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University_of_Notre_Dame
It is a replica of the grotto at Lourdes, France where the Virgin Mary reputedly appeared to Saint Bernadette Soubirous in 1858.
To whom did the Virgin Mary allegedly appear in 1858 in Lourdes France?
Saint Bernadette Soubirous
University_of_Notre_Dame
Immediately in front of the Main Building and facing it, is a copper statue of Christ with arms upraised with the legend "Venite Ad Me Omnes".
What is in front of the Notre Dame Main Building?
a copper statue of Christ
University_of_Notre_Dame
Next to the Main Building is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart.
The Basilica of the Sacred heart at Notre Dame is beside to which structure?
the Main Building
University_of_Notre_Dame
Immediately behind the basilica is the Grotto, a Marian place of prayer and reflection.
What is the Grotto at Notre Dame?
a Marian place of prayer and reflection
University_of_Notre_Dame
Atop the Main Building's gold dome is a golden statue of the Virgin Mary.
What sits on top of the Main Building at Notre Dame?
a golden statue of the Virgin Mary
University_of_Notre_Dame
Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States.
When did the Scholastic Magazine of Notre dame begin publishing?
September 1876
University_of_Notre_Dame
The other magazine, The Juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork.
How often is Notre Dame's the Juggler published?
twice
University_of_Notre_Dame
The newspapers have varying publication interests, with The Observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College.
What is the daily student paper at Notre Dame called?
The Observer
University_of_Notre_Dame
The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals.
How many student news papers are found at Notre Dame?
three
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 1987, when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, Common Sense was published.
In what year did the student paper Common Sense begin publication at Notre Dame?
1987
University_of_Notre_Dame
The university is the major seat of the Congregation of Holy Cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in Rome).
Where is the headquarters of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?
Rome
University_of_Notre_Dame
Its main seminary, Moreau Seminary, is located on the campus across St.
What is the primary seminary of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?
Moreau Seminary
University_of_Notre_Dame
Old College, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of St.
What is the oldest structure at Notre Dame?
Old College
University_of_Notre_Dame
Retired priests and brothers reside in Fatima House (a former retreat center), Holy Cross House, as well as Columba Hall near the Grotto.
What individuals live at Fatima House at Notre Dame?
Retired priests and brothers
University_of_Notre_Dame
While not Catholic, Buechner has praised writers from Notre Dame and Moreau Seminary created a Buechner Prize for Preaching.
Which prize did Frederick Buechner create?
Buechner Prize for Preaching
University_of_Notre_Dame
Today the college, housed in the Fitzpatrick, Cushing, and Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight B.
How many BS level degrees are offered in the College of Engineering at Notre Dame?
eight
University_of_Notre_Dame
The College of Engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s.
In what year was the College of Engineering at Notre Dame formed?
1920
University_of_Notre_Dame
The College of Engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s.
Before the creation of the College of Engineering similar studies were carried out at which Notre Dame college?
the College of Science
University_of_Notre_Dame
Today the college, housed in the Fitzpatrick, Cushing, and Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight B.
How many departments are within the Stinson-Remick Hall of Engineering?
five
University_of_Notre_Dame
The College of Engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s.
The College of Science began to offer civil engineering courses beginning at what time at Notre Dame?
the 1870s
University_of_Notre_Dame
The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring.
What entity provides help with the management of time for new students at Notre Dame?
Learning Resource Center
University_of_Notre_Dame
All of Notre Dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the First Year of Studies program.
How many colleges for undergraduates are at Notre Dame?
five
University_of_Notre_Dame
The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major.
What was created at Notre Dame in 1962 to assist first year students?
The First Year of Studies program
University_of_Notre_Dame
This program has been recognized previously, by U.
Which organization declared the First Year of Studies program at Notre Dame "outstanding?"
U.S. News & World Report
University_of_Notre_Dame
This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering Doctorate (PhD) degrees.
The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame?
1924
University_of_Notre_Dame
Most of the departments from the College of Arts and Letters offer PhD programs, while a professional Master of Divinity (M.
What type of degree is an M.Div.?
Master of Divinity
University_of_Notre_Dame
Additionally, the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the Southern United States for two school years.
Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree?
Alliance for Catholic Education
University_of_Notre_Dame
The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in the 1854–1855 academic year.
In what year was a Master of Arts course first offered at Notre Dame?
1854
University_of_Notre_Dame
All of the departments in the College of Science offer PhD programs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies.
Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program?
Department of Pre-Professional Studies
University_of_Notre_Dame
The Joan B.
What institute at Notre Dame studies the reasons for violent conflict?
Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
University_of_Notre_Dame
Hesburgh CSC, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame.
What is the title of Notre Dame's Theodore Hesburgh?
President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame
University_of_Notre_Dame
It was founded in 1986 through the donations of Joan B.
In what year was the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies founded?
1986
University_of_Notre_Dame
Kroc, the widow of McDonald's owner Ray Kroc.
To whom was John B. Kroc married?
Ray Kroc
University_of_Notre_Dame
Kroc, the widow of McDonald's owner Ray Kroc.
What company did Ray Kroc own?
McDonald's
University_of_Notre_Dame
The main building is the 14-story Theodore M.
How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame?
14
University_of_Notre_Dame
The main building is the 14-story Theodore M.
What is the name of the main library at Notre Dame?
Theodore M. Hesburgh Library
University_of_Notre_Dame
Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books.
In what year was the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame finished?
1963
University_of_Notre_Dame
The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life mural designed by artist Millard Sheets.
Which artist created the mural on the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library?
Millard Sheets
University_of_Notre_Dame
This mural is popularly known as "Touchdown Jesus" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.
What is a common name to reference the mural created by Millard Sheets at Notre Dame?
Touchdown Jesus
University_of_Notre_Dame
Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.
How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015?
3,577
University_of_Notre_Dame
Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.
What percentage of students were admitted to Notre Dame in fall 2015?
19.7%
University_of_Notre_Dame
The academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities.
Where does Notre Dame rank in terms of academic profile among research universities in the US?
the top 10 to 15 in the nation
University_of_Notre_Dame
1,400 of the 3,577 (39.
What percentage of students at Notre Dame participated in the Early Action program?
39.1%
University_of_Notre_Dame
Admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to Notre Dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the United States.
How many miles does the average student at Notre Dame travel to study there?
more than 750 miles
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 2015-2016, Notre Dame ranked 18th overall among "national universities" in the United States in U.
Where did U.S. News & World Report rank Notre Dame in its 2015-2016 university rankings?
18th overall
University_of_Notre_Dame
com's America's Best Colleges ranks Notre Dame 13th among colleges in the United States in 2015, 8th among Research Universities, and 1st in the Midwest.
Forbes.com placed Notre Dame at what position compared to other US research universities?
8th
University_of_Notre_Dame
BusinessWeek ranks Mendoza College of Business undergraduate school as 1st overall.
The undergrad school at the Mendoza College of Business was ranked where according to BusinessWeek?
1st overall
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 2014, USA Today ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities based on data from College Factual.
In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities?
USA Today
University_of_Notre_Dame
Additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.
What percentage of Notre Dame students decide to study abroad?
57.6%
University_of_Notre_Dame
Father Joseph Carrier, C.
What person was the Director of the Science Museum at Notre Dame in the late 19th century?
Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.
University_of_Notre_Dame
One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm (1851–1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist.
What was the lifespan of John Augustine Zahm?
1851–1921
University_of_Notre_Dame
One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm (1851–1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist.
What program did John Augustine Zahm come to co-direct at Nore Dame?
the Science Department
University_of_Notre_Dame
His book Evolution and Dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it.
What book did John Zahm write in 1896?
Evolution and Dogma
University_of_Notre_Dame
was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874.
What professorship did Father Josh Carrier hold at Notre Dame?
Professor of Chemistry and Physics
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models.
In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame?
1882
University_of_Notre_Dame
Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message.
Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?
Professor Jerome Green
University_of_Notre_Dame
Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message.
In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message?
Around 1899
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene.
Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene?
Father Julius Nieuwland
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models.
What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame?
an early wind tunnel
University_of_Notre_Dame
The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928.
Work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which Notre Dame institute?
The Lobund Institute
University_of_Notre_Dame
In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute.
Around what time did Lobund of Notre Dame become independent?
the 1940s
University_of_Notre_Dame
In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute.
In what year did Lobund at Notre Dame become an Institute?
1950
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.
The Lobund Institute was merged into the Department of Biology at Notre Dame in what year?
1958
University_of_Notre_Dame
The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928.
When did study of a germ-free-life begin at Notre Dame?
1928
University_of_Notre_Dame
The Review of Politics was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals.
Gurian created what in 1939 at Notre Dame?
The Review of Politics
University_of_Notre_Dame
The Review of Politics was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals.
What was the Review of Politics inspired by?
German Catholic journals
University_of_Notre_Dame
For 44 years, the Review was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch.
Over how many years did Gurian edit the Review of Politics at Notre Dame?
44
University_of_Notre_Dame
The Review of Politics was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals.
Thomas Stritch was an editor of which publican from Notre Dame?
Review of Politics
University_of_Notre_Dame
The university president, John Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address.
Who was the president of Notre Dame in 2012?
John Jenkins
University_of_Notre_Dame
The university president, John Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address.
The Kellogg Institute for International Studies is part of which university?
Notre Dame
University_of_Notre_Dame
The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies, and the Center for Social Concerns.
What does the Kroc Institute at Notre Dame focus on?
International Peace studies
University_of_Notre_Dame
As of 2013, the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.
In what year did Notre Dame begin to host the Global Adaptation Index?
2013
University_of_Notre_Dame
As of 2013, the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.
What threat does the Global Adaptation Index study?
climate change
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.
How many undergrads were attending Notre Dame in 2014?
8,448
University_of_Notre_Dame
Around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries.
What percentage of students at Notre Dame are the children of former Notre Dame students?
21–24%
University_of_Notre_Dame
" The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh.
How many teams participate in the Notre Dame Bookstore Basketball tournament?
over 700
University_of_Notre_Dame
" The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh.
For what cause is money raised at the Bengal Bouts tournament at Notre Dame?
the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.
How many students in total were at Notre Dame in 2014?
12,179
University_of_Notre_Dame
About 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus.
What percentage of undergrads live on the Notre Dame campus?
80%
University_of_Notre_Dame
The majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls.
How many student housing areas are reserved for Notre Dame's graduate students?
four
University_of_Notre_Dame
Because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms.
How many dorms for males are on the Notre Dame campus?
15
University_of_Notre_Dame
About 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus.
What amount of the graduate student body at Notre Dame live on the campus?
20%
University_of_Notre_Dame
Because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms.
There are how many dorms for females at Notre Dame?
14
University_of_Notre_Dame
The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: Congregatio a Sancta Cruce, abbreviated postnominals: "CSC").
What is Congregation of Holy Cross in Latin?
Congregatio a Sancta Cruce
University_of_Notre_Dame
While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic.
What percentage of Notre Dame students feel they are Christian?
more than 93%
University_of_Notre_Dame
Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community.
How often is Catholic mass held at Notre Dame in a week?
over 100 times
University_of_Notre_Dame
Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.
How many chapels are on the Notre Dame campus?
Fifty-seven
University_of_Notre_Dame
While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic.
What amount of the student body of Notre Dame identifies as Catholic?
over 80%
University_of_Notre_Dame
Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school.
What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?
Washington Hall
University_of_Notre_Dame
This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home.
In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?
1879
University_of_Notre_Dame
Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev.
Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?
Rev. William Corby
University_of_Notre_Dame
Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879.
On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous?
17th of May
University_of_Notre_Dame
By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883.
What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as?
LaFortune Student Center
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis.
What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?
scholastic and classical
University_of_Notre_Dame
By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school.
Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?
College of Commerce
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis.
In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it?
Father James Burns
University_of_Notre_Dame
In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis.
Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?
three years
University_of_Notre_Dame
Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason.
Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution?
Harvard Law School
University_of_Notre_Dame
Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918.
The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?
Knute Rockne
University_of_Notre_Dame
Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties.
What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach?
105
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TinySQuAD

Motivation

The SQuAD dataset has been instrumental for training question-answering language models due to its structured labeling. However, the lengthy passages can be unwieldy for tiny language models. By leveraging recent advancements in retrieval methods like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and embeddings, we can efficiently extract relevant sentences from a passage of text. This dataset provides a streamlined alternative, facilitating the development of compact and effective QnA and reasoning systems.

Dataset Summary

TinySQuAD is a condensed version of the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD), designed to simplify context for question-answering tasks. In this dataset, the context has been trimmed to only include the sentence relevant to the question, rather than an entire passage. This makes it more concise and focused for quick, high-accuracy extraction of answers. The dataset contains four fields: title, context, question, and answer.

Dataset Structure

Each data point in TinySQuAD consists of the following fields:

  • title: The title or subject of the article or passage.
  • context: A single sentence containing relevant information for answering the question.
  • question: A natural language question that can be answered using the provided context.
  • answer: The exact answer to the question, extracted from the context sentence.

Supported Tasks

  • Question Answering (QA): The dataset is designed for extractive QA tasks, where the goal is to find the correct answer to a question within a given context.

Languages

The dataset is in English.

Dataset Creation

TinySQuAD was created by processing the original SQuAD dataset to reduce the length of the context, selecting only the sentence most relevant to answering each question. This process simplifies the task and reduces unnecessary information, making it ideal for small-scale QA models or tasks where concise contexts are preferred.

Train/Validation Splits

It is important to note that TinySQuAD does not match the train/validation splits of the original SQuAD dataset. During the creation of TinySQuAD, the examples were processed and may have been shuffled or reorganized, resulting in a dataset that does not directly align with the original partitioning. Therefore, researchers and practitioners should take care when comparing results on TinySQuAD with models trained on the original SQuAD dataset, as the evaluation may not be directly comparable.

Uses and Applications

  • Training and Evaluating QA Systems: TinySQuAD is useful for training question-answering models that need focused contexts.
  • Low-resource Environments: The shorter context length makes this dataset suitable for low-computation environments like edge devices or browser-based applications.

Citation

If you use TinySQuAD in your research or projects, please cite it as follows:

@dataset{tinysquad,
  title={TinySQuAD: A Condensed Question-Answering Dataset},
  author={Your Name},
  year={2024},
  url={your-dataset-url}
}

License

The dataset inherits the same licensing as the original SQuAD dataset (CC BY-SA 4.0).

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