar Battalion)
7th Battalion, Virginia Infantry, Local Defense (1st Nitre Battalion)
Union Virginia units
1st Regiment Loyal Eastern Virginia Volunteers
1st Regiment, Virginia Infantry
4th Virginia Infantry (later became 4th West Virginia Infantry)
5th Virginia Infantry (later became 5th West Virginia Infantry)
16th Regiment, Virginia Infantry
167th Regiment of Virginia Militia (originally a Confederate unit. Changed to Union after creation of the Restored Government of Virginia. Later became the 167th Regiment of West Virginia Militia)
Dameron's Independent Company, Virginia Volunteers
Loudoun Rangers
1st West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment (3 Month)
1st West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment (3 Year)
1st West Virginia Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment
2nd West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
2nd West Virginia Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment
3rd West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
4th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
5th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
6th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
7th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
8th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
9th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
10th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
11th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
12th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
13th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
14th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
15th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
16th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
17th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Independent Battalion West Virginia Infantry
1st Independent Company Loyal Virginians
1st West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
2nd West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
3rd West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
4th West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
5th West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
6th West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
7th West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
Battery "A" West Virginia Light Artillery
Battery "B" West Virginia Light Artillery
Battery "C" West Virginia Light Artillery
Battery "D" West Virginia Light Artillery
Battery "E" West Virginia Light Artillery
Battery "F" West Virginia Light Artillery
Battery "G" West Virginia Light Artillery
Battery "H" West Virginia Light Artillery
See also
Virginia in the Civil War
List of American Civil War regiments by state
Southern Unionists
United States Colored Troops
References
Armstrong, Richard L., Eleventh Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1989.
Alderman, John P., Twenty Ninth Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1989.
Ashcraft, John M., Thirty First Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1988.
Cavanaug, Michael A., Sixth Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1988.
Chapla, John D., Forty Eighth Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1989.
Davis, James A., 51st Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 2nd edition, 1984.
Delauter, Roger U., McNeill's Rangers (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1986.
Dickinson, Jack L., Eighth Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 2nd edition, 1986.
Driver, Robert J., The First and Second Rockbridge Artillery (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 2nd edition, 1987.
Hearn, Chet, The Civil War: Virginia. Salamander Books, Ltd., 2005.
Murphy, Terrence, Tenth Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1989.
O'Sullivan, Richard, Fifty Fifth Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1989.
Rankin, Thomas M., 37th Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1987.
Riggs, David F. Thirteenth Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1988.
Riggs, Susan A., Twenty First Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1991.
Ruffner, Kevin Conley, Forty Fourth Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1987.
Scott, J. L., Forty Fifth Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1989.
Sherwood, W. Cullen, The Nelson Artillery - Lamkin and Rives batteries (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1991.
Sublett, Charles W., 57th Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1986.
Trask, Benjamin H., 9th Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1984.
Trask, Benjamin H., Sixty First Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1988.
Wallace, Lee A, Jr., Fifth Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1988.
Wallace, Lee, The Richmond Howitzers (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1994.
Wallace, Lee A, Jr., Seventeenth Virginia Infantry (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1990.
Weaver, Jeffrey C., The Nottoway Artillery & Barr's Battery Virginia Light Artillery (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1994.
Weaver, Patti O., Reserves (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 2002.
West, P. Michael, 30th Battalion Virginia Sharpshooters (The Virginia regimental histories series). H. E. Howard, 1st edition, 1995.
Virginia in the American Civil War
Virginia |
31870592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie%20Tiede | Bernie Tiede | Bernhardt Tiede II (; born August 2, 1958) is an American mortician who was convicted of the November 19, 1996 murder of his companion, wealthy 81-year-old widow Marjorie "Marge" Nugent, in Carthage, Texas. He was 38 at the time of the murder.
These events are the subject of the critically acclaimed film Bernie (2011), a dark comedy directed by Richard Linklater and starring Jack Black as Tiede. The film attracted attention to Tiede's case, and new evidence was discovered. He was temporarily released on bail in 2014, pending a resentencing hearing. Despite the new evidence, Tiede was sentenced to 99 years to life.
His case is also featured on the Season 3, Episode 7, titled "Millionairess Mortician", from the show Deadly Sins.
Family and early life
Bernie Tiede is the son of Bernhardt Tiede (1912–1973), a native of Olegnow, Volyn Oblast, Ukraine. Of German descent, Tiede had immigrated in 1926 as a child with his family to the United States. The elder Tiede had served as a professor of music and choral director at Our Lady of the Lake College in San Antonio, Texas (1946–1948), at Southern Methodist University (SMU) in Dallas (1948–1957), at Kilgore College in Kilgore (1957–1968), and then McMurry College in Abilene, where he served as director of the McMurry Chanters until his death. In addition to his work as a university professor, the elder Tiede also served as church music director and as a vocal performer. Bernie Tiede's mother was his father's first wife, Lela Mae Jester (1933–1960). They married in 1957, and Bernie was born in the next year in Abilene. Jester was killed in an automobile accident when Bernie was two years old. Tiede’s father, who never forgave himself, started drinking frequently.
In 1963, Tiede's father married Clara Kathryn Wiley (b. 1938), who became his stepmother. His father died in Abilene when Tiede was fifteen. Tiede graduated from Cooper High School in 1976. He became a mortician, working in Carthage as assistant director of the Hawthorn Funeral Home. He was very popular in the town.
Marjorie Nugent
Tiede met the wealthy widow, Marjorie Nugent, in March 1990 at her husband's funeral, which Tiede had helped arrange as assistant director at Hawthorn Funeral Home. The two eventually became inseparable companions, although she was more than 40 years his senior. In 1991, Nugent altered her will, and disinherited her only child, Rod Nugent, leaving her entire $10 million estate to Tiede. By 1993, Bernie left his job to work for Nugent full time as her business manager and travel companion.
In November 1996, Tiede killed Nugent by shooting her in the back four times with a .22 caliber rifle. He placed her body in a freezer used to store food at her Carthage home. According to the Amarillo Globe-News, Nugent's estranged son, Rod, an Amarillo pathologist, had grown concerned about not being able to reach his mother. After traveling to Panola County nine months following her death, Rod declared Nugent a missing person. He and his daughter entered his mother's house, where they found her body in the freezer.
Tiede was taken in for questioning, and he admitted to Nugent's murder to police in August 1997. He said that after the murder, he had prepared the body, and placed it in a freezer. After this, Tiede acknowledged using Nugent's money for civic activities, gifts to academic and civic groups, and to friends. She had given him power of attorney over her funds. A jury convicted Tiede of first-degree murder, and sentenced him to 50 years in prison. When he appealed his sentence, the appellate courts ruled that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to have found premeditation, a condition of the charge.
After the film Bernie (2011) was released, attorney Jodi Cole became interested in Tiede's case and met with him, filing a post-conviction writ of habeas corpus, in which Tiede alleged that his constitutional rights were violated in the first trial because of newly discovered evidence. He further alleged in the writ that the 81-year-old Nugent was controlling and emotionally abusive toward him, and that he had murdered her in a dissociative state resulting from years of sexual abuse as a child by an uncle. The Texas Criminal Courts of Appeal approved the writ. According to Rod, Tiede had alienated Nugent from her family, friends, and business associates of her late husband. He told the Globe-News: “It appears this Bernie Tiede kind of systematically estranged my mother from all these people one at a time ... At some point, they became angry with my mother.”
When interviewed, Panola County District Attorney Danny "Buck" Davidson said that the town of Carthage was “split up” in regards to their opinion of Tiede. Davidson recounted to the Longview News-Journal, “People remember [Tiede] as being real nice and doing nice things, and they'd like my office to go real easy on him. And then, there's a group that wants no mercy.”
At the resentencing trial, Tiede was sentenced to life in prison. Rod filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Tiede, claiming he had embezzled more than $3 million from his mother.
Imprisonment and release
Shortly after entering the Texas Department of Criminal Justice in 1999, Tiede was attacked by fellow inmates. During his imprisonment, he was described by a prison official as “a model prisoner.” He taught health classes and participated in the prison's choir. Until May 2014, he was serving a life sentence.
In May 2014, Davidson and a visiting Judge Diane DeVasto of Tyler allowed Tiede to be released from prison that month on $10,000 bail, after his attorney, Jodi Cole, had learned that Tiede had been sexually abused as a child for multiple years by an uncle. Cole theorized that Tiede shot Nugent while in a brief dissociative episode brought on by her abusive treatment of him, a theory backed by forensic psychiatrist Richard Pesikoff. It has also been suggested that Tiede's handwritten confession (a major factor in the murder being considered first-degree) was strongly influenced by the prosecution's threats of leaking private videotapes of Tiede. When presented with the new evidence, Davidson agreed that, had he known this information in the original trial, he would have sought a lighter sentence.
Nugent's family learned about Tiede's release through media reports. Her granddaughter expressed shock that the release was granted, and claimed that Richard Linklater's 2011 film Bernie had influenced the legal system. The Nugent family created a website to honor Nugent's memory, posting photos of her and articles relating to her murder.
Between the time of his release in 2014 and his resentencing hearing in April 2016, Tiede resided in Austin, Texas, at the garage apartment of filmmaker Richard Linklater, who had offered to assist him; this was a condition of his release.
Resentencing hearing
The resentencing trial began on April 6, 2016. During the resentencing trial, Marjorie's granddaughter, Shanna Nugent, spoke directly to Bernie, and stated, “You are nothing to me.” Shanna and her father, Rod Nugent, both asserted that Marjorie was a kind woman on good terms with her family (in contrast to the portrayal in the film), whom Tiede conned in order to spend her fortune without her knowledge.
Other witnesses' testimonies differed. For instance, Gregg County Commissioner Darryl Primo testified that in a conversation he had with Marjorie between 1991 and 1996, she spoke favorably of Bernie's spending, as she proclaimed, “I’ll spend every dime [of my money] before I leave it to my family.” Merrell Rhodes, the victim's sister, recalled of Marjorie, “I was always afraid of her... I never forgot that she was my sister... I always loved her as a sister, actually, even when she did ugly things, and she did.” Merrel's son, Joe Rhodes, attested to the movie's accurate portrayal of his aunt. He noted several acts of his aunt's abusive behavior toward him in The New York Times article titled “How My Aunt Marge Ended Up in the Deep Freeze.”
On April 22, 2016, the jury of ten women and two men issued a new sentence of 99 years to life for Tiede. After three weeks of testimony, they had deliberated for just over four hours.
Appeal and incarceration status
A week after his resentencing, his lawyers filed an appeal to the court's decision. In June 2016, the 1997 theft charge against Tiede was dropped. In August 2017, a Texas appeals court upheld the 99-year prison sentence.
Tiede was the subject of the 48 Hours episode titled “The Mortician, the Murder, the Movie,” which discussed his crime, as well as his brief re-entry to society and subsequent resentencing.
Tiede resided in the Telford Unit of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for at least 15 years. , Tiede was incarcerated at the John B. Connally Unit of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice in Kenedy, Texas, for several years. He currently resides at the Estelle Unit. He is not eligible for parole until August 3, 2029, which is the day after his 71st birthday.
References
Footnotes
http://www.mystatesman.com/news/news/local/bernie-tiede-appeal-hinges-on-new-abuse-claim/ngWCC/
http://marjorienugent.com/content/nugent-family-files-full-brief-opposing-bernie-tiedes-release
https://web.archive.org/web/20141129034531/http://www.cbs19.tv/story/27147808/nugent-family-releases-checks-allegedly-forged-by-bernie-tiede-argues-they-are-evidence-of-motive-in-murder
http://www.dallasnews.com/news/state/headlines/20141030-bernie-victims-family-wants-killer-back-in-prison.ece
http://dallasmorningviewsblog.dallasnews.com/2014/11/financial-documents-show-the-extent-of-bernie-tiedes-criminal-behavior-before-he-murdered.html/
https://web.archive.org/web/20141117184614/http://www.cbs19.tv/story/27390720/nugent-family-reveals-full-scope-of-bernie-tiedes-alleged-scam
http://marjorienugent.com/content/nugent-family-files-full-brief-opposing-bernie-tiedes-release
https://www.shutterbulky.com/bernie-tiede-story/
External links
1958 births
Living people
American people convicted of murder
American people of German-Russian descent
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Texas
American funeral directors
People from Carthage, Texas
People convicted of murder by Texas
People from Abilene, Texas |
28517410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20cross-dressing | History of cross-dressing | This article details the history of cross-dressing, the act of wearing the clothes of the sex or gender one does not identify with.
Background
Patriarchy is a social system in which men hold the primary power over women and their families in regards to the tradition, law, division of labor, and education women can take part in. Women used cross-dressing to pass as men in order to live adventurous lives outside of the home, which were unlikely to occur while living as women. Women who engaged in cross-dressing in earlier centuries were lower-class women who would gain access to economic independence as well as freedom to travel, without much risk of losing what they had. The practice of women dressing as men was generally viewed more positively as compared to men dressing as women. Altenburger states that female-to-male cross-dressing entailed a movement forward in terms of social status, power, and freedom whereas men who cross-dressed were ridiculed or otherwise viewed negatively. Some people also alleged that men would cross-dress to gain access around women for their own sexual desire. The LGBTQ community would use cross dressing as a means of "being able to find acceptance within the dominant culture." This idea was raised during the late 1900s, but throughout history, including early Christianity, there are accounts of saints cross-dressing as a means of protection, expression and necessity to stand in line in the social order. They take on a name that would accurately represent who they identified as and how they wanted to stand in the social order.
In Christian history and religion
Kristi Upson-Saia discusses how the early church reacted and dealt with the accusations and proof of saints cross-dressing. According to Upson-Saia, the church's response to these incidents varied depending on the social and political backdrop of the period. In other cases, the church used the saints' cross-dressing to promote traditional gender standards and its own authority over problems of gender and sexuality. In other situations, the church may have accepted the saints' cross-dressing as proof of their spiritual purity and dedication. Upson-Saia also observes that the church's stance to cross-dressing was not always uniform across time and region. Some cross-dressing saints, for example, were honored in some parts of the world but reviled in others. Furthermore, the church's reaction to cross-dressing may have been impacted by other factors such as the saint's social rank, their role in the church, and the political context of the time.
Tertullian, a Christian theologian, shames women who would refuse to wear their veil in public, which is an example of cross-dressing and bending the gender norms during early Christianity. Tertullian contends that women who dress like males commit a sin because they violate God's natural order. He claims that God designed men and women to be unique and diverse, and that cross-dressing blurs these boundaries and distorts gender roles. He also claims that when women dress like males, they are "degrading themselves" and "diminishing their own femininity." He writes that when a woman dresses like a man, they are "laying aside the ornaments of their own sex, to assume those of the other." He says, when women do this, they decide on "changing their condition and deserting what is peculiar to themselves." According to Tertullian, this leads to "depravity of morals."
It was once considered taboo in Western society for women to wear clothing traditionally associated with men, except when done in certain circumstances such as cases of necessity (as per St. Thomas Aquinas's guidelines in Summa Theologiae II), which states: "Nevertheless this may be done sometimes without sin on account of some necessity, either in order to hide oneself from enemies, or through lack of other clothes, or for some similar motive." Cross-dressing is cited as an abomination in the Bible in the book of Deuteronomy (22:5), which states: "A woman must not wear men's clothing, nor a man wear women's clothing, for the Lord your God detests anyone who does this", but as Aquinas noted above this principle was interpreted to be based on context. Other people in the Middle Ages occasionally disputed its applicability; for instance, the 15th-century French poet Martin le Franc.
Historical figures
Historical figures have cross-dressed for various reasons across the centuries. For example, women have dressed as men in order to go to war, and men have dressed as women in order to avoid going to war. Many people have engaged in cross-dressing during wartime under various circumstances and for various motives. This has been especially true of women, whether while serving as a soldier in otherwise all-male armies, while protecting themselves or disguising their identity in dangerous circumstances, or for other purposes. Conversely, men would dress as women to avoid being drafted, the mythological precedent for this being Achilles hiding at the court of Lycomedes dressed as a girl to avoid participation in the Trojan War.
Several tales of the Desert Fathers speak of monks who were disguised women, and being discovered only when their bodies were prepared for burial. One such woman, Marina the Monk, died 508, accompanied her father to a monastery and adopted a monk's habit as a disguise. When falsely accused of getting a woman pregnant, she patiently bore the accusation rather than revealing her identity to clear her name, an action praised in medieval books of saints' lives as an example of humble forbearance.
In monarchies where the throne was inherited by male offspring, male descendants of deposed rulers were sometimes dressed as female so that they would be allowed to live. One example was the son of Korean Princess Gyeonghye, herself the daughter of a former king, who was dressed in female clothes in his early years to fool his great uncle into thinking he was not a male descendant of Munjong.
The legend of Pope Joan alleges that she was a promiscuous female pope who dressed like a man and reigned from 855 to 858. Modern historians regard her as a mythical figure who originated from 13th-century anti-papal satire.
In mythology
Greek
In punishment for his murder of Iphitus, Heracles/Hercules was given to Omphale as a slave. Many variants of this story say that she not only compelled him to do women's work, but compelled him to dress as a woman while her slave.
In Achilles on Skyros, Achilles was dressed in women's clothing by his mother Thetis at the court of Lycomedes, to hide him from Odysseus who wanted him to join the Trojan War.
Athena often goes to the aid of people in the guise of men in The Odyssey.
Tiresias was turned into a woman after angering the goddess Hera by killing a female snake that was coupling.
In the cult of Aphroditus, worshipers cross-dressed, men wore women's clothing and women dressed in men's clothing with false beards.
Norse
Thor dressed as Freyja to get Mjölnir back in Þrymskviða.
Odin dressed as a female healer as part of his efforts to seduce Rindr.
Hagbard in the legend of Hagbard and Signy (the Romeo and Juliet of the Vikings).
Frotho I dressed as a shieldmaiden in one of his eastern campaigns.
Hervor from the Hervarar saga. When Hervor learnt that her father had been the infamous Swedish berserker Angantyr, she dressed as a man, called herself Hjörvard and lived for a long time as a Viking.
Hindu
The Mahabharata: In the Agnyatbaas ("exile") period of one year imposed upon the Pandavas, in which they had to keep their identities secret to avoid detection, Arjuna cross-dressed as Brihannala and became a dance teacher.
The goddess Bahuchara Mata: In one legend, Bapiya was cursed by her and he became impotent. The curse was lifted only when he worshiped her by dressing and acting like a woman.
Devotees of the god Krishna: Some male devotees of the god Krishna, specifically a sect called the sakhi bekhi, dress in female attire as an act of devotion. Krishna and his consort Radha had cross-dressed in each other's clothing. Krishna is also said to have dressed as a gopi and a kinnari goddess.
In folklore
Ballads have many cross-dressing heroines. While some (The Famous Flower of Serving-Men) merely need to move about freely, many do it specifically in pursuit of a lover (Rose Red and the White Lily or Child Waters) and consequently pregnancy often complicates the disguise. In the Chinese poem the Ballad of Mulan, Hua Mulan disguised herself as a man to take her elderly father's place in the army.
Occasionally, men in ballads also disguise themselves as women, but not only is it rarer, the men dress so for less time, because they are merely trying to elude an enemy by the disguise, as in Brown Robin, The Duke of Athole's Nurse, or Robin Hood and the Bishop. According to Gude Wallace, William Wallace disguised himself as a woman to escape capture, which may have been based on historical information.
Fairy tales seldom feature cross-dressing, but an occasional heroine needs to move freely as a man, as in the German The Twelve Huntsmen, the Scottish The Tale of the Hoodie, or the Russian The Lute Player. Madame d'Aulnoy included such a woman in her literary fairy tale, Belle-Belle ou Le Chevalier Fortuné.
In festivals
In the cities Techiman and Wenchi (both Ghana) men dress as women – and vice versa – during the annual Apoo festival (April/May).
In literature
Cross-dressing as a literary motif is well attested in older literature but is becoming increasingly popular in modern literature as well. It is often associated with character nonconformity and sexuality rather than gender identity.
On stage and on the screen
Many societies prohibited women from performing on stage, so boys and men took the female roles. In the ancient Greek theatre men played females, as they did in English Renaissance theatre and continue to do in Japanese kabuki theatre (see onnagata). Chinese opera was traditionally all-male, which led to the ride of female-led yue or Shaoxing opera.
Cross-dressing in motion pictures began in the early days of the silent films. Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel brought the tradition of female impersonation in the English music halls when they came to America with Fred Karno's comedy troupe in 1910. Both Chaplin and Laurel occasionally dressed as women in their films. Even the beefy American actor Wallace Beery appeared in a series of silent films as a Swedish woman. The Three Stooges, especially Curly (Jerry Howard), sometimes appeared in drag in their short films. The tradition has continued for many years, usually played for laughs. Only in recent decades have there been dramatic films in which cross-dressing was included, possibly because of strict censorship of American films until the mid-1960s.
Cross-gender acting, on the other hand, refers to actors or actresses portraying a character of the opposite gender.
In music
By country
Spain and Latin America
Catalina de Erauso (1592–1650), known as la monja alférez "the Nun Lieutenant", was a Spanish woman who, after being forced to enter a convent, escaped from it disguised as a man, fled to America and enrolled herself in the Spanish army under the false name of Alonso Díaz Ramírez de Guzmán. She served under several captains, including her own brother, and was never discovered. She was said to behave as an extremely bold soldier, although she had a successful career, reaching the rank of alférez (lieutenant) and becoming quite well known in the Americas. After a fight in which she killed a man, she was severely injured, and fearing her end, she confessed her true sex to a bishop. She nonetheless survived, and there was a huge scandal afterwards, especially since as a man she had become quite famous in the Americas, and because nobody had ever suspected anything about her true sex. Nevertheless, thanks to the scandal and her fame as a brave soldier, she became a celebrity. She went back to Spain, and was even granted a special dispensation by the pope to wear men's clothes. She started using the male name of Antonio de Erauso, and went back to the America, where she served in the army till her death in 1650.
There was a complex and visible culture of homosexuals and cross-dressers that extended in all the social classes of Buenos Aires during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of the first historical records of gay life in Buenos Aires were the criminal careers of several crossdressing swindlers, who were profiled by hygienists. A 1912 article published by Fray Mocho reported that this gang of crossdressing criminals made up of about three thousand men, which represented about 0.5 percent of the male population of Buenos Aires at that time. According to several testimonies, clandestine cross dressing balls were very popular among middle and upper class gay men in Buenos in the early-to-mid 20th century.
In several Latin American countries, the local term for "cross-dresser" (travesti) was established over the years as a term to designate people who were assigned male at birth, but develop a gender identity according to different expressions of femininity; as the Western notions of "transgender" and "transsexual" had not yet been introduced to the region. Although of pejorative origin, many people continue to claim the travesti term as a gender identity that escapes the male-female binary.
Scandinavia
Ulrika Eleonora Stålhammar was a Swedish woman who served as a soldier during the Great Northern War and married a woman.
United States
The history of cross-dressing in the United States is quite complicated as the title of 'cross-dresser' has been historically been utilized as an umbrella term for varying identities such as cisgender people who dressed in the other gender's clothing, transgender people, and intersex people who dress in both genders' clothing. The term pops up in many arrest records for these identities as they are perceived to be a form of 'disguise' rather than a gender identity. For example, Harry Allen (1888-1922), born female under the name Nell Pickerell in the Pacific Northwest, was categorized as a 'male impersonator' who cross-dressed; he self-identified and lived full time as a man, fitting more closely with the term transgender which originated after Allen's lifetime.
Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, colonial governor of New York and New Jersey in the early 18th century is reported to have enjoyed going out wearing his wife's clothing, but this is disputed. Hyde was an unpopular figure, and rumors of his cross-dressing may have begun as an urban legend.
Because female enlistment was barred, many women fought for both the Union and the Confederacy during the American Civil War while dressed as men.
Other contemporary cross-dressing artists include J.S.G. Boggs.
The Gold Rush of 1849 led to a mass global migration of mainly male laborers to Northern California and the development of government backed economic interests in the Pacific Northwest region of the modern United States. The sudden explosive population increase resulted in a huge demand to import commodities including food, tools, sex, and entertainment, to these new male-oriented, homogeneous societies. As these societies evolved over the following decades, the growing demand for entertainment created a unique opportunity for male cross-dressers to perform. Cross-dressing was encouraged for entertainment purposes due to lack of women, yet the tolerance for the acts were limited to on-stage roles and did not extend to gender identities or same-sex desires. Julian Eltinge (1881-1941), a 'female impersonator' who performed in saloons in Montana as a kid and eventually made it to the Broadway stage, exemplifies this limited social acceptance for cross-dressing. His cross-dressing performances were celebrated by laborers who were starved for entertainment, yet his career was put at risk when he was exposed for exhibiting homosexual desires and behaviors.
Cross-dressing was not just reserved for men on stage. It also played a crucial role in the development of female involvement in the United States' industrial labor force. Many female-born workers dressed in men's clothing to secure a laborer's wage to provide for their families. Testimonial accounts from cross-dressing women who had been arrested reflect that many chose to identify as male due to financial incentives, even though basic cross-dressing had been deemed immoral and could lead to legal consequences. Women also chose to cross-dress because they feared they might become victims of physical harm while traveling alone across long distances.
San Francisco, California, was one of approximately 45 cities to have criminalized cross-dressing by framing the act as a form of immoral sexual perversion. The law was enforced by arrest; in one case, doctor Hjelmar von Danneville was arrested in 1925, though she later negotiated with the city to obtain a permit to dress in masculine clothing.
The ban against transvestism in the United States military dates back to 1961.
US laws against crossdressing
The birth of anti-cross-dressing laws (also known as masquerade laws and the three-article rule) stemmed from the increase in non-traditional gender expression during the spread of Americas frontier, and the will to reinforce the two-gender system which was threatened by those who deviated from it. Some of the earlier cases of US arrests made due to cross-dressing are seen in 19th century Ohio. In 1849, Ohio passed a law which prohibited its citizens from publicly presenting themselves "in a dress not belonging to his or her sex", and before WWI, 45 cities in the US went on to pass anti-cross-dressing laws. These cities were noticeably focused in the West, however across America many cities and states passed laws outlawing things such as public indecency or appearing in public under a disguise - effectively encompassing cross-dressing without mentioning sex or gender. The laws which did this often did not lend to an easy prosecution on the grounds of cross-dressing, because they were designed to prohibit presenting in disguise in order to commit a criminal offense. Because of this, the laws mainly served the purpose of allowing police to harass cross-dressers.
There is significant documentation of the origins of these laws in San Francisco. The city passed its anti-cross-dressing law in 1863
, and the specific criminalization of one publicly presenting "in a dress not belonging to his or her sex" was included in a wider law which criminalized general public indecency such as nudity. This conflation of cross-dressing with acts such as prostitution was not unintentional, as many prostitutes at the time used cross-dressing to signify their availability. This association between the two furthered the perception of cross-dressing as a perversion, and the law was effectively "one of the city's very first "good morals and decency" laws".
Throughout time, anti-cross-dressing laws became difficult to apply, as the definitions of feminine and masculine presentation grew more obscure. After the Stonewall riots of 1969, cross-dressing arrests decreased and became much less common.
France
As the Hundred Years' War developed in the late Middle Ages, cross dressing was a way for French women to join the cause against England. Joan of Arc was a 15th-century French peasant girl who joined French armies against English forces fighting in France during the latter part of the Hundred Years' War. She is a French national heroine and a Catholic saint. After being captured by the English, she was burned at the stake upon being convicted by a pro-English religious court, with the act of dressing in male (soldiers') clothing being cited as one of the principal reasons for her execution. A number of eyewitnesses, however, later explained that she had said she wore soldiers' clothing in prison (consisting of hosen and long hip-boots attached to the doublet with twenty fasteners) because this made it more difficult for her guards to pull her clothing off during rape attempts. She was, however, burned alive in a long white gown.
In the seventeenth century, France underwent a financially driven social conflict, the Fronde.
At this period, women disguised themselves as men and enlisted in the army, sometimes with their male family members. Cross dressing also became a more common strategy for women to conceal their gender as they traveled, granting a safer and more efficient route. The practice of cross dressing was present more in literary works than in real life situations, despite its effective concealing properties.
Charles-Geneviève-Louis-Auguste-André-Timothée Éon de Beaumont (1728–1810), usually known as the Chevalier d'Eon, was a French diplomat and soldier who lived the first half of his life as a man and the second half as a woman. In 1771 he stated that physically he was not a man, but a woman, having been brought up as a man only. From then on she lived as a woman. On her death it was discovered that her body was anatomically male.
George Sand is the pseudonym of Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin, an early 19th-century novelist who preferred to wear men's clothing exclusively. In her autobiography, she explains in length the various aspects of how she experienced cross-dressing.
Rrose Sélavy, the feminine alter-ego of artist Marcel Duchamp, remains one of the most complex and pervasive pieces in the enigmatic puzzle of the artist's oeuvre. She first emerged in portraits made by the photographer Man Ray in New York in the early 1920s, when Duchamp and Man Ray were collaborating on a number of conceptual photographic works. Rrose Sélavy lived on as the person to whom Duchamp attributed specific works of art, Readymades, puns, and writings throughout his career. By creating for himself this female persona whose attributes are beauty and eroticism, he deliberately and characteristically complicated the understanding of his ideas and motives.
England, Scotland, and Ireland
In medieval England, cross dressing was normal practice in the theatre, used by men and young boys dressing and playing both roles of male and female. During early modern London, religious authorities were against cross-dressing in theater due to it disregarding social conduct and causing gender confusion.
Later, during the eighteenth century in London, crossdressing became a part of the club culture. Crossdressing took a part in men's only clubs where men would meet at these clubs dressed as women and drink. One of the most well known clubs for men to do this was known as the Molly Club or Molly House.
Anne Bonny and Mary Read were 18th-century pirates. Bonny in particular gained significant notoriety, but both were eventually captured. Unlike the rest of the male crew, Bonny and Read were not immediately executed because Read was pregnant and Bonny stated that she was as well. Charles Edward Stuart dressed as Flora MacDonald's maid servant, Betty Burke, to escape the Battle of Culloden for the island of Skye in 1746. Mary Hamilton dressed as a man to learn medicine and later married a woman in 1746. It was also alleged that she had married and abandoned many others, for either financial gain or for sexual gratification. She was convicted of fraud for misrepresenting herself as a man to her bride. Ann Mills fought as a dragoon in 1740. Hannah Snell served as a man in the Royal Marines 1747–1750, being wounded 11 times, and was granted a military pension.
Dorothy Lawrence was a war reporter who disguised herself as a man so she could become a soldier in World War I.
Conspiracy theorist Vernon Coleman cross-dresses and has written several articles about men who cross-dress. Artist and Turner Prize winner, Grayson Perry often appears as his alter-ego, Clare. Writer, presenter and actor Richard O'Brien sometimes cross-dresses and ran a "Transfandango" ball aimed at transgender people of all kinds in aid of charity for several years in the early 2000s (decade). Eddie Izzard, stand-up comedian and actor, states that she has cross-dressed her entire life. She often performs her act in feminine clothing, and has discussed her cross dressing as part of her act. She calls herself an "executive transvestite".
Japan
Japan has a centuries-old tradition of male kabuki theatre actors cross-dressing onstage. Transgender men (and more rarely, women) were also "conspicuous" in Tokyo's gei (gay) bar and club subculture in the pre- and post-World War II period. By the 1950s, publications concerning MTF cross-dressing were in circulation, advertising themselves as aimed at the "study" of the phenomenon. Fully-fledged "commercial" magazines aimed at cross-dressing 'hobbyists' began publishing after the launch of the first such magazine, Queen, in 1980. It was affiliated with the Elizabeth Club, which opened branch clubs in several Tokyo suburbs and other cities. Yasumasa Morimura is a contemporary artist who cross-dresses.
Thailand
Through the pre-modern age, cross-dressing and transgender appearance in Thailand was apparent in many contexts including same-sex theater performance. The term Kathoey came to describe anyone from cross-dressers to transgender men (and women) as the practice became more prevalent in everyday life. Lack of colonization by Western civilizations in Thailand have led to different ways of thinking about gender and self-identity. In turn, Thailand has fostered one of the most open and tolerant traditions towards Kathoeys and cross-dressers in the world. In contrast to many Western civilizations, where homosexuality and cross-dressing have been historically criminal offenses, Thai legal codes have not explicitly criminalized these behaviors. It was not until the 20th century that a public majority, whether on stage or in public, came to assume cross-dressing a sign of transgenderism and homosexuality.
China
Since the Yuan dynasty, cross-dressing has had a unique significance in Chinese opera. Period scholars cite this time in Chinese theatre as the "golden age."
The rise of dan, though characterized as female characters, was a prominent feature of the Peking Opera and many males took the roles of females. There were schools dedicated to the specific dan training as well. Female crossdressers in the Chinese opera were also valued immensely and prospered far better than male crossdressers did.
Hua Mulan, the central figure of the Ballad of Mulan (and of the Disney film Mulan), may be a historical or fictional figure. She is said to have lived in China during the Northern Wei, and to have posed as a man to fulfill the household draft quota, thus saving her ill and aged father from serving.
Shi Pei Pu was a male Peking Opera singer. Spying on behalf of the Chinese Government during the Cultural Revolution, he cross-dressed to gain information from Bernard Boursicot, a French diplomat. Their relationship lasted 20 years, during which they married. David Henry Hwang's 1988 play M. Butterfly is loosely based on their story.
See also
Cross dressing ball
History of drag
Transgender history
References
Cross-dressing
LGBT history |
3020135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beast%20Within | The Beast Within | The Beast Within is a 1982 American horror film directed by Philippe Mora and starring Ronny Cox, Bibi Besch, Paul Clemens, L. Q. Jones, Don Gordon, R. G. Armstrong, Logan Ramsey, Katherine Moffat, and Meshach Taylor.
The Beast Within is a very loose adaptation of Edward Levy's 1981 novel of the same name, with the plot centering on a couple's son, who begins exhibiting strange behavior after his 17th birthday. Producer Harvey Bernhard had purchased the rights to Levy's then-unfinished novel based on the title alone, but the resulting screenplay bears little resemblance to the novel as it was still incomplete at the time of production. Principal photography officially began on February 8, 1981, in and around Jackson, Mississippi and concluded on April 10, 1981.
It was released theatrically on February 12, 1982; grossing a total of $7.7 million worldwide. The film received mostly negative reviews from critics, who criticized the film's acting and premise while commending its makeup effects.
Plot
While driving through Mississippi, Caroline and Eli MacCleary get stuck on a deserted road. Eli walks to a service station for help. A creature chained in a cellar breaks free and escapes into the forest. It finds the MacClearys' car and rapes Caroline. Eli and the service station attendant find her lying in the forest. As they drive off, two gunshots are heard.
Seventeen years later, their son Michael, conceived as a result of Caroline's rape, has become ill. The family returns to Mississippi looking for information about the man who assaulted Caroline, in case Michael's illness is genetic.
They learn about the unsolved murder of a mortician named Lionel Curwin, seventeen years prior. The townspeople, including Judge Curwin and newspaper editor Edwin Curwin, refuse to tell them anything. Eli and Caroline ask Sheriff Bill Poole about Lionel's death. Poole tells them Lionel's corpse was found partially eaten.
Seemingly possessed, Michael murders and cannibalizes Edwin Curwin. He stumbles to the home of Amanda Platt and collapses. Amanda calls the police, and Michael is taken to the hospital. Doc Schoonmaker tells Michael's parents that he needs rest.
Michael goes to Amanda's house to thank her. They go for a walk in the forest. Amanda tells Michael she is the daughter of Horace Platt, an abusive alcoholic who is Lionel Curwin's cousin. As the teens kiss, Amanda's dog arrives with Edwin's severed arm. They alert the sheriff. Horace arrives and commands Michael to stay away from Amanda.
Caroline and Michael return to the hospital, while Eli, Poole, and Schoonmaker search for clues. They uncover a swamp full of human bones with human tooth marks. Schoonmaker thinks one bone belonged to a patient of his who died years ago. The men go to the mortuary and question Dexter Ward, who was Lionel Curwin's apprentice when the woman died. Ward denies that anyone else was buried in her place. After the men leave, Ward calls the judge and demands money in return for silence. He is soon killed by a possessed Michael.
At the graveyard, the men discover the woman's coffin is filled with rocks. They return to the mortuary to question Ward but find him dead. Michael, still possessed, finds a man named Tom Laws. Laws converses with the spirit possessing Michael, whom he calls Billy Connors. Assuming direct control of Michael, Connors describes using magic to return as a spirit to punish the Curwin family after his death seventeen years earlier.
The next day, the judge tells Poole to investigate the murders. Laws tries to tell Poole that Connors has possessed Michael and is killing people, but Poole dismisses him. Connors kills Laws for talking to Poole. Afraid of his behavior, Michael goes to Amanda and warns her to leave town. While she packs, Connors and Michael struggle to control Michael's body. Michael throws himself from Amanda's window to prevent Connors from killing her. He returns to the hospital and begs to be killed, fearing that Connors will take over and Michael will be unable to stop him. He tells Poole and Eli to go to Lionel Curwin's house and look in the basement. They find a skeleton with a chain wrapped around its leg, which they assume is Connors's remains.
At the hospital, Poole, Eli, Caroline, and Schoonmaker witness Michael metamorphoses into a monster as Connors takes control and kills Horace. Everyone flees to the police station. Judge Curwin confesses that Lionel was responsible for Connors's death. After discovering Connors was having an affair with his wife, Lionel killed her and imprisoned Connors in his cellar. He fed Connors corpses stolen from the mortuary until one night, Connors metamorphosed into a monster, broke free, and killed Lionel. He raped Caroline in the woods before being shot by Lionel's relatives, apparently returning to the cellar to die.
Connors attacks the police station, kills the judge, and is pursued into the forest. He finds Amanda in a broken-down car and rapes her. When Caroline and Eli find him, he attacks Eli, forcing Caroline to shoot him in the head. It is implied that Connors may have impregnated Amanda, continuing the cycle of his resurrection.
Cast
Paul Clemens as Michael MacCleary
Ronny Cox as Eli MacCleary
Bibi Besch as Caroline MacCleary
Don Gordon as Judge Curwin
R. G. Armstrong as Doc Schoonmaker
Katherine Moffat as Amanda Platt
L. Q. Jones as Sheriff Bill Poole
Logan Ramsey as Edwin Curwin
John Dennis Johnston as Horace Platt
Ron Soble as Tom Laws
Luke Askew as Dexter Ward
Meshach Taylor as Deputy Herbert
Boyce Holleman as Doc Odom
Production
The Beast Within was written by Tom Holland, in his first writing credit for a feature film, and directed by Philippe Mora. The film itself is very loosely based on the 1981 horror novel of the same name written by Edward Levy. Producer Harvey Bernhard had purchased the rights to Levy's then-unfinished novel based on the title alone. However, when pre-production for the film began, Levy had still not completed the novel due to marital difficulties. As a result, the film's writer Holland was forced to write most of the film's screenplay from scratch, with the final product differing significantly from the novel.
Principal photography officially began on February 8, 1981; in and around Jackson, Mississippi. The entire first week of filming was shot at night outdoors. When filming Bibi Besch's rape scene, the actress was required to remain undressed in the cold weather for an extended period of time, and Besch was later rushed to the hospital as a result.
Other scenes were shot in Raymond, with hospital scenes filmed at both Jackson Baptist Hospital and the Mississippi State Hospital for the Insane. Filming later concluded on April 10, 1981. Director Mora has stated that United Artists cut several scenes from the film which clarified some of the story's plot details.
The film's soundtrack was composed by Les Baxter, who considered it to be one of his finest, in his final feature-length score. In an interview with Tom Weaver, Baxter stated that he later received a letter from the film's producer Bernhard, praising his score for the film.
Release
The Beast Within was released theatrically in the United States by United Artists on February 12, 1982. It grossed $1,250,000 on its opening weekend with an average of $2,545 making it #10 in box office. The film ended up grossing $7,742,572.
Home media
The film was released on DVD in the United States by MGM Home Entertainment as part of their Midnite Movies line in 2001. This version is currently out of print.
It was later released on Blu-ray by Scream Factory on December 17, 2013.
Reception
The Beast Within received mostly negative reviews upon its release, with many criticizing the film's acting, "ridiculous" premise, while commending the film's makeup effects.
Vincent Canby of The New York Times gave the film a negative review calling it "very foolish", also criticizing the film's acting. Dennis Schwartz from Ozus' World Movie Reviews awarded the film a grade C, calling it "a frightfully silly and insignificant horror film, whose only virtue is in the makeup."
TV Guide panned the film, awarding it a score of 1 / 4 and calling the film's premise "outrageous"; however, the reviewer stated that the makeup effects used to transform actor Paul Clemens into a monster were effective and that the film's veteran actors lent credibility to the film's weak premise. Patrick Naugle from DVD Verdict gave the film a mixed review stating, "The Beast Within won't be to every horror buff's taste. If you're looking for just mindless violence and grizzle and gore, this movie is going to feel like it's a big disappointment. I can't give it a really strong recommendation, but I also can't dismiss it outright. It's got moments that shine and moments that drag. Genre fans may get a kick out of it, for no other reason than seeing a man's head expand to the size of a watermelon." Charles Tatum from eFilmCritic.com wrote, "It is always sad to see name actors reduced to taking icky gross horror films just to pay a mortgage. Ronny Cox and L.Q. Jones are very good here, and Meshach Taylor looks the same here as he does now, almost twenty years later...hey, that is the creepiest thing about this film."
Chuck Bowen ofSlant Magazine gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, writing, "The Beast Within isn't as bad as its reputation suggests (there's some atmosphere to burn and an impressive gallery of supporting character actors), but it's really only for blossoming cinephiles and horror aficionados looking to finish their essays... Everyone else would be well-advised to mine the sentiment expressed on the film's cover art: Beware." Severed Cinema awarded the film 5/8 stars, stating, "Flawed in places by some bad acting and predictable small-town folks, The Beast Within is a tight show with very good production values, and it seriously needs a big release on a good label and not simply double-billed on an MGM DVD". HorrorNews.net rated the film a score of 3.5 out of 5, commending the film's atmosphere, acting, and makeup effects, while also noting that the plot made little sense. J.C. Macek III of PopMatters gave the film a mixed 5 out of 10 stars, writing "As it stands, The Beast Within is an above-average monster movie with good actors and a sometimes comprehensible plot. All of the answers are there on the screen, even if they are buried. However, horror fan or not, if you’re watching this three or four times to get every snippet of information from the plot, you’ll probably wonder what better uses of your time you might have employed."
Potential remake
On August 7, 2014, it was announced that the film's original writer Tom Holland planned to remake the film, feeling that the original film 'never fully captured what he wrote in the script'. As of 2020, no updates regarding the planned remake have occurred.
References
External links
1982 films
1982 horror films
American supernatural horror films
American monster movies
1980s English-language films
American body horror films
1980s monster movies
Films directed by Philippe Mora
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
United Artists films
Films based on American horror novels
Films scored by Les Baxter
Films shot in Mississippi
1980s American films |
50387695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaagamathie | Bhaagamathie | Bhaagamathie is a 2018 Indian thriller film written and directed by G. Ashok. The films stars Anushka Shetty in the title role while Jayaram (in his Telugu debut), Unni Mukundan, Murali Sharma, and Asha Sarath play other pivotal roles. Shot simultaneously in Telugu and Tamil, the film revolves around a former district collector imprisoned in a haunted house. At the same time, she is interrogated by law enforcers investigating a politician they suspect of corruption. Principal photography commenced in June 2016 in Hyderabad, and the film was released on 26 January 2018 in Telugu and Tamil along with a dubbed Malayalam version. The film is a commercial success, grossing over . With Bhaagamathie, Anushka Shetty emerged the second Indian actress after Sridevi to have a $1 million grosser at the US box office. The film was remade in Hindi as Durgamati (2020).
Plot
In Hyderabad, Home Minister Eshwar Prasad vows to resign from his post if the government fails to recover idols that were stolen over a period of six months. This troubles his political rivals, who forge a plan to destroy his credibility with the help of CBI Joint Director Vaishnavi Natarajan and ACP Sampath. The two plan to interrogate DC and Eshwar's close confidate Chanchala Reddy, who is in jail for murdering her fiancé Shakthi, Sampath's brother. To avoid attention, they shift her to Bhaagamathie bungalow, a dilapidated, supposedly haunted house on the outskirts of a village which was ruled by a Queen named Bhaagamathie before independence, for the interrogation. Vaishali interrogates Chanchala to get some clues against Eshwar, but she repeats that they are doubting his integrity without any proof in a cryptic but leading manner.
Later that night, Bhaagamathie's spirit, takes control of Chanchala. The CBI team calls upon a psychiatrist to investigating the matter, who concludes that Chanchala must be schizophrenic as she seems to take on a different persona and narrate some story from a book as if it were her own. As the story goes, Queen Bhaagamathie was the princess who fought the Nawab when the Dynasty of king Devraj had no sons and was invaded by the Nawabs. She came across Chandrasenan, a man who pretended to be nice and was given the position of general by the people. He showed his true colours when he got the post. He looted money, land and even god. He then spread rumors that Bhaagamathie was mad and made her a prisoner in her own chamber. Unable to bear this, Bhaagamathie committed suicide. The psychiatrist suggests that the CBI commit her to an asylum.
However, Sampath suspects that this might be a ploy by her to escape and arranges for a spiritual guru to find out if there is paranormal activity. The guru suggests a few indicators. Later, Sampath discovers that those indicators to indicate the presence of ghosts in the bungalow. He also finds Chanchala hurting herself under the influence of the ghost. This leads to Sampath taking Chanchala to a mental asylum. Eshwar visits her at the mental asylum, where it is revealed that Chanchala had planned the entire thing to escape the CBI in return for kickback from Eshwar. It is also revealed that Eshwar had forced Chanchala to kill Shakthi, threatening to kill the villagers involved in a welfare project to hide his scam.
Meanwhile, Vaishnavi realizes that Chanchala was trying to convey the truth of Eshwar's crimes using the story of Queen Bhaagamathie, which she came across from the various writings and artifacts that she had discovered in the bungalow. She also finds evidence of Eshwar's misdeeds and the site where he hid the villagers after killing Shakthi. When Eshwar finds out that he is exposed, he is killed by Sampath, who discovered the truth that Chanchala didn't murder Shakthi. Thus vindicated, Chanchala is seen running a charity organization in Shakthi's memory. Vaishnavi tells her that they thought they knew everything about her but never knew that she was a great magician in her childhood and that she knew Arabic. Chanchala replies by saying that she does not know Arabic, which shocks them, hinting that there was actual paranormal activity in the house.
Cast
Anushka Shetty as Bhaagamathie / Chanchala IAS (Sanchala IAS in Tamil version)
Jayaram as Home Minister Eshwar Prasad, the main antagonist
Unni Mukundan as Shakthi
Asha Sarath as Vaishnavi Natarajan, Joint Director, CBI
Murali Sharma as ACP Sampath IPS, Shakthi's elder brother
Dhanraj as Lingamurthy (Lingasamy in Tamil)
Prabhas Sreenu as Subba Reddy
Thalaivasal Vijay as Psychiatrist
Vidyullekha Raman as Police Sub-Inspector
Nagineedu as CBI Officer
Madhunandan as CBI Officer
Devadarshini as Kanchana
Surya as CBI Officer
Ravi Raja Maguluri as Ajay
Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Corporate CEO
Ajay Ghosh as Jose
Production
Development
G. Ashok, who had previously worked on Pilla Zamindar (2011) and Sukumarudu (2013), readied the Bhaagamathie script in 2012 and had written it keeping Anushka Shetty in mind. In late 2012, the team approached Anushka, and the actress liked the script but was not able to immediately commit to the film, as she had pending projects such as Baahubali: The Beginning (2015) and Rudhramadevi (2015), where she also played warrior princesses. The film was later delayed when Anushka chose to star in Lingaa (2014), attempt an ambitious size-shifting role in Size Zero (2015) and complete her portions for Baahubali: The Conclusion (2017). Ashok subsequently chose to wait for her, rather than cast a new actress and refined the script during the waiting period. Early media reports claimed that the film would be based on the queen Bhagmati, but the makers denied this and revealed that the film would be a "social drama".
Filming
Principal photography commenced in June 2016 in Hyderabad. The film's title is derived from the Bagmati river that flows through Nepal, while Ashok also stated that the titled was also inspired by the fact that Hyderabad was formed in the name of Bhagamathi or Bhagi Nagara. Once she began working on the film in 2016, she shed 20 kilograms through a rigorous diet plan to portray her character of an IAS Officer. Produced by UV Creations in Telugu and released by Studio Green in Tamil. A dubbed Malayalam version of the film was also prepared to have a simultaneous release with the other two versions.
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed by S. Thaman.
The song "Mandaara" was released as single from the album of Bhaagamathie on 17 February 2018 on the YouTube page of Mango Music, UV Creations. The song was sung by Shreya Ghoshal. The music video of the track features Anushka Shetty and Unni Mukundan. On the same day of release, it was made available for online streaming at Saavn, Gaana and iTunes. The Tamil version of the song, lyrics by Vivek and sung by Jyotsna Radhakrishnan, was released at a function held by Studio Green in Chennai, which marked four significant events for the producers — the audio launch of Bhaagamathie, a single launch of Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu (2018), a single launch of Ghajinikanth (2018) and the success meet for Thaanaa Serndha Koottam (2018).
Telugu
Tamil
Reception
Critical reception
Firstpost rated the film 3.5/5, stating "Bhaagamathie is an impressive outing for the whole cast and crew, and it's also a reminder for us that there are plenty of ways to narrate a story despite having a dilapidated house, a ghost, a hapless young woman, and a gut-wrenching backstory. A big thumbs up for the film."
Bollywood Life also rated it 3.5/5 and stated, "This is definitely worth a watch. For Anushka Shetty. For the story. and for the two combined."
123Telugu rated it 3.25/5, writing "On the whole, Bhaagamathie is an engaging thriller with good horror and interesting twists at regular intervals. Anushka leads from the front and will surely pull the crowds with her standout performance. The film is made on a lavish scale, and because of this, the thrills look quite good on screen. But the story is familiar, and the first half gets a bit slow. If you ignore these aspects, Bhaagamathie ends up a pretty decent watch this weekend. Go for it."
Idlebrain.com rated it 3/5, writing, "Bhaagamathie is a kind of film that’s difficult make and difficult to position in Telugu market. Director and production house have packaged the film in such a way that it partly satisfies the people who look for horror elements and the audiences who seek a thrill. Despite having a complicated screenplay, Bhaagamathie tries to give something for everybody. Plus points of the film are Anushka, screenplay and background music. On the flip side, the narration should have been true to its genre. On the whole, Bhaagamathie is a well-packaged thriller."
Hindustan Times also rated it 3/5 and wrote, "The film draws inspiration from history and adds a dash of supernatural to serve us a crime thriller. After the trailer, many believed that this could be a redux of Anushka’s claim to fame, Arundhati. Instead, G Ashok turns it into a riveting thriller that works wonders despite its flaws. You are on the edge of your seat through most of the film, trying to understand if Chanchala is possessed or not."
Box office
The film collected close to at the worldwide box office. It collected in the first weekend and on the weekdays at the worldwide box office. The film collected at first week.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
2010s Telugu-language films
2018 action thriller films
2018 horror thriller films
2018 films
2018 horror films
Indian action horror films
Indian horror thriller films
Films scored by Thaman S
Films shot in Telangana
Films shot in Hyderabad, India
Films set in Telangana
2010s action horror films
Telugu films remade in other languages
UV Creations films
Indian multilingual films
Supernatural films
Paranormal films |
63962455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%20%28Indic%29 | Ba (Indic) | Ba is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ba is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .
Āryabhaṭa numeration
Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ब are:
ब = 23 (२३)
बि = 2,300 (२ ३००)
बु = 230,000 (२३० ०००)
बृ = 23,000,000 (२३० ०० ०००)
बॢ = 23 (२३×१०८)
बे = 23 (२३×१०१०)
बै = 23 (२३×१०१२)
बो = 23 (२३×१०१४)
बौ = 23 (२३×१०१६)
Historic Ba
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ba as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Ba did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ba, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.
Brahmi Ba
The Brahmi letter , Ba, is probably derived from the Aramaic Bet , and is thus related to the modern Latin B and Greek Beta. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ba can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
Tocharian Ba
The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
Kharoṣṭhī Ba
The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Bet , and is thus related to B and Beta, in addition to the Brahmi Ba.
Devanagari Ba
Ba (ब) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter બ, and the Modi letter 𑘤.
Devanagari-using Languages
In all languages, ब is pronounced as or when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Conjuncts with ब
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.
Ligature conjuncts of ब
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.
Repha र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:
Eyelash र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:
ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature bra:
ब্ (b) + न (na) gives the ligature bna:
द্ (d) + ब (ba) gives the ligature dba:
द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature :
Stacked conjuncts of ब
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
ब্ (b) + ब (ba) gives the ligature bba:
ब্ (b) + च (ca) gives the ligature bca:
ब্ (b) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature bcʰa:
ब্ (b) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature bḍa:
ब্ (b) + ग (ga) gives the ligature bga:
ब্ (b) + ज (ja) gives the ligature bja:
ब্ (b) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bjña:
ब্ (b) + क (ka) gives the ligature bka:
ब্ (b) + ल (la) gives the ligature bla:
ब্ (b) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bŋa:
ब্ (b) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bña:
ब্ (b) + व (va) gives the ligature bva:
च্ (c) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cba:
छ্ (cʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cʰba:
ड্ (ḍ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍba:
ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍʱba:
ह্ (h) + ब (ba) gives the ligature hba:
झ্ (jʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature jʰba:
क্ (k) + ब (ba) gives the ligature kba:
ख্ (kʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature kʰba:
ल্ (l) + ब (ba) gives the ligature lba:
ळ্ (ḷ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḷba:
ङ্ (ŋ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ŋba:
ञ্ (ñ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ñba:
फ্ (pʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature pʰba:
स্ (s) + ब (ba) gives the ligature sba:
श্ (ʃ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ʃba:
त্ (t) + ब (ba) gives the ligature tba:
ट্ (ṭ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ṭba:
ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ṭʰba:
व্ (v) + ब (ba) gives the ligature vba:
Bengali Ba
The Bengali script ব is derived from the Siddhaṃ , not . The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ব will sometimes be transliterated as "bo" instead of "ba". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /bo/.
Like all Indic consonants, ব can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
ব in Bengali-using languages
ব is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.
Conjuncts with head ব
Bengali ব exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures. When used in a non-head position in a conjunct, ব is normally not pronounced, but often geminates (doubles) the preceding consonant.
ব্ (b) + ব (ba) gives the ligature bba:
ব্ (b) + দ (da) gives the ligature bda:
ব্ (b) + জ (ja) gives the ligature bja:
ব্ (b) + ল (la) gives the ligature bla:
ব্ (b) + র (ra) gives the ligature bra, with the ra phala suffix:
ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature bya, with the ya phala suffix:
র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature , with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:
Gujarati Ba
Ba (બ) is the twenty-third consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ba with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .
Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, બ is pronounced as or when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Conjuncts with બ
Gujarati બ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.
ર્ (r) + બ (ba) gives the ligature RBa:
બ્ (b) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BRa:
દ્ (d) + બ (ba) gives the ligature DBa:
બ્ (b) + ન (na) gives the ligature BNa:
Javanese Ba
Telugu Ba
Ba (బ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಬ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, బ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.
Malayalam Ba
Ba (ബ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Conjuncts of ബ
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
ബ് (b) + ദ (da) gives the ligature bda:
ബ് (b) + ബ (ba) gives the ligature bba:
Odia Ba
Ba (ବ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Conjuncts of ବ
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Ba is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ba Phala" or "Wa Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
ବ୍ (b) + ବ (ba) gives the ligature bba:
Odia Wa and Va
Wa (ୱ) and Va (ଵ) are consonants of the Odia abugida that are largely unified with ବ. ବ is used to represent all three sounds /b/, /w/ and /v/ in different context, while ୱ is only pronounced as /w/. ଵ is an alternate to ୱ with less widespread usage, but all three letters share the same subjoined form.
Kaithi Ba
Ba (𑂥) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Conjuncts of 𑂥
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.
𑂥୍ (b) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature bra:
𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂥 (ba) gives the ligature rba:
Comparison of Ba
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ba, are related as well.
Character encodings of Ba
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ba in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ba from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
References
Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
Indic letters |
9039367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Woman%20in%20Berlin | A Woman in Berlin | A Woman in Berlin () is a memoir by German journalist Marta Hillers, originally released anonymously in 1954. The identity of Hillers as the author was not revealed until 2003, after her death. The memoir covers the period between 20 April and 22 June 1945 in Berlin during the capture and occupation of the city by the Red Army. The work depicts the widespread rape of civilians by Soviet soldiers, including the rape of the author. It also looks at a woman's pragmatic approach to survival, which involved relying on Soviet officers for protection.
The first English edition appeared 1954 in the United States, where it was very successful, and was followed rapidly by translations into Dutch, Italian, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Spanish, and Japanese. When finally published in German in 1959, the book was either "ignored or reviled" in Germany. Based upon the reception within her home country, Hiller refused to have another edition of the work published during her lifetime.
In 2003, two years after Hillers' death, a new edition of the book was published in Germany, again anonymously. It met with wide critical acclaim and was on bestseller lists for more than 19 weeks. Jens Bisky, a German literary editor, identified the anonymous author that year as German journalist Marta Hillers, who had died in 2001. This revelation caused a literary controversy, and questions of the book's authenticity were explored. The book was published again in English in 2005 in editions in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has been translated into seven other languages.
The book was adapted as a 2008 German feature film, directed by Max Färberböck and starring Nina Hoss. It was released in the United States as A Woman in Berlin in 2008.
Coincidentally, also in 2008, the English translation of the book by Philip Boehm (Virago, 2005) was dramatised as a one-woman monologue, by the playwright Iain McClure, and staged at the New Works, New Worlds Festival at the Arches Theatre, Glasgow in 2009.
Overview
The memoir describes a journalist's personal experiences during the occupation of Berlin by the Soviets at the end of World War II. She describes being gang raped by Russian soldiers and deciding to seek protection by forming a relationship with a Soviet officer; other women made similar decisions. The author described it as "sleeping for food." Conditions in the city were cruel, as women had no other protection against assaults by soldiers. "...when the Woman and her neighbours go to a Soviet commander to complain about the rapes and to seek his aid in stopping them, he merely laughs."
The book is known for its "unsentimental" tone in describing sexual assault but, as a New York Times critic pointed out, "the rapes are by no means all of [the book]. We are also given the feeling inside a bomb shelter, the breakdown of city life and civil society, the often surreal behavior of the enemy, soldiers' arms lined with looted wristwatches, the forced labor clearing out the rubble piles that marks the beginning of the road back."
Plot summary
The "chronicle" of the unnamed Narrator begins with the end of the war reaching Berlin. There is constant artillery and the Narrator lives in an attic apartment that belongs to a former colleague that let her stay since he is on leave. Her original apartment was bombed and destroyed. While she lives off meager food coupons, all of her thoughts are of food and her gnawing hunger. All of the Berliners spend their time either in the basement air raid shelters, their apartments, standing in lines for food, or raiding food stocks when the rations do not suffice. Spending time in the basement shelter, the Narrator gets to know her fellow "cave dwellers" and a kind of camaraderie forms. When a series of bombing destroys her apartment, a pharmacist's Widow allows the narrator to live at her place.
All of a sudden there is silence when the Red Army reaches their street. The Soviets set camp outside and spend their first days comparing stolen watches and bicycles. Eventually the soldiers enter the buildings and basement air raid shelters asking for alcohol and choosing women to rape. The Narrator works as a sort of translator and mediator for women in the basement who are pursued for rape. She tries to convince the men to not rape women and seeks a commander to plead to stop the rapes but minimal effort is offered to the women. Two men outside of the basement rape the narrator after her fellow Germans close and lock the door behind her. Many families desperately hide their young daughters to preserve their virginity. Four Soviet soldiers barge into the widow's apartment and one soldier, named Petka, rapes the narrator. After raping the narrator, Petka begins his "Romeo babble" where he expresses a liking for the Narrator and how he hopes to return later that day. That same day the widow's tenant Herr Pauli arrives and settles in his bed. His male presence offers some but very limited protection against the Soviet sexual predators. Another Russian soldier, described as old, enters the apartment and rapes the narrator in an exceptionally demeaning manner as he opens up her mouth to spit in it and then throws a half opened pack of cigarettes on the bed as payment.
This rape experience creates some sort of turning point for the Narrator, who decides after vomiting and crying that she has to use her brains to help her situation. She decides that she needs to "find a single wolf to keep away the pack" and heads outside to find some higher-ranked Soviet to have an exclusive sexual relationship with so that she does not get viciously and spontaneously raped every day by different men. Out in the street she meets Anatol, a lieutenant from Ukraine. She flirts with him briefly and they agree to meet at her place at 7 pm. That night Petka arrives with some of his friends and makes himself at home. Petka and his friends shock the Widow and the Narrator as they place their food straight on the table, throw bones to the floor, and spit casually. Despite the Narrator's worries that Petka and Anatol might clash over her, when Anatol comes he is at ease in her apartment and she discovers that his rank means very little to the Soviets. Over the next days, Anatol comes to have sex with the narrator and a "taboo" is formed in that the Soviets know that she is claimed. Anatol and his men come and go as they please and the widow's apartment is considered "Anatol's men's restaurant" but a restaurant where they bring the food. The Narrator and the Widow get food that the Soviets bring and they benefit from the protection of Anatol's men against other Soviet soldiers. The Narrator also meets educated Soviet soldiers, such as Andrei, and has many conversations about politics, fascism, and such. Petka shows up completely drunk in a fit of rage against the Narrator and tries to hurt her but due to his drunkenness the Widow and the Narrator manage to push him out of the apartment. Among the many Soviet visitors of the apartment, a pale blond lieutenant who has a lame leg and a clear dislike of the narrator rapes her one night, completely ignoring the "taboo" with Anatol. He arrives another day with a major and after conversing and drinking champagne; he asks the narrator if the major pleases her. The Narrator realizes she has little choice considering Anatol has left and eventually decides to have sex with the major. She accepts the relationship with the major and does not call it rape since it is consensual. The major is very pleasant, shares his life with her, and brings her food and supplies such as candles. The Narrator contemplates her status as she agrees to have sexual relationships in return for goods and protection.
Eventually, Berlin completely surrenders and the Soviet soldiers leave the street. The city begins to undergo reconstruction and the German women are rallied to work under orders to clear the rubble and to search for zinc. The Narrator gets pulled off to do laundry and for the last days of work she works tirelessly with other women while being teased by Soviet soldiers. Once the job ends, the narrator finds out through a friend called Ilse that a Hungarian plans to start a press. The narrator works with the Hungarian and others to start planning the products. Gerd, the Narrator's boyfriend from before the war, shows up and clashes with her on her change in mindset after the war and her discussion of her rapes. Gerd believes that she has lost her mind and has changed immensely from before. The chronicle ends with the Narrator brooding on her relationship with Gerd.
Characters
The Narrator
The unnamed Narrator is a woman who recounts her life through eight weeks in Berlin at the end of the war. She describes herself as a thirty year old "pale faced blonde always dressed in the same winter coat". The Narrator lives alone at first in an abandoned apartment but then moves in with the Widow when the Soviets arrive. She was a journalist before the war that traveled to numerous countries and speaks different languages, including a bit of Russian and French. During the stay of the Soviets she is subject to numerous horrific rape attacks which leads her to seek a sexual relationship with lieutenant Anatol and then the Major in order get some sort of "protection" from all other Soviet soldiers. These relationships also give her access to food. After the Soviets leave, she works with German women to clear the rubble, clean clothes, and eventually finds a job with a Hungarian starting a press.
Widow
The Widow lives with the Narrator and Herr Pauli throughout the occupation of the Soviets. She is a fifty-year-old woman who lived a more bourgeois proper life before the war. During the occupation she shares house tasks and worries with the Narrator and understands the sexual relationships the Narrator has. The Widow looks up to Herr Pauli and eventually asks the Narrator to move out when Herr Pauli is frustrated of sharing food with the Narrator.
Anatol
Anatol is originally the Ukrainian lieutenant that the narrator seeks a sexual relationship with in order to avoid constant attacks by random Soviet soldiers. He is kind and very large and strong. He works in a dairy farm in Russia and is overall very uneducated and unrefined.
Herr Pauli
Herr Pauli is the Widow's tenant. From when he arrives from the war he mostly stays in bed and socializes with the Soviets that come in. He enjoys the goods that the Soviets bring but gets increasingly bothered by the Narrator's presence after her relationships with the Russians end and she eats the potatoes that belong to the Widow. He eventually asks the Widow to tell the Narrator to leave, which she does. Herr Pauli expresses his strong optimistic or pessimistic views on the recovery of Germany, which the Widow generally endorses.
Petka
Petka is a Soviet soldier that rapes the narrator. After raping the Narrator he commences his "Romeo babble" as he expresses how he likes her and insists on coming back often. He makes himself and his friends at home in the Widow's apartment where they eat and drink plenty, and do not exhibit any manners.
The Major
The Major is introduced to the Narrator by the pale blond lieutenant with the lame leg. The Major is very pleasant and courteous to the narrator and the Widow and Herr Pauli. While he wanted a sexual relationship with the Narrator, he made it a point for her to know that if his presence did not please her he would leave immediately. He shares plenty details of his life to the Narrator and has a consensual sexual relationship with her for the last days before the Soviets left. He provides the narrator, the Widow, and Herr Pauli with plenty of supplies.
Themes
Rape
The Narrator explores the significance and impact of rape on her life throughout "A Woman in Berlin". Throughout all of her rapes, she clearly describes suffering and numbness and anger. However, she "laugh[s] at the face of lamentation" and says that she is alive and that life goes on when the Widow apologizes for not intervening enough. She contemplates after and realizes that her previous fear of the word "rape" has disappeared. After being raped she comes to the realization that it is not the worst thing in the world despite typical beliefs. Nevertheless, the Narrator reveals a feeling of uncleanliness and repulsion at her own skin after being raped by so many men. The Narrator also broods on her consensual sexual relationships that she has with Anatol and then the Major. She mentions that "By no means could it be said that the major is raping me" and that she is "placing [herself] at his service of [her] own accord". She definitely does not think that she is doing it for love, and she scorns at the way the term has become a weak and empty term. She agrees that to some extent she does it for the "bacon, butter, sugar, candles, canned meat" that the major supplies and she considers the idea that she is a whore. While she does not have any objections towards prostitution, she acknowledges that she would never be in this situation in peacetime and concludes that this consensual sexual relationship is one that while it resembles prostitution, it is only morally acceptable for herself in the circumstance of war.
Deutsche Welle noted that the book shows "for many women the end of the war did not bring peace as the physical and mental scars remained fresh was something the author realized when her boyfriend returned from the war. 'For him I've been spoiled once and for all,' she stated soberly, when despite all the joy of reunion, she remained 'ice cold' in bed." The different experiences of women and men created a postwar divide.
Harvard Law professor Janet Halley wrote, "Not surprisingly, it is typical to read A Woman in Berlin as a story about rape. However, there is another way to read this text: as a book about the complete destruction of the Woman’s social world and its gradual, halting, and, by the end, only partial replacement by a new one. On this reading, rape is immersed into the fact of national collapse, wartime defeat; rape is an element of her world but not its metonym and certainly not its totality."
Publication history
Hillers showed her manuscript to friends, and author Kurt Marek (C. W. Ceram) arranged for the book's translation into English (by James Stern) and publication in the United States in 1954. He also wrote an introduction, dated August 1954. Hillers married and moved from Germany to Geneva, Switzerland in the 1950s. She first had her book published in German in 1959 by the Swiss firm, Helmut Kossodo. Both editions were published anonymously, at her request.
Her memoir was the only book she published.
Critical reception
Hillers' work was either "ignored or reviled" in Germany in 1959. It was too early to examine German suffering, and some readers were horrified at the pragmatism of German women taking Soviet officers for protection. "Accused of besmirching the honour of German women," Hillers refused to have the book republished in her lifetime.
After Hillers died in 2001, the book was republished in 2003, again anonymously, by Hans Magnus Enzensberger, a noted poet and essayist. The book won wide critical acclaim that year. It was noted for "its dry, laconic tone and lack of self-pity. 'The writer is too reflective, too candid, too worldly for that,' one reviewer said." Harding noted that the author wrote: "I laugh right in the middle of all this awfulness. What should I do? After all, I am alive, everything will pass!"
The memoir was a bestseller for more than 19 weeks in Germany. Since the late 20th century, German writers and historians have explored the people's suffering during World War II. Gunter Grass published Crabwalk, about thousands of fatalities when a refugee ship was sunk by a Russian submarine, and W.G. Sebald published On the Natural History of Destruction, reflecting on the estimated 600,000 civilian deaths due to Allied bombing of German cities.
A Woman in Berlin was published again in English in 2005, with an introduction by Antony Beevor, a prominent British historian who has published on the Battle of Berlin. He has described it as "the most powerful personal account to come out of World War II."
Identity of author
In September 2003, Jens Bisky (a German literary editor) identified the anonymous author as journalist Marta Hillers, who had died in 2001. Revelation of Hillers' identity brought controversy in the literary world. Her publisher Enzensberger was angry that her privacy had been invaded. He did not accede to requests by journalists to review the writer's original diary materials. Writing in the Berliner Zeitung, Christian Esch said that if the work were to be fully accepted as authentic, people had to be able to examine the diaries. He said the book's text indicated that changes were made between the initial handwritten diaries and the typed manuscript. It had been translated into English and published for the first time nearly a decade after the events, in 1954 in English and in 1959 in German. He noted there were minor discrepancies between editions.
Prior to republication of the diary in 2003, Enzensberger had hired Walter Kempowski, an expert on diaries of the period, to examine Hillers' "original notes and typescript"; he declared them authentic. After questions from journalists, Enzensberger released Kempowski's report in January 2004. Kempowski had noted that the author's version of events was supported by numerous other sources. He noted that Hillers had added material to the typescript and the published book that were not found in the diary, but editors and critics agree this is a normal part of the revision and editing process.
Antony Beevor, a British historian who wrote a 2002 work on the Battle of Berlin, affirmed his belief in the book's authenticity when it was published in English in 2005. He said it conformed to his detailed knowledge of the period and other primary sources he has used. Beevor wrote the introduction to the new 2005 English edition of the book.
Adaptations
A film adaptation of the book was made in 2008, directed by Max Färberböck and starring Nina Hoss as the anonymous Woman. Its title in Germany was Anonyma - Eine Frau in Berlin. It was released in the US as A Woman in Berlin.
Unconnected to the film, a dramatisation of the English translation of the book by Philip Boehm, published by Virago in 2005, was written as a one-woman monologue, by Iain McClure, in 2008 and staged at the New Works, New Worlds Festival at the Arches Theatre, Glasgow, in 2009. To obtain one-off permission for his production, McClure was required to submit successive re-drafts of his play script to the German publisher, Eichborn, right up to the day of first performance, to ensure that no content was included, even imaginary, which might compromise the author's anonymity. The production was directed by Deborah Neville and performed by Molly Taylor. It received a "Highly commended" review from the Scottish Arts Council.
See also
Battle of Berlin
Operation Barbarossa
Joy Division (2006 film)
The Good German
References
Further reading
External links
1954 non-fiction books
World War II memoirs
Works published anonymously
Works about women in war
Women in Berlin |
467454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20comic%20and%20cartoon%20characters%20named%20after%20people | List of comic and cartoon characters named after people | This is a list of characters from animated cartoon, comic books, webcomics and comic strips who are named after people.
Characters named after famous people
A
Mayor Adam West in Family Guy, who is also dubbed by Adam West.
Alexander Lemming from The Beano – Scottish chemist Alexander Fleming .
Alexander Owlcott, a character in The Woods Are Full of Cuckoos – Alexander Woolcott .
Alister from the anime Yu-Gi-Oh! was named after Aleister Crowley in the dub version (the character's original name is Amelda).
Alvida of the anime and manga series One Piece gets her name from the female pirate Awilda
Ann-Margrock, a Flintstones character – Ann-Margret
Apu Nahasapeemapetilon (The Simpsons) is named after Apu, the title character in The Apu trilogy.
Archimedes the owl (The Sword and the Stone) is named after ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes.
Arnie Pie from The Simpsons – Ernie Pyle .
Arpine Lusène – Arsène Lupin, a fictional character from Maurice Leblanc.
Ax-hand Morgan of the anime and manga series One Piece gets his surname from Henry Morgan, a Welsh privateer who made a name in the Caribbean as a leader of buccaneers.
Attila the dog - (Belgian comic strip Attila ) is named after Attila the Hun.
Attila the dog - (Los Trotamúsicos) is named after Attila the Hun.
B
Babbitt and Catstello, characters in A Tale of Two Kitties – Comedians Abbott and Costello.
Baby Crockett, from The Beezer comic – Frontiersman Davy Crockett.
Baby Face Finlayson, from The Beano comic – Criminal Baby Face Nelson.
Bakelandt (from the Belgian comic series Bakelandt) is named after 18th-century criminal Ludovicus Baekelandt.
Professor Barabas - (Suske en Wiske) – Barabbas, the biblical thief.
Barbe Rouge (English name: Redbeard) is named after real-life pirate Hayreddin Barbarossa, who also had the nickname Redbeard.
Barney Gumble - (The Simpsons) was named after The Flintstones character Barney Rubble.
Bartholomew Kuma from the anime and manga series One Piece is named after Welsh pirate Bartholomew Roberts.
Basil Hawkins from the anime and manga series One Piece is named after both English Admiral Sir John Hawkins and English Doctor Basil Ringrose.
Bellamy the Hyena from the anime and manga series One Piece is named after Samuel Bellamy, a formidable pirate in the early eighteenth century.
Betty Savis, a character in She Was an Acrobat's Daughter – Bette Davis.
Bing Crowsby, in The Woods Are Full of Cuckoos – Singer Bing Crosby.
Bogey Go Cart, a character in Bacall to Arms – Hollywood actor Humphrey Bogart.
Brutus (The Rescuers) is named after Roman senator Brutus.
Butch and Cassidy, villains from Pokémon – Criminal Butch Cassidy.
Buzz Lightyear from Toy Story – Astronaut Buzz Aldrin.
C
Calamity James from The Beano comic – Calamity Jane.
Calamity Jane from Lucky Luke – Frontierswoman Calamity Jane.
Calvin from Calvin and Hobbes – John Calvin, 16th century theologian.
Markies de Canteclaer - (Tom Poes) is named after Canteclaer the rooster from Reynard the Fox.
Capone Bege from the anime and manga series One Piece is named after Al Capone and William le Sauvage.
Cary Granite, a Flintstones character – Hollywood actor Cary Grant.
Casey Strangle, a Flintstones character – Casey Stengel.
Cecil Crumey from Code Geass – Novelist Andrew Crumey.
Char Aznable (Mobile Suit Gundam through Char's Counterattack). Rumored to be named after French lounge singer Charles Aznavour.
Chilly Willy – Actor Chill Wills.
Chuck, from Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters – Hollywood actor Chuck Norris.
Clark Gravel, a Flintstones – Hollywood actor Clark Gable.
Clint, from Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters – Hollywood actor Clint Eastwood.
Clo-Clo Pheip (The Adventures of Nero), named after the French singer Claude François, who was nicknamed Clo-Clo.
Cupidon, named after the Greek-Roman mythological character Cupid.
D
The Daltons (Lucky Luke) are named after the real-life 19th-century Dalton Gang.
Darwin Watterson, from The Amazing World of Gumball – Biologist Charles Darwin.
Dewey, one of "Huey, Dewey and Louie" – U.S. politician Thomas Dewey.
Dick Fowl, a character in The Woods Are Full of Cuckoos – Dick Powell.
Dina Saur from Beany and Cecil. A singing dinosaur named after singer Dinah Shore.
Dio Brando is named after both Ronnie James Dio and Marlon Brando.
Dole Promise, a character from She Was an Acrobat's Daughter – Lowell Thomas.
Donatello, the second youngest of the ninja turtle brothers from TMNT – the Italian Renaissance artist and sculptor, Donatello.
Donquixote Doflamingo from the anime and manga series One Piece is named after the a character from Spanish film of the same name Don Quixote.
X. Drake from the anime and manga series One Piece is named after the famous English naval Vice Adm. Francis Drake, who was known as a pirate the Spanish.
Duck Dodgers, played by Daffy Duck, was named after famous character Buck Rogers.
Duckula, named after Dracula.
Dumbo is named after 19th-century circus elephant Jumbo.
E
Ed G. Robemsome, a character in Thugs with Dirty Mugs – Edward G. Robinson.
Egroeg Sacul, Star Tours at the Disney's Hollywood Studios, named after Star Wars creator George Lucas. Egroeg Sacul is George Lucas spelled backwards.
Empoleon from Pokémon – French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.
Eustass Kid from the anime and manga series One Piece is named after the mercenary Eustace the Monk and the Scottish privateer William Kid.
F
Fats Swallow, a character in The Woods Are Full of Cuckoos – Jazz musician Fats Waller.
Foghorn Leghorn, Warner Brothers cartoons – Senator Claghorn, regular character on The Fred Allen Show.
Francesca Lucchini from the anime Strike Witches, named after Italian World War 2 fighter pilot Franco Lucchini.
Frankie Stein, from the Wham!, Shiver and Shake, Whoopee! and Monster Fun comics. – Frankenstein.
Fred Bonaparte, from the game Psychonauts – his apparent ancestor, Napoleon Bonaparte.
Fred McFurry, a character in The Woods Are Full of Cuckoos – Fred MacMurray.
G
Gloria Von Gouten, from the game Psychonauts, named after the famous actor, Gloria Swanson.
Goddard, the robot dog of Jimmy Neutron, is named for rocket scientist Robert Goddard.
H
Hamlet - (Hagar the Horrible) is named after Shakespearean character Hamlet.
Helga G. Pataki of "Hey Arnold!", named after former governor George Pataki.
Huey Freeman from The Boondocks is named after Huey P. Newton
Huey, one of "Huey, Dewey and Louie" – Huey Pierce Long, American politician.
Hitmonlee from Pokémon – Bruce Lee, martial artist
Hitmonchan from Pokémon – Jackie Chan, martial artist
Hobbes from Calvin and Hobbes – Thomas Hobbes, 17th century philosopher.
Hohenheim of Light, from Fullmetal Alchemist – Paracelsus, sixteenth-century alchemist, whose real name was Theophrastus Van Hohenheim
Hubert Farnsworth from Futurama – Inventor Philo Farnsworth
Huckleberry Hound – Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
I
Iago from Aladdin – Iago, William Shakespeare's play Othello.
Ivy the Terrible – Russian czar Ivan the Terrible.
J
Jack Bunny, a character in I Love to Singa – Jack Benny.
Jackie, from Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters comic book – Martial artist Jackie Chan.
James Isaac Neutron from The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius – Isaac Newton, English scientist, and James Chadwick, who was nicknamed "Jimmy Neutron".
Jeffy Dahmer, of The Ringer – Serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer.
Jerom, of Suske en Wiske – Jeroom Verten – Belgian playwright.
Jessie and James, villains from Pokémon named after outlaw Jesse James.
Jewelry Bonney from the anime and manga series One Piece is named after Irish female pirate Anne Bonny.
Jimmy Darrock, a Flintstones character – singer James Darren.
John D. Rockerduck – Billionnaire John D. Rockefeller.
Jules and Verne, the sons of Doctor Emmett Brown in Back to the Future: The Animated Series, are named after Jules Verne.
K
Kangaskhan from some Western localizations of Pokémon – Genghis Khan, the Mongol Emperor
The Koopalings are named after musicians.
L
Lafayette (The Aristocats) is named after the French military officer Marquis de Lafayette.
Laffite from the anime and manga series One Piece is named after French pirate Jean Lafitte.
Lapras from Pokémon – Mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace.
Laurie Be Cool, a character in Bacall to Arms – Hollywood actress Lauren Bacall.
Léonard the inventor is named after Italian scientist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci.
Leonardo, the oldest of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles – the great Italian Renaissance artist and scientist, Leonardo da Vinci
Leo Ferocious, a Flintstones character – Baseball player Leo Durocher.
Lester Coward, a character in She Was an Acrobat's Daughter – Actor Leslie Howard.
Little Annie Fanny is named after comic character Little Annie Rooney.
Louis the Alligator (The Princess and the Frog) is named after Louis Armstrong.
Ludvig from Hey Arnold! – Composer Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig Von Drake – Composer Ludwig van Beethoven.
M
Marge Simpson (born Marge Bouvier) – Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, former First Lady of the United States, widow to John F. Kennedy and Aristotle Onassis.
Marshall D. Teach, Thatch, and Edward Newgate from the anime and manga series One Piece are named after Edward Teach, better known as Blackbeard, who was a notorious English pirate in the Caribbean Sea and western Atlantic during the early 18th century.
Dr. Marvin Monroe (The Simpsons) is named after Hollywood actress Marilyn Monroe.
Madame Medusa (The Rescuers) is named after Greek mythological character Medusa.
Michelangelo, the youngest of the ninja turtle brothers from TMNT – the great Italian Renaissance artist and sculptor, Michelangelo Buonarroti.
Milhouse Van Houten, a character on The Simpsons – Richard Milhous Nixon, see BBC Simpson's page. Milhouse's middle name Mussolini is based on Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.
Milton Squirrel, in The Woods Are Full of Cuckoos – Comedian Milton Berle.
Morlocks – in Marvel Comics, a group of mutants naming themselves after the futuristic race in H.G. Wells' The Time Machine
N
Nabuko Donosor (Urbanus) is named after Nebuchadnezzar II.
Napoleon (The Aristocrats) is named after Napoleon Bonaparte.
Nebby K. Nezzer from Veggie Tales is named after Nebuchadnezzar.
Nemo from the movie Finding Nemo – Captain Nemo, fictional character in Jules Verne's novels 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and The Mysterious Island.
Nero – Nero, Belgian comic character by Marc Sleen is named after the Roman emperor Nero.
Nero (The Rescuers) is named after Roman emperor Nero.
Nina Einstein from Code Geass – Albert Einstein.
O
Olga Lawina (Agent 327) is named after Dutch singer Olga Lowina.
Oscar from Cerebus – named after poet and playwright Oscar Wilde.
Owl Jolson, a character in I Love to Singa – Al Jolson.
P
Pepé Le Pew, French skunk in Warner Brothers cartoons – Pepe le Moko, fictional character from the novel and movies of the same name.
Philip J. Fry, from Futurama – Phil Hartman, voice actor.
Pluto, named after the dwarf planet Pluto, in itself named after Greek-Roman mythological character Pluto.
R
Raphael, the second oldest of the ninja turtle brothers from TMNT, was named after the Italian Renaissance artist and sculptor, Raphael Sanzio.
Rasputin (Inspector Canardo) is named after Rasputin.
Richard the Lion, from The Beano comic – English king Richard the Lionheart.
Rip Van Wink, from The Beano comic – Literary character Rip van Winkle.
Rock Lee from Naruto is named after martial artist Bruce Lee.
Rock Quarry – Flintstones character named after actor Rock Hudson.
Roronoa Zoro from the anime and manga series One Piece is named after French pirate François l'Olonnais and fictional hero/vigilante Zorro.
Rubberduck, comic book character from Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew, is the secret identity of actor Byrd Rentals, named after Burt Reynolds.
S
Scrooge McDuck – Ebenezer Scrooge, fictional character in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol
Seymour Skinner (The Simpsons) is named after psychologist B.F. Skinner.
Sigmund (Dutch comics character) – Sigmund Freud, Austrian psychiatrist.
Sophie Turkey, a character in The Woods Are Full of Cuckoos – Sophie Tucker.
Stony Curtis, a Flintstones character – Hollywood actor Tony Curtis.
Sweeny Toddler, from the Shiver and Shake, Whoopee! and Buster comics – Literary character Sweeney Todd.
T
Thor (Marvel character) is named after the Norse god Thor.
Tony Zucco – Rumored to be named after the actor George Zucco.
Trafalgar Law from the anime and manga series One Piece'''s last name Law is based on notorious English pirate Edward Low. His first name is from the Battle of Trafalgar.
Troy McClure from The Simpsons – Actors Troy Donahue and Doug McClure.
Tycho Brahe, from Penny Arcade – Tycho Brahe, sixteenth-century astronomer.
V
Victor and Hugo (The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Disney film) – Victor Hugo, author of The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
Victor and Hugo, the Cosgrove Hall Films characters, are also named after the author.
W
W.C. Fieldmouse – Hollywood comedian W.C. Fields.
Wolfgang from Hey Arnold! – Composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Woodhouse, the butler from Archer, is named after British author P.G. Wodehouse, who created the famous fictional butler, Jeeves.
Woody from Toy Story – American football player and actor Woody Strode.
Y
Yankee Poodle, comic book character from Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew, is the secret identity of Rova Barkitt, named after gossip columnist Rona Barrett.
Yensid, from Fantasia, after Walt Disney. Yensid is Disney spelled backwards.
Yogi Bear – Baseball player Yogi Berra.
Z
Zippy the Pinhead is named after real-life sideshow artist Zip the Pinhead.
Zorry Kid is named after masked avenger Zorro.
Characters named after non-famous people
Bugs Bunny from Looney Tunes – Ben "Bugs" Hardaway, storyboard artist.
Chang Chong-Chen - (The Adventures of Tintin) is named after a friend of Hergé, Zhang Chongren.
Homer Simpson, Marge Simpson, Lisa Simpson and Maggie Simpson of The Simpsons are named after the family members of creator Matt Groening: his father Homer, his mother Marge and his sisters Lisa and Maggie.
Garfield is named after Jim Davis's grandfather, James Garfield Davis (who is named after James Abram Garfield).
Jeff Fischer, from American Dad! is named after Seth MacFarlane's good friend with the same name.
Louie, one of "Huey, Dewey and Louie" – Louie Schmitt, animator
Alvin, Simon, and Theodore (The Chipmunks), are named after the executives of their original record label, Liberty Records: Alvin Bennett (the president), Theodore Keep (the chief engineer), and Simon Waronker (the founder and owner).
Timmy Turner from The Fairly OddParents – Timmy Hartman (younger brother of Butch Hartman)
Charlie Brown and Linus, from Peanuts, were named after friends of Charles Schulz from Art Instruction Inc., where Schulz taught before and at the beginning of his cartoon career.
Cree Lincoln, from Codename: Kids Next Door, is named after her voice actress, Cree Summer.
Lois Lane, from the Superman comics, is named after Lois Amster, a girl that Jerry Siegel had a crush on.
Bullwinkle J. Moose is named after Clarence Bullwinkel, a friend of Jay Ward and Alex Anderson, who created Bullwinkle. The J in his name is for his creator Jay Ward, as the J in Homer Simpson's middle name was Matt Groening's way of honoring Jay Ward.
Pocoyo, the main protagonist of the TV show "Pocoyo", named after his three-year-old daughter used it in her nightly prayers saying "Eres niño poco yo" ("You're a child little me") instead of "Eres niño como yo ("You're a child like me").
Super Zia (from Toothpique Productions' series of the same title) is named after the actor playing him, a friend of the director's, Ziauddin Md. Nasrullah.
Erfaan a.k.a. Mr. 85 (from Toothpique Productions' Super Zia) is named after a friend of the director's girlfriend.
Shinji Ikari from Neon Genesis Evangelion is named after Shinji Higuchi, head of Gainax, the animation studio of Evangelion.
Kirby is named after lawyer John Kirby, who defended Nintendo in the Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd. case in 1984.
Porky Pig from Looney Tunes'' is named two childhood classmates of creator Friz Freleng, nicknamed "Porky" and "Piggy."
Mario is named after Nintendo of America's warehouse landlord Mario Segale.
References
Comic and cartoon characters |
12558310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Nashville%20Sounds%20managers | List of Nashville Sounds managers | The Nashville Sounds Minor League Baseball team has played in Nashville, Tennessee, since being established in 1978 as an expansion team of the Double-A Southern League. They moved up to Triple-A in 1985 as members of the American Association before joining the Pacific Coast League in 1998. With the restructuring of the minor leagues in 2021, they were placed in the Triple-A East, which became the International League in 2022. The team has been led by 29 managers throughout its history. Managers are responsible for team strategy and leadership on and off the field, including determining the batting order, arranging defensive positioning, and making tactical decisions regarding pitching changes, pinch-hitting, pinch-running, and defensive replacements. Rick Sweet has been the Sounds' manager since 2021.
As of the completion of the 2023 season, Nashville's managers have led the club for 6,420 regular-season games in which they have compiled a win–loss record of 3,320–3,100 (). In 16 postseason appearances, their teams have a record of 49–44 () and have won two Southern League championships and one Pacific Coast League championship. Combining all 6,513 regular-season and postseason games, the Sounds have an all-time record of 3,369–3,144 ().
Five managers have been selected as their league's Manager of the Year. Stump Merrill (1980) won the Southern League Manager of the Year Award. Rick Renick (1993 and 1996) won the American Association Manager of the Year Award. Frank Kremblas (2007) and Steve Scarsone (2016) won the Pacific Coast League Manager of the Year Award. Rick Sweet (2022) won the International League Manager of the Year Award. Mike Guerrero (2013) and Rick Sweet (2022) won the Mike Coolbaugh Award in recognition for their contributions in developing and mentoring young players in the Milwaukee Brewers organization. Three managers have been selected for midseason All-Star teams. George Scherger coached the 1979 Southern League All-Star team. Two others participated in the Triple-A All-Star Game. Pete Mackanin coached on the National League team in 1991, and Rick Renick managed the American League team in 1994.
Trent Jewett won 320 games from 1998 to 2000 and 2003 to 2004, placing him first on the all-time wins list for Sounds managers. Having managed the team for 625 games over five seasons, he is also the longest-tenured manager in team history. The manager with the highest winning percentage over a full season or more is Stump Merrill (1980–1981), with .622. Conversely, the lowest winning percentage over a season or more is .437 by manager Mike Guerrero (2012–2013).
History
Playing in the Southern League as the Double-A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds, the Nashville Sounds were managed by Chuck Goggin in their inaugural 1978 season. Goggin had managed the Reds' previous Double-A team, the Trois-Rivières Aigles, in 1977. He was replaced in 1979 by George Scherger, a veteran manager of 18 minor league seasons. He was chosen as a coach for the 1979 Southern League All-Star team and led Nashville to win their first Southern League championship that year.
The Sounds became the Double-A affiliate of the New York Yankees in 1980. Stump Merrill, who had been with New York's Double-A West Haven Yankees the previous two seasons, led Nashville in the first two years of the new partnership. He was selected for the Southern League Manager of the Year Award in 1980 after the Sounds set a franchise-best 97–46 win–loss record. Merrill's .622 winning percentage from 1980 to 1981 is the highest among all Sounds managers over a full season or more. First-year manager Johnny Oates took over in 1982 and led the club to its second Southern League championship. Doug Holmquist was promoted to Nashville from the Yankees' Class A Greensboro Hornets in 1983. He was succeeded in 1984 by former Major League Baseball (MLB) manager and 1952 Nashville Vol Jim Marshall.
The Sounds moved to the Triple-A American Association in 1985 as an affiliate of the Detroit Tigers. Lee Walls was assigned to manage the team, but he was hospitalized with internal bleeding after seven games. Outfielder Leon Roberts became the acting manager for the next seven games until being replaced by Gordon Mackenzie, who was promoted from the Tigers' Double-A Birmingham Barons. Roberts retired from playing at the end of the season and was hired to manage the 1986 club.
Nashville switched its affiliation to the Cincinnati Reds in 1987. Jack Lind, previously manager of the Reds' Triple-A Denver Zephyrs, led the team from 1987 through the first three months of the 1988 season. From June to July 1988, the Sounds went through five different managers. Lind was fired on June 27. Pitching coach and former Sounds starting pitcher Wayne Garland served as a fill-in manager for one game. Jim Hoff, Cincinnati's minor league field coordinator, managed the next five games on an interim basis. Former manager George Scherger was brought in on July 3, but he chose to retire after one game. Garland managed two more games before Hoff returned for seventeen games. Finally, former big league skipper Frank Lucchesi was hired on July 25 to manage the Sounds for the last 39 games of the season. He remained with the team for the 1989 campaign. Pete Mackanin was hired to lead Nashville in 1990. He was selected to coach the National League team in the 1991 Triple-A All-Star Game. Mackanin was dismissed on June 28, 1992. Dave Miley, manager of Cincinnati's Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts, was promoted to take his place for the rest of the season.
The Sounds became the Triple-A affiliate of the Chicago White Sox in 1993. Rick Renick, who had managed Chicago's Triple-A Vancouver Canadians for two years prior, continued in that role at Nashville from 1993 to 1996. Renick won the American Association Manager of the Year Award in 1993 and 1996, and he was chosen to manage the American League team at the 1994 Triple-A All-Star Game. He was succeeded by White Sox minor league outfield coordinator Tom Spencer in 1997.
Nashville moved to the Triple-A Pacific Coast League (PCL) in 1998 following the disbandment of the American Association after the 1997 season. As an affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Sounds were managed by Trent Jewett, who had spent the last two seasons with their previous Triple-A club, the Calgary Cannons. He remained with Nashville until being named Pittsburgh's third base coach on June 6, 2000. Sounds pitching coach Richie Hebner was made the manager for the rest of the season. Marty Brown, a former Sounds third baseman from 1988 to 1989, was manager in 2001 and 2002 after two years leading Pittsburgh's Double-A Altoona Curve. Jewett returned to manage at Nashville from 2003 to 2004. Over both stretches from 1998 to 2000 and 2003 to 2004, Jewett won 320 games, placing him first on the all-time wins list for Sounds managers. Having managed the team for 625 games over five seasons, he is also the longest-tenured manager in team history.
The Sounds became the Triple-A affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers in 2005. Frank Kremblas was given the helm at Nashville after managing Milwaukee's Double-A Huntsville Stars for three years. He led the Sounds to win the Pacific Coast League championship in the first season of the affiliation. Kremblas was chosen as the PCL Manager of the Year in 2007 and remained with the club through 2008. Four-time MLB All-Star Don Money, who had replaced Kremblas in Huntsville in 2005, led the Sounds from 2009 to 2011. Mike Guerrero was promoted to Nashville in 2012 after two years at Huntsville. He missed nine games of the 2013 season on bereavement leave. Charlie Greene, the Brewers' field coordinator and catching instructor, served as interim manager during that time. Guerrero returned to finish out the year, after which he won the Mike Coolbaugh Award in recognition for his contributions in developing and mentoring young players in the Brewers organization. His .437 winning percentage is the lowest among all Sounds managers over a full season or more. Rick Sweet, a roving catching instructor for Cincinnati and veteran manager of 24 minor league seasons, led the team in 2014.
Nashville switched its affiliation to the Oakland Athletics in 2015. Steve Scarsone managed the Sounds in 2015 and 2016 after two seasons in the same capacity with the Athletics' former Triple-A club, the Sacramento River Cats. He won the PCL Manager of the Year Award in 2016. Scarsone was succeed in 2017 by Ryan Christenson, who had spent the two previous seasons with Oakland's Double-A Midland RockHounds. Fran Riordan was promoted from Midland to Nashville for 2018.
The Sounds affiliated with the Texas Rangers in 2019. Jason Wood, who had been with the Rangers' Triple-A Round Rock Express for the last four seasons, continued in the same role with Nashville. Wood had also played for the Sounds from 2000 to 2001 at third base and shortstop. First-year manager Darwin Barney was hired to manage in 2020, but the season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic before it began.
In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Sounds reaffiliated with the Milwaukee Brewers and were placed in the new Triple-A East. Rick Sweet, who led the team in the final season of their previous term with Milwaukee, continued to manage the Brewers' Triple-A clubs in the six years between affiliations and returned to lead Nashville in 2021. In 2022, the Triple-A East became known as the International League. Sweet won the 2022 International League Manager of the Year Award and the 2022 Mike Coolbaugh Award..
Managers
See also
List of Nashville Sounds coaches
Notes
References
Specific
General
Managers |
34913701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain%20array | Curtain array | Curtain arrays are a class of large multielement directional radio transmitting wire antennas, used in the shortwave radio bands. They are a type of reflective array antenna, consisting of multiple wire dipole antennas, suspended in a vertical plane, often in front of a "curtain" reflector made of a flat vertical screen of many long parallel wires. These are suspended by support wires strung between pairs of tall steel towers, up to high. They are used for long-distance skywave (or skip) transmission; they transmit a beam of radio waves at a shallow angle into the sky just above the horizon, which is reflected by the ionosphere back to Earth beyond the horizon. Curtain antennas are mostly used by international short wave radio stations to broadcast to large areas at transcontinental distances.
Because of their powerful directional characteristics, curtain arrays are often used in government propaganda radio stations to beam propaganda broadcasts over national borders into other nations. For example, curtain arrays were used by Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty to broadcast into Eastern Europe.
History
Curtain arrays were originally developed during the 1920s and 1930s when there was a lot of experimentation with long distance shortwave broadcasting. The underlying concept was to achieve improvements in gain and/or directionality over the simple dipole antenna, possibly by folding one or more dipoles into a smaller physical space, or to arrange multiple dipoles such that their radiation patterns reinforce each other, thus concentrating more signal into a given target area.
In the early 1920s, Guglielmo Marconi, pioneer of radio, commissioned his assistant Charles Samuel Franklin to carry out a large scale study into the transmission characteristics of short wavelength radio waves and to determine their suitability for long distance transmissions. Franklin invented the first curtain array aerial system in 1924, known as the 'Franklin' or 'English' system.
Other early curtain arrays included the Bruce array patented by Edmond Bruce in 1927, and the Sterba curtain, patented by Ernest J. Sterba in 1929. The Bruce array produces a vertically-polarised signal; Sterba arrays (and the later HRS antennas) produce a horizontally-polarised signal.
The first curtain array to achieve popularity was the Sterba curtain, patented by Ernest J. Sterba in 1929 and this was used by Bell Labs and others during the 1930s and 1940s. The Sterba curtain is however a narrowband design and is only steerable by mechanical means.
Curtain arrays were used in some of the first radar systems, such as Britain's Chain Home network. During the Cold War, large curtain arrays were used by the Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, and Radio Liberty, and analogous Western European organizations, to beam propaganda broadcasts into communist countries, which censored Western media.
Description
The driven elements are usually half-wave dipoles, fed in phase, mounted in a plane wavelength in front of the reflector plane. The reflector wires are oriented parallel to the dipoles. The dipoles may be vertical, radiating in vertical polarization, but are most often horizontal, because horizontally polarized waves are less absorbed by earth reflections. The lowest row of dipoles are mounted more than wavelength above the ground, to prevent ground reflections from interfering with the radiation pattern. This allows most of the radiation to be concentrated in a narrow main lobe aimed a few degrees above the horizon, which is ideal for skywave transmission. A curtain array may have a gain of 20 dB greater than a simple dipole antenna. Because of the strict phase requirements, earlier curtain arrays had a narrow bandwidth, but modern curtain arrays can be built with a bandwidth of up to 2:1, allowing them to cover several shortwave bands.
Rather than feeding each dipole at its center, which requires a "tree" transmission line structure with complicated impedance matching, multiple dipoles are often connected in series to make an elaborate folded dipole structure which can be fed at a single point.
In order to allow the beam to be steered, sometimes the entire array is suspended by cantilever arms from a single large tower which can be rotated. See ALLISS-Antenna. Alternatively, some modern versions are constructed as phased arrays in which the beam can be slewed electronically, without moving the antenna. Each dipole or group of dipoles is fed through an electronically adjustable phase shifter, implemented either by passive networks of capacitors and inductors which can be switched in and out, or by separate output RF amplifiers. Adding a constant phase shift between adjacent horizontal dipoles allows the direction of the beam to be slewed in azimuth up to ±30° without losing its radiation pattern.
Three-array systems
Transmission system are optimized for geopolitical reasons. Geopolitical necessity leads some international broadcasters to occasionally use three separate antenna arrays: highband and midband, as well as lowband HRS curtains.
Using three curtain arrays to cover the HF broadcasting spectrum creates a highly optimized HF transmission system, but three or more curtain arrays can be costly to build and maintain, and no new HF relay stations have been built since the mid-1990s. The modern HRS antenna design has a long lifespan, however, so existing HRS shortwave transmission systems built before 1992 will likely remain available for some time.
Nomenclature
Since 1984 the CCIR has created a standardised nomenclature for describing curtain antennas, CCIR HF Transmitting Antennas consisting of 1 to 4 letters followed by three numbers:
First letter Indicates the orientation of the dipoles in the array.
"H" indicates the dipoles are oriented horizontally, so the antenna radiates horizontally polarized radio waves.
"V" indicates the dipoles are oriented vertically, so the antenna radiates vertically polarized radio waves.
Second letter (if present) Indicates whether the antenna has a reflector.
"R" indicates that there is a simple (passive) reflector on one side of the array, so the antenna radiates a single beam.
"RR" indicates that the array has some kind of "reversible reflector", so the direction of the beam can be switched 180°. Very few of this type have ever been built. RCI Sackville in Canada may have 2 HRRS type antennas—perhaps the only ones in North America.
If "R" and "RR" are missing, the antenna has no reflector, so the dipole array will radiate its energy in two beams in both directions perpendicular to its plane, 180° apart.
Third letter (if present)
"S" indicates that the array is steerable.
Numbers Following the letters are three numbers: "x/y/z". "x" and "y" specifies the dimensions of the rectangular array of dipoles, while "z" gives the height above the ground of the bottom of the array:
"x" (an integer) is the number of collinear dipoles in each horizontal row. (The number of columns in the array)
"y" (an integer) is the number of vertically arranged dipoles in each column. (The number of rows in the array)
"z" (a decimal fraction) is the height above ground in wavelengths of the lowest row of dipoles in the array.
For example, a "HRS 4/5/0.5" curtain antenna has a rectangular array of 20 dipoles, 4 dipoles wide and 5 dipoles high, with the lowest row being half a wavelength off the ground, and a flat reflector behind it, and the direction of the beam can be slewed. An HRS 4/4/0.5 slewable antenna with 16 dipoles is one of the standard types of array seen at shortwave broadcast stations worldwide.
Notes on HRS nomenclature
HRS antennas of type HRS 1/1/z are undefined as such (such a thing would consist of just a single dipole).
HRS antennas of type HRS 1/2/z and 2/1/z exist, but see little practical use in shortwave broadcasting. An antenna with the designation of "H 1/2/z" is commonly referred to as a "Lazy-H" antenna. VHF and UHF repeaters for FM radio or television in the UK quite often employ a pair of horizontal dipoles (or short yagis) one above the other (i.e. HRS 1/2/z) to concentrate transmission power in the vertical plane.
The Russian Duga Over The Horizon Radar may have used an antenna of type HRS 32/16/0.75 (estimated – not verified), with potential directional ERP in the gigawatt range.
HRS antenna
The HRS type antenna is one of the most common types of curtain array. The name comes from the above CCIR nomenclature: it consists of an array of Horizontal dipoles with a Reflector behind them, and the beam is Steerable. These antennas are also known as "HRRS" (for a Reversible Reflector), but the extra R is seldom used.
However, as far back as the mid-1930s, Radio Netherlands was using a rotatable HRS antenna for global coverage. Since the 1950s the HRS design has become more or less the standard for long distance (> 1000 km) high power shortwave broadcasting.
HRS description
An HRS type antenna is basically a rectangular array of conventional dipole antennas strung between supporting towers. In the simplest case, each dipole is separated from the next by λ vertically, and the centres of each dipole are spaced 1 λ apart horizontally. Again, in the simplest case (for a broadside beam), all dipoles are driven in phase with each other and with equal power. Radiation is concentrated broadside to the curtain.
Behind the array of dipoles, typically about λ away there will be a "reflector" consisting of many parallel wires in the same orientation as the dipoles. If this was not present, the curtain would radiate equally forward and backward.
Steering
If there is an "S" in the antenna's designation, it is a steerable design. Following the ITU-recommendation, it might be called 'slewable design'. This might be achieved electronically by adjustment of the electrical wave phases of the signals fed to the columns of dipole antenna elements, or physically by mounting the antenna array on a large rotating mechanism. An example of this can be seen at NRK Kvitsøy, where a circular railway carries a pair of wheeled platforms, each of which supports a tower at opposite ends of a diameter-arm. The curtain antenna array is suspended between the towers and rotates with them as the towers go around the circular railway. Another physical rotation technique is employed by the ALLISS system where the entire array is built around a central rotatable tower of great strength.
Electrically slewed antenna arrays can usually be aimed in the range of ±30° from the antenna's physical direction while mechanically rotated arrays can accommodate a full 360°. Electrical slewing is typically done in the horizontal plane, with some adjustment being possible in the vertical plane.
Azimuth beamwidth
For a 2-wide dipole array, the beamwidth is around 50°
For a 3-wide dipole array, the beamwidth is around 40°
For a 4-wide dipole array, the beamwidth is around 30°
Vertical launch angle
The number of dipole rows and the height of the lowest element above ground determine the elevation angle and consequently the distance to the service area.
A 2-row high array has a typical takeoff angle of 20°
is most commonly used for medium range communications.
A 4-row high array has a typical takeoff angle of 10°
is most commonly used for long range communications.
A 6-row array is similar to a 4-row, but can achieve 5° to 10° takeoff angles.
can be used in shortwave communications circuits of 12000 km, and is highly directional.
Note that it is possible for details of the antenna site to wreak havoc with the designers plans such that takeoff angle and matching may be adversely affected.
Examples of HRS antennas
This is an example of theoretical HRS design shortwave relay stations. This may help one better understand HRS antenna directivity.
Shortwave relay stations using only HRS antennas
This is an incomplete list of stations using only HRS antennas, sorted by country name.
Active sites
Brazil
Empresa Brasil de Comunicação Parque do Rodeador
Germany
T-Systems Nauen
New Zealand
RNZI Rangitaiki Plains
UK
BBCWS Ascension Island
BBCWS Rampisham
BBCWS Skelton
See : http://tx.mb21.co.uk/features/skeltonvlf/skelton3.shtml
BBCWS Woofferton
See : http://tx.mb21.co.uk/gallery/woofferton/
History : http://www.bbceng.info/Operations/transmitter_ops/Reminiscences/Woofferton/woof50y-v2.pdf
Decommissioned sites
Australia
CVC International, Darwin, NT at Cox Peninsula. It was formerly a Radio Australia relay station. As the land has been turned over to aboriginal land owners in 2008 by a court decision, the site was dismantled in 2009. It is not currently known if there are any remaining HRS antenna towers.
Germany
T-Systems Wertachtal site, which is dismantled in 2014.
Canada
Radio Canada International Sackville, NB. Radio Canada International's shortwave service was shut down in June 2012 due to Canadian Broadcasting Corporation budget cuts as a result of reduced federal subsidies. The HRS antenna towers were demolished in 2014.
Spain
Playa de Pals Radio Station Museum (the HRS antenna field is now a 12-hole golf course)
USA
VOA Delano, California Relay Station (mothball status, could be reactivated in some emergency situations)
VOA Greenville-A Relay Station (Site was sold to Beaufort County, North Carolina in 2006, antennas were demolished in 2016.)
RADAR Systems using HR Type Antennas
Some portable tactical antenna systems still use HR type antennas, mostly not HRS as the antennas are rotatable.
References
External links
ALLISS Technology portals
http://HireMe.geek.nz/ALLISS.html
http://www.w8ji.com/curtain%20sterba%20USIA%20array.htm
Amateur radio
Radio communications
Radio frequency antenna types
Radio frequency propagation
Antennas (radio) |
2695217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Maguire%20Cup | Sam Maguire Cup | The Sam Maguire Cup (), often referred to as Sam or The Sam, is a trophy awarded annually by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) to the team that wins the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the main competition in the sport of Gaelic football. The Sam Maguire Cup was first presented to Kildare, winners of the 1928 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final. The original 1920s trophy was retired in the 1980s, with a new identical trophy awarded annually since 1988.
The GAA organises the series of games, which are played during the summer months. The All-Ireland Football Final was traditionally played on the third or fourth Sunday in September at Croke Park in Dublin. In 2018, the GAA rescheduled its calendar and since then the fixture has been played at various dates.
The trophy is made of silver and due to this being one of the softer metals it is prone to sustaining dents easily.
Old trophy
The original Sam Maguire Cup commemorates the memory of Sam Maguire, an influential figure in the London GAA and a former footballer. A group of his friends formed a committee in Dublin under the chairmanship of Dr Pat McCartan from Carrickmore, County Tyrone, to raise funds for a permanent commemoration of his name. They decided on a cup to be presented to the GAA. The Association were proud to accept the Cup. At the time it cost £300. In today's terms that sum is equivalent to €25,392. The commission to make it was given to Hopkins and Hopkins, a jewellers and watchmakers of O'Connell Bridge, Dublin.
The silver cup was crafted, on behalf of Hopkins and Hopkins, by the silversmith Matthew J. Staunton of D'Olier Street, Dublin. Maitiú Standun, Staunton's son, confirmed in a letter printed in the Alive! newspaper in October 2003 that his father had indeed made the original Sam Maguire Cup back in 1928.
Matthew J. Staunton (1888–1966) came from a long line of silversmiths going back to the Huguenots, who brought their skills to Ireland in the 1600s. Matt, as he was known to his friends, served his time in the renowned Dublin silversmiths, Edmond Johnson Ltd, where the Liam MacCarthy Hurling Cup was made in 1921.
The 1928 Sam Maguire Cup is a faithful model of the Ardagh Chalice, an early Christian chalice dated to the 9th century AD. The bowl was not spun on a spinning lathe but hand-beaten from a single flat piece of silver. Even though it is highly polished, multiple hammer marks are still visible today, indicating the manufacturing process.
It was first presented in 1928 - to the Kildare team that defeated Cavan by one point in that year's final. It was the only time Kildare won old trophy. They have yet to win the new trophy, coming closest in 1998, when Galway defeated them by four points in that year's final.
Kerry won the trophy on the most occasions. They were also the only team to win it on four consecutive occasions, achieving the feat twice -first during the late-1920s and early-1930s (1929, 1930, 1931, 1932), and later during the late-1970s and early 1980s (1978, 1979, 1980, 1981).
In addition, Kerry twice won the old trophy on three consecutive occasions, in the late 1930s and early-1940s (1939, 1940, 1941) and in the mid-1980s (1984, 1985, 1986). They also won it on two consecutive occasions in the late-1960s and early-1970s (1969, 1970).
Galway won the old trophy on three consecutive occasions in the mid-1960s (1964, 1965, 1966).
Roscommon won the old trophy on two consecutive occasions during the mid-1940s (1943, 1944), as did Cavan later that decade (1947, 1948).
Mayo won the old trophy on two consecutive occasions during the early-1950s (1950, 1951), while Down did likewise in the early-1960s (1960, 1961).
Offaly won the old trophy on two consecutive occasions during the early 1970s (1971, 1972), while Dublin did likewise later that decade (1976, 1977).
Six men won the old trophy twice as captain: Joe Barrett of Kerry, Jimmy Murray of Roscommon, John Joe O'Reilly of Cavan, Seán Flanagan of Mayo, Enda Colleran of Galway and Tony Hanahoe of Dublin.
The Sam Maguire Cup briefly vanished from the safe in which it was being stored for safe keeping in New York in April 1981, having been brought there reluctantly by the then Feale Rangers and Kerry captain Jimmy Deenihan when his club were touring in the United States. Deenihan had been asked to bring it with him so that it could be photographed alongside the baseball "World Series" Commissioner's Trophy and the American football "Superbowl" Vince Lombardi Trophy. The incident was covered on the front page of the Irish Independent and Deenihan recounted the episode in his book My Sporting Life, stating he subsequently retrieved the Sam Maguire Cup following the intervention of the New York County Board and with the aid of an FBI officer.
The original trophy was retired in 1988 as it had received some damage over the years. It is permanently on display in the GAA Museum at Croke Park.
New trophy
The GAA commissioned a replica from Kilkenny-based silversmith Desmond A. Byrne and the replica is the trophy that has been used ever since. The silver for the new cup was donated by Johnson Matthey Ireland at the behest of Kieran D. Eustace Managing Director, a native of Newtowncashel Co. Longford. Meath's Joe Cassells was the first recipient of "Sam Óg". Meath have the distinction of being the last team to lift the old Sam Maguire and the first team to lift the new one following their back-to-back victories in 1987 and 1988.
Cork won the new trophy on consecutive occasions in the late-1980s and early-1990s (1989, 1990), while Kerry did likewise during the mid-2000s (2006, 2007).
Dublin are the only team to win the new trophy on more than two consecutive occasions, achieving a historic achievement of six-in-a-row during the second half of the 2010s (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020).
Stephen Cluxton of Dublin is the only captain to have won the new trophy seven times as captain, doing so in 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020. No other person as ever won either the old or new trophy as captain more than twice. Two other men have won the new trophy twice as captain: Declan O'Sullivan of Kerry and Brian Dooher of Tyrone.
In 2010, the GAA asked the same silversmith to produce another replica of the trophy (the third Sam Maguire Cup) although this was to be used only for marketing purposes.
Tyrone's former county board chairman Cuthbert Donnelly was tasked with guarding the Sam Maguire Cup following his county's All-Ireland SFC wins of 2003, 2005, 2008 and 2021. Donnelly had a special case made so as to store the trophy safely when it was being transported over long distances. When Donnelly returned it in "pristine condition" to Des Byrne, the Kilkenny silversmith who had created it, Byrne gifted Donnelly a silver memento, so impressed was he by Donnelly's efforts at preventing damage to the trophy.
The Dublin team briefly lost the trophy in New York in 2018 but subsequently retrieved it.
Winners
See All-Ireland Senior Football Championship for a list of all-time winners of the competition.
Old Trophy
Kerry – 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1937, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1946, 1953, 1955, 1959, 1962, 1969, 1970, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986
Dublin – 1942, 1958, 1963, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1983
Galway – 1934, 1938, 1956, 1964, 1965, 1966
Cavan – 1933, 1935, 1947, 1948, 1952
Meath – 1949, 1954, 1967, 1987
Mayo – 1936, 1950, 1951
Down – 1960, 1961, 1967
Offaly – 1971, 1972, 1982
Roscommon – 1943, 1944
Cork – 1945, 1973
Kildare – 1928
Louth – 1957
New Trophy
Dublin – 1995, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023
Kerry – 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2022
Tyrone – 2003, 2005, 2008, 2021
Meath – 1988, 1996, 1999
Cork – 1989, 1990, 2010
Down – 1991, 1994
Donegal – 1992, 2012
Galway – 1998, 2001
Derry – 1993
Armagh – 2002
See also
List of All-Ireland Senior Football Championship winning captains
Brendan Martin Cup
Liam MacCarthy Cup
References
1928 in Gaelic games
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
Gaelic football cup competitions |
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