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Force | This led Maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be "self-generating" through a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light. | Who discovered that magnetic and electric could self-generate? | Maxwell |
Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. | What was dificult to reconcile the photoelectric effect and the missing ultraviolet catastrophe? | electromagnetic theory |
Force | Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. | What was used to create a new electromagnetic theory to reconcile the troubles with electromagnetic theory as it used to stand? | quantum mechanics |
Force | This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons. | What did electromagnetic theory finally lead to? | quantum electrodynamics |
Force | This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons. | What are the wave-particles called that mediate all electromagnetic phenomena? | photons |
Force | This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons. | What is QED short for? | quantum electrodynamics |
Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. | What is often misunderstood as the cause of matter rigidity? | repulsion of like charges |
Force | However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle. | What actually causes rigidity in matter? | the Pauli exclusion principle |
Force | This means that it takes energy to pack them together. | What is needed to pack electrons densely together? | energy |
Force | While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states. | How is the Pauli exclusion priciple manifested in the macro world? | as a structural force |
Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. | What is often misunderstood as the cause of matter rigidity? | repulsion of like charges |
Force | However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle. | What actually causes rigidity in matter? | the Pauli exclusion principle |
Force | This means that it takes energy to pack them together. | What is needed to pack electrons densely together? | energy |
Force | While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states. | How is the Pauli exclusion priciple manifested in the macro world? | as a structural force |
Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. | What does stong force act upon? | elementary particles |
Force | However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. | What can be seen between hadrons? | residual of the force |
Force | However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. | What is the force between nucleons? | nuclear |
Force | Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons, which classically transmit the nuclear force (see this topic for more). | How are nuclear forces transmitted? | as gluons |
Force | This phenomenon is called color confinement. | What is the term for the lack of obsevable free quarks? | color confinement |
Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. | What does the W and Z boson exchange create? | weak force |
Force | Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. | What is the observable effect of W and Z boson exchange? | beta decay |
Force | Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. | What is the effect of beta decay? | radioactivity |
Force | The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. | How many times less is the strenght of the weak field compared to the strong? | 1013 |
Force | A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. | At what temperature do weak and electromagnetic forces appear the same? | approximately 1015 kelvins |
Force | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. | What is the repulsive force of close range atom interaction? | normal force |
Force | When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects. | What occurs when electron clouds overlap from different atoms? | Pauli repulsion |
Force | When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects. | What causes Pauli repulsion? | fermionic nature of electrons |
Force | :93 The normal force, for example, is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object. | What is the force that causes rigid strength in structures? | normal |
Force | Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. | What can be used to model tension forces? | ideal strings |
Force | They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. | What do you use to let idea strings switch direction? | ideal pulleys |
Force | Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string, any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object. | In what way do idea strings transmit tesion forces? | action-reaction pairs |
Force | These tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine. | What is the final effect of adding more and more idea strings to a load? | conservation of mechanical energy |
Force | By connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys, the tension force on a load can be multiplied. | What can increase the tension force on a load? | movable pulleys |
Force | Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. | What did Newton's mechanics affect? | idealized point particles |
Force | Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. | What didn't Newton's mechanics affext? | three-dimensional objects |
Force | For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows: | In what kind of fluid are pressure differences caused by direction of forces over gradients? | extended |
Force | However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. | What may a force on one part of an object affect? | other parts |
Force | However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. | What does matter actually have that Newtonian mechanics doesn't address? | extended structure |
Force | The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions. | What causes strain in structures? | stress tensor |
Force | This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). | What is used to calculate cross section area in the volume of an object? | pressure terms |
Force | This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). | What are associated with normal forces? | pressure terms |
Force | This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). | What includes pressure terms when calculating area in volume? | formalism |
Force | Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. | What is the force equivalent of torque compared to angular momentum? | rotational equivalent for position |
Force | As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. | What would change the rotational inertia of a body under Newton's First Law of Motion? | unbalanced torque |
Force | Likewise, Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body: | To calculate instant angular acceleration of a rigid body what would you use? | Newton's Second Law of Motion |
Force | This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving path. | Where does centripetal force go? | toward the center of the curving path |
Force | Such forces act perpendicular to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object, and therefore do not change the speed of the object (magnitude of the velocity), but only the direction of the velocity vector. | How do centripetal forces act in relation to vectors of velocity? | perpendicular |
Force | This yields both the tangential force, which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up, and the radial (centripetal) force, which changes its direction. | What force changes an objects direction of travel? | centripetal |
Force | This yields both the tangential force, which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up, and the radial (centripetal) force, which changes its direction. | What is another word for centripetal force? | radial |
Force | This yields both the tangential force, which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up, and the radial (centripetal) force, which changes its direction. | What is resposible for speeding up or slowing down an object? | tangential force |
Force | A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. | What is the only form potential energy can change into? | kinetic |
Force | A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. | What is the only form kinetic energy can change into? | potential |
Force | This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. | What is preserved in a closed system of forces when acted upon? | net mechanical energy |
Force | The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space, and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area. | What is the force between two locations related to? | difference in potential energy |
Force | The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space, and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area. | What is the force called rgarding a potential field between two locations? | artifact |
Force | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. | What is sometimes impossible to model? | forces |
Force | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. | Why are some forces due to that are impossible to model? | gradient of potentials |
Force | For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms, but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector. | What do electrostatic gradiient potentials create? | friction |
Force | Nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces, tension, compression, and drag. | Tension, compression, and drag are what kind of forces? | Nonconservative |
Force | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. | In what treatment are nonconservative and conservative forces described? | statistical mechanics |
Force | In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. | What changes macroscopic closed system energies? | nonconservative forces |
Force | In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. | What is the exchange of heat associated with? | nonconservative forces |
Force | According to the Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases. | What is the law of thermodynamics associated with closed system heat exchange? | Second |
Force | According to the Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases. | What makes energy changes in a closed system? | nonconservative forces |
Force | The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. | What is the metric term less used than the Newton? | kilogram-force |
Force | The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. | What is the kilogram-force sometimes reffered to as? | kilopond |
Force | The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. | What is a very seldom used unit of mass in the metric system? | slug |
Force | Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf. | What seldom used term of a unit of force equal to 1000 pound s of force? | kip |
Force | Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf. | What is the seldom used force unit equal to one thousand newtons? | sthène |