chunks
stringlengths 843
8k
| ids
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|
Intimate ion pair In chemistry the intimate ion pair concept introduced by Saul Winstein describes the interactions between a cation, anion and surrounding solvent molecules. In ordinary aqueous solutions of inorganic salts an ion is completely solvated and shielded from the counterion. In less polar solvents two ions can still be connected to some extent. In a "tight" or "intimate" or "contact" ion pair there are no solvent molecules between the two ions. When solvation increases, ionic bonding decreases and a "loose" or "solvent-shared" ion pair results. The ion pair concept explains stereochemistry in solvolysis. The concept of intimate ion pairs is used to explain the slight tendency for inversion of stereochemistry during an SN1 reaction. It is proposed that solvent or other ions in solution may assist in the removal of a leaving group to form a carbocation which reacts in an SN1 fashion; similarly, the leaving group may associate loosely with the cationic intermediate. The association of solvent or an ion with the leaving group effectively blocks one side of the incipient carbocation, while allowing the backside to be attacked by a nucleophile. This leads to a slight excess of the product with inverted stereochemistry, whereas a purely SN1 reaction should lead to a racemic product. Intimate ion pair In chemistry the intimate ion pair concept introduced by Saul Winstein describes the interactions between a cation, anion and surrounding solvent molecules. In ordinary aqueous solutions of inorganic salts an ion is completely solvated and shielded from the counterion. In less polar solvents two ions can still be connected to some extent. In a "tight" or "intimate" or "contact" ion pair there are no solvent molecules between the two ions. When solvation increases, ionic bonding decreases and a "loose" or "solvent-shared" ion pair results. The ion pair concept explains | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Pope Honorius I Pope Honorius I (died 12 October 638) was Pope from 27 October 625 to his death in 638. Honorius, according to the "Liber Pontificalis", came from Campania and was the son of the consul Petronius. He became pope two days after the death of his predecessor, Boniface V. The festival of the Elevation of the Cross is said to have been instituted during the pontificate of Honorius, which was marked also by considerable missionary enterprise. Much of this was centered on England, especially Wessex. He also succeeded in bringing the Irish Easter celebrations in line with the rest of the Catholic Church. Honorius became involved in early discussions regarding the doctrine of Monothelitism, which is the teaching that Christ has only one energy and one will, in contrast with the teaching that He has two energies and two wills, both human and divine. Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople wrote an initial letter informing Honorius of the Monothelite controversy, asking Honorius to endorse a position that Church unity should not be endangered by having any discussions or disputes over Christ’s possessing one energy or two. Sergius added that the doctrine of two energies could lead to the erroneous belief that Jesus has two conflicting wills. Pope Honorius’ reply in 635 endorsed this view that all discussions should cease, and agreed that Jesus does not have two conflicting wills, but one will, since Jesus did not assume the vitiated human nature tainted by Adam's fall, but human nature as it existed prior to Adam's fall. He was apparently aware of the rise of Islam and viewed this new religion's tenets as closely resembling those of Arius. More than forty years after his death, Honorius was anathematized by name along with the Monothelites by the Third Council of Constantinople (First Trullan) in 680. The anathema read, after mentioning the chief Monothelites, "and with them Honorius, who was Prelate of Rome, as having followed them in all things". Furthermore, the Acts of the Thirteenth Session of the Council state, "And with these we define that there shall be expelled from the holy Church of God and anathematized Honorius who was some time Pope of Old Rome, because of what we found written by him to [Patriarch] Sergius, that in all respects he followed his view and confirmed his impious doctrines." The Sixteenth Session adds: "To Theodore of Pharan, the heretic, anathema! To Sergius, the heretic, anathema! To Cyrus, the heretic, anathema! To Honorius, the heretic, anathema! To Pyrrhus, the heretic, anathema!" However, Pope Leo II's letter of confirmation of the Council interprets the council as intending to criticize Honorius not for error of belief, but rather for "imprudent economy of silence". Leo's letter states: "We anathematize the inventors of the new error, that is, Theodore, Sergius, ... and also Honorius, who did not attempt to sanctify this Apostolic Church with the teaching of Apostolic tradition, but by profane treachery permitted its purity to be polluted." The "New Catholic Encyclopedia" notes: "It is in this sense of guilty negligence that the papacy ratified the condemnation of Honorius." Persons such as Cesare Baronio and Bellarmine have challenged accusations that Pope Honorius I taught heresy. This anathema against Honorius was later one of the main arguments against Papal infallibility in the discussions surrounding the First Vatican Council of 1870, where the episode was not ultimately regarded as contrary to the proposed dogma. This was because Honorius was not considered by the supporters of infallibility to be speaking "ex cathedra" in the letters in question and he was alleged to have never been condemned as a Monothelite, nor, asserted the proponents of infallibility, was he condemned for teaching heresy, but rather for gross negligence and a lax leadership at a time when his letters and guidance were in a position to quash the heresy at its roots. Historian Jaroslav Pelikan notes: "It is evident, as Maximus noted in exoneration of Honorius, that his opposition to the idea of 'two wills' was based on the interpretation of 'two wills' as 'two contrary wills.' He did not mean that Christ was an incomplete human being, devoid of a human will, but that as a human being he did not have any action in his body nor any will in his soul that could be contrary to the action and will of God, that is, to the action and will of his own divine nature." Original text taken from a paper copy of the 9th edition "Encyclopædia Britannica" (1881) and the Catholic Encyclopedia Pope Honorius I Pope Honorius I (died 12 October 638) was Pope from 27 October 625 to his death in 638. Honorius, according to the "Liber Pontificalis", came from Campania and was the son of the consul Petronius. He became pope two days after the | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Pristimantis esmeraldas Pristimantis esmeraldas is a species of frogs in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in northeastern Ecuador in Esmeraldas and Manabí Provinces and in Valle del Cauca Department in Colombia. Males measure and females in snout–vent length. Dorsal skin is slightly granular. Flanks are slightly granulated with some tubercles in most males and females. Venter is finely warted. There are no gular or dorsolateral folds. Fecundity is low, 6–10 eggs based on two females. The species' natural habitat is evergreen lowland tropical forest. The Colombian record is based on two females collected from a forest, perching in vegetation some 1.7 m above ground. "Pristimantis esmeraldas" is likely impacted by habitat loss caused by smallholder farming and subsistence wood extraction. Pristimantis esmeraldas Pristimantis esmeraldas is a species of frogs in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in northeastern Ecuador in Esmeraldas and Manabí Provinces and in Valle del Cauca Department in Colombia. Males measure and females in snout–vent length. Dorsal skin is slightly granular. Flanks are slightly granulated with some tubercles in most males and females. Venter is finely warted. There are no gular or dorsolateral folds. Fecundity is low, 6–10 eggs based on two females. The species' natural | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Tages (band) Tages was a Swedish rock and roll/psychedelic/folk band formed in the early sixties near Gothenburg. The band released a number of singles and LPs in their native Sweden to considerable success, making the Swedish Top Ten more than a dozen times. Though remembered as one of the finest non-English speaking bands of the 1960s, they failed to ever really break into the US or UK markets. Tages also produced one of the world's first psychedelic albums, named "Extra Extra" in 1966. Their next goal was to create a style of pop music that was totally Swedish. To accomplish this they learned traditional Swedish folk music, and based their pop compositions on that. After this, they produced their fifth and last album, "Studio", in Abbey Road Studio 1967. This album is sometimes referred to as "The Sgt Pepper Of Sweden", not because it sounds like The Beatles but because it is a very original musical experiment. In 1968 the band released the single "Fantasy Island", which was followed up by their last single, "Halcyon Days". Several band members went on to form Blond, a short-lived pop band that released one LP in US before disbanding in 1970. Tages (band) | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Piping Live! Festival The Piping Live! Festival (a.k.a. Piping Hot Festival) is an annual bagpiping event held in Glasgow by the National Piping Centre. The festival was created in 2003 and occurs on the run-up to the World Pipe Band Championships. It is estimated that the festival alone adds £12 million to Scotland's tourism revenue and it is the largest bagpipe festival in the world. The festival is always opened with performances in the Royal Concert Hall by musicians including The National Youth Pipe Band of Scotland. The festival itself consists of over 150 individual events including free classes, concerts and ceilidhs throughout the week. The festival also has its own "Canada Day" to celebrate the multitude of Canadian Grade I bands who participate in the Championships. The Piping Centre also produces and releases albums around the festival, such as Seudan by the band of the same name in 2011. The festival won Event of The Year at the Scottish Traditional Music Awards in 2008 and in 2010 Eve Muirhead was named the festival's ambassador in an effort to reach out to a younger audience. The event is directed by Roddy MacLeod. Piping Live! Festival The Piping Live! Festival (a.k.a. | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Jinnah Medical and Dental College Jinnah Medical and Dental College ( or JMDC) was established in 1998 in Karachi, Sindh Pakistan. It is located in the heart of Karachi on Shaheed-e-Millat Road. The first batch of doctors and dentists graduated from JMDC in 2003 and 2004 whereas first batch of pharmacy graduated in 2009. The college is affiliated with the University of Karachi, which awards MBBS, BDS and pharm-D degrees to its graduates. Graduates from JMDC are eligible to sit for foreign qualifying examinations such as USMLE (ECFMG) and PLAB. To date, JMDC students have earned over 578 distinctions in MBBS subjects and over 348 distinctions in BDS subjects on the Professional Examinations conducted by the University of Karachi. It is also recognized by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council. S.M.Sohail Trust is named after a legal luminary of Karachi, who was an active participant in the freedom movement as President of Provincial Muslim League and also President of Bihar Relief Fund. After 1947, he became Secretary of the Pakistan Bar Council, founding Managing Director of Karachi Co-operative Housing Union and Chairman Public Accounts Committee of West Pakistan Assembly. He was an ardent advocate of education and founded Sharfabad English School. His son, Professor Dr. Syed Tariq Sohail, an eminent Psychiatrist, Educationist and Civil Society Activist, inherited Mr. S. M. Sohail’s passion for education. He established the S.M. Sohail Trust in 1996, which owns Jinnah Medical and Dental College and the attached teaching Hospitals: Jinnah Medical College Hospital, Medicare Dental Hospital and Medicare Heart and General. The decision taken by the Trust to establish a new medical college was based on its desire to raise the standards of medical education in Pakistan. Conscious that a high level of professional competence has to be attained by medical students, the Trust planned a system of instruction in which the emphasis is on interactive, small group tutorials, problem-based and community-based learning, relevant to our particular culture. As the world is shrinking rapidly, Jinnah Medical and Dental College students are encouraged to keep abreast of the latest developments in the medical sciences. Other vital aspects of education, too often ignored by medical educationists are emphasized to include communication skills, language skills and courses in humanities. As part of the curriculum, students will also be trained to write and speak effectively, giving them the confidence to pursue graduate studies and participate effectively in seminars and conferences at national and international levels. The College desires its students to develop leadership qualities and a team spirit. The strategy for fulfilling this Mission is based on student-teacher interaction, community-based instruction, and further support in the form of a good library, audio-visual aids, skills laboratory, computer-assisted learning and an active humanities department. Graduates are eligible for USMLE, PLAB and other licensing examinations. Jinnah Medical and Dental College Jinnah Medical and Dental College ( or JMDC) was established in 1998 in Karachi, Sindh Pakistan. It is located in the heart of Karachi on Shaheed-e-Millat Road. The first batch of doctors | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Stock exchanges in Ukraine Stock exchanges in Ukraine are less common type of exchange than commodity market and are the youngest. Stock exchanges really surfaced by the end of the 1990s, but it was not until the Orange Revolution when stock market in Ukraine showed a noticeable growth. Number of stock exchanges in Ukraine belong to Russian owners. According to the classification of Standard and Poor's, the securities market in Ukraine is defined as the "Frontier Market" (see Credit rating). The class includes some 20 countries across the globe, among which are several neighbors of Ukraine (most of them member of the European Union such as Romania, Bulgaria, Baltic states and others. In 2011 the Standard & Poor's gave Ukraine the lowest investment grade of B along with such countries as Belarus, Bosnia and Albania. The biggest stock exchange that proved itself well in 2005 was the PFTS Stock Exchange. It is also recognized as one by the S&P. Based in Kiev, in 2005 the stock exchange owned some 86% of market contracts in Ukraine. In 2011 the National Rating Agency of Ukraine "Rurik" composed an analytic review of stock market in Ukraine based on the report of the National Commission on Securities and Exchange "Ukrainian stock market in 2011: confidence, stability and growth" (). According to the review 98% of all contracts are concentrated at three stock exchanges of Ukraine: PFTS, Perspective, and Ukrainian Exchange (UX). And if in 2010 PFTS owned almost 50% of all trading, 2011 it yielded the some volume of trading to Perspective and UX yet still staying as a leading stock exchange in the country. The first stock exchange was Ukrainian Stock Exchange created in 1991 with the help of $5 million grant from the French government. The same year parliament adopted the Law of Ukraine "About securities and stock exchange". In 1994 the Presidential Ukase "About investment funds and investment companies". Next year there was established the State Commission in securities and stock market that sets regulations on securities trading (similar to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission). In 1996 there was created electronic trade system, PFTS. Next year the private sector established a common depositary "Inter-regional Stock Union". Stock exchanges in Ukraine Stock exchanges in Ukraine are less common type of exchange than commodity market and are the youngest. Stock exchanges really surfaced by the end of the 1990s, but it was not | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
MV Hebrides MV "Hebrides" is a ferry owned by Caledonian Maritime Assets Limited and operated by Caledonian MacBrayne from Uig to Lochmaddy and Tarbert, the main settlements of North Uist and Harris respectively. The present MV "Hebrides" revived a traditional name on the "Uig Triangle" and is the third vessel in the CalMac fleet to have borne that name over the years. She carries the bell of the first (an 1898 steamer) which also graced the second ""Heb"" (1964). The 1964 ship was MacBrayne's first car ferry and very much a favourite, which for twenty years also sailed from Uig, Skye. Following successful sea trials on the Clyde in early 2001, the "Hebrides" made her way round to Uig, Tarbert and Lochmaddy, where she conducted berthing trials at the three linkspans. Uig and Tarbert piers had to be specially extended to accommodate this new larger vessel. On entry into service on 24 March 2001 she displaced the to Islay. Her service speed is , which cuts the crossing times to around 100 minutes and allows three return trips per day. There were no Sunday sailings to or from Tarbert, so the "Hebrides" concentrated on serving Lochmaddy on North Uist. The ratio of crossings is something like 2:1 in favour of North Uist. Having the at Stornoway (serving Lewis and Harris), and in 2003 the introduction of the new (making inter-island access easier) have encouraged this trend. "Hebrides" brought with her the highest level of passenger comfort ever seen in the fleet. Despite a passenger certificate for around 600, she never feels crowded. Only at peak times does she need to use her mezzanine car deck for extra cars. With a ship of this size on permanent station at Uig, future increases in demand can be met for many years. "Hebrides" is due to be replaced on the Uig Triangle in spring 2020 by a new ferry (Hull 802) being built at Ferguson Marine Engineering at Port Glasgow on the Clyde. The new ferry will be named by online vote and is one of two identical sister-ships: will enter service alongside on the Ardrossan-Brodick ferry crossing in 2019. "Hebrides" may then serve the Oban-Craignure ferry crossing in summer 2021, and serve alongside . MV "Hebrides"' design is very similar to that of her half-sister, of 1998. There is an increased amount of open deck space, the majority of it being covered. She was the first vessel of the fleet to be equipped with a Marine Evacuation System of inflatable chutes leading to large liferafts in place of conventional lifeboats. Following simulations and the success of the "Clansman’s" design, her hull incorporates fewer gaps for water to escape from the car deck. The "Hebrides" loads vehicles via a stern ramp at Uig and through her bow at the two Outer Isles ports. Like the "Clansman", she has an open stern, allowing her to carry hazardous goods whilst still carrying foot passengers. The car deck has room for approximately 80 cars. A mezzanine deck on the starboard side can be raised or lowered to allow loading of eighteen more cars. The entrance lobby has the shop and information desk. Forward are a lounge and Mariners Cafeteria at the bow. Aft is the Chieftain Bar and open deck area. On the deck above are an observation lounge at the bow, crew accommodation and further open deck. MV "Hebrides" is normally found sailing from Uig on Skye to Tarbert and Lochmaddy, and rarely sailed anywhere else in her early service life. One notable exception was during closure of the Uig linkspan, when she sailed from Ullapool for a week or so. At the time she was in company with which was relieving on the Ullapool crossing. Similarly, when the linkspan at Lochmaddy was closed for repairs, "Hebrides" used the facilities at Lochboisdale in South Uist. During the spring of 2007 the ship was converted to burn oil, and was trialled on the Oban to Coll, Tiree and Barra and South Uist services. Her sister, "Clansman", soon returned, and "Hebrides" spent another five years never deviating from her route except for her annual overhaul, which was usually done either at Greenock, Aberdeen, Leith or Birkenhead. In August 2012, CalMac announced that "Hebrides" was to be the main relief vessel for the next winter, a role which had usually been assigned to her sister . The Islay ferry was chosen as "Hebrides"' replacement at Uig, Lochmaddy and Tarbert from 1 December. In December 2012, "Hebrides" relieved on the Oban to Craignure and Colonsay services, as well as running extra services to Coll, Tiree, Barra and South Uist over the festive season. In January 2013, "Hebrides" relieved on the Ardrossan to Brodick service, and in February relieved on the Ullapool to Stornoway service. "Hebrides" then relieved on the Outer Isles services in March, before finally returning to the Uig, Lochmaddy & Tarbert triangle after her own overhaul, before the summer timetable started in March 2013. In October 2013, she made an unexpected return to Stornoway to relieve the broken-down , which went into drydock for propeller shaft problems. In July 2015, this situation was reversed, when "Hebrides" suffered a breakdown leading to her visiting Stornoway for repairs for two days, with "Isle of Lewis" taking over her Uig, Lochmaddy & Tarbert triangle until she was repaired. "Hebrides" became a relief vessel for January and February 2016, with her regular duties being covered by and . "Hebrides" was granted special dispensation by the MCA to continue operating after her passenger safety certificate ran out in 2018. Her annual overhaul had been delayed while she deputised for , whose propulsion system had been damaged on entering dry dock. In September 2018, "Hebrides" operated to Stornoway whilst the pier at Tarbert was occupied by the damaged Norwegian freighter "Fame". "Hebrides" collided with pontoons and then ran aground at Lochmaddy on 25 September 2016, after apparently suffering engine difficulties. It was reported that the vessel became stuck in forward gear and remained in gear after running aground. The vessel later managed to dock and disembark the passengers and vehicles aboard. Calmac reported that the hull was intact and that divers were en route to inspect the damage. Following inspection, "Hebrides" was moved to Greenock for drydocking and repairs. Meanwhile "Clansman" was transferred to Uig to take over the route, with "Isle of Lewis" providing an additional sailing from Lochmaddy to Uig to clear the backlog of traffic. "Hebrides" returned to service on 17 October 2016. MV Hebrides MV "Hebrides" is a ferry owned by Caledonian Maritime Assets Limited and operated by Caledonian | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup is a compilation album with various artists, released in 2002 by Sony Music Entertainment Japan as the official album for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan. It was also released under the name Fever Pitch: The Official 2002 FIFA World Cup. The album spawned the single "We're on the Ball" by Ant & Dec. The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup: Korea/Japan Edition is an edition featuring Korean and Japanese musicians called "Songs of Korea/Japan" was also released, which was a commercial success in Japan. It was certified platinum for 200,000 copies shipped to stores by the RIAJ. The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup is a compilation album with various artists, released in 2002 by Sony Music Entertainment Japan as the official album for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan. It was also released under the name Fever Pitch: The Official 2002 FIFA World Cup. The album spawned the single "We're on the Ball" by Ant & Dec. The Official | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
SAR-Lupe SAR-Lupe is Germany's first reconnaissance satellite system and is used for military purposes. SAR is an abbreviation for synthetic aperture radar and "Lupe" is German for magnifying glass. The SAR-Lupe program consists of five identical (770 kg) satellites, developed by the German aeronautics company OHB-System which are controlled by a ground station which is responsible for controlling the system and analysing the retrieved data. A large data archive of images will be kept in a former Cold War bunker belonging to the "Kommando Strategische Aufklärung" (Strategic Reconnaissance Command) of the Bundeswehr. SAR-Lupe's "high-resolution" images can be acquired day or night through all weather conditions. The first satellite was launched from Plesetsk in Russia on 19 December 2006, about a year after the intended launch date; four more satellites were launched at roughly six-month intervals, and the entire system achieved full operational readiness on 22 July 2008. The five satellites operate in three 500-kilometre orbits in planes roughly sixty degrees apart. They use an X-band radar with a three-metre dish, providing a resolution of about 50 centimetres over a frame size of 5.5 km on a side ('spotlight mode', in which the satellite rotates to keep the dish pointed at a single target) or about one metre over a frame size of 8 km x 60 km ('stripmap mode', in which the satellite maintains a fixed orientation over the earth and the radar image is formed simply by the satellite's motion along its orbit). Response time for imaging of a given area is ten hours or less. Thales Alenia Space provided the core of the Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors. The testing of SAR-Lupe involved an inverse procedure, in which the satellite, mounted in a radome on Earth, was used to image the International Space Station, whose orbit is reasonably close to the one the satellite will eventually be in. One-metre resolution at the ISS was apparently achieved. On 30 July 2002 a cooperation treaty between Germany and France was signed, under which the SAR-Lupe satellites and the French Helios optical reconnaissance satellite will operate jointly. Other EU countries have been invited to join as well and Italy has shown considerable interest. A replacement of SAR-LUPE, called SARah, will be put into service from 2017-2019. It will consist of 3 radar satellites and one optical satellite. The satellites of SARah will be bigger and more capable than those of SAR-Lupe. SARah-1, a phased-array-antenna satellite, and SARah-2 and 3, passive-antenna synthetic aperture radars, are planned to be launched on Falcon 9 sometime in 2019 and 2020. SAR-Lupe SAR-Lupe is Germany's first reconnaissance satellite system and is used for military purposes. SAR is an abbreviation for synthetic aperture radar and "Lupe" is German for magnifying glass. The SAR-Lupe program consists of five identical (770 kg) satellites, developed by the German aeronautics company OHB-System which are controlled by a ground station which is responsible for controlling the system and analysing the retrieved data. A large data archive of images will be kept in a | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
FC Fleury 91 (women) FC Fleury 91 Cœur d'Essonne is a French women's football club based in Fleury-Mérogis. The club is the female section of Championnat National 2 men's club FC Fleury 91. The club was originally founded in 2003 as FCF Val d'Orge, but was then renamed in 2017 after joining with the men's club. They currently play in the Division 1 Féminine, the first division of women's football in France. They have played in this league since 2017. The club was founded in 2003 initially to train two teams of young female players. The next season, they fused with a senior team. In 2006, the senior team reached the Division d'Honneur. In 2012, they were promoted to Division 2 in 2012. In 2017, after winning the Division 2 season, then-FCF Val d'Orge was promoted to Division 1 Féminine. The club then joined with FC Fleury 91 and was renamed. FC Fleury 91 (women) FC Fleury 91 Cœur d'Essonne is a French women's football club based in Fleury-Mérogis. The club is the female section of Championnat National 2 men's club FC Fleury 91. The club was originally founded in 2003 as FCF Val d'Orge, but was then renamed in | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Esther Neira de Calvo Esther Neira de Calvo (1890-1978) was a teacher, women's rights activist and suffragette, and Constituent Assemblywoman of Panama. She was the first woman deputy to serve the National Assembly as a national delegate. She was founder and president of the League of Patriotic Feminists and actively worked as a suffragette for Panamanian women's enfranchisement. From 1949-1965 she served as executive secretary of the Inter-American Commission of Women and from 1966-1968 she was Panama's ambassador and alternate representative to the Organization of American States. Esther Neira Laffargue was born on 1 May 1890 in Penonomé, Coclé Province, Panama to Rafael Neira Ayala and Julia Laffargue. She began her studies in Penonomé, and the attended secondary school in Taboga finishing in Panama City. In 1903 the Government of Panama offered her a scholarship to study education in Europe and she spent the next nine years studying at the Institut Pédagogique de Wavre-Notre Dame, of Belgium, earning degree to teach administration, French and English languages, hygiene and first aid, music and physical education. She spent 1912 in the United States studying at the College of Mount Saint Vincent and at Columbia University in New York. In 1913, she returned to Panamá and began her teaching career. After a decade of teaching, Neira became the Inspector General of Education and after four years, in 1927, she left to become the director of the Normal School, Panama's only teachers' training school for women. In addition to running the organization, she taught comparative education, languages, pedagogy and psychology. In 1938, she left the Normal School and founded the Liceo de Señoritas (Lyceum for girls), a preparatory school for women, that she directed until 1945 when she was elected Assemblywoman to the Constitutional Convention. Neira had been involved in Panama's feminist movement for many years, founding the National Society for the Advancement of Women in 1923. When in July, 1941 a series of laws were passed which effectively took away Panamanian liberties, including women's citizenship a coup d'état against Arnulfo Arias Madrid was staged. The current constitution was suspension and a need for a new constitution to be drafted arose. Neira began working with other feminists to ensure that women's issues were included in the negotiations. The feminist movement of the time was organized into two primary camps: The National Union of Women, led by lawyer Clara González de Behringer, who obtained the backing of the Partido Liberal Renovador (Liberal Renewal Party) and League of Patriotic Feminists headed by Neira and Gumercinda Páez. González de Behringer promised that their members would vote in block for any party supporting their candidates, but the Patriotic Feminists took the approach of seeking supporters from multiple parties. After intense campaigning, when the votes were counted on May 6, only two women were elected to the 51 member Constituent Assembly—Neira de Calvo as a National Delegate, and Páez as the Delegate for Panamá Province. Not only were she and Páez the first two women to serve in the National Assembly, but Neira de Calvo was following in the footsteps of her father, who had served in the First Panamanian Constitutional Assembly. As Assemblywoman, she proposed laws that focused on women's issues and education. After securing recognition of women's rights, Neira de Calvo helped draft laws including creation of juvenile courts, labor codes, regulations establishing a social work school, and sanitation legislation, among other issues. During this same period, she assisted servicemen and coordinated cultural activities for US troops stationed in Panama as part of the war effort. In 1949, Neira de Calvo, her husband Raul J. Calvo, and their daughter Gloriela Calvo, moved to Washington, D.C., where she took up a position as the executive secretary to the Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM). Though the organization had been formed in 1928, it was reorganized after the 9th Pan-American Conference, which authorized the creation of the Organization of American States and brought the CIM under the OAS' umbrella. Neira de Calvo served as executive secretary to the organization until 1965, when she accepted a position as the ambassador and alternate representative of Panama to the OAS Council. She retired in 1968. Esther Neira de Calvo died in Washington, D.C. on 24 March 1978. She was buried in the Garden of Peace, in Panama City on 28 March 1978, but was exhumed in 1992. At that time, her remains joined those of her mother and husband in the National Shrine of the Heart of Mary, Panama City, Panama. Esther Neira de Calvo Esther Neira de Calvo (1890-1978) was a teacher, women's rights activist and suffragette, and Constituent Assemblywoman of Panama. She was the first woman deputy to serve the National Assembly as a national delegate. She was founder and president of the League of Patriotic Feminists and actively worked as | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Solitoki Esso Solitoki Magnim Esso is a Togolese politician who has served in the government of Togo as Minister of State for Presidential Affairs since September 2013. He served in the government as Minister of Communication and Culture during the 1990s; later, he was Minister of State for the Civil Service and Administrative Reform from May 2010 to August 2012 and Minister of State for Primary and Secondary Education from August 2012 to September 2013. He was elected as Secretary-General of the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) in December 2006. On September 11, 1979, Esso was appointed as Director of Television by President Gnassingbé Eyadéma. He was elected to the National Assembly in the March 1985 parliamentary election, winning the seat for Binah Nord constituency in Binah Prefecture with 62.24% of the vote. Esso was appointed to the government as Minister of Communication and Culture on November 29, 1995. Later, he was appointed as Vice-President of the National Commission for the Fight Against Corruption and Economic Sabotage on September 14, 2001. On August 27, 2002, the National Assembly voted to replace Dahuku Péré, who had called for reform in the RPT, with Esso in the ECOWAS Parliament. However, the ECOWAS Parliament objected to the National Assembly's move, saying that there was no valid basis for unilaterally replacing Péré with Esso. Esso was elected to the National Assembly in the October 2002 parliamentary election from the First Constituency of Binah Prefecture. In the National Assembly, he served as President of the Commission of Constitutional Laws and General Administration Legislation. When the Pan-African Parliament began meeting in March 2004, Esso became one of Togo's five members. Esso was one of three parliamentary deputies who accompanied Bonfoh Abbas, the President of the National Assembly, during his visit to the Second World Conference of Speakers of Parliaments in September 2005. On November 2, 2005, Esso was elected by the National Assembly as one of Togo's five members of the ECOWAS Parliament, receiving 62 votes from the 68 deputies present. Esso subsequently became one of the 16 members of the National Commission of the Modernization of Legislation, which was installed on June 23, 2006. At the RPT's Ninth Ordinary Congress, Esso was elected as Secretary-General of the RPT for a three-year term on December 18, 2006. He was proposed for that position by President Faure Gnassingbé. At the time of Esso's election, he was Technical Advisor to the Presidency. Esso is a member of the RPT Political Bureau and a member of the RPT Central Committee from Binah Prefecture as of the Ninth Ordinary Congress. In the 31-member government appointed by President Gnassingbé on 28 May 2010, Esso was brought back into the government as Minister of State for the Civil Service and Administrative Reform; he became the second ranking member of the government, after Prime Minister Gilbert Houngbo. After two years in that post, Esso was instead appointed as Minister of State for Primary and Secondary Education in August 2012. He was moved to the post of Minister of State for Presidential Affairs on 17 September 2013. Solitoki Esso Solitoki Magnim Esso is a Togolese politician who has served in the government of Togo as Minister of State for Presidential Affairs since September 2013. He served in the government as Minister of Communication and Culture during the 1990s; later, he was Minister of State for the Civil Service and Administrative Reform from May 2010 to August 2012 and Minister of State for Primary and Secondary Education from August 2012 to September 2013. He was elected as Secretary-General of the Rally of the Togolese | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Shane Harte Shane Harte is a Canadian actor, singer and songwriter born in Brampton, Ontario. He attended St. Roch Catholic Secondary School. He plays the series lead, Luke, in the Family Channel series "Lost & Found Music Studios". He also plays Luke in the hit children's TV program "The Next Step". In 2013, Harte was a member of hip hop artist Classified's "Inner Ninja" children's choir, appearing on the MuchMusic Video Awards and on MuchMusic’s New Music Live In 2015 he released two singles called "Let You Know" and "Left Standing". He is also a part of the soundtrack from "Lost & Found Music Studios". Shane Harte Shane Harte is a Canadian actor, singer and songwriter born in Brampton, Ontario. He attended St. Roch Catholic Secondary School. He plays the series lead, Luke, in the Family Channel series "Lost & Found Music Studios". He also plays Luke in the hit children's TV program "The Next Step". In 2013, Harte was a member of hip hop artist Classified's "Inner Ninja" children's choir, appearing on the MuchMusic Video Awards and on MuchMusic’s New Music Live In 2015 he released two singles called "Let You Know" and "Left Standing". He is also a | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
You Got Me! You Got Me! is a 2007 Filipino romantic-comedy film that tells a love story between three people, the strong aggressive police woman played by actress-host Toni Gonzaga, the shy-type police man played by actor-singer Sam Milby, and the bad boy played by model-actor Zanjoe Marudo. It was produced by Star Cinema, ABS-CBN Film Productions. Insp.Amor "Moe" Santander (Toni Gonzaga) is a tough chick who's used to going after crooks. But there's also one thing she's running away from ever since her mother died: falling in love. Insp.Kevin Robles (Sam Milby) is daunted by most things, but most especially coming clean with the girl he's been loving from afar for a time now. Meanwhile, Caloy (Zanjoe Marudo) is a counterfeit DVD vendor whom Moe captures, along with his heart. Things get complicated when Caloy enlists Kevin's help to win Moe, just when Moe and Kevin's friendship gets deeper. Who does Moe really love? Will she even surrender to her feelings in the first place? Suddenly her life as one of the best performers in the service suffers. You Got Me! You Got Me! is a 2007 Filipino romantic-comedy film that tells a love story between three people, the | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Australian Rugby League (video game) Australian Rugby League is a 1995 rugby league video game developed by I-Space Interactive and published by EA's EA Sports label for the Sega Mega Drive only in European and Australian markets. It is based on Rugby World Cup '95 by Creative Assembly, but using the rugby league rules instead of rugby union. In addition to the league that names the game, the Australian Rugby League, the game also includes the State of Origin, Super League (eleven English teams plus one French) and international mode. While the ARL has all correct team names, player names are fictitious. Due to the limitations of the console, "ARL" presents a simplified version of the game, yet allowing a wide variety of moves. Running is done with the C button, and while holding allows a player to accelerate, while it is mashed, it allows to break a tackle. Passing is done by pressing the B button with a direction; if no direction is entered, the player fakes a pass. the A button, if pressed inside the try area (or in jump distance), grounds the ball, if far and pressed in combination of the direction of the attack attempts a drop goal or kicks for touch, if pressed in combination with a direction "against" the attack, performs a grubber kick. The A and B buttons pressed at the same time perform a bomb kick (referred as "Up and Under" in the manual), and an A plus C combination is mostly a defensive kick, which clears the ball as far away as possible into touch. Without the ball, controls are simpler: the A button tackles, the B changes player and C increases player speed. The game has a few criticisms; it is very undisciplined as far as tactics go, it is very hard to pull good kicks during play (which forces players to, and the lack of a difficulty level slider makes the game too easy for expert players. There are also some bugs regarding ball possession (occasionally, the ball can change from one team to another in the middle of a play for no reason at all) and the engine often flickers players when there are too many of them in an area. The lack of physical difference between forwards and backs is also often mentioned. "ARL" allows several options to be tweaked, such as half length (from two minutes to 40), temperature (hot temperatures wear out the players quicker, while colder affects ball handling) and pitch condition (a dry pitch hurts tackled players more and bounces the ball more, while drenched affects running). All game modes output a Password which allows the player to play a league in several sittings. Each player is individualized, and is rated in each key aspect of the game. The Australian Rugby league is a 20 team competition composed by a 20 team league, then followed by an eight team playoff, which is far from being straight forward. There are two sets of quarter finals, where the winners of the "major" quarterfinals go through the semi finals, while the winners of the "minor" quarterfinals have to play against the losers of the "majors", and only then the remaining two semi-finalists are known. It is also possible to start from the playoffs. State of Origin is a three match series between New South Wales Rugby League and Queensland Rugby League, where the winner is the first team to win two matches. Even if a team beats the other in the first two matches, the third is always played. European leagues are unlicensed, which means they only carry the city name and a patterned flag, which in most cases fits the actual equipments of the teams. After the all vs all league, the best four teams enter a playoff to determine the champions. The International tournament is a one-legged eight team knockout competition. While the focus of "RWC'95" was on national teams, "ARL" downplays it to the point of only including eight teams. Australian Rugby League (video game) Australian Rugby League is a 1995 rugby league video game developed by I-Space Interactive and published by EA's EA Sports label for the Sega Mega Drive only in | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Defence Equipment and Support Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) is a trading entity and joint-defence organisation within the UK Ministry of Defence. It began operating on 2 April 2007 following the merger of the MoD's Defence Procurement Agency and the Defence Logistics Organisation, under the Chief Executive Officer of Defence Equipment and Support. The organisation had a civilian and military workforce of around 29,000 (77 per cent civilian and 23 per cent military), in the UK and abroad. DE&S operates as a single Top Level Budget. As of 2008 the DE&S workforce was around 24,500, further reducing under the 'PACE' business improvement programme to around 21,000 by 2012. Of this, around 8,000 posts have been housed at Abbey Wood since 2012. Defence Equipment and Support was established on 2 April 2007. DE&S is overseen by the Minister of State for Defence Procurement. The organisation supports Joint Forces Command and the subsidiary individual armed services thorough Headquarters Air Command, Army Headquarters and Navy Command, Includes: The Board provides strategic governance for DE&S and a robust forum for independent, non-executive support and constructive challenge to the Chief Executive and the Executive Committee. The DE&S Board delegates some activities to sub-committees of the Board, namely the Audit, Remuneration, Programme Review and Nomination Committees. The Chairman ensures that the Board receives feedback on these sub-Committees and that it is able to consider their recommendations. Includes: DE&S is led on a day-to-day basis by the Executive Committee, which consists of the Chief Executive Officer, Director General Resources as Chief Finance Officer, the Director General Commercial and six Chiefs of Materiel who lead the delivery of the programme of work in their respective domains. Note:Vice-Admiral, Lister is currently on a sabbatical from his Royal Navy Career to be Managing Director of the Aircraft Carrier Alliance. Includes: The following subordinate Committees provide specialised support to the Executive Committee. The organisation is under the leadership of a civilian Chief Executive Officer of Defence Equipment and Support since 2015. After the restructuring in 2011 there are four three-star posts under the Chief of Defence Materiel. These are the positions of Chief of Materiel (Fleet), a Royal Navy Vice Admiral, and Chief of Materiel (Land), a British Army Lieutenant General (who also holds the appointment of Quartermaster-General to the Forces), Chief of Materiel (Air), a Royal Air Force Air Marshal and Chief of Materiel (Joint Enablers). The Chief of Corporate Performance (CCP) was responsible for managing the business effectively and setting policy in key corporate functional areas. The post was discontinued as at 1 June 2011. The Chief Operating Officer (COO) was responsible for project and programme delivery across DE&S. This includes supporting the equipment through life, and the performance of the industrial supply chain. The post was discontinued 1 June 2011. The Chiefs of Materiel (CofMs) are responsible for managing key relationships with the Capability Sponsor and User. They work at the strategic level to make sure that the operational readiness and sustainability needs of the User are met. The CofMs ensure an ethos of support to operations is in place to the User, throughout all DE&S activity. DE&S manages a variety of defence procurement and support projects inherited from the DLO and DPA for all three services. Examples of current and future procurement projects include: As of 2016 the main locations (with staff numbers) were: Responsibility for 'Logistics, Commodities and Services' (including storage and delivery of non-weaponry equipment, such as food and clothing, to soldiers) was contracted out to the private sector in 2015 under an arrangement that included the transfer of 1,100 staff and construction of a new 'Defence Fulfilment Centre' at MoD Donnington. This article contains text from this source: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526950/DES_Corporate_Plan_201619-20160526.pdf. © Crown copyright, which is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0 Defence Equipment and Support Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) is a trading entity and joint-defence organisation within the UK Ministry of Defence. It began operating on 2 April 2007 following the merger of the MoD's Defence Procurement Agency and the Defence Logistics Organisation, under the Chief Executive Officer of Defence Equipment and Support. The organisation had a civilian and military workforce of around 29,000 (77 per cent civilian and 23 per cent military), | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
E-readiness E-readiness refers to a country's capacity and state of preparedness to participate in the electronic world. The state of maturity is commonly measured by the country's information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure and the ability of its government and citizens to utilize the positive impacts of ICT for sustainable development. The measures to evaluate the electronic preparedness may vary from country to country or even depending on the level of analysis to which one is interested (micro, meso or macro) considering not only the need to recognize the electronic preparedness of the country but also some specific environments/areas. The common factors that are taken into consideration for measuring e-readiness of a country are: E-readiness E-readiness refers to a country's capacity and state of preparedness to participate in the electronic world. The state of maturity is commonly measured by the country's information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure and the ability of its government and citizens to utilize the positive impacts of ICT for sustainable development. The measures to evaluate the electronic preparedness may vary from country to country or even depending on the level of analysis to which one is interested (micro, meso or macro) considering not only the need | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Killarney Station Killarney Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory of Australia. The property is situated approximately south east of Timber Creek and south of Darwin. Killarney Station was established by Eric Izod with managing partner Ivor Hall in 1953. Bill Tapp purchased Killarney following talks with Izod and Hall about buying Killarney Station in 1960. Tapp paid £90,000, a Northern Territory record price for a cattle station at that time. He received title to Killarney in 1962. The Tapp family properties, including Killarney Station went into receivership in 1991. Brian Oxenford's Western Grazing Company purchased the property. Wallco acquired Killarney in 2001 from Western Grazing Company. The property was being run in conjunction with neighbouring Birrimba Station forming an aggregation with an area of that was supporting a herd of 41,000 Brahman cattle. In 2012 the property was run by Wallco Pastoral Company until it was placed in receivership by the National Australia Bank before a refinancing. Killarney was sold in 2014 to the Jumbuck Pastoral Company for about 35 million. At the time it occupied an area of . Most of Birrimba and a small portion of Killarney were burnt out by a bushfire in 2014. Killarney Station Killarney Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory of Australia. The property is situated approximately south east of Timber Creek and south of Darwin. Killarney Station was established by Eric Izod with managing partner Ivor Hall in 1953. Bill Tapp purchased Killarney following talks with Izod and Hall about buying Killarney Station in 1960. Tapp paid £90,000, a Northern Territory record price for a cattle station at that time. He received title to Killarney | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Robin Follman Robin Follman-Otta (born December 9, 1969) is an American business executive at multiple private companies, an international operatic soprano and a philanthropist. She is president and chief executive officer (CEO) at Markall, Inc., an MBE certified woman and minority-owned sales and marketing distribution company for its manufacturing arm R.A. Industries, LLC, an engineering and manufacturing completion center specializing in complex precision components and assemblies for the aerospace, defense, commercial, energy, entertainment (animatronics) and medical industries. She is president and CEO of the latter company as well. Her father Robert Follman, a longtime engineer is R.A. Industries’ founder and chairman of the board. Both serve as owners and executives of the adventure fishing resort, Katmai Lodge Alaska where Follman-Otta is the chief operating officer. Heritage Born and raised in Orange County, California, Follman-Otta is a fifth-generation Orange County resident of heritage originating from both Europe and Mexico. She is the daughter of Carole Ann Follman (née Hyland) and Robert Follman. Her heritage is 37.5 percent of Hispanic origin, and 62.5 percent of both Irish and Austrian heritages. The Follman patriarchal surname is of Austrian descent. However, Follman-Otta’s matriarchal great-grandmother Teodora Paez de Hyland is of 100 percent Hispanic origin from El Rosario, Baja California, Mexico. She married Thomas Patrick Hyland who is 100 percent of Irish origin. During the Spanish rule of Baja California in the 19th century, Teodora’s father, Ramon Paez was exclusively brought as a mining engineer from Spain to the town of El Rosario, most likely under the real estate development by Luis Huller and George H. Sisson to search for mineral and Boleo Copper deposits. In her patriarchal lineage, Follman-Otta’s grandmother was Dorothea Derrfuss, mother to Robert Follman . In southeastern Germany bordering Austria, Derrfuss was raised by Bavarian nuns who taught her how to sing, which became her calling later in life. After immigrating to the U.S., Derrfuss married a German baron with whom she had twin daughters. When her husband deserted the family, and she could no longer care for her daughters, Derrfuss turned to an orphanage for the care of the twins, and sung opera across the U.S. Her success eventually led to her performing contralto on Chicago’s NBC-WCFL evening radio shows in the early 1930s. Derrfuss’ inherent vocal gift carried on to generation after generation as the twin girls embraced singing, and Follman-Otta made professional opera her early career. Derrfuss’ inherent vocal gift carried on to generation after generation as the twin girls embraced singing, and Follman-Otta made professional opera her early career. "Ever since, all the women in the family could sing," Follman said. Early Life Follman-Otta’s desire to sing and perform started when she was 5-years-old, impressing her family by singing “silent night.” By the age of 10, her parents started singing lessons; the encouragement gave the young budding opera singer the dream to make it her career. By 16 years old, her voice matured. Through this change, it led professional performances in local Orange County musical theaters. After a couple of years of studying business at nearby Saddleback College, Follman-Otta, 20, went on to live and work in Tokyo, Japan for a year singing in a musical called "Fairy Land" at the Sanrio Puroland. It was one of the first animatronic shows, with live performers and singing mechanical creatures. It was at this time, she claimed, "that was really the beginning of my opera career." When Follman-Otta was in between productions, she put the same powerful voice to work by answering phones at her family’s business which would eventually serve the infancy of her career in manufacturing. While at R.A. Industries, she worked part-time at the family company offices learning all the major functions of the business. Both, Carole her mother, and father Robert encouraged Follman-Otta to pursue her operatic career, and once again in her life, asking her to accept the CEO role in the family businesses. She credits her family and the arts for most of her success. “I learned from my mother that nothing should hold you back from your dreams,” she said. Follman has appeared in many of the world's best opera houses and concert halls in operas, oratorios, concerts, and recitals. Her opera credits include performances with Houston Grand Opera, Los Angeles Opera, New York City Opera, Washington National Opera, Michigan Opera Theater, Opera Pacific, Florentine Opera, Singapore Lyric Opera, Lyric Opera Malaysia, Hawaii Opera, and Opera Carolina among others. Her concert work includes performances with the English Chamber Orchestra, the Saint Louis Symphony, the Pacific Symphony Orchestra, the Richmond Symphony, the International Italian Orchestra, the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra and the Alabama Symphony among others. Robin Follman Robin Follman-Otta (born December 9, 1969) is an American business executive at multiple private companies, an international operatic soprano and a philanthropist. She is president and | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Lubomirski Palace (Opole Lubelskie) The Lubomirski Palace (pl:"Pałac Lubomirskich") in Opole Lubelskie, Lublin Voivodship, Poland (formerly the Slupecki Palace - pl:"Pałac Słupeckich"), is a much-altered 18th-century palace formerly belonging to the Słupecki and Lubomirski families. From the 16th century onwards the palace housed a growing collection of books - many of them theological - and also a collection of fine art paintings. The library and pictures were dispersed in the mid-nineteenth century, when ownership of the palace passed to the Russian tsarist government. The building was stripped of its baroque architectural features and used as a military barracks and hospital. It currently houses a high school named for Adam Mickiewicz. The present form of the palace is a reconstructed barracks, carried out after 1854. The earlier reconstructions have been obliterated. Today it is a large, three-storey building on a rectangular plan with prominent projections at the ends of the façade. The interior layout is two-bay, partly changed during the subsequent reconstructions and repairs. The interior décor has not survived. In the basement the vaults are preserved, with lunettes and barrel vaulting. The northern façade looking over the courtyard has thirteen bays, separated by pilasters with Ionic capitals (finials). The middle window (slightly wider than the others) on the first floor of the façade is a remnant of the eighteenth century main entrance door, approached by flights of stone steps. The south elevation - formerly overlooking the formal garden has fifteen bays with pilasters, but with Tuscan capitals. The ground floor is rusticated, creating a base for the building. There have been no archaeological excavations, and little is known about the former buildings which used to form a courtyard around the palace. Only an outbuilding to the south-east survives, which was turned into a hospital. It was one of Four buildings built in the eighteenth century to form a surrounding courtyard. On the foundations of outbuildings to the south-west one of the hospital buildings rises. There are no traces left of the northern outbuildings - the north-western one was demolished in 1996, the north-eastern much earlier. To the west of the palace a few old buildings the farm remain; and the granary from the late eighteenth century was converted into a cinema. A field hospital, built in the second half of the nineteenth century by the tsarist army and located south of the palace, was demolished in 2001. Also preserved is an eighteenth-century statue of St. John of Nepomuk, now in the hospital; it probably originally stood on a circular island in the ornamental pond on the north side of the palace. A medieval castle with a moat formerly stood on the site, which was further surrounded by ponds including a fish pond on the eastern side. Sięgniew Słupczy was the owner of Opole in 1368. Opole was granted civic rights at the end of the fourteenth century, perhaps coinciding with the construction of the castle. The exact date is not known - documents were burned in the fifteenth century. King Casimir IV of Poland renewed the privilege in the years 1450 and 1478. The influence of the Słupecki family increased through the sixteenth century, and Stanislaw Słupecki, Castellan of Lublin, began collecting fine art paintings, and a large library. Work on the reconstruction of the medieval mansion into the modern Opole palace began not long after 1600, when Felix Słupecki (c1571-1616), Castellan of Lublin, and Barbara Leszczynski—the sister of Rafal Leszczynski of Baranow Sandomierski—were married in the Baranowski mansion. The building was finished by 1613 - the date is testified on a ceiling beam rediscovered during the renovation in the 1930s. The beam is now located in the old bell tower at the parish church in Opole. There are no other surviving remains of the old medieval building. It is possible that reconstruction was carried out by Santi Gucci from the court of Jan III Sobieski, who designed of reconstructions of castles in Janowiec and Baranow, both associated with related with Firleja and Słupecki families and Rafal Leszczynski. Felix Słupecki was a Calvinist, unlike the majority of Poles who were Catholic ("see" Religion in Poland) although, and members of his family studied in Nuremberg, Heidelberg, Strasbourg, Basel and Leiden, rather than, for example, the University of Padua favoured by other Poles. The Słupeckis maintained lively contacts with Western European thinkers and hosted many of them in Opole. From the sources it is known among others that Felix Słupecki corresponded with the Dutch Protestant jurist Hugo de Groot (Grotius) who, as an Arminian, was involved on the other side of the Calvinist–Arminian debate. Słupecki's extensive library contained a number of theological works, and he founded a Reformed Church school in Opole Lubelskie in 1598, with as its first head. George Słupecki, the last male descendant of the family, died in 1664. Opole passed into the hands of the Anglo-Irish-German , the Dunin-Borkowski, and then Tarłó families by about 1690. The palace was rebuilt in the Baroque style in the years 1737-1743 for Jan Tarło, the voivode of Lublin Voivodeship, under the direction of Tylman of Gameren, the architect of the court in Puławy. The contract committed him to "transform the old palace in Opole and new pavilions at the corners, with stonemasons." Jan Tarło brought the Order of Piarists to Opole in 1743, a still-existing educational Catholic order. The Piarists opened the first vocational school of craft in Poland in 1761 in Opole, based on modern principles of teaching. Many books from the house were given to the seminary when the great library was dispersed in the 19th century. The Piarists were ejected from Opole after the January Uprising in 1863. Jan Tarłó's widow, Sophia Krasinski Lubomirska, created a park around the palace and continued to enlarge the library and art collection. The house was acquired in 1754 by Prince Antoni Lubomirski, and remodelled between 1766 and 1773 by (among others) Domenico Merlini and the royal architect, Jacob Fontana. The palace was inherited in 1782 by his nephew Prince Alexander Lubomirski, who wanted to create a cultural residential park similar to the Czartoryski palace in Puławy (the 'Polish Athens') a few miles away. Alexander Lubomirski also built a Palladian villa for entertaining guests in Niezdowie, about 1 km west of the palace, in 1785-1787. He married Rozalia Czartoryski, and they had a daughter Princess Alexandra Francis Lubomirska. Rozalia was in Paris (with Alexandra, aged 7) during the Reign of Terror. She was arrested several times in Paris on espionage charges and was guillotined in 1794 aged 23. Alexandra was freed from the same prison where she had been held with her late mother, and returned to Opole. However, Polish discontent after the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 led to the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794. The Russians quelled the uprising, and after the Third Partition of Poland, Poland ceased to exist as a country for 123 years. The nearby palace in Puławy belonging to Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski was plundered utterly and burnt by the Russians for his part in the uprising. Alexandra's tutor in Opole around 1800 was Jean Vesque de Puttelange, an exiled former government official from the Hapsburg Netherlands; his son Johann Vesque von Püttlingen (the composer 'J. van Hoven') was born in the palace. In 1804 she and her father moved to Hapsburg-ruled Vienna where she married the orientalist, Count "Emir" Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski. In 1847, Alexandra Rzewuska sold the Niezdowie grand villa to a judge, Kazimierz Wydrychiewicz. In 1854 she disposed of (or sold) the house and its contents to the Russian general Ivan Paskyévich, the Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland since 1831. Many of the books in the library were donated to the Piarist seminary in Opole; after the Order was suppressed | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
was plundered utterly and burnt by the Russians for his part in the uprising. Alexandra's tutor in Opole around 1800 was Jean Vesque de Puttelange, an exiled former government official from the Hapsburg Netherlands; his son Johann Vesque von Püttlingen (the composer 'J. van Hoven') was born in the palace. In 1804 she and her father moved to Hapsburg-ruled Vienna where she married the orientalist, Count "Emir" Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski. In 1847, Alexandra Rzewuska sold the Niezdowie grand villa to a judge, Kazimierz Wydrychiewicz. In 1854 she disposed of (or sold) the house and its contents to the Russian general Ivan Paskyévich, the Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland since 1831. Many of the books in the library were donated to the Piarist seminary in Opole; after the Order was suppressed after the January Uprising, some of the collection ended up in the Hieronim Łopaciński public library in Lublin. After 1854 the Lubomirski palace was converted into a Russian military barracks, undergoing a severe redesign which included the loss of the mansard roof and the removal of the balustrades and tympanums; the third storey was heightened. The outbuildings were turned into a hospital, the last being demolished c2001. The former interior décor no longer survives. Further rebuilding took place in the 1940s and 1960s. The Lubomirski palace is currently used as a high school named after the national poet of Poland, Adam Mickiewicz. Lubomirski Palace (Opole Lubelskie) The Lubomirski Palace (pl:"Pałac Lubomirskich") in Opole | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Regents of the University of Colorado The Regents of the University of Colorado comprise the governing board of the University of Colorado system. Established under Article IX, Section 9 of the Constitution of Colorado, the Board of Regents has 9 voting members. One regent is elected to represent each of Colorado's seven congressional districts, with two others elected by the state at large. They serve six-year terms, which are staggered so not all are elected at the same time. The Regents oversee the University's budget, they hire the University's president and other top University officials, and they set tuition and priorities. They select a chair and vice-chair from their own membership. The four campuses in the University of Colorado system are: Regents of the University of Colorado The Regents of the University of Colorado comprise the governing board of the University of Colorado system. Established under Article IX, Section 9 of the Constitution of Colorado, the Board of Regents has 9 voting members. One regent is elected to represent each of Colorado's seven congressional districts, with two others elected by the state at large. They serve six-year terms, which are staggered so not all are elected at the same time. | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
New York State Route 429 New York State Route 429 (NY 429) is a north–south state highway located entirely within Niagara County, New York, in the United States. It extends for from an intersection with NY 265 and NY 384 in North Tonawanda to a junction with NY 104 (Ridge Road) on the border between the towns of Cambria and Lewiston. Although it is relatively minor in length, the route is regionally important nonetheless as it connects North Tonawanda to some of the county's interior regions. About midway between North Tonawanda and Ridge Road, NY 429 serves the hamlet of Sanborn, where it briefly overlaps with NY 31. At Pekin, a community situated between Sanborn and NY 104, NY 429 descends the Niagara Escarpment. The Sanborn–Ridge Road segment of modern NY 429 was originally designated as part of Route 30, an unsigned legislative route, in 1908. In the mid-1920s, the portion of Route 30 west of Rochester became part of the signed NY 31; however, NY 31 was realigned in the late 1920s to follow Ridge Road west from Cambria to the village of Lewiston. NY 31's former alignment from Niagara Falls to Ridge Road via Sanborn became New York State Route 31A at this time. NY 31A was eliminated in 1935 as part of the establishment of U.S. Route 104 (US 104). The portion of its former routing north of Sanborn became part of NY 429, which was extended from its terminus. NY 429 begins on the banks of the Niagara River at a junction with NY 265 and NY 384 in downtown North Tonawanda. The route heads east as Wheatfield Street, crossing the CSX Transportation-owned Niagara Subdivision at a grade crossing that separates an industrialized block of the street from more residential sections to the east. After three blocks, NY 429 turns onto Oliver Street and follows it northwestward through residential and industrial portions of the city, paralleling NY 265 and NY 384 for to a junction with Ward Road. Oliver Street and Ward Road merge here, and the combined street takes on the Ward Road name as it proceeds due northward through the solely residential northern portion of North Tonawanda. NY 429 exits the city near a junction with Ruie Road, at which point maintenance of the route shifts from the city to the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). Now in the town of Wheatfield, NY 429 heads across populated but less developed areas on its way to a junction with US 62. North of this point, the closely spaced homes gradually give way to more isolated houses and, eventually, rural farmland. It continues on a north–south line to the town of Lewiston and the hamlet of Sanborn, located adjacent to the Lewiston–Cambria town line. In the small but developed community, NY 429 follows Buffalo Street past three blocks of homes to a junction with NY 31 (Saunders Settlement Road). Buffalo Street ends here; however, NY 429 joins NY 31 for two blocks east to Townline Road, a north–south highway delimiting the boundary between Lewiston and Cambria. NY 429 continues north on Townline Road, passing the sprawling main campus of Niagara County Community College, a stark departure from the rural fields that NY 429 traversed in Wheatfield. Past the college, NY 429 follows the Lewiston–Cambria town line for the rest of its length. In terms of elevation, it reaches a crest of at Upper Mountain Road in Pekin before it begins to descend the Niagara Escarpment, a beach ridge that further west led to the formation of Niagara Falls eons ago. Here, on clear enough days, a wide panorama can be seen of the entire northern half of the county and Lake Ontario. After descending , it crosses a narrow plateau containing Lower Mountain Road. Another drop follows, and NY 429 ends shortly afterward at a junction with NY 104 (Ridge Road) located above sea level—a descent from Pekin. During this final, mostly undeveloped stretch, NY 429 passes the Buffalo Diocese's Immaculate Conception Catholic Church. The portion of modern NY 429 north of Sanborn was originally designated as part of Route 30, an unsigned legislative route, by the New York State Legislature in 1908. Route 30 entered Sanborn from the west on what is now NY 31 and followed current NY 429 north to Ridge Road, where it turned east toward Rochester. All of legislative Route 30 west of Rochester became part of NY 31 in the mid-1920s, while the remainder of what is now NY 429 outside of North Tonawanda was taken over by the state of New York by 1926. In the late 1920s, NY 31 was realigned between Niagara Falls and the Lewiston–Cambria town line to follow Ridge Road west to the village of Lewiston. Its former routing to Niagara Falls via Sanborn became NY 31A. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the Niagara Falls–Sanborn leg of NY 31A became part of a realigned NY 3, which had followed modern NY 425 from North Tonawanda to Saunders Settlement Road prior to the renumbering. Despite this fact, NY 31A continued to extend west to Niagara Falls, creating an overlap with the cross-state NY 3. The overlap remained in place until when US 104 was assigned across Upstate New York. West of Rochester, it replaced NY 31, which was shifted southward to follow all of NY 3 from Niagara Falls to Rochester. NY 31A, meanwhile, was eliminated and partially replaced with NY 429, a route created that continued south from Sanborn to North Tonawanda via Ward Road and Oliver and Wheatfield Streets. NY 429 has not been substantially altered since that time. New York State Route 429 New York State Route 429 (NY 429) is a north–south state highway located entirely within Niagara County, New York, in the United States. It extends for from an intersection with NY 265 and NY 384 in North Tonawanda to a junction with NY 104 (Ridge Road) on the border between the towns of | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Královka Arena Královka Arena or Královka sports Hall (Czech: Sportovní hala Královka) is multipurpose hall located in Prague 7 district Letná, near to the Generali Arena. Sports and cultural events are held there. It has capacity for maximum 2500 people, 1300 without additional tribune. It can host sports as basketball, badminton or floorball. In this complex, training ground with capacity of 200 people is included. Since 2014, it is home to women basketball team USK Praha (since 2014) and VŠ Praha. This arena in Pod Královskou oborou street was built in 1965, by the Czech architect Cyril Mandel. The first reconstruction started in 1985 and ended five years later. Next reconstruction took place in 2004. In 2010, Prague bought this arena for 116 million Czech crowns. Since 2011, the hall is rented by company Sportovní areál Praha. Between 2011 and 2014, another reconstruction took place, at a cost of 240 million Czech crowns. Královka Arena Královka Arena or Královka sports Hall (Czech: Sportovní hala Královka) is multipurpose hall located in Prague 7 district Letná, near to the Generali Arena. Sports and cultural events are held there. It has capacity for maximum 2500 people, 1300 without additional tribune. It can host | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
James White (RAF officer) Captain James Butler White, DFC, RNAS (7 July 1893 – 2 January 1972) was a World War I Royal Naval Air Service flying ace. White was born on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. He served with No. 8 Naval Squadron RNAS, which was renamed No. 208 Squadron RAF after the Royal Naval Air Service was merged with the Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force in 1918. He achieved 12 victories in total, his first on 24 January 1918 and his last two on 3 October 1918. All of his victories were scored while flying a Sopwith Camel. The citation for his Distinguished Flying Cross (published in the "London Gazette" on 3 December 1918) read: James White (RAF officer) Captain James Butler White, DFC, RNAS (7 July 1893 – 2 January 1972) was a World War I Royal Naval Air Service flying ace. White was born on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. He served with No. 8 Naval Squadron RNAS, which was renamed No. 208 Squadron RAF after the Royal Naval Air Service was merged with the Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force in 1918. He achieved 12 victories in total, his first | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Anser Farooq Anser Farooq is a Canadian defence attorney based in Mississauga, Ontario, who gained notability defending suspects during the 2006 Ontario terrorism plot. Farooq represented two members of the 2006 Ontario terrorism plot: Ibrahim Aboud, and Qayyum Jamal. Aboud and Jamal had their charges stayed in April 2008. In 2007, he represented Ayad Mejid, a Muslim preacher who was suspected of using child pornography. In 2010, charges were dismissed after a judge found that Mejid's rights were violated when he was forced to turn over his computer to investigators. In April 2011, Majid filed a lawsuit against the government, where was again represented by Farooq. Farooq was also counsel for Khurram Sher, who was alleged to have participated in an Ottawa terrorism plot. Sher had auditioned for Canadian Idol. On October 13, 2010, Sher was released on bail. Sher was represented by Michael Edelson at trial, where he was acquitted. Farooq was counsel for Mohamed Hersi, who was arrested on March 31, 2011 at Toronto Pearson International Airport and was alleged to have attempted to join Al-Shabaab. After a two-day hearing Hersi was released on bail April 29, 2011. Hersi changed counsel and was represented by Paul Salansky at trial. He was convicted of the charges and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Anser Farooq Anser Farooq is a Canadian defence attorney based in Mississauga, Ontario, who gained notability defending suspects during the 2006 Ontario terrorism plot. Farooq represented two members of the 2006 Ontario terrorism plot: Ibrahim Aboud, and Qayyum Jamal. Aboud and Jamal had their charges stayed in April 2008. In 2007, he represented Ayad Mejid, a Muslim preacher who was suspected of using child pornography. In 2010, charges were dismissed after a judge found that Mejid's rights were violated when he was forced to turn over | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Death and the Sculptor Death and the Sculptor, also known as the Milmore Monument and The Angel of Death and the Young Sculptor is a sculpture in bronze, and one of the most important and influential works of art created by sculptor Daniel Chester French. The work was commissioned to mark the grave in Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts, of the brothers Joseph (1841-1886), James and Martin Milmore (1844-1883). It has two figures effectively in the round, linked to a background relief behind them. The right-hand figure represents a sculptor, whose hand holding a chisel is gently restrained by the fingers of the left-hand figure, representing Death, here shown as a winged female. The Milmore brothers immigrated to the United States from Ireland in 1851, Joseph becoming a stone carver and Martin a sculptor. They frequently collaborated on commissions, the most notable one being the granite "Sphinx" (1873) that resides in Mount Auburn Cemetery. French's memorial, commissioned in 1889 and dedicated in 1893, depicts the Angel of Death gently taking the hand of a sculptor, or stone carver who is working on a sphinx figure very much like the one the brothers created. When the plaster cast of the work was in Paris to be cast into bronze it was exhibited at several salons, including the Salon de Champs de Mars where it was awarded a third-class medal, "only the second time an American had been so honored by the Parisian art world." The architectural setting was initially designed by architect C. Howard Walker, but this was redesigned by French's frequent collaborator Henry Bacon in 1914, and finally replaced in 1945 by one designed the Boston firm of Andrews, Jones Boscoe and Whitmore, at which time the location of the monument was changed. The bronze portion was cast in Paris by the Gruet Foundry. French and the Milmore family agreed to have four other casts of the piece done, which went to museums in Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston and St. Louis. The Chicago plaster was displayed at the World's Columbian Exposition, where it received good reviews. That cast was destroyed in 1949. In 1917, another version of the work was done, this time in marble for the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. It was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers, who carved virtually all of French's marbles. Death and the Sculptor Death and the Sculptor, also known | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
César Ham César David Adolfo Ham Peña (born July 23, 1973) is a Honduran politician. He is a leader of the socialist Democratic Unification Party and a member of Parliament. He was the presidential candidate of his party for the 2009 elections in which he gained less than 2% of the votes. He supported President Manuel Zelaya's initiative to form a convention for reforming the Constitution, and was one of the main organizers of the controversial non-binding poll that was scheduled for June 28, 2009, but never took place because Zelaya was ousted from office that day in a coup d'état. On September 16, 2009 he was the sole dissenter at a meeting of Honduran presidential candidates with the Costa Rican President Oscar Arias when he was the only candidate to support the San José Agreement's demand for the reinstatement of Manuel Zelaya. César Ham César David Adolfo Ham Peña (born July 23, 1973) is a Honduran politician. He is a leader of the socialist Democratic Unification Party and a member of Parliament. He was the presidential candidate of his party for the 2009 elections in which he gained less than 2% of the votes. He supported President Manuel Zelaya's | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Csaba Sógor Csaba Sógor (born 12 May 1964) is a Romanian politician and Member of the European Parliament, representing the Hungarian minority. He is also the member of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania. Currently Sógor is the candidate for the Member of the European Parliament on behalf of the European People's Party (EPP). Besides Hungarian and Romanian, he is fluent in English, German and understands French. He attended Cluj University from 1983 to 1988, graduating with a bachelor's degree in Theology. Sógor also holds master's degrees in Theology from the Universities of Zurich and Basel. He began his political career in 1990 as a member of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania. Since 1995, he has been a member of the Union Representatives. As a member of this party, he was elected for the first time to Congress in Cluj UDMR. He was also a pastor in the Reformed Church in Romania, serving in Ciceu from 1988 to 1999. From 2000 to 2004, he was the UDMR's Senator from Harghita, where he was a member of the Committee for Education, Science and Youth. Sógor was re-elected as Senator from the same party from 2004 to 2008. He was secretary of the UDMR's Parliamentary Group. He resigned from Parliament on 3 December 2007 and was replaced by Senator Vilmos Zsombori. In 2007 he was elected as a Member of the European Parliament from UDMR. Asked by journalists about his goals in Brussels, he said he would push for the Székelys' autonomy and for the Székely Hungarian language as the second language of the state, at least where the Hungarian community represents 20% of the total population. He is a full Member of the LIBE Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and a substitute Member of the EMPL Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. Sógor is also in the DASE Delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and a substitute Member of the Delegation for relations with Japan. He is married and has four children. Csaba Sógor Csaba Sógor (born 12 May 1964) is a Romanian politician and Member of the European Parliament, representing the Hungarian minority. He is also the member of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania. Currently Sógor is the candidate for the Member of the European Parliament on behalf of the European | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Situation Vacant Situation Vacant is an audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". This audio drama was produced by Big Finish Productions. The Doctor is seen to be holding auditions for a new companion. The characters Hugh Bainbridge, Asha Qureshi, Theo Lawson and Juliet Walsh seemingly vie for the position. Big Finish Productions withheld the identity of the companion in the rest of this series until after this story was released. The contenders are described by producer David Richardson in "Doctor Who Magazine" issue 421, as: The Meddling Monk is revealed to have placed the ad and arranged the dangerous scenarios in a later story, "The Book of Kells". Matt Michael, writing for "Doctor Who Magazine", felt that the emulation of television openers such as "Partners in Crime" was not entirely successful, and faulted the lack of development of the new companion. Richard McGinlay praised it strongly, giving it a rating of 10/10, and feeling that the satire of "The Apprentice" was successful. Situation Vacant was broadcast on digital radio station BBC Radio 4 Extra on 8 Jan 2013 as a single hour-long episode. Situation Vacant Situation Vacant is an audio drama based on | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Norway at the 1952 Summer Olympics Norway competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. 102 competitors, 96 men and 6 women, took part in 72 events in 14 sports. Earlier in the year, Norway had hosted the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. Men's Individual Road Race (190.4 km) Five fencers, all male, represented Norway in 1952. Norway had nine male rowers participate in two out of seven rowing events in 1952. Nine shooters represented Norway in 1952. Erling Kongshaug won gold in the 50 m rifle, three positions and John H. Larsen, Sr. won gold in the 100m running deer. Norway at the 1952 Summer Olympics Norway competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. 102 competitors, 96 men and 6 women, took part in 72 events in 14 sports. Earlier in the year, Norway had hosted the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. Men's Individual Road Race (190.4 km) Five fencers, all male, represented Norway in 1952. Norway had nine male rowers participate in two out of seven rowing events in 1952. Nine shooters represented Norway in 1952. Erling Kongshaug won gold in the 50 m rifle, three positions and John H. Larsen, Sr. won gold in | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Anne Killigrew Anne Killigrew (1660–1685) was an English poet. Born in London, Killigrew is perhaps best known as the subject of a famous elegy by the poet John Dryden entitled "To The Pious Memory of the Accomplish'd Young Lady Mrs. Anne Killigrew" (1686). She was however a skilful poet in her own right, and her "Poems" were published posthumously in 1686. Dryden compared her poetic abilities to the famous Greek poet of antiquity, Sappho. Killigrew died of smallpox aged 25. Anne Killigrew was born in early 1660, before the Restoration, at St Martin's Lane in London. Not much is known about her mother Judith Killigrew, but her father Dr. Henry Killigrew published several sermons and poems as well as a play called "The Conspiracy". Her two paternal uncles were also published playwrights. Sir William Killigrew (1606–1695) published two collections of plays and Thomas Killigrew (1612–1683) not only wrote plays but built the theatre now known as Drury Lane. Her father and her uncles had close connections with the Stuart Court, serving Charles I, Charles II, and his Queen, Catherine of Braganza. Anne was made a personal attendant, before her death, to Mary of Modena, Duchess of York. Little is recorded about Anne’s education, but it is known that she kept up with her social class, and she received instruction in both poetry and painting in which she excelled. In their introduction to Anne Killigrew in "The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women," Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar point out that because of her father’s work—he was a clergyman and a playwright, and her uncle was the well-known playwright and theatrical patentee Thomas Killigrew—she was encouraged to pursue her creative talents, unusual for women in the 17th century. Her theatrical background added to her use of shifting voices in her poetry. In John Dryden’s "Ode To the Pious Memory of the accomplished young lady, Mrs. Anne Killigrew," he points out that "Art she had none, yet wanted none, / For Nature did that want supply". Killigrew most likely got her education through studying the Bible, Greek mythology, and philosophy. Mythology was often expressed throughout her paintings and poetry. Inspiration for Killigrew’s poetry came from her knowledge of Greek myths and Biblical proverbs as well as from some very influential female poets who lived during the Restoration period: Katherine Philips and Anne Finch (also a maid to Mary of Modena at the same time as Killigrew). Mary of Modena encouraged the French tradition of "precieuses" (patrician women intellectuals) which pressed women’s participation in theatre, literature, and music. In effect, Killigrew was surrounded with a poetic feminist inspiration on a daily basis in Court: she was encompassed by strong intelligent women who encouraged her writing career as much as their own. With this motivation came a short book of only thirty-three poems published soon after her death by her father. It was not abnormal for poets, especially for women, never to see their work published in their lifetime. Since Killigrew died at the young age of 25 she was only able to produce a small collection of poetry. In fact, the last three poems were only found among her papers and it is still being debated about whether or not they were actually written by her. Inside the book is also a self painted portrait of Anne and the Ode by family friend and poet John Dryden. Anne Killigrew excelled in multiple media, which was noted by contemporary poet, mentor, and family friend, John Dryden in his dedicatory ode to Killigrew. He addresses her as "the Accomplisht Young LADY Mrs Anne Killigrew, Excellent in the two Sister-Arts of Poësie, and Painting." Scholars believe that Kelligrew painted a total of 15 paintings; however, only four are known to exist today. Many of her paintings display biblical and mythological imagery. Yet, Killigrew was also skilled at portraits, and her works include a self-portrait and a portrait of James, Duke of York. Some of her poetry references her own paintings, such as her poem "On a Picture Painted by her self, representing two Nimphs of DIANA's, one in a posture to Hunt, the other Batheing." Both her poems and her paintings place emphasis on women and nature, suggesting female rebellion in a male-dominated society. Contemporary critics noted her exceptional skill in both mediums, with John Dryden addressing his dedicatory Killigrew is best known for being the subject of John Dryden's famous, extolling ode, which praises Killigrew for her beauty, virtue, and literary talent. However, Dryden was one of several contemporary admirers of Killigrew, and the posthumous collection of her work published in 1686 included several additional poems commending her literary merit, irreproachable piety, and personal charm. Nonetheless, critics often disagree about the nature of Dryden's ode: some believe his praise to be too excessive, and even ironic. These individuals condemn Killigrew for using well worn and conventional topics, such as death, love, and the human condition, in her poetry and pastoral dialogues. In fact, Alexander Pope, a prominent critic, as well as the leading poet of the time, labelled her work "crude" and "unsophisticated." As a young poet who had only distributed her work via manuscript prior to her death, it is possible that Killigrew was not ready to see her work published so soon. Some say Dryden defended all poets because he believed them to be teachers of moral truths; thus, he felt Killigrew, as an inexperienced yet dedicated poet, deserved his praise. However, Anthony Wood in his 1721 essay defends Dryden's praise, confirming that Killigrew "was equal to, if not superior" to any of the compliments lavished upon her. Furthermore, Wood asserts that Killigrew must have been well received in her time, otherwise “her Father would never have suffered them to pass the Press” after her death. Then, there is the question of the last three poems that were found among her papers. They seem to be in her handwriting, which is why Killigrew’s father added them to her book. The poems are about the despair the author has for another woman, and could possibly be autobiographical if they are in fact by Killigrew. Some of her other poems are about failed friendships, possibly with Anne Finch, so this assumption may have some validity. Killigrew died of smallpox on 16 June 1685, when she was only 25 years old. She is buried in the Chancel of the Savoy Chapel (dedicated to St John the Baptist) where a monument was built in her honour, but has since been destroyed by a fire. Anne Killigrew Anne Killigrew (1660–1685) was an English poet. Born in London, Killigrew | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) is a diagnostic handbook similar to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) or the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM). The PDM was published on May 28, 2006. The information contained in the PDM was collected by a collaborative task force which includes members of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the International Psychoanalytical Association, the Division of Psychoanalysis (Division 39) of the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, and the National Membership Committee on Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work. Although it is based on current neuroscience and treatment outcome studies, Carey (2006) points out that many of the concepts in the PDM are adapted from the classical psychoanalytic tradition of psychotherapy. For example, the PDM indicates that the anxiety disorders may be traced to the "four basic danger situations" described by Sigmund Freud (1926) as the loss of a significant other; the loss of love; the loss of body integrity; and the loss of affirmation by one's own conscience. It uses a new perspective on the existing diagnostic system as it enables clinicians to describe and categorize personality patterns, related social and emotional capacities, unique mental profiles, and personal experiences of the patient. The PDM is not intended to compete with the DSM or ICD. The authors report the work emphasizes "individual variations as well as commonalities" by "focusing on the full range of mental functioning" and serves as a "[complement to] the DSM and ICD efforts in cataloguing [sic] symptoms. The task force intends for the PDM to augment the existing diagnostic taxonomies by providing "a multi dimensional approach to describe the intricacies of the patient's overall functioning and ways of engaging in the therapeutic process.". This first dimension classifies personality patterns in two domains. First, it looks at the spectrum of personality types and places the person's personality on a continuum from unhealthy and maladaptive to healthy and adaptive. Second, it classifies the how the person "organizes mental functioning and engages the world". The task force adds, "This dimension has been placed first in the PDM system because of the accumulating evidence that symptoms or problems cannot be understood, assessed, or treated in the absence of an understanding of the mental life of the person who has the symptoms". In other words, a list of symptoms characteristic of a diagnosis does not adequately inform a clinician how to understand and treat the symptoms without proper context. By analogy, if a patient went to her physician complaining of watering eyes and a runny nose, the symptoms alone do not indicate the appropriate treatment. Her symptoms could be a function of seasonal allergies, a bacterial sinus infection, the common cold, or she may have just come from her grandmother's funeral. The doctor might treat allergies with an antihisamine, the sinus infection with antibiotics, the cold with zinc, and give her patient a Kleenex tissue after the funeral. All four conditions may have very similar symptoms; all four condition are treated very differently. Next, the PDM provides a "detailed description of emotional functioning" which are understood to be "the capacities that contribute to an individual's personality and overall level of psychological health or pathology". This dimension provides a "microscopic" examination of the patient's mental life by systematically accounting for their functional capacity to The third dimension starts with the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic categories; moreover, beyond simply listing symptoms, the PDM "goes on to describe the affective states, cognitive processes, somatic experiences, and relational patterns most often associated clinically" with each diagnosis. In this dimension, "symptom clusters" are "useful descriptors" which presents the patient's "symptom patterns in terms of the patient's personal experience of his or her prevailing difficulties". The task force concludes, "The patient may evidence a few or many patterns, which may or may not be related, and which should be seen in the context of the person's personality and mental functioning. The multi dimensional approach... provides a systematic way to describe patients that is faithful to their complexity and helpful in planning appropriate treatments". Guilford Press will be publishing a new edition of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2), which is being developed by a steering committee composed by Vittorio Lingiardi (Editor), Nancy McWilliams (Editor), and Robert S. Wallerstein (Honorary Chair). Guilford Press received a manuscript for PDM-2 in September 2016, and the current release date is set for June 2017. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) is a diagnostic handbook similar to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) or the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM). The PDM was published on May 28, 2006. The information contained in the PDM was collected by a collaborative task force which includes members of the | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Minnesota Sinfonia Minnesota Sinfonia is a professional non-profit orchestra in Minnesota. The Sinfonia plays concerts for over 25,000 people each year, and is the only professional orchestra of its kind, offering all concerts free of charge, welcoming children to every performance, and dedicating over half its services to inner-city schools. Founded in 1989 by Artistic Director Jay Fishman, the Minnesota Sinfonia is an independent, non-profit 501(c)(3) organization supported by corporate, foundation and individual contributors. Music in the Schools (MIS) is the Sinfonia’s inner-city education program. Every year, the orchestra works with up to 12,000 elementary students and helps them learn core subjects in exciting new ways–through music! Music in the School s is designed specifically for public elementary students of Minneapolis and St. Paul’s diverse population with limited in-school arts opportunities. MIS uses classical music to excite students about math, history, science, social studies and literature, while providing a much-needed part of their arts education. Each MIS program starts with a three-month curriculum, co-developed by the Sinfonia and local teachers. The curriculum combines classical music excerpts with academic concepts drawn from Minnesota state education standards, and focuses on a different subject each year. Past programs include History as Seen Through Music, which used Aaron Copland’s A Lincoln Portrait to introduce President Abraham Lincoln, his speeches and his role in the Civil War. The Magical Mysteries of Math & Music used Joseph Haydn’s “Surprise” Symphony and other well-known classical works to help explain a variety of mathematical concepts. The 2009-2010 program, Music From Other Lands, presented classical music derived from folk songs. The culmination of each Music in the Schools program is ‘Sinfona Day’ — a visit from the entire Minnesota Sinfonia to each participating school. As part of the festivities, classrooms host visits from orchestra musicians, who interact with the students and share their own stories and experience. The Young Artist Competition is an annual competition for musicians up to age 19. Held every spring, the contest attracts residents of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa and Wisconsin, who compete in a friendly environment. Both the junior and senior division winners are awarded solo appearances with the Sinfonia, and the senior division winner also receives the Claire Givens Violins $500 cash prize. The competition is held at the University of St. Thomas campus in St. Paul. 25 young musicians experience a “week in the life” of a professional musician. Students participate in a week of intensive orchestra rehearsals, culminating in a joint concert with the Minnesota Sinfonia. Junior Composers and alumni up to age 19, compose celebratory, high-spirited works that will be part of the Sinfonia’s Young Artists Week, culminating in a performance of the winning entry at the orchestra’s Summer Concert Series. Classical programs performed in Twin Cities neighborhood venues. These concerts feature guest soloists from around the world, orchestral repertoire and new works by American composers. Classical repertoire and award-winning guest soloists. Concerts take place in outdoor settings in St. Paul and Minneapolis. Performed throughout the seven county metro area, these programs contain music from movies, Broadway, favorite waltzes Community festivals provided to under-served Minnesota communities. The festivals include neighborhood children performing with the Minnesota Sinfonia, local music groups and local artist displays as well many other activities. The Minnesota Sinfonia brings educational and concert programs designed especially for communities that have limited access to the arts to out-state Minnesota. In the 1980s, conductor Jay Fishman envisioned a professional, top-quality orchestra that would dedicate its services to the underserved and low-income residents of Minnesota. In 1989, he created the Minnesota Sinfonia, a professional chamber orchestra to serve families, children, inner-city youth, seniors, and those with limited incomes. Early on, the Sinfonia developed policies of free admission and children welcome to all performances. The Sinfonia was the first, and is still the only professional orchestra in the state to have such policies. As one of three professional orchestras in the Twin Cities, the Sinfonia is the only one to offer all concerts free of admission charges, to perform in accessible neighborhood locations year-round and to welcome children to every performance. The Sinfonia is dedicated to community service and education. Each year, the Sinfonia performs more free, in-school concerts than any professional orchestra in the state, allocating over 30 percent of its budget and half its concerts to educational programs. Our guiding values are quality, accessibility and education. Jay Fishman has been the artistic and executive director of the Minnesota Sinfonia since its inception in 1989. Under his leadership, the Sinfonia inaugurated its policies of free admission and welcoming children to all concerts, and created Music in the Schools, the orchestra’s education program for inner-city elementary students. Jay earned a bachelor of science in music education and bachelor of arts in music composition from the University of Minnesota in 1969. In 1974, he earned a master's degree in orchestral conducting from the Indiana University School of Music. Also in 1974, he was a finalist in the Fulbright-Hayes Conducting Fellowship. From 1974 to 1976, Jay served as music director and conductor for the Louisville Chamber Orchestra. He then traveled to London, where he worked with Sir Neville Mariner of the Academy of Saint Martin in the Fields Chamber Orchestra. While in London, he also recorded for BBC Radio. In 1978, Jay Fishman returned to the United States and for 11 years served as the music director of the Minneapolis Chamber Symphony (MCS), which he founded. Under his leadership, the MCS received local, regional and national accolades, including the Award for Excellence from the McKnight Foundation and ongoing support from the National Endowment for the Arts. In 1989, Jay founded the Minnesota Sinfonia and took on the role of executive and artistic director. To date, he has conducted over 1,300 performances, and introduced classical music to 150,000 inner-city elementary students. In 2008, he led a symposium on use of the professional orchestra in music education for the Arts Midwest Regional Conference, and spoke on the same subject to the Association of Wisconsin Orchestras in May 2010. The Minnesota Sinfonia plays at the following venues in the Minneapolis / St. Paul "Twin Cities" as well as tours to Greater Minnesota Communities: Winter: The Basilica of Saint Mary (Minneapolis), Metropolitan State University (St. Paul), The University of Minnesota (Minneapolis), Temple Israel (Minneapolis), Temple of Aaron (St. Paul), First Covenant Church (St. Paul), Annunciation Church (Minneapolis), Summer: Como Park, Lake Harriet Bandshell, Lake Phalen Regional Park, Caponi Art Park, Minnesota Zoo, Coon Rapids Regional Dam Park, Roseville Central Park, Camp Courage, John A. Johnson Elementary School, Farnsworth Aerospace Elementary School, Farwell Park, North Commons Park. Minnesota Sinfonia Minnesota Sinfonia is a professional non-profit orchestra in Minnesota. The Sinfonia plays concerts for over 25,000 people each year, and is the only professional orchestra of its kind, offering all concerts free of charge, welcoming children to every performance, and dedicating over half its services to inner-city schools. Founded in 1989 by Artistic Director Jay Fishman, the Minnesota Sinfonia is an independent, non-profit 501(c)(3) organization supported by corporate, foundation and individual contributors. Music in the Schools (MIS) is the Sinfonia’s inner-city education program. Every | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Zoo, Coon Rapids Regional Dam Park, Roseville Central Park, Camp Courage, John A. Johnson Elementary School, Farnsworth Aerospace Elementary School, Farwell Park, North Commons Park. Minnesota Sinfonia Minnesota Sinfonia is a professional non-profit orchestra in Minnesota. The Sinfonia plays concerts for over 25,000 people each year, and is the only professional orchestra of its kind, offering all concerts free of charge, welcoming children to every performance, and dedicating over half its services to inner-city schools. Founded in 1989 by Artistic Director Jay Fishman, the Minnesota Sinfonia is an independent, non-profit 501(c)(3) organization supported by corporate, foundation and individual contributors. Music in the Schools (MIS) is the Sinfonia’s inner-city education program. Every year, the orchestra works with up to 12,000 elementary students and helps them learn | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Zhang Liping Zhang Liping (; born 1965) is a Chinese-Canadian soprano, who has sung leading roles in the opera houses of both Europe and North America. She is particularly known for her portrayal of Madama Butterfly. Zhang Liping was born in Wuhan, Hubei (about 650 miles south-west of Beijing) and is the daughter of a classical musician and a dancer. She entered the Wuhan Conservatoire to study voice. As a young student, she was selected to sing with Plácido Domingo in Tian'anmen Square. She then moved to Vancouver to study with Canadian mezzo-soprano Phyllis Mailing at the Vancouver Academy of Music. She later joined Vancouver Opera's Young Artist Program and sang throughout Canada in roles such as Mimi ("La bohème"), Leila ("Les pêcheurs de perles"), Liu ("Turandot"), Marguerite ("Faust") and Lucia ("Lucia di Lammermoor"). In 1997, she moved to London. Zhang has sung Lucia Ashton with the Royal Opera Covent Garden and the Deutsche Oper Berlin and also Gilda in Verdi's "Rigoletto" at the Den Norske Opera and the Teatro Regio di Parma. In 2002, Zhang debuted as Liu (in "Turandot") at Covent Garden. Geoff Brown wrote in The Times:With Li Ping Zhang's lovelorn Liu, though, sweet drama and music came rolled into one. Her part's vocal perils left her unscathed; each word struck home in the heart in a way no one else's ever did. Malcolm Hayes, writing in the Sunday Telegraph, remarked that: 'The biggest round of applause went to the Liu of Zhang Liping, whose sumptuous soprano had us hanging on her every note' Writing in The Times, David Cairns remarked that: Above all, Liping Zhang gave us a heroine of exceptional eloquence and intensity, no drooping lily but a vital, suffering, deeply touching creature whose élans and agonies raised the work momentarily to a higher plane. David Fingleton, writing in the British newspaper, the Sunday Express, commented: This soprano, in her early 30s, clearly has great insight and intelligence as well as good looks, and her clearly-drawn, thoughtful performance held the audience in the palm of her hand. When she sang the great aria One Fine Day in Act Two, where the abandoned Butterfly expresses her confidence in her husband's return, you could see the tears being shed. Her performance was a tour-de-force. The Detroit News wrote: In soprano Zhang Liping, the Michigan Opera Theatre production that opened Saturday night at the Detroit Opera House boasts a Butterfly who does more than carry the show; she represents the world standard. This is a singer, indeed a theatrical experience, not to be missed Hugh Canning wrote in Opera Magazine that: I was delighted to encounter her lovely, stylishly sung Mimi here: ... her subtle and idiomatic use of portemento, but this was no carbon copy and she had plenty of vocal swell for 'Il Primo bacio del aprile e mio' from her Act 1 narration and emotional depth in her Act 3 farewell Liping Zhang's debut disc was released by EMI Classics. The recording features arias by Verdi, Puccini, Bellini, and Donizetti. Zhang Liping Zhang Liping (; born 1965) is a Chinese-Canadian soprano, who has sung leading roles in the opera houses of both Europe and North America. She is particularly known for her portrayal of Madama Butterfly. Zhang Liping was born in Wuhan, Hubei (about 650 miles south-west of Beijing) and is the daughter of a classical musician and a dancer. She entered the Wuhan Conservatoire to study voice. As a young student, she was selected to sing with Plácido Domingo in Tian'anmen Square. She then moved to Vancouver to study with Canadian mezzo-soprano Phyllis Mailing | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Essex West (electoral district) Essex West was a federal electoral district in the province of Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 to 1968. This riding was created in 1924 from parts of Essex North riding. It was initially defined to consist of the city of Windsor, the town of Sandwich and the townships of East and West Sandwich in the county of Essex, including the towns of Ford City and Walkerville, or the villages of Riverside, Tecumseh and St. Clair Shores. In 1933, it was redefined to consist of the township of Sandwich West in the county of Essex including the town of Sandwich and the part of the city of Windsor lying north of Tecumseh Road. In 1947, it was redefined to exclude the part city of Windsor city lying south of Tecumseh Boulevard and east of the line dividing lots facing on Lincoln Road to the east and Gladstone Avenue to the west. The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Essex, Windsor West and Windsor—Walkerville ridings. Essex West (electoral district) Essex West was a federal electoral district in the province of Ontario, Canada, that was | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
WGFL WGFL is a dual CBS/MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station serving Gainesville, Florida, United States that is licensed to High Springs. It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on virtual and UHF channel 28 from a transmitter in Newberry. Owned by New Age Media, WGFL is sister to two Gainesville-licensed stations: Class A MeTV affiliate WYME-CD (channel 45) and full-power NBC affiliate WNBW-DT (channel 9). The latter is actually owned by MPS Media, LLC but operated by New Age Media through a local marketing agreement (LMA). All three stations are in turn operated by the Sinclair Broadcast Group under a master service agreement. The stations all share studios on Northwest 80th Boulevard (along I-75/SR 93) in Gainesville. On cable, WGFL can be seen on Cox channel 4 in Gainesville and Altitude Communications channel 4 in High Springs (hence the on-air branding CBS 4). There is a high definition feed offered on Cox digital channel 1004. The Gainesville market is located between several other Florida DMAs. In these areas, local cable systems opt instead for the affiliate for their home market instead of WGFL. This includes Charter Spectrum and Cox in Ocala (part of the Orlando market) that both offer WKMG-TV. In Lake City (part of the Jacksonville DMA), Comcast Xfinity provides WJAX-TV. WGFL signed on September 20, 1997, offering an analog signal on UHF channel 53. It originally served as the WB affiliate for the Gainesville area and was known on-air as "WB 53". The station also maintained a secondary affiliation with UPN, carrying its programming at 10 p.m. following WB's regular primetime schedule. WGFL's daytime programming mainly consisted of classic sitcom reruns along with various reality/talk shows such as "Queen Latifah". Like most WB affiliates at the time, WGFL carried the afternoon Kids' WB line up along with more youth oriented sitcoms like Sister, Sister during the evenings. In May 2002, WGFL announced its intention to affiliate with the CBS network on July 15, 2002; this came about as an affiliation switch arose involving then-CBS affiliate WJXT and then-UPN affiliate WTEV (now WJAX-TV) in Jacksonville, which led WJXT to drop CBS programming and become an independent. Up until that point, WJXT had served as the default CBS affiliate for Gainesville because its signal offered city-grade coverage into the area. When the switch took place, WGFL gained the CBS affiliation and the station re-branded to "CBS 4" (preferring to go by its cable channel number on Cox systems). Now displaced, the UPN programs were moved to late night hours on WGFL while The WB moved over to a new cable-only station branded as "WB 10" (again referring to the Cox channel assignment). The UPN programming would later move from WGFL in 2004 (see Translators). The CBS affiliation also brought Florida Gators football as well as the NFL to the station through the network's rights to air SEC and AFC football games. The SEC games have been high ratings draws especially during the Gators' national championship seasons of 2006 and 2008. During the mid 2000s, WGFL went through a couple of ownership changes. In 2004, the station was sold to Pegasus Communications due an earlier time brokerage agreement with then-owner Budd Broadcasting A short time later, WGFL would become part of New Age Media after Pegasus filed for bankruptcy in 2005. On September 25, 2013, New Age Media announced that it would sell most of its stations, including WGFL and WMYG-LP, to the Sinclair Broadcast Group. Concurrently, sister station WNBW-DT was slated to be sold to Cunningham Broadcasting and was to continue to be operated by WGFL. On October 31, 2014, New Age Media requested the dismissal of its application to sell WGFL; the next day, Sinclair purchased the non-license assets of the stations it planned to buy from New Age Media and began operating them through a master service agreement. After WGFL's acquisition by Sinclair, the station retired its 12 year old "CBS 4" logo in April 2016 and replaced it with a simplified logo identical to sister station KDBC in El Paso, Texas. The station's digital signal is multiplexed: WGFL discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 53, on July 18, 2008. The station's digital signal broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 28. It was one of very few big three affiliates permitted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to cease analog transmission prior to the national digital switchover on June 12, 2009. The transmitter facility space formerly occupied by WGFL's analog signal on UHF channel 53 is now used for WNBW's transmission. WGFL formerly operated two analog translator stations, which rebroadcast its signal to other parts of the broadcast market: Syndicated programming on WGFL includes "Jeopardy!", "Wheel of Fortune", "Extra", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", and "Judge Judy" among others. WGFL also airs "The Ilene Silverman Show", a local public affairs program, on Saturdays at 6:30 a.m. In 2002, WGFL aired a weekly sports-oriented show on Friday evenings called "Sports Showdown". The show mainly focused on the Gator sports teams and was hosted by Larry Vettel with Gainesville Sun sports columnist Pat Dooley. When the station became a CBS affiliate in 2002, there were plans to start a local news operation as early as the fall of that year. In 2003, WGFL entered a news-share agreement with nearby CBS affiliate WTEV in Jacksonville and in November began simulcasting their noon, 6 p.m., and 11 p.m. newscasts. While WTEV's newscasts focused on the Jacksonville area, they did cover Gainesville during Gator football season or major news events. After a few years, WGFL quietly dropped the WTEV simulcasts in the fall of 2006 and replaced it with the nationally syndicated "INN News." WGFL later formalized their relationship with INN and on October 27, 2010, the station launched "GTN News". Produced from the Independent News Network's studios in Little Rock, Arkansas, the news team is supplemented by local reporters in the Gainesville area. Currently, WGFL simulcasts with WNBW at 6:00 and 11:00 p.m.; the 11:00 p.m. newscast can be delayed on either station due to network obligations. WGFL and WNBW also simulcast local news and weather cut-ins on weekday mornings during their respective national network shows. WGFL also aired a standalone 5:30 p.m. newscast which was canceled a few years later. On April 4, 2016, WGFL began using the Sinclair music and graphics package along with re-branding the newscasts to "CBS 4 News". WGFL WGFL is a dual CBS/MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station serving Gainesville, Florida, United States that is licensed to High Springs. It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on virtual and UHF channel 28 from a transmitter in Newberry. Owned | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Sierra Leonean cuisine Sierra Leonean cuisine consists of the cooking traditions and practices from Sierra Leone. It follows the traditions of other West African cuisines. The most commonly eaten food in Sierra Leone is rice, which is typically served as part of every meal eaten, and is considered so ubiquitous that many Sierra Leoneans consider that a meal is not complete without it. Another popular staple food is cassava, which is pounded to make fufu; the leaves of the cassava are formed into a green stew. Palm oil and peanuts are also widely eaten, and while yams are found in Sierra Leone, they are not a mainstay of the diet as they are in other parts of West Africa. Commonly eaten meats include goats, chickens and beef, and there are also a number of dishes using pork as an added ingredient, for example pig trotter soup. Stews are a fundamental part of Sierra Leone's cuisine, with Cassava leaves having been called the country's national dish. Stew is often served simultaneously with jollof rice, white rice or snacks such as plantain, akara, yam or cassava. Groundnut Stew, for example consists of chicken and vegetables that are flavoured with ground nuts, such as cashews and peanuts. This is often served to families as a large meal. Cassava leaves are an important cooking ingredient in Sierra Leone and considered the primary staple food. In order to prepare them, the tenderest cassava leaves are washed, then either pounded very finely or bruised with a pestle and mortar, and then finely shredded before cooking. The leaves are added to palaver sauce, which is made using red palm oil, mixed with other ingredients, such as onions, pepper, fish, meat, and vegetables to create a stew. The stew is a favorite among Sierra Leoneans at home and abroad. To give the dish a more exquisite taste, coconut oil is used instead of palm oil. Ginger beer is typically a homemade non-alcoholic beverage, made out of pure ginger, and sweetened with sugar to taste. Cloves and lime juice are sometimes added for flavor. Sierra Leonean cuisine Sierra Leonean cuisine consists of the cooking traditions and practices from Sierra Leone. It follows the traditions of other West African cuisines. The most commonly eaten food in Sierra Leone is rice, which is typically served as part of every meal eaten, and is considered so ubiquitous that many Sierra Leoneans consider | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Simon Marcus Simon Marcus (born 5 November 1986), also known as The One, is a Canadian Muay Thai kickboxer of Jamaican descent, who competes in the light heavyweight and cruiserweight divisions. Marcus took up Muay Thai at sixteen and achieved success as an amateur initially by medaling at three international tournaments as well as capturing the North American Cruiserweight Championship. Having turned professional in 2009, he had a breakout year in 2012 when he beat Kaoklai Kaennorsing for the WPMF World Light Heavyweight title and defeated Joe Schilling twice in a notable rivalry. As of 1 November 2018, he is ranked the #2 middleweight in the world by Combat Press. Marcus, a Jamaican Canadian, was a troublesome child but excelled in sports. He was charged with assault and expelled from school for fighting at the age of fifteen. After moving to a new school, he discovered Ajahn Suchart Yodkerepauprai's Siam No.1 Muay Thai gym nearby and promptly began training there. He would then give up on Muay Thai for two years, however, as he pursued basketball and served three months in a youth detention center. Upon being released from detainment, he returned to the gym with the goal of making it as a professional fighter. Beginning his amateur career in 2006, Simon Marcus came to prominence by taking a gold medal at the 2007 IFMA World Championships at −81 kg/178 lb before finishing runner-up the following year. In 2009, he became the WKA Amateur North American Cruiserweight (−86 kg/189 lb) Champion, and defeated Artem Vakhitov in the finals of the World Combat Games 2010 −81 kg/178 lb Muaythai division to claim gold there. Marcus turned professional in 2009 and won his first pro titles in Thailand the following year by claiming the Thaphae Stadium Light Heavyweight belt and the Northern Thailand Cruiserweight strap. 2010 also saw his take notable wins over Filip Verlinden, Kun Khmer legend Eh Phoutong and Japanese Kyokushin stylist Ryuta Noji. He ended the year with a first round knockout of Chinese sanshou fighter Guo Hang Hang in Foshan, China. Guo and Marcus then rematched at the "Wushu vs. Muaythai" event at the Hefei Olympic Sports Center Stadium in Hefei, China on 11 June 2011 where Marcus once again came out on top, winning on points after battering Guo with low kicks throughout the fight. With his profile now rising, Marcus was scheduled to face former Rajadamnern Stadium champion Kaoklai Kaennorsing in Anaheim, California, United States on 13 August 2011 but the bout fell through. He would then sign with the short-lived Muaythai Premier League, and debuted with a unanimous decision win over familiar foe Artem Vakhitov at the "Muaythai Premier League: Round 1" in Long Beach, California, United States, on 2 September 2011. Another big fight then fell through for Marcus as he was expected to go up against L'houcine "Aussie" Ouzgni at the "Muaythai Premier League: Round 3" in the Hague, Netherlands on 6 November 2011 but Ouzgni pulled out on short notice. In January 2012, he entered the top ten in the world rankings for the first time in his career, coming in at #9. On 25 February 2012, Simon Marcus and Joe Schilling went head to head in a bout to determine North America's top light heavyweight at "Lion Fight Promotions: Battle in the Desert 5" in Las Vegas, Nevada. Both men agreed to a "winner takes all" scenario, meaning that whoever came out victorious would take 100% of the fight purse, and the fight ended as controversially as it began. In round one, Marcus tripped Schilling, sending his head slamming into the canvas. As Schilling returned to his feet, clearly hurt from the throw, Marcus stormed in and knocked him down with a left hook. He was able to beat the count but Marcus went on the attack again and knocked Schilling out with a right elbow soon after. Following the fight, Schilling's camp made the accusation that the sweep that Marcus used to daze him initially was illegal and appealed to the Nevada State Athletic Commission to have the bout result overturned to a no contest, which was rejected. Having just established himself as the continent's premier "nak muay" at his weight class, he then earned his first world title shot and his long-awaited fight with Kaoklai Kaennorsing was set for 16 March 2012 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the vacant WPMF World Light Heavyweight (−79 kg/175 lb) Championship on the line. Marcus dominated the action over five rounds, and walked away with the unanimous decision victory and his first world title at professional level. On 21 April 2012, Marcus defeated two opponents back to back without rest at the "Qianjiang World Muay Thai King Challenge" in Beijing, China. He firstly knocked out Green Spangler before beating Li Shuai via decision in his second fight. Due to the controversy surrounding the ending of their first fight, Marcus and Joe Schilling rematched at "Lion Fight Muay Thai VI" in Las Vegas on 12 May 2012 in a WBC Muaythai World Light Heavyweight (−79 kg/175 lb) title eliminator. It was close this time, with both men exchanging menacing shots. Marcus' knees and throws from the clinch would be the deciding factor, however, as he was awarded the majority decision (47-47, 48–47, 49–46). Marcus moved up to #6 in the world rankings and was expected to face Artem Levin, widely considered the world's best light heavyweight kickfighter, for the Russian's WBC Muaythai World Light Heavyweight strap at "Battle for the Belts" in Bangkok on 9 June 2012. However, Marcus withdrew from the bout for unknown reasons and was replaced by Joe Schilling. Levin would then also withdraw. Levin vs. Marcus was then pencilled in for "The Battle of Champions 7: School vs. School" event at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia, for the vacant WMC World Light Heavyweight (−79 kg/175 lb) title on 16 November 2012 but the event was cancelled. He instead returned to action with a third round elbow KO of Sweden's Sadibou Sy at "Muay Thai in America: In Honor of the King" in Los Angeles, California, on 1 December 2012 to end the year with a perfect 6–0 record. Marcus once again beat two opponents in one night on 10 January 2013 when he knocked out both Arthit Hanchana and Wang Anying at the "Foshan China vs. Thailand" event in Foshan. The much-anticipated fight between Simon Marcus and Artem Levin was scheduled for the third time and set for 21 December 2012 in Ekaterinburg, Russia, and then 23 February 2013, before eventually settling on 15 March 2013 at "Lion Fight 9" in Las Vegas with the inaugural Lion Fight Light Heavyweight Championship on the line. Although a closely contested bout, it was Marcus' clinching skills that once again made the difference as he took the unanimous decision win and establish himself as world #1. He had been expected to face Steven Wakeling under Oriental rules at "" on 23 March 2013 in London, England, but he was replaced by Eddie Walker in that fight in due to the Levin match coming just a week before. In a close fight, Marcus defeated Dmitry Valent by split decision at "C3: King of Fighters" in Chengdu, China, on 27 April 2013. He was initially set to rematch Kaoklai Kaennorsing at "Muaythai Superfight" on 13 May 2013 but the event was moved back to 14 June 2013 and Kaoklai was replaced by Suriya Prasathinphimai. He defeated Suriya by unanimous decision to retain his WPMF belt. He fought to a controversial majority draw with Chidi Njokuani on the "Push Kick Promotions: Muay Thai World Stand Off 5" card in Las Vegas on 29 September 2013. Njokuani started the fight well, using footwork to control the ring, but Marcus soon got inside and began landing knees and elbows from the clinch. In round two, Njokuani was twice given time to recover from illegal strikes, an elbow to the back of the head and a low blow. Each time the fight continued, Marcus would begin to again work in the clinch and Njokuani repeatedly turned his back, so the referee decided to break the fighters continually. Marcus was docked a | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
but the event was moved back to 14 June 2013 and Kaoklai was replaced by Suriya Prasathinphimai. He defeated Suriya by unanimous decision to retain his WPMF belt. He fought to a controversial majority draw with Chidi Njokuani on the "Push Kick Promotions: Muay Thai World Stand Off 5" card in Las Vegas on 29 September 2013. Njokuani started the fight well, using footwork to control the ring, but Marcus soon got inside and began landing knees and elbows from the clinch. In round two, Njokuani was twice given time to recover from illegal strikes, an elbow to the back of the head and a low blow. Each time the fight continued, Marcus would begin to again work in the clinch and Njokuani repeatedly turned his back, so the referee decided to break the fighters continually. Marcus was docked a point by referee Tony Weeks for landing a second low blow in round three and the fight turned into a brawl towards the end. When it went to the judges, the bout was declared a majority draw with two judges scoring the bout a draw and one scoring the bout for Njokuani. Simon Marcus then took to the microphone, calling Chidi Njokuani a "bitch" for his unwillingness to fight in the clinch and questioning the judges knowledge of the Muay Thai scoring system. These post-fight comments led to a heated confrontation between Marcus and Chidi's brother Anthony as they scuffled back stage. He outpointed Jiang Chunpeng in Foshan on 25 October 2013. Simon Marcus utilized elbows and knees heavily as he outpointed Damian Bujan en route to a split decision win at "Ultra Elite Fighters V: Argentina vs. The World" in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 15 December 2013 in a fight where the referee was often quick to break up the clinch. The match was also briefly halted during the fifth round after both fighters fell through the ropes. He was expected to fight Shifu Yanzi at "Hero Legends" in Jinan, China, on 3 December 2014. Shifu was replaced by Li Bei, however, and Marcus defeated him by TKO in round one, scoring two official knockdowns. Marcus won the -80 kg/176 lb tournament at "Wu Ling Feng: Kunlun Fight 2" in Zhengzhou, China, on 16 February 2014. His semi-final match with Israel Adesanya was scored a draw after the regulation three rounds and so it went into an extension round to decide the victor, after which Marcus was given the nod by the judges. He then stopped Vehas TopKing with a knee to the body just over two minutes into the first round in the final. He was expected to rematch Artem Levin in a fight for the WMC World Super-Light Heavyweight (-82.5 kg/182 lb) Championship at "Monte Carlo Fighting Masters 2014" in Monte Carlo, Monaco, on 14 June 2014. The bout was cancelled, however, in order for fighters to compete at "" which was held a week later. It was announced during the "" broadcast that Marcus would be one of eight fighters competing in the "" middleweight (-84.8 kg/187 lb) tournament in Inglewood, California, US, on 21 June 2014. He drew Joe Schilling for the third time in the quarter-finals and floored his American rival with a flurry of punches in round two. He outworked Schilling for all three rounds however, the judges scored the match a unanimous draw to send it into an extension round to decide the winner. Marcus was docked a point by referee "Big" John McCarthy for dropping his mouthpiece numerous times and, now forced to go for the knockout, was caught by a counter right cross from Schilling in the last twenty seconds of the fight which left him unconscious on the mat and with the first loss of his professional career. At Glory 21: San Diego Marcus faced Artem Levin for the Glory Middleweight Title, in a closely contested bout, the result ended in a controversial draw. It was announced during , that Marcus would rematch Levin sometime in 2016. Simon Marcus Simon Marcus (born 5 November 1986), also known | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Lee Everett Alkin Lee Everett or Lee Everett Alkin (born Audrey Valentine Middleton; February 14, 1937) is a British spiritual healer and businesswoman who was previously a pop singer and celebrity psychic under the stage name Lady Lee. Born in Sheffield, Audrey Middleton moved to London in 1958 after the breakdown of her first marriage. She was a backing singer for Emile Ford before Larry Parnes became her manager and gave her the stage name "Lady Lee". She also attracted media attention as the girlfriend of Billy Fury, one of Parnes's best known artists. In 1964 she got a recording contract and released three singles, none a hit: a cover of "I'm into Something Good", recorded around the same time by Herman's Hermits; "Ninety-Nine Times Out of a Hundred" by Ivor Raymonde, released in May 1965; and "My Whole World (Seems to be Tumbling Down)" by Tony Macaulay and Don Paul, released in October 1965. In 1967 she split up with Fury. In 1969 she married disc jockey Kenny Everett; they separated in 1979 and divorced in 1984. He wrote the foreword to her autobiography, published in 1987, but later criticised it for outing him; the two remained estranged until his death. Katherine Kelly played Lee in "The Best Possible Taste", a BBC drama about Kenny Everett shown in 2012 . Lee Everett was a friend of Dusty Springfield, Elton John, and Billie Jean King; the latter two were among those she questioned about supposed past lives for a book she published in 1996. In 1980 the actor John Alkin began collaborating with Lee Everett and in 1982 they opened the "House of Spirit", a "healing centre" in Bayswater, London. They married in 1985, moved to Berkshire in 1994, and opened the "Obsidian College", another "healing centre", in 2000. They also started the "Chilliqueen" condiments company, which wound down when Everett turned 80 in 2017. Lee Everett Alkin Lee Everett or Lee Everett Alkin (born Audrey Valentine Middleton; February 14, 1937) is a British spiritual healer and businesswoman who was previously a pop singer and celebrity psychic under the stage name Lady Lee. Born in Sheffield, Audrey Middleton moved to London in 1958 after the breakdown of her first marriage. She was a backing singer for Emile Ford before Larry Parnes became her manager and gave her the stage name "Lady Lee". She also attracted media attention as the girlfriend | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
1976 United States presidential election in Delaware The 1976 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 2, 1976, as part of the 1976 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Delaware was won by Jimmy Carter (D–Georgia), with 51.98% of the popular vote. Carter defeated incumbent President Gerald Ford (R–Michigan), who finished with 46.57% of the popular vote. No third-party candidate amounted 1% of the vote, but Eugene McCarthy (Independent–Minnesota) finished third in Delaware with 1.03% of the statewide popular vote. Jimmy Carter went on to become the 39th president of the United States. 1976 United States presidential election in Delaware The 1976 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 2, 1976, as part of the 1976 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Delaware was won by Jimmy Carter (D–Georgia), with 51.98% of the popular vote. Carter defeated incumbent President Gerald Ford (R–Michigan), who finished with 46.57% of the popular vote. No third-party candidate amounted 1% of the vote, but Eugene McCarthy (Independent–Minnesota) finished third | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Outdoor Voices Outdoor Voices is an American clothing company, founded by CEO Tyler Haney in New York City in 2013. It designs and sells women's and men's athletic apparel. The company's clothing, shoes, and accessories are sold online and at its stores in New York City, Austin, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Aspen, Dallas, Boston and Nashville. Additional stores are set to open in Washington, DC and Chicago in 2018. Tyler Haney grew up in Boulder, Colorado and later moved to New York. Her roots are from Colorado making her spend the majority of her time as a child outdoors. She calls herself the “ultimate tomboy” where she found enjoyment in playing basketball, soccer, and running track. Haney grew up “sports-focused” and initially was planning to run hurdles in college. Instead, she decided after graduation she would take a year off of school and decided to move to the East Coast. She ended up in Boston for the year and eventually enrolled herself in Parson School of Design. Tyler Haney graduated from New York City's Parsons School of Design in 2012 and started Outdoor Voices in 2013. In early 2014, J. Crew selected the Outdoor Voices line for its stores’ "Brands We Love" sections. The company's first store opened in Austin in October 2014. Its first pop-up shop opened in Manhattan in 2015. Haney kept the running despite no longer running competitively. She was running along the West Side Highway when she realized that running is no longer a competition but something to keep her “moving [her] body for [her] mind.” This was the beginning of her idea for Outdoor Voices. Haney worked at a fashion startup while starting the beginning stages of Outdoor Voices. She would go to work in the day and come home at night to research all about the materials and fabrics that go into making active apparel. In 2013, she went to an Outdoor Retailer Trade in Utah to expose herself to the market and get to know the materials that were being used in the current market. This was the moment when she realized Outdoor Voices was going to happen. She returned from the retailer trade show and knew she wanted to start to focus on her company. This is when she came up with the criteria she wanted for the active apparel line. She wanted products that were going to be “good with sweat, long-lasting, and comfortable in motion.” She later developed the basis of the kits which contained, compression bottoms, jogging pants, and two tops. They are now known as “OV Kits” which now include a sports bra or an athletic top with leggings. In 2015, Haney decided to pitch Outdoor Voices to a group of investors. She would pitch to a general catalyst and investor David Fialkow. She was going to finally share something she has been working on for the last 2 years to the public. Haney eventually received $7.5 million in investments to start her active apparel line. In 2016, Haney decided to move to Austin, Texas to focus on building a new and a bigger headquarters for the company. In 2016, Tyler Haney was selected to speak at the Forbes “Under 30 Summit” that took place in Boston. She was selected on behalf of Outdoor Voices to discuss her entrepreneurship experience and how her company has been a game-changer in the active lifestyle brand market. Mickey Drexler, the former CEO of Gap Inc. and J. Crew Group, Inc., became the company's chairman of the board in the summer of 2017. The company hosts a running club called “O.V. Joggers Club” where individuals can come together and meet at the Outdoor Voices headquarters and go for a run together. The O.V. Joggers Club encourages community culture outside of the workplace and into the community. The company website under “Our Story” shares the central beliefs and values of the company which are: On April 24 2018, Outdoor Voices launched a running collection that would be launched at the same time as their collaboration with HOKA ONE ONE. Haney was a long-time runner. She ran both track and cross country. The two new materials featured in the active apparel line are LightSpeed and Eco Mesh. In 2018, Outdoor Voices launched their first swimwear collection called “H2Ov”. The swimwear collection is meant for water sports and it is meant for activity. This collection features neon colours; which Outdoor Voices does not do often. Haney stated, “We feel strongly that color, especially bright color, can add energy to your outfit…” The H2Ov Swimwear collection allows individuals to be active and motivate them. Outdoor Voices focuses on e-commerce first with their consumers, retail second, and wholesale third. The company does have an app called O.V. Trail App. The app is in the Apple App Store. The company made the app to allow an all shopping experience while on a run. The app features the nearest Trail Shops where the new running collection can be found. In 2015, the company collaborated with the fashion blog "Man Repeller" and ClassPass, a fitness-class booking startup, on two limited-edition lines. In 2016, Outdoor Voices and French fashion label A.P.C. debuted A.P.C.O.V, a joint collection of men's and women's active apparel. In 2018, Outdoor Voices collaborated with HOKA ONE ONE, a running shoe company. Outdoor Voices and HOKA ONE ONE collaborated on a footwear collection. The shoe featured for the collection was the Clifton 4. The collection released in Spring 2018. The collaboration between Outdoor Voices and HOKA ONE ONE features five colours of the Clifton4 which include five colours: Mist Green, Midnight Navy, Pale Blush and their seasonal colours with Lemon Chrome/Goji Berry and Power Blue. As of March 2018, the company had raised roughly $57 million in funding. CNBC lists lead investors as GV (formerly Google Ventures), General Catalyst Partners, and Forerunner Ventures. Outdoor Voices Outdoor Voices is an American clothing company, founded by CEO Tyler Haney in New York City in 2013. It designs and sells women's | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Friedrich Lutz (economist) Friedrich August Lutz (29 December 1901, Sarrebourg; 4 October 1975, Zürich) was a German economist who developed the expectations hypothesis. In 1920, Lutz graduated from high school in Stuttgart. He studied economics at Heidelberg University and Humboldt University of Berlin, where he met economist Walter Eucken, and went on to graduate from the University of Tübingen in 1925. Lutz's first job was for the Association of German Engineering Institutions (Verein deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten (VdMA)) in Berlin. Then in 1929 he took a job as an assistant to Walter Eucken at Albert Ludwig University and lived in Freiburg. In 1934-1935 he had a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship in England, after which he returned to Germany to again work for Eucken. However, Lutz was unable to continue his academic work because his liberal ideas were in conflict with those of the Nazi regime. In March 1937 he married Vera Smith, an economist, and they traveled to the United States on another Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, 1937-1938. After the fellowship ended, the couple remained in the United States, and in the Fall of 1938 Lutz took a job as an instructor at Princeton University. During World War II Lutz worked at Princeton and rose to the rank of full professor. His wife worked as an economist at the International Finance Section of Princeton University and then for the League of Nations, also located in Princeton, New Jersey. It was while he was at Princeton that he published his paper explaining the expectations hypothesis. For the 1951-1952 academic year Lutz was a guest professor at Freiburg, after which he left Princeton and in 1953 became a professor at the University of Zurich. In the 1962-1963 academic year he was a visiting professor at Yale University, but he returned to Zürich where he taught until retiring in 1972. He died in Zurich three years later. Lutz and his wife were long-time members of the Mont Pelerin Society, and Lutz was its president from 1964 to 1967. Working under Eucken, Lutz was in the inner circle of the ordoliberal Freiburg School of economics and law, where Eucken, Hans Großmann-Doerth and Franz Böhm were abandoning the traditional German historical and descriptive approach and were beginning work on the basic theoretical issues surrounding a market economy and what makes for a competitive economy. After leaving Freiburg, Lutz continued in this same vein at Princeton. Following the work of Irving Fisher on interest, Lutz publisher his seminal paper "The structure of interest rates" in 1940 in which he described the expectations hypothesis. He elaborated on the concept three years later in his paper "Professor Hayek's theory of interest". Even before moving to the University of Zürich, through his wife Lutz had become interested in the problems of international monetary policies, and in 1950 he and his wife collaborated on the book "Monetary and Foreign Exchange Policy in Italy". In 1962 he summarized his work on these issues in the short book "The Problem of International Economic Equilibrium", followed by a second shorter book, "The Problem of International Liquidity and the Multiple-Currency Standard", the following year. In those he set out his arguments that the most effective and economical sound method of dealing with the foreign exchange of currencies would be fully flexible exchange rates among currencies. Realizing that this solution was and would be unacceptable to international banking houses, he developed his "second best" solution of having a multiple-currency standard, a mix of currencies. Being well aware of the problems with including gold in the mix, he warned that any such inclusion must be coupled with gold liquidity. Friedrich and his wife also collaborated on "The Theory of Investment of the Firm"(1951), among other publications. Among the many economists that Lutz influenced was Paul A. Volcker later to be Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. Friedrich Lutz (economist) Friedrich August Lutz (29 December 1901, Sarrebourg; 4 October 1975, Zürich) was a German economist who developed the expectations hypothesis. In 1920, Lutz graduated from high school in Stuttgart. He studied economics at Heidelberg University and Humboldt University of Berlin, where he met economist Walter Eucken, and went on to graduate from the University of Tübingen in 1925. Lutz's first | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Santiago Comaltepec Santiago Comaltepec is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. It is part of the Ixtlán District in the Sierra Norte region. The municipality covers an area of 65.07 km² and is about 2,000 meters above sea level. The region is covered with cloud forests of oak and pine wood. Fruit trees include apple, peach, orange and banana. Wild animals include badger, mountain lion, boar and fox. Trout and crappie are found in the streams. As of 2005, the municipality had 336 households with a total population of 1,386 of whom 1,203 spoke an indigenous language, Chinantec. The roads are unpaved. The main economic activities were agriculture, hunting and fishing. Santiago Comaltepec Santiago Comaltepec is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. It is part of the Ixtlán District in the Sierra Norte region. The municipality covers an area of 65.07 km² and is about 2,000 meters above sea level. The region is covered with cloud forests of oak and pine wood. Fruit trees include apple, peach, orange and banana. Wild animals include badger, mountain lion, boar and fox. Trout and crappie are found in the streams. As of 2005, the municipality had 336 | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Human rights in Yemen Human rights in Yemen are seen as problematic in numerous ways. The security forces have been responsible for torture, inhumane treatment and even extrajudicial executions. But according to the Embassy of Yemen, in recent years there has been some improvement, with the government signing several international human rights treaties, and even appointing a woman, Dr. Wahiba Fara’a, to the role of Minister of the State of Human Rights. Other sources state that many problems persist alongside allegations that these reforms have not been fully implemented and that abuses still run rampant, especially in the areas of women's rights, freedom of the press, torture and police brutality. There are arbitrary arrests of citizens as well as arbitrary searches of homes. Prolonged pretrial detention is a serious problem, and judicial corruption, inefficiency, and executive interference undermine due process. Freedom of speech, the press and religion are all restricted. Yemen is a party to the following human rights agreements: In spite of the Yemeni Constitution of 1994, which stipulates equal rights for Yemeni citizens, women are still struggling with various constraints and secondary status. Yemen's Personal Status Law in particular, which covers matters of marriage, divorce, child custody and inheritance, gives women fewer rights than men, excludes women from decision making, and deprives them of access to, and control over, resources and assets. The right to divorce is not given to women equally. It is far more difficult for a woman to divorce a man. A man may divorce a woman at will. While a man may divorce without justifying his action in court, a woman must present adequate justification. Women face many practical, social, and financial negative considerations in divorce procedure. One significant case to gain worldwide publicity was that of Nujood Ali, who succeeded in obtaining a divorce at age ten, with the help of a prominent female Yemeni lawyer who agreed to represent her. Yemen has one of the worst records of child marriage in the world, with UNICEF recording in 2005 that 48.4% of Yemeni women currently aged 20–24 had been married before they were 18 (and 14% before the age of 15). Prior to the unification of Yemen in 1990, the law set the minimum age of marriage at 16 in South Yemen and 15 in the north. After unification, the law was set at 15. In 1999, the civil status law was amended and the minimum age was abolished. From April 2010, a controversial new law set the minimum age for marriage at 17. The bill was actively opposed by conservative parliamentarians on the basis that fixing a minimum age of marriage contradicts Islam. Other factors contributing to child marriage include embedded cultural traditions, economic pressures on girls' parents, and the value placed on young girls' virginity and consequent desire to protect them from sexual relationships outside of marriage. Other potential factors include older husbands' desire for young, submissive wives, and the belief that young girls are less likely to be carriers of HIV and AIDS. The dangers of early marriage to girls include the increased health risks associated with early pregnancies, social isolation, an increased risk of exposure to domestic violence and a cutting short of girls' education, further contributing to the 'feminisation of poverty'. Women's access to maternal health care is severely restricted. In most cases, husbands decide women's fertility. It is hard for women to obtain contraception, or to take operation for treatment without a husband's permission. Yemen's high child mortality rate and the fourth fastest growing population in the world are attributed to a lack of women's decision-making in their pregnancy and access to healthcare services. Women are vulnerable to sexual assault by prison guards, and there is a lower, if any, punishment for violence against women than men. The law stipulates protection women from domestic violence, but in fact there are few protections for women who suffer from domestic violence and no systematic investigation of such occurrences has been conducted. Spousal abuse or domestic violence is not generally reported to the police because of social norms and customs, meaning that women remain silent under these abuses. In 2005, Yemen ranked 136th of 167 nations in terms of press freedom. The government holds a monopoly on all television and radio and bans journalists for publishing "incorrect" information. In 2001, journalists at the newspaper Al-Shura received 80 lashes for defaming Abdul Majeed al-Zindani, the leader of the country's largest Islamist party. The newspaper was also shut down. According to Human Rights Watch, "Under the regulations for the 1990 Press Law, issued in 1993 and 1998, newspapers have to apply to the Ministry of Information for annual renewal of their license... in mid-2000 only about half of Yemen's 200 publications had been granted a license." The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respected this right in practice; however, there were some restrictions. The Constitution declares that Islam is the state religion, and that Shari'a (Islamic law) is the source of all legislation. Government policy continued to contribute to the generally not free practice of religion; however, there were some restrictions. Muslims and followers of religious groups other than Islam are free to worship according to their beliefs, but the Government prohibits conversion from Islam and the proselytization of Muslims. Although relations among religious groups continued to contribute to religious freedom, there were some reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief or practice. There were isolated attacks on Jews and some prominent Zaydi Muslims felt targeted by government entities for their religious affiliation. Government military reengagement in the Saada governorate caused political, tribal, and religious tensions to reemerge in January 2007, following the third military clash with rebels associated with the al-Houthi family, who adhere to the Zaydi school of Shi'a Islam. Since the start of the Shia insurgency, many Zaidis accused of supporting Al-Houthi, have been arrested and held without charge or trial. According to the US Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report 2007, "Some Zaydis reported harassment and discrimination by the Government because they were suspected of sympathizing with the al-Houthis. However, it appears the Government's actions against the group were probably politically, not religiously, motivated". Homosexuality is illegal in Yemen in accordance with the country's Shari'ah legal system. LGBT persons in Yemen are likely to suffer discrimination, legal, and social challenges. Punishments for homosexuality range from flogging to death. Yemen is one of only seven countries to apply a death penalty for consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex. Gay and lesbian websites are blocked by the government. As of 2007, there was no public or semi-public space for gays as in western countries. The official position is that there are no gays in Yemen. As a result of Sharia, LGBT people are killed in attacks. The government does not protect its gay citizens from violence. The United States Department of State 2013 "Trafficking in Persons" report has classified Yemen as a Tier 3 country, meaning that its government does not fully comply with the minimum standards against human trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so. Amnesty International denounced the recruitment of young boys under the age of 17 at hands of the Yemen's Houthi armed group to fight as child soldiers on the front lines of the Yemeni Civil War. In mid-February 2017, four boys, aged between 15 and 17, were recruited by Huthis in Sana'a; the total numbers of the boys recruited is unknown. Since the children have been excited to | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
there are no gays in Yemen. As a result of Sharia, LGBT people are killed in attacks. The government does not protect its gay citizens from violence. The United States Department of State 2013 "Trafficking in Persons" report has classified Yemen as a Tier 3 country, meaning that its government does not fully comply with the minimum standards against human trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so. Amnesty International denounced the recruitment of young boys under the age of 17 at hands of the Yemen's Houthi armed group to fight as child soldiers on the front lines of the Yemeni Civil War. In mid-February 2017, four boys, aged between 15 and 17, were recruited by Huthis in Sana'a; the total numbers of the boys recruited is unknown. Since the children have been excited to shoot Kalashnikovs and guns and wear military uniforms, Houthis have run local centers that hold activities such as prayers, sermons and lectures where they have been encouraged to join front-line battles to defend Yemen against Saudi Arabia. As the report clarified, they always take one recruit from each family because of the few fighters at the front-line combats because of the few fighters at the front lines in the combats ; and when son dies, a monthly salary, estimated between 20,000 and 30,000 Yemeni Riyals, has been given to the family. According to the UN agencies, nearly 1,500 cases of children were recruited by all parties to the conflict since March 2015. The UAE runs secret prisons in Yemen where prisoners are forcibly disappeared and tortured. Human rights in Yemen Human rights in Yemen are seen as problematic in numerous ways. The security | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Carson Williams Carson Williams is an electrical engineer from Mason, Ohio who is noted for his light shows using Christmas lights affixed to and around his house. The lights are programmed and synchronized to turn on and off with music using a computer application and set of controllers from the Light-O-Rama company. For each minute of animation synchronized to music, he spent approximately one hour to sequence 88 Light-O-Rama channels to control his 16,000 Christmas lights. His notability suddenly increased when a popular clip was widely circulated on the Internet in late 2005 showing a recording of one of his shows from 2004, accompanied by the track "Wizards in Winter" by the Trans-Siberian Orchestra. An urban legend even developed that it was not a video of an actual light display, but faked on a computer. With permission from both of his neighbors, he put on various displays each year at his home. Typical light shows ran between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. each night. Viewers heard the music on an FM broadcast in their cars. This kept the speaker noise level down for his neighbors. However, on December 6, 2005, Carson closed the light display indefinitely due to immense traffic congestion in his subdivision; there was a car accident in that area and police were unable to reach the site due to the heavy traffic that had built up. Williams's Christmas display proved so popular that it was featured in a Miller Lite beer commercial in December 2005. In fact, the TSO song was so popular that many other individuals have used the same song in their own Christmas display. A light show similar to Williams' "Wizards in Winter" was used in a commercial for the UK's National Lottery, although according to a press release the advertising campaign "was created by Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO". No mention of Carson Williams' light show was made. He has taken his Internet fame and started a custom animation lighting business. ConsarLights.com is a business to provide custom designed holiday lighting. In November 2006, Williams decided to revive the display and move the show to Heritage Oak Park in Mason, Ohio. The show was converted into a "drive-through" style show and admission was charged on a per-car basis. According to a promotional video, officials at the Northfield Stapleton Shopping Center found William's house lights video on the Internet and asked him to design a new show in Denver, Colorado, on a commercial scale. Created with Parker 3D, the show featured over 250,000 LED lights drawing 150 amperes of electric current. It used several Trans-Siberian Orchestra songs, including "Wizards in Winter," "Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 12/24" and "Christmas Canon". "Symphony In Lights" was a free show open to the public that ran through the month of December 2006. For 2007, Consar Lights programmed new light shows designed by Parker 3D for The Promenade Bolingbrook in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, and the Yorkdale Shopping Centre in Toronto. Carson Williams Carson Williams is an electrical engineer from Mason, Ohio | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
London with the Lights On London with the Lights On is the debut studio album by English girl group Stooshe. It was originally set for release on 25 June 2012 under the name of "Swings and Roundabouts", but was held back twice; under the new self-titled name and was name changed and released on 27 May 2013. "Love Me" was released on 4 March 2012 as the album's lead single, peaking at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart. "Black Heart" was released as the second single on 15 June 2012 and became the group's highest charting single to date, peaking at number 3. The third single from the album was initially intended to be "Waterfalls", a cover of the TLC song, which was released on 11 November 2012; however, Stooshe later revealed that it would not make the cut for the final track list and that they were disowning it. "Slip" was released as the album's third single on 12 May 2013, peaking at number 12. Stooshe's début album was announced around the time of the release of the first single "Love Me". It was initially titled "Swings and Roundabouts" and a release date was set for 25 June 2012. However, Stooshe later announced the album would be self-titled and would be released on 26 November 2012. On 15 November, Robert Copsey from Digital Spy reported that the album's release would be delayed until March 2013. A statement from the group explained "Following a late rush of creativity which has seen them write some of the best songs of their career, Stooshe have decided to delay the release of their début album until March 2013 so they have time to record these songs for inclusion on the album." Stooshe added that they would be going back to the studio soon to record the new songs. Copsey later confirmed that the album would be released on 27 May 2013. The band revealed that they delayed the release of the album to undo their record label's interference. Anderson stated "It was down to us that our album didn't come out months ago," said Anderson. "It was ready to go, but we was listening to it and realised the label had changed a few mixes, a few structures and even taken off a few songs. We made this album before we got signed so it was important for us to still have control." The band also added that their third single, "Waterfalls", would not appear on the album and that they were disowning it. On 5 April, Sam Hine from Popjustice reported that Stooshe had renamed their album "London with the Lights On". Caroline Sullivan from "The Guardian" gave "London with the Lights On" four out of five stars and commented "Listening to the album is akin to eavesdropping on a conversation between funny, trash-talking women who happen to sing like a trio of Beyoncés: it's a noisy, highly entertaining 50 minutes." Stephen Unwin, writing for the "Daily Express", said "It feels like we've been waiting a long time for this first album and in no way does it disappoint. A little En Vogue here, a lot of Salt-n-Pepa there, it is a witty, confident, exceptional debut." "The Independent's" Simon Price also received the album well, saying "The south London trio's effortlessly assured debut combines classic 1960s soul, streetparty reggae, upfront electro-pop, cackling Night Bus backchat and shameless sexual innuendo. And there is nothing not to love about it." However, Price's colleague Andy Gill gave the album one star, explaining that "London with the Lights On" "is pretty thin fare" and that the majority of songs collapse "under the weight of excess sass." Track listing confirmed by iTunes. London with the Lights On London with the Lights On is the debut studio album by English girl group Stooshe. It was originally set for release on 25 June 2012 under the name of "Swings and Roundabouts", but was held back twice; under the new self-titled name and was name changed and released on 27 May 2013. "Love Me" was released on 4 March 2012 as the album's lead single, peaking at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart. "Black Heart" was released as | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Enrique Muiño Enrique Muiño (July 5, 1881 in Galicia, Spain – May 24, 1956 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was a classic Spanish/Argentine actor who appeared in film between 1913 and his death in 1956. Born in Spain, Muiño moved to Buenos Aires and began a career in film. He made over 20 film appearances in Argentina and the United States playing lead roles in films such as the 1954 film, "The Grandfather" with Mecha Ortiz, and "Su mejor alumno" (1944) for which he won the Silver Condor Award for Best Actor at the 1945 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards. He died in Buenos Aires, Argentina, aged 74. Enrique Muiño Enrique Muiño (July 5, 1881 in Galicia, Spain – May 24, 1956 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was a classic Spanish/Argentine actor who appeared in film between 1913 and his death in 1956. Born in Spain, Muiño moved to Buenos Aires and began a career in film. He made over 20 film appearances in Argentina and the United States playing lead roles in films such as the 1954 film, "The Grandfather" with Mecha Ortiz, and "Su mejor alumno" (1944) for which he won the Silver Condor Award for Best Actor at the | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Dumbbells (film) Dumbbells is a 2014 comedy film directed by Christopher Livingston and starring Brian Drolet, Hoyt Richards, Mircea Monroe, Jaleel White, Taylor Cole, Jay Mohr, Tom Arnold, Laura Ashley Samuels and Andy Milonakis, with a rare film appearance by Nancy Olson (her first film in 17 years). The film saw a limited release on January 10, 2014. The film also marks the film debut of singer Frenchie Davis. Chris Long is an ex-NCAA basketball player turned trainer who finds a new purpose when his gym's new owner, Jack, unleashes a lucrative plan to turn the neglected business into a reality show. When Chris' co-workers resist this new direction, he and Jack form an unlikely alliance that allows them to face the demons of their pasts and ultimately, save the gym's future. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 14% based on reviews from 7 critics. "Dumbbells" attracted media attention in France in January 2016, when Netflix released a dubbed version of very low quality. The French version, which had been recorded in South Africa by non-professional actors, was called "the worst dubbing in history". Netflix reacted to the negative reception by removing the film from its French platform and ordering a redub by Titrafilm studio. Dumbbells (film) Dumbbells is a 2014 comedy film directed by Christopher Livingston and starring Brian Drolet, Hoyt Richards, Mircea Monroe, Jaleel White, Taylor Cole, Jay Mohr, Tom Arnold, Laura Ashley Samuels and Andy Milonakis, with a rare film appearance by Nancy Olson (her first film in 17 years). The film saw a limited release on January 10, 2014. The film also marks the film debut of singer Frenchie Davis. Chris Long is an ex-NCAA basketball player turned trainer who finds a new purpose when his gym's new owner, Jack, unleashes a lucrative plan | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Nida Yasir Nida Pasha, better known as Nida Yasir, is a Pakistani television host, former actress and model known for her role as Saima in the television drama "Hum Tum". She also hosted the morning television series "Good Morning Pakistan" at ARY Digital. Nida started her career as a producer and model. Later she joined ARY Digital when Shaista Wahidi accepted offer from Geo TV for a morning show and left ARY Digital. She is now hosting the morning show "Good Morning Pakistan" on ARY Digital . She also works in drama serials on different TV channels. In 2015, Yasir produced her first feature film "Wrong No.", directed and also produced by her husband Yasir. Nida Yasir Nida Pasha, better known as Nida Yasir, is a Pakistani television host, former actress and model known for her role as Saima in the television drama "Hum Tum". She also hosted the morning television series "Good Morning Pakistan" at ARY Digital. Nida started her career as a producer and model. Later she joined ARY Digital when Shaista Wahidi accepted offer from Geo TV for a morning show and left ARY Digital. She is now hosting the morning show "Good Morning Pakistan" on ARY | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Raúl Gutiérrez Raúl Erasto Gutiérrez Jacobo (born 16 October 1966), also known as El Potro, is a Mexican football manager and former footballer. At the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup, he coached the Mexico U-17 team to their second title. He was a part of the Mexico national team in the 1994 FIFA World Cup. He was capped in 37 games for the Mexico national football team. He played for Atlante F.C. from 1988 until 1994, and he played for Club América from 1994 until 2001. As the coach of the Mexico U-17 national team, he won the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup. This was Mexico's second FIFA U-17 World Cup title, and also became the first team to win the tournament at home. He continued to coach Mexico U-17 in 2013, in which he qualified them to the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Mexico started the U-17 World cup with a 6-1 loss to Nigeria, but recovered with a 3-1 win against Iraq. Mexico would reach the final after beating teams like Italy, Brazil, and Argentina. In the final, Mexico would lose once again with Nigeria 3-0. After the success at U-17 level, it was made official that Raúl Gutiérrez will coach the Mexico U-21 team, which will participate in the Central American and Caribbean Games, 2015 Pan American Games, 2015 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship, and 2016 Summer Olympics. On 6 June 2017, Gutiérrez was named the head coach of Atlante FC. On 22 October 2017, Atlante announced they had parted ways with Gutiérrez, after a 4–1 loss against Tampico Madero. Raúl Gutiérrez Raúl Erasto Gutiérrez Jacobo (born 16 October 1966), also known as El Potro, is a Mexican football manager and former footballer. At the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup, he coached the Mexico U-17 team to | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Emil Fey Emil Fey (23 March 1886 – 16 March 1938) was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army, leader of the right-wing paramilitary Heimwehr forces and politician of the First Austrian Republic. He served as Vice-Chancellor of Austria () from 1933 to 1934, leading the country into the period of Austrofascism under Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. Fey played a vital role in the violent suppression of the Republikanischer Schutzbund and the Social Democratic Workers' Party during the 1934 Austrian Civil War. A career officer since 1908, Fey in the rank of a Major fought with the Common Army in World War I and was awarded the Military Order of Maria Theresa in 1916. After the war, he joined the Carinthian paramilitary Heimwehr forces against the Yugoslavian troops. In 1927 he founded a local Heimwehr branch in Vienna and became a member of the conservative Christian Social Party. As his political career proceeded, he increasingly rivalled with Heimwehr leader Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg; both commanders backed the rise of Chancellor Dollfuss and his successor Kurt Schuschnigg, only to be largely disempowered after the implementation of the authoritarian Federal State of Austria ("Ständestaat"). On 17 October 1932 Fey joined Dollfuss' cabinet in the rank of a state secretary concerned with public security. He immediately had all conventions of the Social Democrats, the Communists and the Austrian Nazis banned. After the chancellor had suspended the sessions of the National Council, Fey on 15 March 1933 concentrated Heimwehr forces to occupy the Austrian Parliament Building, however, any operation was aborted by the Vienna police. During a parade in May 1933, Major Fey reportedly "knocked three Nazis unconscious with his own ochsenknüttel (square-edged bludgeon)" and promoted Austrian nationalism. Chancellor Dollfuss made him his deputy on 21 September 1933. Fey continued the persecution of "Republikanischer Schutzbund" members; the arrest of several Social Democratic politicians on 12 February 1934 sparked the Austrian Cicil War. Dollfuss mistrusted Fey's capabilities and on 1 May he lost his office of Vice-Chancellor to his bitter rival Starhemberg. During the July Putsch and Dollfuss' assassination he stayed in the background, later accusations of collaboration with the Nazis have never been conclusively established. He once again joined the Schuschnigg cabinet as Minister for Interior until his final disempowerment in 1935, shunt off to the "Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft". Upon the "Anschluss" annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, Fey was interrogated by Gestapo agents on 15 March 1938. Harassed, he returned home, summoned his 46-year-old wife Malvine and his son Herbert, and wrote an appeal for help to the former Vice-Chancellor Edmund Glaise-Horstenau. Without awaiting the answer, he shot his family and himself in the early morning of the following day. Emil Fey Emil Fey (23 March 1886 – 16 March 1938) was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army, leader of the right-wing paramilitary Heimwehr forces and politician of the First Austrian Republic. He served as Vice-Chancellor of Austria () from 1933 to 1934, leading the country into the period of Austrofascism under Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. Fey played a | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Soviet submarine K-33 K-33 was a Soviet nuclear-powered Project 658-class submarine (NATO reporting name Hotel II). She belonged to the Soviet Northern Fleet and carried the identification number 921. In 1977, she was renamed K-54. "K-33" was built at Factory No. 902 in Severodvinsk, Soviet Union, as a Hotel I-class submarine, launched on 6 August 1960 and was commissioned on 5 July 1961. In 1964 "K-33" was repaired and modernized into 658M-standard (Hotel II), by installing a new missile complex giving her capability to fire missiles while submerged. She was decommissioned in 1990. "K-33" was involved in two incidents. On 12 April 1963, "K-33" collided with the Finnish merchant vessel in the Kattegat. "Finnclipper", owned by Enso Gutzeit, was on her way to the United States with a load of 6,000 tons of paper. When she reached the Kattegat, there was a mist. "Finnclipper"s crew heard engine noise on their port side at 11.05 a.m. and a submarine emerged from the mist. "Finnclipper" steered sharply to starboard to try to avoid a collision, but to no avail. "Finnclipper" immediately stopped and returned to the submarine to see if she needed help. Two Soviet officers on board told the Finnish captain that the submarine′s side had suffered severe structural damage, having been pressed in and deformed. The Soviet officers did not reveal their nationality, but told "Finnclipper"s crew that their vessel was a Warsaw Pact submarine. The Finns, however, could read the number 921 clearly on the side of the submarine, identifying her as "K-33". According to some Soviet sources, "K-33" underwent an wikt:overhaul at a Soviet Northern Fleet base from 25 October 1962 through 29 December 1964 and therefore could not have been involved in the collision, and at the time the Soviets claimed that the submarine involved was not a nuclear submarine, although "Finnclipper"s crew had identified "K-33" clearly. A 1996 Russian article says "K-33" was en route to a patrol in the North Atlantic Ocean when she collided with "Finnclipper". "Finnclipper" managed to cross the Atlantic Ocean after the collision, although she had sprung a leak. The severely damaged "K-33" limped to Murmansk for repairs. The captain of the Finnish vessel, Runar Lindholm, gave a maritime declaration when arriving in New York, but the report was labeled "secret" for over 44 years. It has been speculated that the incident was held secret due to the Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948, under which the Soviets could forbid the Finns to report the incident in the news media or even to research it. On 4 April 2007, Lindholm and maritime author Jaakko Varimaa, who at the time was second mate on "Finnclipper", published the book "Sukellusvene sumussa" (""Submarine In The Mist""), revealing the accident to the general public. In 1965, "K-33" was involved in a radiation emergency in the Arctic, involving dehermeticity of fuel elements. Soviet submarine K-33 K-33 was a Soviet nuclear-powered Project 658-class submarine (NATO reporting name Hotel II). She belonged to the Soviet Northern Fleet and carried the | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Technological sovereignty Technological sovereignty is a political outlook that information and communications infrastructure and technology is aligned to the laws, needs and interests of the country in which users located; data sovereignty or information sovereignty sometimes overlaps with technological sovereignty, since their distinctions are not so clear cut, and also refers to subjection of information to the laws of the country in which the data subject is a citizen, or the information is stored or flows through, whatever its form, including when it has been converted and stored in binary digital form. Following revelations by Edward Snowden about the activities of the United States' National Security Agency, and their PRISM surveillance programme, rising concerns about misuse of data led to various proposals to enable citizens and consumers outside of the US to enjoy protection through technological sovereignty. Technological sovereignty Technological sovereignty is a political outlook that information and communications infrastructure and technology is aligned to the laws, needs and interests of the country in which users located; data sovereignty or information sovereignty sometimes overlaps with technological sovereignty, since their distinctions are not so clear cut, and also refers to subjection of information to the laws of the country in which | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Formation (association football) In association football, the formation describes how the players in a team generally position themselves on the pitch. Association football is a fluid and fast-moving game, and (with the exception of the goalkeeper) a player's position in a formation does not define their role as rigidly as for, for instance, a rugby player, nor are there episodes in play where players must expressly line up in formation (as in gridiron football). Nevertheless, a player's position in a formation generally defines whether a player has a mostly defensive or attacking role, and whether they tend to play towards one side of the pitch or centrally. Formations are typically described by three or four numbers, which denote how many players are in each row of the formation from the most defensive to the most forward. For example, the popular "4–5–1" formation has four defenders, five midfielders, and a single forward. Different formations can be used depending on whether a team wishes to play more attacking or defensive football, and a team may switch formations between or during games for tactical reasons. The choice of formation is typically made by a team's manager or head coach. Skill and discipline on the part of the players is needed to implement a given formation effectively in professional football. Formations need to be chosen bearing in mind which players are available. Some formations were created to address deficits or strengths in different types of players. In the early days of football, most team members would play in attacking roles, whereas modern formations almost always have more defenders than forwards. Formations are described by categorising the players (not including the goalkeeper) according to their positioning along (not across) the pitch, with the more defensive players given first. For example, 4–4–2 means four defenders, four midfielders, and two forwards. Traditionally, those within the same category (for example the four midfielders in a 4–4–2) would generally play as a fairly flat line across the pitch, with those out wide often playing in a slightly more advanced position. In many modern formations, this is not the case, which has led to some analysts splitting the categories in two separate bands, leading to four- or even five-numbered formations. A common example is 4–2–1–3, where the midfielders are split into two defensive and one offensive player; as such, this formation can be considered a type of 4–3–3. An example of a five-numbered formation would be 4–1–2–1–2, where the midfield consists of a defensive midfielder, two central midfielders and an offensive midfielder; this is sometimes considered to be a kind of 4–4–2 (specifically a 4–4–2 diamond, referring to the lozenge shape formed by the four midfielders). The numbering system was not present until the 4–2–4 system was developed in the 1950s. The choice of formation is often related to the type of players available to the coach. Teams may change formations during a game to aid their cause: Formations can be deceptive in analysing a particular team's style of play. For instance, a team that plays a nominally attacking 4–3–3 formation can quickly revert to a 4–5–1 if a coach instructs two of the three forwards to track back in midfield. In the football matches of the 19th century, defensive football was not played, and the line-ups reflected the all-attacking nature of these games. In the first international game, Scotland against England on 30 November 1872, England played with seven or eight forwards in a 1–1–8 or 1–2–7 formation, and Scotland with six, in a 2–2–6 formation. For England, one player would remain in defence, picking up loose balls, and one or two players would hang around midfield and kick the ball upfield for the other players to chase. The English style of play at the time was all about individual excellence and English players were renowned for their dribbling skills. Players would attempt to take the ball forward as far as possible and only when they could proceed no further, would they kick it ahead for someone else to chase. Scotland surprised England by actually passing the ball among players. The Scottish outfield players were organised into pairs and each player would always attempt to pass the ball to his assigned partner. Ironically, with so much attention given to attacking play, the game ended in a 0–0 draw. The first long-term successful formation was first recorded in 1880. In "Association Football", however, published by Caxton in 1960, the following appears in Vol II, page 432: "Wrexham ... the first winner of the Welsh Cup in 1877 ... for the first time certainly in Wales and probably in Britain, a team played three half-backs and five forwards ..." The 2–3–5 was originally known as the "Pyramid", with the numerical formation being referenced retrospectively. By the 1890s, it was the standard formation in England and had spread all over the world. With some variations, it was used by most top level teams up to the 1930s. For the first time, a balance between attacking and defending was reached. When defending, the two defenders (full-backs), would zonally mark the opponent forwards (mainly the central trio), while the midfielders (halfbacks) would fill the gaps (usually marking the opposing wingers or inside forwards). The centre halfback had a key role in both helping to organise the team's attack and marking the opponent's centre forward, supposedly one of their most dangerous players. This formation was used by Uruguay national team to win the 1924 and 1928 Olympic Games and also the 1930 FIFA World Cup. It was this formation which gave rise to the convention of shirt numbers increasing from the back and the right. The Danubian School of football is a modification of the 2–3–5 formation in which the centre forward plays in a more withdrawn position. As played by the Austrians, Czechs and Hungarians in the 1920s, it was taken to its peak by the Austrians in the 1930s. It relied on short-passing and individual skills. This school was heavily influenced by the likes of Hugo Meisl and Jimmy Hogan, the English coach who visited Austria at the time. The Metodo was devised by Vittorio Pozzo, coach of the Italy national team in the 1930s. It was a derivation of the Danubian School. The system was based on the 2–3–5 formation; Pozzo realised that his half-backs would need some more support in order to be superior to the opponents' midfield, so he pulled two of the forwards to just in front of midfield, creating a 2–3–2–3 formation. This created a stronger defence than previous systems, as well as allowing effective counter-attacks. The Italian national team won back-to-back World Cups in 1934 and 1938 using this system. It has been argued that Pep Guardiola's Barcelona and Bayern Munich used a modern version of this formation. This formation is also similar to the standard in table football, featuring two defenders, five midfielders and three strikers (which cannot be altered as the "players" are mounted on axles). The WM system, known for the shapes described by the positions of the players, was created in the mid-1920s by Herbert Chapman of Arsenal to counter a change in the offside law in 1925. The change had reduced the number of opposition players that attackers needed between themselves and the goal-line from three to two. This led to the introduction of a centre-back to stop the opposing centre-forward, and tried to balance defensive and offensive playing. The formation became so successful that by the late-1930s most English clubs had adopted the WM. Retrospectively, the WM has either been described as a 3–2–5 or as a 3–4–3, or more precisely a 3–2–2–3 reflecting the letters which symbolised it. The gap in the centre of the formation between the two wing halves and the two inside forwards allowed Arsenal to counter-attack effectively. The WM was subsequently adapted by several English sides, but none could apply | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
of Arsenal to counter a change in the offside law in 1925. The change had reduced the number of opposition players that attackers needed between themselves and the goal-line from three to two. This led to the introduction of a centre-back to stop the opposing centre-forward, and tried to balance defensive and offensive playing. The formation became so successful that by the late-1930s most English clubs had adopted the WM. Retrospectively, the WM has either been described as a 3–2–5 or as a 3–4–3, or more precisely a 3–2–2–3 reflecting the letters which symbolised it. The gap in the centre of the formation between the two wing halves and the two inside forwards allowed Arsenal to counter-attack effectively. The WM was subsequently adapted by several English sides, but none could apply it in quite the same way Chapman had. This was mainly due to the comparative rarity of players like Alex James in the English game. He was one of the earliest playmakers in the history of the game, and the hub around which Chapman's Arsenal revolved. In 2016, new manager Patrick Vieira, a former Arsenal player, brought the WM formation to New York City FC. The WW was a development of the WM created by the Hungarian coach Márton Bukovi who turned the 3–2–5 WM into a 2–3–2–3 by effectively turning the M "upside down". The lack of an effective centre-forward in his team necessitated moving this player back to midfield to create a playmaker, with a midfielder instructed to focus on defence. This created a 2–3–1–4, which morphed into a 2–3–2–3 when the team lost possession, and was described by some as a kind of genetic link between the WM and the 4–2–4. This formation was successfully used by fellow countryman Gusztáv Sebes in the Hungary national team of the early 1950s. The 3–3–4 formation was similar to the WW, with the notable exception of having an inside-forward (as opposed to centre-forward) deployed as a midfield schemer alongside the two wing-halves. This formation would be commonplace during the 1950s and early 1960s. One of the best exponents of the system was the Tottenham Hotspur double-winning side of 1961, which deployed a midfield of Danny Blanchflower, John White and Dave Mackay. Porto won the 2005–06 Primeira Liga using this unusual formation under manager Co Adriaanse. The 4–2–4 formation attempts to combine a strong attack with a strong defence, and was conceived as a reaction to WM's stiffness. It could also be considered a further development of the WW. The 4–2–4 was the first formation to be described using numbers. While the initial developments leading to the 4–2–4 were devised by Márton Bukovi, the credit for creating the 4–2–4 lies with two different people: Flávio Costa, the Brazilian national coach in the early 1950s, as well as another Hungarian, Béla Guttman. These tactics seemed to be developed independently, with the Brazilians discussing these ideas while the Hungarians seemed to be putting them into motion. The fully developed 4–2–4 was only "perfected" in Brazil, however, in the late 1950s. Costa published his ideas, the "diagonal system", in the Brazilian newspaper "O Cruzeiro", using schematics as the ones used here and, for the first time ever, the formation description by numbers as used in this article. The "diagonal system" was another precursor of the 4–2–4 and was created to spur improvisation in players. Guttmann himself moved to Brazil later in the 1950s to help develop these tactical ideas using the experience of Hungarian coaches. The 4–2–4 formation made use of the players' increasing levels of skill and fitness, aiming to effectively use six defenders and six forwards, with the midfielders performing both tasks. The fourth defender increased the number of defensive players but mostly allowed them to be closer together, thus enabling effective cooperation among them, the point being that a stronger defence would allow an even stronger attack. The relatively empty midfield relied on defenders that should now be able not only to steal the ball, but also hold it, pass it or even run with it and start an attack. So this formation required that all players, including defenders, are somehow skilful and with initiative, making it a perfect fit for the Brazilian player's mind. The 4–2–4 needed a high level of tactical awareness, as having only two midfielders could lead to defensive problems. The system was also fluid enough to allow the formation to change throughout play. 4–2–4 was first used with success at club level in Brazil by Palmeiras and Santos, and was used by Brazil in their wins at 1958 World Cup and 1970 World Cup, both featuring Pelé, and Mário Zagallo, the latter of which played in 1958 and coached in 1970. The formation was quickly adopted throughout the world after the Brazilian success. Under the management of Jock Stein, Celtic won the 1966–67 European Cup and reached the final of the 1969–70 European Cup using this formation. The following formations are used in modern football. The formations are flexible allowing tailoring to the needs of a team, as well as to the players available. Variations of any given formation include changes in positioning of players, as well as replacement of a traditional defender by a sweeper. This formation was the most common in football in the 1990s and early 2000s, so well known that it inspired the title of the magazine "FourFourTwo". The midfielders are required to work hard to support both the defence and the attack: typically one of the central midfielders is expected to go upfield as often as possible to support the forward pair, while the other will play a "holding role", shielding the defence; the two wide midfield players must move up the flanks to the goal line in attacks and yet also protect the full-backs. On the European level, the major example of a team using a 4–4–2 formation was Milan, trained by Arrigo Sacchi and later Fabio Capello, which won three European Cups, two Intercontinental Cups, and three UEFA Super Cups between 1988 and 1995. Under Milan's example, it became very popular in Italy in the late 1980s and early 1990s. More recently, commentators have noted that at the highest level, the 4–4–2 is being phased out in favour of formations such as the 4–2–3–1. In 2010, none of the winners of the Spanish, English and Italian leagues, nor the Champions League, relied on the 4–4–2. Following England's elimination at the 2010 World Cup by a 4–2–3–1 Germany side, England national team coach Fabio Capello (who was notably successful with the 4–4–2 at Milan in the 1990s) was criticised for playing an "increasingly outdated" 4–4–2 formation. However, the 4–4–2 is still regarded as the best formation to protect the whole width of the field with the opposing team having to get past two banks of four and has recently had a tactical revival having recently contributed to Diego Simeone's Atlético Madrid, Carlo Ancelotti's Real Madrid and Claudio Ranieri's Leicester City. A variation of 4–4–2 with one of the strikers playing "in the hole", or as a "second striker", slightly behind their partner. The second striker is generally a more creative player, the playmaker, who can drop into midfield to pick up the ball before running with it or passing to teammates. Interpretations of 4–4–1–1 can be slightly muddled, as some might say that the extent to which a forward has dropped off and separated himself from the other can be debated. The system was most prominently used during the 2009–10 season by Fulham, with midfielder Zoltán Gera playing behind forward Bobby Zamora as they upset many teams across Europe en route to the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final. The 4–3–3 was a development of the 4–2–4, and was played by the Brazilian national team in the 1962 World Cup, although a 4–3–3 had also previously been used by the Uruguay national team in the 1950 and 1954 World Cups. The extra player in midfield allows a stronger defence, and the midfield could be staggered for different | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
to pick up the ball before running with it or passing to teammates. Interpretations of 4–4–1–1 can be slightly muddled, as some might say that the extent to which a forward has dropped off and separated himself from the other can be debated. The system was most prominently used during the 2009–10 season by Fulham, with midfielder Zoltán Gera playing behind forward Bobby Zamora as they upset many teams across Europe en route to the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final. The 4–3–3 was a development of the 4–2–4, and was played by the Brazilian national team in the 1962 World Cup, although a 4–3–3 had also previously been used by the Uruguay national team in the 1950 and 1954 World Cups. The extra player in midfield allows a stronger defence, and the midfield could be staggered for different effects. The three midfielders normally play closely together to protect the defence, and move laterally across the field as a coordinated unit. The three forwards split across the field to spread the attack, and may be expected to mark the opposition full-backs as opposed to doubling back to assist their own full-backs, as do the wide midfielders in a 4–4–2. When used from the start of a game, this formation is widely regarded as encouraging expansive play, and should not be confused with the practice of modifying a 4–4–2 by bringing on an extra forward to replace a midfield player when behind in the latter stages of a game. This formation is suited for a short passing game and useful for ball retention. A staggered 4–3–3 involving a defensive midfielder (usually numbered four or six) and two attacking midfielders (numbered eight and ten) was commonplace in Italy, Argentina, and Uruguay during the 1960s and 1970s. The Italian variety of 4–3–3 was simply a modification of WM, by converting one of the two wing-halves to a "libero" (sweeper), whereas the Argentine and Uruguayan formations were derived from 2–3–5 and retained the notional attacking centre-half. The national team that made this famous was the Dutch team of the 1974 and 1978 World Cups, even though the team won neither. In club football, the team that brought this formation to the forefront was the famous Ajax team of the early 1970s, which won three European Cups with Johan Cruyff, and Zdeněk Zeman with Foggia in Italy during the late 1980s, where he completely revitalised the movement supporting this formation. It was also the formation with which Norwegian manager Nils Arne Eggen won 15 Norwegian league titles. Most teams using this formation now use the specialist defensive midfielder. Recent famous examples include the Porto and Chelsea teams coached by José Mourinho, as well as the Barcelona team under Pep Guardiola. Mourinho has also been credited with bringing this formation to England in his first stint with Chelsea. A variation of the 4–3–3 wherein a striker gives way to a central attacking midfielder. The formation focuses on the attacking midfielder moving play through the centre with the strikers on either side. It is a much narrower setup in comparison to the 4–3–3 and is usually dependent on the "1" to create chances. Examples of sides which won trophies using this formation were the 2002–03 UEFA Cup and 2003–04 UEFA Champions League winner José Mourinho's Porto side; Carlo Ancelotti's 2002–03 UEFA Champions League and 2003–04 Serie A champion Milan, and 2009–10 Premier League winner Chelsea. This formation was also adopted by Massimiliano Allegri for the 2010–11 Serie A title-winning season for Milan. It was also the favoured formation of Maurizio Sarri during his time at Empoli between 2012 and 2015, during which time they won promotion to Serie A and subsequently avoided relegation, finishing 15th in the 2014–15 Serie A season. A variation of the 4–3–3 with a defensive midfielder, two central midfielders and a fluid front three. The 4–4–2 diamond (also described as 4–1–2–1–2) staggers the midfield. The width in the team has to come from the full-backs pushing forward. The defensive midfielder is sometimes used as a deep lying playmaker, but needs to remain disciplined and protect the back four behind him. The central attacking midfielder is the creative player, responsible for picking up the ball, and distributing the ball wide to its full-backs or providing the two strikers with through balls. When out of possession, the midfield four must drop and assist the defence, while the two strikers must be free for the counter-attack. Its most famous example was Carlo Ancelotti's Milan, which won the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final and made Milan runners-up in 2005. Milan was obliged to adopt this formation so as to field talented central midfielder Andrea Pirlo, in a period when the position of offensive midfielder was occupied by Rui Costa and later Kaká. This tactic was gradually abandoned by Milan after Andriy Shevchenko's departure in 2006, progressively adopting a "Christmas Tree" formation. The 4–1–3–2 is a variation of the 4–1–2–1–2 and features a strong and talented defensive centre midfielder. This allows the remaining three midfielders to play further forward and more aggressively, and also allows them to pass back to their defensive mid when setting up a play or recovering from a counterattack. The 4–1–3–2 gives a strong presence in the forward middle of the pitch and is considered to be an attacking formation. Opposing teams with fast wingers and strong passing abilities can try to overwhelm the 4–1–3–2 with fast attacks on the wings of the pitch before the three offensive midfielders can fall back to help their defensive line. Valeriy Lobanovskiy is one of the most famous exponents of the formation, using it with Dynamo Kyiv, winning three European trophies in the process. Another example of the 4–1–3–2 in use was the England national team at the 1966 World Cup, managed by Alf Ramsey. The 4–3–2–1, commonly described as the "Christmas Tree" formation, has another forward brought on for a midfielder to play "in the hole", so leaving two forwards slightly behind the most forward striker. Terry Venables and Christian Gross used this formation during their time in charge of Tottenham Hotspur. Since then, the formation has lost its popularity in England. It is, however, most known for being the formation Carlo Ancelotti used on-and-off during his time as a coach of Milan. In this approach, the middle of the three central midfielders act as a playmaker while one of the attacking midfielders plays in a free role. However, it is also common for the three midfielders to be energetic shuttlers, providing for the individual talent of the two attacking midfielders ahead. The "Christmas Tree" formation is considered a relatively narrow formation and depends on full-backs to provide presence in wide areas. The formation is also relatively fluid. During open play, one of the side central midfielders may drift to the flank to add additional presence. This formation has three central defenders (possibly with one acting as a sweeper.) This system merges the winger and full-back positions into the wing-back, whose job it is to work their flank along the full length of the pitch, supporting both the defence and the attack. The Brazil team which was runner-up at the 1998 and winner of the 2002 FIFA World Cups employed this formation with their wing-backs Cafu and Roberto Carlos two of the best known proponents of this position. A variant of the 5–3–2, this involves a more withdrawn sweeper, who may join the midfield, and more advanced full-backs. Using a 3–4–3, the midfielders are expected to split their time between attacking and defending. Having only three dedicated defenders means that if the opposing team breaks through the midfield, they will have a greater chance to score than with a more conventional defensive configuration, such as 4–5–1 or 4–4–2. However, the three forwards allow for a greater concentration on attack. This formation is used by more offensive-minded teams. The formation was | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
attack. The Brazil team which was runner-up at the 1998 and winner of the 2002 FIFA World Cups employed this formation with their wing-backs Cafu and Roberto Carlos two of the best known proponents of this position. A variant of the 5–3–2, this involves a more withdrawn sweeper, who may join the midfield, and more advanced full-backs. Using a 3–4–3, the midfielders are expected to split their time between attacking and defending. Having only three dedicated defenders means that if the opposing team breaks through the midfield, they will have a greater chance to score than with a more conventional defensive configuration, such as 4–5–1 or 4–4–2. However, the three forwards allow for a greater concentration on attack. This formation is used by more offensive-minded teams. The formation was famously used by Liverpool under Rafael Benítez during the second half of the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final to come back from a three-goal deficit. Ex-Juventus and Italy coach Antonio Conte successfully implemented the 3–4–3 at Chelsea during the 2016–17 Premier League season, leading the club to the league title and an FA Cup final. In order to properly counteract the additional forward pressure from the wing-backs in the system, other sides, including Ronald Koeman's Everton and Mauricio Pochettino's Tottenham, also used the formation against Chelsea. This formation is similar to 5–3–2 except that the two wingmen are oriented more towards the attack. Because of this, the central midfielder tends to remain further back in order to help prevent counter-attacks. It differs from the classical 3–5–2 of the WW by having a non-staggered midfield. It was used for the first time at international level by the Argentine coach Carlos Bilardo. Terry Venables notably used this formation (along with a diamond midfield) during England's campaign at UEFA Euro 1996, with Gareth Southgate or Paul Ince acting as defensive midfielder. Many teams also use a central attacking midfielder and two defensive midfielders, so the midfielders form a "W" formation. Sebastião Lazaroni also used this formation as manager of Brazil during their unsuccessful 1990 World Cup campaign. It was used by Luiz Felipe Scolari as manager of Brazil during the 2002 FIFA World Cup campaign, when Brazil won the tournament. Edmilson acted as a sweeper. Although it had fallen out of favour with most coaches who now prefer four at the back, it had a renaissance in both club and international football in the 2010s. At club level, it has been effectively used by former Juventus coach Antonio Conte, under whom Juventus won three back-to-back "scudetti" between 2012 and 2014, or by Louis van Gaal at Manchester United. At international level, it has been used as an alternative formation on two notable occasions to nullify the challenge of possession football used by the Spanish national side. Cesare Prandelli used it for the Italy's 1–1 draw with Spain in the group stage of Euro 2012, with some commentators seeing Daniele De Rossi as a sweeper. The Netherlands used it to greater effect against Spain during the group stage of the 2014 World Cup, completing a 5–1 win. This was successful in minimizing the Dutch weaknesses (inexperience in defence) and maximising their strengths (world-class forwards in Robin van Persie and Arjen Robben). 3–4–1–2 is a variant of 3–5–2 where the wingers are more withdrawn in favour of one of the central midfielders being pushed further upfield into the "number 10" playmaker position. Martin O'Neill successfully used this formation during the early years of his reign as Celtic manager, noticeably taking them to the 2003 UEFA Cup Final. This uncommon modern formation focuses on ball possession in the midfield. In fact, it is very rare to see it as an initial formation, as it is more useful for maintaining a lead or tie score. Its more common variants are 3–4–2–1 or 3–4–3 diamond, which use two wing-backs. The lone forward must be tactically gifted, not only because he focuses on scoring but also on playing the ball back towards the own goal to assist with back passes to his teammates. Once the team is leading the game, there is an even stronger tactical focus on ball control, short passes and running down the clock. On the other hand, when the team is losing, at least one of the playmakers will more frequently play in the edge of the area to add depth to the attack. Steve Sampson (for the US in the 1998 World Cup) and Guus Hiddink (for Australia during the 2006 World Cup) are two of the few coaches who have used this formation. 4–5–1 is a defensive formation; however, if the two midfield wingers play a more attacking role, it can be likened to 4–3–3. The formation can be used to grind out 0–0 draws or preserve a lead, as the packing of the centre midfield makes it difficult for the opposition to build up play. Because of the "closeness" of the midfield, the opposing team's forwards will often be starved of possession. Due to the lone striker, however, the centre of the midfield does have the responsibility of pushing forward as well. The defensive midfielder will often control the pace of the game. This formation is widely used by Spanish, French and German sides. While it seems defensive to the eye, it is quite a flexible formation, as both the wide players and the full-backs join the attack. In defence, this formation is similar to either the 4–5–1 or 4–4–1–1. It is used to maintain possession of the ball and stopping opponent attacks by controlling the midfield area of the field. The lone striker may be very tall and strong to hold the ball up as his midfielders and full-backs join him in attack. The striker could also be very fast. In these cases, the opponent's defence will be forced to fall back early, thereby leaving space for the offensive central midfielder. This formation is used especially when a playmaker is to be highlighted. The variations of personnel used on the flanks in this set-up include using traditional wingers, using inverted wingers or simply using wide midfielders. Different teams and managers have different interpretations of the 4–2–3–1, but one common factor among them all is the presence of the double pivot. The double pivot is the usage of two holding midfielders in front of the defence. At the international level, this formation is used by the Belgian, French, Dutch and German national teams in an asymmetric shape, and often with strikers as wide midfielders or inverted wingers. The formation is also currently used by Brazil as an alternative to the 4–2–4 formation of the late 1950s to 1970. Implemented similarly to how original 4–2–4 was used back then, use of this formation in this manner is very offensive, creating a six-man attack and a six-man defence tactical layout. The front four attackers are arranged as a pair of wide forwards and a playmaker forward who play in support of a lone striker. Mário Zagallo also considers the Brazil 1970 football team he coached as pioneers of 4–2–3–1. In recent years, with full-backs having ever more increasing attacking roles, the wide players (be they deep lying forwards, inverted wingers, attacking wide midfielders) have been tasked with the defensive responsibility to track and pin down the opposition full-backs. This formation has been very frequently used by managers all over the world in the modern game. One particularly effective use of it was Liverpool under Rafael Benítez, who deployed Javier Mascherano, Xabi Alonso and Steven Gerrard in central midfield, with Gerrard acting in a more advanced role in order to link up with Fernando Torres, who acted as the central striker. Another notable example at club level is Bayern Munich under Jupp Heynckes. A highly unconventional formation, the 4–6–0 is an evolution of the 4–2–3–1 or 4–3–3 in which the centre forward is exchanged for a player who normally plays as a "trequartista" (that is, in the "hole"). Suggested as a possible formation for the future of football, | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
with the defensive responsibility to track and pin down the opposition full-backs. This formation has been very frequently used by managers all over the world in the modern game. One particularly effective use of it was Liverpool under Rafael Benítez, who deployed Javier Mascherano, Xabi Alonso and Steven Gerrard in central midfield, with Gerrard acting in a more advanced role in order to link up with Fernando Torres, who acted as the central striker. Another notable example at club level is Bayern Munich under Jupp Heynckes. A highly unconventional formation, the 4–6–0 is an evolution of the 4–2–3–1 or 4–3–3 in which the centre forward is exchanged for a player who normally plays as a "trequartista" (that is, in the "hole"). Suggested as a possible formation for the future of football, the formation sacrifices an out-and-out striker for the tactical advantage of a mobile front four attacking from a position that the opposition defenders cannot mark without being pulled out of position. Because of the intelligence and pace required by the front four attackers to create and attack any space left by the opposition defenders, however, the formation requires a very skilful and well-drilled front four. Due to these demanding requirements from the attackers, and the novelty of playing without a proper goalscorer, the formation has been adopted by very few teams, and rarely consistently. As with the development of many formations, the origins and originators are uncertain, but arguably the first reference to a professional team adopting a similar formation is Anghel Iordănescu's Romania in the 1994 World Cup Round of 16, when Romania won 3–2 against Argentina. The first team to adopt the formation systematically was Luciano Spalletti's Roma side during the 2005–06 Serie A season, mostly out of necessity as his "strikerless" formation, and then notably by Alex Ferguson's Manchester United side that won the Premier League and Champions League in 2007–08. The formation was unsuccessfully used by Craig Levein's Scotland against Czech Republic to widespread condemnation. At Euro 2012, Spain coach Vicente del Bosque used the 4–6–0 for his side's 1–1 group stage draw against Italy and their 4–0 win versus Italy in the final of the tournament. This is a particularly defensive formation, with an isolated forward and a packed defence. Again, however, a couple of attacking full-backs can make this formation resemble something like a 3–6–1. One of the most famous cases of its use is the Euro 2004-winning Greek national team. The 1–6–3 formation was first used by Japan at the behest of General Yoshijirō Umezu in 1936. Famously, Japan defeated the heavily favoured Swedish team 3–2 at the 1936 Olympics with the unorthodox 1–6–3 formation, before going down 0–8 to Italy. The formation was dubbed the "kamikaze" formation sometime in the 1960s when former United States national team player Walter Bahr used it for a limited number of games as coach of the Philadelphia Spartans to garner greater media and fan attention for the struggling franchise. Often referred to as the "Magic Rectangle" or "Magic Square", this formation was used by France under Michel Hidalgo at the 1982 World Cup and Euro 1984, and later by Henri Michel at the 1986 World Cup and a whole generation, for Brazil with Telê Santana, Carlos Alberto Parreira and Vanderlei Luxemburgo, by Arturo Salah and Manuel Pellegrini in Chile and Francisco Maturana in Colombia. The "Magic Rectangle" is formed by combining two box-to-box midfielders with two deep-lying ("hanging") forwards across the midfield. This provides a balance in the distribution of possible moves and adds a dynamic quality to midfield play. This formation was used by former Real Madrid manager Manuel Pellegrini and met with considerable praise. Pellegrini also used this formation while with Villarreal and Málaga. The formation is closely related to a 4–2–4 previously used by Fernando Riera, Pellegrini's mentor, and that can be traced back to Chile in 1962 who (may have) adopted it from the Frenchman Albert Batteux at the Stade de Reims of 50s. This formation had been previously used at Real Madrid by Vanderlei Luxemburgo during his failed stint at the club during the latter part of the 2004–05 season and throughout the 2005–06 season. This formation has been described as being "deeply flawed" and "suicidal". Luxemburgo is not the only one to use this although it had been used earlier by Brazil in the early 1980s. At first, Telê Santana, then Carlos Alberto Parreira and Vanderlei Luxemburgo proposed basing the "Magic Rectangle" on the work of the wing-backs. The rectangle becomes a 3–4–3 on the attack because one of the wing-backs moves downfield. In another sense, the Colombian 4–2–2–2 is closely related to the 4–4–2 diamond of Brazil, style different from the French-Chilean trend and is based on the complementation of a box-to box with 10 classic. Emphasises the triangulation, but especially in the surprise of attack. The 4–2–2–2 formation consists of the standard defensive four (right back, two centre backs, and left back), with two centre midfielders, two support strikers, and two out and out strikers. Similar to the 4–6–0, the formation requires a particularly alert and mobile front four to work successfully. The formation has also been used on occasion by the Brazilian national team, notably in the 1998 World Cup final. Bundesliga side RB Leipzig have been using the 4-2-2-2 formation since their promotion in 2016. The 3–3–1–3 was formed of a modification to the Dutch 4–3–3 system Ajax had developed. Coaches like Louis van Gaal and Johan Cruyff brought it to even further attacking extremes and the system eventually found its way to Barcelona, where players such as Andrés Iniesta and Xavi were reared into 3–3–1–3's philosophy. It demands intense pressing high up the pitch especially from the forwards, and also an extremely high defensive line, basically playing the whole game inside the opponent's half. It requires extreme technical precision and rapid ball circulation since one slip or dispossession can result in a vulnerable counter-attack situation. Cruyff's variant relied on a flatter and wider midfield, but Van Gaal used an offensive midfielder and midfield diamond to link up with the front three more effectively. Marcelo Bielsa has used the system with some success with Argentina's and Chile's national teams and is currently one of the few high-profile managers to use the system in competition today. Diego Simeone had also tried it occasionally at River Plate. The 3–3–3–1 system is a very attacking formation and its compact nature is ideally suited for midfield domination and ball possession. It means a coach can field more attacking players and add extra strength through the spine of the team. The attacking three are usually two wing-backs or wingers with the central player of the three occupying a central attacking midfield or second striker role behind the centre forward. The midfield three consists of two centre midfielders ahead of one central defensive midfielder or alternatively one central midfielder and two defensive midfielders. The defensive three can consist of three centre backs or one centre back with a full back either side. The 3–3–3–1 formation was used by Marcelo Bielsa's Chile in the 2010 World Cup, with three centre-backs paired with two wing-backs and a holding player, although a variation is the practical hourglass, using three wide players, a narrow three, a wide three and a centre-forward. The somewhat unconventional 4–2–1–3 formation was developed by José Mourinho during his time at Inter Milan, including in the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final. By using captain Javier Zanetti and Esteban Cambiasso in holding midfield positions, he was able to push more players to attack. Wesley Sneijder filled the attacking midfield role and the front three operated as three strikers, rather than having a striker and one player on | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
can consist of three centre backs or one centre back with a full back either side. The 3–3–3–1 formation was used by Marcelo Bielsa's Chile in the 2010 World Cup, with three centre-backs paired with two wing-backs and a holding player, although a variation is the practical hourglass, using three wide players, a narrow three, a wide three and a centre-forward. The somewhat unconventional 4–2–1–3 formation was developed by José Mourinho during his time at Inter Milan, including in the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final. By using captain Javier Zanetti and Esteban Cambiasso in holding midfield positions, he was able to push more players to attack. Wesley Sneijder filled the attacking midfield role and the front three operated as three strikers, rather than having a striker and one player on each wing. Using this formation, Mourinho won The Treble with Inter in only his second season in charge of the club. As the system becomes more developed and flexible, small groups can be identified to work together in more efficient ways by giving them more specific and different roles within the same lines, and numbers like 4–2–1–3, 4–1–2–3 and even 4–2–2–2 occur. Many of the current systems have three different formations in each third, defending, middle, and attacking. The goal is to outnumber the other team in all parts of the field but to not completely wear out all the players on the team using it before the full ninety minutes are up. So the one single number is confusing as it may not actually look like a 4–2–1–3 when a team is defending or trying to gain possession. In a positive attack it may look exactly like a 4–2–1–3. When a player is sent off (i.e. after being shown a red card) or leaves the field due to an injury or other reason with no ability to be replaced with a substitute teams generally fall back to defensive formations such as 4–4–1 or 5–3–1. Only when facing a negative result will a team with ten players play in a risky attacking formation such as 4–3–2 or even 4–2–3. Formation (association football) In association football, the formation describes how the players in a team generally position themselves on the pitch. Association football is a fluid and fast-moving game, | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
2013–14 British Basketball League season The 2013–14 season was the 27th campaign of the British Basketball League since the league's establishment in 1987. The season featured 12 teams from across England and Scotland, including new entrant Birmingham Knights. East London Royals and Essex Leopards were both due to become the 13th and 14th League members respectively, but after deferring their original entries from the 2012–13 season for a season, both franchises withdrew their applications to join the BBL due to financial constraints. On 12 July it was officially announced that the Mersey Tigers franchise had been withdrawn from the up-coming season by the League due to financial trouble that had plagued the club throughout the previous season, which resulted in the Tigers becoming the first club to complete an entire season without a single victory. The season started on 27 September 2013 and ended on 11 May 2014 with the Play-off Final at Wembley Arena. Newcastle Eagles claimed a record 6th regular season title but were defeated in the Play-off Final by a dominant Worcester Wolves team who were also victorious in the BBL Trophy, beating Glasgow Rocks on their home court in the Final. Leicester Riders were crowned as the BBL Cup winners, defeating Newcastle in the Final at the National Indoor Arena. (1) Newcastle Eagles vs. (8) Durham Wildcats (2) Sheffield Sharks vs. (7) Manchester Giants (3) Worcester Wolves vs. (6) London Lions (4) Leicester Riders vs. (5) Cheshire Phoenix (1) Newcastle Eagles vs. (4) Leicester Riders (2) Sheffield Sharks vs. (3) Worcester Wolves The winners of the four 1st Round matches were joined by Glasgow Rocks, Leicester Riders, Newcastle Eagles and Surrey United in the Quarter-finals, who received byes for finishing in the top four BBL Championship positions last season. The Final was played on 12 January 2014 at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham. Plymouth Raiders vs. Leicester Riders Sheffield Sharks vs. Newcastle Eagles The 12 BBL clubs were joined by Bristol Flyers, Essex Leopards, Leeds Carnegie and Reading Rockets of the English Basketball League to form a straight knock-out competition. The first two rounds featured one-off games whilst the Semi-finals took place over two legs. The Final was held at the Emirates Arena in Glasgow for the second consecutive year and saw Worcester Wolves win their first silverware since joining the BBL in 2006. Sheffield Sharks vs. Worcester Wolves Cheshire Phoenix vs. Glasgow Rocks For the British Team of the Year and Defensive Team of the Year, six players were announced instead of the usual five due to a deadlock in votes cast by the BBL head coaches. 2013–14 British Basketball League season The 2013–14 season was the 27th campaign of the British Basketball League since the league's establishment in 1987. The season featured 12 teams from across England and Scotland, including new entrant Birmingham Knights. East London Royals and Essex Leopards were both due to become the 13th and 14th League members respectively, but after deferring their original entries from the 2012–13 season for | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Elsewhere in nominal Seljuq territory were the Artuqids in northeastern Syria and northern Mesopotamia; they controlled Jerusalem until 1098. The Dānišmand dynasty founded a state in eastern Anatolia and northern Syria and contested land with the Sultanate of Rum, and Kerbogha exercised independence as the atabeg of Mosul.
After pillaging the County of Edessa, Seljuqid commander Ilghazi made peace with the Crusaders. In 1121 he went north towards Armenia and with supposedly up to 250 000-350 000 troops, including men led by his son-in-law Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of Ganja, he invaded Kingdom of Georgia. David IV of Georgia gathered 40,000 Georgian warriors, including 5,000 monaspa guards, 15,000 Kipchaks, 300 Alans and 100 French Crusaders to fight against Ilghazi's vast army. The Battle of Didgori was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljuk Empire, 40 km west of Tbilisi, on August 12, 1121. As a result, Seljuks routed and fleed from battlefield, being run down by pursuing Georgian cavalry for several days. Among the various leaders, only Ilghazi and his son-in-law Dubais escaped. A huge amount of booty and prisoners were captured by David's army, which had also secured Tbilisi.
When Malikshāh I died in 1092, the empire split as his brother and four sons quarrelled over the apportioning of the empire among themselves. Malikshāh I was succeeded in Anatolia by Kilij Arslan I, who founded the Sultanate of Rum, and in Syria by his brother Tutush I. In Persia he was succeeded by his son Mahmud I, whose reign was contested by his other three brothers Barkiyaruq in Iraq, Muhammad I in Baghdad, and Ahmad Sanjar in Khorasan. When Tutush I died, his sons Radwan and Duqaq inherited Aleppo and Damascus respectively and contested with each other as well, further dividing Syria amongst emirs antagonistic towards each other.
Alp Arslan authorized his Turkmen generals to carve their own principalities out of formerly Byzantine Anatolia, as atabegs loyal to him. Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous beghliks (modern Turkish beyliks):the Saltukids in Northeastern Anatolia, the Shah-Armens and the Mengujekids in Eastern Anatolia, Artuqids in Southeastern Anatolia, Danishmendis in Central Anatolia, Rum Seljuqs (Beghlik of Suleyman, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of Tzachas of Smyrna in İzmir (Smyrna).
Although the Georgians were able to recover from Alp Arslan's invasion by securing the theme of Iberia by the help of Byzantine governor, Gregory Pakourianos, who began to evacuate the region shortly after the disaster inflicted by the Seljuks on the Byzantine army at Manzikert. On this occasion, George II of Georgia was bestowed with the Byzantine title of Caesar, granted the fortress of Kars and put in charge of the Imperial Eastern limits. The Byzantine withdrawal from Anatolia brought Georgia in more direct contact with the Seljuqs. Following the 1073 devastation of eastern Georgia by the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan, George II of Georgia successfully repelled an invasion.
History of the Turkic peoples Pre-14th century
---
Turkic Khaganate 552–744
Western Turkic
Eastern Turkic
Khazar Khaganate 618–1048
Xueyantuo 628–646
Great Bulgaria 632–668
Danube Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria
Kangar union 659–750
Turk Shahi 665–850
Turgesh Khaganate 699–766
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Karluk Yabgu State 756–940
Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212
Western Kara-Khanid
Eastern Kara-Khanid
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848–1036
Qocho 856–1335
Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091 | Kimek confederation 743–1035
Cumania 1067–1239 | Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055
Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Sultanate of Rum
Kerait khanate 11th century–13th century
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Naiman Khanate–1204
Qarlughid Kingdom 1224–1266
Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526
Mamluk dynasty
Khalji dynasty
Tughlaq dynasty
Golden Horde 1240s–1502
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1250–1517
Bahri dynasty
Ottoman Empire 1299–1923
Other Turkic dynasties (show)
in Anatolia Artuqid dynasty Saltuqid dynasty in Azerbaijan Ahmadili dynasty Ildenizid dynasty in Egypt Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty in Fars Salghurid dynasty in The Levant Burid dynasty Zengid dynasty
This box:
* view
* talk
* edit
The Seljuq power was indeed at its zenith under Malikshāh I, and both the Qarakhanids and Ghaznavids had to acknowledge the overlordship of the Seljuqs. The Seljuq dominion was established over the ancient Sasanian domains, in Iran and Iraq, and included Anatolia as well as parts of Central Asia and modern Afghanistan. The Seljuk rule was modelled after the tribal organization common in Turkic and Mongol nomads and resembled a' family federation' or' appanage state' . Under this organization, the leading member of the paramount family assigned family members portions of his domains as autonomous appanages.
During the First Crusade, the fractured states of the Seljuqs were generally more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gaining control of their neighbours than with cooperating against the crusaders. The Seljuqs easily defeated the People's Crusade arriving in 1096, but they could not stop the progress of the army of the subsequent Princes' Crusade, which took important cities such as Nicaea (İznik), Iconium (Konya), Caesarea Mazaca (Kayseri), and Antioch (Antakya) on its march to Jerusalem (Al-Quds). In 1099 the crusaders finally captured the Holy Land and set up the first Crusader states. The Seljuqs had already lost Palestine to the Fatimids, who had recaptured it just before its capture by the crusaders.
Ahmad Sanjar fought to contain the revolts by the Kara-Khanids in Transoxiana, Ghurids in Afghanistan and Qarluks in modern Kyrghyzstan, as well as the nomadic invasion of the Kara-Khitais in the east. The advancing Kara-Khitais first defeated the Eastern Kara-Khanids, then followed up by crushing the Western Kara-Khanids, who were vassals of the Seljuqs at Khujand. The Kara-Khanids turned to their overlord the Seljuqs for assistance, to which Sanjar responded by personally leading an army against the Kara-Khitai. However, Sanjar's army was decisively defeated by the host of Yelu Dashi at the Battle of Qatwan on September 9, 1141. While Sanjar managed to escape with his life, many of his close kin including his wife were taken captive in the battle's aftermath. As a result of Sanjar's failure to deal with the encroaching threat from the east, the Seljuq Empire lost all its eastern provinces up to the river Syr Darya, and vassalage of the Western Kara-Khanids was usurped by the Kara-Khitai, otherwise known as the Western Liao in Chinese historiography.
Seljuk Empire
---
آلِ سلجوق Āl-e Saljuq
| | 1037–1194 |
---|---|---
Seljuq Empire at its greatest extent in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I
Capital |
* Nishapur (1037–1043)
* Rey (1043–1051)
* Isfahan (1051–1118)
* Merv, Eastern capital (1118–1153)
* Hamadan, Western capital (1118–1194)
Languages |
* Persian (official & court language; lingua franca)
* Oghuz Turkish (dynastic and military)
* Arabic (language of law, theology and science) | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
* Nishapur (1037–1043)
* Rey (1043–1051)
* Isfahan (1051–1118)
* Merv, Eastern capital (1118–1153)
* Hamadan, Western capital (1118–1194)
Languages |
* Persian (official & court language; lingua franca)
* Oghuz Turkish (dynastic and military)
* Arabic (language of law, theology and science)
Religion | Sunni Islam (Hanafi)
Government | Sultanate
Sultan |
| 1037–1063 | Toghrul I (first)
| 1174–1194 | Toghrul III (last)
History |
| Tughril formed the state system | 1037
| Battle of Dandanaqan | 1040
| Battle of Manzikert | 1071
| First Crusade | 1095–1099
| Battle of Qatwan | 1141
| Replaced by the Khwarezmian Empire | 1194
Area
| 1080 est. | 3,900,000 km (1,500,000 sq mi)
| Preceded by | Succeeded by
---|---
| | Oghuz Yabgu State
---|---
| Ghaznavids
| Buyid dynasty
| Byzantine Empire
| Kakuyids
| Sultanate of Rûm |
---|---
Anatolian beyliks |
Ghurid Dynasty |
Khwarezmian Empire |
Ayyubid dynasty |
Atabegs of Azerbaijan |
Burid dynasty |
Zengid dynasty |
Danishmends |
Artuqid dynasty |
Saltukids |
Shah-Armens |
Shaddadids |
show # | Laqab | Throne name | Reign | Marriages | Succession right
---|---|---|---|---|---
| Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین, | Toghrul-Beg | 1037–1063 | 1 ) Altun Jan Khatun (2) Aka Khatun (3) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Abu Kalijar) (4) Seyyidah Khatun (daughter of Al-Qa'im, Abbasid caliph) (5) Fulana Khatun (widow of Chaghri Beg) | son of Mikail (grandson of Seljuq)
| Diya ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah ضياء الدنيا و الدين عضد الدولة | Alp Arslan | 1063–1072 | 1 ) Aka Khatun (widow of Toghrul I) (2) Safariyya Khatun (daughter of Yusuf Qadir Khan, Khagan of Kara-Khanid) (3) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Smbat Lorhi) (4) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Kurtchu bin Yunus bin Seljuk) | son of Chaghri
| Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah معز الدین جلال الدولہ | Malik-Shah I | 1072–1092 | 1 ) Turkan Khatun (daughter of Ibrahim Tamghach Khan, Khagan of Western Kara-Khanid) (2) Zubeida Khatun (daughter of Yaquti ibn Chaghri) (3) Safariyya Khatun (daughter of Isa Khan, Sultan of Samarkand) (4) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Romanos IV Diogenes) | son of Alp Arslan
| Nasir ad-Dunya wa ad-Din ناصر الدنیا والدین | Mahmud I | 1092–1094 | | son of Malik-Shah I
5 | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین | Barkiyaruq | 1094–1105 | | son of Malik-Shah I
6 | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah رکن الدنیا والدین جلال الدولہ | Malik-Shah II | 1105 | | son of Barkiyaruq
7 | Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین | Tapar | 1105–1118 | 1 ) Nisandar Jihan Khatun (2) Gouhar Khatun (daughter of Isma'il bin Yaquti) (3) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Aksungur Beg) | son of Malik-Shah I
8 | Mughith ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah مُغيث الدنيا و الدين جلال الدولة | Mahmud II | 1118–1131 | 1 ) Mah-i Mulk Khatun (died 1130) (daughter of Sanjar) (2) Amir Siti Khatun (daughter of Sanjar) (3) Ata Khatun (daughter of Ali bin Faramarz) | son of Muhammad I
9 | Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah مُعز الدنيا و الدين جلال الدولة | Sanjar | 1118–1153 | 1 ) Turkan Khatun (daughter of Muhammad Arslan Khan, Khagan of Western Kara-Khanid) (2) Rusudan Khatun (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia) (3) Gouhar Khatun (daughter of Isma'il bin Yaquti, widow of Tapar) (4) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Arslan Khan, a Qara Khitai prisoner) | son of Malik-Shah I
10 | Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین | Dawud | 1131–1132 | Gouhar Khatun (daughter of Masud) | son of Mahmud II
11 | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین | Toghrul II | 1132–1135 | 1 ) Mumine Khatun (mother of Arslan-Shah) (2) Zubeida Khatun (daughter of Barkiyaruq) | son of Muhammad I
12 | Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین | Masud | 1135–1152 | 1 ) Gouhar Nasab Khatun (daughter of Sanjar) (2) Zubeida Khatun (daughter of Barkiyaruq, widow of Toghrul II) (3) Mustazhiriyya Khatun (daughter of Qawurd) (4) Sufra Khatun (daughter of Dubais) (5) Arab Khatun (daughter of Al-Muqtafi) (6) Ummiha Khatun (daughter of Amid ud-Deula bin Juhair) (7) Abkhaziyya Khatun (daughter of David IV of Georgia) (8) Sultan Khatun (mother of Malik-Shah III) | son of Muhammad I
13 | Muin ad-Dunya wa ad-Din مُعين الدنيا و الدين | Malik-Shah III | 1152–1153 | | son of Mahmud II
14 | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین | Muhammad | 1153–1159 | 1 ) Mahd Rafi Khatun (daughter of Kirman-Shah) (2) Gouhar Khatun (daughter of Masud, widow of Dawud) (3) Kerman Khatun (daughter of Al-Muqtafi) (4) Kirmaniyya Khatun (daughter of Tughrul Shah, ruler of Kerman) | son of Mahmud II
15 | Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین | Suleiman-Shah | 1159–1160 | 1 ) Khwarazmi Khatun (daughter of Muhammad Khwarazm Shah) (2) Abkhaziyya Khatun (daughter of David IV of Georgia, widow of Masud) | son of Muhammad I
16 | Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din معز الدنیا والدین | Arslan-Shah | 1160–1176 | 1 ) Kerman Khatun (daughter of Al-Muqtafi, widow of Muhammad) (2) Sitti Fatima Khatun (daughter of Ala ad-Daulah) (3) Kirmaniyya Khatun (daughter of Tughrul Shah, ruler of Kerman, widow of Muhammad) (4) Fulana Khatun (sister of Izz al-Din Hasan Qipchaq) | son of Toghrul II
17 | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین | Toghrul III | 1176–1191 1st reign | Inanj Khatun (daughter of Sunqur-Inanj, ruler of Rey, widow of Toghrul III) | son of Arslan-Shah
18 | Muzaffar ad-Dunya wa ad-Din مظفر الدنیا والدین | Qizil Arslan | 1191 | Inanj Khatun (daughter of Sunqur-Inanj, ruler of Rey, widow of Muhammad ibn Ildeniz) | son of Ildeniz (stepbrother of Arslan-Shah)
\-- | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین | Toghrul III | 1192–1194 2nd reign | | son of Arslan-Shah
The Seljuqs were allied with the Persian Samanid shahs against the Qarakhanids. The Samanid fell to the Qarakhanids in Transoxania (992–999), however, whereafter the Ghaznavids arose. The Seljuqs became involved in this power struggle in the region before establishing their own independent base.
In 1118, the third son Ahmad Sanjar took over the empire. His nephew, the son of Muhammad I, did not recognize his claim to the throne, and Mahmud II proclaimed himself Sultan and established a capital in Baghdad, until 1131 when he was finally officially deposed by Ahmad Sanjar.
* Seljuq-era art:Ewer from Herat, Afghanistan, dated 1180–1210CE. Brass worked in repousse and inlaid with silver and bitumen. British Museum.
* Section of a Water Jug, Habb, 12th-13th century, Brooklyn Museum
* Bowl with an Enthronement Scene, 12th-13th century, Brooklyn Museum
* Head of male royal figure, 12–13th century, found in Iran.
* Toghrol Tower, a 12th-century monument south of Tehran in Iran commemorating Tughril Beg.
* The Kharāghān twin towers, built in 1053 in Iran, is the burial of Seljuq princes.
* Seljuq sultan Barkiyaruq
* Seljuk Sultan Muhammad ibn Malik-Shah | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
* Section of a Water Jug, Habb, 12th-13th century, Brooklyn Museum
* Bowl with an Enthronement Scene, 12th-13th century, Brooklyn Museum
* Head of male royal figure, 12–13th century, found in Iran.
* Toghrol Tower, a 12th-century monument south of Tehran in Iran commemorating Tughril Beg.
* The Kharāghān twin towers, built in 1053 in Iran, is the burial of Seljuq princes.
* Seljuq sultan Barkiyaruq
* Seljuk Sultan Muhammad ibn Malik-Shah
The Seljuk Empire (also spelled Seljuq) (Persian:آل سلجوق ) was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qiniq branch of Oghuz Turks. The Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to western Anatolia and the Levant, and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their homelands near the Aral Sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia.
1. Khorasani Seljuqs in Khorasan and Transoxiana. Capital:Merv
2. Kermani Seljuqs
3. Sultanate of Rum (or Seljuqs of Turkey). Capital:Iznik (Nicaea), later Konya (Iconium)
4. Atabeghlik of the Salghurids in Iran
5. Atabeghlik of Eldiguzids (Atabeg of Azerbaijan) in Iraq and Azerbaijan. Capital:Nakhchivan (1136-1175), Hamadan (1176-1186), Tabriz (1187-1225)
6. Atabeghlik of Bori in Syria. Capital:Damascus
7. Atabeghlik of Zangi in Al Jazira (Northern Mesopotamia). Capital:Mosul
8. Turcoman Beghliks:Danishmendis, Artuqids, Saltuqids and Mengujekids in Asia Minor
As the dynasty declined in the middle of the thirteenth century, the Mongols invaded Anatolia in the 1260s and divided it into small emirates called the Anatolian beyliks. Eventually one of these, the Ottoman, would rise to power and conquer the rest.
During this time conflict with the Crusader states was also intermittent, and after the First Crusade increasingly independent atabegs would frequently ally with the Crusader states against other atabegs as they vied with each other for territory. At Mosul, Zengi succeeded Kerbogha as atabeg and successfully began the process of consolidating the atabegs of Syria. In 1144 Zengi captured Edessa, as the County of Edessa had allied itself with the Artuqids against him. This event triggered the launch of the Second Crusade. Nur ad-Din, one of Zengi's sons who succeeded him as atabeg of Aleppo, created an alliance in the region to oppose the Second Crusade, which landed in 1147.
After the Second Crusade, Nur ad-Din's general Shirkuh, who had established himself in Egypt on Fatimid land, was succeeded by Saladin. In time, Saladin rebelled against Nur ad-Din, and, upon his death, Saladin married his widow and captured most of Syria and created the Ayyubid dynasty.
The Seljuqs founded universities and were also patrons of art and literature. Their reign is characterized by Persian astronomers such as Omar Khayyám, and the Persian philosopher al-Ghazali. Under the Seljuqs, New Persian became the language for historical recording, while the center of Arabic language culture shifted from Baghdad to Cairo.
Under Alp Arslan's successor, Malik Shah, and his two Persian viziers, Nizām al-Mulk and Tāj al-Mulk, the Seljuq state expanded in various directions, to the former Iranian border of the days before the Arab invasion, so that it soon bordered China in the east and the Byzantines in the west. Malikshāh moved the capital from Rey to Isfahan and it was during his reign that the Great Seljuk Empire reached its zenith. The Iqta military system and the Nizāmīyyah University at Baghdad were established by Nizām al-Mulk, and the reign of Malikshāh was reckoned the golden age of "Great Seljuq". The Abbasid Caliph titled him "The Sultan of the East and West" in 1087. The Assassins (Hashshashin) of Hassan-i Sabāh started to become a force during his era, however, and they assassinated many leading figures in his administration; according to many sources these victims included Nizām al-Mulk.
In 1076, the Seljuk sultan Malik Shah I surged into Georgia and reduced many settlements to ruins. Harassed by the massive Turkic influx, known in Georgian history as the Great Turkish Invasion, from 1079/80 onward, George was pressured into submitting to Malik-Shah to ensure a precious degree of peace at the price of an annual tribute.
On other fronts, the Kingdom of Georgia began to become a regional power and extended its borders at the expense of Great Seljuk. The same was true during the revival of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia under Leo II of Armenia in Anatolia. The Abbasid caliph An-Nasir also began to reassert the authority of the caliph and allied himself with the Khwarezmshah Takash.
hide | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
* * *
Great Seljuq sultans family tree
---
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Duqaq Temür Yalığ (b.?–d.?) Commander-in-chief of Oghuz army | | | | | | | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Seljuq-Beg (b.?–d.?) Commander-in-chief of Oghuz army | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Yunus | | Arslan Yabgu (b.?–d. 1032) Chief of Seljuq Dynasty | | Mikail (b.?-d.?) | | Musa Yabgu | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | 1\. Toghrul I (r. 1037–1063) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Chaghri-Beg (r. 1040–1060) Governor of Khorasan | | Ibrahim Inal | | Er-Dash
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Qawurd-Beg (r. 1048–1073) Governor of Kirman | | Suleiman Prince | | Bahram-Shah Prince | | Alp Sungur Prince Governor of Azerbaijan | | 2\. Alp Arslan (r. 1063–1072) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Ilyas Prince | | Khadija Princess married Abbasid caliph Al-Qa'im. | | Uthman Prince | | Jawhar Khatun Princess |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Tutush (r. 1078–1095) Governor of Damascus | | Toghrul Prince | | Böri-Bars Prince | | Arslan-Shah (r. 1066–1083) Governor of Khorasan | | 3\. Malik-Shah I (r. 1072–1092) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Toghan-Shah (r. 1083–1092) Governor of Khorasan | | Aisha Princess married Kara-Khanid khan Nasr Shams al-Mulk. | | Arslan-Argun (r. 1092–1097) Governor of Khorasan | | Mah-i Mulk Princess married Abbasid caliph Al-Muqtadi. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
5\. Barkiyaruq (r. 1094–1105) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Dawud Prince | | Ahmad Prince | | 4\. Mahmud I (r. 1092–1094) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 7\. Tapar (r. 1105–1118) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 9\. Sanjar (r. 1118–1153) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Gawhar Khatun Princess married Ghaznavid sultan Mas'ud III. | | Sitara Princess married Kakuyid atabeg Garshasp II. | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
6\. Malik-Shah II (r. 1105) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | | | | | 8\. Mahmud II (r. 1118–1131) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 15\. Suleiman-Shah (r. 1159–1160) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 12\. Masud (r. 1135–1152) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 11\. Toghrul II (r. 1132–1135) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Mu'mine Khatun wife of Toghrul II until 1135 wife of Ildeniz from 1136 | | Ildeniz (r. 1160–1175) de facto ruler Atabeg of Arslan-Shah | |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | 14\. Muhammad II (r. 1153–1159) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 10\. Dawud (r. 1131–1132) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 13\. Malik-Shah III (r. 1152–1153) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | | | | | | | 16\. Arslan-Shah (r. 1160–1176) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Muhammad (r. 1175–1186) de facto ruler Atabeg of Toghrul III | | 18\. Qizil Arslan (r. 1191) Sultan of Great Seljuq | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17\. Toghrul III (r. 1176–1191, 1192–1194) Sultan of Great Seljuq |
Notes:
* * "Family tree of Seljuqs" (PDF). | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
* * "Family tree of Seljuqs" (PDF).
The apical ancestor of the Seljuqs was their beg, Seljuk, who was reputed to have served in the Khazar army, under whom, circa 950, they migrated to Khwarezm, near the city of Jend, where they converted to Islam.
The Seljuqs were educated in the service of Muslim courts as slaves or mercenaries. The dynasty brought revival, energy, and reunion to the Islamic civilization hitherto dominated by Arabs and Persians.
Alarmed by the Georgian successes, Süleymanshah II, the resurgent Seljuqid sultan of Rûm, rallied his vassal emirs and marched against Georgia, with an army of 150,000-400,000. Süleymanshah, joined by his vassal beys, crossed into the Georgian marchlands and encamped in the Basiani valley. Tamar quickly marshaled an army throughout her possessions and put it under command of her consort, David Soslan. Georgian troops under David Soslan and amirspasalar Zacharia Mkhargrdzeli made a sudden advance into Basiani and assailed the enemy's camp in 1203 or 1204. In a pitched battle, the Seljuqid forces managed to roll back several attacks of the Georgians but were eventually overwhelmed and defeated. Loss of the sultan's banner to the Georgians resulted in a panic within the Seljuq ranks. Süleymanshah himself was wounded and withdrew to Erzurum. Both the Rum Seljuk and Georgian armies suffered heavy casualties, but coordinated flanking attacks won the battle for the Georgians. Exploiting her success in this battle, between 1203-1205 Georgians seized the town of Dvin and entered Akhlatshah possessions twice and subdued the emirs of Kars, Akhlatshahs, Erzurum and Erzincan.
For a brief period, Togrul III was the Sultan of all Seljuq except for Anatolia. In 1194, however, Togrul was defeated by Takash, the Shah of Khwarezmid Empire, and the Seljuq Empire finally collapsed. Of the former Seljuq Empire, only the Sultanate of Rûm in Anatolia remained.
The Seljuk empire was founded by Tughril Beg (1016–1063) in 1037. Tughril was raised by his grandfather, Seljuk-Beg, who was in a high position in the Oghuz Yabgu State. Seljuk gave his name to both the Seljuk empire and the Seljuk dynasty. The Seljuks united the fractured political scene of the eastern Islamic world and played a key role in the first and second crusades. Highly Persianized in culture and language, the Seljuks also played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition, even exporting Persian culture to Anatolia. The settlement of Turkic tribes in the northwestern peripheral parts of the empire, for the strategic military purpose of fending off invasions from neighboring states, led to the progressive Turkicization of those areas.
In 1153, the Ghuzz (Oghuz Turks) rebelled and captured Sanjar. He managed to escape after three years but died a year later. The atabegs, such as Zengids and Artuqids, were only nominally under the Seljuk Sultan, and generally controlled Syria independently. When Ahmad Sanjar died in 1157, this fractured the empire even further and rendered the atabegs effectively independent.
Tughril was the grandson of Seljuq and brother of Chaghri, under whom the Seljuks wrested an empire from the Ghaznavids. Initially the Seljuqs were repulsed by Mahmud and retired to Khwarezm, but Tughril and Chaghri led them to capture Merv and Nishapur (1037). Later they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and Balkh and even sacked Ghazni in 1037. In 1040 at the Battle of Dandanaqan, they decisively defeated Mas'ud I of the Ghaznavids, forcing him to abandon most of his western territories to the Seljuqs. In 1055, Tughril captured Baghdad from the Shi'a Buyids under a commission from the Abbasids.
Alp Arslan, the son of Chaghri Beg, expanded significantly upon Tughril's holdings by adding Armenia and Georgia in 1064 and invading the Byzantine Empire in 1068, from which he annexed almost all of Anatolia. Arslan's decisive victory at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 effectively neutralized the Byzantine resistance to the Turkish invasion of Anatolia. | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
The Cool World (soundtrack) The Cool World is a 1964 soundtrack album to the film "The Cool World" by Dizzy Gillespie and his quintet, composed and arranged by Mal Waldron. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album four stars and said that "This set is one of Diz's best records of the 1960s (which is saying something), and one of the best jazz film scores period...Waldron's sense of economy in picking both impressionistic and expressionist avenues for blues to speak through jazz in an inspired quintet like this is remarkable -- the temptation would be to excess at every turn, especially given Waldron's gift for sophisticated harmonies and spacy lyrical concerns...Ultimately, the soundtrack to Cool World is an enormous success artistically, standing head and shoulders over virtually every other such effort of the period, and a welcome addition to the Gillespie catalog, offering a very keen and muscular view of his 1964 band". An AllAboutJazz reviewer commented that the score, "alternately dark and moody and exhilaratingly brisk, is full of short, resonant tracks [...] one of the great jazz film scores." All music composed by Mal Waldron. The Cool World (soundtrack) The Cool World is a 1964 soundtrack | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Richard Munson Richard (Dick) Munson is an American author and clean energy advocate. His latest book, "Tesla: Inventor of the Modern," was published by W.W. Norton in May 2018. Author of five other books with topics that range from U.S. government energy policy to profiles of tycoon George Fabyan and oceanographer Jacques Cousteau, Munson is also Director of Midwest Clean Energy for the Environmental Defense Fund, working primarily as a lobbyist for clean energy initiatives in Illinois and Ohio. Born and raised in Southern California, Munson earned a B.A. from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and an M.A. from the University of Michigan. He lived in Michigan and Washington, D.C., before moving to Chicago, where he is now based. Munson was first inspired to battle pollution in college, when in early 1969 an oil spill in Santa Barbara, California, blackened beaches, killing thousands of sea birds and other marine life. Munson is the Midwest Director of Clean Energy for the Environmental Defense Fund, a global organization whose mission “is to preserve the natural systems on which all life depends.” EDF works in conjunction with business, government and communities to solve environmental problems affecting climate, ecosystems, oceans and health. Previously, Munson was senior vice president of Recycled Energy Development (RED), an Illinois-based industrial waste-to-energy company. He was also executive director of the Northeast-Midwest Institute and coordinated with the Northeast-Midwest House and Senate Coalitions, bipartisan caucuses that conduct policy research and draft legislation on issues pertaining to agriculture, economic development, energy, the environment, and manufacturing. Other clean energy and environmental groups he has held leadership positions with include the Center for Renewable Resources, Solar Lobby, Sun Day, and the Environmental Action Foundation. Munson currently sits on the boards of Elevate Energy, Center for Neighborhood Technology, Illinois Environment Council and Greenleaf Advisors. Munson is frequently cited in media and serves on panels as an authority on energy policy and electricity markets. He has received public service awards from the Great Lakes Commission, American Small Manufacturers Coalition and the U.S. Clean Heat and Power Association. Munson's latest book, "Tesla: Inventor of the Modern" (W.W. Norton, May 2018), follows Nikola Tesla from his childhood in Eastern Europe to the United States, working for titans Edison and Westinghouse and exploring the frontier of electrical transmission, to dying alone in a New York hotel. Munson draws on Tesla's letters, technical notebooks, and other primary sources to piece together the personal life and habits of the enigmatic inventor. A Kirkus starred review calls "Tesla: Inventor of the Modern" “A lucid, expertly researched biography,” and affirms that readers “will absolutely enjoy his sympathetic, insightful portrait.” Booklist says it is a “celebratory, comprehensive profile . . . A well-written, insightful addition to the legacy of this still-underappreciated visionary genius.” Munson's first book, "The Power Makers," was hailed as “a sober and thoughtful analysis of the troubled electricity business” by Washington Monthly, and ranked by them as one of the best political books of the year. Richard Munson Richard (Dick) | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
St Petersburg Ballet Theatre The St. Petersburg Ballet Theatre was founded in 1994 by Russian entrepreneur Konstantin Tachkin, for the purpose of delivering classical Russian ballet to audiences worldwide. They tour extensively, including return visits to Great Britain and South Africa and Grinnell, Iowa. This company is made up mostly of graduates from the famous Vaganova Ballet Academy in St. Petersburg. They travel with their own orchestra under the baton of conductor Alexander Kantorov. The principal dancers include Irina Kolesnikova, Anna Podlesnaya, Dmitri Akulinin, Andrei Stelmakhov, Olga Ovchinnikova and Oleg Harutkin. Swan Lake Sleeping Beauty Nutcracker La Bayadere Don Quixote St Petersburg Ballet Theatre The St. Petersburg Ballet Theatre was founded in 1994 by Russian entrepreneur Konstantin Tachkin, for the purpose of delivering classical Russian ballet to audiences worldwide. They tour extensively, including return visits to Great Britain and South Africa and Grinnell, Iowa. This company is made up mostly of graduates from the famous Vaganova Ballet Academy in St. Petersburg. They travel with their own orchestra under the baton of conductor Alexander Kantorov. The principal dancers include Irina Kolesnikova, Anna Podlesnaya, Dmitri Akulinin, Andrei Stelmakhov, Olga Ovchinnikova and Oleg Harutkin. Swan Lake Sleeping Beauty Nutcracker La Bayadere Don Quixote | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia) The 15th Light Horse Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment of the Australian Army during the First World War. The regiment was raised in Palestine in 1918, from soldiers that had been serving with the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade, and assigned to the 5th Light Horse Brigade. During the war the regiment fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire, in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and was awarded fourteen battle honours. During the inter-war years, the regiment was re-raised as a part-time unit based in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales. It was later converted to a motor regiment during the Second World War but was disbanded in 1944 without having been deployed overseas. In the post war period, the regiment was briefly re-formed, before being amalgamated into the 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers in 1956. The 15th Light Horse Regiment was raised in Palestine in June 1918, from Australian soldiers serving in the disbanded Imperial Camel Corps Brigade, and comprised twenty-five officers and 497 other ranks serving in three squadrons, each of six troops. Each troop was divided into eight sections, of four men each. In action one man of each section, was nominated as a horse holder reducing the regiment's rifle strength by a quarter. The Camel Corps were all trained infantrymen, and some of them had previously served with the Australian Light Horse regiments, but all required a period of training in horsemanship. Once formed, the regiment was assigned to the 5th Light Horse Brigade, alongside a French regiment and the 14th Light Horse Regiment. All Australian Light Horse regiments used cavalry unit designations, but were mounted infantry armed with rifles, not swords or lances, and mounted exclusively on the Australian Waler horse. By the time the regiment was ready for service, the war in the Middle East was almost over. The regiment fought in only one major battle at Megiddo in September 1918. Over ten days the 5th Light Horse Brigade advanced destroying road and rail links, and pursuing the retreating Ottoman Army into Syria. They entered Damascus on 1 October 1918. When the war ended the regiment was recalled to Egypt to assist in policing a riot that had broken out, before returning to Australia. The war cost the regiment sixteen killed and only three wounded, but for their service they were awarded fourteen battle honours, most of them inherited from the disbanded Imperial Camel Corps. In 1921, Australia's part-time military forces were re-organised to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF following its demobilisation. Through this process, the 15th Light Horse was re-raised as a Citizens Forces unit within the 2nd Military District in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, drawing lineage from the 5th Australian Light Horse Regiment (New South Wales Mounted Rifles), which had been formed in 1903. This unit remained in existence throughout the inter-war years, and in December 1941 it was converted into a motor regiment, adopting the designation of the "15th Motor Regiment (Northern River Lancers). In 1942, the regiment was re-designated the "15th Australian Motor Regiment" and was gazetted as an AIF unit, meaning that it could be deployed outside of Australian territory to fight if necessary. Nevertheless, the regiment was deemed surplus to requirements and on 12 October 1944 it was disbanded without having seen operational service during World War II. During the war years, the regiment was variously assigned to the 1st Armoured and 2nd Motor Brigades. In the post war period, Australia's part-time force was re-raised and in July 1948 the regiment was reformed as a single squadron, with the designation of the "A Squadron, 15th Amphibious Assault Regiment (Northern River Lancers)". The following year it was re-designated the "15th Northern River Lancers". In 1952, the squadron was expanded into a full regiment due to the influx of national servicemen, but in 1956 the regiment was amalgamated with the 1st Royal New South Wales Lancers to form the 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers. The 15th Light Horse Regiment was awarded the following battle honours: During the First World War, the regiment was commanded by: 15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia) The 15th Light Horse | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Shaver Lake, California Shaver Lake (formerly, Musick Creek and Musick Creek Heights) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fresno County, California, United States. The population was 634 at the 2010 census, down from 705 at the 2000 census. Shaver Lake is on the southwest end of the lake of the same name, east of New Auberry, at an elevation of . The name honors C.B. Shaver, founder of the Fresno Flume and Irrigation Company that built the dam, creating the lake. The lake served as a mill pond for the Shaver Sawmill and the source for a flume that ran to Clovis, CA. The original town of Shaver was buried under the lake when the Thomas A. Edison Company purchased and enlarged the lake in 1919. l According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (6.60%) is water. The 2010 United States Census reported that Shaver Lake had a population of 634. The population density was 18.4 people per square mile (7.1/km²). The racial makeup of Shaver Lake was 611 (96.4%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 5 (0.8%) Native American, 3 (0.5%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 8 (1.3%) from other races, and 7 (1.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 44 persons (6.9%). The Census reported that 634 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 292 households, out of which 54 (18.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 184 (63.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 11 (3.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11 (3.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 10 (3.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 72 households (24.7%) were made up of individuals and 28 (9.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17. There were 206 families (70.5% of all households); the average family size was 2.54. The population was spread out with 93 people (14.7%) under the age of 18, 34 people (5.4%) aged 18 to 24, 88 people (13.9%) aged 25 to 44, 266 people (42.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 153 people (24.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.1 males. There were 2,117 housing units at an average density of 61.4 per square mile (23.7/km²), of which 292 were occupied, of which 236 (80.8%) were owner-occupied, and 56 (19.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 12.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 39.3%. 511 people (80.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 123 people (19.4%) lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 705 people, 303 households, and 229 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 21.8 people per square mile (8.4/km²). There were 1,845 housing units at an average density of 57.1 per square mile (22.0/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.16% White, 0.43% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 1.42% from other races, and 0.71% from two or more races. 6.52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 303 households out of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 2.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.64. In the CDP, the population was spread out with 18.7% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 20.1% from 25 to 44, 40.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,250, and the median income for a family was $51,250. Males had a median income of $40,956 versus $32,019 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,695. About 10.3% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.4% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. Shaver Lake, California Shaver Lake (formerly, Musick Creek and Musick Creek Heights) is a census-designated place (CDP) in | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Chevrolet Fleetline The Chevrolet Fleetline is an automobile which was produced by US automaker Chevrolet from 1941 to 1952. From 1946 to 1948 it was a sub-series of the Chevrolet Fleetmaster rather than a series in its own right and from 1949 to 1951 it was a sub-series of both the Chevrolet Special and the Chevrolet Deluxe. In its final year it was offered only as a sub-series of the latter. The Fleetline was introduced late in the 1941 model year as a four-door sedan. In 1942, a fastback two-door "Aerosedan" was also offered. In 1947, the Fleetline made up 71.26% of Chevrolet's sales. For the years' 1949 through 1952 models, the fastback was the only one offered, and Chevrolet dropped the Fleetline for 1953. Production was indefinitely delayed in 1942 due to World War II, after 110,000 had been made, though several thousand Chevrolet coupes and sedans were produced during the war years for military staff use. In 1945, production for civilians resumed. The original series was produced through 1948. A redesigned Fleetline with reduced body contour and integrated rear fenders was offered for the 1949 through 1952 model years. It was referred to as a "fastback" because of its distinct sloping roof which extends through to the trunk lid. The Fleetline during the 1949 to 1950 years also has a lower look than a sedan, with the windshield being one inch shorter in height than a standard contemporary sedan. The 1949 to 1951 models were made in both four-door and two-door models, with only the lower portion of the doors being interchangeable with a sedan door. The Fleetline series is currently highly collectable. Many are made into street rods, with the common Chevrolet 350 small block V8 and the 350 or 400 turbo transmission being used. In the 1941 and 1942 model years, the 216cid inline 6 "Blue Flame" engine was the only one offered. It produced 90 horsepower at 3,300 rpm, and in 1950 higher compression bumped it up to 92 horsepower. Also in 1950, a 235.5CID one-bbl.carb six-cylinder engine with was added. A Fleetline of this vintage could easily exceed 80 miles per hour without overdrive. In very early models, the transmission was a manual synchromesh three-speed, with vacuum-assisted shift, in which the "three-on-the-tree" shifter was able to be moved between gears by the slightest pressure on the lever. Third gear was direct, meaning the input and output are equal speeds. From 1950 through the 1952 final year of its production, an automatic transmission was offered, which was quite sluggish. Overdrive was a rare option. Connection to the third member rear-end was via an enclosed "torque tube" driveshaft. The brakes were hydraulic with all-wheel drums. In 1951, the brakes got larger. The master cylinder was located below the floor connected on the frame rail, beneath the driver. Shock absorbers were of the lever type for the early years only. The windshield for all years was of a split, flat-glass type. The exterior sported smooth curves, chrome and stainless trim. In the earlier models the rear bumper had an optional center bumper guard that had to be ratcheted out of the way so the trunk cover could be lifted. Front and rear bumpers had optional chrome "tips", a dress-up item that bolted to the ends of the stock bumper. Not a Chevrolet option but a popular after market feature was a large external sunshade that protected the driver from glare off of the metal dash board. The 1949 to 1952 models were completely different than the earlier years with the fleetline "fastback" shape being quite distinct than a normal sedan shape. The interior had cloth bench seats and a metal dash sometimes with a simulated burle woodgrain. The radio was a simple mono vacuum tube type radio with integrated speaker. An ash tray was located in the right side of the dash, close to the clock Depending upon the year there were both choke and throttle cables on the dash. On the right side was the choke lever. In the earlier years the clock was integrated into the glove compartment door and was of a manual-wind seven-day type. In the 1949 and 1950 models the clock was next to the glove box and with the redesigned dash board, the clock was on the top of the dash, in a center pod. Also, this revised dash had two round pods for the speedometer and the other gauges while the 1949 and 1950 models had one large round pod directly in front of the steering wheel on the dash. Chevrolet Fleetline production figures 1946 to 1952 1946 total U.S. production: Fleetline Aerosedan - two-door 57,932 Fleetline Sportmaster - four-door sedan 7,501 1947 total U.S. production: Fleetline Aerosedan - two-door 159,407 Fleetline Sportmaster - four-door sedan 1948 total U.S. production: Fleetline Aerosedan - two-door 211,861 Fleetline Sportmaster - four-door sedan 64,217 1949 total U.S. production: Fleetline Deluxe - two-door sedan 180,251 Fleetline Deluxe - four-door sedan 130,323 Fleetline Special - two-door sedan 58,514 Fleetline Special - four-door sedan 36,317 1950 total U.S. production: Fleetline Deluxe - two-door sedan 189,509 Fleetline Deluxe - four-door sedan 124,287 Fleetline Special - two-door sedan 43,682 Fleetline Special - four-door sedan 23,277 1951 total U.S. production: Fleetline Deluxe - two-door sedan 131,910 Fleetline Deluxe - four-door sedan 57,693 Fleetline Special - two-door sedan 6,441 Fleetline Special - four-door sedan 3,364 1952 total U.S. production: Fleetline Deluxe - two-door sedan 37,164 Chevrolet Fleetline The Chevrolet Fleetline is an automobile which was produced by US automaker Chevrolet from 1941 to 1952. From 1946 to 1948 it was a sub-series of the Chevrolet Fleetmaster rather than a series in its own right and from 1949 to 1951 it was a sub-series of both the Chevrolet Special and the Chevrolet Deluxe. In its final year it was offered only as a sub-series of the latter. The Fleetline was introduced late in the 1941 model year as a four-door sedan. In 1942, a fastback two-door "Aerosedan" was also offered. In | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
A Night Full of Rain A Night Full of Rain (; literal English translation: "The end of the world in our usual bed on a night full of rain") is an Italian American film directed by Lina Wertmüller and stars Candice Bergen and Giancarlo Giannini. Lina Wertmüller was nominated as best director at the 28th Berlin International Film Festival in 1978. The plot concerns a romantic and heart-breaking relationship between a chauvinist Italian journalist and a feminist American photographer. The film was shot in San Francisco and Rome and was the director's first film with original dialogue in the English language. A Night Full of Rain A Night Full of Rain (; literal English translation: "The end of the world in our usual bed on a night full of rain") is an Italian American film directed by Lina Wertmüller and stars Candice Bergen and Giancarlo Giannini. Lina Wertmüller was nominated as best director at the 28th Berlin International Film Festival in 1978. The plot concerns a romantic and heart-breaking relationship between a chauvinist Italian journalist and a feminist American photographer. The film was shot in San Francisco and Rome and was the director's first film with original dialogue in the | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Carey Bender Carey Wayne Bender (born January 28, 1972 in Marion, Iowa) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League. He attended Coe College, where he still holds numerous rushing records. He was given an opportunity to play in the NFL by Buffalo Bills head coach Marv Levy, a fellow Coe College graduate. He played with the Buffalo Bills in 1996 as a member of the team's practice squad. After playing well in the NFL pre-season, he appeared in one game of the regular season, but recorded no carries. Bender is one of two Coe College running backs to have played in the NFL. The other is Fred Jackson, former starting running back for the Buffalo Bills. Jackson was also given this opportunity by Marv Levy, who was the Bills general manager at the time. Bender and Jackson are among a select few American football players to have played in the NFL after playing at a Division III college. Carey Bender Carey Wayne Bender (born January 28, 1972 in Marion, Iowa) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League. He attended Coe College, where he still holds numerous rushing records. | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Operation Wooden Leg Operation "Wooden Leg" ( "Mivtza Regel Etz") was an attack by Israel on the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) headquarters in Hammam Chott, near Tunis, Tunisia, on October 1, 1985. With a target 1,280 miles (2,060 km) from the operation's starting point, this was the most distant publicly known action undertaken by the Israel Defense Forces since Operation "Entebbe" in 1976. It has been condemned by the United Nations Security Council. After the 1982 Lebanon War, the PLO had been based in Tunisia. On September 25, 1985, during the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, three Palestinian gunmen hijacked an Israeli yacht off the coast of Larnaca, Cyprus, and killed three Israeli tourists on board. In Jerusalem, an anonymous caller told the western agency that the attack was carried out by the PLO's elite Force 17 unit. However, PLO officials denied that. The Israelis were allowed to write down their final thoughts before being shot. The nature of the killings provoked widespread shock in Israel. The PLO claimed that the victims were Mossad agents monitoring Palestinian naval traffic out of Cyprus. The attack was a response for the capture and imprisonment of senior Force 17 commander Faisal Abu Sharah by the Israeli Navy two weeks earlier. Sharah had been sailing on the "Opportunity", a small ship that regularly shuttled between Beirut and Larnaca, when it was stopped by an Israeli naval patrol boat with Mossad agents on board. Sharah was arrested, taken to Israel and interrogated. He was then tried and given a heavy prison sentence. Since then, the Israeli Navy and the Mossad had intercepted several other vessels and arrested passengers suspected of terrorist activity. The Israeli cabinet and the Israeli Air Force desired immediate retaliation, and chose the Tunis headquarters of the PLO as their target. Intelligence supplied to Israel by Jonathan Pollard on the Tunisian and Libyan air defense systems greatly facilitated the raid. Following the incident, the Arab press had published numerous warnings of Israeli retaliation. Many of the stories were planted by , the Mossad's department of psychological warfare. On the eve of the attack, Tunisia expressed concern to the United States that it may be attacked by Israel. However, the United States, according to a high-ranking Tunisian official, assured Tunisia there was no reason to worry. The strike was carried out by eight F-15 Eagles. At 07:00 on October 1, the aircraft took off from Tel Nof Airbase. A Boeing 707 heavily modified for refueling operations refueled the F-15s in mid-flight over the Mediterranean Sea in order to allow the operation to be executed over such a distance. The Israeli Navy stationed a helicopter-carrying vessel near Malta to recover downed pilots, but these were never needed. The route was designed to avoid detection by Egyptian and Libyan radars, and United States Navy vessels patrolling the Mediterranean. IAF commander Amos Lapidot saw little chance of resistance from the Tunisian Air Force or from Tunisian air defenses, but believed that on such a long flight, technical problems could arise. The F-15s flew low over the shore, and fired precision-guided munitions on the PLO headquarters, a cluster of sand-colored buildings along the seaside. The planes attacked the southern location first, so that the northern wind would not pull smoke over the northern targets. The attack lasted for six minutes, after which the F-15s flew back to Israel, refueled again by the Boeing 707. The PLO headquarters was completely destroyed, although Yasser Arafat, the head of the organization, was not there at the time and escaped unharmed. Israel claimed that some 60 PLO members were killed, including several leaders of Force 17, and several of Arafat's bodyguards. In addition, the operation resulted in casualties among civilian bystanders. According to other sources, 56 Palestinians and 15 Tunisians were killed and about 100 wounded. Hospital sources put the final count at 47 dead and 65 wounded. Because the attack was conducted so far from Israel, Tunisian sources believed that attack must have been known by the United States, if not actually involving American collaboration. The attack provoked a strong outcry, even in the United States, Israel's strongest ally. Though initially labeling the strike a "legitimate response to terror," the Reagan administration later said the attack "cannot be condoned." The attack also harmed relations between the US administration and the Tunisian president, Habib Bourguiba. Believing the US knew about the attack, and was possibly involved, Tunisia considered breaking diplomatic ties with the US. Egypt suspended negotiations with Israel over the disputed border town of Taba. Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres was quoted as saying "It was an act of self-defense. Period." In the United Nations Security Council Resolution 573 (1985), the Security Council voted (with the United States abstaining) to condemn the attack on Tunisian territory as a flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter and considered that Tunisia had the right to appropriate reparations. Within Tunisia, there was public outrage. For a week after the attack, the country's small Jewish community found itself the target of individual acts of antisemitism, such as insults and stone-throwing against Jewish shops. On October 8, 1985, on the island of Djerba, a Tunisian police officer who had lost a brother in the attack fired into a synagogue during Simchat Torah services, killing three people. Operation Wooden Leg Operation "Wooden Leg" ( "Mivtza Regel Etz") was an attack by Israel on the Palestine | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Council for At-Risk Academics The Council for At-Risk Academics (CARA) is a charitable British organisation dedicated to assisting academics in immediate danger, those forced into exile, and many who choose to remain in their home countries despite the serious risks they face. Cara also supports higher education institutions whose continuing work is at risk or compromised. Cara offers academics support to continue their studies either by financially and logistically assisting scholars relocate to higher education institutions abroad or by assisting academics in their country of origin. The organisation was founded in 1933 as the Academic Assistance Council (AAC), to assist academics who were forced to flee the Nazi regime. In 1936 it was consolidated and renamed the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL). In 1999 it was renamed the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA). It changed to its current name in 2014. The charity is currently based on the premises of London Southbank University and continues to provide support to academics in danger. The Academic Assistance Council (AAC) was founded in April 1933 by William Beveridge. Whilst en route to Vienna he learnt of the dismissal of a number of leading professors from German universities on racial and/or political grounds and was moved to launch a ‘rescue operation’ for the increasing numbers of displaced academics. On his return to Britain Beveridge set about enlisting the support of prominent academics. By May 22, 1933, a founding statement had been produced and it was circulated amongst British universities, politicians and philanthropists. This initial rallying call focused on the need for practical support, assistance escaping persecution and relocating in British universities, and deliberately avoided making any sort of political comment. The council was formed of 41 men and women active in British intellectual activities, and had as assistant secretary, the "redoubtable" Esther Simpson, with office accommodation provided by The Royal Society. The Nobel Prize-winning chemist and physicist Lord Rutherford was chosen as the first President. A.V. Hill, another Nobel Prize-winning scientist, and also Cambridge University MP, became Vice-President.The council included J. S. Haldane and Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, Lord Rayleigh, Sir William Henry Bragg. In October 1933 ten thousand people attended an event at the Albert Hall organised by several organisations including the AAC. Albert Einstein, in his last major public address in Europe before his departure for the United State, spoke on the importance of Academic Freedom. In his address Einstein encouraged his audience to "resist the powers which threaten to suppress intellectual and individual freedom" and spoke of our duty to "care for what is eternal and highest amongst our possessions". In 1936 the AAC changed its name to the Society for Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL). This change reflected the ideological development of the role of the organisation: from assisting individual academics, to the protection of academic freedom itself. Thousands of academics were helped by SPSL in the 1930s and 1940s. Sixteen academics assisted became Nobel Laureates, eighteen were knighted and over a hundred were elected as Fellows of the British Academy or the Royal Society. Notably Ludwig Guttmann went on to found the Paralympics; Max Born was a pioneer of quantum mechanics and one of the most prominent physicists to oppose the development of nuclear weapons; and Ernst Chain would be instrumental in the discovery of penicillin. The SPSL’s work continued past the end of the Second World War. Beveridge would later explain in his "A Defence of Free Learning" (1959) how "although Hitler was dead, intolerance was not" and "continued needs and the possible future crises" rendered the Society’s services as necessary as ever, in Europe and across the world. In the 1940s and 1950s, the SPSL helped many academics seeking refuge from the Stalinist regimes in the USSR and Eastern Europe. As time passed, the SPSL’s focus expanded, to include, among others, those fleeing the apartheid regime in South Africa and juntas in Chile and Argentina. One of the most prominent South African exiles, whom the SPSL helped in 1966 and again in 1988, was the anti-apartheid leader Albie Sachs, later a Justice in the South African Constitutional Court under Nelson Mandela. Sachs describes the "immense moral and emotional comfort" which SPSL’s assistance provided and he continues to be a supporter of the charity. Since the 1990s SPSL’s focus has shifted to the Middle East, particularly Iraq and Iran, and to troubled regions of Africa. In 1999 SPSL was renamed Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (Cara). In 2014 Cara was renamed again, but retained its acronym, becoming the Council for At-Risk Academics. This change reflected the fact that Cara helps many who are at great risk but do not see themselves as ‘refugees’, and instead still hope to return to their home countries when conditions allow. Amongst the 1,500 academics assisted in the early years, sixteen went on to win Nobel Prizes, eighteen received Knighthoods, well over a hundred were elected as Fellows of the Royal Society and of the British Academy, and many more became leaders in their respective fields. Cara has a Council of Management of twenty-five, recruited predominantly from the world of academia. The Council of Management meets twice annually whilst the Council’s Finance & General Purposes Committee meets at least quarterly. Professor Sir Malcolm Grant CBE is the President of Cara. Anne Lonsdale is Chair of the Council and Professor Sir Deian Hopkin is Vice-Chair. The Executive Director, Stephen Wordsworth, is charged with the day-to-day management of Cara and its staff. Cara runs several programmes. The Fellowship Programme supports academics, often in immediate danger, to continue their work in safety. Cara works closely with the 112 universities in the Cara Scholars at Risk UK Universities Network, as well as other institutions in the UK and abroad, to secure placements for academics. Cara checks the applicants’ background, qualifications and references and negotiates the details of the higher education placement. Fee waivers and financial and in-kind support are secured by Cara, whilst any additional funding needed is allocated from the organisation's own resources. Cara assists in obtaining the appropriate visas for both the academic and, often, their families as well. Many of the academics supported by Cara are committed to returning to their home country to rebuild their societies when conditions allow, employing the skills and connections they have obtained during their international academic placement. Cara also supports academics unable to return home because of continuing dangers by offering employment advice alongside training and education opportunities that enable academics to rebuild their careers in the UK. Cara’s Country Programmes provide support to academics who are either working on in their country despite the risks or who have been forced into exile in the surrounding region. The Iraq Programme was launched in late 2006 in response to a targeted campaign of assassination and kidnap. Over 350 Iraqi academics were murdered between 2003 and 2012, with thousands driven into exile or internally displaced. At the height of the Iraq Programme, over 75 academics from 16 UK universities and 11 Iraqi universities collaborated on research of direct relevance to Iraq. Research focused on issues as diverse as: the impact of depleted uranium-contaminated soils; bias in primary/secondary school curricula and texts; the development of child mental capacities in the absence of existing services; use of mobile phone technologies to enhance public health services; and the status of female academics post-2003. Cara's Iraq Programme sought to ensure skills and expertise in Iraq and | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Iraq Programme was launched in late 2006 in response to a targeted campaign of assassination and kidnap. Over 350 Iraqi academics were murdered between 2003 and 2012, with thousands driven into exile or internally displaced. At the height of the Iraq Programme, over 75 academics from 16 UK universities and 11 Iraqi universities collaborated on research of direct relevance to Iraq. Research focused on issues as diverse as: the impact of depleted uranium-contaminated soils; bias in primary/secondary school curricula and texts; the development of child mental capacities in the absence of existing services; use of mobile phone technologies to enhance public health services; and the status of female academics post-2003. Cara's Iraq Programme sought to ensure skills and expertise in Iraq and the wider region were developed rather than lost. The Zimbabwe Programme was launched in 2009 in response to a marked increase in the number of academics fleeing Zimbabwe, amid reports of a dramatic decline in the quality of higher education. The Programme offered grants and fellowships to pay for vital equipment and supplies, and in 2012 established a ‘Virtual Lecture Hall’ at the University of Zimbabwe. This enabled Zimbabwean academics in exile and others to connect in real time with the colleges and faculties of health and veterinary sciences, to plug knowledge gaps, to improve standards of teaching and research and to facilitate increased networking and collaboration. In response to demand, a second, mobile, system was provided in October 2013. The equipment has been formally handed over to the University of Zimbabwe, and continues to be in regular use, providing a long-lasting legacy Council for At-Risk Academics The Council for At-Risk Academics (CARA) is a charitable British organisation dedicated to assisting academics | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Rhamphosuchus Rhamphosuchus ("Beak crocodile") is an extinct relative of the modern false gharial. It inhabited what is now the Indian sub-continent in the Miocene. It is only known from incomplete sets of fossils, mostly teeth and skulls. Traditionally, many palaeontologists estimated that it was one of the largest, if not the largest crocodylian that ever lived, reaching an estimated length of . However, a more recent study suggests that the animal may have been 8–11 m in length, and therefore is not the largest known crocodylian. Another crocodylian, "Purussaurus", from the Miocene of Peru and Brazil, is known from an equally incomplete fossil set. It is estimated to have been similar in length to the initial estimates at approximately 12 m. However, this would mean that it would have been somewhat larger in size if the more recent size estimates for "Rhamphosuchus" are correct. If the most recent estimate is correct, then several other extinct crocodylians also surpassed "Rhamphosuchus" in length, such as the Late Cretaceous alligatoroid "Deinosuchus", the Early Cretaceous pholidosaurid "Sarcosuchus", the Miocene gavialid "Gryposuchus" and the strange planktivorous "Mourasuchus" (a contemporary of "Purussaurus"), at 12 m, 11–12 m, 10.15 m, and 12 m, respectively. "Rhamphosuchus" probably had a more generalized predatory diet than the piscivory of other tomistomines. Rhamphosuchus Rhamphosuchus ("Beak crocodile") is an extinct relative of the modern false gharial. It inhabited what is now the Indian sub-continent in the Miocene. It is only known from incomplete sets of fossils, mostly teeth and skulls. Traditionally, many palaeontologists estimated that it was one of the largest, if not the largest crocodylian that ever lived, reaching an estimated length of . However, a more recent study suggests that the animal may have been 8–11 m in length, and therefore is not the largest known crocodylian. Another crocodylian, "Purussaurus", | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
The Fatal Woman The Fatal Woman () is a 1915 Dutch silent drama film directed by Maurits Binger and Louis H. Chrispijn. "De vloek van het testament" can be translated as "The curse of the testimony"; the film was a big Dutch movie at the time with 48 copies through Europe and 12 copies crossing to America. It was the last directed movie of Chrispijn; he wanted to get out of movies. The storyline is about a testimony found in an old wooden desk and advocate couple van Dalen claiming the rights of it. After a big manhunt (everybody wants the testimony), it comes back to the finder and rightful owner. The Fatal Woman The Fatal Woman () is a 1915 Dutch silent drama film directed by Maurits Binger and Louis H. Chrispijn. "De vloek van het testament" can be translated as "The curse of the testimony"; the film was a big Dutch movie at the time with 48 copies through Europe and 12 copies crossing to America. It was the last directed movie of Chrispijn; he wanted to get out of movies. The storyline is about a testimony found in an old wooden desk and advocate couple van Dalen | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Woodroffe High School (Ottawa) Woodroffe High School is a secondary school situated in the west end of Ottawa, Ontario. Woodroffe High School hosts an extensive variety of 20 school clubs, organizations and inter-school and intramural athletics. Woodroffe High School is a secondary school with a large athletic program, and a wide range of extra-curricular activities. A number of programs are being developed to better serve the students' interests. These include the development of a number of multi-disciplinary courses, an arts certificate, and an international studies certificate. A variety of school clubs, organizations and inter-school and intramural athletics are offered under the direction and supervision of teacher and community volunteers. The school is under the jurisdiction of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board. Woodroffe High School is located at the western end of the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway, near the Lincoln Fields Shopping Centre and Lincoln Fields Station. A section of bike path connects the school to the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway (Formerly called Ottawa River Parkway) running parallel to the Parkway. In turn, this path is interconnect with the network of bike paths stretching throughout the Ottawa Region that make up part of the greater Ontario Trails Council Trails network. A satellite location for Woodroffe High School has been proposed, but was never passed by the school board Woodroffe is noted for its French Immersion and Arts programs, included in which are drama and dance programs. These programs are frequently showcased in Woodroffe's Dance Showcases and annual musicals hosted in the school's auditorium. Woodroffe has a strong athletics program, winning many championships over the years in sports such as basketball, volleyball, rugby, soccer, wrestling, and hockey. Woodroffe High School (Ottawa) Woodroffe High School is a secondary school situated in the west end of Ottawa, Ontario. Woodroffe High School hosts | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Bounce (Bon Jovi album) Bounce is the eighth studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi, released on October 8, 2002 through Island Records. Produced by Luke Ebbin, Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora, the album was recorded at Sanctuary II Studio in New Jersey. "Bounce" was heavily influenced by the September 11, 2001 attacks, owing in part to Jon Bon Jovi's proximity to New York. The title "Bounce" was a reference to New York City's and the United States' ability to bounce back from the World Trade Center attacks as a nation. The cover image for the album includes a stylized image of a radio telescope dish at the Very Large Array. The album debuted at #2 on the "Billboard" 200, making it Bon Jovi's highest debut in the band's history at that time. In May 2001, during the One Wild Night Tour, Jon Bon Jovi confirmed for the "Billboard" that he started to write new songs for the "Crush" (2000) follow-up and that the entire band is planning to start recording from January 2002. Also, he confirmed that band is planning to release the boxset in 2003. in conjunction with the band's 20th anniversary. Between June and October 2001, band members wrote 25 songs and demoed totally 12 of them. Many of those songs were written in September and they were influenced by September 11 attacks. Those songs were "Standing" and "Another Reason to Believe". At the end of July 2001, Bon Jovi finished their Crush world tour with two sold-out shows at Giants Stadium in New Jersey. The band then took a three-week break after which Jon and Richie Sambora started writing songs, first in Los Angeles and later in New Jersey. They have demoed some of those new songs in New Jersey in November 2001. After that, Jon had to fulfill an acting commitment to the TV series "Ally McBeal" (1997-2002), so he stayed at Sambora's house in Los Angeles and during that time they continued with the songwriting process and demoing process at Luke Ebbin's house. Songwriting and demoing process went on until March 2002. and between March and June 2002. band recorded the album. By early July 2002. all the songs that ended up on the album were mixed and by the late July of the same year they were mastered. In a period of less than a year, the band wrote approximately 40 songs, 12 songs ended up on the album and several more songs in their demo versions ended up on singles as B-Sides. During the songwriting process, the band also wrote some songs that were written as a cathartic exercise. Those songs were written right after the September 11 attacks and they were mainly of woe from lyrical standpoint because they were influenced by that tragedy. Jon said that those songs were only written and will never be recorded. The lyrics in the song "Undivided" were influenced by the September 11 attacks. It simply states that No Man Is an Island and that all people are part of the greater world, that is humanity, that all people are stronger together, than being apart. Song "Everyday" was inspired also by September 11 attacks. It reinforces the need to live each day to its fullest and the lyrics acknowledge the harshness of life, but encourage listeners to "brush themselves off", get back up on their feet and get on with life. "The Distance" is written in a cinematic style. The music serves as a score to the lyrics, which begins as an establishing shot and the "camera" draws closer into the story as the song progresses. The lyrics talk about the passion that person feels when there is a goal in sight and the determination shown when person is striving to reach that goal. Song "Joey" is influenced and inspired by Elton John's song "Levon" (1971) and talks about a character who befriends a simple-minded young man. "Misunderstood" is a song about every guy who's said the wrong thing or failed to say the right thing and had to face with the consequences. The song was written after Jon Bon Jovi came home after long period of time and when he realised there were portions of his personal life he had neglected and wrote this song to admit his guiltiness. Song "All About Lovin' You" is a love song that talks about appreciating the love of another. It was also influenced by September 11 events and how many people after that tragedy rediscovered that love is most important thing in life. "Hook Me Up" is a song that was inspired by a newspaper article about a young Palestinian man in occupied territory who was trying desperately to make contact with people via an old, beat-up ham radio. It was written from the young man's perspective who was trapped in a small corner of the world, amidst horrible events and all he wanted was communication, connection with outside world and other people. "Right Side of Wrong" is a modern-day Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid song that talks about good people involved in wrongdoing, but people who have hearts in right place. Song "Love Me Back to Life" is about world-weariness and need for someone or something that will breathe the life back into you and allow you to appreciate the world again. "You Had Me From Hello" is the song about a committed relationship and ability of someone to constantly see something new and beautiful in the one they love. The title was taken from the phrase made by Cameron Crowe in his movie "Jerry Maguire" (1996). The title track "Bounce" was originally written near the end of the One Wild Night Tour and it had more sports-oriented lyrics. But after the events of September 11, song became, lyrically, about declaration of strength and defiance. It referres to the city of New York, and the United States as a whole, but also to the band's perseverance over a twenty-year career. Song "Open All Night" is dialog between two characters in TV series "Ally McBeal" (1997-2002): Ally McBeal and Victor Morrison, plumber and babysitter portrated by Jon Bon Jovi. Jon appeared in nine episodes in role of this character and storyline (especially romantic) between him and Ally took a long time to evolve and Jon admitted that if that happened in real life, he would either never allow it to take so long or he would have move on. It's a dialog between Victor and Ally if Jon had written the teleplay "Bounce" received generally favorable reviews from critics. At "Metacritic", which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 61 out of 100, which indicates "favorable reviews" based on 8 reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from "Allmusic" gave the album 2 stars out of 5 stating that album "After all, this is a record where Bon Jovi seems to have consciously decided to avoid everything that gives their music character, melody, and muscle, a move that would have been odd at any point during their career, but is particularly puzzling after they delivered an album that found them growing old gracefully. It's as if they want to undo everything "Crush" did for them". David Browne from "Entertainment Weekly" rated the album with C stating that "Bon Jovi have every right to write and sing topical songs. But the results are sonically grating (the music feels shrill and compressed) and strained, reducing the emotions and situations connected to Sept. 11 to stadium chants". Natalie Nichols from "Los Angeles Times" gave the album 2 stars out of 4 stating that "This time the music's trademark epic quality comes less from Richie Sambora's sprawling guitar work than from an overdose of strings and piano that reflects singer-actor Jon Bon Jovi's movie and TV interests". Gavin Edwards from "Rolling Stone" gave the album 3 stars out of 5 by saying that "The title Bounce is meant to be an exhortation to America after 9/11, and if it doesn't exactly offer poetic catharsis, the existence of the eighth Bon Jovi record is reassurance of a different kind: Life goes on". "Sputnikmusic" gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 saying that "Fueled by an emotional theme, Bon Jovi end up making their best album of the millennium era". Steven Poole from "The | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
11 to stadium chants". Natalie Nichols from "Los Angeles Times" gave the album 2 stars out of 4 stating that "This time the music's trademark epic quality comes less from Richie Sambora's sprawling guitar work than from an overdose of strings and piano that reflects singer-actor Jon Bon Jovi's movie and TV interests". Gavin Edwards from "Rolling Stone" gave the album 3 stars out of 5 by saying that "The title Bounce is meant to be an exhortation to America after 9/11, and if it doesn't exactly offer poetic catharsis, the existence of the eighth Bon Jovi record is reassurance of a different kind: Life goes on". "Sputnikmusic" gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 saying that "Fueled by an emotional theme, Bon Jovi end up making their best album of the millennium era". Steven Poole from "The Guardian" gave the album 2 stars out of 5 saying that "for most of the record Jon Bon Jovi sounds puzzlingly like Elvis Costello or Elton John, and sugary ballads predominate, with Bruce Hornby-like piano intros and tasteful acoustic-guitar lines leading to swollen, meaningless choruses". The following people contributed to "Bounce": Bounce (Bon Jovi album) Bounce is the eighth studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi, released on October 8, 2002 through Island Records. Produced by Luke Ebbin, Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora, the album was recorded at Sanctuary II Studio in New Jersey. "Bounce" was heavily influenced by the September 11, 2001 attacks, | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
WR 31a WR 31a, commonly referred to as Hen 3-519, is a Wolf–Rayet (WR) star in the southern constellation of Carina that is surrounded by an expanding Wolf–Rayet nebula. It is not a classical old stripped-envelope WR star, but a young massive star which still has some hydrogen left in its atmosphere. WR 31a was first published in 1952 as one of six peculiar emission line stars, but not given a designation at that time. It was described as having numerous P Cygni type lines with unusually broad emission components. A year later it was listed as being associated with nebulosity, at the time thought to be a planetary nebula. In 1976, it was included in a catalogue of southern emission-line stars, the third catalogue of emission objects compiled by Karl Gordon Henize. The designation , sometimes , was adopted as the most common identifier for this star. In 2001, it was listed in The Seventh Catalogue of Galactic Wolf-Rayet stars as entry 31a, but it is still frequently called . In 1994, WR 31a was first described as a candidate luminous blue variable (cLBV) after a detailed spectrographic study with the Anglo-Australian Telescope. Measurements of its parallax, published in 2017 as a result of the "Gaia" mission, suggested a much closer (6,500 light-year; 2,000 parsec) distance to as well as to its neighbor, the luminous blue variable AG Carinae. It was thought that, if this distance was confirmed by "Gaia" second data release (DR2) in 2018, this would mean both stars wer much less luminous than previously thought, and both may instead be former red supergiant stars. However, "Gaia" DR2 returned a parallax of ; using Bayesian inference, Smith "et al." (2018) calculated its distance to be (). WR 31a is surrounded by a shell of ionised gas nearly wide. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has captured a striking image of the nebula, rendering it as a thin blue bubble. In this false colour image, the blue colours represents red visible light (605 nm), while orange-red colours represent near infrared radiation at 814 nm. Some media sources have wrongly claimed this deep-sky object was recently discovered by the HST, but this nebula was originally found by Ellen Dorrit Hoffleit in 1953 and designated as the planetary nebula Hf 39. Other planetary nebula catalogue names include ESO 128-18 and Wray 15-682. Since 2013, the nebula has been considered not as a planetary nebula, but rather as a much larger expanding gas shell, formally classified as a Wolf–Rayet nebula or WR nebula. Its observed expansion velocity is , and is estimated to be some across. The dynamical age of the nebula is estimated at 18,000 years and the total mass of ionised gas at . WR 31a itself, the highly luminous central star of the nebula, is invisible to the naked-eye at magnitude 10.85V. It has a spectral classification of WN11h, indicating a WR star with strong N emission but no N emission, and with hydrogen features visible in the spectrum. The spectral classification WN11 was created for this star and AG Carinae since they did not fit into any existing spectral type and appeared to constitute an extension of the WR nitrogen sequence to cooler temperatures. The progenitor's mass of the central star is estimated to have been about 45 times that of the Sun, and this massive star will likely explode as a supernova in the future. The spectrum of WR 31a shows P Cygni profiles, most strongly on the dominant H, He, and N lines. These profiles may show dramatic changes on a timescale of weeks, with the absorption components of the lines sometimes disappearing completely. No significant brightness changes have been detected in WR 31a, but it has been listed as a candidate luminous blue variable because of its luminosity, temperature, and mass loss properties. Van Genderen catalogued it as a dormant or ex-LBV because of the lack of characteristic LBV variations. Possible small brightness changes have been seen in All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS) data, WR 31a is included as a variable star in the International Variable Star Index, although not in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars. WR 31a WR 31a, commonly referred to as | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Wedge pattern On the technical analysis chart, a wedge pattern is a market trend commonly found in traded assets (stocks, bonds, futures, etc.). The pattern is characterized by a contracting range in prices coupled with an upward trend in prices (known as a rising wedge) or a downward trend in prices (known as a falling wedge). A wedge pattern is considered to be a pattern which is forming at the top or bottom of the trend. It is a type of formation in which trading activities are confined within converging straight lines which form a pattern. It should take about 3 to 4 weeks to complete the wedge. This pattern has a rising or falling slant pointing in the same direction. It differs from the triangle in the sense that both boundary lines either slope up or down. Price breaking out point creates another difference from the triangle. Falling and rising wedges are a small part of intermediate or major trend. As they are reserved for minor trends, they are not considered to be major patterns. Once that basic or primary trend resumes itself, the wedge pattern loses its effectiveness as a technical indicator. The falling wedge pattern is characterized by a chart pattern which forms when the market makes lower lows and lower highs with a contracting range. When this pattern is found in a downward trend, it is considered a reversal pattern, as the contraction of the range indicates the downtrend is losing steam. When this pattern is found in an uptrend, it is considered a bullish pattern, as the market range becomes narrower into the correction, indicating that the downward trend is losing strength and the resumption of the uptrend is in the making. In a falling wedge, both boundary lines slant down from left to right. The upper descends at a steeper angle than the lower line. Volume keeps on diminishing and trading activity slows down due to narrowing prices. There comes the breaking point, and trading activity after the breakout differs. Once prices move out of the specific boundary lines of a falling wedge, they are more likely to move sideways and saucer-out before they resume the basic trend. The rising wedge pattern is characterized by a chart pattern which forms when the market makes higher highs and higher lows with a contracting range. When this pattern is found in an uptrend, it is considered a reversal pattern, as the contraction of the range indicates that the uptrend is losing strength. When this pattern is found in a downtrend, it is considered a bearish pattern, as the market range becomes narrower into the correction, indicating that the correction is losing strength, and that the resumption of the downtrend is in the making. In a rising wedge, both boundary lines slant up from left to right. Although both lines point in the same direction, the lower line rises at a steeper angle than the upper one. Prices usually decline after breaking through the lower boundary line. As far as volumes are concerned, they keep on declining with each new price advance or wave up, indicating that the demand is weakening at the higher price level. A rising wedge is more reliable when found in a bearish market. In a bullish trend what seems to be a Rising Wedge may actually be a Flag or a Pennant (stepbrother of a wedge) requiring about 4 weeks to complete. Wedge pattern On the technical analysis chart, a wedge pattern is a market trend commonly found in traded assets (stocks, bonds, futures, etc.). The pattern is characterized by a contracting | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Julia Hwang Julia Hwang (born January 1996) is a South Korean violinist. Hwang gave her professional solo debut with the English National Baroque Chamber Orchestra at the age of nine, performing Johann Sebastian Bach's Concerto in A minor, and in the same year performed for legendary violinist Ivry Gitlis in London. Three years later, at the age of 12, she performed Nigel Hess's Ladies in Lavender with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Hwang has been a veteran of the concert stage for many years and her numerous solo appearances with orchestras internationally have led to an ever-increasing schedule of concerts both in the UK and abroad. She has appeared many times on live television and radio through the BBC and ITV, and in 2012, she was featured in a BBC4 documentary about the nation’s favourite composition 'The Lark Ascending' by Ralph Vaughan Williams. Her performance of this work was specifically chosen by the BBC to represent this timeless classic of the great British composer. Among numerous other public performances, Hwang has particularly enjoyed her concerts for charity work and also playing at Clifton College's Proms on the Close, performing alongside world-class musicians Jose Carreras, Oscar Osicki, Lesley Garrett and Russell Watson. Hwang released her debut CD in November 2007. The following year she obtained a Diploma ABRSM with distinction, and released her second CD, 'My Recital'. In 2008 she was the winner of the Gregynog Young Musician competition. and was awarded the honour of "Jeune Espoir" (young hope) Laureate at the Concours Internationaux de Musique Academie de Val d'Isère She attended Clifton College, where she was an academic and music scholar. Other public and charity performances have included: Hwang was offered an academic scholarship from St John’s College, Cambridge, to study for a degree in Music and a full scholarship to the Royal College of Music, London. She is now studying Music as an undergraduate at Cambridge. She currently studies with Professor Itzhak Rashkovsky at the Royal College of Music, London. Hwang plays on a Peter Guarnerius of Mantua, c.1698. Julia Hwang Julia Hwang (born January 1996) is a South Korean violinist. Hwang gave her professional solo debut with the English National Baroque Chamber Orchestra at the age of nine, performing Johann Sebastian Bach's Concerto in A minor, and in the same year performed for legendary violinist Ivry Gitlis in London. Three years later, at the age of 12, she performed | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Springtime in the Rockies (1937 film) Springtime in the Rockies is a 1937 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, and Polly Rowles. Written by Gilbert Wright and Betty Burbridge, the film is about a ranch owner who brings a flock of sheep into cattle country and faces the opposition of local ranchers with the help of her ranch foreman. Gene Autry (Gene Autry), the Knight Ranch foreman, learns that a neighboring rancher Jed Thorpe (Edward Hearn) is bringing sheep into the area. Gene rushes to Thorpe's ranch, concerned that a hot-headed cattle rancher named Thad Morgan (George Chesebro) may try to kill Thorpe. Morgan was once ruined financially by sheep ranching. Gene is able to stop Thorpe from bringing in the sheep, and Thorpe agrees to send the sheep back. Sometime later, Sandra Knight (Polly Rowles), who inherited the Knight Ranch from her late uncle, arrives in town with three female friends, who studied animal husbandry with her at the agricultural college. Before reaching the ranch, Sandra is approached by Thorpe's partner Briggs (Al Bridge) who sells her the sheep. Continuing on to the ranch with the sheep, Sandra nearly hits Gene and his horse Champion. Learning about the sheep deal, Gene tries to dissuade Sandra from raising sheep, explaining that they eat grass to the root so that it cannot grow back, but Sandra doesn't listen to him. Instead of taking her to her ranch, Gene shows her to his own rocky ground and ramshackle cabin, telling her that it's her ranch. That night, as the girls try to sleep, Gene's friend, Frog Millhouse (Smiley Burnette), makes wild animal noises to scare the girls into leaving the next day. One such noise sends Sandra into Gene's arms, and she asks him to sleep on the porch. The following day, Gene and Sandra go riding and come across the beautiful house and fertile land that is actually hers. Gene, who is falling in love with Sandra, is about to tell her the truth when she says she wants to lease the rocky land (Gene's) for her sheep. When Morgan learns about the sheep on Gene's ranch, he rides there intending to shoot them, but Gene is able to stop him. Gene agrees to the sheriff's demand that he remove the sheep from the area in twenty-four hours. When Gene notices Frog applying Mercurochrome to a wound, he gets the idea to paint the sheep so that they will appear to have hoof-and-mouth disease. After Briggs discovers that Sandra believes she owns Gene's ranch, he offers her $5,000 for her property—a bargain for Gene's ranch, but far below the value of her own ranch, worth an estimated $100,000. When Sandra sees the painted sheep appearing diseased, she accepts Briggs's offer to buy them, and Briggs delivers the sheep to Morgan. That night at the dance, needing to keep Gene from interfering while Sandra signs over her ranch without understanding the legal implications, Briggs tells Sandra about Gene's trick. Angered by the ruse, Sandra fires Gene. Later, when Morgan confronts Gene about the sheep and draws on him, Gene pulls out his gun which fires before Gene pulls the trigger—Thorpe had rigged the gun earlier that evening. Morgan is wounded and Gene is arrested. Sandra decides to accept Briggs' offer to buy the ranch and tells her girlfriends to pack. After informing Gene about the sale, Frog helps him escape by putting up a wrecking company sign in front of the jail and paying a truck driver to pull the wall off the building. Pursued by the sheriff and a mob, Gene rides after Briggs and Sandra. After Sandra signs the deed over to Briggs, Gene pursues Briggs to the county seat and rips up the deed. The sheriff is informed that Morgan, after regaining consciousness, identified Thorpe as the one who shot him. Gene and the sheriff shakes hands, and later, Gene and Sandra go for a romantic ride through her ranch. Springtime in the Rockies (1937 film) Springtime in the Rockies is a 1937 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, and Polly Rowles. Written by Gilbert | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
N. A. Haris Nalapad Ahmed Haris, popularly known as N. A. Haris, is a businessman, politician of Indian National Congress and member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Shanthinagar constituency. He won the seat by a margin of 19,000 votes in the 2013 Karnataka assembly elections. N. A. Haris's father, N. A. Mohammed, moved from Kasaragod, Kerala to Bhadravati, Karnataka in 1960 to set up a metal scrapping shop. Mohammed later moved to Bengaluru and started working on government construction projects. One of the notable projects was Upper Krishna Project. With the money made in this project, Mohammed established Hotel Bangalore International. Nalpad Ahmed Haris was born in 1967 in Bengaluru. In 1978, Mohammed setup Nalapad Group of Hotels. N A Haris later joined the family business in 1997. N A Haris played a major role in diversifying Nalapad Group's business into Nalapad Pipes, Nalapad Suraksha, Nalapad Infotech and Nalapad Energy. Haris's family also owns Nalapad International School. Through Nalapad family's business Haris came in contact of Indian National Congress leader K. J. George, who also hails from Kerala. In early 2000s, Haris became a trusted aide of K. J. George and former Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy. This helped him elevate his position within the party. At age of 41, He was elected MLA from Shanthinagar assembly constituency in Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, 2008. He gained popularity through charitable work specially through N A Haris foundation. The foundation provides scholarships to underprivileged children and organizes job fairs. He was reelected as MLA from Shanthinagar assembly constituency in 2013. In 2017, Haris' 28-year-old son, Mohammed, was appointed as the General Secretary of Bengaluru Youth Congress. He was reelected in 2018 from shanti nagar N. A. Haris Nalapad Ahmed Haris, popularly known as N. A. Haris, is a businessman, politician of Indian | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Shas Sheehan, Baroness Sheehan Shaista Ahmad Sheehan, Baroness Sheehan is a British politician and life peer. She was nominated for a life peerage by Nick Clegg in August 2015. Sheehan served as councillor for Kew from 2006 to 2010. She has also stood for Wimbledon at the 2010 and 2015 general election, finishing second and third, as well as the London Assembly election, 2012. She lives in Putney. She was created a life peer taking the title Baroness Sheehan, of Wimbledon in the London Borough of Merton and of Tooting in the London Borough of Wandsworth on 2 October 2015. Shas Sheehan, Baroness Sheehan Shaista Ahmad Sheehan, Baroness Sheehan is a British politician and life peer. She was nominated for a life peerage by Nick Clegg in August 2015. Sheehan served as councillor for Kew from 2006 to 2010. She has also stood for Wimbledon at the 2010 and 2015 general election, finishing second and third, as well as the London Assembly election, 2012. She lives in Putney. She was created a life peer taking the title Baroness Sheehan, of Wimbledon in the London Borough of Merton and of Tooting in the London Borough of Wandsworth on 2 October 2015. | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Bovista pila Bovista pila, commonly known as the tumbling puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. A temperate species, it is widely distributed in North America, where it grows on the ground on road sides, in pastures, grassy areas, and open woods. There are few well-documented occurrences of "B. pila" outside North America. "B. pila" closely resembles the European "B. nigrescens", from which it can be reliably distinguished only by microscopic characteristics. The egg-shaped to spherical puffball of "B. pila" measures up to in diameter. Its white outer skin flakes off in age to reveal a shiny, bronze-colored inner skin that encloses a spore sac. The spores are more or less spherical, with short tube-like extensions. The puffballs are initially attached to the ground by a small cord that readily breaks off, leaving the mature puffball to be blown about. Young puffballs are edible while their internal tissue is still white and firm. "B. pila" puffballs have been used by the Chippewa people of North America as a charm, and as an ethnoveterinary medicine for livestock farming in western Canada. The species was described as new to science in 1873 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis, from specimens collected in Wisconsin. In their short description, they emphasize the short pedicels (tube-like extensions) on the spores, and indicate that these pedicels—initially about as long as the spore is wide—soon break off. According to the nomenclatural authority MycoBank, taxonomic synonyms (i.e., having different type specimens) include Pier Andrea Saccardo's 1882 "Bovista tabacina", Job Bicknell Ellis and Benjamin Matlack Everhart's 1885 "Mycenastrum oregonense", and Andrew Price Morgan's 1892 "Bovista montana". William Chambers Coker and John Nathaniel Couch called "B. pila" "the American representative of "B. nigrescens" in Europe", referring to their close resemblance. "Bovista pila" is commonly known as the tumbling puffball, referring to the propensity of detached puffballs to be blown about by the wind. The specific epithet "pila" is Latin for "ball". "B. pila" has an egg-shaped to roughly spherical fruit body measuring up to in diameter. The thin (0.25 millimeter) outer tissue layer (exoperidium) is white to slightly pink. Its surface texture, initially appearing as if covered with minute flakes of bran (furfuraceous), becomes marked with irregular, crooked lines (rivulose). The exoperidium flakes off in maturity to reveal a thin, inner peridium (endoperidium). The color of this shiny inner skin, splotched with darker areas, resembles the metallic colors of bronze and copper. "Bovista pila" puffballs are attached to the ground by a small cord (a rhizomorph) that typically breaks off when the puffball is mature. The interior flesh, or gleba, comprises spores and surrounding capillitial tissue. Initially white and firm with tiny, irregularly shaped chambers (visible with a magnifying glass), the gleba later becomes greenish and then brown and powdery as the spores mature. In age, the upper surface of the puffball cracks and tears open. The resilient texture of the inner peridium enables the puffball to maintain its ball-like shape after it has detached from the ground. As the old puffballs get blown around, spores get shaken out of the tears. The spores of "Bovista pila" are spherical, smooth (when viewed with a light microscope), and measure 3.5–4.5 μm. They have thick walls and very short pedicels. Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, measuring 8–10.5 by 14–18 μm. They are usually four-spored (rarely, some are three-spored), with unequal length sterigmata between 4 and 7.4 μm. The capillitia (sterile fibers interspersed among the spores) tend to form loose balls about 2 mm in diameter. The main, trunk-like branches of the capillitia are up to 15 μm in diameter, with walls that are typically 2–3 μm thick. Characteristics typically used to identify "Bovista pila" in the field include its relatively small size, the metallic lustre of the endoperidium, and the presence of rhizomorphs. "B. plumbea" is similar in appearance, but can be distinguished by its typically smaller fruit body and the blue-gray color of its inner coat. Unlike "B. pila", "B. plumbea" is attached to the ground by a mass of mycelial fibers known as a sterile base. Microscopically, "B. plumbea" has larger spores (5–7 by 4.5–6.0 μm); with long pedicels (9–14 μm). Another lookalike is the European "B. nigrescens", which can most reliably be distinguished from "B. pila" by its microscopic characteristics. The spores of "B. nigrescens" are oval rather than spherical, rougher than those of "B. pila", and have a hyaline (translucent) pedicel about equal in length to the spore diameter (5 μm). The puffball "Disciseda pila" was named for its external resemblance to "B. pila". Found in Texas and Argentina, it has much larger, warted spores that measure 7.9–9.4 μm. "Bovista pila" is found in corrals, stables, roadsides, pastures and open woods. The puffballs fruit singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground. It is also known to grow in lawns and parks. The puffball spore cases are persistent and may overwinter. Fruiting occurs throughout the mushroom season. "Bovista pila" is widely distributed in North America (including Hawaii). There are few well-documented occurrences of "B. pila" outside North America. Hanns Kreisel recorded it from Russia, in what is now known as the Sakha Republic. The puffball has been tentatively identified from the Galápagos Islands, and has been collected from Pernambuco and São Paulo, Brazil. The South American material, however, has grayish-yellow coloration in the gleba, which may be indicative of not yet fully matured specimens. This renders identification of this material tentative, as unripe material may have different microscopic characteristics from mature material. Although the puffball has been reported from both the European part of Turkey as well as Anatolia, and from Morocco, reports without supporting microscopic or macroscopic information are viewed with skepticism. Edible when the interior gleba is still firm and white, "Bovista pila" puffballs have a mild taste and odor. The puffball was used by the Chippewa people of North America as a charm, and medicinally as a hemostat. In British Columbia, Canada, it is used by livestock farmers who are not allowed to use conventional drugs under certified organic programs. The spore mass of the puffball is applied to bleeding hoof trimming 'nicks', and then wrapped with breathable first-aid tape. It is also similarly used on bleeding areas resulting from disbudding, and wounds resulting from sternal abscesses. Bovista pila Bovista pila, commonly known as the tumbling puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. A temperate species, it is widely distributed in North America, where it grows on the ground on road sides, in pastures, grassy areas, and open woods. There are few well-documented occurrences of | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
O. J. Matthijs Jolles Otto Jolle Matthijs Jolles (1911–1968) performed a major service to strategic studies in the United States by providing the first American translation of Carl von Clausewitz's "magnum opus", "On War". Jolles himself is a bit obscure to students of military affairs, largely because his translation of "On War" was his only published effort in that field. Even his nationality has been misidentified—he has been variously identified as Hungarian, Czech, and Dutch. Military historian Jay Luvaas once quoted an unidentified Israeli professor as saying "whereas the first English translation was by an Englishman who did not know German, the 1943 American translation was by a Hungarian who did not know English." There is little in the Jolles translation to warrant such a comment. In the field of German literature, Jolles is quite well known, especially for his work on Friedrich Schiller. Most of his published work, however, is in German. Born in Berlin of a Dutch father and German mother, Jolles was brought up as a German and educated at the Universities of Leipzig, Hamburg, and Heidelberg. He received his doctorate in the philosophy of literature from Heidelberg in 1933. He then served one year as a volunteer in the horse artillery. Although he was not Jewish, his anti-Nazi politics got him into trouble. In 1934 he emigrated to France, where he studied at the Sorbonne. The following year he emigrated to Wales, where he taught German. Offered a teaching position at the University of Chicago, he entered the United States with his new British wife in 1938. He became a professor of German language and literature, obtaining American citizenship in 1945. Leaving Chicago in 1962, he spent the remainder of his life at Cornell. Even before the United States entered the war, the University of Chicago had begun casting about for ways to assist the war effort. These efforts grew out of both patriotism and self-interest: the university's leaders were concerned that unless they established Chicago as a center of military learning and research, the university's considerable assets (particularly in cartography and linguistics) might be hauled off in army trucks, "to be returned torn and soiled, if at all." (31) Courses in preinduction military training began as early as September 1940. A formal Institute of Military Studies was created in April 1941. Since Jolles taught military German and German military organization, and "On War" was considered to be a key to German military behavior, he seemed to be the natural man for the job even though he was not familiar with Clausewitz when he set out. His British father-in-law (a retired professor of classics) provided assistance with the English, although he too had little military background and was new to Clausewitz. Jolles quickly developed a good appreciation of "On War"'s significance. His purpose in translating it was to argue that what Clausewitz had to say was much more relevant to the Western Allies than to Germany, and that the Germans' one-sidedly offensive interpretation of "On War" would prove to be, for them, a fatal error. Jolles's short but penetrating introduction stressed Clausewitz's fundamentally conservative, balance-of-power view of international affairs, finding its most important expression in Clausewitz's argument concerning the power of the defense: Clausewitz's aim was not merely to prove the strategic superiority of Napoleon's lightning attacks as so many writers and strategists--British and American, unfortunately, as well as German--seem to believe. This is but one part of his theory and far from the most important one, for he goes on to show why Napoleon, greatest of all aggressors up to that time, was necessarily in the end completely defeated. More than one third of his work "On War" is devoted to Book VI, on "Defense." Jolles's translation of Clausewitz is generally considered to convey more of Clausewitz's subtleties than the older Graham translation did and is certainly clearer on some points than the overrated Howard/Paret translation (1976/84). Oddly, Jolles's translation did not catch on, and the Graham translation continued to serve as the basis for most subsequent condensations. This development was most likely a result of financial considerations rather than of the qualities of the respective versions, since the Jolles translation remains under copyright (Random House) whereas the Graham copyright had lapsed. O. J. Matthijs Jolles Otto Jolle Matthijs Jolles (1911–1968) performed a major service to strategic studies in the United States by providing the first American translation of Carl von Clausewitz's "magnum opus", "On War". Jolles himself is a bit obscure to students of military affairs, largely because his translation of "On War" was his only published effort in that field. Even his nationality has been misidentified—he has been variously identified as Hungarian, Czech, and Dutch. Military historian Jay Luvaas once quoted an unidentified Israeli professor as saying "whereas the first English translation was | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Cyphostemma mappia Cyphostemma mappia (Mapou tree or bois mapou) is a species of caudiciform succulent plant endemic to Mauritius. It is sometimes known as the "Mauritian baobab", though it is member of the grape family (Vitaceae) and unrelated to the true Baobabs of Africa. This species is endangered, but is beginning to be propagated in its native Mauritius, as an ornamental landscaping plant. It is a soft-stemmed caudiciform tree, with succulent green leaves on fragile, chunky, elastic, distinctively zig-zag branches. It can eventually reach a height of nearly 10 meters, and develop a vastly expanded, swollen, water-filled trunk. This means that it can resemble a baobab in shape. As a case of "island gigantism", it is the only "Cyphostemma" species to attain the size of a large tree. It has also lost the vine-like tendrils of its genus, which falls within the greater Vitaceae (grapevine) family. In exposed areas, it tends to be shorter and more robust - only a few meters tall. In more protected environments, it grows up to 10 meters in height. The wood is soft and fleshy, like that of a true baobab. It is therefore sometimes confused both with the Baobab ("Adansonia digitata") or with the genera "Calpidia" or "Pisonia" which all have similar fleshy trunks. It produces flowers from January through May and sometimes they remain for as long as October. The fruits are small, red, velvety grapes. Like many other endemic Mauritian plants, it has heterophyllous leaves, due to having evolved with the presence of grazing giant tortoises. The plants still exhibit this heterophylly, even though the "Cylindraspis" giant tortoise species of Mauritius are now extinct. Leaves of young plants are longer, thinner and lighter red-coloured - and are mostly ignored by tortoises. In older plants, where the leaves are out of reach of giant tortoises, the leaves are larger, broader and greener. The leaves are compound, with odd numbers of leaflet segments, and it is typically deciduous. It used to be widespread throughout the dry and semi-dry forests of the island, but especially in more exposed or mountainous areas. It was reported to be extremely common especially on and around Le Pouce and in the north, especially around the town of Mapou (to which it gave its name), although it was already rare there by 1800. It was also reported in large numbers in the hills and mountains around Moka; as well as in the lowland forests across the island. It was exterminated from much of its natural range, but can still occasionally be found on extremely rocky slopes or outcrops in the higher mountains. It can be found on the mountain ranges of Trois Mamelles and Rempart, and in some of the remaining dry forests in the west of the island, especially around Magenta and Yemen. It is relatively slow-growing, but is increasingly used as a decorative ornamental for hotels and public landscaping in Mauritius. It is easily propagated by cuttings, which can be rooted in water, or in a damp, shady environment. It can also be grown from seed. Cyphostemma mappia Cyphostemma mappia (Mapou tree or bois mapou) is a species of caudiciform succulent plant endemic to Mauritius. It is sometimes known as the "Mauritian baobab", though it is member of the grape family (Vitaceae) and unrelated to the true Baobabs of Africa. This species is endangered, but is beginning to be propagated in its native Mauritius, as an ornamental landscaping plant. It is a soft-stemmed caudiciform tree, with succulent green leaves on fragile, chunky, elastic, distinctively zig-zag branches. It can eventually reach a height of nearly 10 meters, and | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
1996 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship The 1996 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship was the 58th annual NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate golf. The tournament was held at the Honors Course in Ooltewah, Tennessee from May 29 to June 1, 1996. The team championship was won by the Arizona State Sun Devils who captured their second national championship by three strokes over the UNLV Rebels. The individual national championship was won by Tiger Woods from Stanford. This was the first NCAA Division I men's golf championship hosted at the Honors Course in Ooltewah, Tennessee. The tournament would be played at Ooltewah again in 2010. This was the fourth NCAA golf championship played in Tennessee; the others were in 1934 (at the Cleveland Country Club in Cleveland, Tennessee), 1955 (at the Holston Hills Country Club in Knoxville, Tennessee), and 1965 (again in Knoxville). 1996 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship The 1996 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship was the 58th annual NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate golf. The tournament was held at the Honors | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
MiR-203 In molecular biology miR-203 is a short non-coding RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms, such as translational repression and Argonaute-catalyzed messenger RNA cleavage. miR-203 has been identified as a skin-specific microRNA, and it forms an expression gradient that defines the boundary between proliferative epidermal basal progenitors and terminally differentiating suprabasal cells. It has also been found upregulated in psoriasis and differentially expressed in some types of cancer. MicroRNAs are short (20-22nt), non-coding RNA molecules involved in the regulation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by pairing with their 3' UTR and affecting their stability or directing their silencing or degradation. MicroRNAs are likely to play roles in most cellular processes, including proliferation, development, differentiation and apoptosis. They are located in intergenic and intragenic regions, and are transcribed as pri-miRNA by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. They then undergo extensive post-transcriptional modifications, starting with the processing of the pri-miRNA in the nucleus to generate a 70-100 nt long pre-miRNA by ribonucleases Drosha and DGCR8. This pre-miRNA is then transported out of the nucleus by Exportin-5, and is then further processed by Dicer into a mature 18-25 nt long double stranded microRNA. The guide strand of the miRNA is then loaded into RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and is then able to pair with its target. The passenger strand, denoted by a star, is commonly degraded, though this is not always the case. MiR-203 is a microRNA that is specifically expressed in keratinocytes (the most abundant cell type in the epidermis) and in normal conditions promotes epidermal differentiation by restricting proliferative potential and inducing cell-cycle exit. It does so by repressing p63, an essential regulator of stem cell maintenance in epithelial stratified tissues. Other proposed targets are suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and ABL1. As is the case with many other microRNAs, miR-203 expression has been found dysregulated in several malignancies, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and carcinogenesis. In mice, miR-203 is located in chromosome 12, within a fragile 7-Mb region that is lost is some hematopoietic malignancies. This region encodes 52 mature miRNAs, ~12% of the mammalian miRNA genome. In humans, this region is conserved and located intergenically in 14q32. Sonkoly et al. found that miR-203 displays a highly organ- and tissue-specific expression across 21 human organs and tissues analyzed. miR-203 was expressed at highest level in skin and in the esophagus, an organ sharing anatomical similarities with skin. Yi et al. performed whole-mouse embryio in situ hybridization detecting miR-203-specific signal from the epidermis and the tongue. Skin-specific expression of miR-203 has been observed in zebrafish indicating that not only the sequence but the tissue specificity of miR-203 is preserved through evolution. Since these findings, a number of studies identified decreased miR-203 expression in various malignancies, mainly of epithelial origin. Sonkoly et al. demonstrated that expression of endogenous miR-203 expression is under the control of protein kinase C pathway in epithelial cells. They demonstrated that c-jun suppresses, while another member of the AP-1 transcription factor complex, JUNB increases miR-203 expression. Growth factors, such as Epidermal growth factor can also suppress miR-203 in epitheilal cells... Multiple mechanisms can suppress miR-203 expression in malignancies: Wellner et al. show that ZEB1 represses expression of miR-203 together with the miR-200-family whose members are strong inducers of epithelial differentiation. They propose that ZEB1 links EMT-activation and stemness-maintenance by suppressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs (miRNAs) and thereby is a promoter of mobile, migrating cancer stem cells. Sonkoly et al. demonstrated that activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, can lead to decreased miR-203 expression in mouse model of basal cell carcinoma. They demonstrate that overexpression of c-jun, a potent proto-oncogene commonly deregulated in a wide range of cancers suppresses miR-203 expression. Overexpression of c-JUN has been described in basal cell carcinoma in which miR-203 is one of the most downregulated microRNA. McKenna et al. demonstrated that miR-203 expression in keratinocytes is dependent on regulation of p53 levels by E6, which may explain how expression of HPV16 E6 can disrupt the balance between proliferation and differentiation, as well as the response to DNA damage, in keratinocytes. This microRNA was predicted using computational tools by comparison to mouse and tiger blowfish sequences. It has been validated in zebrafish and its expression confirmed in humans by cloning and sequencing, where it was found in the outer layer of epidermis. miR-203 has several validated targets. p63, conserved across vertebrate lineages. p63 is an essential regulator of stem cell maintenance in stratified epithelial tissues. Yi "et al". confirmed p63 as a target of miR-203. They showed that miR-203 expression is conspicuous in terminally differentiating epithelial cells, but is not present on their proliferative progenitor compartments, and shows a mutually exclusive pattern of expression with p63. They also report downregulation of proteins downstream of p63, suggesting a mechanistic method for inhibition of proliferative potential of epidermal stem cells. There is some controversy as to whether suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is also targeted by miR-203. In their study, Lena "et al". (2008) showed that, despite bioinformatic alignment of miR-203 with SOCS3 3'UTR, the levels of SOCS3 transcripts increased in keratinocytes stimulated to differentiate in vitro, in parallel with miR-203. Then they exogenously expressed miR-203 in mouse keratinocytes and showed that SOCS3 is not repressed by miR-203. In contrast, Wei "et al". (2010) validated SOCS3 as a target for miR-203. In their study, they introduced the SOCS3 3'UTR fragment encompassing the putative target site in a luciferase reporter vector, and they observed a significant decrease in luciferase activity when miR-203 was introduced compared to controls. They also generated a mutation in the binding site and reported restoration of luciferase activity, as well as mutually exclusive localization with miR-203. They concluded that SOCS3 is targeted by miR-203, and hypothesize that miR-203 regulation of SOCS3 and thus of STAT3 could have implications in keratinocyte functions. Another validated target of miR-203 is c-jun (AP-1), a potent proto-oncogene commonly deregulated in a wide range of cancers, including skin tumors. The suppression of miR-203 in BCC tumors was associated with a marked increase of c-JUN expression, evidenced by the intense and uniform distribution in BCC tumor nests. Similar to other miR-203 targets previously identified, such as p63, c-JUN was preferentially expressed in the basal, proliferative layer of healthy human epidermis. Another putative target is ABL1, which is found activated in hematopoietic malignancies where miR-203 is epigenetically silenced by hypermethylation. In lung cancer cell lines, miR-203 has been shown to target DKK1, a secreted protein which acts as a survival factor in certain conditions. Its survival activity is only conditional because it requires the presence of its transmembrane receptor protein KRM1. KRM1 is a Dependence Receptor and signals for cell death until such signalling is blocked by binding of its survival factor ligand DKK1. miR-203 mediated downregulation of DKK1 appears to make lung cancer cells easier to kill, suggesting that cancer cells upregulate DKK1 for their own survival and this protein would be a good target for downregulation in the treatment of such cancers. DKK1 is | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
putative target is ABL1, which is found activated in hematopoietic malignancies where miR-203 is epigenetically silenced by hypermethylation. In lung cancer cell lines, miR-203 has been shown to target DKK1, a secreted protein which acts as a survival factor in certain conditions. Its survival activity is only conditional because it requires the presence of its transmembrane receptor protein KRM1. KRM1 is a Dependence Receptor and signals for cell death until such signalling is blocked by binding of its survival factor ligand DKK1. miR-203 mediated downregulation of DKK1 appears to make lung cancer cells easier to kill, suggesting that cancer cells upregulate DKK1 for their own survival and this protein would be a good target for downregulation in the treatment of such cancers. DKK1 is also a well known inhibitor of Wnt signalling and is required for the formation of head structures during embryonic development of most animals. Yi "et al". showed that in mice, the expression of miR-203 is significantly upregulated between E13.5 and E15.5, suggesting that it may be absent from multipotent progenitors of single-layered epidermis, but is induced upon stratification and differentiation. It also was expressed at high levels in differentiating cells such as hair follicles, epidermis and sebaceous glands. Wei "et al". demonstrated that in humans, miR-203 expression is first detectable at 17 weeks gestation in the suprabasal layers of epidermis, and this localization was conserved in the adult skin. When miR-203 is expressed prematurely, basal cells diminish their proliferative potential; and when it is absent, proliferation is no longer restricted to the basal layer of epidermis. miR-203 has been found overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and shows correlation with poor prognosis in patients that had undergone pancreatectomy, and has been suggested as a new prognostic marker for this disease. Also, miR-203 has been identified as target of human papillomavirus (HPV) protein E7, which causes its downregulation and thus de-repression of p63 and its downstream targets, ensuring proliferative potential on the host cell, required for the virus to replicate. High levels of miR-203 are inhibitory of HPV amplification. miR-203 has also been proposed as a tumour-suppressive microRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hematopoietic malignancies. In their study, Furuta "et al". found miR-203, along with miR-124, epigenetically silenced in primary HCC tumours compared with non-tumorous liver tissues. Also, expression of miR-203 in HCC cells lacking their expression inhibited cell growth and downregulated a set of other possible targets. Bueno "et al". also found silencing of miR-203 in some leukemias, as well as an inverse correlation between miR-203 and ABL1 levels (sometimes expressed as the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein). Supporting its role as a tumour suppressor, it has also been found upregulated upon UVC irradiation in the squamous cell carcinoma lines, suggesting a connection between miR-203 and the activation of the apoptotic program. miR-203 acts as a tumor suppressor in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in which it forms a double-negative feedback-loop with its verified target c-JUN(AP1). This regulatory circuit provides functional control over basal cell proliferation and differentiation. Its expression was suppressed in K5TreGli1 trangenic mice, due to activated Hedgehog signaling. Further supporting the role of miR-203 as a tumor suppressor, in vivo delivery of miR-203 mimics in a BCC mouse model results in the reduction of tumor growth. Sonkoly "et al". identified miR-203, along with miR-146a, miR-21, and miR-125b; as a psoriasis-specific microRNA when compared with healthy human skin or atopic eczema. They also observed downregulation of SOCS3 concurrently with upregulation of miR-203 in psoriatic plaques, potentially having an effect in inflammatory responses. Stanczyk "et al". found overexpression of miR-203 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) compared to healthy or osteoarthritis samples; and inforced expression of miR-203 led to higher levels of MMP-1 and IL-6 and thus contributed to the activated phenotype of RASFs. MiR-203 regulation was found to be methylation-dependent. MiR-203 In molecular biology miR-203 is a short non-coding RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Russell Hicks Edward Russell Hicks (June 4, 1895 – June 1, 1957) was an American film actor. Born in 1895 in Baltimore, Maryland, Hicks appeared in nearly 300 films between 1915 and 1956. His first appearance was an uncredited role in "The Birth of a Nation" (1915). He often appeared as a smooth-talking confidence man, as in the W.C. Fields film "The Bank Dick" (1940). Distinguished, suave and a consummate actor, Hicks played a variety of judges, corrupt officials, businessmen and attorneys, working in a variety of mediums almost until his death. Hicks appeared once in the syndicated western television series "The Cisco Kid" as an uncle of the Gail Davis character, whom he threatens to disinherit if she marries a known gangster. He died in Los Angeles, California, from a heart attack. Russell Hicks Edward Russell Hicks (June 4, 1895 – June 1, 1957) was an American film actor. Born in 1895 in Baltimore, Maryland, Hicks appeared in nearly 300 films between 1915 and 1956. His first appearance was an uncredited role in "The Birth of a Nation" (1915). He often appeared as a smooth-talking confidence man, as in the W.C. Fields film "The Bank Dick" (1940). Distinguished, suave | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Susan Alexjander Susan Alexjander is an American sound artist, musical composer and teacher living and working in Portland, Oregon. Finding inspiration in the natural world and in science, she is fascinated by the vibrational frequencies of natural phenomena, ranging widely from the microscopic (elements, DNA) to the macroscopic (body rhythms, water, stars, time). She has created a microtonal system based on the frequencies of DNA, transforming natural vibrational patterns into sounds to create music. She has collaborated with both scientists and artists, and her compositions have been performed both nationally and internationally. Alexjander received a B.A. in English Literature, with teaching credentials, in 1966. She received a master's degree in Theory and Composition from San Jose State University, California in 1982. Although her initial musical training was classical, she became interested in the gamelan and explored Indian classical music, studying and performing with Lou Harrison. Alexjander has taught at San Jose State and Goddard College and has been an adjunct faculty member of Union Institute in Sacramento, California. She also presents workshops on the physics and metaphysics of sound. She is the Director of "Science & The Arts", founded in Aptos, California to investigate the frequencies of the universe and their musical properties. In one of her earliest collaborations, with biologist David W. Deamer from the University of California, Alexjander created music based on movements of the atoms and molecules that make up human DNA. An infrared spectrophotometer was used to measure the wavelength of infrared light absorbed by sections of DNA and to identify frequencies for each DNA molecule. The ratios of the light frequencies were then converted into perceptible ratios of sound frequencies, often involving microtonal changes, to create "strange, beautiful music". The resulting album "Sequencia", a pioneering experiment in sound creation, was recorded on Earth Day, 1990. Its tuning system, a type of Just intonation, is based on the molecular frequencies of the four bases of DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. It includes 60 tones over a range of two-and-a-half octaves, around a spontaneous "tonal center". Alexjander's compositions in this tonal system are influenced by the microtonal nature of Indian classical music. Other collaborations include: Susan Alexjander Susan Alexjander is an American sound artist, musical composer and teacher living and working in Portland, Oregon. Finding inspiration in the natural world and in science, she is fascinated by the vibrational frequencies of natural phenomena, ranging widely from | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.