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The Benefits of Shopping for Cheaper Utility Companies
Almost every property owner or renter would love to reduce their energy bills at the property they reside in. While there are many things people can do to cut costs with energy conservation, prices for utilities always seem too expensive with few real areas of savings. The good news is things have changed in the last few decades in certain areas of utilities. In fact, now in some states, residential customers have been able to find cheap electricity with no deposit because of changes in the utility marketplace.
Having electricity for a home or rental unit is a need for everyone. In years past, many areas of the country only gave customers one choice for their public utility electrical company. However, due to deregulation changes, consumers now have a greater variety of choices when they are seeking a source for their electrical company for residential and commercial use.
Understanding Utility Deregulation
Deregulation is a process by which the government makes companies that are known to have a monopoly on a specific business or utility, change the way they do business. Deregulation forces conglomerates to share the industry with smaller or competitive companies. This is done to establish a more open free market approach which usually significantly benefits consumers.
While most Americans are familiar with deregulation of transportation and communications, fewer have been aware of the changes and trends in the energy sector as well. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 allowed for the other companies to be able to handle the distribution of wholesale electricity and natural gas to competitors. These second-tier companies then deliver it to their customers and manage their service. These changes allow consumers in states that have adapted the changes to shop around for an electricity or natural gas carrier with cheaper rates than the primary carrier in the state or region. While the primary electric company of a given area is still the source of the energy, the distribution and management of the electricity is now allowed to be managed by a host of different companies. This allows consumers a greater opportunity of choice for getting their basic electric services managed at a significantly lower rate.
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 was a federal policy that opened the deregulation process in all 50 states. However, not all fifty states have enacted these changes or completed the process for these changes in utility service. Only the states that have completed the deregulation process have multiple companies that offer service of electrical or natural gas supply. Presently, as of 2018 there are eighteen states that have a deregulated electricity market. There are another six states that are in the process of deregulation for electricity as well.
In addition, there are some states that offer deregulated public utility gas as well as electricity and others that offer only deregulated gas or electricity. There are an additional twelve states that have deregulated public utility gas services but not electric. Texas is one of the primary deregulated electric energy markets which affords excellent opportunities for electric customers to shop around for the best deal they can find. |
In our project “AUTOMATIC DOUBLE AXIS WELDING MACHINE” is beings with an introduction to welding the various components automatically. Single -pneumatic cylinder and Solenoid valve are provided. cylinder is for the forward and backward movement, it moves x and y axis is called double axis welding machine
The Double axis welding machine makes use of properly shaped MS alloy electrodes in order to apply pneumatic pressure and carry electrical current through the workpieces. Heat is generated mainly at the merging point between two sheets. This causes the material being welded to melt gradually, thereby forming a molten bath, known as the weld mass. The molten bath is held through the pressure applied by the electrode tip and the encircling solid metal. In this type of welding process, no welding rod is used. If the compressed air goes to solenoid valve to pneumatic cylinder . welding holder connected to pneumatic cylinder which actuated by solenoid valve at the time automated welded for metal.
* Small in size.
* Cost is less compared to other welding machine.
* Due to the nature of portable it can be easily handled.
* Due to portable ability it is easily handled.
- Not so effective for very hard materials.
- Feed should be given intermittently.
- Overload should be avoided.
There are many different uses of spot welding machines. Some of the areas where it finds application are:
- Automobile industry
- Automotive manufacturing
- Metal working |
Bound rate, simple mean, all products (%)
Definition: Simple mean bound rate is the unweighted average of all the lines in the tariff schedule in which bound rates have been set. Bound rates result from trade negotiations incorporated into a country's schedule of concessions and are thus enforceable.
Description: The map below shows how Bound rate, simple mean, all products (%) varies by country. The shade of the country corresponds to the magnitude of the indicator. The darker the shade, the higher the value. The country with the highest value in the world is Bangladesh, with a value of 155.53. The country with the lowest value in the world is Hong Kong SAR, China, with a value of 0.00.
Source: World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from World Trade Organization. |
Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse strong threads. It is produced primarily from plants in the genus Corchorus, which was once classified with the family Tiliaceae, and more recently with Malvaceae. The Corchorus capsularis "Jute" is the name of the plant or fiber that is used to make yarn burlap, hessian or gunny cloth, bag etc.
Jute is one of the most affordable 100% natural fibers and it is second only to cotton in amount produced. It falls into the bast fiber category (fiber collected from bast, the phloem of the plant, sometimes called the "skin") along with kenaf, industrial hemp, flax (linen), ramie, etc. The industrial term for jute fiber is raw jute. The fibers are off-white to brown, and 1–4 metres (3–13 feet) long. Jute is also called the golden fiber for its color and high cash value.
Because of eco-friendly products jute most abundantly produced in Bangladesh and its’ demand is growing
day by day worldwide for the care of earth environment, we take the privilege of having serve and share the world’s environmental care. |
Tokyo, March 7: In an important step towards development of green energy, Japanese researchers have developed a new prototype of a turbine to efficiently harness energy from ocean currents. In various experiments to test its design and configuration, the turbine was found to have robust construction and it achieved efficiency comparable to that of commercial wind turbines, a study said. The turbine is especially suitable for regions regularly devastated by storms and typhoons, such as Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines, the researchers noted. "Our design is simple, reliable, and power-efficient," said one of the researchers Katsutoshi Shirasawa, staff scientist at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) in Okinawa, Japan. In the journal Renewable Energy, the OIST researchers proposed a design for a submerged marine turbine to harness the energy of the Kuroshio Current, flowing along the Japanese coast. The turbine operates in the middle layer of the current, 100 metre below the surface, where the waters flow calmly and steadily, even during strong storms. The turbine comprises a float, a counterweight, a nacelle to house electricity-generating components, and three blades. Minimising the number of components is essential for easy maintenance, low cost and a low failure rate, the researchers explained. Water is over 800 times as dense as air, and even a slow current contains energy comparable to a strong wind, making ocean currents a viable source of clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuels. The new turbine design is a hybrid of a kite and a wind turbine - an ocean current turbine is anchored to the seabed with a line and floats in the current while water rotates its three blades, the researchers said. |
Copper: The Essential Metal (Part 2)
Copper is one of the most widely used metals on the planet, and has been for more than 10,000 years. It’s history is rich and distinctive as its unique colour, and it is now indispensable in modern society.
In this infographic we explore why copper prices have increased by 4x over the course of 10 years. Major factors include lower ore grades, exploration pushed to higher risk areas of the globe, and growing Chinese demand. |
Chapter 4 - Gallipolis City Schools
Chapter 4 - Gallipolis City Schools
Business Ethics and Social
4.1 Business Ethics
A neighbor offered you $15 for picking up
her mail. Afterward, she gives you $20
and refuses to take change. She actually
gave you two twenties that were stuck
together. What would you do??? Be
What would you do if you found a copy of
a midterm exam or a diamond ring in the
restroom at a restaurant?
The Nature of Ethics
ETHICS- moral principles by which people
conduct themselves personally, socially, or
BUSINESS ETHICS- rules based on moral
principles about how businesses and
employees out to conduct themselves.
Unethical behavior by customers result in
businesses having to raise prices for
CODE OF ETHICS- set of guidelines for
maintaining ethics in the workplace.
Laws and Ethics
(Occupational Safety and
Health Administration) part of the US
Department of Labor. They set and
enforce rules for work-related health
Ethics and Good Business
A code of ethics can cover issues such as
employee behavior and environmental
Unethical business practices include, lying,
offering merchandise known to be
substandard, or treating customers or
Owner could be fined or spend time in jail.
Employees might be fired or lose his or
Ex.: Insurance companies
Suppose you own an auto-body paint
shop. To increase your profits, you charge
tope price and use the cheapest paint.
One of your customers complains about
the quality of paint, but you do not care
because she has already paid. What is one
customer, right? The is that most
businesses (especially small businesses)
rely on repeat customers. The amount
you make in profits from one unhappy
customer may not be worth the lost
business. Or would it?
Suppose you manage a small film distribution
company. You hire Jaime fresh out of business
school to run the office. You teach him how to
use the computer system, how to deal with
customers, and how the business works. You
also pay him very little, make him do all your
work, and treat him poorly. The first chance
Jaime gets, he quits and ends up being hired by
one of your competitors. You now have to retrain
a new employee to take his place. Meanwhile,
your competition no has a well trained employee,
who is much more efficient.
Conflicts of Interest
Conflict between self interest and professional
Ex: A manager of a small business hires his
sister to do some work in the firm, but she is
clearly unqualified to do the work. Giving the
position to the sister will help out the family but
will create morale problems with the other
employees. It may also damage the business if
her work does not get done. When making
business decisions, employees have an ethical
obligation to act in the best interest of the
it against the law? Does it violate
company or professional policies?
Even if everyone is doing it, how
would I feel if someone does this to
Am I sacrificing long-term benefits
for short-term gains?
ETHICAL Decision Making
Identify the ethical dilemma.
2. Discover alternative actions.
3. Decide who might be affected.
4. List the probable effects of the
5. Select the best alternative.
4.2 Social Responsibility
Social Responsibility is the duty to do what
is best for the good of society.
Businesses that follow ethical standards
value integrity and honesty in employees.
Ethics are an integral part of their
Some people believe that if a company
produces goods that benefit society, it is
fulfilling its social responsibility.
Responsibility to Customers
Customers are a business’s first responsibility.
They should offer a good, and safe product or
service at a reasonable price.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) protects
consumers from dangerous or falsely advertised
Fair competition between businesses is necessary
for the marketplace to operate effectively.
When companies restrict competition, consumers
are affected. They have fewer choices.
When a company does not have to compete, it’s
Responsibility to Employees
Some businesses provide work experience
for people with limited job skills.
Volunteerism is another way businesses
tackle societal problems.
Workers used to have few rights.
– Equal Pay Act (1964)-men and women paid the
same for doing the same job.
– Americans with Disabilities Act
Responsibility to Society
of the biggest social issues
facing businesses today is
1970, Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) enforces rules that
protect the environment and control
Responsibility to Creditors and
into the 21st century, a
number of corporations kept
inaccurate accounting records.
Because of this, the federal
government passed additional
legislation. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act
mandates truthful reporting and
makes the CEO more accountable for
the actions of the financial managers
of the firm. |
7 QC Tools
For Systematic Process Problem Solving & Quick Troubleshooting
(Suitable for Technicians, Line Leaders, Supervisors and Technical Operators)
The 7QC Tool is so called because it employed a systematic approach using graphical method to provide for ease in data presentation and meaningful communication. It was first promoted by Kaoru Ishikawa a renowned quality expert in Japan for use throughout Japan. The success of the 7QC tool lies in the systematic application of tools itself to help the workforce visualize the graphical communication and thereby increase their understanding of the key issues of the problem at hand.
The workforce of manufacturing is the most importance front line control of Productivity and Quality. Total Quality Control must therefore be based upon educating the whole workforce to deal with day-to-day basic quality issues that should be nibbled in the bud and prevented from arising. This can only be done with the collaboration of the workforce of manufacturing to successfully implement Total Quality Control. The 7QC Tools are the most important practical day-to-day useful techniques for:
a) Tool 1 – Selecting The Right Problem To Solve
b) Tool 2 – Know How To Collect The Factual Data
c) Tool 3 – Stratify The Data Into Meaningful Grouping
d) Tool 4 – Apply The Cause & Effect Analysis To Find The Most Likely Cause
e) Tool 5 – Know How To Verify Whether The Recommended Solution Is The Right One
f) Tool 6 – Continue To Monitor The Process To Check For Shift In Operational Process Stability
g) Tool 7 – Know How To Troubleshoot The Quality & Productivity Problem For Fast Containment Action
This training is designed with the main objective to achieve the following results:-
1. Develop the thinking ability of the operators to think systematically in adopting 7QC Tools approach in problem solving.
2. Train and educate the workforce to master each of the 7QC Tools so that they understand their purpose and know how to apply them in problem solving.
3. Equip the workforce with the technical know-how of problem solving and how each step of the problem solving in related to the 7QC Tools.
4. Develop the workforce understanding on symptoms of the problem and root cause and different in approach in addressing them.
5. Provide a quick troubleshooting skill to help the workforce identify the location of the problem.
a) The master trainer will provide full step-by-step instruction on the 7QC Methodology as well as identification of useful charting method and full instruction on how to make each type of chart,
b) Illustration of chart construction method and chart use will be provided.
c) The workforce are given opportunity for hands-on the construction of the charts themselves for each step of the 7QC Tools process.
d) The workforce will be quipped with 7QC Approach as well as Quick Troubleshooting Approach to prevent the problem from causing further damage.
Why APRC 7QC Tools Stand Out
The master trainer, C.H Wong was involved in conducting Root Cause Analysis for Rolls Royce Group in Asia Pacific for many years. There are also many tools in 7QC which he thoroughly understood their application since he used them while working in Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering in General Electric Company. Therefore the participants will benefit from his wealth of experience in using these tools as well as involvement in conducting Root Cause Analysis for Rolls Royce Company. That is why, Tool 7, includes a very important component called Decision Tree, that is for Quick Troubleshooting. It is widely used in Rolls Royce’s approach.
Fundamental – Quality Problem Solving Approach Using 7QC Tools
Tool 1 – Pareto Analysis For Selecting The Right Problem To Solve
Tool 2 – Collection Of Factual Data
Tool 3 – Stratify The Data Into Meaningful Grouping & Interpret Their Distribution
Tool 4 – Apply The Cause & Effect Analysis To Search & Locate The Likely Root Cause
Tool 5 – Construct The Scatter Diagram To Verify That The Recommended Solution Is The Right One
Tool 6 – Monitor The Process By Setting Up Control Charts With Upper Control Limits & Lower Control Limits
Tool 7 – Decision Tree Diagramming Method For Effective Troubleshooting & Locating The Main Problem Point
For more information on in-house training provided by APRC, please contact the Administrator at: [email protected] |
Here is an essay-mid-term paper on organizational communication
An Essay on Organizational Communication. By Ernie Sanchez.
Organizational Communication Leon Estep.
In this essay I would first like to address how communication deals with the changing world of work. Communication is the transfer and understanding of meaning. It involves the process of gathering, processing and distributing information, which not only touches but is also a vital activity in any place of work and all of the organization’s functions. Communication is a social process in functioning of any group, organization or community. It influences the decisions of the individual and later the decisions of said organization. Organization is defined as a stable system or structure of individuals who work together to achieve, through a hierarchy of ranks, common goals. This structure influences the way we communicate in terms of the method amount of information it channels. The reason for studying and understanding organizational communication is that it is highly structured. Through theses means of communication the individuals understand their roles and functions in said organization. This behavior in application with in the organization also effects how the organization reacts to and with the outside world. Let us say you were asleep and woke up to a work day in say, 1960. How different is your work life today, compared to what it was forty years ago? There would clearly be no Starbucks in every corner or cell phones in every pocket. In today’s world, the structure, content, and process of work have changed. Work today is now more cognitively complex; more team-based and collaborative, more dependent on social skills. It involves more dependency on technological competence, and more time pressured, along with more mobile and less dependent on geography. In the world today you will also be working for an organization that is likely be very different due to the fact of its competitive pressures and technological breakthroughs. Today’s organizations are far more leaner and agile, more focused on identifying value from costumer perspective and more tuned to dynamic competitive requirements and strategies. It will have less hierarchical structure and decision authority along with less job security and less likely to provide life long careers and continually reorganizing to maintain or gain competitive advantage. The changing workplace is driven by organizational issues such as Cognitive competence, social and interactive competence, the new “physiological contract” between employees and employers, and the changes in process and place. In cognitive competence; cognitive workers are expected to be more functionally and cognitively fluid and able to work across many kinds of tasks and situations. The broader span of work, brought by changes in the organizational structure, and also creates new demands. In a 2001 report from the National Research Council has called attention to the importance of relational and interactive aspects of work. As collaboration and collective activity become more prevalent, workers need well developed social skills; what the report calls “emotional labor’. The physhcological contract: as work changes, so does the nature of the relationship between employees and employers. In the new work context, the informal so called “physhcological contract” between workers and employers-what each one expects of the other-focuses on competence development, continuous training and work/life balance. In...
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Wind power generates record amount of electricity in the UK
Windfarms generated a record amount of electricity on Wednesday (28 November), according to National Grid. Wind power generated 32.2% of Britain’s electricity, ahead of gas which provided 23.5%
The official figures from the grid show that Britain’s onshore and offshore windfarms hit a new high of 14.9 gigawatts (GW) between 6.00pm and 6.30pm on Wednesday evening.
(image courtesy of edie & Utility Week)
Analysis conducted by Drax Electric Insights shows that this equated to 33 per cent of Britain’s electricity needs at a time of high demand. This beat the previous record of 14.5GW set on 9 November.
Nuclear supplied 17.9%, coal 8.7%, biomass 8%, imports 7.8% and hydro 1.7%.
On Thursday National Grid said wind generated 32% of Britain’s electricity followed by gas at 25%, while nuclear supplied 18.1%, coal 9.1%, biomass 7.1%, imports 5.9%, and hydro 2.0%.
Emma Pinchbeck, executive director of Renewable UK, said: “It’s great to see British wind power setting new records at one of the coldest, darkest, wettest times of the year, providing clean energy for people as they came home, switched everything on, turned up the power and cooked dinner. As well as tackling climate change, wind is good for everyone who has to pay an electricity bill, as the cost of new offshore wind has fallen spectacularly so it’s now cheaper than new gas and nuclear projects, and onshore wind is the cheapest power source of all.”
Chemical Corporation (UK) Ltd offers Mobil SHC Gear 320 WT - Wind Turbine Gearbox Oil, a product with second to none performance in rugged and extreme conditions which would be optimally combined with Mobil SHC Grease 102 WT.
Contact our Operations Director Steve Stewart by email at [email protected] or call 02920 880222 now to find out how our mobile gearbox oil exchange systems can provide you with huge cost savings for wind turbine gearbox oil changes or for any queries relating to Mobil Wind Turbine lubricant solutions. |
27 December 2018
Although the terms 'sponge rubber' and 'foam rubber' are often used interchangeably, there are actual physical differences between both materials that not everyone knows about. Think of it like this - although your foam mattress and the sponge you do the dishes with are made of similar materials, it's quite obvious that they are designed to serve different purposes.
This differentiation between the two materials is very important to technical buyers – after all, materials are chosen based not only on their functionality but also on their safety. For example, in the mass transit industry, some silicone foams meet FST standards, while the majority of carbon black foams fall short.
How is foam rubber made?
Foam rubber uses a gas or chemical known as a ‘blowing agent’ to produce gas, which creates multiple small bubbles inside a liquid mixture. This mixture usually consists of:
- Flame retardants
Polyols and polyisocyanates are both types of liquid polymer – when combined with water, they produce an exothermic (heat-generating) reaction. By combining different types of liquid polymer, a foam rubber manufacturer can create either flexible or rigid foam rubbers.
This process is known as polymerisation and is the point at which molecules from the polyols and polyisocyanates crosslink, forming 3D structures. This takes place in a machine called a compounder, which can control the level of foaming by adjusting the volume of surfactants and water in the mixture.
How is sponge rubber made?
Sponge rubber is manufactured in a similar way to foam rubber, except it is designed to come in two distinct densities: open cell, and closed cell.
In closed cell sponge rubber, the holes within the material are – as the name suggests – closed off from each other, which creates a dense material full of tiny vacuums. Open cell sponge rubber contains many open holes that allow air to fill the material. This makes it a far less dense material that is cheaper to manufacture as it comprises less material and more air per square metre.
To produce open cell sponge rubber, ingredients are mixed in a heated mould, before sodium bicarbonate is added. The uncured sponge then rises like a cake, with the baking soda creating a network of tiny, interconnected bubbles.
Conversely, manufacturing closed cell rubber involves using a chemical powder that decomposes under heat. Pressure is added to the mixture, and nitrogen gas is produced, which helps give closed cell sponge rubber its density and strength.
Foam rubber and sponge rubber from Aquaseal
Aquaseal manufactures our sponge rubber (both open and closed cell) and foam rubber from synthetic and natural rubbers. Our products are used for applications requiring pads, shapes, coils, and gaskets, as well as mouse mat bases and simple strips of material.
Do you need a bespoke foam rubber or sponge rubber solution? Get in touch with the Aquaseal team today on 0191 266 0934. |
CNC machining defines several processing methods in industrial production in which CNC machines are used to turn the work piece into the desired shape by mechanically removing excess material (chips). Typical machining methods that fall under the category of CNC machining are CNC turning, CNC milling, CNC grinding and CNC drilling. Generally, the materials to be processed are metals, but other materials such as wood and plastics can be processed by means of cutting. The companies operating in this area typically produce turned and milled parts in small, medium and large series (contract machining). Sample parts (individual pieces) can also be manufactured. |
Automatic assembly machine for car radiators
This stacking system for heat exchangers uses robots to bring two different sheets together.
- Task: Stacking two different sheets on top of each other.
- Solution: The sheets are first separated, then fed into the stacking system, while within the plant, the sheets are stacked alternately on top of each other by five robots. If the stack is full, the end is formed with a lid and the stack is removed from the machine to then be inserted into the press by an employee.
- Result: This enables the production of finned heat exchangers to be automated with an expedited cycle time of just 0.25 seconds per part. It also paves the way for automatic detection of defects during the manufacturing process thanks to a powerful camera system. |
Advertising or advertising in business is a form of marketing communication used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to take or continue to take some action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. This type of work belongs to a category called effective labor.
In Latin, ad vertere means “to turn toward”.The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various old media; including mass media such as newspaper, magazines, television advertisement, radio advertisement, outdoor advertising or direct mail; or new media such as blogs, websites or text messages. |
Trucks hauling mounds of sand into the southern Minnesota town of Winona for delivery to drilling sites across the nation's shale regions are not spewing dangerous dust emissions into the air, preliminary data shows.
This data was released early this month, from a monitor for crystalline silica dust, or frac sand, a known trigger of lung disease. The instrument was placed along Winona's busy truck route at the start of the year in response to local concern.
Dust reached detectable levels only two out of the 38 days measured during the last seven months, according to air regulators at the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA).
Even when the dust was detected, once in June and another time in August, the levels were very low, according to Jeff Hedman, an MPCA engineer involved in the study. "We're happy to see it," he said.
Many Winonans, including planning commissioner Ken Fritz, are relieved by the data. "I certainly think there is enough evidence out there that [shows] silica sand can create health problems in certain environments...in this case, basic information doesn't indicate any problems," he said.
The silica monitor sits atop a two-story YMCA building downtown and was set up to capture emissions from frac trucks. But Winona's potential dust emissions can come from more than just trucks hauling sand, there are also mining and processing facilities in town. Some citizens who live near those facilities have asked, "How do you know that you are meeting the [air] standard in my backyard?" said MPCA air monitoring unit supervisor Rick Strassman.
According to the MPCA, this data is just the starting point for understanding the risks posed to the region's air by the growing silica sand industry.
Minnesota is the nation's fourth leading producer of pure silica sand, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The nation's top producer, Wisconsin, is just next door. Both states host vast silica reserves and have expanded their developing of the sand in recent years to keep up with growing demand from energy companies.
Active silica sand facilities between the two states have ballooned from less than 20 in 2010 to over 100 today.
Winona is ground zero for Minnesota's frac sand boom. It has at least six active sand mining, processing and transport facilities, the highest density in the state. About 100 trucks arrive daily from in and out of state. All that sand is then shipped by train or barge to frack sites across the country. Operators blast the hard, round sand down wells to break and hold open cracks in the bedrock to extract oil and gas reserves. It can take up to 10,000 tons of sand to frack a single well during its lifetime.
Scientific studies have detailed the effects of silica dust—particles that are small enough to enter lung tissue and the blood stream and trigger the lung disease silicosis—on workers handling the material, but not on neighboring communities. Winona's government-funded monitor, the first in the state not paid for by industry, was added to chip away at that scientific gap.
The data recently released comes from a monitor targeting concentrations of particulate matter up to 4 micrometers in diameter, called PM 4. These specks of dust are 20 times smaller than beach sand. The dust accumulates in the monitor's filter. Samples are collected over a 24-hour period every six days and then sent to a New York lab for what's called "speciation" analysis to calculate how much of the collected material is frac sand. Afterward, the processed data is sent to back to Minnesota, where it is checked by state regulators and published online.
So far, over seven months of data have been processed. Most observed days, levels were below the detectable amount. When dust was detected, it was less than 0.5 micrograms per cubic meter. The chronic health benchmark used by the MPCA is six times higher—3 micrograms per cubic meter.
The monitor will continue collecting data through the year's end.
A second Winona monitor atop the YMCA measures even smaller particles in the air from all sources in town, not just frac sand. The data it collects requires minimal processing and has been available for months.
"The silica data is really good news," said Crispin Pierce, a University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire professor of environmental public health. He has studied silica emissions across Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Still, Pierce said, it's important not to jump to conclusions and "to measure the whole year through to see any trends."
For some residents, including Jane Cowgill, the monitor's results are promising but don't provide the full picture for Winona. Cowgill, co-founder of the local grassroots activist group Citizens Against Silica Mining, points out that there are a handful of frac sand mine and processing sites on the outskirts of town.
"If you are living at the [air monitor] building, you are probably OK," she said. But if you are near these other sites, she noted, there is anecdotal evidence of a problem—"cars covered with dust, furnaces all clogged up, and reports of respiratory problems."
The only way to fully understand Winona's frac sand air risk is to set up monitors at the edges, or fences, of these other facilities, she said. She calls the strategy "fenceline monitoring" and is part of a group lobbying the City Council to approve more monitoring.
Ken Fritz is one of the city officials who voted down a proposal this summer to approve additional monitors. He wanted to see the current monitors' data before making the decision. Now that the data is available, he's still convinced no further monitors are needed.
Minnesota regulators said the active monitors aren't sufficient to capture the entire town's silica sand air risk. Additional "monitoring is still warranted, but that's really the city's call," said MPCA's Strassman. |
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/01/2005
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The construction industry plays an important role in the Australian economy. Construction provides homes, places for people to work, and recreation facilities. It provides essential facilities and infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, roads, water and electricity supply and telecommunications.
Both the private and public sectors undertake construction activity within Australia. The private sector operates in all three areas of activity, with a major role in residential and non-residential building activity. The public sector has a major role in initiating and undertaking engineering construction. In addition it has a role in non-residential building activity, in particular for the health and education industries, building hospitals and schools.
The chapter includes an article Australian home size is growing. |
Fraught with uncertainty
Calculating the costs of generating electricity has never been as uncertain as today. This is the result of a number of factors, including the liberalisation of energy markets, the fast pace of technological development, the volatility of fuel prices and questions about climate policy.
|Nuclear energy is the most competitive option when financing costs are low|
The IEA-NEA study notes that ‘no technology holds a consistent economic advantage at a global level under all circumstances’. Costs depend strongly on local conditions and on variable factors such as the cost of capital and the price of carbon. The researchers have nevertheless drawn some general conclusions. When financing costs are low (assuming an interest rate of 5%), nuclear energy, which requires high capital investment, is the most competitive option, followed by coal-fired power plants. With higher financing costs (10% interest rate), coal-fired electricity is the cheapest option. The costs of gas-fired power are highly dependent on gas prices and much less on financing costs. The attractiveness of onshore wind power depends very much on local circumstances. It is significantly cheaper in North America than in Europe. Offshore wind power is ‘currently not competitive’, the report notes. Neither is solar power.
|LCOE = levellised cost of electricity generation|
The accompanying graphs show the generating costs of nuclear, coal, gas-fired, and onshore wind power at a 5% and 10% discount rate. It should be noted that these results incorporate a carbon price of $30 per ton. They do not include transmission and distribution costs nor the additional costs of balancing and backup power that wind power requires. The study assumes a gas price of $10.30/MMBtu in Europe, which is roughly twice as high as current spot prices. The costs of nuclear power do include the costs for refurbishment, waste treatment and decommissioning after a 60-year lifetime.
Lack of experience
The report notes that the ‘precise cost competitiveness’ of the four technologies ‘depends more than anything on the local characteristics of each particular market and their associated cost of financing, as well as on CO2 and fossil fuel prices’. Each of the technologies has ‘potentially decisive strengths and weaknesses’.
About onshore wind the report says that ‘it is currently closing its still existing but diminishing competitiveness gap’. However, many European countries have ambitious plans to develop offshore wind. About this, the IEA says that ‘offshore wind is currently not competitive with conventional thermal or nuclear baseload generation’.
When we dig further into the data underlying the conclusions, some other points seem worthy of notice. All cost estimates are based on existing or commissioned power plants; they are not estimates of future costs. In this context, the researchers note that when it comes to nuclear power, there is a ‘lack of recent construction experience in many OECD countries’. This implies that the costs of newly to be built nuclear power stations could come out much higher – or much lower. Most recent experience comes from South Korea, where costs for nuclear power plants turn out to be relatively low.
For offshore wind, costs of actual or commissioned parks range from $101 per MWh (for a project in the US) to $260 per MWh (for a project in Belgium). The most valuable data in this sector could no doubt come from Denmark, which has the most experience building offshore wind parks. Unfortunately, as the report notes, Denmark did not supply any data.
Costs of solar PV vary from $225 to $600 per MWh. The two solar thermal plants included in the report have costs between $136 and $243 per MWh.
Although the IEA-NEA report is indispensable as a benchmark study for the electricity sector, the authors note that producers and investors will always face large uncertainties when making specific investment decisions. In fact, as the authors note, since the publication of the report series started, in 1983, the market has never faced the ‘degree of uncertainty’ that it faces now. ‘In the medium term, investing in power markets will be fraught with uncertainty’, they write.
They give five reasons for this enormous uncertainty in the market. First, ‘the widespread privatisation of utilities and the liberalisation of power markets’ has reduced ‘access to data’.
Second, ‘policy factors’ have ‘rarely created more uncertainty for the cost of different power generation technologies than today’. Those ‘policy factors’ include carbon pricing, liberalisation and ‘re-regulation’ of markets, security of supply concerns for gas, the technical and regulatory uncertainties surrounding carbon capture and storage (CCS), feed-in tariffs ‘of limited duration’ for renewables, and regulatory uncertainty with regard to nuclear power.
Third, ‘after two decades of relative stability, the power sector abounds … with new technological developments’.
Fourth, relatively little new construction of power plants has taken place in OECD countries in recent years, making recent data harder to come by. Most newly built power plants have been combined-cycle gas turbines and onshore wind parks.
And the fifth source of uncertainty is ‘the rapid changes in all power plant costs’ in the last five years, e.g. as a result of ‘unprecedented inflation’ of construction costs and extreme volatility of fuel prices.
For governmental policymakers, the most important lesson of the study is that ‘choices exist’. The authors note that ‘governments play a key role when it comes to the costs of raising financial capital and the price of carbon’. Capital cost is a function of perceived risk – and ‘smart government action can do much to reduce risks’. Raising (or lowering) the carbon price would also make a huge difference – it would ‘decisively tilt the current competitive balance in one direction or another’. |
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), etc announced that it has started the construction of facilities for testing a large-scale hydrogen system using electricity from a 10MW solar power plant and producing hydrogen in Namie-machi, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.
Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field (FH2R), which is participated in by NEDO, Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corp, Tohoku-Electric Power Co Inc and Iwatani Corp, is aimed at establishing a hydrogen energy system equipped with 10MW-class hydrogen production facilities.
The facilities will produce, store and supply up to about 900t of hydrogen per year by using the 10MW-class hydrogen production facilities. Power will be supplied from an adjacent 10MW-class solar power plant in addition to a power grid when there is a shortage of power due to bad weather, etc.
The water electrolysis system employed for the plant is a product of Asahi Kasei Corp (maximum water electrolysis power: 10MW, maximum amount of hydrogen produced: 2,000Nm3/h). The supplier of the solar power generation system has not been decided yet. The scale of the solar power generation facilities is scheduled to be expanded to about 20MW in the future.
The production and storage of hydrogen will be conducted based on the market demand for hydrogen estimated by a hydrogen demand prediction system. By adjusting the amount of hydrogen produced, the supply-demand balance of the power grid will be controlled.
The four organizations will test optimal operation control technologies combining the demand response of the power grid and the adjustment of hydrogen supply/demand to deal with (2) devices with different operating cycles and (2) demands with different input timings, periods and amounts.
The project is entrusted by NEDO. Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions coordinates the entire project and is responsible for the entire hydrogen energy system. Tohoku-Electric Power is responsible for the system to control the power grid and other technologies related to the grid. Iwatani is responsible for the system to predict the demand for hydrogen and hydrogen storage/supply.
Hydrogen produced is carried by using a compressed hydrogen trailer and expected to be used for (1) power generation using fuel cells, (2) vehicles such as fuel-cell vehicles and fuel-cell buses and (3) manufacturing plants (as fuel). The facilities are scheduled to be completed and start trial operation by October 2019, and the verification and the transportation of hydrogen are scheduled to begin for checking technical issues by July 2020 |
What is a logo?
A logo is often defined as a recognisable and distinctive, graphic, emblem or unique symbol that identifies your company to the general public and
your specific target market. It is included throughout all communications, paperwork, marketing materials etc. They can include just a graphic, just a name or both.
Logos have often been dictated by the technologies available to create them, for example, when the only method of creating a text based logo was using hot metal typesetting, the designs were very limited. The spurs on logo evolution, as these technologies develop and creating higher quality designs that are easier to mass produce, the logo often adapts to suit.
Here we have 19 of the world's most famous logos through the years, showing how they have changed and adapted to technological, design and social trends and changes:
Pepsi was introduced to the world in 1893 with a logo that was written in a red script font on a plain white background. This has changed over the years, first becoming more detailed and elaborate, sticking with the red and white, until they added the blue to the logo in 1950. From the 1960s they continued to make the logo bolder with black text , using the shape of a bottle top. Their current logo incorporates a simpler version of the bottle top with simple curved white text on a blue background.
Starting out around 1900, Shell has grown into the worlds largest corporation as of 2016. Their first logo was a literal inked clamshell in black and white (which was extremely easy to reproduce). From this, the logo stayed black and white, although the design changed slightly, up until 1948. In 1948 they introduced their first colour logo of red and yellow, keeping the same graphic and adding their name to the logo. This gradually became a more simplistic design from 1971 to today to create the 2d flat logo we know now.
IBM is the result of two companies merging, (International Time Recording Company and Computing Scale Company) this created their first logo in 1888 which combined the letters I, T, R, C. This became more elaborate through the font used up until 1924, at which point a name change meant the logo replicated the world with the name, 'Business International Business Machines'. In 1947 this changed again to simply become plain outline of the IBM letters. This evolved in 1971 into the blue horizontal striped logo we know today.
Mercedes introduced their cars to the world in 1902 with a simple text logo in an oval shape. In 1909 this changed to become the familiar 3 point start. Mercedes played around with the inclusion of the oval and circular shape around the star and their name from 1909 to today, making only slight changes to the colours used.
Volkswagen first introduced themselves in 1930 with a black and white logo that used the classic VW combination surrounded by a more detailed design. This was simplified in 1939, and simplified again in 1967 when they first introduced the blue to their logo. In 1978, they switched from blue on a white background to white on a blue background which has evolved into the logo we know today.
Renaults logo was initially an emblem with the founders initials on in 1900 with an elaborate design, typical of the styles at the time. This became a more literal logo as they changed it completely to an encircled car in 1906. In 1919 this was changed again to an encircled tank. It wasn't until 1926 that the classic diamond shape was introduced with the name of the company through the middle. In 1946 they introduced yellow to an otherwise black and white logo. This was changed a number of times, both including then excluding the colour and text, until they created the logo we know which was created in 2007.
Founded in 1899, Fiat have changed their logo dramatically, starting out with a brown parchment that included details of their company. In 1901, they introduced their first logo which was the Fiat name on a blue background with an elaborate surrounding design. From then, the outer shape changed, and the blue was swapped for red in 1921. in 1931, the logo became square until 1999 when the blue was reintroduced. In 2006 this was changed back to red and resembles the logo we know today. One element of their logo has been the same throughout which is the unique shape of the letter 'A'.
Founded in 1976, the first apple logo featured an illustrated black and white scene of Sir Isaac Newton discovering gravity under an apple tree. In 1976, this was changed to the recognised, simplistic apple shaped with rainbow horizontal stripes. This was further simplified to a black 2d apple shape, then becoming the iconic monochrome apple in 2000.
Founded in 1964, Nike didn't introduce a logo until 1971 which featured the infamous 'tick' shape through a lower-case, curvy font stating the name of the company. This was rearranged and changed to upper-case in 1978. In 1985, Nike changed their blue and white logo to red on white, finally changing this again in 1995 to the simple 'swoosh' using white on a black background.
Coca Cola is a recognised brand, famous for its logo design, however when the company first started in 1886, the logo was a simple, upper-case black and white font. From the early 1900s they introduced the now synonymous Script font, still in black and white. The red and white wasn't introduced until the 1950s. In the 1990s the logo saw its biggest change in years with the introduction of the bottle of coke in the logo, this was removed in the early 2000s to become the logo we now know.
Lego first became available to buy in 1949 which a simple black logo with a standardised font. In 1946, they first introduced red and yellow to their design. In 1955, the font was changed to become a less formal, circular based font, similar to the one used today. Between 1955 and now, the design has only seen a change in colours, from dull, to bright red and yellow.
Founded in 1966, Mastercard first used a black and white logo under their name Interbank. In 1969, they introduced the overlapping red and yellow circles. Since then they have adapted their font from a lower-case, informal font, to the sentence-case, formal font we know today.
Founded in 1940, McDonald's first logo was a simple script font. It wasn't until 1946 that the logo became circular and introduced an illustration. In 1962, they introduced colour and simplified the logo to the classic 'M'. This has since been adapted to include their full name, slogan and various shades of the red and yellow, to arrive at the golden 'M' of today.
Founded in Japan in 1937, Canon's first logo was a scene of the Buddhist Goddess of Merci on a lotus flower with the Japanese name. This was change to the name only in 1934. In 1935, the logo became 'Canon' and has since only been adapted through he use of different fonts.
Founded in 1930, the logo has always included the infamous illustration of Colonel Sanders, who founded the company. The logo first started out as black and white text, which didn't introduce the famous red colour until 1991. The shape of the logo went from square to circle in the 90s to become the logo we know now.
Founded in 1971, the Starbucks logo was black and white with the classic mermaid in the centre. They first introduced colour (blue) to their logo in 1987, changing this to green in 1992. The design has since had the text removed to become the mermaid symbol we recognise today.
Walmart have always included (in a simplistic font) the words Walmart. The major changes in their logo's evolution is the use of colour which has been blue, black and white, brown, and blue again.
Founded in 1998, Google have always used the multiple colours that they use today, however their font has changed from a more bulky serif font with a drop shadow to the thin, stylised, flat version we know see today.
Founded in 1991, Vodafone's first logo was a simplistic black and white, upper-case font stating their name. In 1997, they first introduced colour (red), keeping the font the same. In 1997, they added the classic Vodafone 'O' shape on a red background, which was removed in 2006, leaving the 'O' and the name underneath. |
I believe that I’m being discriminated against at my workplace. What are my rights?
Your Rights Under The Fair Work Act
The Federal Government’s Fair Work Act protects against discrimination for employees covered by the federal system. One way that the Fair Work Act does this is through its “general protections provisions”.
Section 351 of the Fair Work Act states that an employer must not take “adverse action” against an employee, or prospective employee, because of any of the following:
- race or colour;
- sexual orientation;
- physical or mental disability;
- marital status;
- family or carer’s responsibilities;
- political opinion ;
- national extraction; or
- social origin.
“Adverse action” by an employer can include any of the following:
- terminating the employee;
- withholding an employee’s legal entitlements (such as annual leave pay);
- injuring the employee;
- demoting an employee;
- refusing to hire a prospective employee; and
- treating an employee differently to other employees.
A Claim to The Australian Human Rights Commission
The Australian Human Rights Commission can take action against discrimination under the following laws:
- the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth);
- the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth);
- the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth);
- the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth); and
- the Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth).
Under these laws, the Australian Human Rights Commission can investigate complaints of discrimination based on any of the following:
- disability (both physical and mental);
- criminal record (in employment context only);
- trade union activity (in employment context only);
- political opinion (in employment context only);
- religion (in employment context only); and
- social origin (in employment context only).
A complaint to the local state or territory anti-discrimination body
There are also State and Territory laws against discrimination. If you have been discriminated against and there was a breach of an applicable State or Territory law, then you may be able to make a complaint to your local State and Territory anti-discrimination body.
When can I complain about bullying and harassment?
Under the Fair Work Act, it is an employee’s “workplace right” to be able to make a complaint about their employment. Therefore, if you complain about bullying or harassment in the workplace, your employer cannot take “adverse action” against you as a result.
As mentioned earlier, “adverse action” includes terminating an employee, as well as many other actions. It doesn’t matter if bullying or harassment didn’t actually occur in the first place. It is your workplace right to make a complaint about your employment.
If you made a complaint about bullying or harassment in your workplace and you were terminated or disadvantaged in some way as a result, you may be entitled to lodge a general protections claim.
What is “bullying” under the law?
Under the Fair Work Act, a worker is “bullied at work” when:
- an individual, or a group of individuals, repeatedly behaves unreasonably towards the worker, or a group of workers of which the first said worker is a member; and
- the behaviour creates a risk to health and safety.
“Reasonable management action carried out in a reasonable manner”, however, is not bullying under the Fair Work Act.
Can I take legal proceedings against bullying?
If you are covered by the federal system, you can make a formal application to the Fair Work Commission for an “order to stop bullying”.
What Are My Rights If I’ve Been Sexually Harassed?
You may be able to lodge a complaint to the Human Rights Commission. Visit sexual harassment page for more information.
Contact us for a free discussion if you believe you have been discriminated, bullied or harassed. |
In the previous two posts I discussed why leaders feel helpless about the improving the innovation culture. I also explained what the culture is and how it can be shaped (cultured) by using processes over a very long time. Many readers asked for examples of the stumbling blocks in innovation culture and how processes could help in overcoming them. Many such examples have been explained in the book that I wrote, but I am summarizing two examples in this post and another two in my next post to complete the discussion on innovation culture.
Think of the life-cycle of a seed that germinates and grows into a flowering tree or consider a new born baby that grows into an adult. Both, the seed and the baby, need different types of nourishment and environment in different stages of their growth. Similarly, cultural elements that nurture innovations vary from the time when an idea takes birth in the mind of an individual all the way to the stage when the organization gets the return from the innovation.
Let me take one of the early stages of the innovation life cycle (ideation) and explain the importance of a few cultural elements.
An idea takes birth in the mind of an individual. The organization thereafter needs to invest in the idea to get to the innovation. In one of my previous posts, I explained that innovations are always top down. Since every employee is at the top of his team (the lowest person in the hierarchy is in control of one’s own action), everyone in the organization can invest in ideas. This investment could be in terms of human or financial resources. The originator of the idea can make this investment only if the idea falls clearly in the area under his/her control/influence. This is rarely true as typically the implementation of ideas need involvement of several others beyond the control/influence of the ideator. Therefore, the first step for the ideator is to share the idea with others. This first step of sharing idea, which seems to be straight forward, needs the support of quite a few cultural elements.
There are several forces that stop or discourage a person from sharing his/her idea. I call these drags and leaders often refer to them as culture! Here are a few drags:
- Drag #1: Will I be called stupid?
- Drag #2: Do I want to work on my idea?
- Drag #3: What happened last time when I gave an idea?
- Drag #4: Is my company willing and capable of executing my idea?
Drag # 1: Will I be called stupid?
This is almost an omnipresent concern. Employees fear of ‘getting mocked’ and being tagged as a ‘disruptive idiot’ by peers and superiors. How do you think we can shape the culture in which employees have no hesitation in sharing their ideas? What processes could be installed? In the current age of digital world this is much easier problem to address. Imagine an idea management system that allows employees to share their ideas, but the readers cannot find the name of the ideator! If this process takes away the excitement of employees, the system could allow them to create avatars of their choice!
While this process will assuage the fear of being mocked, employees will still not share all their ideas – we need to get rid of the second drag too!
Employees also have a fear of someone else stealing their idea. This fear gets developed if there are instances (and stories) of people taking credit of someone else’s idea. The above system would help in mitigating this fear and encourage employees to share and stamp their name on their ideas before someone else could (steal)!
Drag # 2: Do I want to work on my idea?
Ideas need creativity, but the implementation needs passion and impatience of a maverick and calmness, perseverance and resourcefulness of a Sherpa. Both these contrasting skills are difficult to fine in a person and rarely amongst the ideators who are creative. Therefore, if organizations have a policy of assigning the responsibility of implementing the idea to the originator of the idea, it works as a drag. The employee weighs his/her interest and capability before sharing the idea.
A simple process change that doesn’t necessitate the ideators to take on the responsibility to implement their ideas, will solve the problem. The moment an idea is selected for implementation the ideator name could be revealed and the ownership of the idea should transfer to the person who has control/influence of the area in which the idea needs to be implemented. Organization should then find the team of Sherpas and Mavericks to implement the idea. (Note: Mavericks (e.g. Everest climbers) are seldom successful without Sherpas and Sherpas have no role without mavericks)
Will the employees share all their ideas now? Yes, for a short period. Its long-term sustenance will depend on the presence of remaining two drags (Drag # 3 and 4)
I urge you to think (and send your responses) of processes that would help in reducing the effect of Drag # 3 and 4. I will share my views on these in the next post. |
late 15c., "to use to one's profit, to increase (income)," from Anglo-French emprouwer "to turn to profit" (late 13c.), from Old French en-, a causative prefix or from em-, + prou "profit," from Latin prode "advantageous" (see proud (adj.)).
Spelling with -v- was rare before 17c.; it apparently arose from confusion of -v- and -u-. Spelling otherwise deformed by influence of words in -prove. Meaning "make better, raise to a better quality or condition" first recorded 1610s. Intransitive sense "get better" is from 1727. Phrase improve the occasion retains the etymological sense. Meaning "to turn land to profit" (by clearing it, erecting buildings, etc.) was in Anglo-French (13c.) and survived or was revived in the American colonies and Australia. Hence, "make good use of, occupy (a place) and convert to some purpose." |
New ways to split atoms29 November 2018
In Canada, nuclear innovation has been happening for decades through research and development. Now, with further technology advances in traditional Candu plants and small modular reactors, the industry hopes to attract a new generation as it makes its pitch to help save the world from climate change.
THERE IS A NEW SENSE of urgency across the nuclear industry as policy makers, engineers and entrepreneurs work fervently to guide advanced and small modular reactors (SMRs) through regulatory and technical hurdles from drawing board to siting approval.
In Canada, the federal government has its own stake in SMRs. On 7 November, coinciding with a sold-out SMR nuclear conference in Ottawa, Amarjeet Sohi, Canada’s Minister of Natural Resources, welcomed the release of the Canadian Small Modular Reactor Roadmap as an “important technology opportunity for Canada, both at home and on the world stage.”
The SMR could help Canada meet its commitment to phase out coal-fired electricity by 2030, something Ontario did in 2014, largely with the help of its nuclear fleet.
The country’s major utilities, SMR technology vendors and Canada’s national lab, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), are all pursuing SMR demonstration, commercialisation and manufacturing. New Brunswick announced C$10 million toward development of an Advanced Nuclear SMR Research Cluster, with $5 million each from two SMR vendors. The aim is to develop a path to a commercial demonstration plant with potential for a manufacturing cluster in the province that would dovetail into its economic growth plan.
The CANDU Owners Group (COG) has recognised the strong SMR interest of its Canadian members. Using the levers it already has for collaborative Candu technology development, it has created an SMR technology forum to collectively tackle technical and regulatory issues common across the technologies. It is also developing a vendor participant programme for SMRs similar to its well- established Candu supplier participant programme.
Meanwhile, Candu nuclear operators in Ontario and New Brunswick have also been developing innovative approaches to managing the country’s 19 existing reactors. These have completed, are undergoing, or are heading into mid-life refurbishment or major component replacement. Some will continue operation into the 2060s, after up to 80 years of operation, as a result.
In New Brunswick, the single unit, commissioned in 1983, returned to service after a mid-life refurbishment in 2012. This year, it hit some of its best operating performance targets in decades.
Also this year, one of Ontario’s Darlington units began refurbishment, which has been proceeding on time and on budget. Ontario’s 18 units provide about 60% of the province’s power.
In recent years, plants have benefitted from advanced technology breakthroughs like artificial intelligence (AI). Their use of AI includes embedded sensors to monitor plant and equipment condition, and automated machinery and robots that work in high radiation areas while workers oversee the work remotely. Virtual reality is used to train and qualify staff cheaply and with precision. Other digital technologies, including 3D printing of ‘hard to source’ parts, have been employed to improve plant condition, equipment, operations, maintenance and security.
New digital technologies are not the sole reason Candu performance is improving. Research, under way for decades, has brought plant, equipment and human performance improvements. It has also validated safety cases and helped engineers and nuclear scientists understand how to improve conditions for life-limiting components to keep them operating better and longer. In Ontario units have won regulatory approval for additional operation of several years; representing billions of dollars of additional revenue. The research has also demonstrated, and improved, plant safety for workers, the public and the environment thanks to years-long collaborative research projects between utilities, COG, and sometimes in collaboration with international Candu operating partners, and with research labs such as CNL, Kinectrics and Stern Laboratories.
COG will celebrate its 35th anniversary in 2019. President and CEO Fred Dermarkar says members collectively achieve breakthroughs that individual operators may not have been able to achieve alone. COG invests more than C$60 million in R&D on behalf of its members each year.
“Often, when people see a nuclear plant from the outside, they see exactly what they have seen since the plant began operating decades before,” Dermarkar says. “What they don’t realise is year over year, inside the plant, we have been innovating our approaches.”
Plant knowledge and work processes have evolved, Dermarkar adds. For example, COG’s databank has more than 44,000 pieces of operating experience available to its members. Industry suppliers are also participating in knowledge-sharing programmes to ensure both contractors and parts come to the job ready, with proper qualifications. “We have strengthened [plant] resilience, improved efficiency and also our own techniques in operating and maintaining,” says Dermarkar. “These are 21st-century operations.”
The Ontario plants have also expanded their mandate beyond electricity generation with further development in areas such as nuclear medicine. Bruce Power has signed partnerships with Kinectrics and Isotopen Technologien München and OPG with BWX Technologies to help develop their reactor by-products, including Colbalt-60, Lutetium-177 and Molybdenum-99.
In addition to collaborative research through COG, the utilities and CNL have recently developed independent centres of research and development in areas including reactor sustainability (CNL), advanced SMRs (New Brunswick) and at innovation centres capturing initiatives across CANDU, SMR and medical technologies (OPG and Bruce Power).
Collaboratively, with the Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD-NEA), COG is working to bring the national labs and utilities from all COG-member countries together to strategically develop and share research to take the innovation agenda further, says Dermarkar. COG and the NEA co-hosted a research symposium in Vienna on this global research collaboration initiative. Dermarkar says COG sees opportunities to share learnings across technologies as well.
Beyond technical solutions, there is a human element. There is increasing collaboration between academia and industry. There are programmes across all of the utilities to understand and integrate Indigenous knowledge, input and culture into decision-making. Organisations like North American Young Generation in Nuclear (NAYGN) and Women in Nuclear (WiN) Canada are also taking a greater role in informing policy.
The Canadian government’s choice of a new president and chair for its national nuclear regulator, Rumina Velshi, has set an agenda for greater gender balance in the industry. Leadership sets culture and the industry has taken notice.
There is expectation a new generation will take up the call to ensure nuclear is an important part of the future.
Four innovation incubators
Canadian utilities and the country’s national nuclear lab have each created a mechanism to tap into innovative ideas from their own employees, suppliers, their local community and partners at their individual sites:
• Ontario Power Generation has created X-Lab, an incubator space for exploring new ideas that come out of the nuclear plant and from OPG’s own employees. For example a new monitoring and diagnostic centre offers more effective condition-based maintenance through a cross-functional team that monitors the condition of plant equipment based on data provided from sensors;
• Bruce Power has created the Ontario Nuclear Innovation Institute as an international centre of excellence for applied research and training and has further developed its medical isotope production;
• New Brunswick Power has announced development of an Advanced Nuclear SMR Research Cluster to investigate commercialisation and a demonstration plant at Point Lepreau;
• Canadian Nuclear Laboratories has announced its Centre for Reactor Sustainability, which capitalizes on its 60 years of operation of the National Research Universal reactor and decades of research. It provides R&D and services for Candu/PHWR and light water reactor technologies.
To help the industry leverage the work done at these centres, the CANDU Owners Group is creating a mechanism for sharing ideas and, where it is valuable to do so, will create joint projects to further research done at one site, as a shared project among multiple members. |
What to Count on Once you Enroll the college of Accounting?
Accounting (or accountancy) is actually a issue place dependant upon the study of all elements of financial content and financial transactions. This willpower is likewise described as ‘the language of business’ due to the fact that it reveals the key ideas of its existing and performing. The overall economy of any corporation or organisation will probably fall short free of a reliable specialist responsible for accounting.
What does it mean to get an expert accountant? The traditional features might probably sound like ‘a mathematicalgenius’ or ‘a person with organizational superpowers’. Accountant is really a man or woman answerable for all personal affairs of your organisation, shmoop like procedures of figuring out, recording, measuring, classifying, verifying, summarizing, analyzing and interpreting this content.
Sounds pretty frightening! But nevertheless, in many providers these things to do are carried out somewhat by a crew of people than by an individual accountant. In spite of this, for a foreseeable future qualified during this sphere, you can not predict which obligation will lay down on the shoulders. So during your experiments you might find out how to history, keep and arrange monetary transactions, as well as guidelines on how to summarize and examine this knowledge. Also, you’ll learn how to report the info to tax selection entities and oversight businesses the proper way.
The technique of accounting has the conventional framework of suggestions described as commonly acknowledged accounting rules (GAAP). Accountants need to know and go along with these ideas making ready the money statements.
Modern accounting consists of a variety of sizable subfields:
- Financial accounting
This sphere scientific tests and reports of firm’s fiscal guidance to external end users. This method incorporates the preparation of economic statements presented for public intake. So all everyone, intrigued in acquiring these kinds of help and advice (buyers, suppliers and regulators) can easily get it.
- Management accounting
This a single is related with the processing with the knowledge (equally money and non-financial) expected for managers to undertake their job well and make appropriate choices for that company’s advancement. This subfield of accounting produces future-oriented stories (by way of example, the organization’s finances within the adhering to calendar year). Cost-benefit evaluation is considered the foundation for management accounting studies.
Auditing promotions with the means of verification and evaluation of your economical statements of a company. The operate for the auditor is usually to express his/her independent feeling relating to the fairness in the organization’s financial statements in accordance with the GAAP.
- Accounting knowledge technique (AIS)
This really is a branch of accounting connected while using the processing of economic and accounting information and belongs towards companies’ information and facts method. AIS is predominantly a computer-based technique for monitoring accounting action in combination with detail technology sources.
- Tax accounting
Each region has its private tax scheme that needs the usage of specialised accounting concepts for tax functions. So tax accounting deals using the process of preparing, analysis and presentation of tax payments and tax returns.
Nowadays, many folks go along with this well-paid and status profession. It is actually true that accountants will always be in remarkable desire mainly because they make a significant bit of show results for every corporation. The only real problem is usually that getting into this occupation just isn’t an easy activity. You will need to experience serious complexities with your method to a sought after diploma.
Students who prefer this sphere like a subject of their long term specialized action have got to devote a good deal of attempts and time to grasp all its factors. While you have already understood on the write-up above, accounting is focused on challenging things, rigorous regulations and calculations. Your professors provides you with a good deal of homework tasks to rack your brains barely. But never feel concerned any time you really feel puzzled with some groundwork paper or scenario study, you can still rely on pro essay providers. Learn new heights without distinctive attempts.
Would the title above cause you to click on it to discover more details on the intriguing failure of promotion endeavor? It sure would. It’s a trick which is implemented in multiple zones of our social lifestyle to catch the readers’ eye and make them interested by the written content.
Marketers occur up with tons of hints of a way to utilize the psychological areas to perform with human curiosity. When considering make the reader simply click relating to the website online, a very good headline that stands away from dozens is enough to make him interested. However, selling the service or companies, intending to offer them, can take a longer plus much more elaborate list of steps. That’s exactly where promoting arrives in hand to hit the competition on the advertise and bait the consumers.
Types and Ways of Advertising
Advertising could be a foremost software in the disposal with the manufacturers and corporations to provide their information for the visitors. Its target stage is to try to attract as so many shoppers and clients as you possibly can. Suspect of one’s most cherished commercials and inquire yourself what can make them so awesome and memorable. By examining essentially the most in style and profitable advertisements, it develops into simplier and easier to comprehend what methods you will use for your personal very own uses. Bear in mind Coca-cola Christmas truck advert within the Television set or Ronald McDonald going for walks in a very crimson wig within the shopping center?
They both of those have the same exact end goal of selling the product but use several types of advertisement. The abilities and tactics involved in publicizing are innumerous and depend on marketer’s creativity. Between the commonest types of promoting are:
- Television it without doubt addresses broader audience of consumers than booklets or brochures. Feel within the Tremendous Bowl adverts. Brands decide by far the most high-profiled, beautiful and amusing subject material for his or her halftime commercials. In case you ought to generate an essay on promoting or build your own personal advert and create an idea, we advocate researching many of these adverts. Make an attempt to examine not just what the heck is catchy in your case but what audience was intended to be dealt with. Choose out what was utilized to catch the attention of a selected target faction. Settle on whether or not it depends within the age, standing or occupation groups.
- Online in the present day essentially the most favored and straightforward source for promoting. Besides for the ads within the online pages, Internetoffers an outstanding prospect of endorsing products and services in social networking sites. In the event you stick to superstars on Instagram, you’ll find it not excluded you plan to observe your favorite, quality trying celeb’s type. Trend homes and types notice the strength of followers and use their famous clients’ accounts and images as 1 added source for promoting.
- Product placement does one every now and then ponder ‘Hey, they can be feeding on KFC in just about all the episodes on this show’? If that is so, you’ve got noticed an item placement variety of advertising. It is actually most often a concealed choice of advertising and marketing a product by positioning it with the movie or TV-show episode.
- Prints customarily consists of brochures from the avenue or leaflets and handouts inside the shops. When you’ve got ever received any advertisements in the mail box it is actually also an illustration of a printing kind of promotion.
- Outdoor it means any kind of promotion that you satisfy beyond your property. Recall from the billboards with your technique to school or show results, ads on buses, poster or immense electronic boards on Times Sq. in NY or Shibuya in Tokyo.
- Celebrity branding a large amount of celebs stimulate product or service on Tv or in journals. In case your beloved actress or singer claims from your display screen this individual mascara helps make her lashes glance lengthier certainly you tend to think, judging by her attractive pics. |
By 1925, Frank Phillips, Oklahoma oil baron and founder of Phillips Petroleum, was living comfortably in a 26-room mansion in the heart of Bartlesville, Oklahoma, and apparently thought it was time to branch out and construct a ranch home in the Osage Hills, 12 miles south of the city.
Phillips’ final product was no ordinary ranch, carved out in a six-square-mile strip of prairie with a plentiful supply of black oak trees. Today, nearly 100 years later, visitors from throughout the world flock here for meetings, social gatherings and for an opportunity to see how affluent oil people lived during the first half of the 20th century.
Phillips named the property “The Frank Phillips Ranch,” but later, at the suggestion of a business associate, the name was changed to “Woolaroc” (a play on words), representing woods, lakes and rocks, which plenty of each remains today throughout the 3,700-acre site.
The first structure built on the site was a sprawling log cabin, and with its completion, there was no stopping. The cabin is now called “the lodge” and includes five bedrooms, six bathrooms and two porches overlooking Clyde Lake. To say that the residence is stocked with art, animal heads and horns, and exotic rugs would be an understatement. Also exhibited is a grand piano, which dates to Phillips’ time on the property.
Completion of the property in the late 1920s led to an influx of the movers and shakers from that era, including humorist Will Rogers, actor Tom Mix, the Federal Reserve Board and Kansas Gov. Alf Landon (who himself was no stranger to the oil business). According to a book sold in the gift store, Landon launched his ill-fated campaign for the presidency at Woolaroc.
With no shortage of resources to complete his project, engineers with Phillips Petroleum designed roads, bridges, dams and spillways that circled the property and remain to this day. To reach the lodge, we drove 2 miles on a snake-like road, dodging buffaloes and turkeys, a zebra or two, and llamas, all of which seemed to be very much at home.
Phillips grew up on a farm in Nebraska where his family raised Holstein cattle. So it came as no surprise that he built a huge stone barn to house the Woolaroc herd. To get a better view of the ranch, Phillips constructed a staircase to the top of the barn, reaching an observation tower where visitors can view the ranch’s entirety.
From what we were told, Phillips’ promotional and marketing skills ranked right up there with drilling oil wells; so it came as no surprise that aviation and Charles Lindbergh’s flight across the Atlantic Ocean more than piqued his interest.
Phillips ordered Phillips Petroleum chemists to develop fuels suitable for airplanes. Three months following Lindbergh’s flight, all eyes were on California in anticipation of an airplane race from Oakland to Hawaii. Arthur Goebel Jr., an accomplished pilot, was interested in making the race and after contacting Phillips his participation was certain.
Goebel climbed aboard a plane (coincidentally named Woolaroc), and powered by 417 gallons of NuAviation Fuel manufactured by Phillips Petroleum, was airborne. Twenty-six hours after takeoff, he was declared the undisputed winner. Today, the plane is prominently displayed in a 40,000-square-foot museum that was built by Phillips at Woolaroc.
The plane is in good company. It’s displayed alongside one of the nation’s largest collections of Colt firearms, sculptures, western artwork, and the re-creation of an old-time Phillips 66 service station. An exact replica of Phillips’ Wall Street office, which didn’t seem all that ostentatious, can be viewed behind glass.
In 1926, Phillips established an annual Cow Thieves and Outlaws Reunion, a summer picnic on Clyde Lake that attracted plenty of both along with elites associated with the oil industry. It appears that all in attendance bonded well together and enjoyed each other’s company.
Phillips cast a long shadow over Bartlesville and his philanthropy is remembered to this day. Each year, he made a contribution to every church in town and assisted countless other civic causes. For reasons unknown, Phillips opened his first Phillips 66 service station in Wichita.
Six years prior to his death, Phillips and his wife, Jane, deeded his prized ranch over to the Frank Phillips Foundation. This organization continues to maintain the property to this day. Jane Phillips died in 1948, followed by Frank two years later. They, along with their son John, who died in 1953, are interred in a mausoleum that is nestled into a side of a hill on the ranch.
Phillips' reasons for constructing the ranch says it all.
“During my lifetime, I derived a great deal of pleasure in building Woolaroc Ranch and Museum,” Phillips said. “Through this medium, I tried to preserve and perpetuate a part of the country I knew as a young man.”
Richard Shank is a retired AT&T manager, is employed in the health care industry and has farming interests in Saline County. Email: [email protected]. |
A printing defect characterized by a spotty, non-uniform appearance in solid printed areas. Different print characteristics have different types of mottle; there is a density mottle, a gloss mottle, or a color mottle, depending on what aspect is being affected. All forms of mottle are typically the result of non-uniform ink absorbency across the surface of the paper. A mottled appearance is also called galvanized. A complex type of mottle is called back trap mottle. (See ["Back Trap Mottle [BTM]"].)
A type of mottle characteristic of calendered papers is known as coating mottle. |
The Power-2-Heat plant in Leopoldau converts excess electricity into heat and thus contributes to energy being used intelligently and more efficiently. The state-of-the-art facility can take up power of up to ten wind turbines and convert it into heat with virtually no loss. The resulting heat is fed into the Vienna district heating network in the form of hot water and can supply clean heat for up to 20,000 households.
Heat is an essential sector of the energy transition: it facilitates the integration of renewable electricity into the energy system. Wien Energie relies on innovative solutions – in December 2017, a Power-2-Heat plant in Leopoldau was put into operation. This state-of-the-art facility couples the power grid and the district heating networks to use energy intelligently and more efficiently. The integrated consideration of different sectors is essential for the energy transition. The Power-2-Heat plant in Leopoldau is about an unconventional coupling of the electricity and heat sectors. This makes sense ecologically, since fossil fuels are saved for heat generation. Heat can also be stored more easily and economically than electricity and is therefore an important part of an integrated energy system.
Energy from 10 wind turbines
The Power-2-Heat system is powered by clean excess electricity. An excess of energy arises, for example, from particularly strong wind. Wind turbines may then produce significantly more electricity than consumed at this moment. With the Power-2-Heat plant with a total output of 20 megawatts, Wien Energie is creating the opportunity to further consolidate its district heating network and at the same time is taking an important step in the energy transition. Wien Energie has the capacity to take in the power from up to ten wind turbines and convert it into heat with virtually no loss.
The new system is activated in the event of a power oversupply and absorbs the surplus. As a result, the system contributes to the stabilization of the power grid and enables the full use of electricity from renewable sources. The resulting heat is fed into the Vienna district heating network in the form of hot water and can thus be used directly and efficiently in the surrounding households in north-western Vienna. Up to 20,000 households can thus be supplied with clean heat.
This is how the Power-2-Heat system works
The production of renewable energy such as solar or wind power is difficult to control and weather dependent. Thus, in strong winds much more energy is produced than needed at that moment and there is an oversupply. In this case, the Power-2-Heat system is activated. In the plant itself, the excess electricity from the grid is used in electrode boilers to heat water. A heat exchanger feeds the hot water, which is approx. 160 degrees Celsius, into the district heating network. The facility in Leopoldau consists of two plants each with 10 MW output – these can be operated independently of each other. If one heater fails, the second can take over the load immediately.
The plants do not run in continuous operation, but only take power when there is an oversupply. In addition, the system also serves as a backup reserve for the district heating network in cold months. Here the plant operation directly follows the needs of the district heating network. The “mission order” comes directly from the load distributor of Wien Energie. The entire system is integrated in the control technology of Wien Energie and is operated and monitored from Spittelau.
Key data: Power-2-Heat plant Leopoldau
- two electrode boilers with 10 MW each and max. 12 bar
- heats water to over 160 degrees Celsius with excess electricity from the grid
- can supply up to 20,000 households with heat
- can take up electricity from up to 10 wind turbines
Key data: Wien Energie district heating
- Wien Energie supplies 380,000 households and 6.800 large-scale customers with district heat
- In its beginnings almost 50 years ago, the district heating network was 26 kilometers long and served the Vienna General Hospital and a few large community buildings. Today there are more than 1,200 kilometers of pipes (equivalent to the distance from Vienna to Paris) and district heat can be obtained in all 23 districts.
Wien Energie GmbH
This post is also available in: German |
Corporate social responsibility is not a new concept in India . However, what is new is the shift in focus from making profits to meeting societal challenges.
Giving a universal definition of corporate social responsibility is bit difficult as there is no common definition as such.
However, there are few common threads that connect all the perspectives of CSR with each other; the dedication to serve the society being most important of them. Most ideal definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been given by world business council for Sustained Development which says, "Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large".
Thus, the meaning of CSR is twofold. On one hand, it exhibits the ethical behavior that an organization exhibits towards its internal and external stakeholders (customers as well as employees). On the other hand, it denotes the responsibility of an organization towards the environment and society in which it operates.
Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate social responsibility offers manifold benefits both internally and externally to the companies involved in various projects. Externally, it creates a positive image amongst the people for its company and earns a special respect amongst its peers. It creates short term employment opportunities by taking various projects like construction of parks, schools, etc. Working with keeping in view the interests of local community bring a wide range of business benefits. For example, for many businesses, local customers are an important source of sales. By improving the reputation, one may find it easier to recruit employees and retain them. Businesses have a wider impact on the environment also. Plantation and cultivation activities taken up by Intel India are a step towards the same. Recycling used products also acts as a step towards minimizing wastes.
Internally, it cultivates a sense of loyalty and trust amongst the employees in the organizational ethics. It improves operational efficiency of the company and is often accompanied by increases in quality and productivity. More importantly, it serves as a soothing diversion from the routine workplace practices and gives a feeling of satisfaction and a meaning to their lives. Employees feel more motivated and thus, are more productive. Apart from this, CSR helps ensure that the organization comply with regulatory requirements.
CSR Importance and its Relevance Today
The amount of information available to customer about the company, product, brand globally through easy accessible and available mode of information; internet, communication, customer wants to buy product from trusted brand, employee want to work for the company who respect them, NGO's want to work with company who work with the same vision for the benefit of the people. As said by Peter Duker "The 21st century will be the century of the social sector organization. The more economy, money, and information become global, the more community will matter." (Corporate watch report, 2006).
According to strategic corporate social responsibility by William B. Werther, David Chandler there is three trends which are going to have importance in future are
Increasing Affluence : Customer from elite level can afford to buy and pay more for premium brand but the poor customer might not be willing to pay so much for brand, instead they would prefer to spend their money on business which can take their business to much better level.
Changing social expectation : Its natural that customer expect more from the company whose product they buy but with recent controversy and scandal of company has reduced the trust and confidence in the regulatory body and organization which manage the corporate.
Globalization and free flow of Information : With growing trend of media and easy access to information through mobile, TV even the minor mistake of the company is brought in public in no time, this sometime fuels the activist group and likeminded people to spread message which can lead to situation like boycott of the product.
There can be few key steps to implement CSR successfully (Corporate Social Responsibility, 2003 )
• Better communication between top management and organization
• Appoint for CSR position.
• Good relationship with customer, supplier, stakeholder.
• Annual CSR audit.
• Feedback process
It can be concluded that in today's informative world where information are readily available to general public CSR has been an important part of any organization to be successful. Organization in present world cannot be successful without taking into account the social responsibility. CSR has been a vital component for any organization to have perpetual success and to create brand. |
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Given this shift, there has arisen different ways of conducting business – new work patterns and practices have emerged for which there has been the birth of a new breed of worker with new skills and abilities. And in his new world order, not only has knowledge become crucial, the meaning of knowledge and the way it is used has also changed from the earlier ages.
Knowledge in the earlier ages
In the agrarian age there was very little formal education, people learned or gained knowledge by going about their daily jobs, in the community. Their knowledge comprised of finding out how to “do things”. In the industrial age, there was a shift to formal education in schools. Knowledge was knowing “what had to be done”. Schools taught skills required for this including social and citizen skills. Education was managed by a bureaucratic system and students followed the rules of acquiring knowledge and they lived by societal norms. The efficient functioning of the society was given greater importance than individuals, who were all bred from a similar mould.
Knowledge in the knowledge age
In the knowledge age, the very meaning of the term “knowledge” has shifted. It is no longer about “things that are known” that are taught by experts in the field, things written about in books under different heads and subjects. It is no longer about just information and things stored in peoples’ minds. It has gone beyond that and become a force, an energy, a system of interconnected networks that does things, that causes things to happen. Knowledge is not static, it is a kind of dynamism that achieves objectives, that works towards a goal. Knowledge is produced and used by people who have complementary expertise who work together towards a specific target to achieve something specific together.
Have to discover, evaluate, use
In the knowledge age, people still need and have to be taught things that are known, like in the previous industrial age but the knowledge itself is not the be-all and end-all. Knowledge is what allows one to think, learn, change and move forward. People in the knowledge age have to discover, evaluate, use information on a continuous basis. They have to communicate and share the information and knowledge and work efficiently with others. They have to think and learn by themselves and adapt, and change basis this knowledge. They need a different skill-set to become true citizens of the knowledge economy.
Education systems as they exist do not impart these skills – they need to change their attitude and teaching techniques to teach students to think for themselves, not be spoon-fed. To understand the new meaning of knowledge, to appreciate the context in which it works, to use the ideas, information and knowledge that they have to create and innovate, to share and grow their own knowledge. We thus need a shift in our mind-set to harness fully the power of the knowledge age. |
The Need for Compaction Improvement
Compaction of an asphalt mix has been a standard in the building and functioning of the pavements for a long period. It has commonly been assumed that the results of compaction lie in the ensuing density and air voids,and are not due to construction techniques. It has also been considered that the cracks induced by construction only appear unattractive and do not actually affect the physical performance of the surfacing.
Extensive research has been conducted to establish the real cause and effect of the construction cracks. It was established that compaction by steel roller is responsible for construction-induced cracks due to the geometric unsuitability between the roller and the base. Damage and cracks in roads are not only due to cold weather because these issues have also been observed on roads in countries with warm weather.
Design of the Asphalt Multi Integrated Roller (AMIR)
The AMIR has a belt with multiple layers that are made of specific rubber compounds.The belt and rollers create plate-like contact surface of approximately three square meters to use for compaction. The rubber belt, being elastic, provides a surface that is similar in stiffness to the asphalt surface. Since the contact area available is large due to the flat plate, the applied stress at the asphalt is insignificant compared to that applied by conventional steel rollers. Furthermore, if the rolling speed is same, the load duration by AMIR is thirty times greater than normal steel rollers. The huge contact area reduces horizontal forces applied to the asphalt and ensures confinement during the compaction. Thus, the roller induced cracking is eliminated, permeability is reduced, and resistance to fatigue damage and tensile strength are increased.
Test Results of Asphalt Multi Integrated Roller
AMIR has overcome compaction problems and produces a smooth surface that does not have cracks. Numerous fatigue tests were
performed on different mixes. Comparison was carried out of the compaction produced by the normal rollers and the Asphalt Multi Integrated Roller. The contributing factors like direction and kind of mix were varied to obtain results under different test conditions. The test results demonstrated that compaction by the Asphalt Multi Integrated Roller, using either form of mix, produced approximately twice the compaction fatigue life. It was also observed that the rolling direction had an insignificant effect on the fatigue life of the mix produced by Asphalt Multi Integrated Roller. However, the fatigue resistance to transverse cracking was low for the mix produced by steel rollers. The research has concluded that the cracks produced by steel rollers can decrease the fatigue life considerably, and these problems can be overcome by the use of Asphalt Multi Integrated Roller. Furthermore, the mechanical properties like density, fatigue life, tensile strength and moisture resistance are improved considerably.
Problems Conventional Steel Drum Rollers
Cracks produced during compaction by normal steel rollers are due to the non harmony of the rigid circular steel drum with the gentle, even asphalt pavement. Since the shape of the steel drums is circular, only a small contact area is accessible to the asphalt for
compacting. With the movement of the roller, the asphalt at the roller front is pushed forward, producing a dragging force in the asphalt at the rear. This action of pushing and dragging produces cracks in the asphalt. The rollers with rubber tires were introduced to press the asphalt and seal the cracks. However, such rollers have not been successful to prevent the development of cracks. Furthermore, these rollers use water to avoid picking asphalt during the compaction. This lowers the temperature of the asphalt and avoids the crack closing. |
Based on data from the World Bank, in 2011 natural gas burned as flare gas reached more 150 billion cubic meters (bcm) and added about 400 million tons of annual CO2 emissions. The first rank of the biggest fuel-gas producer is Russia with 37.4 bcm per year followed by Nigeria with annual production of 14.6 bcm. While Indonesia ranks fourth with an annual burning gas flame of 2.2 bcm. Several countries have started to pay attention to the impact of this flare gas. The country is making policies and regulations to reduce the flare gas of which are Canada, Norway, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Qatar.
According to the data, Indonesia, which is one of the world’s leading gas-burning countries through the National Planning Agency (Bappenas) has sought to reduce the production of flared gas flares through “the Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap 2010″. In its implementation, it is supported by the National Action Plan for Emission Reduction and regulated by Presidential Regulation No. 61/2011. The goal is that the data of flare gas can be obtained accurately and structured. In principle, oil and gas contractors must seek government permission to carry out gas burning. This is in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia No. 31 Year 2012 on the Management of Gas Flares in Oil and Gas Processing. But this ministerial decision does not regulate the penalties or fines to companies that violate regulations. The rules are only normative.
It is necessary to formulate specific mechanisms related to economic instruments and other fiscal systems so that existing regulations are more effective and efficient. Such as incentive or disincentive arrangements imposed on gas producers and processors in more detail.
Based on the analysis of Low Carbon Support Program to Ministry of Finance Indonesia most of the flaring takes place offshore. Offshore Production Sharing Contracts (PSC) account for about 48.2% of gas combustion and 25.6% are produced by terrestrial PSC. Pertamina & Partners and Joint Operating Body for Production Sharing Contracts contributed 21.2% and 5.0% respectively. Flare gas data according to the company showed that five major flue gas producers produce 76.4% of the total production of national flare gas. These companies are BP Tangguh, Pertamina & Partners, Petrochina International Jabung Ltd, CNOOC SES Ltd, and Total Indonesia. While the top 10 and 15 companies contributed 87.5% and 93.2%.
A positive relationship between the size of the oilfield and the associated gas produced shows that the total flare gas is not the only indicator of efficiency. The application of Gas Flaring to Oil Production Ratio and Global Gas Flaring Reduction will be more relevant and provide additional information. The problem is that oil and gas are generally produced simultaneously in the production process, making it very difficult to separate the flare gas from oil production by flare gas from gas production.
To reduce the production of flare gas, the following things can be done:
1. Flaring can be implemented within certain limits for safety and maintenance purposes.
2. The polluter pays principle applies in policy formulation because the cost of pollution is directly charged to those who should bear.
3. Variations in emissions to barrels of oil equivalent between one place and another are large enough to require considerable investment discrepancies to mitigate emissions.
4. The utilization of revenues from fiscal disincentives is an important system to ensure fairness and investment funds.
From all the above descriptions we can conclude that there are three policy recommendations to minimize the flare gas that can be done by the government: commercialization of flare gas through regulations, enforcing government regulations to oil and gas companies, and disincentive fiscal use. |
Waste Management & Clean Energy : Production from Municipal Solid Waste Hardback
Waste-to-Energy is one of the key technologies for sustainable waste management.
The book by Laura Mastellone offers a comprehensive overview of the various processes for thermal waste treatment such as incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification.
It is instrumental for understanding objectives, functioning, residues, and environmental impacts of thermal processes.
This is worthwhile reading for any expert in the field of resources and waste management.
- Format: Hardback
- Pages: 281 pages
- Publisher: Nova Science Publishers Inc
- Publication Date: 01/06/2015
- Category: Waste management
- ISBN: 9781634638272 |
- Category: Renewables
- Energy type: Biomass
- Project type: Asset
SSE Barkip anaerobic digestion plant is the largest combined organic waste treatment and energy generating facility in Scotland. This innovatively designed plant can process up to 75,000 tonnes of organic and food waste annually and produce 2.2MW of renewable electricity 24/7 from the biogas produced. Bacteria break down the waste to produce methane rich biogas, combusted in gas engines to generate electricity. All the heat used in the process is recovered from the engines. The plant produces a low cost PAS110 fertiliser to support local agriculture.
The facility is a zero-waste solution and has a major role to play in meeting Scotland's renewable energy production and waste recycling targets. |
Lubricating grease is mainly lubricated, protected and sealed. Most greases are used for lubrication, called antifriction Grease. Antifriction grease mainly reduces mechanical friction and prevents mechanical wear. At the same time also to prevent the protection of metal corrosion, and sealing dust-proof effect. Some grease is mainly used to prevent metal rust or corrosion, known as the protection of Grease. For example, there are a few greases, such as industrial Vaseline, that are designed for sealing, called sealed greases, such as thread grease. Greases are mostly semisolid substances with unique fluidity. The working principle of grease is that the thickener will keep the oil in the position where it needs lubrication, and when it is loaded, the thickener will release the oil, thus playing a lubricating role. At room temperature and stationary state it is like a solid, can maintain its own shape without flowing, can adhere to the metal without slipping. It can flow like a liquid when it is at high temperature or subjected to an external force exceeding a certain limit. When the lubricating grease is subjected to the shearing action of the moving parts in the machine, it can produce flow and lubricate, and reduce the friction and wear between the moving surfaces. When the shear action is stopped, it can restore a certain consistency, the special fluidity of grease, it is decided that it can not be suitable for lubricating oil parts. In addition, since it is a semisolid substance, its sealing effect and protective effect are better than that of lubricating oil. |
By: Tracey Levison, Managing Partner, Above + Beyond Management Consulting
Different Types of Smarts
For over a century, people and businesses alike have been measuring success through the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), a test that focuses mostly on raw intelligence, language, and mathematical abilities. Granted, IQ tests are good at measuring certain mental faculties like logic, abstract reasoning, learning ability, and memory, but fail to evaluate the social awareness required to know when and where to apply one’s skills in real-life situations.
That’s where Emotional Intelligence (EQ) comes in. In a nutshell, EQ encompasses the the ability to perceive, control and evaluate the emotions that influence how people engage with their day-to-day lives. It is a measurable component of who we are, just like IQ. Basically, if IQ measures how smart you are, then EQ determines how effectively you can use your smarts.
While some people perceive it as innate, EQ competencies are developed over time. As we age and experience life, we tend to grow more emotionally intelligent.
EQ: What is it made up of?
EQ isn’t a skill only practiced when dealing with others; it begins internally. In our coaching and self-awareness assessments, we break down emotional intelligence into 6 measurable scales:
1) Mood Labelling:
Mood Labelling measures the ability to accurately label feelings and emotions, and the extent to which someone can interpret their feelings as they occur. It reflects whether someone has developed a language for their emotions and is able to communicate as such.
This ties strongly to self-awareness, which is the competency that heightens self-confidence and helps determine one’s values and belief systems. This is important, because it gives us the ability to identify our own strengths and weaknesses.
2) Mood Monitoring:
Mood Monitoring measures the amount of energy someone puts forth in monitoring their feelings and emotions. It reflects how much thought one puts into their actions, the results of their actions, their mood, how they might be perceived, and generally how one feels.
When a person has very high monitoring, sometimes this is reflected in worrying behaviour. For this person, it is important to focus on managing their worry, being more mindful, and not getting ‘lost’ in self-reflection. When this is low, it might require a person to spend more time reflecting on things that occur and the results of their behaviours.
3) Self Control:
This measures the control one has over their feelings and emotions. This also provides insight into impulse control, which is important for coaching and leading others, and for working as part of a team.
4) Managing Emotional Influences:
This measures a person’s ability to stay neutral in highly emotional situations. It reflects how ‘swayed’ one gets by both their own emotions and the emotions of others, and their ability to persevere toward their goals in the face of these emotions.
Empathy reflects a person’s ability to understand the feelings and emotions of others. It is a reflection of how fully one listens to someone else’s situation and is able to validate what they hear. Empathy is an important quality in understanding others and establishing strong relationships.
6) Social Judgment:
This reflects a person’s ability to make appropriate decisions in social situations, based on the emotional states of others. It is a reflection of the finesse and attunement one has in a social situation.
Emotional intelligence, at its core, is all about self awareness and the awareness of others. Recognizing the importance of EQ is just the starting point for creating a new level of positive experiences personally and with others, both in our personal lives and our professional ones.
EQ and Effective Leadership
Every person in an organization has a unique set of skills and diverse passions. When you empower people and guide them on how to best apply those skills and passions, you’re going to have a company full of very engaged people.
That’s why an emotionally intelligent leader focuses on the behaviours that elevate the people in their organization. They actively encourage empowerment, kindness and appreciation. They do things like greet their team when they get to work in the morning, provide mentorship and coaching, celebrate success on a regular basis, recognize effort, and make time for others.
By recognizing people and caring about their well-being, leaders can effectively drive motivation and satisfaction across their teams, leading to better results and a happier culture.
How well do you understand your EQ? Contact us today to learn about how our assessments and coaching can elevate your EQ potential. For more information, click here. |
However if we look at the world of manufacturing, we can see that it is possible to create highly customised products on a production line. This can be achieved by decentralising the assembly process. Just look at the range of options available when you buy a new car. There are hundreds of possible configurations. If each car had to be built from scratch to order, auto manufacturers wouldn't be able to offer this service. It would take too long and be too costly. Instead they make the car up of many modules which are often subcontracted to other specialist manufacturers. These can then be combined in many different configurations on the assembly line as orders come in. This speeds up the process and enables more flexibility.
With a product as complex as a car (or a building) this is only made possible by the use of design software. This software allows products to be built virtually, with part and module interfaces modelled well in advance of assembly.
Here's a great example of decentralised manufacture in the building industry: |
What is Carbon Fiber?
Carbon fiber is a super high strength and stiffness material. Carbon fiber is 2-3 times as strong and stiff as steel or aluminum of equal weight.
Carbon fiber is produced by carbonizing (cooking at 20000-30000 F) a precursor material, usually Rayon, PAN (polyacrilonitrile) or oil Pitch. This process produces fibers that are 0.001mm in diameter. A bundle of 1000 of these fibers will be 1mm (0.040”) in diameter. These bundles are combined to produce unidirectional tape and various styles of woven and knitted fabrics. The carbon fabrics can then be combined with a plastic polymer (resin) to produce very light, strong, durable and beautiful parts.
During your carbon fiber fabrication training you’ll learn various methods of the carbon fiber fabrication process.
What is a Composite?
A composite is an object composed of two or more materials with combined properties greater than that of any of the single elements. Composite structures, as we define them, are a combination of fiber reinforcement and a resin polymer matrix. The fiber reinforcement is most commonly Glass, Carbon or Aramid. These composite structures may also incorporate core material to add stiffness. Cores might be balsa wood, foam or aramid or aluminum honeycomb. The combination of these composite materials can produce some of the lightest and strongest structures possible.
Industries You Can Enter with Composites & Carbon Fiber Training
• Performance Vehicle (Automotive, Sports/Racing, Off-Road & Energy Efficiency)
• Aerospace & Aviation (Aircraft Components, Satellites, Helicopters, Drones)
• Sporting (Bicycles, Canoes, Paddles, Snowboards & Skis, Surfboards, Football Helmets, Shoes and Cleats, Hockey Sticks)
• Green/Solar Energy (Wind Turbine and Wind Turbine Blades & Support Structures)
• Boating & Marine (Boats, Keels, Rudders, Masts & Rigging)
• Instruments (Cellos, Violins, Guitars, etc.)
• Medical (Operating Tables & Surgical Instruments)
• Transportation (Car and Truck Bodies and Fairings)
Composites & Carbon Fiber Training Processes & Methods
At the conclusion of your composite training which includes carbon fiber fabrication training at IYRS, you will be proficient in:
• Vacuum Bagging & Vacuum Infusion
• Open & Closed Molding Process
• Filament Winding
• In-Mold Coating (Gel Coat)
• Prepreg Processing
• Spray-Up Molding
• Safe Use & Operation of Curing Oven
• Composite Molds & Plugs Building
Career Opportunities & Research Resources
There is a groundswell of support for composites & carbon fiber training that is actively forming in Rhode Island and across the country, and IYRS is smack dab in the middle of it. According to the American Composites Manufacturers Association, the composites industry is projected to grow by 6.5 percent annually through 2020. Capitalize on this opportunity with the most comprehensive composites training program in the country!
• National Organization: American Composites Manufacturers Association (ACMA)
• Local Organization: Rhode Island Composites Alliance (RICA)
• National Conferences: CAMX Composites & Advanced Materials Expo
• Certifications: Certified Composites Technician (CCT) through ACMA (Cast Polymer, Compression Molding, Corrosion, Instructor, Light Resin Transfer Molding, Open Molding, Solid Surface, Vacuum Infusion and Wind Blade Repair) |
VHS English Version Product Number:
V000031VEMDVD English Version Product Number:
V0000319EMVHS Spanish Version Product Number:
V000031VSMDVD Spanish Version Product Number:
General Safety & HealthLength of Video(in Minutes):
MARCOM Group Ltd., TheDescription:
MARCOM's "Industrial Fire Prevention" Videotape Program looks at fires in an industrial setting and reviews the steps an employee should take in a fire emergency. This course covers:
- Preventing industrial fires.
- The concept of "flashpoint".
- Handling flammable materials.
- ...and more.
The Videotape Program comes with a comprehensive Leader's Guide, reproducible Scheduling & Attendance Form, Employee Quiz, Training Certificate and Training Log.
Industrial Fire Prevention Video and DVD Excerpt: Since the dawn of man fire has been a powerful tool. Allowing us to cook food, keep warm, and illuminate our surroundings. But throughout our history fire has also been a devastating destroyer. Even with modern firefighting techniques, accidental fires are still a leading cause of destruction disability and death. And today's fires are more dangerous than ever, because of plastics, chemicals, and other man made substances can cause fires to spread quickly, as well as spread toxic fumes. The best way to fight a fire is to prevent it. But first you must know what causes things to burn. All fires involve three elements, heat, fuel and oxygen. Removing any of these, will stop a fire. Let's look at each of them in great detail. Fires start with heat, which serves as a source of ignition. Heat can be generated by many things, including open flames, static electricity, cutting and welding operations, faulty electrical circuits, unshielded hot surfaces, friction and chemical reactions. Once a fire is burning it produces more heat and grows even larger. As long as there is enough fuel and oxygen a fire will continue to spread. |
What is Business Memo in Communication? Functions of Memorandum, Importance of Memorandum, Business Memo. Memo is the short form of memorandum. The literal meaning of the word Memorandum is a note to assist the memory. A memo is a shot piece of writing (short letter), generally used for internal communication between executives and subordinates or between the officers of the same level of an organization. It is also called as inter-office memorandum.
What is Business Memo
According to RC Sharma and Krishna Mohan, “A memorandum is a short piece of writing generally used by the officers of an organization for communicating among themselves.”
Rajendra Pal and Korlahlli say, “A memo is used for internal communication between executives and subordinates or between officers of the same level. It is never sent outside the organization.”
According to Lesikar and Petit, “Memorandums of course are the letters written inside the organization, although of few companies use them in outside communication.”
From the above discussion we can conclude that a memo is a short writing used between executives and subordinates or between the officers o the same level of an organization. Business Communication
Importance or Functions of Memorandum
Memorandum is one of the major important tools used for internal communication. It is widely used for communicating people within the organization. It contains information on routine activities of an organization and is used for different purposes. The functions of memorandum is discussed below from different perspectives-
- Presenting Informal Report: Sometimes memo is used to present informal report to superiors. Informal reports are usually short and informational and are presented in memo form. Findings and recommendations are presented by such memo which helps managers take proper decision.
- Providing Suggestions and Instruction: Memorandum is very useful for proving suggestions and instructions to the subordinates. Managers and supervisors use it to give necessary suggestions and invaluable instructions to their subordinates so that they can perform their activities properly.
- Providing Response: Memo is also used to provide response to any request made by the same. Sometimes superior requests someone to perform particular job and response is also requested to send to the undersigned through the same.
- Seeking Explanation: Office memo is often used to seek explanation from certain person on particular issue. In the organization there may be some misunderstanding or mishap between persons and superior may want to have explanation on such event so that corrective measure may be taken.
- Making Request: Memo is also used to make any request to different parties in the organization. it is frequently used by the managers and subordinates requesting others for attending any meeting, executing any action, soliciting favor or for some other purpose.
- Conveying Information: Memorandum is widely used to convey information on different affairs to the people working in the organization. New policy, change in existing policy, any decision, appointment of manager, clarification, modification, announcement etc are communicated with concerned parties by memorandum. So, memo performs the function of conveying information to people within the organization.
- Solving Problems: Memo can also be used for providing solution to particular problem. Sometimes managers and supervisors issue memo to provide necessary instructions to the subordinates for better performing their daily activities.
From the above discussion we find that memorandum performs different functions to carry out the purpose for which it is used. Actually it is used for different purposes in the organization. There are more information about What is Business Letter? Objectives of Business Letter
- 63Functions of Business Communication is the process of transferring information and understanding from one or more people to one or more people. And in the process of exchanging information several functions are performed. The functions of Business Communication or function of communication are discussed below: Functions of Business Communication Helping in…
- 52Importance of Communication in Business -Communication in Business the history of Communication is as previous as the history of human being society. The importance of Business Communication is indispensable in case of social and business life. It is careful as the lifeblood of business. No business can develop in lack…
- 47Different Types of Communication in Business means exchange of information between or among various parties. During the exchange of information, communication process involves different parties, takes different flows, uses different media, maintains some formalities and intends to attain different goals. So, Business Communication can be categorized into different groups depending… |
The superior lightness, durability, and elasticity of steel over iron renders it more suitable for many of the uses te which we put that metal, and one of the last substitutions that has been made is the construction of ships of steel. It is a well-known fact that within certain limits crank ships sail better than steady ones, because of their superior elasticity, and they give to the impact of the waves, and glide through the opposing forces, when a steadier and safer ship would inflexibly receive the whole force, and not move an inch. This fact having been considered, the homogeneous metal, which is a sort of halfway house between steel and iron, is being largely employed in ship-building, and there are now in England many in the course of construction. The first vessel ever built of steel was the small steam launch for the Livingston Expedition up the Zambesi river, and another one, the Rainbow of 160 tuns has just been launched from Mr. Laird's works on the Mersey, which is intended for the navigation of the Niger.
This article was originally published with the title "Steel Ships" in Scientific American 13, 49, 390 (August 1858) |
Recycling is good. You should do it.
According to a 2010 report from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), America recycled and composted just over 85 million tons of municipal solid waste, which provided an annual benefit of more than 186 million metric tons of reduced CO2 emissions, comparable to the annual greenhouse gas emissions from over 36 million cars. Good for us!
But here’s the thing: The amount of recycling that could be happening in America is pathetic, compared with what we’re currently doing. And it’s only gotten worse. Here’s the relevant chart from the EPA, showing the percentage of total municipal solid waste that gets recycled, in orange. After a big uptick in the late ‘80s we’ve slowed down considerably, and have basically been stuck at 34% since the recession.
Thirty-four percent puts us at 18th in the developed world, according to Forbes. Not terrible — somehow Canada performs even worse — but there’s clearly a long way to go.
And this just includes all recycling. The rate for the kind of recycling we are mostly familiar with, for beverage containers, actually declined between 1990 and 2010, according to the Container Recycling Institute (CRI).
In 2010, Americans wasted (i.e., landfilled, incinerated, or littered) almost two out of every three beverage bottles and cans sold, CRI says. For aluminum cans alone, we landfilled, incinerated, or littered enough to reproduce the world’s entire commercial air fleet 25 times, according to the Institute. Between 2001 to 2010, the value of wasted beverage container materials exceeded $22 billion, the Institute says.
A Pepsi rep confirmed to me in an email that its North American bottles and cans contain approximately just 10% of recycled content on average. Bridget Croke, a representative for the Closed Loop Fund, an initiative founded by beverage companies to improve their recycling stats, acknowledged that the currently available volumes of recyclable material are inadequate to allow beverage companies to make more of their products out of such material.
“If we can increase the amount of material, and types of materials, recycled, these companies would then see increase in volume, and it would make it easier for them to purchase that material,” she told me.
As a result, even if overall recycling rates were still increasing before the recession, they apparently had no impact on the overall amount of waste being generated, according to EPA data. This is relevant for places like New York City, which now aim to have zero waste.
“The failure to recycle nearly two out of every three containers sold in the United States has monumental environmental impacts,” the Institute says, because they must be replaced in product stream with new containers made from virgin materials whose extraction and processing require more energy—and generate more pollutants—than making containers from recycled material.
Nor is the burden being shared equally; there are specific regions of the country, like the South and Mountain West, that do little to no recycling whatsoever, according to a 2008 study by nonprofit group BioCycle and Columbia University.
So, why have we stalled out? The most recent flatlining is partially due to the global economic slowdown — there is now less demand for raw materials, and as I’ve written previously, you need such demand to make local recycling programs profitable.
But according to experts, the broader problem stems from the patchwork nature of recycling programs, which is the way it’s been since recycling first took off in the ‘70s.
“Waste management falls to the municipal level,” Darby Hoover, a recycling expert at the National Resources Defense Council, told me. “You’ve got cities trying to manage waste with local policies and local infrastructure, and they’re subject to, hyperlocal variables, so it’s hard to establish things that are larger scale policies.”
She pointed out that even San Francisco, Oakland, and Berkeley, all progressive bastions within minutes of each other, each have different recycling regimes.
“If there’s little bits of material you’re getting from a lot of different places, it’s not super efficient,” Croke agreed.
And what city and county efforts there are have been confounded by changing consumption habits that have put a premium on complex, single-serve containers, Hoover said. While that has put a dent in the overall mass of solid waste (namely, food waste), it ultimately means more and more packaging that is less recyclable.
Municipal efforts to boost recycling rates have actually ended up adding to this problem. To alleviate the burden on residents of having to start all their recycling, many cities and counties have switched to “single stream” recycling, where all material gets deposited into a single container. But this also has the effect of reducing the overall amount of recyclable material available, Hoover said, since not all of it ends up getting properly sorted even in processing facilities.
“You’ve traded off participation for value of material,” she said.
For the CRI, the solution to both problems is easy. The states with the highest, most profitable recycling programs all have deposit-return systems—the programs that pay you $0.05 and $0.10 per bottle or can returned, currently found in just 11 states. There, CRI says, container recycling rates range between 66% and 96%.
The institute estimates that if a 5-cent deposit rebate were placed on all carbonated and non-carbonated beverages throughout the United States, a 75% recycling rate would be achieved across the board. If the deposit were 10 cents or higher, 80%-90% recycling rates would be achieved.
Such programs “can poll higher than motherhood and apple pie,” according to CRI head Susan Collins, but are opposed by food and beverage companies for the costs they impose.
“Whoever is handling this material has to pay for transportation, and that’s true of everything that gets thrown away,” she said. “And private companies that sell these materials don’t want to pay.”
We could simply accept our waste problem and do things like build more waste-to-energy facilities, which convert treated refuse into electricity. These have already proliferated in Europe; as Fusion contributor Cole Rosengren has noted, Paris, Vienna, and Copenhagen all create significant portions of their district heating from incinerators located within city limits.
But Collins told me not to despair and to continue recycling. Indeed, I spoke briefly with the head of the largest recycling center in North America, recently completed in Reno by Republic waste services, who said that despite the sluggish global economy they are still getting by with what is coming in.
Collins did advise, though, that to truly change the tide and deliver the powerful climate benefits recycling can produce, we should start getting the ears of state legislators.
“In the halls of power, the voices of people aren’t quite as loud as the voices of lobbyists,” she said.
Rob covers business, economics and the environment for Fusion. He previously worked at Business Insider. He grew up in Chicago. |
"The general principles underlying the design of concrete-steel structures are quite well known. Concrete itself is a structural material which is sightly, permanent, very strong in compression, thoroughly reliable when made honestly, almost fool-proof when once allowed to "set" properly, adaptable to an almost unlimited number of uses, practically fire-proof as well as water-proof, and in addition its cost is always very reasonable. The great objection to concrete is its lack of tensile strength, and likewise its lack of elasticity and toughness. Thus it is a fortunate circumstance that which is one of the least expensive of metals, and which possesses to a marked degree those qualities which plain concrete lacks, also has a coefficient of expansion which is almost identical with that of concrete. Thus steel may be imbedded sic in concrete in the proper place, manner, and amount, and the resulting combination call "concrete-steel" possesses the good qualities of both of the above mentioned materials, the steel supplying the tensile strength, while the concrete supplied the compressive strength"--page 1 -2.
Harris, Elmo Golightly, 1861-1944
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering
B.S. in Civil Engineering
Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy
i, 15 pages
© 1914 Enoch Ray Needles, All rights reserved.
Thesis - Open Access
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Concrete bridges -- Design and construction
Iron and steel bridges -- Design and construction
Print OCLC #
Electronic OCLC #
Link to Catalog Recordhttp://laurel.lso.missouri.edu/record=b2609836~S5
Needles, Enoch Ray, "A study of the economic design of short span girder type concrete-steel highway bridges" (1914). Bachelors Theses. 109. |
Karnataka • India
|Time zone||IST (UTC+5:30)|
|741.0 km² (286 sq mi)
• 920 m (3,018 ft)
|8,425,970 (3rd) (2011)
• 11,371 /km² (29,451 /sq mi)
• 8,499,399 (5th) (2011)
• 560 xxx
• +91-(0)80-XXXX XXXX
• IN BLR
• KA 01, KA 02, KA 03, KA 04, KA 05, KA 41, KA 50, KA 51, KA 53
Bangalore (Indian English: [ˈbæŋgəloːɾ]), officially Bengaluru (Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, ['beŋgəɭuːru]), serves as the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore has an estimated metropolitan population of 65 lakh (6.5 million), making it India's third-most populous city and fifth-largest metropolitan area. Though historically attested at least since 900 C.E., recorded history of the city starts from 1537, when Kempe Gowda I, widely regarded as the founder of modern Bangalore, built a mud fort and established it as a province of the Vijayanagara Empire.
During the British Raj, Bangalore developed as a center for colonial rule in South India. The establishment of the Bangalore Cantonment brought in large numbers of migrants from other parts of the country. Since independence in 1947, Bangalore has developed into one of India's major economic hubs and today counts among the best places in the world to do business.. Several public sector heavy industries, software companies, aerospace, telecommunications, machine tools, heavy equipment, and defense establishments call Bangalore home. Known for a long time as the 'Pensioner's paradise', Bangalore today has received the appellation of the Silicon valley of India due to its pre-eminent position as India's technology capital. Home to prestigious colleges and research institutions, the city has the second-highest literacy rate among the metropolitan cities in the nation. As a large and growing metropolis in the developing world, Bangalore continues to struggle with problems such as air pollution, traffic congestion, and crime.
The name Bangalore represents an anglicized version of the city's name in the Kannada language, Bengalūru. A ninth century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a "vīra kallu" (literally, "hero stone," a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior) reveals the earliest reference to the name "Bengaluru." In that inscription found in Begur, "Bengaluru" refers to a battleground in 890 C.E. It states that the place belonged to the Ganga kingdom until 1004, known as "Bengaval-uru," the "City of Guards" in Old Kannada. An article, published in The Hindu states:
An inscription, dating back to 890 C.E., shows Bengaluru is over 1000 years old. But it stands neglected at the Parvathi Nageshwara Temple in Begur near the city… written in Hale Kannada (Old Kannada) of the ninth century C.E., the epigraph refers to a Bengaluru war in 890 in which Buttanachetty, a servant of Nagatta, died. Though this has been recorded by historian R. Narasimhachar in his Epigraphia of Carnatica (Vol. 10 supplementary) (1898), no efforts have been made to preserve it.
A popular anecdote (although one contradicted by historical evidence) recounts that the eleventh-century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "benda kaal-ooru" (Kannada: ಬೆಂದಕಾಳೂರು) (literally, "town of boiled beans"), eventually colloquialized to "Bengalūru". Also theories abound that the name has a floral origin, derived from the tree Benga or "Ven-kai," also known as the Indian Kino Tree (Pterocarpus marsupium).
On December 11, 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengaluru, its name in Kannada. On September 27, 2006, the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BMP) passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change, which the Government of Karnataka accepted, deciding to officially implement the name change from November 1, 2006. That process has been currently stalled due to delays in getting clearances from the Union Home Ministry.
After centuries of the rule of the Western Gangas, the Cholas captured Bangalore in 1024 which later passed on to the Chalukya-cholas in 1070. In 1116 the Hoysala Empire, overthrew the Cholas and extended its rule over Bangalore. A vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda I, who built a mud fort and a Nandi Temple in the proximity of modern Bangalore in 1537, founded modern Bangalore. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "gandu bhoomi" or "Land of Heroes".
Within the fort, the town divided into smaller divisions called petes (IPA: [peɪteɪ]). The town had two main streets: Chickkapete Street, which ran east-west, and Doddapete Street, which ran north-south. Their intersection formed the Doddapete Square — the heart of Bangalore. Kempe Gowda's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four famous towers that marked Bangalore's boundary. During the Vijayanagara rule, Bangalore went by the name "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" ("Auspicious City").
After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Bangalore's rule changed hands several times. In 1638, a large Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by Shahji Bhonsle defeated Kempe Gowda III and Shahji received Bangalore as a jagir. In 1687, the Mughal general Kasim Khan defeated Ekoji, son of Shahji, and then sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704) of Mysore for 300,000 rupees. After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, Hyder Ali, Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the de facto ruler of Mysore. The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tippu Sultan, known as the Tiger of Mysore. Bangalore eventually incorporated into the British East Indian Empire after Tippu Sultan died in defeat in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799). The British returned administrative control of the Bangalore "pete" to the Maharaja of Mysore, choosing only to retain the Cantonment under their jurisdiction. The 'Residency' of Mysore State, first established at Mysore in 1799, later shifted to Bangalore in the year 1804. Abolished in 1843 only to be revived in 1881 at Bangalore, the Mysore State closed down in 1947 with the departure of the British. The British found it easier to recruit employees in the Madras Presidency and relocate them to cantonment area during this period. The Kingdom of Mysore relocated its capital from Mysore city to Bangalore in 1831. Two important developments during that period contributed to the rapid growth of the city: the introduction of telegraph connections and a rail connection to Madras in 1864.
In the nineteenth century, Bangalore essentially became a twin city, with the "pete," with residents predominantly Kannadigas, and the "cantonment" created by the British, with residents predominantly Tamils. A Bubonic plague epidemic in 1898 hit Bangalore, dramatically reducing its population. New extensions in Malleshwara and Basavanagudi developed in the north and south of the pete. The government laid telephone lines to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations, appointing a health officer to the city in 1898. In 1906, Bangalore became the first city in India to have electricity, powered by the hydroelectric plant situated in Shivanasamudra. Bangalore's reputation as the Garden City of India began in 1927 with the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals had been instituted to beautify the city. After Indian independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the new Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore served as the Rajapramukh. Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81 , witnessing the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bangalore had become the sixth largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000. In the decades that followed, Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as Motor Industries Company (MICO; a subsidiary of Robert Bosch GmbH), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city. Bangalore experienced a boom in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore's large plots and colonial bungalows to multi-storied apartments. In 1985, Texas Instruments became the first multinational to set up base in Bangalore. Other Information Technology companies followed suit and by the end of the twentieth century, Bangalore had firmly established itself as the Silicon Valley of India.
Bangalore lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka, in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Precambrian Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 920 m (3,018 feet). The city sits at and covers an area of 741 km² (286 mi²). The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas form a part of the Bangalore Rural district. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagaram from the old Bangalore Rural district.
Bangalore has a flat topology except for a central ridge running NNE-SSW. Doddabettahalli sits at the highest point, 962 m (3,156 ft) and lies on that ridge. No major rivers run through the city, though the Arkavathi and South Pennar cross paths at the Nandi Hills, 60 km (37 mi.) to the north. River Vrishabhavathi, a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's sewage. A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km² (133 mi²) of the city and connects with five sewage treatment centers located in the periphery of Bangalore.
In the sixteenth century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, had been prominent among those lakes. In the earlier half of twentieth century, Sir Mirza Ismail (Diwan of Mysore, 1926–41 C.E.) commissioned the Nandi Hills waterworks to provide a water supply to the city. Currently, the river Kaveri provides around 80 percent of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20 percent being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the river Arkavathy. Bangalore receives 800 million liters (211 million US gallons) of water a day, more than any other Indian city. Even with that abundance of water, Bangalore sometimes faces shortages, especially during the summer season in the years of low rainfall. A random sampling study of the Air Quality Index (AQI) of 20 stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration.
Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks, the largest Madivala tank, Hebbal lake, Ulsoor lake and Sankey Tank. Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of the alluvial sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) makes up the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites, gneisses and migmatites, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils. Large deciduous canopy and minority coconut trees make up most of the city's vegetation. Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 4.5.
Due to its high elevation, Bangalore usually enjoys salubrious climate throughout the year, although unexpected heat waves catch residents by surprise during the summer. Bangaloreans commonly refrain that summer has gotten progressively hotter over the years. That could be due to the loss of green cover in the city, increased urbanization and the resulting urban heat island effect, as well as possibly climate change. January, the coolest month, has an average low temperature of 15.1 °C and the hottest month, April, has an average high temperature of 33.6 °C. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 12 °C (54 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36–37 °C (100 °F). Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons and September, October and August measure the wettest months, in that order. Fairly frequent thunderstorms, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding, moderated the summer heat. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 180 mm (7 in) recorded on October 1, 1997.
|Bangalore City officials|
|Administrator||S. Dilip Rau|
|Municipal Commissioner||Dr. S. Subramanya|
|Police Commissioner||N. Achuta Rao|
The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP, Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation) directs the civic administration of the city. Greater Bangalore formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, with the neighboring seven City Municipal Councils (CMC), one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bangalore.
A city council, comprised of elected representatives called "corporators," one from each of the wards (localities) of the city, runs Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike. Popular elections once every five years elect the council members. The people elect a mayor and commissioner of the council through a quota system from a Scheduled Castes and Tribes candidate or an Other Backward Class female candidate. Members contesting elections to the council represent one of more of the state's political parties. Elections to the newly-created body have been placed on hold due to delays in delimitation of wards and finalizing voter lists. 150 wards, up from the 100 wards of the old Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, participate.
Bangalore's rapid growth has created traffic congestion and infrastructural obsolescence problems that the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike have found challenging to address. A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems measure close to ideal, while the city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, quality of life) scored poorly. The BMP has been criticized by the Karnataka High Court, citizens and corporations for failing to effectively address the crumbling road and traffic infrastructure of Bangalore. The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks that the municipality attempted to ease by constructing a flyover system and by imposing one-way traffic systems.
Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately but proved unable to adequately address the disproportionate growth of city traffic. In 2005 both the Central Government and the State Government allocated considerable portions of their annual budgets to address Bangalore's infrastructure. The Bangalore Mahanagara Palike works with the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and the Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF) to design and implement civic projects. Bangalore generates about 3,000 tons of solid waste per day, with about 1,139 tons collected and sent to composting units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation. The municipality dumps the remaining collected solid waste in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city.
A Police Commissioner, an officer with the Indian Police Service (IPS), heads the Bangalore City Police (BCP). The BCP has six geographic zones, including the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations. As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the Karnataka High Court, the Vidhana Soudha (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the Governor of Karnataka). Bangalore contributes two members to India's lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, and 24 members to the Karnataka State Assembly. In 2007, the Delimitation Commission of India reorganized the constituencies based on the 2001 census, and thus the number of Assembly and Parliamentary constituencies in Bangalore has been increased to 28 and three respectively. Those changes will take effect from the next elections. The Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) regulates electricity in Bangalore. Like many cities in India, Bangalore experiences scheduled power cuts, especially over the summer, to allow electricity providers to meet the consumption demands of households as well as corporations.
Bangalore's Rs. 260,260 crore (USD 60.5 billion) economy (2002–03 Net District Income) makes it a major economic center in India. Indeed, Bangalore ranks as India's fourth largest and fastest growing market. Bangalore's per capita income of Rs. .49,000 (US$ 1,160) ranks the highest for any Indian city. The city stands as the third-largest hub for high net worth individuals (HNWI / HNIs), after Mumbai and Delhi. Over 10,000 individual dollar millionaires and around 60,000 super-rich people who have an investable surplus of Rs. 4.5 crore and Rs. 50 lakh respectively live in Bangalore. As of 2001, Bangalore's share of Rs. 1660 crore (US$ 3.7 billion) in Foreign Direct Investment ranked the third highest for an Indian city. In the 1940s industrial visionaries such as Sir Mirza Ismail and Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya played an important role in the development of Bangalore's strong manufacturing and industrial base. Bangalore serves as headquarters to several public manufacturing heavy industries such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Bharat Electronics Limited, Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML) and Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT). In June 1972 the Indian government established the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) under the Department of Space and headquartered in the city. Bangalore has earned the title "Silicon Valley of India" because of the large number of Information Technology companies located in the city which contributed 33 percent of India's Rs. 144,214 crore (US$ 32 billion) IT exports in 2006-07.
Bangalore's IT industry divides into three main "clusters" — Software Technology Parks of India, Bangalore (STPI); International Technology Park Bangalore (ITPB), formerly International Technology Park Ltd. (ITPL); and Electronics City. Infosys and Wipro, India's second and third largest software companies, have their largest campus in Electronics City. As headquarters to many of the global SEI-CMM Level 5 Companies, Bangalore holds a prominent place on the global IT map. The growth of Information Technology has presented the city with unique challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure and the state government, whose electoral base rests primarily the people in rural Karnataka. Bangalore serves as a hub for biotechnology related industry in India and in the year 2005, around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India had headquarters located there; including Biocon, India's largest biotechnology company.
Bangalore's HAL Airport (IATA code: BLR) ranks as India's fourth busiest and functions as both domestic and international airport, connecting well to several destinations in the world. Unlike most airports in the country, controlled by the Airports Authority of India, the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited owns and operates this airport, and also uses it to test and develop fighter aircraft for the Indian Air Force. With the liberalization of India's economic policies, many domestic carriers such as SpiceJet, Kingfisher Airlines, Jet Airways and Go Air have started servicing the city, leading to congestion problems at this airport. Aviation experts expect the situation to ease when the new Bangalore International Airport, presently under construction in Devanahalli in the outskirts of Bangalore, becomes operational. Currently targeted for inauguration in April 2008, this airport will have two runways with a capacity to handle 11 million passengers per year. Air Deccan and Kingfisher Airlines have their headquarters in Bangalore. The Indian Railways connects Bangalore well to the rest of the country. The Rajdhani Express connects Bangalore to New Delhi, the capital of India, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad, as well as other major cities in Karnataka. An intra-city rapid rail transport system called the Namma Metro has been in development, expecting to be operational in 2011. Once completed, that will encompass a 33 km (20.5 mi) elevated and underground rail network, with 32 stations in Phase I and more being added in Phase II. Three-wheeled, black and yellow auto-rickshaws, referred to as autos, represent a popular form of transport. Metered, they accommodate up to three passengers. Several operators commonly referred to Citi taxis provide taxi service within Bangalore, taking up to four passengers. Usually metered, the Citi taxis charge higher fares than auto-rickshaws.
Buses operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) represent the only means of public transport available in the city. While commuters can buy tickets on boarding those buses, BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users. BMTC runs air-conditioned red-colored Volvo buses on major routes.
With an estimated population of 5,281,927 in the year 2007, Bangalore ranks the third most populous city in India and the 27th most populous city in the world. With a decadal growth rate of 38 percent, Bangalore represented the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi for the decade 1991–2001. Residents of Bangalore refer to themselves as Bangaloreans in English or Bengaloorinavaru in Kannada. While Kannadigas make up the majority of the population, the cosmopolitan nature of the city has caused people from other states of India to migrate to Bangalore and settle there. Scheduled Castes and Tribes account for 14.3 percent of the city's population. People widely speak Kannada, the official language of the state of Karnataka, in Bangalore.
According to the 2001 census of India, 79.37 percent of Bangalore's population professes Hinduism, roughly the same as the national average. Muslims comprise 13.37 percent of the population, again roughly the same as the national average, while Christians and Jains account for 5.79 percent and 1.05 percent of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. Women make up 47.5 percent of Bangalore's population. Bangalore has the second highest literacy rate (83 percent) for an Indian metropolis, after Mumbai. Roughly 10 percent of Bangalore's population lives in slums — a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as Mumbai (42 percent) and Nairobi (60 percent). The 2004 National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 9.2 percent of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India. Delhi and Mumbai accounted for 15.7 percent and 9.5 percent respectively.
Bangalore has been nicknamed the "Garden City of India" because of its greenery and the presence of many public parks, including the Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park. Dasara, a traditional celebratory hallmark of the old Kingdom of Mysore, constitutes a state festival celebrated with great vigor. Deepavali, the "Festival of Lights," transcends demographic and religious lines and represents another important festival. Other traditional Indian festivals such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Ugadi, Sankranthi, Eid ul-Fitr, and Christmas enjoy wide participation. Kannada film industry locates their main studios in Bangalore, producing many Kannada movies each year.
The diversity of cuisine available reflects of the social and economic diversity of Bangalore. Roadside vendors, tea stalls, and South Indian, North Indian, Chinese and Western fast food enjoy wide popularity in the city. Udupi restaurants prove immensely popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine.
Bangalore has become a major center of Indian classical music and dance. Classical music and dance recitals enjoy heavy attendance throughout the year, particularly during the Ramanavami and Ganesha Chaturthi festivals. The Bengaluru Gayana Samaja has been at the forefront of promoting classical music and dance in the city. The city also has a vibrant Kannada theater scene with organizations like Ranga Shankara and Benaka leading the way. Some of India's top names in theater like the late B. V. Karanth, Girish Karnad and others have called the city home.
Bangalore hosts an active presence of Rock and other forms of western music. Bands like Iron Maiden, Aerosmith, Scorpions, Roger Waters, Uriah Heep, Jethro Tull, Joe Satriani, INXS, No Doubt, Safri Duo, Black Eyed Peas, Deep Purple, Mark Knopfler, The Rolling Stones, and Bryan Adams, among others, have performed in the city. Bangalore has earned the title "Pub Capital of India".
Cricket represents one of the most popular sports in Bangalore. A significant number of national cricketers have come from Bangalore, including former Indian cricket team captain Rahul Dravid. Other cricketing greats from Bangalore include Gundappa Vishwanath, Anil Kumble, E.A.S. Prasanna, Venkatesh Prasad, Bhagwat Chandrasekhar, Syed Kirmani and Roger Binny. Many children play gully cricket on the roads and in the city's many public fields. Bangalore's main international cricket stadium, M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, hosted its first match in 1974. Bangalore has a number of elite clubs, like the Bangalore Golf Club, the Bowring Institute and the exclusive Bangalore Club, which counts among its previous members Winston Churchill and the Maharaja of Mysore.
Until the early nineteenth century, most schools in Bangalore had been founded by religious leaders for pupils from their religions. The western system of education came into vogue during the rule of Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar when two schools established in Bangalore. The Wesleyan Mission followed in 1851 and the Bangalore High School, started by the Government, began in 1858.
In the present day, schools for young children in Bangalore take the form of kindergarten education. Schools affiliated with boards of education like the Karnataka state board, ICSE, CBSE, National Open School (NOS), IGCSE and IB offer primary and secondary education in Bangalore. Three kinds of schools operate in Bangalore viz. government (run by the government), aided (the government provides financial aid) and un-aided private (without financial aid). After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in Junior College (also known as Pre-University) in one of three streams — Arts, Commerce or Science. Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees.
Bangalore University, established in 1964, has its campus in Bangalore. Around 500 colleges, with a total student enrollment of 300,000, affiliate to the university. The university has two campuses within Bangalore; Jnanabharathi and Central College. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, established in 1909, stands as the premier institute for scientific research and study in India. National Law School of India University (NLSIU), one of the most sought after law colleges in India, and the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, one of the premier management schools in India, have campuses in Bangalore.
The first printing-press set up in Bangalore in 1840. In 1859, Bangalore Herald became the first English bi-weekly newspaper published in Bangalore and in 1860, Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini became the first Kannada newspaper circulated in Bangalore. Currently, Vijaya Karnataka and The Times of India represent the most widely circulated Kannada and English newspapers in Bangalore respectively.
Bangalore got its first radio station when All India Radio, the official broadcaster for the Indian Government, started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on November 2, 1955. The radio station transmitted in AM till in 2001. Radio City became the first private channel in India to transmit FM radio from Bangalore. In recent years, a number of FM channels have begun broadcasting from Bangalore. The city also has various clubs for HAM radio enthusiasts.
Bangalore received its first television transmission November 1, 1981 when Doordarshan established a relay center. Doordarshan established a production center in its Bangalore office in 1983, introducing a news program in Kannada on November 19, 1983. Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on August 15, 1991, now christened DD Chandana. The advent of private satellite channels in Bangalore started in September 1991 when Star TV inaugurated broadcast. Though the number of satellite TV channels available for viewing in Bangalore has grown over the years, the cable operators play a major role in the availability of those channels, leading to occasional conflicts. Direct To Home services may be purchased in Bangalore now. Internet services inaugurated in Bangalore in early 1990s with the first internet service provider STPI offering access. They only provided internet service to corporates. VSNL offered dial-up internet services to the general public at the end of 1995. Currently, Bangalore has the largest number of broadband internet connections in India.
All links retrieved May 11, 2016.
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|Titanium machine screws.|
Bored silly with describing titanium samples, I used to have a diversion here describing the difference between a bolt and a machine screw. Well, it turns out my description, based on the type of head and the portion of the shaft that is threaded, was completely and utterly wrong. Alert reader David Cook was kind enough to set me straight quite definitively:
No. Actually, the difference between a bolt and screw is based on its application, not appearance. A bolt is used with a nut to produce a clamping force to hold materials together; whereas a screw interlocks threads with the material itself (no nut on the end).So, now you know, and now I know.
Screws usually have threads all the way up to provide the maximum possible thread-to-thread contact area with the material for maximum holding power. Bolts usually have only enough threads at the tip to attach a nut. But, some bolts also have threads all the way up so that one or more nuts can be installed anywhere.
A screw is perfectly adequate against smaller forces. Humans and machines can easily install screws (no fumbling with a nut). Without a nut, that's one less part to stock and pay for, and one less part to fall off or become lost. Given the large number used, the savings in cost and efficiency make screws an effective solution.
However, against greater forces, the threads in the material are likely to fail and the screw would rip out. Thicker and stronger material would be required to produce strong-enough threads in the material to resist these greater forces. But that would be heavier and more expensive. Instead, a thick, strong nut can be installed to rely on the nut's threads instead of the material's threads. With a nut and a bolt you can use relatively weaker and thinner (usually lighter and less expensive) material.
Your observation that a bolt usually has a hex head or other external-drive is simply because that type of head allows greater force to be applied, which is necessary to achieve the purpose of a bolt. On the other hand, the head of a screw (slotted, Phillips, internal drive) is designed for convenience of installing and removing, rather than great forces. In fact, most screw heads are purposely designed to be torque limiting (the tool slips out) to prevent over-tightening.
In summary, although you may be able to guess at the manufacturer's intended application based on the appearance of the fastener, a bolt or screw is not defined by its appearance, but in how it is used. You can use most screws as bolts, simply by adding nut on the end, and most bolts as screws, simply by tapping (adding threads to) the material.
The nearest analogy I can think of is to select a knife and ask "Is it a kitchen utensil or a weapon?" The manufacturer probably had a particular purpose in mind, and there are certain visible features that would suggest a particular knife is better suited for one application over the other, but what you call it depends on how it is being used.
Source: eBay seller e3134
Contributor: Theodore Gray
Acquired: 30 November, 2003
Text Updated: 16 March, 2009 |
What is this platform? Why are co-ops important?
In September 2015, UN Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development which comprises seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aim to take forward the work begun in 2000 by the Millennium Development Goals. This ambitious agenda sets a course to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all by 2030.
Co-ops for 2030 is a campaign for cooperatives to learn more about the SDGs, commit to pledges to contribute to achieving the SDGs (often through initiatives that are already in place) and report their progress.
The Agenda explicitly recognises co-operative enterprises as important players within the private sector to achieve the SDGs, creating an opportunity for co-operatives to position themselves as partners with global, national, regional and local institutions to achieve sustainable development.
The co-operative model of business is based on ethics, values and principles that put the needs and aspirations of their members above the simple goal of maximising profit. Through self-help and empowerment, reinvesting in their communities and concern for the well-being of people and the world in which we live, co-operatives nurture a long-term vision for sustainable economic growth, social development and environmental responsibility.
Co-operatives are currently in the second phase of implementing the Blueprint for a Co-operative Decade, a global strategy for the co-operative business model to be by 2020 the acknowledged leader in economic, social and environmental sustainability, the model preferred by people and the fastest growing form of enterprise.
Given the synergies between the UN’s vision for a sustainable future and that of the co-operative movement’s, it is clear that co-operatives can contribute to the achievement of the SDGs. In order to best do this, co-operatives need to align their work with the SDGs, and the targets and indicators that will track achievement of the Goals leading up to 2030.
The International Co-operative Alliance, as the global voice of the movement, is committed to educating co-operatives about the SDGs, helping co-operative enterprises respond to the UN’s call to action and collecting information about co-operative contributions to the 2030 Agenda, in order to better position co-operatives as partners throughout the implementation process. All of these activities will in turn further the aims of the Blueprint strategy. |
Explore foam’s economic impact.
The foam industry provides thousands of jobs throughout the country and saves consumers millions of dollars every year.
Businesses and government facilities across the state rely on foam. Alternative products don’t insulate nearly as well, they cost more, and in many cases, they generate more waste, while increasing air and water emissions over their life cycles.
Foam Across Industries
A typical foam tray costs significantly less than a compostable tray – saving some school districts over a million dollars per year in material cost.
Most hospitals use polystyrene foam products to minimize exposure to bacteria and other foodborne pathogens.
The PS foam manufacturing industry is dedicated to keeping costs low, increasing efficiency and excellence, and delivering solutions for economic growth.
Many restaurants and food trucks rely on the convenience, insulation properties, and high level of sanitation afforded by foam food packaging in providing healthy food to their customers.
Many restaurants that use foam are considered small businesses. From an economic perspective, foam is often the most cost effective choice for small business owners.
Because of its lightweight structure, polystyrene foam is a preferred protective packaging for use in shipping valuable items.
June 26, 2017
Polystyrene Recycling: What You Need to Know
As some states, cities, and communities debate expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam bans, misconceptions and false information inevitably arise. Foam opponents often argue that foam is
September 4, 2015
Foam Recycling in Washington Appeals to Environmentalists
Washington state environmentalists have a new reason to rejoice: foam recycling has taken hold in their state as innovative recycling centers model new ways to |
A dummy activity is a simulated activity of sorts, one that is of a zero duration and is created for the sole purpose of demonstrating a specific relationship and path of action on the arrow diagramming method. Dummy activities are a useful tool to implement when the specific logical relationship between two particular activities on the arrow diagramming method cannot specifically be linked or conceptualized through simple use of arrows going from one activity to another. In this case, the creation of a dummy activity, which serves essentially as a form of a placeholder, can provide exceedingly valuable. Dummy activities should in no cases be allocated any duration of time in the planning and/or scheduling or project activities and components. When they are illustrated in a graphical format, dummy activities should be represented by the user of a dashed line with an arrow head on one end, and may in some cases be represented by a unique color.
This term is defined in the 3rd edition of the PMBOK but not in the 4th. |
“Communities in Appalachia and Wales can play a really important part in the movement for rethinking what we mean by economic development.” — John Gaventa
John Gaventa started a video exchange between coal miners in Appalachia and Wales in 1974. The After Coal project owes a huge debt to his groundbreaking work. Gaventa is currently director of the Coady International Institute at St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia.
We were lucky to catch him in Virginia last week and record an interview for After Coal. Here is a glimpse at his thoughts:
“Change is an inevitable part of mining communities. This doesn’t mean that we give up on these communities. It means we need to think about using local strengths to create a different kind of sustainable economy. The question is not: Coal versus no coal. The question is: How do we use community assets such as leadership, experience, resilience, and skills to create something different.” |
CIM - Flexible Manufacturing System
A Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is a configuration of computer-controlled, semiindependent workstations where materials are automatically handled and machine loaded. An FMS is a type of flexible automation system that builds on the programmable automation of NC and CNC machines. Programs and tooling setups can be changed with almost no loss of production time for moving from production of one product to the next. Such systems require a large initial investment but little direct labor to operate.
- Computer Integrated Manufacturing - CIM
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is an umbrella term for the total integration of product design and engineering, process planning, and manufacturing by means of complex computer systems.
Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is one of the tools used in Computer-Integrated Manufacturing or CIM.
Please click the link to read more about Computer-Integrated Manufacturing.
An FMS system has three key components:
1. several computer-controlled workstations, such as CNC machines or robots, that perform a series of operations
2. a computer-controlled transport system for moving materials and parts from one machine to another and in and out of the system
3. loading and unloading stations
Workers bring raw materials for a part family to the loading points, where the FMS takes over. Computer-controlled transporters deliver the materials to various workstations where they pass through a specific sequence of operations unique to each part. The route is determined by the central computer. The goal of using FMS systems is to synchronize activities and maximize the system’s utilization. Because automation makes it possible to switch tools quickly, setup times for machines are short. This flexibility often allows one machine to perform an operation when another is down for maintenance and avoids bottlenecks by routing parts to another machine when one is busy.
Figure K.2 shows the layout of a typical FMS, which produces turning and machining centers.1 Specific characteristics of this FMS include the following:
❐ The computer control room (right) houses the main computer, which controls the transporter and sequence of operations.
❐ Three CNC machines, each with its own microprocessor, control the details of the machining process.
❐ Two AGVs, which travel around a 200-foot-long oval track, move materials on pallets to and from the CNCs. When the AGVs’ batteries run low, the central computer directs them to certain spots on the track for recharging.
❐ Indexing tables lie between each CNC and the track. Inbound pallets from an AGV are automatically transferred to the right side of the table, and out-bound pallets holding finished parts are transferred to the left side for pickup.
❐ A tool changer located behind each CNC loads and unloads tool magazines. Each magazine holds an assortment of tools. A machine automatically selects tools for the next specific operation. Changing from one tool to another takes only 2 minutes.
❐ Two load and unload stations are manually loaded by workers; loading takes 10 to 20 minutes.
❐ An automatic AS/RS (upper right) stores finished parts. The AGV transfers parts on its pallet to an indexing table, which then transfers them to the AS/RS. The process is reversed when parts are needed for assembly into finished products elsewhere in the plant.
This particular system fits processes involving medium-level variety (5 to 100 parts) and volume (annual production rates of 40 to 2,000 units per part). The system can simultaneously handle small batches of many products. In addition, an FMS can be used a second way: At any given time, an FMS can produce low-variety, high-volume products in much the same way that fixed manufacturing systems do. However, when these products reach the end of their life cycles, the FMS can be reprogrammed to accommodate a different product. This flexibility makes FMS very appealing, especially to operations where life cycles are short.
Since the first FMS was introduced in the mid-1960s, the number installed worldwide has grown to almost 500, with about half of them either in Japan or the United States and the other half in Europe. A much more popular version of flexible automation is the flexible manufacturing cell (FMC), which is a scaled-down version of FMS that consists of one or a very small group of NC machines that may or may not be linked to a materials handling mechanism. The FMC doesn’t have a materials handling system controlled by a computer, which moves parts to the appropriate machines, as does the more sophisticated FMS.
- CIM - Computer the Aided Design and Manufacturing
Computer-aided design (CAD) is an electronic system for designing new parts or products or altering existing ones, replacing drafting traditionally done by hand. The component of CIM that deals directly with manufacturing operations is called compute
- CIM - Numerically controlled the machines & Industrial Robots
Numerically controlled (NC) machines are large machine tools programmed to produce small- to medium-sized batches of intricate parts. Industrial robots are versatile, computer-controlled machines programmed to perform various tasks.
- CIM - Automated Materials the Handling
Materials handling covers the processes of moving, packaging, and storing a product. Moving, handling, and storing materials cost time and money but add no value to the product. |
What Is the Difference Between Formal and Informal Working?
There’s a general understanding that the word “work” refers to any job or task that people perform in exchange for money or for some other type of benefit. However, economists have identified two common types of work: formal and informal. Although both types of work involve jobs and tasks in exchange for money or benefits, there are some differences between the two involving things such as contracts, compensation, and job security.
The Elements of Formal Work
Formal work refers to work in which a company hires an employee under an established working agreement that includes, salary or wages, health benefits, and defined work hours and workdays. In most instances, employees don’t work under a signed contract, but rather work under the agreement reached when the employer offered the job to the employee. This agreement remains in force until the employer makes a change and informs an employee about those changes. Employees in a formal work agreement are often given an annual performance evaluation and are eligible for salary increases and promotions based on their performance.
The Elements of Informal Work
Informal work refers to work in which an employer hires an employee without an established working agreement. With informal work, employees don’t receive health benefits and are often hired temporarily. Their work hours are not guaranteed, which means that in one week they may work 30 hours, and the following week they may work only 10 hours. Informal workers are treated like contractors, and often bounce from one job to another. In most instances, informal workers are paid in cash, but if they are paid by check, no taxes are deducted from their salary.
Differences Between Formal and Informal Work
One primary difference between formal work and informal work is that formal work is far more stable than informal work. The reason for this is that companies invest time, training, and education in formal work employees, so that they can gain new skills that will benefit the business. Companies that provide informal work are seeking temporary employees to perform short-term tasks, typically seasonal work, which will end in a few weeks or months.
Another major difference is that formal work typically pays higher wages than informal work. The reason is that formal work tends to require a higher level of education or training than informal work. For example, a computer programmer is a type of formal work that requires a specific set of skills. In contrast, a person hired to haul old computers to a recycling dump is performing informal work that doesn’t require any type of specialized training. As a result, formal workers typically earn higher salaries and wages than informal workers.
Formal and informal work is also different when it comes to taxes. Formal workers are taxed under the existing tax guidelines and receive paychecks that reflect these taxes. Informal workers are not taxed and are responsible for paying their own taxes. As a result, a country that relies mostly on informal work may not receive all the taxes owed under the law, since there may be millions of workers that choose not to report their incomes and pay taxes on that income.
- Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: What is the Informal Labor Market?
- MasterCard: In Emerging Economies, Is There a Role for the Informal Sector?
- Funds for NGOs: Specific Characteristics of the Formal Economy and Informal Economy
- The World Bank: Informality and Formality – Two End of the Employment Continuum |
Solar energy can be used in a variety of ways in order to benefit our homes. With the right choice of home solar energy system, you’ll be able to generate a source of clean and renewable electricity or a source of hot water for your home.
In this article we take a look at the different solar energy systems available for your home.
Solar Power Systems
Solar power systems for the home are becoming increasingly popular in many countries across the globe as homeowners look for ways to reduce their energy bills whilst being kind to the environment.
Although solar power systems are often costly to install, they have the potential to not only return on their investment, but to save you significant amounts of money in future years. Although this all depends on a variety of factors including location, many homeowners have been able to save significant amounts of money over the lifetime of their installations. As the efficiency of solar power technologies increases year on year, so does the possibility of being able to make money from a home solar power installation.
Some homeowners have the ability to sell any excess electricity they produce back to the grid. This can help smaller household’s that have a high capacity solar power system sell on large quantities of electricity that would otherwise go unused.
Solar Hot Water Systems
In more recent years, some homeowners have been opting to install solar hot water systems to their homes. This can save a household significant amounts of money through reduced energy bills associated with the heating of their hot water.
A solar hot water system has a similar appearance to that of a solar power system however it often requires additional plumbing work and the installation of a storage tank to the inside of the home. For this reason, most homeowners opt for a solar power system instead.
Solar hot water systems are unable to sell their produce back to the grid unlike a solar power system. Although this may be seen as a disadvantage, hot water generated by solar energy can be stored in tanks for use at a later time, thus helping to reduce wastage.
Some homeowners have seen positive results from the installation both a solar power and solar hot water system to their home. This provides the best of both worlds, helping to almost eliminate the need for external energy sources.
Should you wish to look into the options available to you and your home, you should consult a reputable renewable energy systems installer in your area for advice. |
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