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In order for a business to be successful in the world today, they should possess all four of the functions of management. These four functions are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. It is important that all of these aspects of management be understood to enable a business to be successful at meeting their goals. Examples of performing these four functions are planning by delivering a set of values that are strategic, organizing by building an organization that is dynamic, leading by being able to mobilize people, and controlling by making changes and learning. All of these can successfully be carried out through communication and decision-making. Planning is setting goals to be put into place to be reached. The correct courses of action that will be taken to meet these goals and to determine how the goals will be accomplished are decided in advance. Bateman and Snell (2009) stated “Planning activities include analyzing current situations, anticipating the future, determining objectives, deciding in what types of activities the company will engage, choosing corporate and business strategies, and determining the resources needed to achieve the organization’s goals.” Planning is a continuous process that a business must perform to be knowledgeable about their customers, suppliers, and others. This will allow a business to be able to identify any open opportunities, therefore creating an advantage that is considered competitive. At Spirit Manufacturing, the top-level managers, have to decide what products will sell and what products will not sell through marketing. In doing so, they will have to maintain a set of goals for sales that include style, type, and design of our products. This is then organized by the mid-level managers. Organizing is researching and gathering the resources that are needed to accomplish the goals. These resources include coordinating employees, financial information, and physical information. Bateman and Snell (2009) stated “Organizing activities include attracting people to the organization, specifying job responsibilities, grouping jobs into work units, marshaling and allocating resources, and creating conditions so that people and things work together to achieve maximum success.” Organizing can be used to build a team of managers that can effectively use resources that can provide a business with the competitive edge, and enable the business to provide complete customer satisfaction. At Spirit Manufacturing, the mid-level and lower-level management work together, to organize the goals that are set by the top-level management. These goals include the style, type, and design of the products. The lower-level management will inform the employees on how these goals are to be carried out to satisfy the requirements of the top-level management. This is done through a process known as leadership. Leading is being able to effectively and successfully communicate with, and motivate employees, groups, or people that lead to a higher level of performance by inspiring the employees that work in a business. Leading requires that management work in close contact with their employees. Working in close contact with the employees will help the management team to guide and inspire the employees in the right direction to accomplish the teamwork, and organizing the goals. Staley (1999) stated, “Leading is selling the vision of the future of your organization to the workforce.” At Spirit Manufacturing, it seems that the managers are well trained. They are able to mobilize the employees by using communication, leadership, and teamwork. In this workplace, the management team listens to the ideas that the employees offer them. The management team brings the employees together by using teamwork to achieve the goals that have been set by the top-level management. The final function of management is controlling. Controlling is the skill of being able to monitor the performance of the business, and implement any changes that are needed to achieve the goals of the business. Using the technology of today, a business can make it easier to achieve control effectively by using the skill of continuous changing and learning to adapt and reach the goals of the business. Staley (1999) stated, “Monitoring means measuring the progress toward goal attainment and judging whether or not we are progressing toward the goal in a proper manner.” At Spirit Manufacturing, the managers have to implement changes to the style, type, and design of the products, as these changes are needed. The managers may also have to adjust the price of the products to be able to meet the goals that they have set for the business. The managers can look at the past marketing strategies, and are able to make cost effective changes that will enable the business to meet the goals. To implement the four functions of management, businesses can use technology to aid them in this task. By using the four functions of management, managers will be able to obtain the knowledge that is necessary to having a competitive advantage when it comes to customers, suppliers, and others. It is important for any manager to have a thorough understanding of the four functions of management to ensure that a business is successful in meeting the goals that have been set for that business. Rodacker (2006) stated, “Effective communication is the key to planning, leading, organizing, and controlling the resources of an organization to achieve its stated objectives.” Bateman, T., & Snell, S. (2009). Management: leading and collaborating in the competitive world (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Rodacker, U. (2006, May). Successful managers. SuperVision, 67(5), 8-9. Retrieved September 21, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. Staley, G. (1999, July). The building blocks of management. Dental Economics, 89(7), 67-68. Retrieved September 21, 2008, from Accounting & Tax Periodicals database.
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President Trump's steel tariffs are widely viewed as a deeply flawed protectionist measure that will damage US steel consumers and related industries. And yet, in Australia we are using anti-dumping measures for the same flawed reasons, achieving the same negative result. Cutting tariffs in the 1990s helped deliver Australia the highest consistent growth rate of any OECD country for over 25 years. Our remaining tariffs are now minor and their impact insignificant compared to our anti-dumping measures. Dumping is said to occur when goods are imported into Australia at a lower price than their "normal value", usually defined as the comparable price in the exporter's domestic market. Anti-dumping involves the imposition of additional duties to prevent injury to Australian producers, imposed by the relevant Minister based on advice from the Anti-Dumping Commissioner. A minimum price on the imports may also be applied. The Minister must be satisfied that goods exported to Australia have been dumped or subsidised, and that the dumping or subsidies have caused, or are threatening, material injury to an Australian industry producing the same goods. Australia has anti-dumping measures currently applied to steel, power transformers, heavy machinery, food products, plastics, paper and other metals. A recent anti-dumping investigation involved galvanised steel, a product produced by Australia's steel manufacturers. Between July 2015 and June 2016, the period during which the investigation took place, the price of galvanised steel dropped around 15 per cent from its previous value. At the conclusion of the investigation the price rose, reaching 35 per cent above its low point. The obvious conclusion is that the price was deliberately supressed in order to encourage a favourable anti-dumping decision and to highlight material injury. Once the investigation was over, the price returned to its normal level. In March this year I used Senate Estimates to ask the Anti-Dumping Commissioner, Mr Dale Seymour, about the increased number of determinations relating to steel. Mr Seymour explained that most of these determinations have arisen because of global oversupply. However, he also confirmed that his role only requires him to consider injury to Australian producers. In other words, he takes no account of consumers of the products in question. There are two potential victims here; one is the domestic manufacturer competing with the 'dumped' imports. If additional duties are imposed, they are better able to compete with the imports by maintaining higher prices. The other is the consumers of those products, who pay the higher prices whether they buy local or imported. The price hike normally increases the cost to the final consumer too, although manufacturers can't always increase their price sufficiently to recover their increased costs because the market they are selling into is freer than the one that they buy from. Consumers of steel products have found a remarkable correlation between the price of steel and the recommendations of the Commissioner. They have also found the share prices of local steel producers Liberty Onesteel and Bluescope are positively aligned with actions taken by the Commissioner. The anti-dumping process is being used for a lot more than its original purpose. Discuss in our Forums See what other readers are saying about this article! Click here to read & post comments. 1 post so far.
Biomass for All In India there are large volumes of generated biomass and biomass residual streams. According to many studies reports, experts and officials, these biomass streams constitute a huge potential for biomass for biopower, biofuels and biomaterials that can shift the Indian energy matrix and create new biobased value- and productive chains. However, a substantial part of these streams are currently going unused. Especially the streams from municipal waste and wastewater and agricultural waste are not easily accessible being mostly generated in a decentralized manner. Next to that, the traditional and often inefficient and harmful uses of these streams, (e.g. fuel for cooking, fertilizing through burning post-harvest residuals in the field in the agricultural context and the current practice of dumping MSW in dumpsites and discharging wastewater directly or indirectly into rivers and waterbodies compete with non-conventional and high-value uses such as power generation, biofuels and biomaterials. The proposed method for unlocking these decentralized biomass streams is to create incentives for local, urban and rural communities to collect the biomass (residuals) and make them available for non-conventional uses. This is done through the development and deployment of suitable technologies for small scale, low cost power generation and distribution, producing an alternative to traditional uses and through local preprocessing of excess biomass for utilization by regional industry and agriculture. Biomass For All initiates, develops and implements a small cluster of pilot projects showcasing a methodology and technology-portfolio suited for local communities, industry and commerce to transition from the inefficient and polluting traditional uses of biomass, or not making any use of biomass at all, to more efficient, advanced uses of the same streams. This will lead to direct benefits for the communities This way, productivity is increased with the opportunity for new ventures for biomass collection and processing while both the built and natural environment are becoming unburdened from negative impacts. Sharing the added value of biomass processing upstream in the value-chain can anchor the continuity of a stable biomass supply to a regional biobased productive chain that previously was only partially or non-existent. Content: From Rishra to Sundabar (FRTS) With our partner in India, Symbio GreenTech we develop FRTS as the first urban pilot of Biomass for All within the " Low Carbon & Climate Resilient Kolkata” context. A project area has been delineated in the municipality of Rishra where we will collaborate with both the private (a large flax-yarn factory) and public sectors (Rishra Municipal Corporation). In this area we will develop a 5 interventions aimed at significantly reducing the direct discharge into the Ganges river of contaminated industrial and domestic wastewater. The heavily contaminated river has a role in the degradation of the downstream Sundarban mangrove ecosystem. By implementing these interventions in a concentrated urban area, where water (quality) measurements and monitoring can be integrated into this cluster of pilot-projects, the reduction of the discharge of contaminated wastewater can be conclusively set-off against the available data on the extent of direct and indirect degradation of the mangrove forests as a result of urban activity. Flax-yarn linen factory - Wastewater & sludge treatment and processing The on-site wastewater treatment, sludge collection and processing. There are 2 processes with intensive water usage: 1.)washing the flax-yarn, with the use of detergents. In this process a simple water-treatment process suffices to upgrade the water for re-use and discharge. This process generates 2 types of biomass: flax-yarn combings and the sludge from the washing process; 2.) The bleaching and dyeing process; this wastewater contains contaminants from dyes and bleaching agents. The wastewater treatment can be geared towards the recovery of compounds for re-use in dyes and other chemical compounds for different applications. Currently the sludge of this process is collected monthly for transportation to a remote dumpsite. This sludge could also be treated for compound-recovery and a subsequent biomass-to-energy application. Both processes can be adapted so as to provide the factory with re-usable water, bioenergy and recovered compounds for its own industrial operation and selling-off for other applications (such as fertilizers etc.). Waterbodies - Bio-phytonic and Microbial Water Remediation There are various contaminated waterbodies scattered throughout the Rishra municipal area, one of which is on the property of the flax-yarn factory. As a CSR project, the factory aims to remediate this waterbody. The remediation is planned through bio-phytonic and microbial treatment techniques, for instance in the form of floating gardens. This methodology could be applied to other waterbodies in the area as well. The waterbodies communicate with underground sewage pipes that discharge untreated wastewater into the river, and their ongoing remediation and monitoring is an important link in an integrated approach to significantly reduce that discharge as well as being able to use the waterbodies as reservoirs for re-use water products (for instance for industrial cooling, grey water applications and irrigation of the nearby rice-paddies. Adaptive water (quality) management in the area can help to optimize the waterbodies’ multiple uses. Dumpsite - Capping, Soil & Groundwater Remediation with Energy-Crops A large dumpsite constitutes a sizable area of contaminated soil and 2 large contaminated waterbodies. Recently, through a Indo-Japanese joint-venture, a new MSW separation facility has been implemented on the site. Through capping the contaminated soil with energy crops such as Miscanthus, Arundo Dax, Vetiver and Bamboo, combined with microbial techniques the soil and groundwater is remediated, whilst providing substantial volumes of biomass for the local generation of biopower. Similarly, through bio-phytonic techniques the waterbodies can be remediated. Subsequently, the are can be developed according the municipalities zoning plan. Domestic Area - Decentralized Black & Grey Water Treatment A small domestic neighborhood where currently black and grey water is collected into sewage pipes and directly discharged in the river will serve as a pilot area for wastewater and sludge treatment collection and processing making use of pathogen determination techniques and the recovery of nutrients from by microalgae. Part of the treatment process will entail clustered infra for the collection and processing of black water and the treatment of grey water through productive green areas, combining microbial treatment through plant-rhizospere and contaminant uptake through secondary plant-metabolism. Blackwater can be used for the production of biogas as a cooking-fuel and biomaterials, whereas grey water can be processed for water re-use: the sludge from both processes can be used as a feedstock for biopower and biomaterials. To the west of the project area are rice paddies that currently contaminate through the run-off of agrotoxins in the groundwater, eventually ending up in the river, whereas the irrigation of the fields poses a disturbance in the natural flow and levels of groundawater. Through PV powered irrigation with re-use water, making use of biofertilizer, both generated though the other pilot project components here described, the negative impacts of this agricultural practice can be significantly reduced, as well as the operational costs for the farmers. The use of bioherbi-, insect- and pesticides further reduce contamination whereas the introduction of additional and alternative crops for bioenergy & biomaterials, biomass-to-biopower, biofuels (e.g. rice straw for second generation bio-etanol) and biomaterials can diversify the agricultural practice, increasing the resilience and economic self-determination of the farmers community. By using constructed wetland techniques suited for flowing water and remediating the canal banks, a canal in the pilot project area will be continuously remediated, and, as such, bring about an additional means of reducing the direct discharge of pollutants and contaminants into the river. Monitoring, Data Gathering & Upscaling The groundwater, waterbodies, sewage pipes, open sewers, service pipes and canals all communicate with one another in the pilot-project area. Through the methodology of the interventions it will be possible to perform ongoing measurements of the presence of contaminants and pollutants in the different types of wastewater. This way, through sensor technology and adaptive water management tools, an integrated system for water management geared towards unburdening the river from negative impacts can be achieved. Even though the interventions will be implemented in an isolated context, the measured results can serve for designing and planning the upscaling to larger urban areas, gradually unburdening the river, creating a more conducive context for the downstream regeneration and preservation of the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem. As the riverbank urban activities and texture is rather similar throughout the Kolkotta metropolitan area, upscaling can be initiated subsequent to the implementation and operation of the pilot-project interventions their evaluation and the optimizing of the employed technologies, techniques and methodologies.
Sep 7, 2013 . There various parts of a retaining wall and design principles of these retaining wall components based on different factors and material and methods of construction are discussed. Any wall that . Normal Loading = static earth pressure + water pressure + pressure due to live loads or surcharge. In general.. ABSTRACT. Three examples of retaining walls were prepared for comparison of designs: a gravity wall, a cantilever and an anchored embedded wall. An analysis of the designs submitted is presented here. Despite efforts to avoid unintentional differences, there is a considerable disparity in the results, even among.. DESIGN OF STRUCTURES. Design Of Retaining Wall With Surcharge Load Inclined At Some Angle. QUESTION: Design a RCC retaining wall with surface inclined at and retains earth up to a height of 12 above NSL. Base of the footing is to be placed 3 below NSL. Soil has densityof . Angle of repose is ° . Take Use Retaining walls are used to provide lateral resistance for a mass of earth or other material to accommodate a transportation facility. These walls are used in a variety of applications including right-of-way restrictions, protection of existing structures that must remain in place, grade separations, new highway embankment.. effects of surcharge loads, the self-weight of the wall.There are many types of retaining walls; following are the different types of retaining walls, based on the shape and the mode of resisting the pressure: a. Gravity wall-Masonry or Plain concrete. b. Cantilever retaining wall. c. Counter fort retaining wall. d. Buttress retaining.. What is a surcharge? A surcharge is a load imposed on a retaining wall, examples of surcharges or loads imposed include:- on the ground by a building or . Design of retaining walls on boundary for surcharge load . lateral deflection of the wall will be within acceptable limits (in some cases, design for 'at rest' soil Oct 25, 2012 . lateral loads and do not account for any surcharge and seismic lateral earth pressures other than the slope as shown. The design professional is responsible for complete analysis in accordance with Section 1807 for retaining walls and site walls supporting a maximum of 6 ft high backfill as measured from.. Gravity Walls. 15. Gabion Walls. 16. Segmental Retaining Walls. 17. Swimming Pool Walls. 18. Pilaster Masonry Walls. 19. Restrained (Non-Yielding) Walls. 20. Sheet Pile Walls. 21. Soldier Pile Walls. 22. How Retaining Walls Fail; Effective Fixes. 23. Construction Topics and Caveats. 24. Design Examples. APPENDIX Surcharge due to strip loads on the soil being retained shall be included as a dead load surcharge load. . An example of this application is when a retaining wall is used in front of an abutment so that the wall is retaining the soil from behind the abutment as a strip load on the soil being retained by the.. Aug 1, 2014 . Some of the relevant items for retaining walls you should be familiar with according to the SE exam specification: Settlement loads, fluid/hydrostatic loads, and static earth pressure loads for the vertical exam. Also, dynamic earth pressure loads specifically for the lateral exam. Use of design pressure.. Nov 12, 2016 . Loads and Forces Acting on Retaining Wall. There are various types of loads and forces acting on retaining wall, which are: Lateral earth pressure; Surcharge loads; Axial loads; Wind on projecting stem; Impact forces; Seismic earth pressure; Seismic wall self-weight forces. Retaining wall design could.. ( in design of WI NRCS standard wall ding for manure storage). (March 3, 2016) . Also called surcharge. We limit it to 2-5000 Ib wheel loads 4 feet . How Soil Exerts Loading to Wall? Soil weight generates vertical pressures to wall footing. Pressure on wall footing is proportional to backfill depth (H). Total weight (W Design of concrete cantilever retaining walls to resist earthquake loading for residential sites. Worked example to . Wall situation: Case 3: Retaining wall downslope and supporting dwelling foundations. Surcharge: The surcharge from the dwelling was assumed to be 5 kN/m2 averaged across the active soil wedge for the.. The density of soil is. 18kN/m3. Safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2. Take the co-efficient of friction between concrete and soil as 0.6. The angle of repose is 30°. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel. Solution. Data: h' = 4m, SBC= 200 kN/m2, = 18 kN/m3, =0.6, =30°. Design Example Cantilever retaining wall.. EXAMPLE 11 - CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL. 1. CDOT Bridge Design Manual. January 2018. Design Example 11. GENERAL INFORMATION . Example 11 demonstrates design procedures for cast-in-place cantilever retaining walls supported on . Live Load Surcharge height. hSur = ft Reinforced Soil Retaining. Walls-Design and. Construction. Prof. G L Sivakumar Babu. Department of Civil Engineering. Indian Institute of Science. Bangalore 560012. Lecture 31 .. Not to scale. Example masonry concrete segmental retaining wall units . backfill. A surcharge loading of 15 kPa is to be allowed for, and the.. Jul 25, 2017 . A retaining wall is a structure exposed to lateral pressures from the retained soil plus any other surcharges and external loads. All stability failure . When the eccentricity falls within the kern = L / 6, the entire footing is under compression and the bearing diagram is a trapeze, as shown in the example above Sep 3, 2009 . Retaining walls. Example 3.16 Design of a cantilever retaining wall (BS 8110). The cantilever retaining wall shown below is backfilled with granular ... Surcharge Ver. .. Strip Load Ver. .. Mu = Shear Force @ Crit. Sect. .. Resisting Shear Vc ..... Use top bars D20 @ 20 cm , Transv. D12 @ 20 cm These walls consist of discrete vertical elements (steel H-Piles, for example) with wood . Surcharge. Large surcharge loads are induced on retaining walls in close proximity to track. For retaining wall design, the applicable train live-load surcharge is . A typical example is existing embankment slopes, which were built at BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AUGUST 2004. SECTION 5 - RETAINING WALLS. Part A. General Requirements and Materials. 5.1 GENERAL. Retaining walls shall be designed to withstand lateral earth and water pressures, the effects of surcharge loads, the self-weight of the wall and in special cases, earth
One of the sacred cows of statism is the idea that government needs to protect us from predatory price-cutting. Large corporations, according to this argument, have big advantages in the marketplace. They can cut prices, drive out their competitors, then raise prices later and gouge consumers. Antitrust laws are needed, so the argument continues, to protect small businesses and consumers from those corporations with large market shares in their industries. The story of Herbert Dow, founder of Dow Chemical Company, is an excellent case study for those who think predatory price-cutting is a real threat to society. Dow, a small producer of bromine in the early 1900s, fought a price-cutting cartel from Germany. He not only lived to tell about it; he also prospered from it. Born in 1866, Dow was a technical whiz and entrepreneur from childhood. His father, Joseph Dow, was a master mechanic who invented equipment for the U.S. Navy. He shared technical ideas with Herbert at the dinner table and the workbench in their home in Derby, Connecticut. He showed Herbert how to make a turbine and even how to modernize a pin factory. Whether Herbert was selling vegetables or taking an engine apart, his father was there to encourage him. Dow’s future as an inventive chemist was triggered during his senior year at the Case School of Applied Science when he watched the drilling of an oil well outside Cleveland. At the well site he noticed that brine had come to the surface. The oil men considered the oozing brine a nuisance. One of them asked Dow to taste it. “Bitter, isn’t it,” the driller noted. “It certainly is,” Dow added. “Now why would that brine be so bitter?” the driller asked. “I don’t know,” Dow said, “but I’d like to find out.” He took a sample to his lab, tested it, and found it contained both lithium (which helped explain the bitterness) and bromine. Bromine was used as a sedative and also to develop film. This set Dow to wondering if bromine could be extracted profitably from the abundant brine in the Cleveland area. The key to selling bromine was finding a way to separate it cheaply from brine. The traditional method was to heat a ton of brine, remove the crystallized salt, treat the rest with chemicals, salvage only two or three pounds of bromine, and dump the rest. Dow thought this method was expensive and inefficient. Why did the salt—which was often unmarketable—have to be removed? Was the use of heat—which was very expensive to apply—really necessary to separate the bromine? And why throw the rest of the brine away? Were there economical methods of removing the chlorine and magnesium also found in brine? The answers to these questions were important to Dow: the United States was ignoring or discarding an ocean of brine right beneath the earth’s surface. If he could extract the chemicals, he could change America’s industrial future. After graduation in 1888, Dow took a job as a chemistry professor at the Huron Street Hospital College in Cleveland. He had his own lab, an assistant, and time to work out the bromine problem. During the next year, he developed two processes—electrolysis and “blowing out.” In electrolysis he used an electric current to help free bromine from the brine; in blowing out he used a steady flow of air through the solution to separate the bromine. Once Dow showed he could use his two methods to make small amounts of bromine, he assumed he could make large amounts and sell it all over the world. The next 15 years of bromine production were a time of testing for Dow. He started three companies. One failed, one ousted him from control, and the third, the Dow Chemical Company, struggled to survive after its founding in Midland, Michigan, in 1897. The bromine market seemed to have potential, but Dow never had enough money because nothing ever worked as he expected it to. Electrolysis was new and untested. His brine cells were too small, and the current he passed through the brine was too weak to free all the bromine. When he strengthened the current, he freed all the bromine, but some chlorine seeped in, too. Instead of being frustrated, Dow would later go into the chlorine business as well. After all, people were making money selling chlorine as a disinfectant. So could Dow. Meanwhile, the chlorine and bromine were corroding his equipment and causing breakdowns. He needed better carbon electrodes, a larger generator, and loyal workers. Dow found himself working 18-hour days and sleeping at the factory. He had to economize to survive, so he built his factory in Midland with cheap local pine and used nails sparingly. “Crazy Dow” is what the Midland people called him when he rode his dilapidated bike into town to fetch supplies. Laughs, not dollars, were what most townsfolk contributed to his visionary plans. To survive, Dow had to be administrator, laborer, and fundraiser, too. He looked at his resources, envisioned the possible, and moved optimistically to achieve it. For Dow Chemical to become a major corporation, it had to meet the European challenge. The Germans in particular dominated world chemical markets in the 1800s. They had experience, topflight scientists, and monopolies in chemical markets throughout the world. For example, the Germans, with their vast potash deposits, had been the dominant supplier of bromine since it first was mass-marketed in the mid-1800s. Only the United States emerged as a competitor to Germany, and then only as a minor player. Dow and some small firms along the Ohio River sold bromine, but only within the country. About 30 German firms had combined to form a cartel, Die Deutsche Bromkonvention, which fixed the world price for bromine at a lucrative 49 cents a pound. Customers either paid the 49 cents or they went without. Dow and other American companies sold bromine in the United States for 36 cents. The Bromkonvention made it clear that if the Americans tried to sell elsewhere, the Germans would flood the American market with cheap bromine and drive them all out of business. The Bromkonvention law was, “The U.S. for the U.S. and Germany for the world.” Dow entered bromine production with these unwritten rules in effect, but he refused to follow them. Instead, he easily beat the cartel’s 49-cent price and courageously sold America’s first bromine in England. He hoped that the Germans, if they found out what he was doing, would ignore it. Throughout 1904 he merrily bid on bromine contracts throughout the world. A Visit from the Cartel After a few months of this, Dow encountered in his office an angry visitor from Germany—Hermann Jacobsohn of the Bromkonvention. Jacobsohn announced he had “positive evidence that [Dow] had exported bromides.” “What of it?” Dow replied. “Don’t you know that you can’t sell bromides abroad?” Jacobsohn asked. “I know nothing of the kind,” Dow retorted. Jacobsohn was indignant. He said that if Dow persisted, the Bromkonvention members would run him out of business whatever the cost. Then Jacobsohn left in a huff. Dow’s philosophy of business differed sharply from that of the Germans. He was both a scientist and an entrepreneur: he wanted to learn how the chemical world worked, and then he wanted to make the best product at the lowest price. The Germans, by contrast, wanted to discover chemicals in order to monopolize them and extort high prices for their discoveries. Dow wanted to improve chemical products and find new combinations and new uses for chemicals. The Germans were content to invent them, divide markets among their cartel members, and sell abroad at high prices. Those like Dow who tried to compete with the cartel learned quickly what “predatory price-cutting” meant. The Bromkonvention, like other German cartels, had a “yellow-dog fund,” which was money set aside to use to flood other countries with cheap chemicals to drive out competitors. Dow, however, was determined to compete with the Bromkonvention. He needed the sales, and he believed his electrolysis produced bromine cheaper than the Germans could. Also, Dow was stubborn and hated being bluffed by a bully. When Jacobsohn stormed out of his office, Dow continued to sell bromine, from England to Japan. Before long, in early 1905, the Bromkonvention went on a rampage: it poured bromides into America at 15 cents a pound, well below its fixed price of 49 cents and also below Dow’s 36 cents. Jacobsohn arranged a special meeting with Dow in St. Louis and demanded that he quit exporting bromides or else the Germans would flood the American market indefinitely. The Bromkonvention had the money and the backing of its government, Jacobsohn reminded Dow, and could long continue to sell in the United States below the cost of production. Dow was not intimidated; he was angry and told Jacobsohn he would sell to whomever would buy from him. Dow left the meeting with Jacobsohn screaming threats behind him. As Dow boarded the train from St. Louis, he knew the future of his company—if it had a future—depended on how he handled the Germans. On that train, Dow worked out a daring strategy. He had his agent in New York discreetly buy hundreds of thousands of pounds of German bromine at the 15-cent price. Then he repackaged and sold it in Europe—including Germany!—at 27 cents a pound. “When this 15-cent price was made over here,” Dow said, “instead of meeting it, we pulled out of the American market altogether and used all our production to supply the foreign demand. This, as we afterward learned, was not what they anticipated we would do.” Dow secretly hired British and German agents to market his repackaged bromine in their countries. They had no trouble doing so because the Bromkonvention had left the world price above 30 cents a pound. The Germans were selling in the United States far below cost of production, and they hoped to offset their U.S. losses with a high world price. Instead, the Germans were befuddled. They expected to run Dow out of business; and this they thought they were doing. But why was U.S. demand for bromine so high? And where was this flow of cheap bromine into Europe coming from? Was one of the Bromkonvention members cheating and selling bromine in Europe below the fixed price? The tension in the Bromkonvention was dramatic. According to Dow, “The German producers got into trouble among themselves as to who was to supply the goods for the American market, and the American agent [for the Germans] became embarrassed by reason of his inability to get goods that he had contracted to supply and asked us if we would take his [15-cent] contracts. This, of course, we refused to do.” The confused Germans kept cutting U.S. prices—first to 12 cents and then to 10.5 cents a pound. Meanwhile, Dow kept buying cheap bromine and reselling it in Europe for 27 cents. These sales forced the Bromkonvention to drop its high world price to match Dow and that further depleted the Bromkonvention‘s resources. Dow, by contrast, improved his foreign sales force, often ran his bromine plants at top capacity, and gained business at the expense of the Bromkonvention and all other American producers, most of whom had shut down after the price-cutting. Even when the Bromkonvention finally caught on to what Dow was doing, it wasn’t sure how to respond. As Dow said, “We are absolute dictators of the situation.” He also wrote, “One result of this fight has been to give us a standing all over the world. . . . We are . . . in a much stronger position than we ever were.” He added that “the profits are not so great” because his plants had trouble matching the new 27-cent world price. He needed to buy the cheap German bromides to stay ahead, and this was harder to do once the Germans discovered and exposed his repackaging scheme. The bromine war lasted four years (1904–08), when finally the Bromkonvention invited Dow to come to Germany and work out an agreement. Since they couldn’t crush Dow, they decided to at least work out some deal so they could make money again. The terms were as follows: the Germans agreed to quit selling bromine in the United States; Dow agreed to quit selling in Germany; and the rest of the world was open to free competition. The bromine war was over, but low-priced bromine was now a fact of life. Dow had more capital from the bromine war to expand his business and challenge the Germans in other markets. For example, Dow entered the dye industry and began producing indigo more cheaply than the dominant German dye cartel. During World War I, Dow tried to fill several gaps when Germany quit trading with the United States. Aspirin, procaine (now better known by its trademark name, Novocain), phenol (for explosives), and acetic anhydride (to strengthen airplane wings) were all products Dow began producing more cheaply than the Germans did in the World War I era. As he told the Federal Trade Commission when the war began, “We have been up against the German government in competition, and we believe that we can compete with Germany in any product that is made in sufficient amount, provided we have the time and have learned the tricks of the trade.” Move to Magnesium Dow’s favorite new chemical from the war was magnesium. Magnesium, like bromine and chlorine, was one of the basic elements found in Michigan brine. Dow hated throwing it away and had tried since 1896 to produce it effectively and profitably. As a metal, magnesium was one-third lighter than aluminum and had strong potential for industrial use. Magnesium was a chief ingredient in products from Epsom salts to fireworks to cement. Unfortunately for Dow, the Germans had magnesium deposits near New Stassfurt. So while he was struggling, the Germans succeeded in mining magnesium and using it as an alloy with other metals. In 1907, they had formed the Chloromagnesium Syndikat, or the Magnesium Trust. Even before the war, Dow began pouring more capital into magnesium, but only during the war did he begin selling his first small amounts. After the war, Dow still could not match Germany’s low cost of production, but he refused to give up. Instead, he plowed millions of dollars into developing magnesium as America’s premier lightweight metal. Part of his problem was the high cost of extracting magnesium; the other problem was the fixation most businessmen had with using aluminum. The Germans had mixed feelings as they watched Dow struggle with magnesium. On one hand, they were glad to still have their large market share. On the other hand, they were nervous that Dow would soon discover a method to make magnesium more cheaply than they could. Their solution was not to work hard on improving their own efficiency, but to invite Dow to join them in their magnesium cartel and together fix prices for the world. In a sense, of course, the Germans were paying Dow the strongest compliment possible by asking him to join them, not fight them. What’s interesting, though, is that through the battles with bromine, indigo, phenol, aspirin, and procaine, the Germans persisted in their strategy of using government-regulated cartels to fix prices and control markets. They continued to believe that monopolies were the best path to controlling markets and making profits. Dow must have been flattered by the German offer, but he refused to join the Magnesium Trust. He had already shown the world that his company—by trying to make the best product at the lowest price—could often beat the large German cartels. Predatory price-cutting, the standard strategy of the German chemical cartels, failed again and again. By using the strategy, the Germans unintentionally helped the smaller Dow secure capital, capture markets, and deliver low prices for his products around the world.
Many businesses now rely on information technology for aspects of their operations. This is no longer confined to back-office functions; instead, it can now touch on all areas. While this may well streamline the operation of the business, it heightens the risk of cyberattacks. It is also now widely accepted that the likelihood of a cyberattack occurring is high – for most organisations, it is simply a matter of when rather than if. This is underlined by a recent survey published in Germany that reveals around two-thirds of the nation’s manufacturing businesses have been hit by attacks, costing the economy in the region of $50bn (£37.85bn). Why is manufacturing being targeted? There are a number of possible reasons. It could be that hackers are trying to steal valuable commercial secrets or customer data that they can seek to sell on to unscrupulous rivals. It could also be with the aim of disruption. This might involve tinkering with automated processes, such as applying the wrong quantities of metal bonding adhesive or generating spurious orders to suppliers such as http://www.ct1ltd.com/product-applications/metal-to-metal-adhesive/ with the aim of costing the business money or disrupting the supply chain. Nation state actors could also be involved, again attempting to steal industrial secrets or trying to disrupt the economy. Germany’s success as a manufacturing base is the envy of many other countries and it is reasonable to assume that their intelligence agencies take an interest. The study reveals that businesses have been targeted in a number of ways. Around one-third have had employees’ mobile phones stolen and have lost data as a result. Others have seen their production systems subject to digital sabotage. Communications have been tapped at some businesses. This means that manufacturers cannot afford to ignore the possibility that they will be subject to a cyberattack. Add in new legislation such as GDPR that imposes hefty fines for the loss of personal data and it is clear that businesses need to take the threat of cyberattacks seriously. They need to take steps to protect their systems, not just the customer-facing ones but also production systems. These are at risk of disruption in themselves but could also be used as a back door to gain access to the network and steal more sensitive information.
• Product Cost Controlling is concerned with all aspects of planning the cost of producing products or services, as well as tracking and analyzing the actual costs that are incurred in the production process. • Product Cost Controlling consists of the following components: – Product Cost Planning (PCP) refers to the creation of cost estimates for the production of goods and services. – Cost Object Controlling (OBJ) focuses on the costs incurred in the production of a product or service, which are collected on a cost object (such as a production order.) Which cost object is used depends on your controlling requirements. It may be a sales order, a production order, a process order or a production cost collector. Cost Object Controlling is used to calculate work in process, scrap costs and variances at period close. These values can be transferred to other modules like CO-PA, EC-PCA and FI. – Actual Costing (ACT) is used to calculate the actual product costs at period close. Actual costing uses the Material Ledger to store material prices in up to three currencies and according to three valuation strategies (group, legal and profit center). Each material movement is recorded in the Material Ledger with a standard price during the period. Material settlement is used to transfer the results to the material master as a weighted average price for the period.
Diversity and Inclusion Key to Healthy Culture “Diversity is inviting people to the party. Inclusion is asking them to dance.” V. Slavich No longer just an HR program, diversity and inclusion are key elements of an organization’s business strategy. The “why” is no longer in questions. Diversity and inclusion play a major role in developing and maintaining a healthy workplace, which is becoming an integral part of organizational culture. Today’s workplace is rapidly changing with demographic shifts and labour market restructuring, as well as new technologies and cultural trends that affect the way we learn, collaborate and use employees’ skills. Jobs are constantly shaped by economic and social trends. Management practices are evolving. These changes are not only transforming work, but also affect the health of the organization and its employees. Inclusion Defined by Actions A major challenge many organizations face is the preconception that diversity and inclusion have the same meaning. Too often, diversity and inclusion are used interchangeably. Diversity is found in the mix of people who make the organization unique, and represents many types of people. In today’s workplace, diversity can include personality type, thinking style, and experiences, as well as the traditional traits of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation and disability. Inclusion, on the other hand, involves how strategies and behaviours can create, welcome, and embrace diversity. The goal of inclusion is not to put employees in boxes, but bring them together in their differences. An inclusive workplace is one in which employee differences are fully utilized and that everyone feels accepted. Inclusion Integral to Innovation Kristin Bower, manager of diversity and inclusion, people solutions at Vancity Savings Credit Union, says, “The point being that without inclusion, diversity doesn’t necessarily mean very much. Inclusion, when employees feel seen, heard, respected and valued for all they bring to the workplace, is the key to helping an organization reach new heights in terms of innovation, employee engagement and customer satisfaction.” As a result, there is a growing significance on creating an inclusive environment where the focus is on meeting individual needs. In turn, employees feel that their skills are utilized. However, unnecessary hierarchies and occupational segregations where employees are boxed into certain areas are still practiced by some organizations. Bower says, “We are starting to see a shift in organizations away from that. Gone are the days when employees are required to leave their personal lives at the door. Now we encourage them to bring their whole selves to the workplace. With that comes a need to be more flexible in how we get our work done in order to achieve organizational goals. And when employees are doing work that is a good fit for their skills and passions, they are more engaged—and that translates to a healthier, more productive workplace.” Negative Impact of Non-inclusiveness An inclusive culture enhances innovation and creativity, strengthens teams, and increases organizational effectiveness. Unfortunately, the flip side holds equally true. lacking an inclusive culture may lead to cultural misunderstanding, xenophobia, social isolation, and discrimination, which in turn leads to bullying and harassment. Studies also show there are links between non-inclusiveness and illness. Non-inclusiveness can create an unhealthy workplace where there are tensions within teams and the organization, reduced productivity, higher turnover, increased stress levels and increased absenteeism. It impacts both mental and physical health of employees. Factoring Inclusivity at Work Every organization’s diversity and inclusion initiatives are different. It is important to develop initiatives that address the organization’s industry, strengths and weaknesses, and the geographic areas it serves. In order to develop and implement a diverse and inclusive culture, it is important to: - adapt flexibility in work arrangement to individual needs; - implement a diversity and inclusion policy ensuring equality, human rights, work conditions, employee welfare and fair treatment practices; - implement an anti-bullying/harassment policy ensuring expected standards of conduct, outlining what is acceptable and unacceptable, and offering employees who feel they have been bullied an effective method of resolving issues; - develop and implement education and training programs to raise awareness of policies and improve understanding of different cultural groups and people with disabilities; - develop effective internal and external communication channels such as newsletters and information sharing networks; - use language that is respectful of all age, cultural, and other groups; - ensure work is shared fairly so all staff have opportunities to develop their skills without assumptions on personal circumstances; - acknowledge and accommodate employees with diverse backgrounds, needs, and priorities; - raise awareness of biases, generalizations, and unconscious assumptions by identifying how they influence the recruiting process and treatment of employees; - ensure fair recruitment and promotion practices; and - acknowledge employees’ accomplishments. Tipping Towards Inclusive Futures “We are starting to reach a tipping point with regard to what is acceptable in the workplace and how certain behaviours impact individual’s mental health as well as that of a team’s,” Bower says. “Campaigns such as Bell’s Let’s Talk Day, Pink Shirt Day, and the #MeToo and #TimesUp movements are reinforcing this message.” An inclusive workplace culture increases trust by encouraging individualism in which employees share ideas thereby increasing knowledge and collaboration. Diversity and inclusion are key elements of business strategy, no longer seen as the icing on the cake. There is still work that needs to be done. The key to transforming to an inclusive culture is understanding that it is ongoing work. Lindsay Macintosh, CPHR has over 20 years experience in payroll and benefits in the retail, food service and logging industries. (PeopleTalk Spring 2018)
Russia is an economically developed country and leader in such industries as power engineering, nuclear industry, military industry, space exploration, agriculture, fertilizer production, wood processing, metal production and heavy metallurgy, chemical industry, oil refining, pharmaceuticals, construction materials production, heavy and light engineering, aviation and shipbuilding. The country is one of the leading exporters of energy resources and ranks first in the world in export of natural gas and second in export of oil. The country is also one of the largest producers and exporters of electricity in the world, occupying the 4th place after China, USA and India. There are some of the largest hydroelectric power plants located in the country. Apart from that, Russia is the world leader in the nuclear industry, its share roughly complies 17% of the global nuclear fuel market and more than 40 % of the uranium enrichment services market. Russia is also the 5th in the world in uranium mining. Nuclear plants in Germany, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, Finland were built by Russian specialists — the total amount equals to 33 power units. In recent years Russia has successfully constructed and put several power units into operation, including two units of Taiwan's NPP in China and the Bushehr nuclear power plant in Iran. Today the country has over 20 power units under construction worldwide. In agriculture Russia produces a very wide range of food products including: vegetables, fruits, nuts, honey, meat, fish, dairy products, etc. Russia is the world leader in the grain export and one of the leaders in production and export of fertilizers. The construction of the longest railways’ network in the world, exceeding 87 thousand km, is another notable achievement of the Russian industry, especially, taking into account, that many of these railways were constructed in the severe natural conditions of permafrost. Today Russia designs and builds airplanes and helicopters (both military and civil), ships (including the world's largest nuclear-powered icebreakers), submarines, trains, produces a large range of automotive vehicles (cars, trucks, buses, ATVs, etc.) and certainly the most modern spacecraft (both satellites and space rockets). Russia is the second largest arms exporter in the world, with trade volume exceeding $15 billion per year. The military production of Russia is widely known all over the world. Kalashnikov rifle is the most widespread small arm complex in the world and modern Russian tank T-14 Armata is the only tank of the new generation with no analogues in the world. Russia is also famous for its achievements in helicopter- and aircraft construction having the best models of its type: attack helicopters KA-52 ‘Alligator’ and MI-28 ‘Night hunter’, modern multipurpose 4++ generation aircrafts – SU-34 and SU-35 and the world's second aircraft of the 5th – generation PAK-FA. Besides, the country produces the world's best antiaircraft and antimissile defense systems S-300 and S-400, cruise missile complexes ‘Iskander’ and ‘Caliber’ that have no analogues in the world. Russia was the first country to send a man into the space and to send a remote-controlled vehicle to the moon. Today Russia is the leader in providing space services. Only Russian rockets take cosmonauts and astronauts to the International Space Station, besides the country provides services for the Earth remote sensing, searching for natural resources via satellites and global positioning services. Rocket engines of the Russian production RD-180 are used by many space agencies, in particular, this is the only engine used in the modern American space rocket Atlas.
The sustainable yield of natural capital is the economic yield of the capital itself, ie the surplus required to maintain ecosystem services at the same time. This usually yield varied over time with the needs of the ecosystem to Maintain Itself, eg a forest That HAS recently Suffered a blight or flooding or fire will require more of icts own ecological yield to sustain and re-establish a mature forest. While doing so, the sustainable yield may be much less. In forestry terms it is the largest amount of harvest that can occur without degrading the productivity of the stock. This concept is significant in fishery management, in qui sustainable yield is defined as the number of fish That Can Be Extracted without Reducing the basis of fish stock, and the maximum sustainable yield is defined as the amount of fish That Can Be Extracted under Given environmental conditions. In fisheries, the basic natural capital or virgin population, must decrease with extraction. At the same time productivity increases. Hence, sustainable yield would be within the range in which the natural capital together with its production are able to provide satisfactory yield. It can be very difficult to quantify sustainable yield, because of all the economic and ecological conditions and other factors not related to harvesting induce changes and fluctuations in both, the natural capital and its productivity. In the case of groundwater is a safe yield of water extraction per unit time, beyond which the aquifer risks the state of overdrafting or even depletion. - Sustainable yield in fisheries - Sustained yield - Jump up^ Ricker, WE (1975). „Computation and Interpretation of Biological Statistics of Fish Populations“. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada . 191 .
The article explores the issue of renewable energy storage for excess solar and wind power. A challenge facing renewable energy production is the erratic generation of energy relative to electricity supply and demand, making it difficult for wind and solar power plants to compete economically with traditional power utilities. Various energy storage technologies are evaluated for factors such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency. Storage facility types reviewed include pumped hydroelectric, compressed air, and thermal storage. Castelvecchi, D. (2012). Gather the Wind. Scientific American, 306(3), 48-53.
#1 Recycling Fact: You can make a difference! Experts estimate that U.S. consumers throw away 400 million used pieces of electronic equipment every year. Recycling one ton of paper can save 7,000 gallons of water. Recycling and composting reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Every year over 100,000 marine animals are killed by consuming or becoming tangled in plastic bags. Recycling helps conserve the Earth’s limited natural resources. Humans have been practicing recycling for thousands of years. To produce one ton of newspaper requires 24 trees. Recycling one aluminum can can save enough energy to power a television for up to three hours. Glass that ends up in landfills takes over a million years to decompose. Americans use 2,500,000 plastic bottles every hour and most are not recycled. One million tons of recovered paper is enough to fill more than 14,000 railroad cars. Over a ton of resources is saved for every ton of glass recycled. A used aluminum can is recycled and back on the grocery shelf as a new can in as little as 60 days. In the United States, In 2014, about 136 million tons of waste went into landfills. Recycling plastic saves twice as much energy than incinerating it. In 2014, in the United States, over 89% of corrugated boxes were recycled. Most bottles and jars contain at least 25% recycled glass. Over 80,000,000,000 aluminum soda cans are used every year. Over 25 billion styrofoam cups are thrown away in the United States each year. Recycling 1 ton of plastic can save over 7 cubic yards of landfill space. Around 1 billion trees worth of paper are thrown away every year in the U.S. Recycling one glass bottle saves enough electricity to light a 100-watt bulb for four hours. 99% of lead acid batteries get recycled. Recycling 1 ton of aluminum cans conserves the equivalent of 1,665 gallons of gasoline. In 2014, in the United States, about 258 million tons of municipal solid waste were generated. On average, each person creates over 4 pounds of waste every single day. Please feel free to share your thoughts about recycling in the comments.
Circulating Load Calculation FormulaHere is a formula that allows you to calculate the circulating load ratio around a ball mill and hydrocylone as part of a grinding circuit For example your ball mill is in closed circuit with a set of cyclones -circulating load calculation in ball mill-,grinding mill circulating load, Circulating Load Versus Grinding Mill Throughput. Although the functions of the classifying device and the mill in a grinding circuit are quite different, the performance of each is interrelated and should be viewed as a single unit operation. HVAC System Design The Sequential Process for Calculating Loads, Sizing Appliances & Designing ... • Need to calculate the area of the exterior walls, ceilings, floors, windows and doors ... water temp of the circulating water. Estimating Cooling CFM • Calculate the sensible heat ratio (SHR) how to calculate circulating load in grinding mill . Circulating Load Calculation Formula Traduire cette page. Here is a formula that allows you to calculate the circulating load ratio around . The grinding mill . circulating loads between ball mills and classifiers . First calculate the surface area of the enclosure and, from the expected heat load and the surface area, determine the heat input power in watts/ft. 2 Then the expected temperature rise can be read from the Sealed Enclosure Temperature Rise graph. How To Calculate Circulating Load In Cone Crusher. recirculation load in crusherwith a single cone crusher with a recirculating load. mill and cone crusher / ball mill .. re circulating load decreased crusher . formula to calculate calculating circulating load on a conecalculate the re circulating load in the primary crusher. Here is a formula that allows you to calculate the circulating load ratio around a ball mill and hydrocylone as part of a grinding circuit. For example your ball mill is in closed circuit with a set of cyclones. grinding mill circulating load calculation. Feb 13, 2017· calculating circulating load crushing circuits. of methods which can be used to solve the circulating load is the iterative ... algorithm to calculate the circulation load in closed circuits which allows the ..... 6 Tsakalakis K. Use of a simplified method to calculate closed crushing circuits. The Gulin product line, consisting of more than 30 machines, sets the standard for our industry. We plan to help you meet your needs with our equipment, with our distribution and product support system, and the continual introduction and updating of products. how to calculate circulating load in grinding mill Calculate Sagball Mill Circulating Load How to calculate the circulating load ratio in a closedgrinding circuit . Get Price And Support Online calculation of circulating load with in grinding mill. Get a Price. How To Calculate Circulating Load In Cone Crusher. calculate circulating load primary crushercalculating circulating load around screen and crusher mining. assume, for example, [Contact Supplier] circulating load formula crusher. The process … A problem for solving mass balances in mineral processing plants is the calculation of circulating load in closed circuits. A family of possible methods to the resolution of this calculation is the iterative methods, consisting of a finite loop where each iteration the initial solution is refined in order to move closer to the exact solution. calculating the circulating load in crushing circuit effect of circulating load on beneficiation circuit. We can provide you the complete stone crushing and beneficiation plant The Effect of Circulating Load and Calculate the ... the circulating load in crushing circuit ...
1998 • $39.95 • 143 pp • hardback This title is out of print and may have reduced or no availability. Please contact us for more information about ordering. (919) 489-7486. Developed by Wadsworth from lecture notes after teaching thousands of textile students, this volume offers a comprehsenive text for teaching an introductory course in nonwoven textiles to third and fourth year college students majoring in textile technology. Nonwoven Textiles presents an introduction to the characteristics of polymers, fibers and binders and the fundamentals of raw materials and web forming, bonding and finishing processes, without overwhelming the reader with detail. This text should prove useful to textile students who wish to merely become acquainted with the basics of nonwovens, as well as those pursuing a major concentration in nonwoven technology and engineering. Nonwoven textiles can also educate and serve as a reference for professionals trained in other textile disiciplines who have shifted their emphasis to nonwovens. This text should be useful to managers, buyers, customs agents, and others who encounter nonwoven terminology, processes, equipment and products in their profession.
"Leadership is a process where one person influences a group of others to achieve group or organizational goals- Leadership is thus about motivation." Table of Contents The Four Main Phases of Leadership Theory Motivation Models and Theories Motivation and Leadership Styles Case Study- Royal Bank of Scotland Group: Motivation and Leadership 1. Executive Summary This paper is about leadership and motivation. One of the main issues is whether a leader can effectively lead individuals (be they employees or not) without motivating them in way or another. Leadership is firstly defined and the role it plays in the organization and in life. Next the theories of leadership are introduced with simple examples illustrating each of the theories. Subsequently, motivation is introduced, defined alongside with theories of motivation. A table with leadership and motivational styles, based on the work of Robert Webb is introduced and explained. An application on leadership and motivation is introduced following a case on Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and the motivational factors they use in order to lead their employees- followed by a conclusion. Leadership, as a process, shapes the goals of a group or organization, motivates behavior toward the achievement of those goals, and helps define group or organizational culture. It is primarily a process of influence. The success of any organization could be attributed mainly to successful leadership. The search for effective leaders has been the goal of most major organizations. Despite this, leadership is also a dynamic and changing process- influence may always be there but that doesn’t mean that the person carrying out that influence doesn’t change. Though management and leadership are related, they are not considered in most management studies to be the same thing. A person could be a leader, a manager, both or neither (Moorhead and Griffin, 2004). Management fundamental functions rotate around rationality, control and consistency whereas leadership is concerned with the main functions of direction-setting, inspiration, vision, creativity, legitimacy and consent in public affairs (Paton, 1996) Griffin (2002) defined leadership as follows: Leadership is both a process and a property. As a process, leadership-focusing on what leaders actually do- is the use of non-coercive influence to shape the group’s or organization’s goals, motivate behavior toward the achievement of those goals, and help define group or organization culture. As a property, leadership is the set of characteristics attributed to individuals who are perceived to be leaders. Thus, leaders are people who can influence the behaviors of others without having to rely on force; leaders are people whom others accept as leaders (p.520) Motivating people has a prominent focus on leadership. Leaders have the inspirational power to direct people towards the goals. Motivation could be achieved by different routes such as rewards, creation of teams, coalitions, training, directing and human relations. 3. The Four Main Phases of Leadership Theory: Personal traits, some of which are hereditary and encompass a big variety such as intelligence above average, self-assurance and confidence, drive , motivation, knowledge, “helicopter effect” to indicate ability to rise above particulars of a situation and perceive it in an overall way, good physical health, integrity, faith, courage, etc. Traits could lead to success at different situations at hand. Example: most of the powerful leaders are good speakers and communicators. Hitler can be used an example- he convinced and instructed people to carry out unimaginable things to others causing much suffering to the world during his reign in... References: 1) Alexander, A. (2005). The rule of three: a unified theory of leadership, Business Strategy Review, Autumn 2005, pp 36-39 2) Covey, Stephen R (1990) 3) Doyle, M.E. and Smith, M.K (2005).Classical Leadership, http://www.infed.org/leadership/traditional_leadership.htm (accessed Dec. 5th, 2006) 4) Griffin, R.W 5) Hay, A and Hodgkinson, M (2005). Rethinking Leadership: A Way Forward for Teaching Leadership, http://www.emeraldinsight.com (accessed Dec. 2nd, 2006) 6) Mankins, M.C 7) Moorhead, G and Griffin, R.W. (2004). Organizational Behavior, 7th edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 8) Paton, C Please join StudyMode to read the full document
Powder Manufacturing & Quality Control This section describes the manufacturing and quality control process for powder coating materials. The state of the art technology used for producing industrial powder coatings consists of several distinct stages, namely: - Weighing, premixing and size reduction of raw materials - Extrusion of pre-mix, cooling and crushing of the extrudate into chips - Micronising the chips into the final powder - Post mixing, packaging and storage. At each stage of the production process the quality must be checked because once the powder coating material has been produced, it cannot be changed or adjusted in any significant way. The formulation and the manufacturing conditions are therefore critical. Reworking of an ‘out of specification’ product is difficult and costly. (See Figure 1 for a simplified flow sheet of the powder coating material production process). Weighing, premixing and size reduction of raw materials Raw materials typically consist of resin, curing agents, pigments, extenders and additives such as flow and degassing aids. Each raw material must pass their individually pre-set quality controls. Each component is then weighed with the necessary degree of accuracy (which may be to the nearest ten-thousands of a gram). All pre-weighed components are placed in a mixing container according to the formulation. The container is then attached to the mixing drive and the raw materials are thoroughly mixed by the specially designed premixer cutting blades for a pre-set period of time. The raw materials can also be reduced in size to improve the melt mixing later in the process. A final sample of the raw material pre-mix is checked for conformity and processed through a small laboratory extruder and grinder. The resulting powder is then applied onto a test panel, cured in the oven and subjected to various tests: - Colour, surface flow and gloss - Mechanical performance (including curing) - Gel time. If adjustments are required both the mixing process and quality control procedures are repeated until the powder achieves the specification. No further modification to the powder can be made after this stage in production. Extrusion of the premix The mix is fed into the dosing system of the extruder. The extruder barrel is maintained at a predetermined temperature (between 70 & 120ºC, depending on the product type). The barrel temperature is set so that the resin is only just liquefied and its contents are mixed using the screw in the barrel. Consequently, the individual ingredients are dispersed and wetted by the resin, which produces a homogeneous composite. The feed rate of the dosing equipment and the speed of the extruder screw are balanced to ensure that the screw is kept loaded within the extruder barrel. The conditions of high shear and intimate mixing are maintained within the extruder by precise adjustments of these three parameters. The molten mass produced in the extruder barrel is forced to cool down via a cooling-transporting device. The solidified material is then broken up and reduced in size through a crusher into workable chips of 5 to 10mm in size. At this stage in the process the product quality is tested using a sample of the chips. The laboratory grinds the chips to a powder and prepares a test panel using the material. The intermediate product is then checked for quality against the following criteria: - Colour, gloss, appearance and flow - Mechanical and reactive properties Too high a temperature in the extruder barrel will not only result in a low melt viscosity, low shear forces and poor pigment dispersion, but will also in turn produce a low gloss coating. The resin and hardener in the premix may also start to react in the extruder, which will also have a detrimental effect on the product performance. It is not possible to make changes to the formulation at this stage in the production process. It is also easier to handle the extruded chip as a re-work raw material if manufactured ‘out of pecification’ than once the powder has been micronised. Micronising of the chip into the final powder The chips are ground to the required particle size in a grinding mill. The chips are fed onto an enclosed grinding wheel with stainless steel pins, which breaks the chips down creating a powder. The powder is carried through a classifier into a cyclone collection system via a regulated air flow. In order to achieve the optimal particle size distribution (psd) further treatment may be needed which can consist of cycloning, classifying, filtering or sieving. In modern plants the rejected oversize from the sieving operation is automatically fed back into the feedstream of the micronising mill. The typical particle size range for electrostatic application methods should be within 10 to 100 microns. Deviation from this psd can result in poor performance and appearance of the powder. The final powder coating is as rigorously quality control tested as the extrudate to ensure it meets the specification of the customer or market. As the particle size distribution is a critical factor in the successful use of the powder the particles are analysed for their precise particle size distribution. Post mixing, packaging and storage In order to meet the customer specification or special conditions of use additives may have to be mixed through the final product. Powder packaging is provided in: - carton boxes - up to 25kg - bags - 400 to 900 kg - metal/plastic containers (Durabins) The powder can be safely stored if kept in its unopened packaging in a dry, cool place (30ºC) for up to 12 months. Higher temperatures and longer storage periods will result in absorption of moisture. Storage conditions can vary for some powders so the product data sheet should be referred to at all times. It is advisable to check the powder after 6 months of storage to ensure no quality problems have occurred. Modern powder coating materials from Akzo Nobel can achieve the same quality standards as liquid coatings for appearance, chemical and mechanical resistance for many applications. Once a product has completed the development stage and its formulation and manufacturing procedures have been approved, it will be available for manufacture in any of Akzo Nobel’s Powder Coating manufacturing plants worldwide. Document courtesy of AkzoNobel
Formerly “Thorium Energy Alliance of Silicon Valley” Recognizing that greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide and methane (natural gas), are the primary causes of climate change issues, particularly ocean acidification, global warming, melting polar ice caps, sea level rise, and increased weather instability, this group promotes practical carbon-free industrial-scale energy solutions. These traits narrow the field of possible energy sources considerably. Solar and wind require continuous backup from gas-fired plants. Add the lax regulation of natural gas, and leaks negate most of the potential benefits of solar and wind. Hydroelectricity is a good source but with very limited options for expansion. Geothermal is carbon-free but limited geographically. Like solar and wind, wave and tidal power are even less abundant and suffer from low energy generation per unit area. That pretty much leaves nuclear, both today’s light water reactors and rapidly developing cheaper, efficient, and safe Molten Salt Reactors to quickly address the challenge of replacing fossil fuel combustion. In the unlikely case that optimistic claims of fusion reactors prove true, they will arrive too late, i.e., after ocean acidification has poisoned our oceans. The group meets regularly to plan and implement ways to educate people on the real climate threats and the technology that can be quickly used to stem the problem. We also develop action plans to make these visions reality. Registration: Not required
Six transitions for entrepreneurs to take the "Green Leap" to an inclusive economy Over the past twenty years, two more billion people have joined the global population. Trends point out that by 2030, the global “middle class” is expected to grow from the current three billion to more than five billion people. Such population growth will intensify the ecological footprint on the planet, enhancing the unsustainable trajectory of the global economy. On the good side, green economic growth has not only finally been accepted as a crucial need to address global challenges, its concept is also expected to include social cohesion. As stated on UNEP’s green economy report, in order to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair, particularly in assuring a just transition to being low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive. In this sense, inclusive green growth should be oriented toward alleviating poverty by delivering a high level of human development in all countries and creating an inclusive and participatory economy. Such an economy would aim to provide equal opportunities for all, and advocate further for the rights of the young and old, women, poor, low-skilled workers, indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, and local communities. In order to enable such progress, a “green leap” that enables a trickle-up towards an inclusive economy is required. In our last book, The Green Leap to an Inclusive Economy, Professor Stuart Hart and I present a compendium of cases and tools that aim to document how business models are accelerating the transformation to fairer societies, healthier environments, and more inclusive markets. The book presents six transitions that entrepreneurs need to take into account to succeed in developing an inclusive business ecosystem (see Figure). Transition One: Towards a new framework for inclusive and sustainable design thinking Are you using ‘design thinking’ to improve the social and environmental impacts of your product through its value chain? Design thinking is a human-centered approach that suggests focusing first on the community and the people that will be using the product or service. Thus, it is important to truly engage those users to jointly understand their challenges, needs, and wants. The process recommends building prototypes early on instead of taking too much time in theoretical planning and adopting a continuous improvement approach that learns quickly from early mistakes, rather than aiming to avoid them. Cookbook for Sustainability Innovation: Recipes for Co-Creation Sustainability in Business Research Group, Aalto School of Business, Finland. Transition Two: Towards a new model of sustainable production Are you integrating economic, social, and environmental dimensions for more efficient and effective production? Sustainable production frameworks have the potential to address global challenges by developing economically viable product systems that minimise negative environmental and social impacts, while ultimately conserving, or even restoring, natural capital and improving human well-being and social equity. The transition towards a new concept of sustainable production must take into consideration the environmental and social externalities of the complete product life cycle and integrate its three sustainability dimensions (economic, social, and environmental) into a single management approach. BoP Toolbox for SMEs, School of Management of the Universidad Externado de Colombia. Transition Three: Towards new models of inclusive distribution Are you considering the most appropriate ways to ensure your product is accessible to last-mile markets? Inclusive distribution focuses on using “the power of downstream” to enable microenterprises to access last-mile markets. Inclusive distribution networks (IDN) are made of micro-distributors of goods and services that are part of a brand’s distribution chain and its synergies and interactions can reach customers at the base of the pyramid. If you are seeking to provide products and services to the last mile, consider adapting products and processes to BoP needs and investing in removing market constraints; integrate low-income communities in product development and delivery and aim to engage key stakeholders in policy dialogue, thereby generating enabling environments to enhance access. See: Marketing for the BoP, Hystra. Transition Four: Towards new innovative recycling systems Have you established a proper closed-loop system to improve the eco-efficiency of your product? An essential part of a sustainable and inclusive economy is a closed-loop approach to resource management, which offers inclusive, economic opportunities for people involved in “end-of-life activities” (EoL) in the circular economy of goods. A circular perspective on EoL activities refers to activities directed towards recollection of spent products and materials, systems and processes for reusing materials, and the avoidance of product disposal. See: So+ma vantegens: Rewards program for underserved communities of Brazil. Transition Five: Towards new models of empowerment through access to opportunities Are you developing business models that are empowering communities through access to opportunities? Enhancing empowerment by developing access to opportunities for low-income communities requires several important steps: properly identifying and fully understanding the needs of low-income communities; clearly defining economic opportunities and identifying where profit lies in the life cycle and value chain of products; enabling low-income communities with resources and capabilities for co-developing solutions for improvements; and, understanding the local context to create strategic partnerships that maximize the profitability, as well as the social impact, of the production process. - The Online Knowledge Platform for SMEs, GlobalCAD; - Mandala Tool, University EAFIT in Colombia; - or I3 Latam: Empowering Social Entrepreneurs, New Ventures in Mexico. Transition Six: Towards enabling ecosystems for inclusive local economies Are you developing business models that create more effective ecosystems for local economies? BoP business models, taken alone, are not usually sufficient to foster a successful and sustainable business over time. To increase the prospects for success, it is necessary to engage the next level of the ecosystem. Some ways to do this include: facilitating access to financing; creating a favourable regulatory framework for inclusive businesses; enhancing capacity development for the implementation of inclusive business models; promoting knowledge management through the ecosystem; and, developing strategic partnerships for inclusive business models. - Inclusive Business Community Korea (IBCK) tool, from the Merry Year Social Company (MYSC); - Inclusive Business Accelerator Toolkit, Inclusive Business Accelerator (IBA) of the Netherlands; - or the “seed stage” Social Venture Cultivation program, Alterna in Guatemala. Taking the green leap to an inclusive economy is more important than ever to overcome the vicious cycles of poverty, social inequality, and environmental degradation. Business models and strategies need to be crafted to incorporate, on one hand, innovative management schemes to streamline value chains, manage resources more efficiently and strengthen relationships among local ecosystem actors, and on the other, strong commitments to meet sustainability goals that ensure positive social and environmental impact. Note: all tools mentioned in this article can be found in the new book from the BoP Global Network: The Green Leap to an Inclusive Economy published by Taylor & Francis Ltd , Routledge.
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) - Establishes minimum wage and overtime wage for non-exempt employees. FLSA is the main wage law. It sets federal minimum wage (many states have higher minimums) and requires time and one-half overtime pay for hourly employees who work more than 40 hours in a workweek. FLSA also limits the number of hours and type of duties that teens (child labor) can work. FLSA also defines which employees are considered exempt and non-exempt for the purposes of carrying out the law. The law further addresses what work time needs to be paid, including: Waiting, on-call, training/meetings, travel time, as well as rest periods, meals, and breaks. Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) - entitles employees who have worked at least 1,250 hours over 12 months, at location that employs 50 or more employees within a 75 mile radius; to take job-protected leave for specified family and medical reasons with continuation of group health insurance coverage under the same terms and conditions as if the employee had not taken leave. When employees request leave, the employer should listen for requests that would meet the FMLA requirements. Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) - Prohibits employment discrimination against anyone at least 40 years of age in hiring, terminations, pay, training programs, promotions, wages, benefits, or other terms and conditions of employment. To discourage treating employees or applicants less favorably because of their age. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - Prohibits job discrimination against qualified people with disabilities (i.e., those who can perform the job's essential functions with or without a reasonable accommodation). The law also requires an employer to provide reasonable accommodation to an employee or job applicant with a disability, unless doing so would cause "undue hardship" for the employer. to read the entire article.
One of the characteristics of a linear globe and rotary control valve is flow direction on the plug; flow to open (FTO) and flow to close (FTC). In this post, you'll gain a better understanding of these concepts and which is best for your application. Differences between flow to open and flow to close are explained through two simple analogies. Flow to Open Also referred to as standard or forward flow, or in globe valves, flow under the seat. Think about when you've controlled the flow of water from a garden hose with your thumb. Your thumb acts like the face of the plug in a globe valve - flow is pushing against your thumb to open a flow path for the water. Flow to Close Also referred to as reverse flow or in globe valves, flow over the seat. Consider a drain plug in a bathtub. The flow direction is against the back or top of the plug (rather than the face) creating a tendency of the plug to close into the drain. The following drawings illustrate flow direction for the two basic valve designs: Many variables determine which flow direction is appropriate for an application. The style of valve trim, valve (rotary or linear), and the design of the valve all determine flow direction. Flow To Open: Most general service applications are flow to open unless there's a reason to go to flow to close. In rotary valves without a retained seat design, having the flow direction towards the face of the plug assists the seat in sealing against the plug, resulting in tighter shutoff. In globe valves anti-cavitation and low noise trim could be either under or over the seat. Flow to open is generally best for control in low flow applications. Flow To Close: When anti-cavitation trim is required in a rotary valve, flow to close is used so the flow can be diffused rather than flowing into the face of the plug. Balanced trim in a general service globe valve is typically flow to closed. This is normally used in high pressure and/or throttling applications to stabilize the stem. A potential disadvantage of flow to close is reduced flow capacity. Below is an exception to a classic style flow to open globe valve. The flow direction is NOT against the face of the plug, but behind the plug. This is not flow to close since the plug is located beneath the seat ring. Flow direction is still considered ‘under the seat’ which is causing the plug to open. What's often confused is that flow to open and flow to close are independent of fail open (air to close) and fail close (air to open) on an air-to-spring diaphragm actuator. The actuator set up will determine whether the spring set will open or close the valve upon removal of air supply. This discussion merely involves flow direction through the valve in relation to the valve plug.
DEFINITION of Servant Leadership Servant leadership is a leadership philosophy in which an individual interacts with others – either in a management or fellow employee capacity – with the aim of achieving authority rather than power. The authority figure intends to promote the well-being of those around him or her. Servant leadership involves the individual demonstrating the characteristics of empathy, listening, stewardship and commitment to personal growth toward others. BREAKING DOWN Servant Leadership Servant leadership seeks to move management and personnel interaction away from "controlling activities" and toward a more synergistic relationship between parties. The term "servant leadership" was coined by Robert Greenleaf, a twentieth-century researcher who was skeptical about traditional leadership styles that focused on more authoritarian relationships between employers and employees. According to Greenleaf’s observations, the servant leader approaches situations and organizations from the perspective of a servant first, looking to lend their presence to answer the needs of the organization and others. They seek to address wants and requirements as their priority, with leadership to be pursued secondarily. This contrasts with the leader-first perspective, wherein a person aims to gain control quickly often driven by the desire and prospects for material gain or influence. Servant Leadership Is Driven by a Desire to Serve Where the leader-first dynamic is oriented to appease a personal desire for power, the servant leader looks first to how their service benefits others. For example, a servant leader might question how their efforts uplift those who are underrepresented or are from lower economic standing before seeking to attain a position of control. Their progression to a position of leadership comes after their commitment to service. This can be seen in the healthcare world, for instance, as medical practitioners work to benefit their patients and assist their peers and teammates in providing that care. In the business world, this can mean seeing that employees, customers, and all other stakeholders can prosper through their service. Developing and mentoring the team who follow their instructions, or the clients’ and customers’ needs take precedence to personal elevation. Even upon attaining a position of governance, a servant leader typically encourages their subordinates to look to serve others as their priority over focusing on personal gains. A servant leader may aim to share power with others and encourage the development and growth of others. This trait can extend to listening to followers carefully to better understand their needs, but it also involves leaders holding themselves and others accountable for their words and actions.
There are various reasons for choosing RIM molding for your attachment, housing, enclosure, and structural areas. Some of these relate to the components made using plastic reaction injection molding (RIM). The factors listed below aides and incorporate function into the part: deep draws, large components, numerous wall sections contained in the same part, insert molding and assembly and low annual rate of production. What is RIM? Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) was invented in Europe by Bayer AG in around 1960s period and it was utilized as a viable option to thermoplastic injection molding. Rather than of utilizing melted plastic pellets being forced into a steel mold under the influence of extreme temperature and pressure, RIM is made up of low viscosity liquids, an isocyanate, and a polyol. These liquids are mixed together and passed into a lightweight aluminum or epoxy mold under the influence of low pressure and temperature. In the mold, the liquids will have to pass through an exothermic (heat producing) chemical reaction and must also undergo polymerization reaction to form polyurethane. As a result of the low viscosity of the reactant liquids (500-1500 centipoise) and the system low-temperature range (90˚-105˚ F), there is every chance that a normal mold can fill in within moments, even under molding pressures of about 50-150psi, and the finished component can be deformed within a short period (30-60secs). By selecting various formulations of resins, the polyurethane produced can undergo some optimizations for durability, flexibility, surface toughness, wear resistance, elasticity, reduction in sound/vibration effect, dimensional firmness, reduction in the effect of heat, and electrical, chemical, or fire resistance. For numerous years, there has been a massive increase in the use of Reaction Injection Molding all over the globe especially in Europe and in most of the American automotive companies (where they use it for the production of both internal and external body components). Also, due to the fact that many industrial manufacturers located in the U.S have discovered the benefits of RIM and the design freedom it allows other industries like medical devices and electronic enclosures have started to utilize it.
IT Governance (Information Technology Governance) is a process used to monitor and control key information technology capability decisions - in an attempt - to ensure the delivery of value to key stakeholders in an organization. Here are the key points in this definition: - IT Governance is a process. It is not a point in time event. It is not a committee. It is not a department. - The objective of IT Governance is to ensure the delivery of business results not "IT systems performance" nor "IT risk management" - that would reinforce the notion of IT as an end in itself. To the contrary, IT Governance is about IT decisions that have an impact on business value. - The process therefore monitors and control key IT decisions that might have an impact - positive or negative - on business results. - The concept of governance is meaningless without the recognition of both ownership and responsibility. The key stakeholders in an organization have an "ownership" stake in the organization. The management is responsible to these stakeholders. - We must recognize the ownership stake of not just shareholders but also of the other stakeholders such as customers, vendors, employees etc. - The "management," i.e. the people entrusted with making key decisions, is responsible to these stakeholders. - Therefore, the objective of IT Governance is not just the delivery of risk optimized business value but also to engender the trust of the key stakeholders in the people who they have entrusted their money and/or livelihood! - One can argue that this trust results in more business value. No doubt. But the fact remains that it is a means to that end and must be recognized independently as a motivation for IT Governance. - In a sense, IT Governance acts upon the old adage of "trust but verify!" IT governance is a broad concept that is centered on the IT department or environment delivering business value to the enterprise. It is a set of rules, regulations and policies that define and ensure the effective, controlled and valuable operation of an IT department. It also provides methods to identify and evaluate the performance of IT and how it relates to business growth. Moreover, by following and implementing an IT Governance Framework such as COBIT, an organization can comply with regulatory requirements and reduce IT business while attaining measurable business benefits.IT governance uses, manages and optimizes IT in such a way that it supports, complements or enables an organization to achieve its goals and objectives. There are many definitions of IT Governance. Notable among them are the following: - Weill and Ross define IT governance as: the decision rights and accountability framework to encourage desirable behavior in the use of IT. They identify three components of governance: - IT Decisions Domains: What are the key IT decision areas? - IT Governance Archetypes: Who governs the decision domains and how is it organized? Who decides or has input, and how? - Implementation Mechanisms: How are the decision and input structures formed and put in place? - The IT Governance Institute (ISACA) defines IT Governance as follows: "... leadership, organizational structures and processes to ensure that the organisation's IT sustains and extends the organisation's strategi es and objectives." - According to Gartner IT governance (ITG) is defined as the processes that ensure the effective and efficient use of IT in enabling an organization to achieve its goals. IT demand governance (ITDG — what IT should work on) is the process by which organizations ensure the effective evaluation, selection, prioritization, and funding of competing IT investments; oversee their implementation; and extract (measurable) business benefits. ITDG is a business investment decision-making and oversight process, and it is a business management responsibility. IT supply-side governance (ITSG — how IT should do what it does) is concerned with ensuring that the IT organization operates in an effective, efficient and compliant fashion, and it is primarily a CIO responsibility. - CIO Magazine defines IT Governance as: Simply put, it’s putting structure around how organizations align IT Strategy (Information Technology Strategy) with business strategy, ensuring that companies stay on track to achieve their strategies and goals, and implementing good ways to measure IT’s performance. It makes sure that all stakeholders’ interests are taken into account and that processes provide measurable results. An IT governance framework should answer some key questions, such as how the IT department is functioning overall, what key metrics management needs and what return IT is giving back to the business from the investment it’s making. Different names of IT Governance IT Governance is also known as: - Information technology governance - Information and communications technology governance (ICT Governance) - Corporate governance of information technology - Corporate governance of information and communications technology Emergence of IT Governance The discipline of information technology governance first emerged in 1993 as a derivative of corporate governance and deals primarily with the connection between an organisation's strategic objectives, business goals and IT management within an organization. It highlights the importance of value creation and accountability for the use of information and related technology and establishes the responsibility of the governing body, rather than the chief information officer or business management. The primary goals for information and technology (IT) governance are to (1) assure that the use of information and technology generate business value, (2) oversee management's performance and (3) mitigate the risks associated with using information and technology. This can be done through board-level direction, implementing an organizational structure with well-defined accountability for decisions that impact on the successful achievement of strategic objectives and institutionalize good practices through organizing activities in processes with clearly defined process outcomes that can be linked to the organisation's strategic objectives. Following corporate governance failures in the 1980s, a number of countries established codes of corporate governance in the early 1990s: - Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (USA) - Cadbury Report (UK) - King Report (South Africa). As a result of these corporate governance efforts to better govern the leverage of corporate resources, specific attention was given to the role of information and the underpinning technology to support good corporate governance. It was soon recognized that information technology was not only an enabler of corporate governance, but as a resource, it was also a value creator that was in need of better governance. In Australia, the AS8015 Corporate Governance of ICT was published in January 2005. It was fast-track adopted as ISO/IEC 38500 in May 2008. IT governance process enforces a direct link of IT resources & process to enterprise goals in line of strategy. There is a strong correlation between maturity curve of IT governance and overall effectiveness of IT. The IT Governance Landscape (Figure 1.) IT governance should not be considered a company initiative. It is not a project that begins and ends, but rather is the fabric of your business and transcends time, leadership, and initiatives. And whether you have organic (grown unintentionally) or deliberate (grown intentionally) IT governance, the questions you should ask include: "How good are my IT governance processes at effectively delivering strategic business value year after year?" "Are my processes repeatable, predictable, and scalable; are they truly meeting the needs of my business (outside of IT) and my customers?" It is no more likely that a single IT governance process will work for all IT business processes than it is for every one of your customers to be satisfied with the exact same product or service configuration for any given product or service that your company produces. Therefore, a number of IT governance related processes must be considered. The integrated collection of available IT governance processes is referred to as the IT governance landscape. IT governance is a subset of enterprise governance, which at the highest level drives and sets what needs to be accomplished by IT governance. IT governance itself encompasses systems, infrastructure, and communication. Product development governance, like IT governance, is a subset of enterprise governance and overlaps with IT governance. Product development governance is targeted for enterprises that develop products (as opposed to service delivery, for example). Development governance is governance applied to development organizations and programs, and is a subset of IT and product development governance. Development governance encompasses the software development lifecycle. Figure 1. illustrates these relationships, highlighting development governance. Figure 1. source: IBM Domains of IT Governance (Figure 2.) Ask a room of IT governance professionals and business executives this question and chances are each one would provide a different answer. Fortunately, the ISACA organization, a leading global provider of certifications, knowledge, advocacy and education of information systems, assurance and security has developed some useful guidance which separates IT Governance into 5 separate domains (ISACA, 2013) each of which are briefly described below: - 1. Framework for the Governance of Enterprise IT Organizations need to implement an IT Governance framework which stays in continuous alignment with enterprise governance and the key drivers (both internal and external) directing the company’s strategic planning, goals and objectives. - This framework should wherever possible attempt to utilize industry standards and best practices (COBIT, ITIL, ISO, etc.) in accordance with the explicit needs and requirements of the business. - The IT Governance model should be driven at the top level of the organization with roles, responsibilities and accountabilities fully defined and enforced across the organization. - 2. Strategic Management To be effective in enabling and supporting the achievement of business objectives, business strategy must drive IT strategy. As such, the strategy of business and IT are intrinsically linked and efficient and effective business operations and growth relies on the proper alignment of the two. - Some of the most effective methods for achieving this alignment are the proper implementation of an enterprise architecture methodology, portfolio management, and balanced scorecards. - 3. Benefits Realization IT Governance helps the business realize optimized business benefits through the effective management of IT enabled investments. Often there is considerable concern at a board or senior management level that IT initiatives are not translating into business benefits. - IT Governance aims to ensure IT benefits through the implementation of value management practices, benefits realization planning and performance monitoring and response. - Key to benefits realization is the establishment of effective portfolio management to govern IT enabled investments as well as the design and utilization of appropriate performance metrics and reporting methods which are managed and responded to accordingly. The realization of a culture focused on continuous improvement can further help ensure benefits realization is achieved through a constant focus on improving business performance. - 4. Risk Optimization In an increasingly interconnected digital world, the identification, assessment, mitigation, management, communication and monitoring of IT related business risk is an integral component of an enterprises governance activities. - While activities and capabilities for risk optimization of IT will differ widely based on the size and maturity of the organization and the industry vertical in which they operate, of most importance is the development of a risk framework which can demonstrate good governance to shareholders and customers in a repeatable and effective manner. - Some important components of this dimension include business continuity planning, alignment to relevant legal and regulatory requirements and the development of a risk appetite and tolerance methodology used to assist with risk based decisions. - 5. Resource Optimization: To be effective, IT requires sufficient, competent and capable resources (people, information, infrastructure and applications) in order to meet business demands and execute on the activities required to meet current and future strategic objectives. - This requires focus on identifying the most appropriate methods for resource procurement and management, monitoring of external suppliers, service level management, knowledge management, and staff training and development programs. Figure 2. source: Maciej Rostanski,Marek Pyka et al. What is perhaps most important here, however, is not that all 5 IT governance domains are fully inserted into the enterprise, but that the recommendations, standards and best practices contained in the domains are considered and applied in accordance with the needs, requirements and capabilities of the business. As such the ISACA model is arguably most useful when it is considered as a basic guideline for injecting IT governance best practices into the business when and where they are specifically needed. It is however advisable that no matter the size and maturity level of the business at least some elements from each domain should be present to ensure effective IT governance. IT Governance Frameworks There are three widely recognized, vendor-neutral, third-party frameworks that are often described as 'IT governance frameworks'. While on their own they are not completely adequate to that task, each has significant IT governance strengths: ITIL, or IT Infrastructure Library®, was developed by the UK's Cabinet Office as a library of best-practice processes for IT service management. Widely adopted around the world, ITIL is supported by ISO/IEC 20000:2011, against which independent certification can be achieved. On our ITIL page, you can access a free briefing paper on ITIL, IT service management and ISO 20000. Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT) is an IT governance control framework that helps organisations meet today’s business challenges in the areas of regulatory compliance, risk management and aligning IT strategy with organisational goals. COBIT is an internationally recognised framework. In particular, COBIT's Management Guidelines component contains a framework for the control and measurability of IT by providing tools to assess and measure the enterprise’s IT capability for the 37 identified COBIT processes. - ISO 27002 ISO 27002 (supported by ISO 27001), is the global best-practice standard for information security management in organisations. The challenge, for many organisations, is to establish a coordinated, integrated framework that draws on all three of these standards. The Importance of IT Governance - Compliance with regulations - Competitive Advantage - Support of Enterprise Goals - Growth and Innovation - Increase in Tangible Assets - Reduction of Risk IT Governance Implementation (Figure 3.) IT Governance implementation initiatives must be properly and adequately managed. Support and direction from key leadership executives can ensure that improvements are adopted and sustained. Requirements based on current challenges should be identified by management as areas that need to be addressed, supported by early commitment and buy-in of relevant key leadership executive and enabled objectives and benefits that are clearly expressed in a business case. Successful implementation depends on implementing the appropriate change in the appropriate way. The implementation life cycle provides a way for enterprises to address the complexity and challenges typically encountered during implementations. The three interrelated components of the life cycle are: 1. Core continual improvement life cycle—as opposed to a one-off project 2. Change enablement—addressing the behavioral and cultural aspects 3. Program management—following generally accepted project management principles Figure 3. source: BusinessOfGovernment.Org The implementation life cycle and its seven phases are illustrated above: - Phase 1: recognition and agreement on the need for an implementation or improvement initiative. It identifies the current pain points and creates a desire to change at executive management levels. - Phase 2: focus on defining the scope of the implementation or improvement initiative, considering how risk scenarios could also highlight key processes on which to focus. An assessment of the current state will need to be performed to identify issues or deficiencies by carrying out a process capability assessment. (Large-scale initiatives should be structured as multiple iterations of the life cycle in order to achieve visible successes and keep key leadership interest.) - Phase 3: improvement target set, including a more detailed analysis to identify gaps and potential solutions. (Some solutions may be quick wins and others more challenging and longer-term activities – priority should be given to initiatives that are easier to achieve and those likely to yield the greatest benefits.) - Phase 4: practical solutions with defined projects supported by justifiable business cases and a change plan for implementation is developed. (Well-developed business cases help to ensure that project benefits are identified and monitored.) - Phase 5: proposed solutions implemented into day-to-day practices, measurements are defined and monitoring established, ensuring that business alignment is measured, achieved and maintained. - Phase 6: sustainable operation of the new or improved IT Governance initiatives and the monitoring of the achievement of expected benefits. - Phase 7: overall success of the initiative reviewed, further requirements for IT Governance are identified, and need for continual improvement is reinforced. Over time, the life cycle should be followed iteratively while building a sustainable approach to the IT Governance of the enterprise. To ensure the success of the IT Governance implementation initiative, a sponsor should take ownership, involve all key leadership executives, and provide for a business case. Initially, the business case can be at a high level from a strategic perspective—from the top down—starting with a clear understanding of the desired business outcomes and progressing to a detailed description of critical tasks and milestones as well as key roles and responsibilities; the business case is a valuable tool available to management in guiding the creation of business value. At a minimum, the business case should include the following: - Business benefits, their alignment with business strategy and the associated benefit owners. - Business changes needed to create the envisioned value. This could be based on health checks and capability gap analyses and should clearly state both what is in scope and what is out of scope. - Investments needed to make the IT Governance changes (based on estimates of projects required) - Ongoing IT and business costs. - Expected benefits of operating in the changed way. - Roles, responsibilities and accountabilities related to the initiative. - How the investment and value creation will be monitored throughout the economic life cycle, and the metrics to be used (based on goals and results). - The risk inherent in the change, including any constraints or dependencies (based on challenges and success factors). Achieving Effective IT Governance Implementation There are seven critical success factors for achieving effective IT governance implementations. These are widely accepted as important by companies that have had successful IT governance implementation: - Get executive sponsorship. - The higher in the organization the better. If IT governance is seen as “optional,” it won’t work. - Certainly on the IT side, the CIO should be a visible, vocal champion. - On the business side, it would be ideal to have a C-level executive. CFOs in particular are powerful persuaders because it’s clear they’re speaking on behalf of the company’s bottom line. - Put client resources on the team. - This is spoken from a consultant’s point of view, but the concept is equally valid for internal implementations. - Success depends on strong teamwork and alliances across IT and the business side. - By exposing both key business-side and IT users to the system early, taking the time to acquaint them to it, and explaining its benefits, you create champions who carry the story across the company. - Understand the problem. - Aim before you fire. Take the time to determine where you’re starting from in the Capability Maturity Model. If you’re at level one, you have basic process work to do before you are ready to implement a transformational solution. - Pick an attainable target to start with, ideally a particular pain point that is costing you time and money. It might be poor project performance resulting from a lack of visibility and control; slow, labor-intensive handling of routine business requests of IT; mistake-prone application change management that endangers your all-important business systems; a lack of standards for comparing the potential value of various projects in the IT portfolio; or a combination of these. Start with one and work from there. - Envision the solution. - Think hard about what you want to accomplish initially. Set goals high, but don’t make them unattainable—it demoralizes people. - Make sure your requirements are clearly defined and universally understood among all the stakeholders. - Stick to the original plan once you’ve adopted it. Keep the vision firmly fixed in your mind. Don’t listen to the siren song of scope creep. Achieve your mission first, and then build on success. - Focus on process improvement areas. Look for every opportunity to streamline workflow and remove steps. If you’re not already using a standard framework such as ITIL, you should seriously consider embracing it. It will help you employ processes in a proven and effective way. - Pick the right software solutions for the right reasons. - Recognize that successful IT governance requires clear, enforceable processes and standards. Your software should provide real-time visibility of projects and activities in easy-to-use desktop dashboards. It should also include built-in enforcement mechanisms. - Think beyond your initial implementation. Make sure the software is built to be an enterprise-level solution—scalable, in other words. Check to see that it is easily configurable and flexible in its use. - Also be sure the software is compatible with, and leverages, best practice frameworks such as ITIL and CMMi, and supports such quality issues as Six Sigma. - Take small steps. - Don’t “swing for the fences.” Start with a pilot project or group, ideally one where the new system will show clear value to users and gain support. - Training is extremely important. Don’t expect people to move to the new system seamlessly. If you throw them in over their heads, you risk drowning the initiative. - At some point, you’ll find the new IT governance system positioned to replace some standalone existing application that has a following in the company. Some amount of resistance at this point is natural. Take it slow, and at these critical junctures, take the time to win recalcitrant users over through collaborative engagement. - Still, you have to keep moving forward once you’ve started. Small steps will get you there, but not if you let pockets of resistance stall the effort for extended periods. - Include post-implementation activities. - This is one of the most overlooked parts of the process, though it is potentially the most important. - Make sure you have developed clear plans for the transition to the new system and that you implement them methodically as soon as implementation is complete. - This is a critical time to assess the effectiveness of your training. Make the investment in one-on-one customized training with end users as a reality check on the usability of the system and the level of engagement it elicits in users. - This is also the time to evangelize the system on the business side. Set up customized C-level and executive dashboards and deploy them to users, being sure to acculturate the executives to the new system, and emphasizing the real-time visibility and control it provides them to “twist the dials” and extract more business value from IT. - Actively ask for feedback. In effect, immediately transfer ownership of the system to the end users by requesting and documenting user comments and suggestions for enhancements. Implement the best suggestions right away, so front-line users see that they’re being listened to. They’ll embrace the system faster. Benefits of Implementing IT Governance (Figure 4.) The key benefits of implementing an IT governance model include: • Strategic alignment, resulting in increased business partner satisfaction • Enhanced value delivery, driven by improved project prioritization, leading to reduction of IT budget • Improved performance and resource management, lowering the total cost of IT ownership • Better quality of IT output, resulting in a reduction in IT control issues Figure 4 illustrates the typical benefits and impacts seen when implementing IT governance for clients across various industry sectors. Figure 4. source: Cognizant COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology) ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) COSO Internal Control- Integrated Framework - Definition of IT Governance - Explaining Information Technology Governance Techopedia - What is IT Governance Weill Ross Framework MIT - Board briefing on IT Governance by ISACA - Gartner's definition of IT governance Gartner - CIO Magazine's definition of IT Governance cio.com - Emergence of IT Governance Wikipedia - The IT Governance Landscape IBM - The Five Domains of IT Governance Systems - IT Governance Frameworks itgovernance.co.uk - Why is IT Governance Important? Khan - What are the Phases of the IT Governance Implementation Life Cycle? IBM CBG - Seven Critical Success Factors for Achieving Effective IT Governance Implementation Mercury - Benefits of Implementing IT Governance Cognizant - What is IT governance? A formal way to align IT & business strategy cio.com - IT Governance – What is It and Why is It Important? Digitalist - Banking on IT Governance: Benefits and Practices FirstPost - Maximizing Business Value Through Effective IT Governance Cognizant - Leadership - The Role of IT Governance IT World - The Many Blessings Of Information Governance Forbes - IT Governance is Killing Innovation HBR
ITA maintains, since 1988, a clear orientation in the energy field as a developer, designer, contractor, operator and investor in Greece and abroad, extending its wide range of activities in all fields relating to green energy, energy saving and environmental technologies, including water treatment. Desalination is a viable technique for generating fresh water from water of relatively low quality. More than 300 million people around the world rely on desalinated water A. Reverse Osmosis Desalination Process Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) is a physical process that uses the osmosis phenomenon, i.e. the osmotic pressure difference between the saltwater and the pure water, to remove salts. In this process, a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied on saltwater (feedwater) to reverse the flow, which results in pure water (freshwater) passing through the synthetic membrane pores separated from the salt. A reverse osmosis system consists of four major components/processes: (3) membrane separation and (4) post-treatment stabilization The RO process is effective for removing total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations of up to 45,000 mg/L, which can be applied to desalinate both brackish water and seawater. B. Thermal Desalination Process On the contrary, thermal technologies are based on the concept of using evaporation and distillation processes. Modern thermal-based technologies are mostly developed as dual-purpose power and water desalination systems. These technologies are applied to desalination of seawater. Some common processes include multi-stage flash (MSF) as well as Multi-effect distillation (MED). Thermal desalination plants use designs that conserve as much thermal energy as possible by interchanging the heat of condensation and heat of vaporization within the units. The major energy requirement in the distillation process thus becomes providing the heat for vaporization of the feedwater.
The increase in the demand for adhesives in several business sectors calls for higher production, which requires more sources of raw materials for adhesive components. Modern methods of adhesive formulation usually use harmful synthetic chemicals and animal proteins that contribute to damages in the environment. Thus, there is a need to look for more natural sources. This study tested the suitability of betel nut extract as a component of adhesive. An adhesive solution containing 75 percent betel nut extract and 25 percent benzoic acid was used to bond different combinations of materials at 1 hour, 1.5 hours, and 2 hours drying periods. The effectiveness of the adhesive was tested by measuring the amount of force needed to break the bonds between the materials. Adhesives abound on the market. These adhesives may vary in nature depending upon their uses. Their nature is highly affected by the materials used in preparing them. Animal protein, casein, and resins are the common materials used in preparing animal-based adhesives. Animal proteins are usually from animal skins, bones, and other animal parts. Historically, it is the oldest material used for making adhesives. Casein is the protein from milk, and resins can be sourced out from plants or prepared synthetically (Austin, 1984) Materials & Equipment Benett, Linda. Adhesive Information. Pagewise Inc. 2001 Austin, George. Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries. MacGraw-Hill Inc. U.S. 1984. Further clarification of the procedures and results should be directed to the researchers and adviser. Mark Josef N. Ravago Ms. Marie Christine W. Merca Philippine Science High School Bicol Region Campus
Following is a simple method used by engineers to calculate cement, sand and aggregate to batch nominal mix concrete. Proper relative proportioning of the materials is necessary to attain the target strength and quality for the intended use. Concrete Mix Ratio Calculator: ... M25= 1:1:2; Clear Mix Ratio Cover to Main Reinforcement. ... Water Cement ratio : 0.36 (188 Kg) The following points should be remembered before proportioning a concrete mix a per IS-10262-2009. This method of concrete mix proportioning is applicable only for ordinary and standard concrete grades. Answer / dharmesh patel. we can only calculate the quantity in m3 only after that we can converet in c.ft. 1/4 x 1.54 x 28.8= 11.08 bags cement for 1 m3 for the ratio Concrete Mix Design Calculations ... and sand(Cum) and remaining items like water etc.. grade of concrete M25 ... please send the mix ratio for M40 concrete and ... Sep 04, 2017· What Is M25 Concrete? Question Tags. ... Step 2 selection of water cement ratio. Concrete mix design calculation m20, m25, ... how we calculate of Sand, cement and aggregate of M20 ratio or ... To calculate proportion of cement, ... out the sp.gr. of cement, CA, FA, and water cement ratio, ... calculation for m25. Read More >> ... give me sir how to calculate mix design mmand how to calculate cube strenth and water cement ratio and soil test. Read More >> What is Water Cement Ratio? Water Cement Ratio means the ratio between the weight of water to the weight of cement used in concrete mix. Normally water cement ratio falls under 0.4 to 0.6 as per IS Code 10262 (2009) for nominal mix (M10, M15 …. Concrete Mix Design By Packing Density Method IOSR journals. In IS code method of mix design we have curves to decide the water cement ratio stage the aggregate particles larger then 1.2mm would determine the mortar Ordinary Portland cement confirming to IS 122691987 locally available river sand .. Calculate cement sand and aggregate - Civil RnD. UNDERSTANDING CONCRETE MIX RATIO. Concrete is classified into different grades like M5, M7.5, M10, M15 etc., where M stands for Mix and the following number stands for characteristic compressive strength(fck) of concrete in 28 days in the Direct Compression test.For example, If the ratio … The Gulin product line, consisting of more than 30 machines, sets the standard for our industry. We plan to help you meet your needs with our equipment, with our distribution and product support system, and the continual introduction and updating of products. Mix design is a process of determining the right quality materials and their relative proportions to prepare concrete of desired properties like workability, strength, setting time and durability. m25 grade ratio cement calculation CEMENT CONSUMPTION FOR M20 ... what is the concrete mixing ratio in m40 concrete what is water cement ratio m10,m15,m20,m25, ... Two of the most commonly specified requirements for concrete used in the manufactured concrete products industry are the design compressive strength (f' c) and the maximum water-to-cement ratio (w/c). On an average 25% of water by weight of cement is required for the completion of chemical reactions in the process of hydtation of cement. But for workability extra water is added which gets evaporated in later stage and leaves behind voids. Mix Design M20, M25, M30 ... 1.0 % MIX DESIGN Take Sand content as percentage of total aggregates = 36% Select Water Cement Ratio = 0.43 ... Cost Material Calculator. Following is a simple method used by engineers to calculate cement, ... suitable Water/Cement ratio based on different ... mix ratio for m25 grade. some ... M-25 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009 ... Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A) ... 0.5 % by wt. of cement: A-6. Calculation of Cement Content: 1. The water–cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix. A lower ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix difficult to work with and form. Quantities of materials for concrete such as cement, ... The water cement ratio required for mixing of concrete is ... Calculate Quantities of Materials for Concrete. How we calculate of Sand, cement and ... different Grade of concrete like M10, M15, M20, M25 etc. just here with ... Useful information walls Water Cement Ratio ... this is very good question and the most important part in site supervision there are different ratio s used in various cases in which we would opt for water cement ratio … Step 2 (Selection of Water-Cement Ratio) Choose w.c.ratio against max w.c.ratio for the requirement of durability. ... Calculate the cement content from W/C ratio and M-25 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009 ... Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A) ... Calculation of Cement Content: 1. Water Cement Ratio: what is water cement ratio m10,m15,m20,m25,m30,m35m,m40. ... how can i calculate pcc and rcc cu.mtr rate? specify labor and material cost should be diff . After watching this construction video tutorial, you will understand better how to work out proportion of water and cement in concrete. Generally, the water cement ratio remains at under 0.4 to 06 according to IS Code 10262 (2009) toward nominal mix M7.5, M10, M15, M20 and M25. Concrete Mix Design:-In order to calculate amount of cement, sand and aggregate required in 1m 3 of concrete; you have to know about different grades of concrete. As per IS456:2000 based on concrete strength, Different grades of concrete is classified into M5, M7.5, M10, M15 etc., whereas M stands for Mix and the number behind M … - how much does a water windmill cost - rolling mill water boxes - m25 grade cement weight - water well drilling rigs prd 450 por le for sale texas - kanchanwadi water filteration plant - water treatment slag in cement - aluminum sulfate for home water treatment - bottled water line process flow chart - tremie concrete cased pilings under water - procedure in making a water mill - good water filter pitcher - silica removal from water machine - coal washing equipment water only cyclone for sale - setting water pressure pompa shimizu - image of iro ore spiral wash water - water flush cone crusher performance - low water use washing machines - schematic of water wheel grinding mill - which country produces quartz sand for water filters - water thickeners for sale - m25 water cement ratio calculation
Farmers have low bargaining electrical power in coping with buyers. Processors or suppliers have a lot of farmers to choose from. They do not require the product or service from Anybody individual farmer since commodities are noticed as identical. Farmers, hence, turn out being forced to offer in a market place price that may or may not be successful at a given time. Farmers generally confront a “Price tag-squeeze” when current market price ranges change. When marketplace costs drop (typically because of to provide ailments), charges paid out to farmers decrease. Nonetheless, the farmer’s expenses are not likely to say no, leaving the farmer to soak up this decline. These selling price fluctuations may perhaps modify a crop from remaining mildly profitable to remaining causing major losses. “chicken ideal.” It is possible for companies that specialize to realize substantial economies of scale, such as substantial bargaining electrical power on account of large quantities ordered. The organization might also distribute research and progress charges throughout large volumes and can manage to invest in know-how and study that enable top-quality quality and efficiency. Wholesalers spread costs of distribution across numerous products groups and establish in depth expertise in performance in distribution. Farmers might seek the services of brokers to barter and have a tendency to give attention to farming as opposed to getting into how to help make and distribute butter and cartoned milk in smaller quantities. Diversification. Agricultural cost marketplaces often fluctuate dramatically. For that reason, it may be risky for a farmer to put “all [his or her] eggs in one basket.” For that reason, a farmer may create many different crops or may even develop equally create and meat. On the normal, this will probably be a less efficient system—the farmer won't reach specialize, would not get the same economies of scale, and will not get just as much utilization of each bit of apparatus. Even so, in return, the farmer is not as likely being driven out of organization by a catastrophe in a single crop place. For larger sized companies, diversification seems to generally be much less beneficial. Financial principle retains that it's usually not useful for stockholders if corporations variety. The stockholders by themselves can diversify by buying a portfolio balanced in between various stocks. Often, even so, it may be tricky for just a firm to search out a chance to speculate present-day earnings inside the Main field, and management could possibly be enthusiastic to get into other industries largely as a method to prevent having to pay dividends that might be issue to immediate taxation. Decentralization. From the outdated days, it absolutely was frequently essential for prospective buyers and sellers to bodily Assemble to settle sector prices. Several commodities can be offered by means of auctions where the cost might be set by provide and desire. For instance, sharp modifications may perhaps come about when specified “significant” selling price points are attained. Look at the subsequent hypothetical quantities of cereal boxes demanded: They're going to are likely to obtain what ever is most affordable—if beef is less expensive than hen, they are going to buy beef, but they won't buy much beef whether it is more expensive. Last but not least, the most important section in all probability contains shoppers who're relatively price sensitive. They will get some beef at significant prices, but they're going to get increasingly a lot more at lessen rates. Source. While in the brief run, source is determined by what is accessible. When there is a glut of beef, selling prices will arrive down, and costs will raise when there is a lack. Eventually, producers can alter their generation concentrations. Normally, adjustments take quite a long time. To boost creation of beef, you initially have to lift stock. You may additionally have to create barns or receive additional land to hold the livestock. By the time output continues to be amplified, prices might be on the best way down. It may be tough to decrease creation given that a great deal of methods have currently been invested in generation capability. If prices of wheat go down, it might be hard for just a farmer to provide land that she or he no more finds handy to plant. I don’t find out about the Goya sardines, but I do realize that Those people from vitalchoice.com are fantastic. They are doing have skin and bones (additional purely natural and much healthier), but don’t have the heads and tails. Within the longter phrase, shopper response—for example buy costs and beliefs held with regard to the brand—is usually assessed in additional element. Another check is then regardless of whether this purchaser reaction—for instance enhanced attitudes—essentially leads to greater industry share or bigger earnings. Even An effective tactic need to be routinely re-evaluated to handle changing market conditions like improve in competitor procedures, expenses of components, or adjustments in buyer tastes. With the help of Hamilton's community this wrestle changed Canadian labour record. It forced businesses to just accept collective bargaining and helped begin a mass trade-union motion in Canada. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay Watson, Milton (1938). Thanks for asking. But your remark puzzles me. I publish at least one particular article each week right here. The leading hyperlink is But we have to differentiate between cholesterol in our diet program and cholesterol inside our blood. A very long time in the past researchers thought which they were being immediately linked. But now we are aware that’s barely the case. The LDL (“lousy”) cholesterol plus the triglycerides comes from taking in not a lot of Fats but relatively ingesting excessive carbohydrates. Oh yeah, and another reason why I love canning meat is simply because my freezer is usually Total but I despise to overlook out on shopping for tons of meat when it hits a rock bottom selling price just because I'm outside of room. I imply actually, I’m about to would like I'd it afterwards, correct? So, when I can Is It weakened when heated/ smoked? Is a number of it burnt off? Does any little bit of it go rancid when canning? I ask this mainly because I recognize that fresh new sardines spoil speedily especially as a result of point that investigate this site they are so higher in omega3. Thanks for virtually any data. I ship out my publication on 1st of every month. It handles new content and columns that I've written and critical developments in diabetes frequently that you could have missed. (This might occur at some Price tag in style, even so). Other investigation may be executed to improve tastes and appearances for one or more buyer segments. This research is frequently proprietary—sponsored by particular brands and saved mystery as a competitive edge.
In Part 1 of our short blog series, we discussed the differences between today’s thermoplastics and liquid silicone rubber (LSR) thermoset resins, as well as their common advantages, disadvantages, and applications. In Part 2, we’ll talk about some of the up-and-coming plastic materials making their way onto the injection molding scene, specifically carbon fiber composites and bioplastics. While thermoplastics have been around since the WW2 era, both bioplastics and carbon fiber composites are relatively new materials, just recently being optimized for injection molded plastic parts with higher production volumes in a wider variety of applications. To further explain the growing demand for these new plastics today, look no further than these key trends and advancements: Carbon Fiber Composites Manufacturers’ demand for lighter, stronger materials has brought about significant advancements in carbon fiber composites, and as a result, special polycarbonate-based, carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics are now being used in a broader variety of applications. The automotive and aerospace industries have been the biggest drivers of increased use, as carbon fiber composites are about 40% lighter than the typical materials, and offer significant fuel savings advantages. Despite being half the weight of steel, carbon fiber composites have shown to be four times as strong. Outside the automotive industry, advancements in material science are making it easier for manufacturers to incorporate composites in their plastic part designs as well. From medical equipment to electronics and even luggage, carbon fiber composites are now available to OEMs at a relatively low cost to comparable materials, and can be used in production to shorten cycle times and produce high yield rates. There have also been significant improvements to the production process of carbon fiber composites, with new technologies being developed to slash the energy used in carbon fiber production by 75%. Technologies have also been developed to reduce the cost of producing carbon fiber so that it’s 50-60% less expensive than current competing materials, and are expected to be more widely available sometime this year. Common Carbon Fiber Composite Advantages: - Extremely lightweight - High tensile strength (one of the strongest commercial materials available) - Low thermal expansion - Corrosion resistant - Ultra-violet resistant - Ability to fusion weld carbon composites - Highly consistent Common Carbon Fiber Composite Disadvantages: - Current high production cost - Significant amounts of carbon fiber needed for large projects - High tooling cost Common Applications for Carbon Fiber Composites: - Airplane fixtures and other aerospace components - Automotive parts and body panels - Electronic enclosures - Bicycle frames and parts - Military equipment and safety gear As the demand for plastics continues to grow, many eco-minded manufacturers are turning to environmentally-friendly bioplastics and recycled plastics to use in their applications, including plastics derived from natural materials like corn starch, soy, and seaweed. In fact, the global market for bioplastics is predicted to grow by 20% over the next five years, fueled by stronger policy support and increased consumer awareness and demand for more sustainable products and packaging. Biopolymers like polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are key drivers of demand, along with bio-based, non-biodegradable plastics like polyethylene (PE), and bio-based polyamides (PA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). While packaging makes up nearly 60% of all current bioplastic applications, improvements to bioplastic quality are allowing it to be more frequently used in textiles, consumer goods, automotives, and in the agriculture sector as well. Future bioplastics will perform even more similarly to today’s conventional plastics, and have even less of environmental impact. Common Bioplastic Advantages: - Made from renewable energy sources - Less impact on the environment than traditional plastics - Design flexibility - Supported by large corporations (leading to positive future development) Common Bioplastic Disadvantages: - Not all bioplastics quickly decompose or can easily be recycled - Decomposition of bioplastics produces methane gas - Shelf life is limited - Disturbs existing recycling methods Common Applications for Bioplastics: - Food and product packaging - Electronic device casings and parts - Automotive parts and panels - Personal hygiene products (toothbrushes, razors, etc.) - Wearable devices From carbon fiber thermoplastics and composites to bioplastics, there are a growing number of plastic material options available to today’s manufacturers, each getting more sophisticated by the year. I hope the tips in this short blog series can be of assistance during your plastic material selection process, and as always, don’t hesitate to contact Kaysun if you have any questions! You can also download our Industrial Material Selection guide for more tips and tricks for determining the ideal material for your application.
ADD:Room 701, #8 Building, Bojinwan Beiyuan, Taierzhuang Road, Tianjin, China TEL:+86-022-28303950 E-MAIL:[email protected] In the 1930s, self-adhesive materials were first applied in the United States. Due to the increasing demand for such special composite materials, self-adhesive printing has gradually evolved into an independent printing field, and self-adhesive label printing at home and abroad. More and more companies. As far as China is concerned, the unprecedented development of the printing industry in terms of production scale, technology level and market space has driven the development of self-adhesive printing and reached an unprecedented level. According to statistics, in 2011 China's label market output value of 23 billion yuan, label production of 3 billion square meters, compared with 2010, an increase of 21.1% and 20.0% (2009 label market output value of 19 billion yuan, label production of 25 100 million square meters). In the same year, China's labels accounted for 6.4% of global label production. Therefore, China's self-adhesive label market has great potential. The earliest self-adhesive was produced by a chemist at 3M in the United States. It was in 1964, when he studied various adhesive formulations and formulated a new type of adhesive that had a large viscosity but was not easily cured. Use it to paste things, even after a long time can be easily peeled off. At the time, people thought that this glue would not have a big effect, so it didn't pay attention. In 1973, a new tape development team from 3M Company applied the glue to the back of the commonly used trademark, and then stuck a piece of paper coated with a small amount of wax on the glue. In this way, the world's first trademark paper was born. As a result, the role of self-adhesive has been discovered one after another, and the number of people using stickers is increasing. 1. Face material: It is the carrier of the sticker content, and the back of the paper is coated with adhesive. The surface material can be used in a wide variety of materials, generally divided into coated paper, transparent polyvinyl chloride (PVC), electrostatic polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester (PET), laser paper, temperature resistant paper, polypropylene (PP), Polycarbonate (PC), kraft paper, fluorescent paper, gold-plated paper, silver-plated paper, synthetic paper, aluminum foil paper, fragile (anti-counterfeit) paper, textured paper, cloth label (Tevek/nylon) paper, pearl paper, Sandwich coated paper, thermal paper. 2. Film material: transparent polyester (PET), translucent polyester (PET), transparent oriented stretched polypropylene (OPP), translucent oriented stretched polypropylene (OPP), transparent polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polished White polyvinyl chloride (PVC), matt white polyvinyl chloride (PVC), synthetic paper, polished gold (silver) polyester, matt gold (silver) polyester. 3. Adhesive: General-purpose super-adhesive type, general-purpose strong-adhesive type, refrigerated food strong-adhesive type, universal re-opening type, and fiber re-opening type. On the one hand, it ensures the proper adhesion of the base paper and the facial tissue, on the other hand, it ensures that the facial tissue is peeled off and has a firm adhesiveness with the sticker. 4. Base paper material: release paper is commonly called “bottom paper”, the surface is low-surface energy non-sticky, and the bottom paper has a barrier effect on the adhesive, so it is used as the attachment of the paper to ensure that the paper can be easily removed from the paper. Peel off the bottom paper. Commonly used are white, blue, yellow glassine or onion, kraft paper, polyester (PET), coated paper, polyethylene (PE). The so-called self-adhesive printing is a process of transferring ink and the like through a printing plate to a surface of a printing material which is pre-coated with a rubber layer under a certain pressure. Compared with ordinary printing, stickers have the following characteristics: The investment is small and the effect is quick. Self-adhesive prints are mostly trademarks and stickers, which have a small format, fast printing speed and low production waste. Flexible printing. Stickers are not limited by the printing method, and traditional printing houses can be printed by offset presses or screen printers. It has many functions, and its self-adhesive is widely used in food, cosmetics, and barcodes. It can also be used as a signage in special environments such as electronic products and mechanical products. 1: Use of face material: molded wood free paper, coated paper art paper (shading / mirror), transparent PVC, electrostatic PVC, polyester PET, laser paper, temperature resistant paper, PP, PC, kraft paper, fluorescent paper, thermal paper , copper wire dragon, silver silk dragon, gold-plated paper, silver-plated paper, synthetic paper (CPC/PP/HYL/good tough paper/pearl paper), aluminum foil paper, fragile (anti-counterfeit) paper, textured paper, cloth label ( Tevek/nylon), pearl dragon, sandwich copper plate, thermal paper. 2: Use film type: transparent PET Translucent PET Transparent OPP Translucent OPP Transparent PVC Light white PVC Matte white PVC Synthetic paper Light gold (silver) polyester Matte gold (silver) polyester. 3: Use type: general super-adhesive type, general-purpose strong-adhesive type, refrigerated food strong-adhesive type, universal re-opening type, and fiber re-opening type. 4: Use base paper: white, blue, yellow glassine paperine (or garlic paper onion) kraft paper polyester PET coated paper polyethylene polyethylene. There are two types of self-adhesive labels: one is a paper-based self-adhesive label, and the other is a film-based self-adhesive label. 1. Paper-based self-adhesive labels are mainly used in liquid washing products and popular personal care products; film materials are mainly used in medium and high-grade daily chemical products. At present, popular personal care products and household liquid washing products on the market account for a large proportion, so the corresponding paper materials are used more. 2, film-type self-adhesive labels commonly used PE, PP, PVC and other synthetic materials, film materials are mainly white, matt, transparent three. Since the film material is not very suitable for printing, it is generally corona treated or a coating is added on its surface to enhance its printability. In order to avoid deformation or tearing of some film materials during printing and labeling, some materials are also subjected to directional processing for uniaxial stretching or biaxial stretching, for example, biaxially stretched BOPP materials are quite common. Plate making, ink adjustment process Die making, die cutting process Drop molding process Anti-counterfeiting label screen printing anti-counterfeiting mainly refers to anti-counterfeiting for the coating part and part. It is recommended that the coating part should not be laminated as much as possible, because the cost of laminating is high and it is not easy to cut. Glazing oil is the best way. When making self-adhesive labels, try not to varnish as a whole, and part of it will be fine. The thickness of the screen printing mesh affects the thickness of the coating, and the degree of lightness of the diluent affects the appearance of the coating. The silk screen anti-counterfeiting technology of self-adhesive labels uses water-based stencils for dripping anti-counterfeiting, and the others generally use oiliness. The screen printing screen used generally has a mesh size of 250-350 mesh. Theoretically speaking, the larger the mesh number of the screen printing mesh, the stronger the effect and the thicker the coating. In actual use, it is found that the more the ink is printed, the finer the pattern is. If the dilution is not enough, it may also be shelled. Silk screen printing is related to typesetting and design. The larger the layout space is, the better the position is adjusted when silk screen printing. The silk screen is also related to the weather. Too moist or too high temperature will affect the silk screen effect. Generally, when the temperature is high, the dry water or the slow 783 should be added. When the temperature is low, the dry water should be accelerated. Silk screen should pay attention to the customer's individual label requirements and coding have a certain relationship, if the coating on the coating is not thin, the coating should be thicker; if the coating is not printed, the coating should be thicker; Try to be as clear as possible and try to be as detailed as possible. The silk screen is related to the order in which the labels are placed: it is necessary to distinguish between the serial number and the serial number. Screen printing should pay attention to the problem of materials, different materials have different inks and practices. Screen printing should pay attention to whether the film is to be laminated after the processing, if the part of the silk screen is easy to fall off or wipe off, it will be laminating. Silk screen should pay attention to whether it is necessary to color, the general offset printing is better, and often the offset can not be printed on the silk screen can be printed, so often say silk screen can do. The silkscreen technology of self-adhesive labels should understand the performance of inks, and must understand the stencil, position, adjustment board, repairing and washing. Silk screen should pay attention to the surface not to paste, do not foam; It is worth reminding that it is generally recommended to do it once in the case of dripping anti-counterfeiting, because such screens often have a pause in the middle and may not be used. Screen printing should pay attention to the production according to the production list. If the temperature change is anti-counterfeiting, it should be noted that the temperature change disappears or the temperature changes color; it is necessary to pay attention to whether the temperature change effect is reversible or irreversible. The silk screen surface is measured by the performance of silver powder: it can be scratched with nails and can not be wiped off with fingertips. Hot stamping method Self-adhesive labels are a kind of material that is widely used in many aspects such as life and work. There are also many kinds of self-adhesive bronzing processes. This paper summarizes the self-adhesive stamping and self-adhesive in different mechanical platforms. Hot stamping and post-hot stamping features. Among them are a variety of hot stamping processes: cold stamping, round hot stamping, flat stamping process characteristics and adaptation methods. 1. Hot stamping method According to the processing method of the self-adhesive label, the hot stamping method is divided into a single sheet of hot stamping and a web stamping. Sheet-fed gilding is the same as the traditional bronzing process and is processed on a dedicated bronzing machine. Web bronzing is done on the label linkage and is the most widely used processing method. At present, there are several ways to foil the roll material: 1 label machine flat pressing bronzing For the letterpress label printing machine, whether it is flat flat or round flat type equipment, since the roll paper is intermittently fed, the bronzing is all flat and flat. Under normal circumstances, the bronzing station is an independent unit, and some models are gilded to share one unit with die-cutting and used separately. 2 multi-station flat pressing bronzing Some models have a two-station bronzing unit, such as Japan's Shiki's SMHC-45-MWL labeling machine, one unit close to the plate, complete horizontal bronzing, and the other unit is a separate unit, complete vertical bronzing. This model can perform two-color bronzing at the same time. 3 processing machine flat pressing bronzing The machine is designed for the processing of printed roll labels and labels that do not require printing. Bronzing is a function of the processing machine. The bronzing device on the processing machine generally adopts the flat pressing method, and its working principle is the same as the above labeling machine. Round press on the 4 rounds The bronzing plate used for round pressing and bronzing is a roller-shaped plate. When bronzing, it is in contact with the impression cylinder to achieve hot stamping. Round press bronzing is suitable for use on the continuous transfer labeling machine of continuous paper feeding, but there are certain requirements for the feeding speed, that is to say, the printing speed is affected. However, compared with the flat pressing and ironing, the efficiency is greatly improved. The round-pressed hot stamping rolls are expensive to manufacture, so they are only suitable for long-running hot stamping. Cold bronzing on 5 rounds This is a new hot stamping process. Instead of using a heated metal plate, the printing foil is used to transfer the metal foil to achieve hot stamping. The process flow is: first print UV pressure sensitive adhesive at the position where the printing needs to be bronted, dry the adhesive through UV drying device, then use special metal foil to composite with pressure sensitive adhesive, then peel off the metal foil, then metal The portion of the foil that needs to be transferred is transferred to the surface of the print to achieve cold stamping. The cold stamping process has low cost, energy saving, high production efficiency, and can utilize existing equipment components without adding additional devices. It is a promising new process. 2. First hot stamping and post hot stamping The hot stamping of the self-adhesive is also divided into the first hot stamping and the hot stamping. The first hot stamping refers to first stamping on the labeling machine and then printing; then the hot stamping refers to printing first, and finally bronzing. The key to hot stamping and post-hot stamping is the drying problem of the ink. There are two situations in the relationship between bronzing patterns and printed patterns: juxtaposition and overprinting. Due to the different inks used, the label printing must be carried out by two processes: first hot stamping and post hot stamping. 1 first hot stamping process When the labeling machine with the intermittent paper feeding unit is used to print the label with ordinary ink, the first hot stamping process is adopted. Since the ink used is an oxidative polymerization drying type, it takes a certain time for the printed ink layer to dry completely, so bronzing The pattern must avoid the ink. The best way to avoid ink is to pre-warm the roll material and then print it. The use of the first hot stamping process requires that the printed pattern and the bronzing pattern be separated (parallel) because the surface of the electrochemical aluminum is smooth, not inked, and cannot be printed. The first hot stamping prevents the ink from smearing and ensures the quality of the label printing. 2 post bronzing process The post-hot stamping process is applied to the labeling machine where the hot stamping parts are mounted on the back door, and UV ink is used for printing. The web material is first printed and the ink is dried instantaneously by a UV drying device and then bronted on the surface of the material after drying or on the surface of the ink. Since the ink is dry, the bronzing pattern and the printed pattern can be juxtaposed or overprinted without ink smearing. In the two hot stamping methods, the hot stamping is an ideal method, which also brings convenience to the label pattern design and expands the application range of the bronzing pattern. However, due to the limitations of the device function, the label printing cost is relatively high. The first hot stamping process is suitable for small label processing of simple patterns, low cost and wide application range, and is a commonly used method for small and medium-sized printing plants. The difference between hot stamping As an important metal surface finishing method, hot stamping is an effective way to enhance the visual effects of trademarks, cartons, labels and other products. Hot stamping and cold stamping are the main advantages and disadvantages of the two main hot stamping methods. In practical applications, the appropriate hot stamping method should be selected according to the specific conditions, mainly based on cost and quality considerations. Advantages of hot stamping technology: The quality is good, the precision is high, and the edge of the hot stamping image is clear and sharp. The surface gloss is high and the hot stamping pattern is bright and smooth. Hot stamping foils are available in a wide range of options, such as different colors or different gloss effects, as well as hot stamping foils for different substrates. Stereo hot stamping is possible. The advantages of cold stamping technology: There is no need to buy more expensive special stamping equipment. A normal flexo plate can be used without the need to make a metal stamping plate. The plate making speed is fast, the cycle is short, and the hot stamping plate has a low production cost. Hot stamping speed is up to 450fpm. No need for heating equipment to save energy. In actual production, in the end, choose hot stamping technology or cold stamping technology? The answer is: it should be based on the specific circumstances. Hot stamping technology is used to achieve the best hot stamping quality and hot stamping, but at a higher cost. The quality of cold stamping is good, but it is inferior to hot stamping, but the cost is lower. In order to avoid the printing failure of the self-adhesive label caused by the quality problem of the self-adhesive material itself, it is necessary to carefully check the appearance quality of the self-adhesive material before printing, so that it can be timely before printing. Find defects that may cause problems in print processing quality. 1, check the self-adhesive material has a flash The edge of the reel self-adhesive material is smooth and non-destructive, which is the basis for ensuring the printing quality of the self-adhesive label. Therefore, before printing, it is necessary to carefully check whether the slit edge of the reel material has burrs, whether it is stored or not. Damage occurred due to improperness, and the roll of self-adhesive material should be rolled down 4-5 times, and the slitting edge should be carefully inspected. 2. Check for cracks on the self-adhesive material. When the self-adhesive material is cut, if the cutting tool is not properly adjusted or the blade is not sharp enough, cracks will appear on the face paper or the bottom paper of the self-adhesive material, and the fiber pulled out at the crack will be adhered by the adhesive. live. The occurrence of cracks may be continuous or random. There may be one side of the self-adhesive material of the reel or both sides. Therefore, before the self-adhesive material is printed on the machine, it may be necessary to carefully check the bottom paper and Is there a small crack on the face paper? Then, take a sample of the paper that has been inspected above, and peel off the backing paper to check again for cracks on the underlying paper and the backing paper, because the cracks are sometimes very small, and can only be found after separating the backing paper and the paper. It is worth noting that as the ink and adhesive gradually accumulate on the paper guide roller of the printing press during the printing process, cracks may also occur at the edges of the self-adhesive material. Therefore, even if printing has begun, the above problems cannot be ignored. 3, check whether the edge of the self-adhesive material is stuck, whether the bottom paper is missing silicon The edge of the self-adhesive material is adhered or a part of the bottom paper is leak-coated with silicone oil. During the printing process, the facial paper breaks during the waste process and cannot be produced normally. Therefore, before printing, you should take a piece of self-adhesive material that is about 1 meter long and peel it off by hand to see if there are any parts on the edge or other parts that cannot be smoothly and consistently peeled off. Usually, the edge paper and the bottom paper edge adhesion occur on a slit roll of the entire roll of the coated self-adhesive material, and generally only occurs at the outer layer of 7 meters to 10 meters, so that the cut roll is encountered. There is adhesion on the edge of the self-adhesive material. Do not immediately assert that the whole roll of paper has this problem. In addition, it should be noted that peeling off light-weight facial tissues (such as 60g/m2 and 80g/m2 facial tissue) is greater than the force used to peel off heavy-weight facial tissue, and the lighter the facial tissue, the tighter the hand feel when peeling off. Because of this, sometimes the customer chooses the self-adhesive material according to the shape required by the customer, and cannot be completed at the normal printing speed. 4. Check whether the end face of the reel self-adhesive material is straight and the rewinding is consistent. If the slit end faces of the reel self-adhesive material are not uniform, it will not only affect the registration during printing, but also cause difficulty in discharging due to the change of the die-cut position; when the rewinding is inconsistent, the paper force will be caused during printing. Changes and uneven tension can also cause print quality problems.
The other day I was listening to the Freakonomics Podcast and a program called “Weird Recycling”. The short episode spoke of several examples of organizations repurposing otherwise unwanted materials. The first example was of the delicacy of chicken feet (“chicken paws” in industry vernacular). Carlos Ayala is the Vice President of International at Perdue Farms, and he claims that without exporting chicken paws to China, his American-based company would struggle to be profitable. Instead, they cannot keep up with demand. One man’s trash is another man’s treasure, indeed! (For the record, Carlos himself considers chicken feet a delicacy and enjoys them) MedWish International is a non-profit whose innovative recycling can help human feet (and other body parts) overseas. They distribute medical waste, including such items as mislabeled medical supplies and expired tongue depressors, to developing countries that would otherwise have to go without. The third example was of TerraPower, a nuclear-energy firm that actually reuses nuclear waste as fuel. Each of these stories certainly lives up to its label of “weird recycling”. And although Perdue Farms and TerraPower clearly see financial benefits from their innovative approach, there is a broader environmental impact as well. While individuals are generally well aware of the importance of recycling at a household level, businesses would also do well to consider how they can produce less waste. Although Purdue Farms had to take on a large initial investment to set their chicken paw export line of business in place, it has paid off significantly. What sort of changes could you make in your home or organization to boost recycling or reuse? Sometimes it just takes a little “thinking outside the coop”.
If you know anything about heat treatment of metals, including stainless steel, you have heard about annealing. This is a process commonly employed to make metals more ductile and less brittle. As well, annealing reduces the number of internal stresses, therefore decreasing the tendency of certain metals and materials to distort and crack. One form of this process is called bright annealing. What Is Bright Annealing? Bright annealing is a version of annealing. It is the result of heating (annealing) the metal within a specific type of furnace – one in which the atmosphere is carefully controlled. The atmosphere is inert or exists in a vacuum. The environment created is a protective one. It prevents oxidation and/or surface contamination of the metal. The result is the “bright” or reflective surface. Factors Affecting the Success of Bright Annealing When implementing bright annealing a number of factors have to be carefully considered. In all instances, you must keep the surfaces clean. They must be completely free of any foreign matter. The atmosphere must be kept free of oxygen. Also of particular importance is the relationship between time and temperature. The treatment company must be certain to carefully watch, balance and control the cycles for these two factors. By instituting specific practices in the facility, these levels can be met and maintained easily. Why Choose Bright Annealing? One of the major reasons manufacturers opt for bright annealing is the final appearance. The process does not dull the metal. Stainless steel, for example, will emerge “bright” and shiny. Yet, it is more than the appearance that proves to be important in choosing this method. By annealing using the vacuum method, those companies in charge of the treatment can: * Remove the chances of undesirable oxidation * Better control both the heating and cooling processes * Provides them greater ability to handle products of diverse dimensions * Can cool the product more rapidly than other forms of annealing The results are similar to most forms of annealing. Bright annealing: * Exhibits a bright, clear surface * Is easier to machine * Is more facile to form * Relieves internal stresses * Refines the crystal structure of the component Bright annealing, as a result is often a win-win situation for manufacturer and metal treating company alike. Bright Annealing: A Potential Choice for Specific Metals In some heat-treating processes, a manufacturer may want more than to improve the physical and chemical properties of their metal component or product. They want to ensure it has an attractive appearance. When this is the case, treating companies can turn to an annealing process that provides the surface of the metal with a bright and reflective surface. To accomplish this, companies choose bright annealing.
Price elasticity Measures how much the quantity demanded of a good changes when its price changes. It may be defined as “Percentage Change in Quantity demanded over percentage change in price” Price elasticity can be expressed as - Ped = percentage Change in Quantity Demanded /percentage Change in Price - If answer is between 0 and -1: the relationship is inelastic. - If the answer is between 1 and infinity: the relationship is elastic. - Above mid-point of a straight line, demand is elastic,ED >1. - AtMidpoint, demand is unit-elastic,with ED = 1 - Below the midpoint, demand is inelastic, with ED<1> Factors that determine the value of price elasticity of demand 1. Number of close substitutes within the market - The more (and closer) substitutes available in the market the more elastic demand will be in response to a change in price. In this case, the substitution effect will be quite strong. 2. Luxuries and necessities - Necessities tend to have a more inelastic demand curve, whereas luxury goods and services tend to be more elastic. For example, the demand for opera tickets is more elastic than the demand for urban rail travel. The demand for vacation air travel is more elastic than the demand for business air travel. 3. Percentage of income spent on a good - It may be the case that the smaller the proportion of income spent taken up with purchasing the good or service the more inelastic demand will be. 4. Habit forming goods - Goods such as cigarettes and drugs tend to be inelastic in demand. Preferences are such that habitual consumers of certain products become de-sensitised to price changes. 5. Time period under consideration - Demand tends to be more elastic in the long run rather than in the short run. For example, after the two world oil price shocks of the 1970s - the "response" to higher oil prices was modest in the immediate period after price increases, but as time passed, people found ways to consume less petroleum and other oil products. This included measures to get better mileage from their cars; higher spending on insulation in homes and car pooling for commuters. The demand for oil became more elastic in the long-run.
oil sands 88 298. (photo credit: Bloomberg) Oil sands - alternative crude oil extraction is increasing. Big oil companies are in search of new oil reserves around the globe. Easily accessible reserves have already been discovered and extracted in many places. After Saudi Arabia, Canada has the world's largest oil reserves but, instead of being in liquid form, these are in the form of oil sands - a mixture of quartz sand, clay, silt, water and bitumen. A ton of such oil sands yields 79.5 liters or a half barrel of clean oil, on average. Alberta, Canada, has the world's second-largest oil reserves, extraction of which has only recently become economically viable. This means that Canada has larger oil reserves than Russia and Iraq together. With extraction and refining costs of $18-$25 per barrel (159 liters), oil sands promised little in the way of profit until 2004/05. However, with the international price for crude oil now established well above the $25 mark, extraction of Canada's oil reserves has become viable. Why invest in oil sands? With conventional oil reserves becoming scarcer and the sharp rise in oil prices, unconventional means of extracting fossil fuels are increasingly the focus of attention. Oil sands may, therefore, represent an extremely worthwhile investment. Numerous factors point to long-term positive performance in the oil sands sector. Technological progress. With production costs currently at less than $20 a barrel and an international oil price of well over $40, the extraction of oil from oil sands is now highly profitable. Further advances in extraction technology could reduce operational costs to $10 a barrel in some cases. 1 Safe geopolitical situation. There are oil sand deposits all over the world. By far the largest are in Canada and Venezuela. However, large oil companies are likely to be very hesitant about investing in Venezuela as a result of political instability. Canada, on the other hand, offers political and economic stability. Furthermore, in Canada, all oil-producing companies in the oil sands sector are open to foreign investment compared to Russian or Arabian energy groups. High levels of investment. The sharp rise in the oil price has led to an enormous level of activity in oil sands processing in Canada. The investment bank Lehman Brothers estimates that the Canadian industry will invest approximately C$85-C$90 billion in oil sands projects over the coming years. Shell Canada, for instance, has so far invested around US$4b. in the Athabasca Oil Sands Project. 2 One might ask why oil sands did not attract the attention of the international financial markets sooner. The answer is clear and simple: the average long-term oil price did not rise beyond $30 a barrel until the summer of 2005. If the oil price remains well above $40, a sharp increase in extraction from oil sands can be expected. This explains why such extraction has only recently become attractive. Rising profits. Oil sands are not just a prospect for the future. The Canadian oil sands industry is largely well-established and already makes substantial profits. What kind of companies should be considered for investment portfolios? Companies that are expected to generate a significant proportion of their earnings from products and services in connection with oil sands. This ensures that company policy is focused on oil sands. It means that large energy conglomerates that currently make their profits almost exclusively from conventional oil and gas extraction are excluded from consideration. Companies must have a market capitalization of C$500 million in order to avoid smaller companies, which usually have a higher share price volatility. Companies that are expected to extract at least 25,000 barrels a day until 2015. This will help to ensures the inclusion of companies that will be genuine blue chips of the oil sands industry in the medium term. This article is not intended to be an investment recommendation. Before investing, speak with a professional adviser to determine whether investing in oil sands-related equities is appropriate for your investment portfolio. 1 Canadian Oil Sands: Development and future outlook, Eddy Isaacs, Ph.D. managing director Alberta Energy Research Institute. 2 FAZ.net 29.05.2006 The author is Global Investment Strategist at Tandem Capital. Join Jerusalem Post Premium Plus now for just $5 and upgrade your experience with an ads-free website and exclusive content. Click here>>
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Why do some Roman numeral dials represent the 4th hour as 1111 instead of IV? There are a number of theories on this matter, but for simplicities’ sake, I will only discuss the three most common opinions. One explanation is that a famous clockmaker was commissioned to build a clock for a powerful king in Europe. The clockmaker printed the dial with the 4th hour represented as IV, as is the correct 4 manner. The king informed the clockmaker that it was wrong and should be represented as Jill. The clockinaker assured the king that IV was correct. However, the king persisted and the clockmaker wanting to keep his head attached to his body, changed the dial to feature the 1111 configuration— ‘ thus, the tradition was born. This of course is very unlikely, but it does sound colorful. The next explanation dates back to Roman mythology, when apparently IV was too similar to the name for the Roman god ‘Jupiter’, whose name in Latin begins IV. representingthe J and V being used instead of LI in ancient times, thus IV (in Latin) represented the abbreviation JU for ‘Jupiter’. They felt it was disrespectful to display the name of a god on the face of a / clock. Again, this seems a bit far fetched, but you never know—it’s just crazy enough to be true. • The final explanation (and likely the correct one), is also the sim- plcst. It’s just a matter of symmetry on the dial. With the 4th hour represented as Jill, then you would have the first 4 hours displaying / n the I numeral, the second 4 hours displaying the V numeral and the ‘1/ ft last 4 hours displaying the X numeral. Furthermore, the hour positioned opposite the Jill is the VIII. These numerals arc more similar if physical appearance (and size) than IV & VIII would be, thus the Roman numeral watch dial 1 1111 configuration makes for a more balanced appearance on the dial, featuring the 4th hour as Jill. As usual, the simplest explanation is often the correct one. How was the standard direction of clockwise (left to right determined? Although this is difficult to conclusively determine, there is a general consensus regarding why the hands of a clock move from left to right, thus clockwise. The explanation dates back thousands of years to the earliest civilizations: the Sumcrians and Babylonians, who tracked the movement of the stars in the heavens from left to right. This was due to the fact that they were located in the Northern Hemisphere, and since the Sun was located to the South, you would have to face South to the track the Sun’s path across the sky. They even wrote of religious ceremonies and events that required left to right motions. This could also have been the inspiration for modern writing flowing from left to right, as well as a number of other habits and rituals which utilize a left to right motion. Centuries later, the Egyptians created giant obelisk-shaped sundials called Cleopatra Needles, which cast shadows onto the ground to track the 12 parts of the day. Due to the size of these sundials (or sun-clocks, as they are often called), one had to stand back, facing the North, if they wanted to easily view the shadows—thus, the shadows would travel across the ground from left to right. Otherwise, if you faced the South, you would constantly be looking over your shoulder to view the shadows. Again, this was due to the fact that they were located in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Sun, being to the South, would cast the shadows to the North. With this being said, the evolution of clocks took a natural progression toward a left to right movem nt. This of course poses the question: If modern civilization had developed from Africa or Aus:ralia. being in the Southern Hemisphere, would clockwise be right to left, thus counter-clockwise?48 Where did the term ‘Horologv’ originate? While the exact origin is unknown, an early use of the term is as follows. The ancient Roman water clock was known as a Horologiurn, and after the fall of the Roman Empire, many Latin-speaking cultures adopted variations of the name to describe subsequent timekeepers. Some of those variations were: horloge, orloge, orologio, orloige and oreloige. Centuries later, in 1656, Christian Huygens invented the first Pendulum clock, based on Galileo’s design. Seventeen years later, in 1673, Huygens chronicled the invention (among others) in a book entitled: Horologium Oscillatorium. Then around 1751, Abbé Nicolas Louis de Lacaille borrowed the term to name an obscure constellation in the southern hemisphere (“the pendulum”), thus honor:rig Huygens’ invention. The name was later shortened to Horologium, and thus the term ‘Horology’ has been used to describe “the science of measuring time”. What is the most money ever paid for a Rolex? Rolex wristwatches are known for being of the utmost quality and therefore are also known for being quite expensive. However, Rolex does not hold the ‘World Record’ for the most money ever paid for a wristwatch. That record goes to Patek Philippe, when one of their watches recently sold for SFr. 6603’SOO ($4,026,524; £2,774,579) at the Antiquorum’s auction in Geneva, on April 14, 2002. The watch, Lot 608, was a 1939, (probably unique) Platinum World-Timer (Ref. 1415HU “Heures Universelles”; No. 929693; Case No. 656462), featuring 41 names of cities & locations engraved around the milled dial. At the same auction, Rolex set a world record of their own when a 1952 Oyster Chronograph sold for SFr. 322’500 ($196,646; £135,504)—the most money ever paid at auction for a Rolex wristwatch. This watch, Lot 125, was the famed Jean-Claude Kllly (Ref. 6036), 50m=165ft Anti-Magnetic.49 Why does a quartz movement ‘tick’ instead of ‘sweeping’ like a mechanical watch? Before answering this we must first give a very basic explanation of how a mechanical watch operates. There are three basic parts to a watch’s movement: 1: A power source (or mainspring). 2: An oscillating mass (or balance wheel) which provides the timed rate. 3: A series of gears which regulate the beat of the balance wheel and transfers this rate to the hands. What results is the step (or action) of the second hand. This action is so fast (upwards of 8 times per second) that the second hand gives the illusion of sweeping (or floating) around the dial. Quartzwatches use a tiny energy cell (or battery) to replace the mainspring as the power source. The oscillating mass is replaced by a tiny piece of shaped quartz crystal, which is tuned to a frequency of 32,768 Hz (cycles per second)—this is often called the piezoeleetric effect and is similar to that of a tuning fork. A system of integrated circuits then divides the frequency into one-second pulses to drive a tiny motor, which in turn drives the hands. The purpose of these pulses being timed to one-second is simply a matter of power. To achieve a faster pulse, it would require a higher frequency which would require a much larger power source. Therefore, a one-second pulse is used, resulting in the second hand ‘ticking’ in one-second intervals. It is worth noting that the accuracy of a particular timepiece is directly-proportional to the beats or cycles per second. Whereas, a timepiece with a higher ‘per second’ rate has the capability of being more accurate. This rate for current Rolex models is 8 beats per second, where a quartz clock is 32,768 cycles per second and an atomic clock is 9,192,63 1,770 cycles per second. Therefore, the accuracy error for a mechanical chronometer is rated at no more than a few seconds per day, while a quartz is a fraction of a second per day, but an atomic clock is accurate to less than one second in over 1,000 years! Is it illegal to sell ‘Replica ‘Rolex watches? In a word—Yes! Replica watches are in fact counterfeit and therefore are illegal. On January 17, 2001, the U.S. District Court in Columbia, S.C. charged two individuals with selling allegedly counterfeit versions of Rolex watches. Their website fakegifts.com claimed the watches to be “replicas”. Mark Dipadova was later sentenced to 24 months in prison and was ordered to pay $138,264 in restitution for “trafficking counterfeited trademarks”, while Rufus Todd Jones was sentenced to 36 months in prison, and was ordered to pay $1 16,779 in restitution on a similar charge. What does the “T” designation at the bottom of the dial mean? This refers to the chemical uscd on the hands and hour markers, which causes them to illuminate. Around 1950, watch makers started using Tritium as their luminous material, and began indicating the amount of that radioactive material with a designation at the bottom of the dial (i.e. T SWISS T or SWISS T < 25). Around 1998, watchmakers changed the designation to read: SWISS MADE, when they replaced the Tritium with LumiNova (an organic, non-radioactive chemical), as their source of luminescence. T SWISS MADE T indicates that the radioactive material Tritium is present on the wristwatch. The amount of radioactive material emitted is limited to a maximum of 25 milliCurie. SWISS T <25 more specifically indicates that the wristwatch emits an amount of Tritiurn that is less than the 25 milliCurie limit. SWISS T 25 indicates that the wristwatch emits the maximum allowable amount of Tritium (i.e. a full 25 milliCurie), SWISS MADE on wristwatches produced after (around) 1998, this indicates the presence of LurniNova as the luminous material. (Please Note: “SWISS MADE” was also the indication on wristwatches produced prior to the 1 950s, when Radium was used as the luminous material. However, at that time “SWISS MADE” simp&’ indicated that the watch was in fact made in Switzerland.) The following is a brief history of these luminous materials: Around 1913, watchmakers began using a radioactive alpha emitter called Radium which, over a period of time, disintegrates into Radon (also known as Radon gas), a radioactive beta emitter which is considerably more hazardous—especially when inhaled. Radium didn’t pose a direct hazard to the wearer (since there is no physical contact), but did to those working in the factories producing the luminous paints. It was later determined that workers who applied the Radium paint to watch dials were experiencing health problems as well. This was due to the fact that they would often lick the tips of their paint brushes, thus creating a finer point and making it easier to apply. This prolonged contact eventually resulted in many cancerous conditions. Radium was widely used into the 1940s, but was subsequently replaced by Tritiuin around 1950. Since Radium has a substantial half life (meaning how long the material lasts before losing its radioactive properties), it was feared that old watches containing the Radium paint could pose a health hazard to the public if the crystals were broken, thus an increased possibility for physical contact. Tritium is a low-level radioactive beta emitting version of hydrogen, thus was considered less of a health risk. That’s not to say that Tritium is a completely safe chemical. Since it does have a radioactive content, prolonged physical contact could be harmful as well. However, the radiation exposure to the wearer (under normal conditions) is nominal. Furthermore, due to the reduced half life (being only around 10-15 years), Tritium will lose its illumination and begin to fade after only a few years. With that being said, watch manufacturers did the ‘politically correct’ thing and began phasing out Tritium in favor of the newer (and safer) chemical LumiNova around 1998. This new material is not only safe, but also maintains its illumination substantially longer. It is worth noting that the chemical LumiNova actually glows ‘green’, and is considered by some to be less cosmetically appealing than the clean ‘white’ appearance of Tritiurn. What is the difference between a ‘chronometer’ and a ‘chronograph’? This is a very common question since people often confuse the two. While their names may sound similar, these terms have very little in common. Chronometer is a term used to describe a highly-precise timepiece which, after rigorous testing, has received an official timing certificate from the official Swiss timing bureau Contróle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres (COSC). Thus, it is a rating or accolade given for the watch’s accuracy. A chronograph on the other hand is a timepiece that, in addition to the normal time telling functions, also performs a separate time measuring function such as a stop watch—with a separate seconds hand which can be started, stopped and reset to zero, via push-buttons on the side of the case. Please do not confuse ‘chronographs’ with ‘complications’ (which are described below). While a/l chronographs can be considered complications, not all complications are in fact chronographs. What do “complications” mean when referring to a wristwatch? A complication is described as any additional function the wristwatch performs beyond basic time telling (i.e. hour, minute and second). A common example of wristwatch complications are calendar models which display the day/date. Additional complications include chronograph models, whereas the watch performs like a basic ‘stop watch’ (as described above). Other complications worth mentioning are: second time zone, moonphase and alarms. What does it mean by a ‘jeweled movement’? A jeweled movement refers to precious stones (typically synthetic sapphires, or rubies), which are used on the movement in key pivot points to reduce friction, thus reducing wear. This is due to the hardness of the jewel which will not wear out when under constant friction from the metal parts. The idea was introduced over three hundred years ago, and today is used in most mechanical watch movements. The more common configuration is a 17 jewel movement, however, more complicated watches are often found with 29 jewels (or more). In fact, a rare example exists with a highly complicated movement featuring 76 jewels (i.e. TWC IT Destriero Scafusia). It is worth noting that movements were created in the 1 980s featuring upwards of 100 jewels, but upon closer examination, it was easily determined that most of the jewels were merely cosmetic. When jeweled movements were first introduced they frequently used real (or natural) garnets or even diamonds. However, modern watch movements typically feature synthetic jewels, which are laboratory grown and are quite inexpensive to produce. How many watches does Rolex produce each year? Rolex doesn’t release exact numbers, however, according to industry estimates and considering the number of Chronometer certificates issued to Rolex over the past few years, it’s safe to assume that Rolex produces somewhere between 650,000 to 700,000 watches annually. On the other hand, it is believed that counterfeiters produce ten times that number! Information found from “The Rolex Report”, revised and expanded 4th edition by John E. Brozek.
The lecture with Jemma was about Branding. We partially discussed about it as did in the previous lecture with Sian, but this time we went more in depth regarding its creative features and more specifically, the ones of the fashion industry. She started with the definition of branding, which is: “A name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller’s good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. The legal term for brand is trademark” (The American Marketing Association) A Brand is much more than a just a LOGO, it is more than a NAME or the PRODUCT itself. It is actually all these together plus a substantial element, the emotional association that goes with it when we see the logo, the name or the product of that brand. Sometimes it is an irrational or intangible feel that goes with it because of the social environment, the political environment that was born or that led to its foundation. And this or other important factors can lead that brand to take on a symbolic meaning that goes beyond the product or service delivered. Branding is important for multiple reasons: - It helps customers differentiate between the various offerings in a market. - It enables customers to make associations with certain attributes or feelings with a particular brand. - If this differentiation can be achieved and sustained, then a brand has a competitive advantage. - Successful brands create strong, positive and lasting impressions through their communications and associated psychological feelings and emotions, not just their functionality through use. For further reference see Baines, P., Fill, C. and Page, K. (2011) At the question ‘What do you think are the world’s most valuable brands?’, most of us wrote down almost the same names like Apple (first on the list, it’s worth 184.154 $m), Google, Coca Cola, Amazon etc. This list is updated on an yearly basis including mainly technology related (part of the market that has more revenue and is constantly growing – to consider when setting up a business) A successful Brand should be: - and have a lifetime potential The Concept in its ideation reflects through: - Country of origin - Visual image As all lectures, I found this one very interesting. You can always get something useful from each. It is also very helpful when going over the same subject from different points of view. Hearing the same elements from different people helps me distinguish the most important characteristics from the less relevant information out there so I can make a better choice of how to prioritise when creating my own brand. Because branding is a process.
Here’s a provocative question: Are workplace accidents ever really accidents? For an equally provocative answer, watch this 30-second video from the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board of Ontario – though the squeamish should be warned. Unanticipated events at work occur because of a combination of multiple factors. It is a result of interaction between human beings and loosely built processes and systems. However, when errors occur, the common response from managers is to remind the employee to do better, rewrite job responsibilities or simply fire him or her. There are better ways to address errors other than blaming and shaming the people who made that error. To understand why mistakes could occur, I introduced our Master of Business Operational Excellence students to a method called Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). FMEA helps create robust processes and systems by proactively anticipating the vulnerabilities in them, prioritizing the risk they may cause and developing an action plan to address them. One of the outcomes of an FMEA can be standardized work that addresses the variability in the processes. Standardized work defines the best-known method to perform a particular process that provides the maximum value to the customer. When you develop the standardized work you also need to train your people to perform the work optimally. Gary Butler, an executive in residence with Fisher’s Department of Management Sciences, spoke to our students about Training Within Industry, which focuses on breaking down the work into various job elements, explaining how it is done, and why it is done until the employee internalizes it. This also involves having help available if the employee has any questions or issues when they start doing the work. The philosophy of lean is to have clear expectations of work, reduce complexities in the processes, and build systems that are mistake-proof or make it easier to detect mistakes. This prevents catastrophic events occurring. So go ahead and shield your organization before things go wrong!
The coalfield extends along the coast from Whitehaven to Maryport, a distance of fourteen miles, and varies in width from four to six miles. From Maryport it continues a further twelve miles to Wigton, but narrows to about two miles in width. In addition a large area of coal has been worked under the sea bed, mostly in the Whitehaven area, with the coal being mined up to four miles out from the coast. There are seven principal coal seams in the Whitehaven area: - Upper Metal Band – 3ft 6ins wide, at 48 fathoms deep (at Wellington Pit) - Preston Isle Yard (Burnt) – 2ft 6ins wide, at 53 fathoms deep - Bannock – 6ft wide, at 74 fathoms deep - Main Prior – 9ft wide, at 96 fathoms deep - Little Main – 2ft wide, at 127 fathoms deep - Six Quarters – 6ft wide, at 139 fathoms deep - Four Feet – 2ft 3ins wide, at 187 fathoms deep The dip of all the above seams is seaward, with a fall of approximately 1 in 2. The Main seam crops out near the line of the low road to St.Bees, and has been worked from a very early period along the outcrop as far as Partis Pit near Stanley Road, Mirehouse. The Bannock seam crops out at a correspondingly higher level. At first the coal was worked from the outcrops where the seam was exposed. One of the earliest records of coal mining in West Cumberland dates to 1560 when Sir Thomas Chaloner, lord of the manor of St Bees,in granting certain leases within the manor, reserved for himself the right to dig for coals while at the same time granting his lessees liberty to take coals from his pits for their own use, on the condition that they paid and laboured from time to time therein, according to the custom of the manor. The Lowther Family came on the scene in the 1600s, in particular Sir John who may truly be described as the founder of the Whitehaven collieries. These were worked by the Lowthers – ably assisted by their agents, the Speddings – till August 1888, when the working pits and a large tract of submarine coal were leased to the Whitehaven Colliery Company. The mines stayed in private hands till the industry was nationalised in 1947. A major development in coal mining took place in West Cumberland in 1650 when, to win new tracts of coal, pits were sunk and drifts cut horizontally from the lower grounds to drain the workings. This arrangement was called the pit and adit system. The coal was originally raised by jackrolls and later by horse gins. In 1663 Sir John Lowther drove a long level from Pow Beck in a westerly direction under Monkwray and into the Bannock Seam. This level drained an area sufficient to serve the needs of the coal trade until nearly the close of the 17th century. Later, on the 10th November 1715, in order to win coal from deeper levels, Lowther installed the first steam pumping engine in a Cumberland mine at Stone Pit, Howgill near Whitehaven. This Newcomen engine, with a 17 ins cylinder, was hired for £182 per annum. Another great feat took place in 1729 when the Lowthers started sinking Saltom Pit right on the sea shore, just clear of the cliffs. The sinking of this new mine so close to the sea, to work the coal under the sea bed, was quoted as being the most remarkable colliery enterprise of its day. When the pit had been sunk 252 feet a strong blower of gas was pricked, then piped to the pit top where it burned for many years. The agent, Mr Spedding, offered to supply the gas to the town of Whitehaven but the trustees did not take up his offer. Throughout their history the coal mines of West Cumberland, and in particular those in the Whitehaven area, were plagued with firedamp (CH4), and as greated depths were reached the problem of ventilation became critical. Accumulations of gas precipitated explosions which killed or maimed the colliers and seriously damaged the underground workings. To the employer the damage done to the mines was more important than the loss of life. New methods of lighting and ventilation were tried. One of the most important early inventions was the Spedding steel mill, the first attempt to produce a safe means of lighting in an atmosphere containing firedamp. This new device was merely a steel disc fixed to a small cogwheel and geared to a larger wheel. When the handle was turned a piece of flint was held against the disc, creating a stream of sparks which enabled the miners to see to work. The use of the Spedding steel mill spread throughout the north of England, and they were used till the introduction of the Davy lamp in 1819. Wooden props were the main means of supporting coal workings, but at the pit bottoms and main haulage roads and junctions brick walls were built and roofed in timber, second-hand steel and old tramlines. The timbers used in the Whitehaven mines of 1750 were imported from Norway by Sir James Lowther. Some of them are still supporting the old workings.
Vacuum metallization consists in evaporating aluminum(purity 99.5%) to give a metallic effect to base material (films, plastic and textile). In contact with crucibles heated to very high temperatures (1500 ° C), aluminum goes from the solid state to the gaseous state. Then it condenses on the film, which runs on two cooled drums (so that the heat does not make it melt). Deposit: aluminum thickness, also called "the load", can vary from 5 to 80 nanometers depending on the applications. Base material: Films from 6 to 125 microns – Fabrics Why metallize by vacuuming? Metallisation is done under vacuum, because the temperature can be reduced to 1500 ° C, instead of 3000 ° C in normal atmospheric pressure. It is therefore an important energy savings. On the other hand this prevents oxidation of the aluminum and thus gives a more glossy aspect to the product.
With the rapid changing scenario of fast depleting conventional energy sources, rapidly growing demand of power the future of conventional electric power systems are getting uncertain. This has led to worldwide thrust on development and use of non-conventional energy sources for electric power generation & use. This coupled with almost no chances of extending the electric power grids to the village located in the isolated placed deep inside the forest zone. Lack of access to clean cooking fuel in such areas adds to the misery by causing respiratory & other ailments, especially to women and children.Meghalaya Government over the past year has initiated a few projects for tapping the renewable energy on the state. The Government is setting up three projects for catering to the energy needs of small local communities in the state.
A new report by the International Energy Agency says renewable energy — mostly solar and wind — accounted for more than half of net electricity generation capacity added in the world last year. “What I see is we are witnessing the transformation of energy system markets led by renewables and this is happening very quickly,” said Dr. Fatih Birol, executive director of the IEA. “This transformation and the growth of renewables is led by the emerging countries in the years to come, rather than the industrialized countries.” The Agency said this marked the first time in history that renewables have surpassed traditional fossil fuel energy as the source of new electrical capacity. It predicted capacity from renewable sources will grow faster than oil, gas, coal or nuclear power in the next five years. Most of that growth will take place in China and India, with the United States also poised to add more energy from renewables. “China is a completely separate chapter,” said Birol. “China alone is responsible for about 40% of growth in the next five years. When people talk about China, they think about coal, but it is changing.” A total of 153GW of net renewable electricity capacity was installed globally in 2015. That’s equivalent to Canada’s total electrical capacity and a 15% increase over the year before. Net capacity is new capacity minus retired capacity, such as old hydro or coal fired plants being taken offline. China is expected to add a further 305GW over the next five years, followed by India with 76GW. What is driving the switch to renewables? Economics. “The cost of wind dropped by about one third in the last five to six years, and that of solar dropped by 80%,” said Birol. He added that while the cost of gas had also fallen recently, it was not at the same speed that green energy had become cheaper. “The decline in renewables [cost] was very sharp and in a very short period of time. This is unprecedented.” Even though the growth in renewable energy is remarkable, it is not enough to meet the commitments made by the nations of the world in Paris last December. “No, it’s by far not enough [the trajectory of growth],” said Birol. Other data compiled by the IEA indicate that renewables have now passed coal as the largest source of new energy in the world. That is an important step toward reducing global carbon emissions. In the developing world, wind and solar energy are the sources of choice for new electrical capacity. Much of that is due to low costs, but it also reflects the fact that many of those countries do not have a fully developed electrical grid and so can better adapt to distributed renewables than industrialized countries with fully developed grids that are based on centralized power generation. Not many years ago, it was assumed that the developing nations would turn to coal to fuel their economic growth. That would have been a disaster for the global environment. But the plummeting cost of renewables has made it easier for those countries to chose renewables over fossil fuels. There is much work to be done yet, but at least the world is moving in the right direction. Source: The Guardian Photo credit: Feature China/Barcroft Images
by Jessica Goad A recent study from the Environmental Protection Agency showing that chemicals from hydraulic fracturing had contaminated groundwater has just been validated by an independent hydrology expert. The impact of natural gas drilling — particularly hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking” — on drinking water and groundwater has been heavily debated. It has also been one of the most serious PR issues for the oil and gas industry. In December 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency found official evidence that poisonous chemicals from fracking had contaminated water near drill rigs in Pavillion, Wyoming. That study has now been backed up by an independent expert. In a report released today, commissioned by several environmental groups, Dr. Tom Myers writes that: After consideration of the evidence presented in the EPA report and in URS (2009 and 2010), it is clear that hydraulic fracturing (fracking [Kramer 2011]) has caused pollution of the Wind River formation and aquifer… The EPA’s conclusion is sound. Myers then details the Pavillion area’s unique geology and water pathways, as well as the shoddy construction of the wells that likely contributed to water contamination. He also outlines a number of ways that EPA can improve on its analysis and continue to collect critical data. When EPA released the draft findings last December, the natural gas industry and its elected allies were quick to pounce and attacked it as “scientifically questionable,” “reckless,” and lacking “a definitive conclusion.” Importantly, Myers notes in his report that: The situation at Pavillion is not an analogue for other gas plays because the geology and regulatory framework may be different. Nevertheless, it is a reminder for politicians like Oklahoma Senator James Inhofe who continue to claim that there has “never been one case — documented case — of groundwater contamination.” However, the lack of public data makes it difficult to gather evidence of drinking water contamination. As New York Times reporter Ian Urbina noted in an investigation last August, researchers often are: …unable to investigate many suspected cases because their details were sealed from the public when energy companies settled lawsuits with landowners. The oil and gas industry is exempt from portions of a number of environmental laws, including the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Clean Air Act. Jessica Goad is Manager of Research and Outreach for the Center for American Progress Action Fund.
People are in search for the best methods to use to recycle the plastic materials. It can be a challenging process since there are many types of plastic in the market today. Due to insufficient recycling tools some companies are unable to handle all types of plastic. People use recycled plastic lumber due to their many benefits. Coming up with a new product is more costly than using an already existing product to come up with something new. The use of recycled plastic is favorable to people of low income and it also helps keeping the environment clean. The process of recycling materials is a way of creating job, and people can support themselves. Good examples of material made of recycled lumber material is the lawn furniture and the picnic tables. It is cost-effective to use recycled plastic lumber as compared to using wood or other material. The texture of plastic lumber is similar to that of wood grain which is easy to clean and maintain. To protect it from direct sunlight you can use a knurled finish. Recycled plastic lumber can stand harsh weather conditions. To give it a wooden texture look, the manufacture of the plastic lumber mix dyes resembling wood. Manufacturers come up with plastic materials perfect for fencing but make them in various styles making them look like wood. They make the fence with pre-drilled holes making installation process easy. Check this website https://www.britannica.com/topic-browse/Technology/Materials/Plastic about plastic. It it takes a long time before posts, and planks made of plastic lumber starts showing signs of aging and can withstand the weight. Recycled lumber material requires minimal maintenance, and it will not tear and wear quickly. When you compare the plastic lumber products with wooden lumber products plastic is better than marine treated wood. There are things that you need to have in mind that plastic lumber has a long lifespan, they are waterproof and requires minimal maintenance. When you add some components of engineering material you can use the recycled plastic lumbers for structural use. Structural plastic lumbers are best for building industrial materials. The structural use might include putting up fences, building bridges and marinas. It is not affected by chemicals and can stand salt water, oil, and fuel. It is the best for making constructions material as it does not attract fungi or insects. Fungi grows on wood causing structural damage or health risks to those working around the structures. Even with all the benefits that come with composite plastic lumber there are some of the plastic that you need to avoid. Select friendly plastic to the environment as well as to your health. Consider choosing plastic materials that are recyclable made of low-density polyethylene. Fiberglass plastic is associated with pulmonary lung diseases so you should avoid it.
Businesses and companies manufacture goods or provide services to consumers. Analysis of Circular Economy approaches and the underlying principles is presented. When households and firms save part of their incomes it constitutes leakage. Money is also added to the circular flow through exports X which involves foreign entities purchasing goods from the economy. The monies that flow from business firms to households are expenditures from the perspective of business firms and incomes from the perspective of households. The labor, capital, and natural resources that flow from households to business firms are sources of income from the perspective of households and inputs from the perspective of businesses. Households spend all of their income Y on goods and services or consumption C. But in fact a proper design should also include an analysis of the pipe to ensure that it is self venting or it will flood. In markets for economic resources, households usually are the suppliers and businesses usually are the demanders. To increase sales and profits, these companies use factors of production - labor, capital, and land - to run their operations and grow their businesses. Previous article in issue. September Learn how and when to remove this template message Two sector model[ edit ] In the basic circular flow of income, or two sector circular flow of income model, the state of equilibrium is defined as a situation in which there is no tendency for the levels of income Yexpenditure E and output O to change, that is: The tank is provided with FRP lining for total rust protection Request. Circular business models, as the economic model more broadly, can have different emphases and various objectives, for example: In markets for products, businesses usually are the suppliers and households usually are the demanders. Circular business models[ edit ] Circular business models While the initial focus of academic, industry, and policy activities was mainly focused on the development of re-X recycling, remanufacturing, reuse, By tracking the injections into and withdrawals from the circular flow of income, the government can calculate its national income which is the wages and other forms of income received by households for their services. The income received is used by households and individuals to purchase the goods and services produced by these businesses. The guide vane opening adjustment is made through a hand wheel and a suitable link mechanism. Cradle to cradle design Created by Walter R. Financial institutions or capital market play the role of intermediaries. The first is a CE Strategies Database, which includes 45 CE strategies that are applicable to different parts of the value chain. This is called "cash sweep. Collect data which clearly defines the scope and problem.The circular flow of income or circular flow is a model of the economy in which the major exchanges are represented as flows of money, goods, and services, etc. between economic agronumericus.com flows of money and goods exchanges in a closed circuit and correspond in value, but run in the opposite direction. The circular flow analysis is the basis of national accounts and hence of macroeconomics. A simple and logical answer to the problem of the linear flow model is its reverse; a cyclical flow of materials and energy. Although, by definition, energy cannot be recycled, only cascaded for extended use on lower temperature and pressure levels, one can speak about materials and energy cycling for the purpose of simplification. This circular model PowerPoint is a traditional design of five phase ADDIE i.e. Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. Also, this is an infographic PowerPoint template of flat vector graphics and icons illustrating the components of diagram.5/5(1). Mar 28, · Why would the flow remain constant? If the approach velocity increases, won't the crest height and flow both increase? It "feels" like there should be more "pressure" behind the flow from the increased velocity that would translate into an increased crest height. Pressure Transient Analysis, or PTA, is, in most cases, about analyzing high frequency, high resolution shut-in agronumericus.com data are captured during dedicated well test operations such as DSTs or production tests or during routine operational shut-ins by Permanent Downhole Gauges (PDG). Diagram illustrating the continuous flow of technical and biological materials through the ‘value circle’ in a circular economy.Download
INNOVATION AT THE WATER INTAKE Installed in 2010 in the beautiful South Tyrolean Sarntal region, the Sagbach hydropower station needed an effective means of filtering the motive water at the intake. As the mountain stream typically carries large amounts of sediment, the decision was made to use a new, patented system by specialist Wild Metal from the South Tyrolean town of Ratschings. Since then, the installed self-cleaning special screen, which exploits the so-called Coanda effect, has been working very satisfactorily. Most of the sand can be efficiently filtered out and eliminated. The sediment and debris carried downhill by the stream poses a considerable danger to the installed turbine. However, even the most durable protective coatings will slow down the wear and corrosion of a high-pressure turbine blade only slightly, especially in constructions where the motive water carries large volumes of sediment right up to the turbines. Over time, this will typically result in unscheduled downtimes. In extreme cases, the turbine rotors need replacing every year, running up extra costs that are inhibitively high for private operators. A functional approach to solving the problem consists in efficient screening in combination with a de-sanding system. Patented and marketed by Wild Metal, the “Grizzly” - a selfcleaning special screen for filtering surface waters - carries this approach even further. Based on the positive experiences with the first screening grills of this kind at other power stations, the operator of the Sagbach station decided to have a similar construction installed at their water intake. The visible success of their decision has proved them right. KEEPING SAND AT BAY The “Grizzly” is a largely self-cleaning protective screen for hydropower and drinking water systems, which does not require any active propulsion. It consists basically of a durable grating made from hot-tip galvanised steel, which sits above a fine screen and is supported by protective rods whose shape follow the natural flow of the water. Thanks to a suspension frame, the whole device detaches easily from the building structure. Attached below the protective grating at the same water level is the fine screen, whose physical specifications are tailored to the local requirements. This is followed by a filter screen, which is made from acid-proof high-grade steel. It is designed to keep out at least 90 per cent of the dregs and floating debris with a grain diameter of 0.3 mm at a fine screen gap width of 0.55 mm, and 0.5 mm at a fine screen gap width of 1 mm. The Coanda effect, which causes liquid jet flows to attach themselves to nearby surfaces, combined with the shearing effect of the profile rods, causes the water to flow into the intake while keeping out debris such as leaves, needles and sand. The screen itself is largely self-cleaning, and the unwanted floating debris is carried off by the water. As a positive ecological side effect, most of the smaller stream-living animals are prevented from getting into the motive water system. Each water intake is unique, and the “Grizzly” screen must be adjusted to the local conditions. As the Sagbach installation shows, the method used by the “Grizzly” works perfectly. From time to time, the operator will have to remove the masses of sand that tend to accumulate at the bottom of the stream below the grill. Due to the large amounts of solid matter involved, the fine screen also needs replacing once every few years, but that is relatively easy to do, both financially and in terms of the workload involved. In the end, the effort is well worth it, as the turbine rotor is prevented from failing prematurely as a result of wear and corrosion.
It is a process to consume energy by the population at organizations and homes. This is the biggest problem to handle the energy consumption in the buildings. All resources are to be depleted with the passage of time if they are not used properly. So we should use the energy in a proper way. We should not waste the energy for unnecessary purposes. Energy consuming in excess amount is the biggest problem all over the world. Some countries are facing the problem of less amount of energy for consumption due to the insufficient production of energy. Energy production also depends on the consumer’s energy. Less amount of energy produced can be sufficient when less amount of energy is consumed. It means that we should use the electricity carefully. We should not leave the room without lighting off the room. Organizations should not spend power if no one is in the room. To do all of this, people should be aware of using the electricity. Creating energy awareness campaign Energy consumption can reduce the operating cost of the organization. It will help to reduce the cost of electricity. In this way, organizations can gain maximum results through minimizing the cost and not compromising on services. Organizations can protect the environment by protecting the other people to use the electricity in more amount. This also increases the morale of the employees in the organization. So creating awareness about the consumption of energy in the employees of the organization may protect the environment and reduce the operating cost of the organization. It is beneficial not just for the organization but also for the people outside the organization. You can create awareness in the organization for consuming energy by following some steps. Creating the goal by the energy consumption You must set the goal to achieve when you plan to do something. Every planning has some goals to achieve in the end. Then you build the strategies according to mission and objective. Creating the awareness in the employees of the organization about consuming energy may require some sort of goal to achieve. For example awareness about the consumption of energy can be build to engage the employees in the energy consumption. You may tell your employees to take care of using electricity so that they engage in this activity. Another objective may be the reduction of operating cost to the organization. So there is always some sort of objective behind the awareness about the energy consumption. Creating the team After the objective establishment, you should build the team to create the awareness. This team will tend to identify the opportunities to save the energy. It will prefer to determine the strategies not to waste energy. This team will encourage the employees to use the electricity carefully and the benefit related to saving the energy. Create communication plan After designing the team, you will have to make the communication plan. In this communication plan, the organization has to decide the message to convey to the employees through consuming energy. For the successful message delivery, the organization has to decide the communication channel. In this way, employees will be aware of the consumer’s energy.
Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017 - USGS Mineral Resources .Domestic Production and Use: In 2016, domestic gold mine production was estimated to . gold was recovered as a byproduct of processing domestic base-metal ores, . yielded more than 99% of the mined gold produced in the United States.gold ore processing in us,The Haber Gold Process ‐ HGP4 - ResearchGateThe Haber Gold Process ‐ HGP4. Simple, Fast, Efficient. Haber Corporation has teamed with Logi Gold to design, build and operate the first US gold ore.ITP Mining: Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining .Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Department of Energy. 7.1 Process Overview. 7.1.1 Surface Mining. Surface mining is the primary source of gold. Bureau of Mines Information Circular/l9?8. Processing Gold Ores Using Heap. Leach-Carbon Adsorption Methods. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE. On December 16, 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated . than 20 gold ore processing facilities in the United States, all of which. revival of precious-metal mining in the Western United States. During the past 30 years, .. for two important developments in gold and silver ore processing:. Domestic Production and Use: In 2016, domestic gold mine production was estimated to . gold was recovered as a byproduct of processing domestic base-metal ores, . yielded more than 99% of the mined gold produced in the United States. gold ore processing in us, Sep 9, 2014 . zinc and 1.8 ounces of gold, among other minerals and metals, will allow the .. In the United States, the length of the permitting process. Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Department of Energy. 7.1 Process Overview. 7.1.1 Surface Mining. Surface mining is the primary source of gold. mercury in historic gold mining and processing operations in California, and describes a .. former U.S. Bureau of Mines, now archived by the USGS. Figure 6. use mercury amalgamation in the gold mining process, the privately owned Clean Tech ... Milestone Inc., Shelton CT, USA) equipped with a multi-prep rotor. Jul 2, 2016 . of illicit revenue, has contributed to a surge in illegal extraction of . is a major conduit for Latin American gold), constitute all top ten exporters of. usa.siemens/pi-mining. Process Instrumentation and Analytics. From coal mines to gold mines. Mining . parts of the mining process, even more. More than one-third of the gold ore reserves in the United States are . These refractory ores must be oxidized before extraction of the gold, and for many years. process, which consists of leaching gold from the ore as a gold–cyanide com- . ores in several processing operations in the western United States, mainly to. Apr 27, 2015 . 150 TPD CAPACITY GOLD ORE PROCESSING FACILITY IN PERU . Vice President of Pan American Silver Corp. from 1995 to 2001: he was. the U.S. Forest Service (Forest Service) for Project operations on the surface of National . ore processing in a mill, smelting, tailings disposal, development rock. Apr 9, 2013 . and processing of gold deposits. And, we identify . The key components of gold supply are mine production and scrap disposals. The ... was quickly followed by a US product, streetTRACKS Gold Shares, which trades. This paper reviews the state of the art in processing and extraction of gold. The .. More than 87% of the gold extracted in the United States in 1988 employed. Jul 14, 2014 . Other opportunities that we saw included people, processing plant conditions, . Darlot Gold Mine. Production and AIC. 1 800. 25. US$/oz. Koz. mined for the predominant mete Is, but during processing of the ore the gold . amount of gold produced from the largest gold mine in the United States. The largest U.S. precious metal heap leach is the Round Mountain, Nevada, operation with . "The Chemistry of Gold Extraction" by Marsden and House, 1992. Oct 14, 2016 . Borborema Gold Ore Reserves is based on information compiled by Mr Linton Kirk, independent .. processing rate - US Spot Gold was +1450/. gold ore processing in us, Jan 21, 2016 . up at Bulyanhulu, all-in sustaining cost of US$1,004 per ounce sold and a . *Reported process recovery rates and head grade include tailings . Our name change from African Barrick Gold to Acacia Mining in 2014 reflected.
Global Transfer Pricing: A Practical Guide for Managers “, Ralph Drtina, Jane L. Reimers, S. A. M. Advanced Management Journal, v74n2, Spring 2009. Transfer Pricing Article Summary The authors give a beneficial guide for managers for selecting and implementing a transfer pricing policy. According to the article, transfer pricing are the amounts charged for goods and services exchanged between divisions of the same company. In a multinational company strict international tax laws regulate the amounts harged for goods and services, tangible or intangible, which cross borders. The article advises a company with operations in more than one country to be cautious when setting transfer prices for goods or services sold between divisions. The managers can learn from this article that methods traditionally used to set prices between divisions in a single country may not be acceptable for international tax purposes. The article addresses two major types of transactions, intra-company sales of products and intra-company licensing of intangible property. A multinational company can maximize the profits by shifting profits from divisions in high-tax to divisions in low-tax Jurisdictions countries. A description of how global transfer pricing works is given along with transfer pricing effect on taxable income. In this global economy, the trend for countries is to strengthen their effort to collect tax revenues from transfer pricing. A company can mitigate tax conflicts by negotiations and price agreements. The article describes the arms-length principles used by most ountries and standardized by IRS S428 and by OECD (Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development) rule. The article indicates what challenges need to be resolved when applying these standards. Under the arm’s length principle one compares the remunerations from cross-border controlled transactions within multinationals with the remuneration from transactions made between independent enterprises in similar circumstances. The arms-length principle has become the international norm for allocating the tax bases of multinational enterprises among he countries where they operate. Five transfer pricing methods for finding arm’s length price are presented along with the comparability issues related to selecting the method and determining the transfer price. The article illustrates the arms- length principle applied for transfer pricing for intangible assets. These assets include intellectual property, patents, formulas, copyrights, trademarks, brand names, licenses, or software. The article show numeric examples of approved ways to calculate transfer prices and explain how application differs between tangible goods nd intellectual property. the complexity of transfer pricing and how to minimize the risk associated with multinational intra-company transfers. Every multinational company should have a documented transfer policy that guides managers’ actions. A company should continue to update its transfer price policy whenever changes to its business affect the factors used to establish the arm length principle. In addition a company with many cross-border transactions should consider an advanced pricing agreement to ensure tax dispute will be kept to minimum. In order to avoid significant cost or penalties to their multinationals companies, managers should become familiar with the regulations of the countries involved, for example using OECD and IRS resources. Analysis and Opinion This article expands the information about transfer pricing from textbook, and emphasizes the aspect of international transfer pricing. Given the global and sometimes controversial nature of transfer pricing, it is important to develop internationally shared principles, as the arm’s length principle, to help each country ight abusive transfer of profit abroad, while at the same time limiting the risk of double taxation of those profits. This article has a lot of applicability to my Job, since I work in a multinational company, in projects that develop products across borders and involve transfer pricing. Intellectual property issues (e. g. , valuations) can have significant implications on an organization’s taxes and financial performance. The intangible assets, tax valuation of intellectual property and transfer pricing are highlighted by the article.
Space mining edges closer to reality but legal minefield remains The stuff of science fiction could soon become reality as a growing number of companies and organisations look to space for a treasure chest of untapped resources. Minerals including iron, nickel, titanium, platinum, water and helium-3 that are found on asteroids and the moon could be mined for use on Earth or used in space for future colonies. "It's definitely not going to happen like in the movie Armageddon - I can guarantee it's not going be done by humans, it's going to be done by the robots," said associate professor of asteroid mining Serkan Saydam from the University of New South Wales. NASA research has found that around 1,500 asteroids are within "easy reach" of Earth, and a house-sized asteroid could contain metals worth millions of dollars. "Asteroid mining companies are (already) set to launch their first space craft in the near future," Mr Saydam said. "We're still discussing what sort of methods we will use to break the asteroids, is it going to be blasting?" That reality is drawing closer and closer as the cost of space missions has dropped on the back of cheaper nano-satellite technology, while deep sea mining robotics for extraction under extreme conditions can be adapted for use in space. Earlier this year, Luxembourg announced plans to pioneer the potentially lucrative business of mining asteroids in space for gold, platinum, and tungsten. Meanwhile, in November, US President Barack Obama signed the Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, allowing US companies property rights over space resources they retrieve. One US commercial space company, Deep Space Industries, welcomed President Obama's move and said the harvest of space resources will be "the biggest industrial transformation in human history". The company specialises in space mining, utilising nano-satellite technology to keep costs down. However, with opportunity comes a regulatory minefield, as questions are raised as to who owns what and which legal framework would apply to government agencies and for-profit companies. "International framework of space is based on primarily United Nations treaties that were put together in a different era," said Professor Steven Freeland from the University of Western Sydney, who is assisting the Australian Government in its current review of the regulatory framework for space activities. "They were put together during the period of the Cold War where there were very few countries engaged in space, when the vast majority of space activities were state-oriented." Space exploration remains highly political, but it has now become open for business as more and more companies seek their fortune in asteroid mining and the potential for space tourism.. "We are literally shaping space for future generations and we need to be careful about the decisions we make around that," said Dr Alice Gormanis, a senior lecturer at Flinders University who focuses on the emerging field of space archaeology. "Everyone is a stakeholder in outer-space, particularly if you think of something like the moon, a huge role in human cultures across all times, and across the whole of the Earth."
Remanufacturing is one way of reducing our overwhelming need for new plastic to be made, thus reducing the amount of plastic that is recycled and sent to landfills, or thrown away into the sea. But what if we could actually make the plastic disappear without putting it in the ground or chucking it into the ocean? It would certainly help, considering the millions of plastic bottles, knives, forks, cups and toner cartridges that ultimately end up causing more harm than they do good as a result of our inability to dispose of them once we’re finished with them. Our prayers have been answered. Scientists claim to have discovered a naturally occurring enzyme which has the ability to digest some of the most common plastics that we use that pollute our planet. Although the enzyme was created completely by accident, it could be the answer to a lot of our current plastic problems. The enzyme is proven to be successful at breaking down PET (polyethylene terephthalate) which is used in the plastic for soft drinks bottles and many other single use plastic items. According to reports, the mutant enzyme takes a few days to begin breaking down plastic – much faster than the centuries it can take in the oceans, and scientists are confident that this can be sped up even more, enabling it to be used on a large-scale process against plastic. What this means is that once plastic has been made into its final form, it can be broken back down again and remade into another plastic item, therefore reducing the need to dig up more oil, and eliminating the plastic pollution problem that we have. Who knows what the future of plastic looks like – all we know is that plastic is a problem NOW. Buying remanufactured toner cartridges is one way that you can help the planet and reduce the production of single-use plastic. If you want to know more about the problems that plastic can cause, feel free to e-mail me any questions at [email protected]
Sometimes we forget basics. Advertising as a non-personal, paid communication about products (Arens Schaefer, & Weigold 2009). Advertising has an important role in business. Without advertising, many great products would be the world’s best-kept secrets. Advertising allows businesses to ‘spread the word’ about their products and services. Sometimes the message is designed for the masses, and in other cases a more strategic approach is used to deliver advertising in a more controlled environment. Advertising gives businesses a competitive advantage. Businesses use different forms of advertising leveraging various media to raise public awareness regarding their products. Advertising is the only way for businesses to tout their product’s uniqueness and differentiate themselves from their competition. Advertising can take many forms. Each form, method, or technique can be used across several simultaneous marketing channels and advertising conduits. For example, comparative advertising as part of a marketing campaign can run concurrent in print, on television, radio, and the Internet. Advertising is one part of a cohesive marketing mix. Specifically, advertising falls under “promotion”—one of the 4 Ps of the marketing mix. Businesses are constantly seeking new ways to advertise. Arens, W., Schaefer, D., & Weigold, M. (2009). Essentials of Contemporary Advertising. McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York.
Brief Excerpt from Industry Overview Chapter: Companies in this industry operate mills that produce textiles and textile products from natural and synthetic materials. Major companies include Avintiv, Milliken, Standard Textile Co, and WL Gore & Associates (all based in the US), along with Chinatex (China), Far Eastern New Century (Taiwan), Hyosung (South Korea), Toyobo (Japan), and Weiqiao Textile (China). Demand is driven by the domestic apparel industry and consumer demand for home furnishings like carpets, furniture, and curtains. The profitability of individual companies depends on efficient operations. Large companies have economies of scale in production for high-volume items. Small companies can compete successfully by producing specialized textiles. The US industry is concentrated: the 50 largest companies generate about 60% of revenue. PRODUCTS, OPERATIONS & TECHNOLOGY Major products are yarns and threads, fabrics, and carpets. The industry produces yarns and threads out of natural (wool and cotton) and synthetic (plastics) materials. Yarns and thread are used to produce fabrics that are woven or knit, finish fabrics by dyeing or coating them, and make fabrics into simple finished consumer products like rugs, carpets, curtains, linens, and textile bags. Carpets and rugs account for 17% of US industry revenue; nonwoven fabrics, 15%; fiber, yarn, and thread, 15%; and broadwoven fabrics, 8%. Learn how to effectively navigate the market research process to help guide your organization on the journey to success.Download eBook
When running a small business, you have plenty of rules and regulations to follow, including the taxes you charge to your customers. Even once you figure out which provincial sales tax types apply to your business, you still have to know the ins and outs of each type to charge and remit the tax payments correctly. Under the Canadian GST/HST regime, the place of supply rules affect the tax rate you charge or if you have to charge taxes at all, for example. How you navigate these rules can have a significant impact on your business, and it all starts with figuring out how the place of supply rules relate to your company. Importance of Place of Supply Rules When you sell something, you generally need to pay a tax on that item or service. But the taxes charged vary by province. If you’re only doing business in your own province, you should already know the tax laws. It gets tricky when you do business in other provinces, especially if the provincial tax rates there are different than your own. The place of supply rules help clarify which taxes you need to charge. How Place of Supply Affects GST/HST The general rule under the goods and services tax seems simple: If you make taxable supplies of goods and services in Canada, then you need to collect and remit GST. Supplies made outside of Canada fall under the zero-rated category, and you don’t need to charge any GST. In practice, the applicable rate isn’t the same throughout Canada. If you use supplies made in HST-participating provinces, such as Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island, then you must charge the harmonized sales tax instead. For supplies made in the province of Quebec, the Quebec sales tax applies. The place of supply impacts how you apply the GST/HST/QST in your everyday operations. If you have a traditional brick-and-mortar store, you just identify the origin of the supply. In other cases, you need to apply special rules to figure out how to apply taxes to the products you sell. Types of Supplies The law provides four different sets of rules to determine the place of supply. Which rule you follow all comes down to the type of goods or services you supply: tangible goods, services, intangible personal property, and real property. Before you figure out how the place of supply rules affect you, you need to know which type of supplies you’re selling. Tangible Goods, Intangible Personal Property, and Real Property When it comes to tangible goods, intangible personal property, and real property, you often focus on where you deliver or use the items. The specific rules include: - Tangible goods: When selling tangible goods, the delivery location of the goods proves the key element. The law considers the supply made in the province where the supplier delivers the property or makes it available to the buyer. - Intangible personal property: The supply of intangible property, such as a licence to use copyrighted material, depends on the province where you use the material. Special rules apply when you use intangible personal property in several provinces. - Real property: The supply of real property uses the property location’s province. If a supply involves property situated in more than one place, then the law deems each part of the supply a separate supply and charges taxes accordingly. The rules get more complex when you provide services. In general, the taxes charged depend on the address of the recipient of the services. But exceptions exist if the recipient of the service has several addresses in different provinces. In those situations, the address that is most closely related to the service you’re providing becomes the deciding factor. The place of supply rules can also vary for certain specific types of services, such as transportation services, computer-related services, and internet access services. Understanding the Place of Supply rules helps you figure out how to charge taxes on the goods and services you provide. QuickBooks Online can help you maximize your tax deductions. Keep more of what you earn today.
File size: 329MB File type: PDF, Audio This course is designed to teach you those concepts in a way that is accessible, immediately useful, interesting, and—in the hands of teacher Jules Schwartz—even fun. Professor Schwartz’s varied and successful background in business, investment banking, and academics includes being the recipient of Boston University’s Metcalf Prize for distinguished teaching, making him an ideal choice to teach this course. His lectures are illustrated with computer-generated graphics to display financial statements, definitions, formulas, and equations. One concept at a time, he clearly explains many of the crucial aspects of the world of business and how they are connected to one another, ranging from the balance sheet to debentures, from the learning curve to the Lang effect. And to ensure that you master each type of business problem covered in the lectures, the outline booklet that accompanies the course includes example problems and their solutions. Lecture by lecture, you gain fluency in the language of accounting. And you also add a vital dimension to your understanding as you learn to see how the numbers from a financial statement impact a firm’s strategy, growth, and sources of revenue to pay for its activities. Lecture 1: Balance Sheet: Assets This first lecture introduces the balance sheet, or statement of a company’s condition. Professor Schwartz explains this “snapshot” of a company’s assets and offers an explanation of where funds come from to buy these assets. Lecture 2: Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Equity This lecture discusses the sources of investment funds open to a company. You learn the advantages and disadvantages of debt and equity financing. Lecture 3: Income Statement: The Nature of Costs This lecture explores the income statement, a report on the profit results for the accounting period. You examine how the nature of cost influences both results and financial decisions. Lecture 4: Economies of Scale and Cash Flow You learn how to approach what is an important goal for every business: maximizing the amount of cash it generates relative to the amount it has invested. Lecture 5: Financial Reports I In a two-lecture lesson on financial reports, you get a chance to examine a real report in detail as Professor Schwartz unveils the 1972 Annual Report of the United States Steel Company. As you go through the numbers, you gain an understanding of both the level of precision you can expect in such information and the degree of discretion management exercises in presenting information to its shareholders. Lecture 6: Financial Reports II This lecture continues the examination of the U.S. Steel Annual Report by explaining how this firm may have increased reported earnings by $80 million through its discretionary decisions. Lecture 7: Learning Curves and Cost Reduction Professor Schwartz examines some of the factors that influence costs. You also learn about the phenomenon called the “learning effect” and how it can create strategic opportunities. Lecture 8: Scale and Transportation Effects You learn more about two other cost factors that significantly affect the decisions of a company: scale and transportation costs. Lecture 9: Financial Decisions Companies invest money today to realize returns tomorrow. This lecture teaches you how to deal with the concept of present value and the discounting of any expected future payments. Lecture 10: The Costs of Capital What is the price a firm must pay for the use of the funds provided to it by its creditors and shareholders? You learn that the weighted average of these costs is the corporation’s cost of capital. Lecture 11: Return on Sales, Assets, and Equity In this lecture, you consider the three traditional measures of corporate performance: return on sales You learn that no single criterion is sufficient. They are all related, and different standards apply at different levels in the company. Lecture 12: Financial Limits of Growth You learn how to develop a formula that defines the maximum rate at which a company is likely to grow. You also learn how growth, an important measure of corporate performance, is directly related to its return on equity. Lecture 13: Strategic Signatures Case I You get a chance to examine the financial data of 10 well-known American companies. Your task is to match the data to the right company. This exercise gives you an opportunity to apply many of the concepts previously learned in order to determine what each company should look like. Lecture 14: Strategic Signatures Case II In this lecture, you use the strategy definitions derived for the 10 companies in the Strategic Signatures Case I, along with the strategic variables you will have defined, to determine which set of financials belongs to which company. You see that accountants do a reasonably good job of describing each company in financial terms, despite, in Professor Schwartz’s words, “the limitations of their craft and the odd results one expects to see within Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.” Lecture 15: Measuring and Controlling Professor Schwartz explores additional uses of accounting data and financial analysis. You learn about some of the problems inherent in measuring the performance of people and units. Lecture 16: Legal Issues and Summary To conclude the course, Professor Schwartz considers some of the regulatory issues that influence management’s financial policies and examines the rules applying to patents, trademarks, and copyrights. You also look at the laws that govern competition. Available on Videotape The course is only available on videotape. Professor Schwartz’s lectures are richly illustrated with hundreds of computer-generated graphics to display financial statements, definitions, formulas, and equations. Several example problems are included in the outline booklets accompanying the course. Course Lecture Titles Lecture 1-Balance Sheet—Assets Lecture 2-Balance Sheets—Liabilities and Equity Lecture 3-Income Statement—The Nature of Costs Lecture 4-Economies of Scale and Cash Flow Lecture 5-Financial Reports I Lecture 6-Financial Reports II Lecture 7-Learning Curves and Cost Reduction Lecture 8-Scale and Transportation Effects Lecture 9-Financial Decisions Lecture 10-The Costs of Capital Lecture 11-Return on Sales, Assets, and Equity Lecture 12-Financial Limits of Growth Lecture 13-Strategic Signatures Case I Lecture 14-Strategic Signatures Case II Lecture 15-Measuring and Controlling Lecture 16-Legal Issues and Summary Retired, Boston University Ph.D., Harvard University Recently retired, Jules J. Schwartz was Professor of Management and Professor of Engineering in the School of Management at Boston University. Professor Schwartz did his undergraduate work in mechanical engineering and received his M.B.A. degree at the University of Delaware. He is a graduate of the Industrial College of the U.S. Armed Forces and the U.S. Air Command and General Staff College. He earned his Ph.D. from the Harvard Business School, Harvard University. Prior to taking his position in Boston, Professor Schwartz was Assistant Dean and Associate Professor of Management at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He also has 15 years of program management experience with Sperry Rand, Westinghouse Electric, and Thiokol Chemical Corporation, and he was credited with six U.S. patents. Before he began his career as a professor of business studies, he was, in fact, a rocket scientist. At BU, Professor Schwartz received the prestigious Metcalf Award for Excellence in Teaching. Professor Schwartz’s research interests include business policy, technological innovation, and corporate finance. He has conducted executive programs in management policy and finance throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia. He is the author of Corporate Policy: A Casebook. FREE DOWNLOAD IELTS: FREE DOWNLOAD TOEIC: goo.gl/jsBl1G FREE DOWNLOAD TOEFL: goo.gl/Myy131 FREE DOWNLOAD IELTS, TOEFL, TOEIC AND OTHERS: IELTS Listening Tests (Answers and full script included): goo.gl/cE4jkb Watch more: Youtube Boost Listening
United Nations Convention on Conditions for Registration of Ships - Type: Convention - Date of signature: 07/02/1986 - Place of signature: Geneva, Switzerland - Depositary: Secretary-General of the United Nations - Date of entry into force: N/A What is it about? This Instrument establishes the minimal international regulations on registration of ships, aiming to promote the orderly expansion of world shipping. It covers the establishment of a National Maritime Administration for each flag State, specifying its duties; the identification and accountability related to registration and ownership of ships; the manning of ships; the role of flag States in respect of the management of shipowning companies; the safeguard of the contractual rights of the parties to joint ventures between shipowners of different countries; and measures to protect the interests of labour-supplying countries and to minimize adverse economic effects. Why is it relevant? This Convention attempts to stop the phenomenon of registration of ships in foreign States merely for financial purposes (flags of convenience) by strengthening the link between a State and ships flying its flag. This Convention has three annexes dealing respectively with measures to protect the interest of labour-supplying countries, measures to minimize adverse economic effects, and the tonnage of merchant fleets of the world. \|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\|\|28/02/1989\| \|Syrian Arab Republic\|\|29/09/2004\|
Nuclear Innovation: Clean Energy Future – NICE Future – is a new international initiative launched under the Ninth Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) in May 2018. What you need to know The goal is to ensure that nuclear energy receives appropriate representation in high-level discussions about clean energy. This allows for a focus on full-scale nuclear for baseload electricity as well as innovative technologies and integrated renewable-nuclear energy systems across four focus areas: - Technology evaluations of innovative energy systems and uses - Engagement of policy makers and stakeholders in future energy choices - Valuation, market structure, and ability to finance - Communicating nuclear energy’s role in clean, integrated energy systems The objective is to start a dialogue among clean energy stakeholders to: - Bring nuclear energy to broader multilateral discussions on clean energy at both the ministerial and working levels; - Engage both nuclear and non-nuclear energy policy makers and stakeholders in a discussion on the role of nuclear energy in integrated clean energy systems of the future; and - Ensure that energy policy makers are informed of the opportunities and challenges to meet global clean energy goals—covering areas of technology feasibility, economics and financing, and stakeholder perspectives. The International Energy Agency projects that nuclear energy generation needs to double by 2040 to meet global clean energy goals. Submit written proposals to partner with us on concrete activities under the nuclear energy initiative. There is no template! We’re open to creative ideas that meet the following criteria: - Proposals must support the objectives of the initiative; - The activity must target policy makers, clean energy stakeholders or public; and, - Significant weight will be given to activities that include clean energy stakeholders outside the nuclear sector and expand clean energy conversations. Here are a few ideas to get you started: - Propose to organize a webinar or engagement event for partnership with participating countries; - Provide information or case studies on innovative applications for nuclear in hybrid energy systems; and - Spread the word! Encourage other clean energy groups to participate. Connect with us! We look forward to working together. Look for #CEMNICEFuture on Twitter! Who we are Canada, Japan, and the United States are partnering to launch NICE Future, joined by Argentina, Poland, Russia, Romania, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. More are expected to join soon. The Clean Energy Ministerial is a global forum to promote policies and share best practices to accelerate the global transition to clean energy. For more information visit: www.cleanenergyministerial.org. - Date Modified:
Thick, and a famous crane (erected 1554) for lading merchandise. Passengers' luggage and personal effects, not shipped under bill of lading, shall not contribute to G.A. But there grew up a strong feeling of hostility between Drogheda versus Uriel and Drogheda versus Midiam, in consequence of trading vessels lading their cargoes in the latter or southern town, to avoid the pontage duty levied in the former or northern town. In bills of lading and charter parties, when "days" or "running days" are spoken of without qualification, they usually mean consecutive days, and Sundays and holidays are counted, but when there is some qualification, as where a charter party required a cargo "to be discharged in fourteen days," "days" will mean working days. The main part of the town occupies a hilly site on the left bank of the river, and is connected by four bridges, including a massive railway swing-bridge, with the suburbs of Lastadie ("lading place" from lastadium, " burden,") and Silberwiese, on an island formed by the Parnitz and the Dunzig, which here diverge from the Oder to the Dammsche-See. 28) says that the young bird lays his father on the altar in the city of the sun, or burns him there; but the most familiar form of the legend is that in the Physiologus, where the phoenix is described as an Indian bird which subsists on air for Soo years, after which, lading his wings with spices, he flies to Heliopolis, enters the temple there, and is burned to ashes on the altar. The principal types to be found in the United Kingdom and on the continent of Europe are open wagons (the lading often protected from the weather by tarpaulin sheets), mineral wagons, covered or box wagons for cotton, grain, &c., sheep and cattle trucks, &c. The principal types of American freight cars are box cars, gondola cars, coal cars, stock cars, tank cars and refrigerator cars, with, as in other countries, various special cars for special purposes.
ST. GEORGE’S GRENADA, November 13, 2017 – Energy Month is an annual CARICOM initiative in which member states are invited to raise awareness and educate the public and the business community on sustainable production of electricity. The Month also seeks to encourage behavioural changes in homes and workplaces to conserve and reduce energy consumption through the use of renewable energies and energy efficient appliances and fittings. For the year 2017, CARICOM Energy Month will be held across the Region under the theme “REthinking Energy”. This theme encourages us to examine the role of renewable energy in our sustainable energy transition and also to focus on the importance of the efficient use of energy. The main activity organized by the Energy Division to celebrate the 2017 Energy Month, is a Kill-A-Watt Exhibition. This event is scheduled for Friday 24th November 2017 from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm on the Carenage in front of the Financial Complex. This exhibition will feature exhibitors of renewable energy and energy efficiency solutions, as well as energy suppliers and will be an opportunity for networking among the key stakeholders and the sharing of information on how to “REthink Energy” in Grenada. The Government also promotes the use of renewable energies by offering duty and tax exemptions for renewable energy systems. Furthermore the Grenada Development Bank offers lower interest rate loans for renewable energy applications.
Process Identification and PID Control enables students and researchers to understand the basic concepts of feedback control, process identification, autotuning as well as design and implement feedback controllers, especially, PID controllers. The first The first two parts introduce the basics of process control and dynamics, analysis tools (Bode plot, Nyquist plot) to characterize the dynamics of the process, PID controllers and tuning, advanced control strategies which have been widely used in industry. Also, simple simulation techniques required for practical controller designs and research on process identification and autotuning are also included. Part 3 provides useful process identification methods in real industry. It includes several important identification algorithms to obtain frequency models or continuous-time/discrete-time transfer function models from the measured process input and output data sets. Part 4 introduces various relay feedback methods to activate the process effectively for process identification and controller autotuning. Combines the basics with recent research, helping novice to understand advanced topics Brings several industrially important topics together: Controller tuning methods Written by a team of recognized experts in the area Includes all source codes and real-time simulated processes for self-practice Contains problems at the end of every chapter PowerPoint files with lecture notes available for instructor use
Extrapolation is a way to make guesses about the future or about some hypothetical situation based on data that you already know. You’re basically taking your “best guess”. For example, let’s say your pay increases average $200 per year. You can extrapolate and say that in 10 years, your pay should be about $2,000 higher than today. Interpolation allows you to estimate within a data set; it’s a tool to go beyond the data. It comes with a high degree of uncertainty. For example, let’s say you measure how many customers you get every day for a week: 200, 370, 120, 310, 150, 70, 90. According to that number, you should get just under 10 customers per hour (1,310 customers/ 168 hours in a week). Let’s say you staff your business 24-7 to deal with those hourly customers. You’re probably going to get zero customers at night and on the weekends, therefore wasting resources. (Note: a better way to figure out peak times is the Poisson Distribution). Real Life Uses You extrapolate to some degree in your daily life. For example, you might look forward to your monthly paycheck and you assume that you’re going to get it based on known data (the fact that you’ve got paid monthly, on-time for the last year). But what if your company goes bankrupt? Or the market crashes? Or the bank mistakenly freezes your bank account? In this particular case, extrapolation has a fair amount of certainty (you’re probably going to get your paycheck), but that isn’t always the case. Use in Statistics Extrapolation can mean several things in statistics, but they all involve assumption and conjecture (extrapolation is far from an exact science!): - The extension of a statistical method where you assume similar methods will be used. - The projection, extension, or expansion of your known experience into an area that you do not know or that you haven’t experienced yet. - The use of equations to fit data to a curve. You then use the equation to make conjectures. This is known as curve fitting or regression, which can get quite complex, with the use of tools like the Correlation Coefficient. Other Practical Uses Extrapolation is used in many scientific fields, like in chemistry and engineering where extrapolation is often necessary. For example, if you know the current voltages of a particular system, you can extrapolate that data to predict how the system might respond to higher voltages. Cautions with Use In general, you should extrapolate with caution. For example, you might be able to rely on a steady paycheck coming in for a few months or years, but it probably wouldn’t be a good idea to assume that same company is going to be still paying you 20 years down the road!------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Need help with a homework or test question? With Chegg Study, you can get step-by-step solutions to your questions from an expert in the field. Your first 30 minutes with a Chegg tutor is free! Comments? Need to post a correction? Please post a comment on our Facebook page.
“In the early 1890s a group of Chicago developers led by Charles Wacker determined to establish “Chicago Heights” as an outer-ring industrial suburb. They successfully recruited large-scale heavy industries such as Inland Steel, and built the impressive Hotel Victoria (designed by Louis Sullivan). Community growth and development progressed rapidly. Chicago Heights boasted a population of 19,653 in 1920. Italian, Polish, Slovak, Lithuanian, Irish, and African American workers poured into the East Side and Hill neighborhoods to be close to the heavy industries. The downtown area served as the retail, banking, transportation, and entertainment center for nearby communities and rural settlements in a 15-mile radius. Local pride (and commerce) swelled when city fathers persuaded the Lincoln Highway Association (in 1916) to route the first transcontinental highway through the city, making it “the Crossroads of the Nation.” Chicago Heights factories worked around the clock in the 1940s to produce steel, chemical, and war materials of every sort. World War II set the stage for a golden era that saw residential expansion to the north and west, prosperity for downtown retailers, and (in the mid-1950s) the coming of a new Ford stamping plant that provided employment for thousands. In the 1950s, Bloom Township High School also gained a high level of recognition in sports and academics.”
Theory can offer many things to the researcher. It can be used to explain phenomena, generate hypotheses and suggest additional directions for research. In turn, the results from research can be used to refine existing theory. A clear theoretical framework arising from the literature, such as management theory, leadership theory or change theory, can be used to guide a research, including your choice of research design and methodology. Describe at least two theoretical frameworks that might help with the research of motivation and why. How will your choice(s) of theoretical frameworks affect the manner in which you conduct your research?© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com December 20, 2018, 9:53 am ad1c9bdddf Theoretical frameworks will allow you to guide your research and gather your beliefs about a particular subject. If you were proposing research into motivation, a review of the relevant literature can help you understand what your stance is and how to go about supporting that stance. Motivation has a number of various theories. Some theories make focus on inherent needs that, if met, allow the individual greater motivation. Other theories focus on goals, claiming that goal setting increase motivation and performance. As you review these theories, you can expand your knowledge of motivation theory and determine which areas of focus you wish to concentrate on in your own research. I will discuss a few theories below and I will attach some additional articles that you can read that might help you understand how increasing your knowledge can influence what avenues you wish to follow in your own research. In my recent post for you, I discussed Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is a philosophy of human motivation. Self-Determination Theory contends that humans must develop their self-motivation and self-regulation skills in order to function optimally (Ryan & Deci, ... This solution discusses theoretical frameworks for motivation.
Infrastructure Density looks at the City’s efficiency in providing infrastructure. It is calculated as a ratio of the city’s population divided by the quantity of infrastructure assets. The quantity of infrastructure assets is represented by the total estimated length of the following: - Arterial, collector and local roads (centre-line kilometres) - Alleys (kilometres) - Sidewalks (kilometres) - Sanitary, storm and combined sewers (kilometres) The infrastructure data for a particular year is based on information from City Operations as of the end of the previous year. For example, the 2016 quantity of infrastructure assets is based on the data as of December 31, 2015. It should be noted that although assets are reported on an annual basis, some assets are not physically assessed every year. There may have been some revisions to data for this year and prior years related to sanitary, storm and combined sewers (kilometres). In 2016 Drainage Services moved to leveraging DRAINS (Drainage Inventory Network System) as the single source for Inventory information for reporting and analysis. This database contains very detailed attribute information at the individual asset (per pipe, per manhole, etc.) level. DRAINS has been in place for many years, and is the most comprehensive source of data that exists for the drainage system. This is the system used to record and map all drainage assets. Previous inventory reporting methodology was not solely based on drains, as it considered numerous sources; asset accounting, input from private development projects, in-house construction projects, and some drains analysis. This process was more of an estimate rather than linked to individual assets. Data has thus been revised retroactively to represent the more accurate information that is now available and this revision will ensure that data is consistent from year to year. The dataset was updated in 2016 to reflect the updated methodology. This measure helps assess the sustainability of the city’s overall infrastructure. Incrementally more people are making use of the existing infrastructure, which increases sustainability and cost effectiveness. Data Sources: Infrastructure data is from City Operations and Lifecycle Management; Population information is from Statistics Canada, Municipal Census and the City of Edmonton Chief Economist estimates. Explanation of Performance The 2017 result of 56.5 shows an increase of 6.0% from 2016’s result. The general trend since 2012 has been a slow steady increase and then a plateau from 2014 to 2016. This measure is based on the overall population growth of the city of Edmonton, it is contingent on the city seeing steady population growth, which is impacted by
Formwork pressure of self consolidating concrete love top dating ru Various types of concrete have been developed for specialist application and have become known by these names. Organic materials (leaves, twigs, etc.) should be removed from the sand and stone to ensure the highest strength. High-strength concrete has a compressive strength greater than 40 MPa (5800 psi). Besides volcanic ash for making regular Roman concrete, brick dust can also be used. Besides regular Roman concrete, the Romans also invented hydraulic concrete, which they made from volcanic ash and clay. Regular concrete is the lay term for concrete that is produced by following the mixing instructions that are commonly published on packets of cement, typically using sand or other common material as the aggregate, and often mixed in improvised containers. The ingredients in any particular mix depends on the nature of the application. Many factors need to be taken into account, from the cost of the various additives and aggregates, to the trade offs between the "slump" for easy mixing and placement and ultimate performance. A mix is then designed using cement (Portland or other cementitious material), coarse and fine aggregates, water and chemical admixtures. The wear resistance of stamped concrete is generally excellent and hence found in applications like parking lots, pavements, walkways etc. High-performance concrete (HPC) is a relatively new term for concrete that conforms to a set of standards above those of the most common applications, but not limited to strength. These requirements take into consideration the weather conditions that the concrete will be exposed to in service, and the required design strength.Tags: Adult Dating, affair dating, sex dating
Definition of Application Migration Application Migration is the process of going from one operating location to other operating location. Application migration is an activity of working with an application program from one situation to other. For example, the movement from an on-premises undertaking server to a cloud supplier’s condition Brief Explanation of Application Migration This sort of movement venture may require the utilization of middleware items to connect any holes between technologies. Application relocation can be a muddled procedure because of the contrasts between the first and new situations. Some elements may be different in that situation where the application was formed or install. Effective application movement may require the utilization of middleware items to connect any gaps between innovations. Application Migration is a particular space that requests inside and out useful information and specialized ability. Regardless of whether it is a rudimentary relocation or a multi-layered movement, we are equipped to help your business with the move procedure. It help in reduce the business risk, better structure performance, grow data flexibility, Limit framework dependencies, reduce proprietorship costs, improved operational efficiencies, improved specialized support. It approach helps in businesses to meet their objectives which is difficult in the fulfilment of business goals.
How Do I Know When to Use Epoxy vs Polyester Glue? In the stone fabrication world, I have been asked often what is the best product to glue together granite or marble. In the US any glue is commonly referred to as “an epoxy” regardless of the chemical composition and properties. But epoxy is a very specific term to refer to a very specific glue. Epoxy vs. Polyester Epoxy are by nature polymers that contain epoxide groups. They react with a specific hardeners and form a cross link (referred as curing). These kind of cross-link usually offer high mechanical properties, temperature and chemical resistance. Usually the part A (resin) has to be mixed with a specific ratio of part B (Hardener) to obtain a complete curing. Typical ratios are 1:1. 2:1, 4:1 5:1. The glue that instead is usually referred to as an epoxy (in the stone industry) is usually a unsaturated polyester resin, that in conjunction with 3% of a catalyst (usually BPO) creates a cross link chain. These glues have usually a solvent (up to 4-5%), are faster in the curing process and usually have a weaker strength compared to epoxy systems due to the chemical reaction. Characteristics of Epoxy The main characteristics of an epoxy are: very good mechanical and physical strength, high resistance to thermal variation (freeze /thaw cycles) , good resistance to sub-freezing temperatures. Epoxy can also be engineered to have very different curing times so to have different application and use. Although their colors tend to darken up in presence of UV rays, They are typically a higher grade and more expensive glues than the polyester resin. Characteristics of Polyester Polyester resins are a fabricator first choice because of the intrinsic easiness of use, speed of operation and relatively low cost. Having solvents, they do tend to retract in the joints and so having a weaker strength then a true epoxy glue. They tend to be a little bit more UV stable in terms of color change but since they are a very rigid system they tend to delaminate when subjected to quick temperature change. When to Choose Epoxy Epoxy is usually a better choice when choosing the right glue to have durable and strong bonding on different kinds of stone. Its chemical property makes epoxy a glue of choice on granite where the surface is very hard and not very porous. It is also one of the few glues suggested for indoor and outdoor application. When to Select Polyester Polyester glues can be used in all fabrication job for gluing or seaming when the material will only be indoor and strength is not an issue (i.e. the glue will not be indicated for strong structural job). If cost is an issue then polyester can be cheaper then epoxy. For lamination or seams the cost of the glue is only a fraction of the entire cost of the project, making the choice based on cost a very poor one.
\|PDH Online Course Description\|\|PDH Units/ Learning Units (Hours) Jurandir Primo, PE The oil & gas sector is always facing a challenging and competitive time. All companies in this sector must ensure a skilled and motivated workforce to meet and exceed the business expectations. Whether youre an oil and gas veteran or a newbie to the world of petroleum, when you deeply know the major concepts and definitions of oil & gas processing, this expertise is going to put you ahead of the game. This course is also suitable for all individuals working in this sector, who wish to refresh their knowledge. This course of Oil & Gas Essential Quiz Questions Major Concepts brings the fundamentals, in a very important didactic form, suited for everyone, beginners, students, technicians, engineers, contractors and all interested professionals, working or not, with oil & gas production. The course is divided in 9 basic sections as follows: Introduction, Onshore Drilling Rigs Basic Terms and Definitions, Drilling Rigs Questions Basic Concepts, Onshore Drilling Processes Multiple Choice, Offshore Drilling Rigs Basic Terms and Definitions, Offshore Drilling Processes Multiple Choice, Refinery Processes - Basic Terms and Definitions, Refinery Processes - Multiple Choice, ModuSpec Quiz Questions, properly and clearly distributed in 100 pages. Quiz questions and consequent answers are, undoubtedly, the best way to learn the concepts and definitions and to pass a test in any specific area. These quiz questions are based totally in several oil & gas training cour-ses and brought here to help the students interested in advanced learning, even for specific areas. These questions are commonly used on applicants to a job, operations, maintenance and in inspection, as part of the global energy businesses. A glossary, also known as a vocabulary, or clavis, is also presented with an alphabetical list of terms, considering the definitions for onshore, offshore and refinery terms. Traditionally, a glossary appears at the end of a book and includes terms within that book, however, in this handbook the glossary is presented before each sector of oil & gas quiz questions, to show a guideline to students, that enables definition of major concepts, especially for newcomers to this field of study. This series of quiz questions and answers is suitable for all kinds of professionals or students looking for opportunities in Oil and Gas Industry from upstream to downstream, including production and process operations, processing, refining, transportation and distribution. These studies can also determine learning needs, deliver a streamlined set of practical skills, and ensure competency developments using hands-on with assessment processes. This course includes a multiple-choice quiz at the end, which is designed to enhance the understanding of the course materials. NY PE & PLS: You must choose courses that are technical in nature or related to matters of laws and ethics contributing to the health and welfare of the public. NY Board does not accept courses related to office management, risk management, leadership, marketing, accounting, financial planning, real estate, and basic CAD. Specific course topics that are on the borderline and are not acceptable by the NY Board have been noted under the course description on our website. AIA Members: You must take the courses listed under the category "AIA/CES Registered Courses" if you want us to report your Learning Units (LUs) to AIA/CES. If you take courses not registered with AIA/CES, you need to report the earned Learning Units (not qualified for HSW credits) using Self Report Form provided by AIA/CES.
A new policy brief co-authored by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the World Resources Institute (WRI) finds that increasing the share of renewables, in particular solar PV and wind, in India’s power mix, and implementing changes in cooling technologies mandated for thermal power plants would not only lower carbon emissions intensity, but also substantially reduce water withdrawal and consumption intensity of power generation. The brief, Water Use in India’s Power Generation – Impact of Renewables and Improved Cooling Technologies to 2030, finds that depending on the future energy pathways (IRENA’s REmap 2030 and the Central Electricity Authority of India), a power sector (excluding hydroelectricity) transformation driven by solar PV and wind, coupled with improved cooling technologies in thermal and other renewable power plants, could yield as much as an 84% decrease in water withdrawal intensity by 2030, lower annual water consumption intensity by 25% and reduce carbon emissions intensity by 43%, compared to 2014 levels. It builds off of the findings of Parched Power: Water Demands, Risks, and Opportunities for India’s Power Sector, launched by WRI. More than four-fifths of India’s electricity is generated from coal, gas and nuclear power plants which rely significantly on freshwater for cooling purposes. Moreover, the power sector’s share in national water consumption is projected to grow from 1.4 to 9% between 2025 and 2050, placing further stress on water resources. Renewable energy, with the added potential to reduce both water demand and carbon emissions, must hence be at the core of India’s energy future. The power sector contributes to and is affected by water stress. Rapid growth in freshwater-intensive thermal power generation can contribute to water stress in the areas where plants are located. Power generation is expected to account for nearly 9% of national water consumption by 2050 (in a businessas-usual scenario) – growing from 1.4% in 2025 (Central Water Commission, 2015) and this figure is likely to vary quite significantly from region to region. There is a mismatch between water demand and supply when usable surface water capacity and replenishable groundwater levels are considered. Water stress is particularly acute in naturally arid regions and areas where water is also needed for other uses such as irrigation. Confronted with growing risks to water and energy security, the power sector needs long-term approaches to reduce its dependence on freshwater while also meeting other environmental objectives such as reducing atmospheric, water and soil pollution. The combination of improved power plant cooling technologies and»renewable energy technologies, especially solar PV and wind, could lessen the intensity of freshwater use and carbon intensity of the power sector. In its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), India committed to increasing the share of non-fossil sources in its installed power capacity to 40% by 2030. India has a related target of 175 GW of renewables capacity by 2022, including 100 GW of solar PV and 60 GW of wind. As solar PV and wind power require significantly less water than conventional and other renewable sources during the operational phase, their substantial uptake could contribute to a reduction in freshwater use as well as carbon intensity of power generation. Simultaneously, phasing out once-through cooling technologies at existing power plants and restricting their installation at new thermal plants, through enforcement of the announced regulatory water use standards, will substantially reduce water withdrawal. By 2030, the water withdrawal intensity of the electricity generation (excluding hydropower) could be reduced by up to 84%, consumption intensity by up to 25%, and CO2 intensity by up to 43% in comparison to the 2014 baseline. Under all scenarios analysed, the Indian power sector’s freshwater and CO2 intensity (excluding hydropower) would substantially fall compared to the 2014 baseline. Even as intensities reduce, changes to absolute water withdrawal and consumption in 2030 vary. The transition from once-through to recirculating cooling systems will drastically reduce withdrawal but will increase total water consumption in most scenarios. Coupled with continuing thermal and renewable capacity development, total water consumption in 2030 is estimated to increase by up to 4 billion m3. Measures discussed in this brief to reduce freshwater and carbon intensity complement demand-side measures, such as energy efficiency improvements, thus warranting an integrated approach to power sector planning. The joint brief was launched at the World Future Energy Summit 2018 in Abu Dhabi
Superalloys are the group of alloys, which are alloyed particularly with nickel, cobalt, and iron along with other metals to enhance their corrosion resistance. These alloys are widely used in aerospace gas turbine engines, nuclear reactors, power generation turbines, petrochemical equipment, rocket engines, and others owing to their remarkable properties such as high mechanical strength, creep resistance at high temperature, significant surface stability, and corrosion, oxidation, & high-temperature, resistance. Portland, OR -- (SBWIRE) -- 10/02/2017 -- Superalloys Market Report, published by Allied Market Research, states that the global market was valued at $3,727 million in 2015, and is estimated to reach $7,150 million by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 9.5% from 2016 to 2022. In 2015, nickel-based segment held more than half share of the total market. The base alloying element used for superalloys are nickel, cobalt, and iron. These alloys facilitate improved operating efficiency and reduce environmental emissions. Presently, there is an increased usage of superalloys owing to the increase in need for high-strength materials that can withstand high temperature and resist creeping in aerospace and aircraft applications. The growth of the market is further driven by increase in adoption of superalloys in aerospace and power industries. However, high cost of these alloying metals is expected to hamper the growth of the market. The report mainly emphasizes on the different types of base materials used to manufacture superalloys, which include nickel-based, cobalt-based, and iron-based superalloys. Applications covered in this analysis include aerospace, industrial gas turbine, automotive, oil & gas, industrial, and others. Geographically, the market is analyzed across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA. In addition, the report highlights different factors that impact the growth of the global market, such as key drivers, restraints, growth opportunities, and the role of different key players. It presents the quantitative data, in terms of both value and volume, which are gathered from the secondary sources such as company publications, Factiva, Hoovers, OneSource, and others. The data is validated after analysis by C-level executives and directors of the companies present in the market. Key Findings of the Superalloys Market Report - In 2015, North America dominated the global market, with around two-fifths share, in terms of revenue. - Cobalt-based superalloys segment is estimated to display the highest growth rate, in terms of revenue, registering a CAGR of 10.6% from 2016 to 2022. - Asia-Pacific is projected to grow at the highest CAGR of 10.0%, in terms of volume. - Automotive application segment is projected to grow at the highest CAGR of 10.8%, in terms of revenue. - In aerospace application, commercial aircraft segment dominated the market, comprising more than half of the total market share, in terms of revenue. In 2015, North America dominated the global market owing to increase in utilization of aircrafts and significant growth in aerospace industry. Furthermore, in terms of value, Asia-Pacific is projected to witness the highest CAGR of 10.1%, followed by Europe, which is expected to register a CAGR of 9.6%. Limited Period Offer! Get 30% discount on this report Click to get Sample!
Titanium dioxide has been approved for use in Europe for a century, with studies repeatedly showing no harmful effects to the public or workers. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a vital and important ingredient in hundreds of products, including paints, plastics, inks, papers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food. Its varied properties mean it can be used in many ways, for example as a vibrant white colourant, to protect from UV radiation, and to reduce pollution. It has been used safely for around 100 years in a staggering number of products. It has a history of regulatory approval, with thorough and continuous scientific assessment of its uses and production. - TiO2 is derived from one of the most abundant natural materials on earth and its chemically stable state provides a base for its safe use in numerous applications. - European regulators have consistently approved its use in paints and other coatings, plastics, food, cosmetics, and other everyday products. - Several long-term studies on workers with regular exposure to titanium dioxide showed no harmful effects. TiO2 is one of the most versatile compounds in the world, found in an extraordinarily diverse range of products and technologies we see and use every day, including paint, plastics, cosmetics, sunscreens, food, glass, and even catalytic converters. TiO2 has been assessed for safety by a large number of regulatory authorities and has consistently been found safe for all its intended applications. Over the years, however, its omnipresence has led to questioning and research to determine whether it has any impact on our health, as well as any associated side effects linked to exposure. This concern is particularly the case in relation to its use within the food and cosmetic industries. Is titanium dioxide safe for consumers? Sourced from one of the most common elements on earth, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been consistently confirmed by a large number of regulatory bodies to be a nontoxic, inert, and safe material. Its vibrant white colour makes it an ideal substance for many of its uses, and its nontoxicity makes it safe for those who use or benefit from these products. It is also safely used as a colourant and thickener in food and cosmetics, as there are near to no instances of allergy or intolerance associated with its consumption or application. In September 2016, the European Food Safety Authority’s (EFSA) Scientific Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources published an Opinion confirming TiO2 is considered safe for use in food. It is also approved for use in a variety of products and materials, including sunscreen, toothpaste and pharmaceuticals. Risks from inhalation Any concerns raised about the safety of TiO2 are predominantly about risks from inhalation of TiO2 in powder form, which are based solely on the study of inhalation exposure studies in rats, showing lung overload conditions. In commentary from industry experts and extensive third-party studies, there has been no robust evidence to suggest TiO2 is harmful to humans. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has suggested titanium dioxide inhalation is “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2B) on the basis of limited research carried out on rats and in one study using very high dose levels. The rats used in the study suffered the effects of ‘lung overload’ something not seen in other species studied, or in humans. The IARC conclusion was based on three rat studies; it found no association between human exposure to titanium dioxide and cancer risk in the human studies reviewed. One animal study, carried out in 2005, exposed rats to intratracheal administration of titanium dioxide, that is, using a suspension fed into the animals breathing system. The other two studies (two others reviewed had negative findings) were carried out in 1985-1986 and 1995. The study’s positive findings were the result of exposing rats to relatively high levels of titanium dioxide via inhalation for an extended period of time. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines, for testing chemicals on animals, have since been updated. For example, new guidelines for testing acute inhalation toxicity were adopted in 2009. The methods used in the earlier rat studies do not meet up-to-date testing guidelines now used in the EU. On 9 June 2017, the Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) proposed that TiO2 should be classified as a suspected carcinogen (cat. 2). The RAC did not accept all the data used by IARC but still reached the draft classification opinion based on the observations seen in rats, exposed to very high levels of TiO2. The RAC opinion goes against a vast body of scientific evidence that does not support a classification of TiO2 for humans, which is supported by over 50 years of epidemiological data on more than 24,000 workers and demonstrates there is no link between cancer in humans and exposure to titanium dioxide. Additionally, as titanium dioxide tends to be fully incorporated into the end product, potential consumer exposure to TiO2 in powder form is extremely low. Click here for more information on cancer and titanium dioxide. Is titanium dioxide production safe? In nature, titanium is often associated with other common elements such as iron. Two methods are used to separate these substances to form pure TiO2: a sulphate process and a chloride process. The same production processes are used to manufacture titanium metals for the aerospace, medical, shipbuilding, and construction industries. As with all chemical processes, both TiO2 methods employ and adhere to stringent health, safety, and handling standards. The manufacture of titanium dioxide is optimised to recycle or reuse raw materials. Typically, chlorine and sulphuric acid are recycled and iron is converted into valuable co-products. TiO2 production is regulated via EU-wide standards and leading producers in Europe also comply with Responsible Care® codes. Responsible Care® helps ensure sustainable production and improvements to how TiO2 is manufactured. Life Cycle Assessment has been carried out to measure the environmental impact of manufacturing titanium dioxide. Find out more about the sustainability measures. Is TiO2 safe for workers? Current evidence shows that workers at titanium dioxide manufacturing plants such as those in the EU, which follow standard occupational health and safety requirements, should not be concerned about TiO2 exposure. In addition to national bodies, which monitor the substances being used in their respective countries, the European Union’s REACH legislation monitors the safety of all chemicals being used. This requires industries to assess any hazards and manage any potential risks related to those substances. In its registration of TiO2 under REACH, the industry gathered and assessed all available scientific data on TiO2 and determined that there was no evidence of hazard according to the REACH evaluation criteria. TiO2 production is carefully managed by the industry. Producers take all necessary measures to comply with EU and member state laws and regulations for the safe handling of materials used in the manufacturing of TiO2. Moreover, titanium dioxide has been commercially available for around 100 years. Over this period, extensive studies of workers in the TiO2 manufacturing industry have found no evidence of an increased risk of lung problems. Four large epidemiology studies in North America and Europe, involving more than 24,000 workers in the titanium dioxide manufacturing industry, indicated no association with increased risk of cancer or with any other adverse effects from exposure to TiO2. Is titanium dioxide safe in food? The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) oversees the food industry – issuing each additive with a unique ‘E’ number and setting safe daily consumption limits. It lists titanium dioxide as E171. The effectiveness of TiO2 as a whitener to enhance and brighten colour and its high opacity makes E171 a popular additive in food. In 2016, the EFSA’s Scientific Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources published an Opinion confirming TiO2 is considered safe for use in food. When used as a food additive, food-grade titanium dioxide consists mainly of larger particles. It is only in this size that producers benefit from its white colour and opacity properties. Smaller particles (nanoparticles) are transparent and have no colorant properties. A characteristic of TiO2 is that, in practice, nano-size particles bind together to form larger particles. Given the low addition levels of E171 in food, the proportion of particles that may actually be nano size is likely to be very low. E171 was recently subject to a thorough re-evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as part of a comprehensive investigation into the food colours permitted for use in the European Union prior to 2009. Based on recent scientific information, TiO2 was found to be safe to use. In fact, when used in food and pharmaceutical packaging, such as milk containers or medicine vials, TiO2 protects the products by shielding them from daylight, including UV light and the associated degradation processes. Discover more about the use of titanium dioxide in food. Future regulation of titanium dioxide In May 2016, the French food safety agency ANSES requested that titanium dioxide be categorised as a 1B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans). In its proposal, the agency cited the same research on rats (mentioned earlier) as evidence of the potential harmful effects (on humans) of titanium dioxide. In considering the ANSES proposal, ECHA carried out a consultation. More than 500 responses were received during the public consultation; this was a very large number of responses, with the overwhelming view that titanium dioxide is safe and that no such classification was needed. The consultation and review period has now finished, with the ECHA Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) concluding that titanium dioxide met criteria to be classified under a less severe category (2), based on inhalation. This is despite the body of scientific evidence and the views of hundreds of respondents to the consultation, indicating no such classification is needed. The European Commission will now evaluate the opinion and decide what, if any, regulatory measures will be taken. Scientific assessments carried out by the industry, as outlined in the REACH dossier, and further supported by the comments submitted in the public consultation, demonstrate ‘no classification’ is needed for the substance, in all its forms. With a legacy of around 100 years of safe production and commercial use across a vast number of industries, titanium dioxide has brought major benefits to society, with no harmful effects on people or the environment. Long-term studies have shown that the consumption, usage and production of titanium dioxide do not harm human beings and many regulatory bodies have classed it non-toxic and non-carcinogenic to humans. Visit What is titanium dioxide? to find more information. - What is titanium dioxide? - What is titanium dioxide? (from page 193) - About titanium dioxide - IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (pages 225-227 and page 273) - OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals - Analysis of the Simplification of the Titanium Dioxide Directives - Titanium dioxide - Epidemiologic study of workers exposed to titanium dioxide - Food colours: titanium dioxide marks re-evaluation milestone - Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food (additive E171) - Comments and response to comments on CLH: Proposal and justification - Harmonised classification and labelling previous consultations - What it titanium dioxide?
Add: Jin Tai Lu Dong, Jining Jinxiang County Economic Development Zone, Shandong Province, China Contact: Li Guopan Hydraulic transmission is a kind of transmission mode which uses liquid as the working medium to carry on energy transfer and control. In liquid transmission, it is divided into hydraulic transmission and hydraulic transmission according to the different forms of energy transmission. Hydraulic transmission is mainly the transmission mode of energy conversion using liquid kinetic energy, such as hydraulic coupler and hydraulic torque converter. Hydraulic transmission is a transmission mode that uses liquid pressure to convert energy. Using hydraulic transmission technology on machinery can simplify the structure of machine, reduce machine quality, reduce material consumption, reduce manufacturing cost, reduce labor intensity, improve work efficiency and work reliability.
Unitisation. To “unitise” cargo is to combine different goods or even different elements of the same goods, into one “group” or “unit” of a regular size. The idea of unitisation is not new. Even breakbulk cargo was unitised. For example, if a carton contained a number of tins of paint, the carton was a unit. The carton could then be one of many similar cartons loaded on board a general cargo vessel. The purpose of unitisation was to facilitate handling of the tins of paint, to improve the rate of loading and discharging the cargo of paint and to simplify stowage and storage. The individual cartons could be strapped together or placed in a sling or on a pallet and covered with “shrink wrap plastic” so as to facilitate the mechanical handling of this “unit load”. (A pallet is a wooden or metal platform usually having plan dimensions of 1.2 x lm, and composed of two “decks” separated by “bearers”. This permits the handling by fork-lifts and pallet trucks and special pallet slings.) The modern application of the word is more relevant when the cartons are placed in a container or on a pallet. Therefore it is more appropriate to manufactured or processed goods which may have been considered as “break bulk” cargo in the past. However, the phrase can also apply to bulk cargo where a quantity of bulk cargo may be loaded into a barge and the barge is then loaded on board a barge carrier, such as a LASH-vessel, where the mode of transport is “lighter aboard ship”. In fact, bulk cargo can also be unitised in containers. Unitisation may be expensive, but when the advantages are considered the expense may be justified. The advantages may be viewed from the side of the transport system operator, the transport system user and in general. For example, the ease and speed of handling, thus reducing labour costs, the improvement in using the stowage space on board the vessel, the potential in providing a “door-to-door” service, and so on, may assist in increasing profit margins and reducing liability. For the system user (that is, the shipper or consignee), unitisation permits the use of a single carrier, reduces transit time, reduces pilferage and damage and thus reduces the costs of cargo insurance and improves storage in warehouses and also inventoty control, among other advantages which must be present. In general, unitisation permits a more simplified system of transport and a better use of resources, both capital and labour. BLOG COMMENTS POWERED BY DISQUS
1 : to make (someone) known to someone else by name introduce two strangers He introduced his guest. Let me introduce myself: my name is John Smith. — often + to He introduced himself to the class. She introduced her mother to her friends. 2 a : to cause (something) to begin to be used for the first time They have been slow to introduce changes in procedure. b : to make (something) available for sale for the first time The designer is introducing a new line of clothes. c : to present (something) for discussion or consideration He introduced several issues during the meeting. New evidence was introduced at the trial. introduce a bill to Congress 3 : to bring (something, such as a type of plant or animal) to a place for the first time — often + to an Asian plant that has been introduced to America
The slate deposits near Rimogne in north-eastern France, near the border with Belgium, were recognised in 1158 when the Abbey of Signy gained rights to quarry there. The modern industry dates from the arrival in the village of Jean Baptist Collard in 1702. He began the open-cast working that became known as Collard’s great pit, and the Pâquis Canal, a large-scale draining channel. Another entrepreneur, Jean Louis Rousseau, went to Rimogne in 1779, re-established Collard’s great pit, and in 1831 his family set up the Compagnie Ardoisières de Rimogne et St Louis sur Meuse which prospered and employed some 600 men in 1914. It was severely affected by the First World War, and did not recover its prosperity until 1930. The slate mine finally closed in 1997 and the present museum was opened in 2008 in the building from which the mines were managed, which also accommodated a power station. Visitors can see a model of the whole quarry operation, as well as the surviving generating equipment, and the wooden headstock on a shaft of the 1850s still stands. Many items of equipment remain in the workings but can be seen only by those fully equipped for explorations underground. The Réseau Ardoise d’Ardenne organisation and the trail guide La Route d’Ardoise link Rimogne with slate-mining heritage sites at Bertrix and Alle-sur-Semois in Belgium and Haut-Martelange in Luxembourg.
Royal Dutch Shell is engaged in a variety of business activities across the world involving the extraction, production, handling, processing, storage and transportation of hazardous products, including hydrocarbons and chemicals. Such activities pose many dangers to its employees and the public, including contributing to climate change as one consequence of environmental pollution. Royal Dutch Shell environmental issues Royal Dutch Shell is engaged in a variety of business activities across the world which of necessity involves the extraction, production, handling, processing, storage and transportation of hazardous products, including hydrocarbons and chemicals. On 13 May 2008, Shell released a report setting out ambitious plans to meet the global energy challenge that can be summed up as more energy, less CO2. The report describes Shells plans to invest in second generation biofuels and carbon capture and storage. It also discusses utilisation of natural gas and wind power combined with the necessity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and operational oil spills. The vast scale of operation means that even with the highest safety and maintenance standards in current and future activity, accidents and events arising from human error or misjudgement and or plant or equipment failure, are likely to occur. The record of past environmental incidents and events detailed in this article should be considered in that context. UK Advertising Authority rules Shell advert misleading On 7 November 2007 The Guardian published an article under the headline “Shell rapped over CO2 advert.” The UK Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) ruled that a Shell advertisement featuring flower heads emerging from refinery chimneys implying the oil giant used its waste carbon dioxide to grow flowers, breached ASA rules. According to The Guardian article, The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) upheld a complaint that the press advert, which featured the drawing misleadingly implied all CO2 emissions helped produce flowers and decided it breached industry code clauses on truthfulness and environmental claims. The article went on to say that the advert is no longer appearing and that Shell had informed the ASA it would not be used again. Shell stated in its response to the investigation, that it supplied 170,000 tonnes of CO2 to local greenhouse growers in 2005 and expected to supply a further 320,000 tonnes, explaining that this stopped the equivalent of the annual CO2 emissions from about 102,894 vehicles being released. The ASA ruling was also reported in The Independent. The Guardian covered the story again in a green themed article published on 21 January 2008. Dutch Advertising Authority rules Shell advert misleading On 5 July 2007, Reuters reported that the Dutch Advertising Standards Authority had ruled that a complaint made by Friends of the Earth Netherlands about a Royal Dutch Shell green themed advertising campaign was well founded and that the advertising was misleading. According to the article: The environmental group had complained about an ad designed to show how waste carbon dioxide grew flowers and depicting a refinery emitting flowers from its chimneys instead of smoke. Shell maintained that it was creatively using its waste carbon dioxide to help grow flowers. The Financial Times also covered the story reporting that Friends of the Earth had concluded that only a tiny proportion of Shells carbon dioxide emissions were piped into greenhouses. The FT stated that The environmental group took a similar argument to the Belgian advertising authority, which rejected it.The FT went on to conclude that Win or lose, the cases have brought attention to a clever term that the environmentalists hope will challenge claims dreamt up by big advertising agencies: greenwashing. Release of chemical pollutants at Shell Texas Deer Park complex On 16 May 2007, Bloomberg News reported that Royal Dutch Shell Plc had shut two ethylene plants at a Texas production complex after it lost steam power and released tons of chemicals into the air around Houston. The report went on to say that Shells Deer Park, Texas, complex lost steam from an external supplier on 2 May 2007 and that consequential shut-downs resulted in the airborne release of dozens of contaminants, including 2,420 pounds of ethylene, 1,782 pounds of propylene, 1,622 pounds of sulfur dioxide and 4,700 pounds of volatile organic compounds in the Houston area. Emission violations at Shell Martinez refinery in California On 9 May 2007, the Houston Chronicle newspaper reported that Shell Oil Products, a subsidiary of Shell Oil Company, had been fined $2.9 million for equipment failure that sent 925 tons of excess carbon monoxide into the air. According to the article, the pollution-causing emissions escaped the refinery in Martinez, California over the course of a week. Karen M. Schkolnick, a spokeswoman for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, was quoted as saying that The fine reflects the size of the incident and the fact that human errors compounded the situation and that “It was a series of either bad judgements or mechanical failures and it led to this acute situation”. Steve Lesher, a spokesman for the Martinez refinery, was quoted as conceding that Shell had not contested the Air District’s claims, but is proud of its pollution control record. Lesher went on to say “We have rigorous maintenance standards, and you hope something like this never happens and you work to make sure it doesn’t happen.” Environmental infringements by Shell in Louisiana On 14 March 2007, the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) announced that Shell Chemical Company has settled six years of environmental infringements with a $6.5 million agreement covering charges that it violated air and other emissions standards between 1999 and 2003. The settlement includes a $1 million fine which will go into the state’s hazardous waste clean-up fund and $5.5 million which will be invested in beneficial environmental projects to reduce flare reduction systems at four Shell Chemical plants. Under the terms of the settlement Shell does not admit any wrongdoing and in mitigation pointed out that many of the violations were self-reported. DEQ Assistant Secretary Harold Leggett was quoted as saying: This is an important settlement, not just because both parties have addressed past violations, but because we have also agreed to address the needs of the future.” The improvements, to be located at the company’s Norco plant, are scheduled to be completed by 2014. The agreement also calls for Shell Chemical Company to improve its leak detection and repair program at its plants in Norco, Taft and Geismar and a petroleum refining plant in St. Rose. Groundwater contamination by Shell in USA Shell Oil Company, along with many other defendants, has been sued in the USA by public water suppliers and governmental agencies, alleging responsibility for groundwater contamination caused by releases of gasoline containing oxygenate additives. Most of the lawsuits seek recovery of alleged damages and clean-up costs. Some claim punitive damages. In October 2006, Shell Oil Company and a subsidiary company, Equilon Enterprises, agreed to pay $6.5 million in a lawsuit settlement with Riverside County California. The agreement included $3.6 million in civil penalties and ordered Shell and Equilon to stop any future violations of California state health and safety laws. The lawsuit alleged 56 state law infringements regarding maintenance of underground storage tanks and handling of hazardous materials and waste. Stephanie Weissman, Riverside County senior deputy district attorney with the office’s Environmental Crimes Unit alleged leaks from underground gasoline storage tanks can contaminate groundwater and have long-term negative impact on the environment. According to a report published by the Press-Enterprise newspaper , The court action stemmed from a discovery in 2003 by the Riverside County Department of Environmental Health Hazardous Materials Division that Equilon had failed to report or fix leaking underground storage tanks at three Coachella Valley gas stations. The article went on to say that Violations were later found at two other sites in western Riverside County. Shell and Equilon, which owns and operates the gas stations, denied any wrongdoing. Equilon president, David Sexton, claimed in a statement that Shell had spent $55 million in the previous nine years to improve underground storage tanks and equipment at its gas stations in California. As part of the settlement, over $1 million is being spent by Equilon for the installation of sensors and locking mechanisms at its stations. According to information on pages 146 and 147 of Shells Annual Report and Form 20-F for the year ending December 31, 2006, there were approximately 69 pending lawsuits as of the December 31, 2006 date, asserting claims against SOC and other defendants including other major energy and refining companies. The report states that In 19 of the lawsuits, plaintiffs allege aggregate compensatory damages of approximately $1.25 billion and aggregate punitive damages of approximately $3.35 billion. Shell considers the amounts claimed by plaintiffs in the pleadings to be highly speculative. For this reason, no financial provision has been made for the relevant cases. Shell also says that there are significant unresolved legal questions. The report states that monetary damages have not yet been claimed in the other 50 lawsuits. The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled on 16 March 2007 that Shell Oil Company and two railroad corporations must pay the costs of cleaning up a toxic waste site near Arvin the Central Valley, in California. The Court confirmed an earlier ruling regarding both the railroad corporations and Shells liability, deciding that The railroads and Shell are jointly and severally liable for the harm at the Arvin site. A local newspaper, the Central Valley Business Times, reported twenty years of leakage and spread of Shell-produced agricultural chemicals: the soil fumigants D-D and Nemagon. D-D and Nemagon members of a class of chemicals called nematocides hazardous materials in violation of several hazardous waste laws. According to the newspaper report, theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency investigated separately and found evidence of soil and groundwater contamination at an Arvin facility. On 29 June 2007, The Bakersfield Californian newspaper reported that Shell Oil which had shut down on a temporary basis a soil cleanup operation at the Rosedale Highway refinery two years ago and had not restarted it despite repeated requests from state authorities. The article stated: The shutdown had stalled efforts to clean up extensive groundwater contamination beneath the refinery, state officials said, allowing pollutants like MTBE, gasoline, diesel and benzene to seep further into the water table. The oil refinery has been the site of many releases of oil and other petroleum products into the ground going back over two decades. In 1987 a pipeline leak resulted in an estimated 2 million gallons of partially refined fuel seeping into the ground. The leaks have continued with the most recent occurring in June 2007. On 27 August 2007, The Bakersfield Californian reported that California State Senator, Dean Florez, had “asked the states attorney general to take legal action against Shell for the companys inaction”. On 27 November 2007, The Bakersfield Californian published a further article this time reporting Shell Oil had restarted the clean up of pollution underneath the Rosedale Highway refinery that environmental regulators stated was shut down over two years previously without their consent. The article said: “The outer edge of the contamination comes close to the Kern River and a city well, both sources of drinking water for Bakersfield residents.” The article went on to state that in 1987 an underground pipeline had leaked “an estimated 4 million to 5 million gallons of partially refined fuel into the ground.” This was a substantially larger volume than had previously been reported. A Shell spokeswoman was quoted as saying “the cleanup system will continue to remove pollution from the ground at the refinery for an additional 12 to 15 years.” Unauthorised venting and flaring of gas by Shell in USA On 5 August 2003, the United States Department of Justice announced that Shell Oil Company had agreed to pay $49 million USD to settle claims under the False Claims Act and various administrative provisions relating to its unauthorized venting and flaring of gas… at its Auger platform, located some 150 miles (240 km) off the coast of Louisiana and at other Shell facilities in the Gulf of Mexico. The settlement also resolved claims that Shell had failed to properly report, or pay royalties on the vented and flared gas. This was the third case settled by Shell Oil Company in the period 1999 to 2003 alleging that it had underpaid royalties owed to the United States. In 2000, Shell agreed to pay $56 million to settle claims that it undervalued gas produced from federal leases. Shell paid $110 million in 2001 to settle US Department of Justice claims that it undervalued crude oil extracted from federal lands. Shell Pipeline rupture in Washington The United States Department of Justice, acting for theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), filed a civil settlement on January 17, 2003, in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington in relation to an action against United States v. Shell Pipeline Co. LP fka Equilon Pipeline Co. LLC and Olympic Pipe Line Co. The civil settlement resolved Clean Water Act claims for environmental violations which led to a fatal pipeline rupture in Bellingham, Washington in 1999. The original complaint filed in May 2002 alleged that the pipeline rupture was caused by “gross negligence in the operation and maintenance of the pipeline.” The consequences of the rupture were tragic. Over 230,000 gallons of gasoline were discharged. The gasoline ignited in a fireball which created a plume of smoke some six miles (10 km) high. As a result of the explosion, two ten-year-old boys and a teenager were killed and at least nine other people were injured. According to the EPA, the gasoline spill and resulting fire “killed more than 100,000 fish and other aquatic organisms in the impacted area”. Other species of wildlife were also killed. The settlement required Shell to pay a federal civil penalty of $5 million and institute a spill prevention program on four other Shell operated pipelines. Shell was also required to enter into an agreement with the State of Washington to include payment of $5 million to the State as a contingency fund in the case or other State-approved expenditures. Federal and state civil penalties were in addition to criminal fines of $15 million levied against Shell in a separate criminal case. Environmental law infringements in Brazil In 1951, Shell Chemicals of Brazil built a storage tank and terminal in its chemical plant in Paulinia, 120 kilometres north-west of São Paulo, beginning operations that last to the present. A related pesticide plant was also founded, but moved out during a regional de-industrialisation in the 1970s. While both plants’ operations were in general accordance with local and international standards for disposals of waste, these standards were later found to be lacking. Furthermore, among the pesticides produced were “drins” – endrin, dieldrin and aldrin, pesticides later discontinued due to their toxic, persistent and bio accumulative nature. In the early 1990s, Greenpeace and the Union of Workers in the Mining and Petroleum sector (Sinpetrol) first raised charges that the area’s soil, air and water were contaminated with heavy metals (most notably, lead) and drins. In February 2001, Shell admitted responsibility (see the list of articles) according to a Greenpeace report, for the contamination by the organochlorine pesticides. The report indicates that drins were found in the groundwater and soil under the farms located between the plant and the Atibaia River, a tributary of the Piracicaba River, providing water to cities in the region. Shell still denies responsibility for the lead contamination, claiming that the contamination is organic lead, while theirs was rendered inorganic before disposal. According to the report, while Shell accepted responsibility for the pollution, it claimed that it has not been established whether the pollution threatens the health of the local population. Shell conducted blood tests among local residents and concluded that the levels of toxins present in their blood were not harmful. In June 2002, São Paulo state‘s environmental watchdog Cetesb, fined Shell for toxic pesticide pollution. According to a March 2003 article in Ode, an international magazine, a Shell official stated: If there is proof that our products have caused harm then we will immediately take responsibility for it. That is our global policy. According to the same article, many people were allegedly sick with ailments including cancerous growths, intestinal disorders, lung diseases and children with neurological defects. According to Jose Antonio Puppim de Oliveira, a professor at the Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration, Shell’s stance toward the case has been: “The company wants to treat the case purely from the scientific point of view by using the best methods and techniques of risk assessment and risk management. They see no point in spending huge amounts of resources to clean up the area completely because the risk is overcome if no one drinks the subterranean water. Moreover, Shell claims other companies may also be responsible and the problem quite possibly may continue into the future. The cleanup will not improve the quality of life of Vila Carioca or São Paulo‘s inhabitants since underground contamination and other environmental problems such as air and water pollution are common in the city. Shell argues that it prefers to use its resources to contribute to the society in a more sensible way with other social and environmental initiatives.” In January 2005, Shell was reportedly ordered by a judge to stop dumping chemical wastes and to decontaminate drinking water sources. The company was additionally fined four times by the state environmental agency between 1993 and 2003. The report by Friends of the Earth claims health problems for employees and those living nearby, who were allegedly found to have high concentrations of heavy metals and pesticides in their blood. Neither Shell nor the state environmental agency (CETESB) recognised the test as valid, claiming that the methodology was flawed. Refinery contamination in Texas In 1901, Port Arthur, Texas was fortunate in being the nearest port to the first oil gusher in the state of Texas. Motiva Enterprises LLC, a US company jointly owned by Shell and the government of Saudi Arabia, own and operate an oil refinery in Port Arthur which was originally founded by the oil company Texaco in 1903. The refinery has been the subject of an environmental campaign led by Hilton Kelley, who together with 1,200 fellow residents of Port Arthur, has launched a class action lawsuit against Shell alleging breach of environmental human rights. In a report in The Guardian newspaper published in the UK on 24 June 2004, Kelley claimed the Shell refinery was emitting 200-300 times the allowed emissions of chemicals – many of them carcinogenic. He was also quoted as alleging that “children suffered from asthma and cancerous tumours while women, including members of his family, had had their uterus and ovaries removed”. According to a BBC TV News programme in the UK, Newsnight, broadcast on 28 October 2004, a study in the year 2000 found that residents have high levels of have levels of respiratory disease and immune-system problems way above those of a similar control group sited 60 miles (97 km) away. Newsnight also reported that when a federal air quality van toured the area in January 2003, it found hot spots of cancer-causing and toxic chemicals. However, the origin of the pollution is unclear because four other oil facilities operate in the town. Oil Refinery in Durban The Sapref, oil refinery in Durban, the largest in South Africa (172,000 barrels per day) , is jointly owned by Shell and BP, and has been accused by protesters of having a “dismal pollution record which has claimed the lives of many residents” . Sapref themselves admitted in writing to residents, that the plant did not have a “perfect environmental and social performance record”. The main accusation is that Shell/BP apply double standards, allowing the South African plant to be far lest circumspect on environmental controls than in its refineries elsewhere in the world. . Critics of Shell pointed to the companys Statement of General Business Principles which stated: We aim to be good neighbors by continuously improving the ways in which we contribute directly or indirectly to the general well-being of the communities in which we work.. Protest groups such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth said that Shell fell far short of this ambition at its joint venture refinery in Durban. US Clean Air Act violations On March 21, 2001, the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Justice announced a settlement committing nine refineries owned by Motiva, Equilon Enterprises, and the Deer Park Refining Limited Partnership to a program to ensure compliance with important provisions of the United States Clean Air Act. The companies agreed to invest $400 million over eight years to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and particulate matter. Motiva Enterprises LLC is a joint venture between Shell and Saudi Refining Inc. Equilon Enterprises is a subsidiary of Shell Oil Co. Shell Oil Products is a partner in Park Refining Limited partnership. Emission violations at Shell Wood River Refinery in Illinois On 9 September 1998, the U.S. Justice Department announced a settlement with Shell Oil Company relating to hundreds of environmental violations at Shell Oil Company’s Wood River oil refinery located on over 2,000 acres (8.1 km²) on the banks of the Mississippi River in Roxana, Illinois, near St. Louis. Shell and its affiliates agreed to a judicial decree requiring Shell to achieve and certify compliance with all environmental laws at the Wood River refinery and to carry out environmental projects valued at over $10 million including added protections of Mississippi River water quality, and pay $1.5 million in civil penalties — of which the sum of $500,000 would be paid to the U.S. co-plaintiff, the State of Illinois. According to the Justice Department release, Environmental problems at Wood River included: illegal levels of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide air emissions, violations of emission standards for benzene (a hazardous air pollutant), violations of solid waste labelling, reporting, and manifesting requirements, untimely reporting of emissions of extremely hazardous substances such as ammonia and chlorine, and violations of Illinois water regulations. Under the decree, Shell was required to purchase $500,000 worth of land adjacent to the Mississippi River and then transfer ownership to the State of Illinois on the basis that the land must be appropriate for “wetlands preservation, water quality protection, and wildlife conservation purposes”. Steve Herman, EPA’s Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Assurance was quoted as saying: “In settling this case, the federal government has followed the basic principle that polluters will be required to pay for and correct the damage they cause, as well as prevent future damage.” W. Charles Grace, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois commented:“These severe penalties will not only force Shell Oil into environmental compliance, but will also reinforce the message that we will not tolerate environmental degradation of our country’s greatest natural resources. Shell was also challenged by Greenpeace for plans for subsea disposal of the Brent Spar, an old oil transport and hub station located in theNorth Sea, into the North Atlantic. Shell eventually agreed to disassemble it onshore in Norway, although it has always maintained that its original plan to sink the platform was safer and better for the environment. On disposal, it transpired that the Greenpeace estimates for toxic content were inaccurate. Shell settles Martinez Refinery dumping suit for $3 Million On 8 February 1995, an article in the The New York Times headlined Shell Settles Dumping Suit for $3 Million revealed that Shell Oil Company had agreed to settle a lawsuit alleging that it had been dumping illegal amounts of selenium into San Francisco Bay and theSacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. As part of the settlement, Shell agreed to reduce the selenium released in wastewater at its Martinez refinery. The article said that selenium is a nutrient in small amounts but is toxic in larger doses. While admitting Shell had exceeded permitted limits, company officials claimed that the selenium discharges in the strait were not enough to harm the environment. Shell fined $19.75 million for oil spill from Martinez Refinery On 1 December 1989, The New York Times reported that Shell Oil Company had agreed to pay $19.75 million for spilling more than 400,000 gallons of crude oil into San Francisco Bay. Shell said that it had spent an additional $14 million in cleaning up the spill, when oil flowed from a pipe at its Martinez refinery in April 1988. Oil leaked out from a 12.5-million-gallon storage tank at the manufacturing complex 40 miles northeast of San Francisco. The Government said that several Federal regulations were broken. According to the article at least 250 birds and 50 other animals were found dead and a valuable wildlife habitat was ruined and tidal marshlands would take 10 years to recover. An explosion at Shell Louisiana refinery On 5 May 1988, a major explosion occurred at a Shell oil refinery in Norco, Louisiana. The New York Times reported six deaths, one person missing and 42 people injured. The blast shattered windows up to 30 miles (48 km) away and “damage was sustained on both sides of the mile-wide Mississippi river“. According to the same report, Norco residents were “fed up over recurring emergencies that had forced them to evacuate their homes eight times in 12 years”. An article published by AlterNet in February 2005 concerning the explosion and its consequences said that it spewed 159 million pounds of toxic chemicals into the air, requiring the evacuation of 4,500 people and that Shell subsequently paid out $172 million in damages to some 17,000 claimants. An article published by The Times-Picayune newspaper on 19 February 2007 reported that a lawyer involved in bringing a federal class action lawsuit against Shell in relation to the explosion was at risk of disbarment for paying a Shell employee $5,000 in 1991 for inside information about what the lawyer alleged to be misconduct by Shell in preparing its witnesses for depositions. The lawyer further justified the payment by claiming genuine belief that paying the Shell insider for information would compensate for Shell’s refusal to cooperate. Pollution at Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Denver, Colorado In a working paper published by the University of Colorado, Boulder, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal – the RMA – located some six miles (10 km) northeast of downtown Denver, Colorado was described as 27 square miles of toxic horror with the reputation of being “the most polluted piece of ground in America.” Originally used by the United States Army from 1942 as a chemical weapons plant, the RMA was until 1982 utilised by Shell Chemical Company to produce pesticides and herbicides. The list of chemicals and contaminants polluting the RMA is described in the paper as mind-boggling. From 1983 onwards, a number of lawsuits arose from contamination at the RMA. The State of Colorado sued Shell and the U.S. Army for natural resource damages under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, known as CERCLA. At the same time that the State of Colorado was pursuing its damages claim against the Army and Shell for $50 million per toxic discharge, the Army filed a lawsuit against Shell in respect of the contaminant liability. Shell issued proceedings against the Army, claiming $1.8 billion. TheU.S. Department of Justice filed a related lawsuit against Shell, claiming almost $1.9 billion. In 1988, Shell and the Army settled by filing a consent decree. Each agreed to pay 50 percent of the first $500 million in clean-up costs. A formula was also agreed to cover substantial additional cleanup costs. Shell lodged a claim with its insurers for reimbursement. On 13 November 1988, The New York Times reported that Shell Oil Company and a Denver law firm Holme Roberts & Owen had been charged in a lawsuit brought by Travelers Insurance Company seeking $66 million in damages, with conspiring to conceal years of pollution at the RMA. The RMA was said to be contaminated by the residues of nerve gas and other chemical weapons the Army made from the early 1940s until the late 1960s and by waste from the production of pesticides and herbicides by Shell on land leased at the arsenal from 1952 to 1982. The article said that chemicals have seeped into fresh water and underground water supplies in the area. The article explained that the settlement required Shell to contribute at least $500 million towards the clean-up. Shell had found it necessary to seek reimbursement through the courts from 250 insurance carriers, including Travelers, one of the primary insurance companies covering the relevant risk. In its counterclaim, Travelers had alleged that Shell knowingly and intentionally released pollutants into the environment since commencement of its operations. Their lawsuit also charged that Holme Roberts conspired with Shell to mislead Travelers about the extent of the pollution. The Travelers lawsuit sought the return of $16 million already paid to Shell, plus $50 million in punitive damages. On 21 December 1988, The New York Times published an article announcing that a jury had found in favour of Travelers and the other insurers against Shell on the basis that Shell was not covered by any of its 800 insurance policies because it knew it was polluting the ground water at the RMA and that the jury was persuaded that Shell was an intentional polluter. The article revealed that the total clean up cost, to be split by Shell and the Army, was estimated to be as much as $2 billion. The Supreme Court reviewed the State of Colorado RMA case early in 1994 and ruled in its favour.royaldutchshellplc.com and its sister websites royaldutchshellgroup.com, shellnazihistory.com, royaldutchshell.website, johndonovan.website, shellnews.net, shell2004.com, shellshareholders.org, don-marketing.com and cybergriping.com are all owned by John Donovan. There is also a Wikipedia article: royaldutchshellplc.com
Explore American history and culture through advances in business and industry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.The evolution of business is inextricably linked with American and international history and identity. For the first time, researchers can now explore this aspect of American and international life via catalogs, pamphlets, advertising materials, and ephemera on essential industries that emerged in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries -- steam engines, railroads, motorized vehicles, agricultural/farm machinery, building and construction, mining, and more. Trade Literature and the Merchandizing of Industry is comprised of items selected from the National Museum of American History Archives Center and Smithsonian Libraries and contains about one million pages of primary source content. This digital collection allows researchers to: - Trace the history of companies/industries - Follow the impact of the Industrial Revolution on technology - Compare and contrast marketing and management techniques - Examine illustrations of the new machinery, technology, and manufacturing processes that impacted daily lives Key research areas covered include: - Railroads and railway equipment - Agricultural machinery - Transportation equipment - Power generation - Building and construction - Iron and steel - Mines and mining equipment - Motorized vehicles Platform Features & Tools Researchers can see the frequency of search terms within sets of content to begin identifying central themes and assessing how individuals, events, and ideas interact and develop over time. By grouping commonly occurring themes, this tool reveals hidden connections within search terms—helping to shape research by integrating diverse content with relevant information. Search across the content of complementary primary source products in one intuitive environment, enabling innovative new research connections.
\|N.Mythili1 and N.Rajeswari2 \|Related article at Pubmed, Scholar Google\| Visit for more related articles at International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Chemical packaging is one of the challenging fields of packaging because the materials used for packaging should be chemically resistant, inert, negligent gas transmission, non-reactive, nonflammable, non-corrosive, temperature resistant, and light resistant. Glass containers and plastic bottles are widely used for packing of chemicals. In this paper the study has been focused on hydrogen peroxide, one of the most important inorganic chemical compounds and it is widely used in cosmetics and healthcare industries as a cleansing and bleaching agent. In higher concentrations, it is unstable where as in lower concentrations, it is almost stable. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide liberates oxygen, water and heat. The liberated oxygen will occupy in the headspace of the container which may cause the container to bulge. The aim of this work is to achieve breathable characteristics for a package of plastic bottle containing H₂O₂ of 12% concentration. A suitable experiment was identified to find out the volume of oxygen liberated by H₂O₂. During the primary level analysis, a method called micro perforation was identified as a solution for achieving breathable characteristics for effective storage of the product. The micro perforation was done in the closure (polypropylene) of the container. A head space analyzer was used to analyze the volume of oxygen accumulated in the headspace before and after the micro perforation. It has been found that the transmission of volume of the oxygen has been increased significantly. \|Bulging, Concentration, Decomposition, Microperforation, OTR, Storage\| \|Hydrogen peroxide is inorganic peroxide which is a strong oxidizing agent. At various concentrations it is used as, antiseptic and cleaning agent (3%) , bleaching agent (3-30%) for bleaching pulp, paper, straw, leather, hair and above 90% it is used as monopropellant for rocket engines .\| \|Its value as an antiseptic is low, but the evolution of oxygen when it comes into contact with clotted blood helps to loosen dirt and assists in cleansing a wound. At higher concentrations, the decomposition of the peroxide is accompanied by the evolution of enough heat to convert the water to steam . In this fashion, hydrogen peroxide is used as a monopropellant in rocket engines; the peroxide is passed over a silver mesh which catalyzes the decomposition and the resulting gaseous H2O and O2 products are ejected through a nozzle at high velocity propelling the rocket forward. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide can also be used as an oxidant with organic compounds, such as kerosene, in a bipropellant rocket engine.\| \|The packaging of hydrogen peroxide solution will fall in the category of chemical packages. They are packaged in High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) containers especially of lower concentration (12%). At this concentration level, the liquid is almost stable. Once it is exposed to light, heat and other intrinsic factors like stabilizers, it starts decomposing followed by the release of water and oxygen , .\| \|H2O2 is an environmentally friendly chemical used for oxidation reactions, bleaching processes in pulp, paper and textile industries, waste water treatment, exhaust air treatment and various disinfection applications. H2O2 decomposes to yield only oxygen and water. H2O2 is one of the cleanest, most versatile chemicals available - .\| FACTORS AFFECTING STORAGE OF H2O2 \|A. Effect of temperature\| \|H2O2 is stable at most summer temperatures and will not freeze even at severe, cold winter temperatures (to - 52°C for 50% H2O2). However, if possible, H2O2 should be stored in roofed, fireproof rooms where it can be kept cool and protected from direct sunlight. It is very important that HÃ¢ÂÂOÃ¢ÂÂ should be protected against all types of contamination. With proper storage in the original containers or in tank installations, the solutions can be stored for long periods without noticeable losses in active OÃ¢ÂÂ of less than 2 percent per year .\| \|B. Effect of pH\| \|An increase in the temperature promotes the decomposition as well as a higher pH value. For optimum stability, the pH range of pure H2O2 is below 4.5. Above 5 pH, the decomposition increases sharply , . Therefore, commercial solutions are generally adjusted to a pH value below 5.\| \|C. Effect of stabilizers\| \|The storage quality of hydrogen peroxide is negatively affected by impurities of every type even when some of these impurities (including stabilizers) are present in very low concentrations (ppm quantities). The decomposition can be induced homogeneously by dissolved ions with a catalytic effect. Heavy metals like iron, copper, manganese, nickel, and chromium are especially effective here. Hydrogen peroxide is also decomposed through the effect of light as well as by certain enzymes (catalase) , .\| \|As a result of the stabilizers, which are usually added to our commercial grades in ppm amounts, our hydrogen peroxide is protected against unavoidable impact during handling and has an excellent shelf life . The loss of hydrogen peroxide can be minimized by normal handling and storage at low temperatures, also necessary precautionary measures should be taken. With normal handling and cool storage, and when they are observed, the losses of hydrogen peroxide are very slight even during extended periods (years) of storage.\| \|D. Storage and handling of H2O2\| \|During storage and handling, in the presence of certain catalytically acting impurities, hydrogen peroxide will decompose exothermically to form water and oxygen. The stability of hydrogen peroxide solutions is influenced primarily by the temperature, the pH value, and the presence of impurities with a decomposing effect. Before few decades, these type of compounds are stored in thick walled tin containers and now plastic containers of Polyethylene grade is used because of its strength and non-reactive (for chemicals) properties , , .\| \|In chemical industries and laboratories, hydrogen peroxide of around 30% concentration will be used. In this case, certain preventive measures will be taken to avoid injury to the personnel. Table 1 describes the toxicity information of concentrated H2O2 of 33% concentration .\| RATE OF DECOMPOSITION OF H2O2 \|A. With Catalyst\| \|Some set of experiments should be conducted to determine the rate of oxygen that is being released by the known concentration of H2O2 at standard conditions of temperature and pressure. Fig.1 shows the experimental setup which consists of a reaction vessel, O2 collection tank and a beaker to collect the displaced water. In this experiment, the known concentration of H2O2 is taken in the reaction vessel with added catalyst namely, ferric chloride (FeCl3). Due to the catalytic activity, the decomposition of H2O2 will be started and the released O2 molecules will be collected in the collection tank. Due to the pressure difference, water will be displaced out and collected in the beaker. The volume of oxygen released will be equal to the volume of water displaced . This experiment should be conducted within 2-3 hours, unless the displaced water will be evaporated. This will be rectified in the next experiment.\| \|With known concentration of H2O2, it is possible to compute the amount of O2 molecules released from the product by using the formula ,\| \|B. Without Catalyst\| \|Fig. 2 shows the experimental setup to determine the rate of decomposition of known concentration of H2O2 without the addition of catalyst . This setup consists of a beaker, gas syringe and a rubber tubing connection. The released gas from H2O2 pushes the plunger in the syringe. Based on the displacement of the plunger, volume of gas occupied in the syringe can be measured. There was no air leakage in this system. Hence, accurate volume of oxygen can be determined.\| \|Once the rate of decomposition of H2O2 was determined, oxygen transmission rate (OTR) was suitably set to release out the oxygen liberated . Table 1 shows the process conducted and the results obtained. Chemical etching is a process in which the part to be etched is soaked in a chemical bath (NaOH/H2SO4) for 24 hours at ambient conditions.\| \|Microperforation is a technique used in packaging materials to make the product to breathe out O2/CO2.This technique was already been employed in packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables in order to facilitate respiration at the time of post harvest , . In the same aspect, H2O2 is liberating O2 and water at the time of decomposition. Anyhow, being a low concentration product, the rate of decomposition was considerably low. The oxygen thus liberated, during decomposition was occupied in the headspace of container (HDPE) causing bulging. A head space analyser was used to measure the volume of O2 in the headspace of the container . Based on the measured volume of O2, the OTR of the closure material (PP) was tuned by making laser microperforation.\| \|In this work, for laser microperforation, two types of industrial grade lasers were used namely, Carbon-dioxide (CO2) and Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:YAG)\| \|Based on the process analysis results, the OTR of the closure material (PP) was marginally equal to the decomposition rate of the product (H2O2 of 12% concentration). The number of micro holes to be made depends upon the rate of decomposition of the product contained, storage conditions, surface area of the closure material, and volume of the product and transportation modes. Hence, the primary objective, that is, with the micro perforated plastic closure material; effective storage of the product was achieved in this work.\| \| Jeff Altig, The Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) safe storage and handling by "Anderson, Ross"; "Reid, Doug"; "Hart, Peter"; "Rudie, Alan" In: TAPPI Standards, Technical Information Papers and useful methods, Norcross, GA. Serkan Kartal et al., Use of micro perforated films and oxygen scavengers to maintain storage stability of fresh strawberries, Department of Food Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020, Canakkale, Turkey, Elsevier, April 2012. Xanthopoulos et al., Mass transport analysis in perforationmediated modified atmosphere packaging of strawberries, Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Natural Resources Management & Agricultural Engineering, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece, Elsevier, feb 2012. Susannah D. Gelotte, Nathanael R. Miranda, “Breathable plastic packaging for produced products”, European patent 1782 945 A1, May 9, 2007. http://h2o2.evonik.com/sites/dc/Downloadcenter/Evonik/Product/ H2O2/120309_storage-and-handling.pdf L. Lundquist, C. Pelletier Y. Wyser, Oxygen Transmission Rate Measurement Using Oxygen Sensitive Fluorescent Tracers, Nestlé Research Center, VERS-CHEZ-LES-BLANC, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland, June 2004. Bruce Duncan, Jeannie Urquhart, Simon Roberts, Review of Measurement and Modelling of Permeation and Diffusion in Polymers, NPL Report DEPC MPR 012, 2005. http://h2o2.evonik.com/product/h2o2/en/about/stabilitydecomposition/ pages/default.aspx http://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/business-industry/Technical-tandardspublications/ Laboratory-Chemical-Handling-Manual/Hydrogen- Peroxide.aspx
Describe the industry within with the organisation operates, and identify and describe the following:- a) The role Information Systems (IS) currently play in the industry. b) The changes within Information Systems which are contributing to changes within the industry and how? THE TRADE INDUSTRY The Traditional Trade Industry The Trade Industry contributes to a significant amount Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in countries. In the 1900’s the trade industry was costly and time consuming for good to leave one border to another. The trade industry was termed one of cargo shipping and container trucking. Global Trade Industry (Modern) A revolution has slowly been taking ...view middle of the document... Trinidad and Tobago Trade Industry provides businessmen with Information Communication Technology headquarters of the region. Thus the advancement of Information Systems in Trinidad and Tobago has made Trinidad the most attractive country in the region to set up a business for the purpose of trading. Information Systems company in Trinidad and Tobago contributes an estimated 3.5 % to the Trinidad and Tobago Economy in areas such as Telecommunications and Professional and Technological Services. Global Information Communication Technology Companies that operates in Trinidad and Tobago are Fujitsu, Microsoft and HP. Information Communication Systems provides labour, professional and skilled labour with four hundred (400) Information Systems graduates entering the market each year. a) ROLE INFORMATION SYSTEMS (IS) CURRENTLY PLAY IN THE INDUSTRY. Information Systems is currently playing major role in the Global Trade Industry. It is a changing developing tool which is supporting the trade industry. Whilst providing analysis of the industry for faster delivery and reliability within the Industry. Information Systems are enabling goods to move over greater distances in less time. Information Systems is currently helping the trade industry by stream lining all aspects of the industry by improving operating activities and cash flows thus lowering cost supplies and operations. Information Systems also reduces paper cost as all information and data can be stored electronically. Sorting and filling systems are becoming eaier and less tedious with the trade industry. Records can also be kept for longer period of time without having to pay storage fees. Front Cost and maintenance are also decreased with the use of information systems. Role Information Systems currently play in the Local Trade Industry. According to Trinidad and Tobago Trade Sector Assessment “The sixth priority is information technology (IT). IT experts who would look at the hardware, software, and network needs specific to the management of trade policy, trade negotiations and export-import statistics.” This report was published 2002 and indicates the government the initiative to implement information systems in the trade industry to ensure efficiency and accessibility of information for the trading Information Systems is enabling players in the local Trade Industry to access information and data anywhere with an Internet connect. Also sharing of information through a server will play major role in the trade industry to ensure quick availability of information and data. Greater invoicing control and regulation is being achieved by information systems. With respect to retailing trade industry information systems security clearance is faster. Electronic filing system is more cost efficient. Thus reducing the use of paper within the industry. b) The changes within Information Systems which are contributing to changes within the industry and how?...
Flashcards in I_O Psychology 1 Deck (36): What are the three areas on which job analysis focuses? Job-oriented factors, worker-oriented factors, or a combination of the two. What is included in job-oriented factors? Task requirements of a job (e.g., lifting repairing, installing). What is included in worker-oriented factors? Knowledge, skill, ability, and personal characteristics required of a job (high school education, manual dexterity, 20/20 vision). What are some methods of job analysis? Interviews, questionnaires, direct observation, worker diaries. What is performance evaluation? Evaluation of an employee's job performance. Aka performance appraisal or merit rating. What are criterion measures in performance evaluation? Measures used to evaluate employee job performance. What are the two types of criterion measures in performance evaluation? Objective and subjective. What are objective criterion measures in performance evaluation? Direct, quantitative measures, such as # units sold, percentage of cases won, salary, work days missed. Limited by situational factors and may not be useful for evaluating complex jobs. What are subjective criterion measures in performance evaluation? Those that rely on a rater, e.g., for assessment of motivation, supervision skills, problem solving skills, effectiveness with others. Subject to rater's skills and bias. What are "360-degree" performance measures? Those that incorporate ratings from multiple raters, including peers, subordinates, and customers, as well as supervisors. Name five subjective rating techniques. - personnel comparison systems - critical incidents - behaviorally anchored rating scales - behavioral observation scales - force choice checklists What are personnel comparison systems (PCS) in performance evaluation? Comparing an employee to other employees. Can be rank-order, paired, or forced-distribution. Rank-order is self-explanatory. Paired compares one employee to all others. Forced-distribution places each employee in a predetermined distribution, e.g., top 10%, next 25%, middle 30%, etc. What is an advantage of personnel comparison systems? They can reduce some types of rater bias, e.g., central tendency, leniency, and strictness. What are critical incidents approaches to performance evaluation? Critical incidents (CIs) are descriptions of specific job behaviors associated with very good or very poor performance. Generally identified by supervisors observing employees CIs can behaviorally anchor Likert-type scales. What are behaviorally anchored rating scales in performance evaluation? Rating scales divided into several dimensions of job performance with critical incidents tied to individual points on a Likert-type scale, e.g., 7 "is very supportive if patient is stressed"; 1 "is often late to begin sessions with patients"; etc. What are some pros and cons of behaviorally anchored rating scales? Because they are usually constructed collaboratively among supervisors and employees, they tend to produce useful feedback for ratees and reduce bias among raters. However, they are also time-consuming to construct and tend to be specific to the job and company for which they are developed. What are behavioral-observation scales in performance evaluation? Similar to behaviorally anchored scales, but employees are rated on frequency of critical incident performance. What are forced-choice checklists in performance evaluation? Items in these checklists are grouped so that their social desirability and ability to distinguish between successful and unsuccessful performance are similar. Designed to reduce rater bias. Name five types of performance evaluation rater bias. Halo effect, central tendency, leniency, strictness, contrast effect. What is the halo effect? Tendency to judge all aspects of an individual's behavior based on a single characteristic, whether positive or negative. What are the central tendency, leniency, and strictness biases? Central tendency: giving average ratings to all ratees. Leniency: giving positive ratings to all ratees. Strictness: giving negative ratings to all ratees. What is the contrast effect? Tendency to rate persons in comparison to other ratees, e.g., after giving several poor ratings, giving the next ratee inaccurately high ratings. What is frame-of-reference training in performance evaluation? Rater training that focuses on recognizing the multidimensional nature of job performance and conceptual consistency among raters. What is the acronym "KSAPs" refer to? Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, Personal characteristics required for a given job. Name 9 common approaches to personnel selection. - general mental ability tests (aka, cognitive ability, general intelligence) - job knowledge tests - work samples - biographical information (aka, biodata) - assessment centers - personality tests - interest tests - integrity tests Discuss key factors in using general mental ability tests in employee selection. Probably most valid predictors of job performance across jobs and settings, increasing as complexity increases. Validity coefficients range from .51 predicting performance ratings to .75 predicting work sample performance. Discuss key factors in using job knowledge tests in employee selection. Has good validity (~.62 in one meta-analysis); increases with job complexity and job:test similarity. Discuss key factors in using work samples in employee selection. Good predictors of job performance, r ~ .33. Motor skills samples may be more valid than verbal skill samples. Less likely than other methods to unfairly discriminate. Can be part of a realistic job preview. Discuss key factors in using interviews in employee selection. Most commonly used technique, but only moderately predictive, .37. Validity depends upon content, criterion, interview method, with structured board interviews using consensus ratings being highest. Discuss key factors in using biographical information in employee selection. Can be highly predictive of job performance if data chosen have been empirically validated for a particular job, comparable to cognitive ability. Can also be useful for predicting turnover, with equal validity across race/ethnicity. Items can lack face validity. Discuss key factors in using assessment centers in employee selection. Usually conducted in groups, include multiple methods of assessment, and examinees are rated on all dimensions. Typically high validity, but subject to criterion contamination, and can be expensive to develop and administer. What is criterion contamination? A rater's knowledge of an examinee's performance on a selection instrument affects rater's evaluation of examinee on the job. Discuss key factors in using personality tests in employee selection. Big-Five tests indicate that conscientiousness is a good predictor of general job and training performance. Some traits are more predictive of specific jobs. Compare the advantages of personality testing vs. cognitive testing in job performance. Personality testing may be more valid in predicting contextual performance, e.g., behaviors that contribute to working environment, while cognitive testing may be more predictive of task performance. Discuss key factors in using interest tests in employee selection. Low validity for job success, but useful in predicting job satisfaction, persistence, and choice.
What is a General Partnership A general partnership is an arrangement by which two or more persons agree to share in all assets, profits and financial and legal liabilities of a business. Such partners have unlimited liability, which means their personal assets are liable to the partnership's obligations. In fact, any partner can be sued for the entirety of a partnership's business debts. BREAKING DOWN General Partnership The benefits of a general partnership include the flexibility to structure a business as its partners see fit and the ability to control its operations more closely. Compared to a corporation, with its levels of bureaucracy and red tape, a general partnership offers each partner the ability to participate in the management of the business. For a general partnership to be established, the following conditions should be met: - The partnership must include at least two people. - All partners must agree to any liability that their partnership may incur. - Ideally, there must be proof that such an agreement exists, such as in a formal partnership agreement. General partnerships may be formed orally, however. General Partnership Features In a general partnership, each partner has agency powers, which means that any partner can enter into a binding agreement, contract or business deal that all partners are obliged to adhere to. This can lead to disputes, so successful general partnerships often have a dispute resolution system built into their partnership agreements. Decision-making within general partnerships may be achieved by majority vote or may be awarded to a single partner or non-partner appointee, who can manage the partnership similar to a company's board of directors. Since all partners have unlimited liability, even innocent partners can be held responsible when another partner commits inappropriate or illegal actions. General partnerships usually are dissolved when one of the partners dies, becomes disabled or leaves the partnership. Provisions can be written into an agreement, however, that provide guidance in these or other cases, such as transferring a deceased partner's interest to surviving partners or a successor. Partners are responsible for their own tax liabilities — including money earned from the partnership — on their personal income tax returns, as taxes do not flow through a general partnership. General Partnership Advantages Compared with setting up a corporation or a limited liability partnership like an LLC, establishing a general partnership tends to cost very little and requires far less paperwork. In the United States, filing limited partnership paperwork with a state is generally not required, though a local business registration or appropriate permits or licenses may be necessary.
FINLAYSON, NICOL, HBC chief factor; b. c. 1795 at Loch Alsh, Ross-shire, Scotland; d. at Nairn, Scotland, 17 May 1877. Nicol Finlayson and a younger brother, Duncan, joined the Hudson’s Bay Company as writers in 1815. Nicol’s early experience was gained at Albany Factory on James Bay and at subordinate inland posts as far west as Lac Seul in present day northwestern Ontario. Although he was first considered frivolous and inattentive to business, he became efficient both as a trader and as an accountant. Being a good-natured man, he was liked by his Cree customers and in time acquired an exceptional knowledge of their language and customs. On 10 June 1830 Finlayson left Moose Factory for Ungava Bay to execute Governor George Simpson’s plans for trading with the Eskimos of Hudson Strait, who usually visited the Moravian missions on the northern part of the Labrador coast, and with the wandering Indians of the interior, who obtained their few necessities either from opposition traders on Esquimaux Bay (Hamilton Inlet) or from traders, HBC and others, on the Gulf of St Lawrence. Formerly the Ungava Bay area had been known to the HBC only from the journeys of the Moravians, Benjamin Gottlieb Kohlmeister* and George Kmoch, and its own employees, James Clouston and William Hendry. Finlayson followed Hendry’s overland route of 1828 and built Fort Chimo on the east bank of the South (Koksoak) River about 27 miles from its mouth. The site was almost destitute of wood and clay for building purposes but it provided a convenient berth for the vessel which was expected to keep Fort Chimo regularly supplied with trading goods and provisions from York Factory on the west coast of Hudson Bay. Because of its extreme isolation, both from York Factory and from the posts on James Bay, it proved impossible to maintain regular communication with Fort Chimo. Consequently Finlayson faced not only danger from the age-old enmity between Eskimos and Indians but also the problem of survival in a grim, barren land. In spite of all his efforts and those of his “second,” Erland Erlandson, business was unprofitable, the Eskimos having but little to spare and the Indians being more concerned with following the herds of caribou which supplied food and clothing (as well as the means for trading guns, ammunition, and tobacco) than with trapping furs, which were much more profitable for the company. John McLean*, who succeeded Finlayson, suffered less patiently the frustrations endured in trying to carry out Governor Simpson’s over-optimistic plans for exploiting the trade of a region he (McLean) described as presenting “as complete a picture of desolation as can be imagined.” Finlayson, who had been a chief trader since 1833, left Fort Chimo for Moose Factory in July 1836. He was granted extended furlough and visited Scotland in 1837–38 before returning to duty. For the remainder of his career he was employed at Michipicoten and York Factory, and in the HBC districts of Rainy Lake, Saskatchewan, Swan River, Île-à-la-Crosse, and Cumberland. His promotion in 1846 to the rank of chief factor entitled him to a seat on the Council of the Northern Department of Rupert’s Land. His health, impaired in Ungava, never fully recovered, and in 1855, at the end of his fourth visit to Scotland, he was retired by the company. He moved to Nairn, where he died in 1877. Finlayson had four sons and a daughter by an unidentified “native woman,” and two sons and a daughter who survived childhood by Elizabeth, a daughter of chief factor Alexander Kennedy, to whom he was married by Governor Simpson at Moose Factory on 10 Aug. 1829.
UK launches Active Office, solar energy in one integrated system This new building, known as the Active Office, points the way to a new generation of low-carbon offices which produce their own supply of clean energy. Buildings currently account for around 40% of UK energy consumption. This new building, known as the Active Office, points the way to a new generation of low-carbon offices which produce their own supply of clean energy. The office will be opened by Secretary of State for Wales Alun Cairns. It was designed by SPECIFIC, a UK Innovation and Knowledge Centre led by Swansea University. - A curved roof with integrated solar cells – showing the flexible nature of the laminated photovoltaic panel; - A Photovoltaic Thermal system on the south facing wall – which is capable of generating both heat and electricity from the sun in one system - Lithium ion batteries to store the electricity generated and a 2,000 litre water tank to store solar heat The 'buildings as power stations' concept has already been shown to work. Right next to the Active Office is the Active Classroom, the UK's first energy-positive classroom. Also built by SPECIFIC, this was recently named Project of the Year by the RICS Wales. In its first year of operation, the Active Classroom generated more than one and half times the energy it consumed. The Active Office and Classroom will be linked together and able to share energy with each other and electric vehicles, demonstrating how the concept could be applied in an energy-resilient solar-powered community. They will provide functional teaching and office spaces, as well as building-scale development facilities for SPECIFIC and its industry partners. Energy positive buildings could benefit the UK significantly. A 2017 analysis showed that it would mean: - Lower energy costs for the consumer - Less need for peak central power generating capacity and associated reduction in stress on the National Grid, leading to improved energy security - Reduced carbon emissions The Active Office has been designed to be easy to reproduce. It is quick to build, taking only one week to assemble, with much of the construction taking place off site. It also uses only technologies that are commercially available now, which means there is no reason why they could not be used on any new building.
All water used in the plant originates from a number of different wells on MSU property. These wells all draw from underground aquifers and are rotated to ensure no aquifer is drained too much. Each well also has its own unique composition of minerals and other impurities. To prevent these impurities from causing damage to the plant's machines, the water goes through extensive treatment before being used in steam production. The treatment described here is for water that will be turned into steam only, not for the cooling water. For information on the cooling water and its treatment, see the Condensers and Cooling Water page later in the tour. The water treatment process is currently undergoing some significant changes. Listed below are both the old method of treatment as well as the new method. The first cleaning step is an injection of a polymer into the water line. This polymer is a coagulant which causes the colloidal dispersion to form larger clusters. These polymer clusters and other larger particulates are removed in the sand filters. The final particulate removers are the activated carbon beds which remove organics. From here the ions must be removed either through an ion exchange system or a reverse osmosis system. The image below is for the ion exchange process: The old method of water treatment utilized an ion exchanger system. This was composed of two systems, an acid cation exchanger and a strong base anion exchanger. Due to how these systems operate, they required large volumes of strong chemicals, such as concentrated acid and NaOH, to regnerate them. They also had to be regenerated quite frequently as they would rapidly get saturated with impurities. These two issues, the frequent regenerations and the large volume of caustic chemicals has made the current system less desireable because reverse osmosis is becoming more economical. Below is an image of the cation exchange beds as it is still located in the plant though it is not currently in use: The New Method: MSU has been testing the use of an RO, or reverse osmosis, water treatment system. This system has been very successful in the test run and has drastically reduced the frequency of cleaning and the amount of chemicals needed. These factors mean that the plant will likely switch over to an RO system in the near future. Reverse osmosis uses a semi-permeable membrane to remove ions from the well water. Some models also have a pre-filtration section that removes larger particulates before it reaches the main membrane. The reason it is called reverse osmosis is that the water is being driven from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration; this is opposite the way the osmotic pressure is driving it and is caused by an external pressure that is applied to the system. This system has proven itself highly reliable in the current test run and has reduced costs and maintenance in the form of regenerative cleaning frequency. This system also has the bonus of being more physically compact than the ion exchanger system it replaces and having a higher capacity for clean water generation. The only negative is the upfront cost of buying the system and the backup system. Below is an example of what a reverse osmosis membrane coil looks like; note that this is not the specific type used in the MSU Power plant. This image was taken from Wikimedia Commons and was uploaded by Brian Shankbone with a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Original location can be found here.
Root Cause Tip: Causal Factor Development I thought I’d do a quick discussion on some ideas to help you when developing Causal Factors on your SnapCharT®. Let me start out by stressing the importance of using the definition of a Causal Factor (CF) when you are looking at your SnapCharT®. Remember, a Causal Factor is a mistake, error, or failure that, if corrected would have prevented the incident, or mitigated it’s consequences. The most important part of the definition are the first few words: mistake, error, or (equipment) failure. As you are looking for CFs, you should be looking for human error or mistakes that led directly to the incident. Remember, we aren’t blaming anyone. However, it is important to realize that almost all incidents are “caused” by someone not doing what they were supposed to do, or doing something they shouldn’t. This isn’t blame; this is just a recognition that humans make mistakes, and our root cause analysis must identify these mistakes in order to find the root causes of those mistakes. With this definition in mind, let’s talk about what is NOT a CF. Here are some examples: - “The operator did not follow the procedure.” While this may seem like a CF, this did not lead directly to the incident. We should ask ourselves, “What mistake was made because someone did not follow the procedure?” Maybe, the operator did not open the correct valve. Ah, that sounds like a mistake that, if it had not occurred, I probably would not have had the incident. Therefore, “Operator did not open valve VO-1” is probably the CF. Not following the procedure is just a problem that will go under this CF and describe the actual error. - “Pre-job brief did not cover pinch points.” Again, we should ask ourselves, “What mistake was made because we did not cover pinch points in our pre-job brief?” Maybe the answer is, “The iron worker put his hand on the end of the moving I-beam.” Again, this is the mistake that led directly to the incident. The pre-job brief will be a piece of information that describes why the iron worker put his hand in the pinch point. - “It was snowing outside.” I see this type of problem mis-identified as a CF quite often. Remember, a CF is a mistake, error, or equipment failure. “Snowing” is not a mistake; it is just a fact. The mistake that was made because it was snowing (“The employee slipped on the sidewalk”) might be the CF in this case, again with the snowy conditions listed under that CF as a relevant piece of data. Hopefully, this makes it a little easier to identify what is and is not a CF. Ask yourself, “Is my Causal Factor a mistake, and did that mistake lead directly to the incident?” If not, you can then identify what actually lead to the incident. This is your CF. Want to learn more? Attend our 2-day Advanced Causal Factor Development course February 26 and 27, 2018 in Knoxville, Tennessee and plan to stay for the 2018 Global TapRooT® Summit, February 28 to March 2, 2018.
Also found in: Dictionary, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to Mercosur: Unasur An international organization consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, as well as several associate members in Latin America. The organization mandates the lowering of tariffs and other trade barriers, with an eye toward eventually eliminating restrictions on the movement of capital, labor, and goods and services. It aims to increase trade by and between countries in South America; critics in the United States and elsewhere worry that it will prevent the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas from coming to fruition. See also: Free trade, Gaucho. Mercosura regional ‘customs union’ established in 1995 to promote FREE TRADE between Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay. See TRADE INTEGRATION, LATIN AMERICAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION. Mercosura regional CUSTOMS UNION established in 1995 to promote FREE TRADE between member countries. Mercosur, which comprises Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay, provides for the tariff-free movement of products between member countries and operates a ‘common external tariff against imports from non-members. See TRADE INTEGRATION.
Within the U.S. military, leadership is generally considered something of a given. It is a fundamental ingredient of warfare, without which the outcome of a combat operation cannot be assured. The leader is the brain, the motive power of command, upon whom subordinates rely for guidance and wisdom, and depend upon for good judgment. The leader must be determined, unflappable and charismatic; confident in delegation of authority; able to combine the various strands of command into a common thread; seasoned, intelligent, and thoughtful. When judging the qualities of leadership, there is a tendency to think of the gifted, or natural leader, involving some expectation that leadership is an inherent personality quality that some have, and …show more content… The essence of military leadership is not, of course, embodied in how much devotion a commander may inspire among the troops. While the ability to command is tied to a leader's general competence—the commander's ability to make correct decisions based on a given situation—the ability to lead remains more ethereal. Because of the intrinsic individuality of leadership, the military encourages the adoption of a particular “style” suited to the personality of the leader or to the situation at hand. One may be a director, a participant, or a delegator, but the centrality of the leader remains unquestioned. Whichever style is used, the expectation is that a positive result will emerge. Because there seems to be no precise definition of what leadership is, the use of historical example (lessons learned, in current military jargon) has generally been the method through which qualities of leadership have been ascertained. Just as important are examples of bad leadership, which is apt to get troops killed. The balance between the two provides the would‐be leader with patterns to avoid and copy. Definitions of military leadership generally describe what a good leader does, not necessarily what leadership is. According to current U.S. Army doctrine, “leadership is the process of influencing others to accomplish the mission by providing purpose, direction, and motivation.” Traditionally, applying those skills competently has been achieved through
Economic Benefits of Fracking to Local Communities The study found that the shale boom produced benefits valued at as much as $1,900 a year for the average household in nearby communities. - Income climbed 7 percent - 10% employment rate - Home prices increased by 6% (20% in ND) - Net benefits of around $300 a year for the typical household Unpleasant Side Effects of Shale Boom - More traffic - More pollution - General anxiety over the environmental dangers - 20% increase in spending for police and public safety South Texas Fracking Map With President-elect Donald Trump’s promise to expand fossil fuels in the United States, hydraulic fracturing, or fracing, is poised to become an even more important part of the nation’s energy system. On a national scale, its benefits are clear: lower energy prices, enhanced energy security, and lower air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. But there have been concerns that negative health and social impacts outweigh the economic benefits for local communities where drilling takes place. The first nationwide study of the comprehensive local impacts of fracing finds that when the costs and benefits are added up communities have on average benefited. (see study at https://epic.uchicago.edu/research/publications/local-economic-and-welfare-consequences-hydraulic-fracturing) The benefits include a 6 percent increase in average income, driven by rises in wages and royalty payments, a 10 percent increase in employment, and a 6 percent increase in housing prices. On the costs side, fracing reduces the typical household’s quality of life by about $1,000 to $1,600 annually not counting the increase in household income. “There appears to be a good deal of heterogeneity in the estimates across the nine shale regions in our sample,” says co-author Alex Bartik, of MIT. “These differences reflect both variation in how large fracing activity is relative to the local economy, as well as differences in local housing markets. In future research, we’re working on understanding this heterogeneity better.” Co-author Janet Currie, of Princeton, adds: “Communities that have banned fracing would perhaps have seen less benefit. The heterogeneity in effects lends support to the idea that local communities should have a voice in decision making about fracing. It will also be important to think about whether it is possible to compensate individual people in local communities who experience the costs of fracing without participating in the benefits.” Despite the heterogeneity, the overall trend is clear, says Greenstone: “All in all, the current data shows that on average the overall benefits to local communities outweigh the costs.”
Students are divided into four groups to produce name tents. Each group produces name tents in a different way to highlight different levels of human capital. Students identify ways in which people invest in their human capital. Students use the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook to analyze unemployment, educational attainment, and median weekly income data for 2012. They work with a partner to create a graphical representation of the data and share their examples with the class. As an assessment, they write several sentences that describe the unemployment, educational attainment, and median weekly income data and explain the likely impact of investment in human capital on potential earnings and unemployment. A second assessment asks students to use the Occupational Outlook Handbook to select an occupation of interest and outline the investments in human capital they must make to obtain that occupation. - define human capital and investment in human capital, - give examples of investment in human capital, - describe the relationship between a person’s level of education and income earning potential, and - describe the relationship between educational attainment and unemployment. Middle School – High School - 60 minutes - Handout 1, one copy for each student - Two sheets of light-colored construction paper per student plus one sheet for the teacher - One sheet of chart paper for each pair of students - One dark-colored marker for each student - Markers for each pair of students
Silicone Alkyd Coating Definition - What does Silicone Alkyd Coating mean? A silicone alkyd coating is a special type of coating in which alkyd resins are modified by adding silicone. When silica is added to alkyd resins, the product formed is a specialized series of products that can be further used to formulate coatings. Such coatings have excellent durability, toughness, good resistance to cracking and abrasion resistance caused by severe temperature changes. These silicon alkyd resins are used in maintenance paints for steel and concrete, used to provide high quality maintenance finishes, exterior decorative, marine paints, coatings on brass and aluminum, and heat-resistant paints. Silicone alkyd coatings are also known as silicone modified alkyd resins. Corrosionpedia explains Silicone Alkyd Coating When silicone is added to an alkyd resin coating, a unique combination of coating properties are imparted into the alkyd resin coating that make this coating (silicone modified alkyd resin) a preferred choice to protect and preserve expensive industrial structures from harsh corrosive environments. Silicone or silica is considered to be a great binder that bonds tightly with substrate material. Silicone alkyd resins act as binders or co-binders in the coating, thereby imparting important benefits such as durability throughout the life of the coating. It also offers resistance to weathering for exterior surfaces such as bridges and metal cladding on buildings. It repels water on masonry surfaces such as stone and brick. Silicone alkyd resins have greater resistance to high temperatures than organic resins and are used in paints for ovens, chimneys, car exhaust systems and barbecues.
Electric forklifts are used to carry heavy loads, to move items or stock in a warehouse or a factory, and to load and unload goods on trucks. Electric forklifts are powered by rechargeable batteries (lead-acid batteries), which can be hazardous. A forklift is a small vehicle with attachments that enable it lift and move different types of loads. It's useful in factories and warehouses. A forklift operates on rear-wheel drive, and this makes driving tricky. Also because it carries loads at the front, the centre of gravity always changes and results in the forklift being unstable. On a forklift, the driver usually sits in an area called the "cat," which has metal protection that stretches overhead like a roof. On the front is the mast, the mechanism that lifts and lowers the load by the use of hydraulic cylinders. Uses and Capabilities Forklifts may be used in factories and warehouses for moving contents from one location to the other. They usually have a load ability of about 1 and 5 tons. Depending on their load capacity, they can be used to lift shipping containers and loads of about 50 tons.
India’s increasing efforts towards expansion of renewable energy have led to a substantial increase in solar power generation over the past year. In the calendar year 2017, the total solar electricity generation in the country yielded over 21.5 billion units (BU) of electricity. This represents a huge increase of over 86 percent from the 11.6 BU generated in the preceding year of 2016. More than 9.5 GW of solar projects were commissioned in 2017, accounting for approximately 45 percent of all new generation capacity added in India during the year. This robust installation activity also made solar the number one source of new power capacity additions last year. In the fourth quarter of 2017, solar power accounted for over 6.5 BU of electricity produced in India. This marks an increase of over 1.2 BU compared to the third quarter of 2017, according to data provided by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA). The increase was even more substantial when compared to the same period a year earlier, with solar energy generation in Q4 2017 increasing by 80 percent from the 3.6 BU generated in Q4 2016. The rise can be attributed to a substantial increase in the number of commissioned grid-connected solar projects. In September 2017, installed solar capacity stood at 17 GW and was almost twice the capacity recorded during the same month of 2016, according to Mercom’s India Solar Project Tracker. The pace of installations gained further momentum with another 3 GW added in the final three months of the year to bring India’s total solar capacity to the crucial milestone of 20 GW. In terms of year-over-year growth, solar was again the clear winner. Solar power generation grew by 86 percent from 2016 to 2017, more than any other power generation source. Wind power generation increased by 21 percent year-over-year, followed by hydro at 6 percent and thermal with 3.7 percent. However, total power generated by solar energy was still only 1.67 percent. In India thermal still makes up majority of power generation with 79 percent. Solar and other renewable sources still have a long way to go before dethroning king coal. India’s solar sector could shine even brighter if several lingering uncertainties about matters like the proposed anti-dumping duty, the proposed safeguard duty, and the misclassification of solar modules at ports are dealt with by government agencies immediately.
A cutback asphalt is simply a combination of asphalt cement and petroleum solvent. Like emulsions, cutbacks are used because they reduce asphalt viscosity for lower temperature uses (tack coats, fog seals, slurry seals, stabilization material). Similar to emulsified asphalts, after a cutback asphalt is applied the petroleum solvent evaporates leaving behind asphalt cement residue on the surface to which it was applied. A cutback asphalt is said to “cure” as the petroleum solvent evaporates away. The use of cutback asphalts is decreasing because of (Roberts et al., 1996): - Environmental regulations. Cutback asphalts contain volatile chemicals that evaporate into the atmosphere. Emulsified asphalts evaporate water into the atmosphere. - Loss of high energy products. The petroleum solvents used require higher amounts of energy to manufacture and are expensive compared to the water and emulsifying agents used in emulsified asphalts. In many places, cutback asphalt use is restricted to patching materials for use in cold weather. - Roberts, F.L.; Kandhal, P.S.; Brown, E.R.; Lee, D.Y. and Kennedy, T.W. (1996). Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design, and Construction. National Asphalt Pavement Association Education Foundation. Lanham, MD. ↵
December 31, 2016 How to write a business plan WikiHow? Component 1Getting Ready To Write Your Company Arrange - Establish the kind of business strategy you are going to use. While all company programs share the common objective of describing an organizations function and structure, examining industry, and generating cashflow projections, the types of plans differ. You will find three significant sorts. - The mini program. This will be a shorter plan (likely 10 pages or less), and is ideal for identifying potential curiosity about your online business, further exploring a thought, or starting place to the full program. This is certainly outstanding starting point. - The working program. This is considered the full form of the miniplan, and its primary purpose is always to describe, without emphasis on look, precisely how to create and run the business enterprise. This is the program the company owner would refer to on a regular basis as the company moves towards its objectives. - The presentation plan. The presentation program is meant for individuals other than those getting and running the company. This may consist of prospective investors or bankers. It really is basically the working plan, but with an emphasis on sleek, marketable presentation, and proper business language and terminology. Whereas the working plan is good for reference because of the owner, the presentation needs to be written with people, bankers, and also the public in your mind. - Comprehend the standard construction associated with the business strategy. Whether going for a miniplan, or an extensive working intend to begin, it is essential to comprehend the essential aspects of a small business plan. - The company concept may be the first broad component of a small business plan. The main focus the following is from the description of your business, its market, its services and products, and its particular business construction and administration. - The market analysis is the second major element of a business plan. Your business will operate within a particular marketplace, and it is important to understand customer demographics, preferences, needs, buying behavior, as well as the competition. - The financial analysis may be the 3rd element of the business program. If your business is brand-new, this will add projected cash flows, money expenses, while the stability sheet. It will likewise consist of forecasts as to as soon as the business will break-even. - Get appropriate help. If you lack company or monetary training, it is never ever an awful idea to enlist assistance from an accountant to aid utilizing the economic evaluation portion of the program. - The aforementioned parts would be the broad components of business program. These areas subsequently break up in to the after seven areas, which we're going to, in an effort, consider writing after that: business description, market analysis, business construction and administration, services and products, marketing and product sales, and ask for for money. - Format your document correctly. Format section titles in Roman Numeral order. Like, I, II, III, and so forth. - While the first area is technically referred to as "Executive Overview" (gives the state overview of your company), it's typically written last since all the details through the business strategy is required to produce it. - Write business description once the first section. To achieve this, explain your organization and identify industry requires for the product or service. Shortly explain your key consumers and how you would like to be successful. - For instance, if your business is a small coffee shop, your description may review something similar to, "Joe's coffee shop is a tiny, downtown-based institution centered on offering premium made coffee and fresh baking in a comfortable, contemporary environment. Joe's coffee is situated one block from the neighborhood University, and aims to supply an appropriate environment for students, professors, and downtown workers to study, socialize, or just flake out between classes or conferences. By emphasizing exceptional atmosphere, close area, advanced items, and superb customer care, Joe's coffee will differentiate it self from its colleagues." - Write your marketplace evaluation. The purpose of this area is explore and demonstrate understanding of the marketplace your company is running within. - Consist of information on your marketplace. You need to be capable respond to questions like, that is your target market? Exactly what are their needs and choices? Just how old are they, and where are they found? - Ensure that you integrate a competitive analysis that delivers research and all about immediate competitors. List your primary rivals strengths and weaknesses in addition to potential effect on your business. This section is really important, because outlines exactly how your organization will gain share of the market by capitalizing on competition's weaknesses. - Describe business's organizational framework and administration. This area of business plan centers around key personnel. Add factual statements about the business proprietors as well as its administration group. - Talk about your team's expertise and exactly how decisions is going to be made. In the event that proprietors and supervisors and possess extensive backgrounds on the market or a track record of success, emphasize it. - If you have an organizational chart, consist of it. - Describe your product or service. exactly what are you offering? What is so excellent regarding the service or product? Exactly how will consumers gain? Just how is-it much better than your competition products? - Address any queries regarding the product's life cycle. Would you actually have or expect developing a prototype, or filing for a patent or copyright? Note all planned tasks. - For example, if you may be composing a strategy for a cafe, you'd add an in depth menu that would describe all services and products. Before writing the selection, you'd integrate a quick summary showing why your specific selection establishes your online business aside from other individuals. You may state, including, "Our coffee shop offer five several types of beverages, including coffee, teas, smoothies, soda's, and hot chocolates. Our range is going to be a vital competitive advantage even as we can offer a diversity of product choices that our primary competitors are currently maybe not providing". - Write your advertising and marketing and sales strategy. In this area, describe the manner in which you intend to penetrate the market, control growth, talk to customers, and circulate your products or services or services. - Be clear in defining your sales method. Do you want to use sales representatives, billboard marketing, pamphlet distribution, social internet marketing, or all above? - Make a financing request. In the event that you uses your business plan to secure funding, feature a funding request. Explain how much money you ought to begin and keep maintaining your online business. Supply an itemized summary of just how start up money will be utilized. Offer a timeline for the money demand. - Gather monetary statements to support your financing demand. To precisely complete this task, in some cases it may be necessary to employ an accountant, lawyer, or any other professional. - Financial statements should include all historical (if you are an existing business) or projected financial information, including forecast statements, balance sheets, cash-flow statements, profit and loss statements, and spending spending plans. For starters full year, supply month-to-month and quarterly statements. Every year after that, yearly statements. These papers should be placed in the Appendix Section of your company program. - Add projected money flows for at the least 6 many years or until steady development rates tend to be accomplished if feasible, a valuation calculation according to discounted money flows. - Write the executive summary. Your professional summary will act as an introduction towards business strategy. It'll consist of your company's objective declaration and offer visitors with an overview of the services or products, marketplace, and goals and targets. Make sure to spot this area at the beginning of your document. - Existing organizations should include historic information regarding the organization. When had been the business enterprise very first conceptualized? What are some significant development benchmarks? - Start-ups will focus more on business evaluation and their money goal. Mention their corporate structure, its money necessity, and when you'll provide equity to people. - Present organizations and start-ups should highlight any significant achievements, contracts, current or prospects and review future programs. Share this article July 20, 2017 May 28, 2014 April 13, 2014
Richmond’s Commercial Club wanted the city to be involved in the war effort beyond buying war bonds and planting gardens. A unique opportunity presented itself in May of 1918. Automobiles were still a novelty at the start of the Great War, but it didn’t take long for the new technology to show its wartime value. Only a few weeks after the opening shots in the summer of 1914, Paris was saved by the fleet of taxis that rushed French troops out to the front to help stop the advancing German army. All the armies still used thousands of horses and other animals, but cars that didn’t need to be fed and watered and weren’t startled by explosions were an appealing option. The armies needed fewer veterinarians, but many more mechanics. Richmond had at least three automobile factories and many more garages, so it was qualified to help. A young teacher named Kenneth V. Carman had been employed at the Richmond schools as head of vocational education, but when the war started he left to take a position with the Vocational Training Section of the War Department. The need for trained mechanics had been discussed in Washington, and Mr. Carman suggested Richmond as a desirable location for such a school. Several inspections and lots of red tape later, Richmond was officially selected as the host of one of the Army’s newest schools. The Commercial Club, which was an early version of the Chamber of Commerce, was in charge of the arrangements for the creation of the school. It created a Training Detachment committee comprised of William H. Dill, president of the Commercial Club, George Seidel, owner of the Pilot Automobile Company, and J. T. Giles, Superintendent of Richmond Schools. These men were responsible for housing, feeding and instruction of the troops. The Army provided a captain, two lieutenants, a medical officer and a mess sergeant for military drill and discipline. The specific location of the school was the historic mill in Spring Grove which had been built in the 1860s. The second and third floors were used for sleeping quarters and offices, and the first floor was fitted out as the kitchen and mess hall. The workshops were set up in the basement. The drill grounds were located a short distance north of the barracks. The first group of 103 soldiers arrived in Richmond on July 1, 1918 and reported to the Training Detachment. After a week of military orientation, they began their instruction. The committee had been able to secure several engines, but they also asked (through the newspaper) for other equipment loans. They also made an announcement that anyone owning a Ford or Dodge that their cars would be repaired for free at the detachment, presumably because those were the makes that the Army owned. The first class completed training at the end of August, and the next class of 103 reported a couple days later on September 2. By this time, the Commercial Club had been given authorization to expand the school to accommodate 600 soldiers at a time. Construction of a large barracks attached to the old mill began in September to be ready for the enlarged school to start in November. The war ended before the plans could be completed. The old mill building was nearly unoccupied for the next several years, but even into the 1950s the sign reading “The Richmond Commercial Club Training Detachment” could still plainly be seen. The mill was finally torn down in 1967. — Sue King
Phosphor bronze, or tin bronze, is a bronze alloy that contains a mixture of copper, tin and phosphorous. Qualities of Phosphor Bronze Alloys Phosphor bronze alloys are primarily used for electrical products because they have superb spring qualities, high fatigue resistance, excellent formability, and high corrosion resistance. The addition of tin increases the corrosion resistance and strength of the alloy. The phosphor increases the wear resistance and stiffness of the alloy. Phosphor bronze C544 is one of the finest bearing alloys the industry has to offer. Phosphor bronze is available in sheet, strip, plate, wire, rod and bar. Other uses include corrosion resistant bellows, diaphragms, spring washers, bushings, bearings, shafts, gears, thrust washers, and valve parts.
Advances in technologies proceed to democratize and make everything fair for purchasers and SMEs by giving access to business sectors and materials already inaccessible outside of vast ventures and institutions. The most recent cycle of this marvel, one with extraordinary potential to drastically change the manner in which we imagine, design, create circulate and expand, we everything, is the democratization of the Indian manufacturing industry determined by the ydevelopment in 3D printing technology. Advancements in 3D printing are propelling the business. The foundational technology behind 3D printing has existed since the mid-1980s, but since of high materials costs and moderate production speeds, its uses were constrained to small-scale production and prototyping. In any case, 3D printing innovation keeps on ending up progressively amazing and increasingly open. Like the microchip, which developed through a conjunction of expanded selection and advancement, reception of 3D printing innovation and advancement in materials, shading abilities,and even printing systems are pushing the business toward an eventual fate of mass-delivered. This will fundamentally change the 12 trillion worldwide manufacturing industry. We’ve just started to see its effect in major industries like technology, medical, consumer goods and automotive where prosthetic limbs are being 3D-printed with more noteworthy productivity and lower costs than conventional techniques and autos are being worked with lighter, more grounded and more customizable parts than ever before. Unchaining 3D printing as a handy technology Independent suppliers of 3D printing services, make advanced manufacturing innovation progressively accessible and moderate to independent ventures of every kind. For small businesses, service authorities give access to 3D printing technology without the forthright expenses of buying their own frameworks. At last, the financial matters of 3D printing are characterized by the cost-per-part (CPP) to deliver. This envelops capital expenses for gear and support, materials expenses, and manufacturing efficiency. 3D printing materials costs will turn out to be intensely lower. Furthermore, as materials cost lower and the gear abilities increment, there will turn into a sensational increment in the number of parts it bodes well to 3D print – from several thousand to millions to many millions and past – further driving the fundamental economies of scale from significant industry to benefit agency clients. Access to 3D printing is progressive for small companies Traditional manufacturing expects organizations to put resources into costly forms previously a single product can be created. And once the mold is developed, big order commitments are needed to attain a sufficient scale for products to be priced competitively in the market. This poses a confront for any company; but for startups and small companies, it’s frequently entirely cost-prohibitive. 3D printing technology disposes of such classy hindrances to section by not requiring physical requirements like molds for generations. Truth be told, products can be particularly created straightforwardly from advanced records, with 3D printing programming all set to recognize potential plan blemishes or irregularities before the assembling procedure even begins. Furthermore, the capacity of service agencies to print products on-request dispenses with the requirement for considerable manufacturing runs or the potential for excess inventory 3D printing technology is the most recent emphasis in the democratization of technology that has characterized the advanced world, and impart a sense of connection, plausibility, and consider in each one of us.
Lead chamber process In 1746 in Birmingham, England, John Roebuck began producing sulfuric acid in lead-lined chambers, which were stronger and less expensive, and could be made much larger, than the glass containers which had been used previously. This allowed the effective industrialization of sulfuric acid production and, with several refinements, this process remained the standard method of production for almost two centuries. So robust was the process that as late as 1946, the chamber process still accounted for 25% of sulfuric acid manufactured. Sulfur dioxide is introduced with steam and nitrogen dioxide into large chambers lined with sheet lead where the gases are sprayed down with water and chamber acid (62–70% Sulfuric acid). The sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolve and over a period of approximately 30 minutes the sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfuric acid. The presence of nitrogen dioxide is necessary for the reaction to proceed at a reasonable rate. The process is highly exothermic, and a major consideration of the design of the chambers was to provide a way to dissipate the heat formed in the reactions. Early plants used very large lead-lined wooden rectangular chambers (Faulding box chambers) that were cooled by ambient air. The internal lead sheathing served to contain the corrosive sulfuric acid and to render the wooden chambers waterproof. Around the turn of the nineteenth century, such plants required about half a cubic meter of volume to process the sulfur dioxide equivalent of a kilogram of burned sulfur. In the mid-19th century, French chemist Gay-Lussac redesigned the chambers as stoneware packed masonry cylinders. In the 20th century, plants using Mills-Packard chambers supplanted the earlier designs. These chambers were tall tapered cylinders that were externally cooled by water flowing down the outside surface of the chamber. Sulfur dioxide for the process was provided by burning elemental sulfur or by the roasting of sulfur-containing metal ores in a stream of air in a furnace. During the early period of manufacture, nitrogen oxides were produced by the decomposition of niter at high temperature in the presence of acid, but this process was gradually supplanted by the air oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide in the presence of a catalyst. The recovery and reuse of oxides of nitrogen was an important economic consideration in the operation of a chamber process plant. In the reaction chambers, nitric oxide reacts with oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide. Liquid from the bottom of the chambers is diluted and pumped to the top of the chamber and sprayed downwards in a fine mist. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are absorbed in the liquid and react to form sulfuric acid and nitric oxide. The liberated nitric oxide is sparingly soluble in water and returns to the gas in the chamber where it reacts with oxygen in the air to reform nitrogen dioxide. Some percentage of the nitrogen oxides are sequestered in the reaction liquor as nitrosylsulfuric acid and as nitric acid, so fresh nitric oxide must be added as the process proceeds. Later versions of chamber plants included a high-temperature Glover tower to recover the nitrogen oxides from the chamber liquor, while concentrating the chamber acid to as much as 78% H2SO4. Exhaust gases from the chambers are scrubbed by passing into a tower through which some of the Glover acid flows over broken tile. Nitrogen oxides are absorbed to form nitrosylsulfuric acid, which is then returned to the Glover tower to reclaim the oxides of nitrogen. Sulfuric acid produced in the reaction chambers is limited to about 35% concentration. At higher concentrations, nitrosylsulfuric acid precipitates on the lead walls as chamber crystals and is no longer able to catalyze the oxidation reactions. - S8 + 8 O2 → 8 SO2 - 4 FeS2 + 11 O2 → 2 Fe2O3 + 8 SO2 - 2 NaNO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O + NO + NO2 + O2 - 2 NOHSO4 + H2O → 2 H2SO4 + NO + NO2 In the reaction chambers, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolve in the reaction liquor. Nitrogen dioxide is hydrated to produce nitrous acid which then oxidizes the sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid and nitric oxide. The reactions are not well characterized but it is known that nitrosylsulfuric acid is an intermediate in at least one pathway. The major overall reactions are: - 2 NO2 + H2O → HNO2 + HNO3 - SO2 (aq) + HNO3 → NOHSO4 - NOHSO4 + HNO2 → H2SO4 + NO2 + NO - SO2 (aq) + 2 HNO2 → H2SO4 + 2 NO Nitric oxide escapes from the reaction liquor and is subsequently reoxidized by molecular oxygen to nitrogen dioxide. This is the overall rate determining step in the process: - 2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2 Nitrogen oxides are absorbed and regenerated in the process, and thus serve as a catalyst for the overall reaction: - 2 SO2 + 2 H2O + O2 → 2 H2SO4 - Edward M. Jones, "Chamber Process Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid", Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Nov 1950, Vol 42, No. 11, pp 2208–10. - F. A. Gooch and C. F. Walker, Outlines of Inorganic Chemistry, MacMillan, London, 1905, pp 274. - Jones, pp 2209. - Derry, Thomas Kingston; Williams, Trevor I. (1993). A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900. New York: Dover. - Kiefer, David M. (2001). "Sulfuric Acid: Pumping Up the Volume". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
Soapstone raw is unfinished material, manufactures the finish product. Sandstone is a metamorphic rock which is main rock among igneous and sedimentary rock. It is formatted by high heat and pressure. It is magnesium silicate mineral. Due to softness, it is easy to carve. It is a form of talc. The name Soapstone derived due to its smoothness as talc and soap. It's a soft heavy compact variety with talc and soap feels. Soapstone is steatite stone. Alkalis and acids can not affect soapstone. Soapstone is easy to carve and cut. The rock is also known as schist. Soapstone composed of Silica, Alumina, Calcium oxide, Iron oxide, Soda and potash, Mica, Red Oxide, and Chalk. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) Soda and potash (NaO & KO2) After quarrying process, soapstone raw needs go through a selection process. In selection process obtain different varieties of soapstone according to chemical properties. Soapstone rock consists of: Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. This is one of the softest minerals. Magnesite (MgCO3), is part of the calcite group of minerals belongs to magnesium group. Soapstone raw needs grinding, crushing process to get finish material.
There are so many Uses of Hemp and that including its waste fibres being transformed into super-capacitors that are equal to graphene. (Graphene is a form of carbon that is 100 times stronger than steel and conducts electricity better than copper.) US researches say the hemp-transformed material is strong enough to build electric cars and power tools. Hemp is a fraction of the cost to grow, and the leftover fibre is usually discarded in landfills. For the full story click here.
Plagiarism, presentations, training and business websites We all know that it is wrong to copy someone else’s work without out proper attribution. But then we only usually copy or use a very small part of that book or article. Don’t we? Plagiarism – a definition Plagiarism is the “wrongful appropriation” and “purloining and publication” of another author’s “language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions,” and the representation of them as one’s own original work – Wikipedia If you produced something you were proud of, and someone took that and used it in their entirety I’m guessing you would not be very happy? Well this is what many, many of us in the presentation and world of learning and development do. We use people pictures and images. It’s the “wrongful appropriation” of images. Having been bitten last year by a contributor to my site posting a (c) picture without permission, this has made me a little over sensitive. But then if you had an invoice for over £400 ($600) for something you did not use, you might be sensitive too! When developing a presentation it’s important that we use images that we have had permission for, or at least can be used. Having said that a reference and acknowledgement to the source is always a good idea! Some would say that Plagerism is when you do not say where you took it from. And copyright infringement is when you take it(& use it) without permission. Copyright and images Basically if you did not draw or take the picture yourself, then the chances are the image is someone else’s copyright. That is, unless you BOUGHT the image from an appropriate site. If you are using the image for anything to do with your business, as an employee IN a business then be legal. You can use the images that come as clipart from Microsoft for example, or Corel, or one of the other drawing packages. But as a rule of thumb – do not download from the web and use. If you are looking for images of famous people, the chances are the image is protected by the photographer. One way to use a person’s image is to use the image of the cover of a book or advert they are in – use the image in its entirety. As few commercial firms are likely to complain about you promoting their product (esp if the tone is not derogatory or slanderous about the person). For example: Get your own images Hiring a professional photographer and models can be expensive, On the plus side, you will end up with unique images. There are innovative projects around, such as the mi-stock initiative from Quicklearn where a number of small business owners get together and are in effect each other’s “models”. For example this image to the left. This is a great cost effective solution to having custom images. Images are increasingly important With the growth of social media, GooglePlus, Instragram and Pinterest etc, images are increasingly important for our business and the messages we want to communicate to employees, customers and potential customers and employees. Having standard, used 1000 times images may look good quality, but once seen are not associated with you and your company. It’s lazy. Sure most of us do not have an unlimited budget. But do invest in images. As long as the style fits with your values, even DIY images will work for you. But of course professional will always be better. Jeff Bullas has this great piece on the use of images on marketing info, but the same reasons can apply equally to any communications channel. After all we are “marketing” to employees with our communications too! In the article he gives 6 Reasons Why Images are Important - Articles with images get 94% more total views - Including a Photo and a video in a press release increases views by over 45% - 60% of consumers are more likely to consider or contact a business when an image shows up in local search results - In an ecommerce site, 67% of consumers say the quality of a product image is “very important” in selecting and purchasing a product - In an online store, customers think that the quality of a products image is more important than product-specific information (63%), a long description (54%) and ratings and reviews (53%) - Engagement rate on Facebook for photos averages 0.37% where text only is 0.27% (this translates to a 37% higher level of engagement for photos over text) Increasingly the world of online is becoming graphics and photo based – you need to decide how you are going to meet this need – legally – or illegally putting you and your business at risk. One major international organisation I have been working with recently had to undertake a complete review of the images they were using for “internal” presentations, as it transpired they were sometimes being used externally, thus putting the organisation at risk! Don’t let copyright or Plagiarism ruin your business or reputation Do not treat the info on this page on plagiarism and copyright as legal advice – check with your lawyer

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