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was located in the belly of the aircraft. In the event of a failure (and they occurred frequently), the crew was instructed to begin immediate emergency restart procedures as the aircraft basically shut down. When the APU failed, the pilot had "NO fuel pressure, NO vacuum, NO hydraulic pressure, NO gear, NO flaps and NO ENGINES". Despite the aircraft's many faults, only two were lost in accidents (although considering that only 12 were ever built, the statistics are not favorable with many other types, at a 16.6% loss ratio; especially when the actual aircraft saw so little operational service that would even expose it to hazard of accidents). The seventh aircraft (38-492) was on its final test flight from the Buffalo factory prior to delivery to the Air Corps when pilot John Strickler, a Bell pilot and engineer/co-pilot Brian Sparks, who was Bell's chief test pilot at the time, encountered problems recovering from a deliberate spin attempt which was part of the test flight profile. Despite every effort to emerge from the spin, the aircraft would not respond, and it appeared that the rudder had locked. Co-pilot Sparks shut down the engines and waited for the propellers to come to a stop before bailing out. Because of the tandem seating, it was necessary for Sparks to exit the aircraft first, and in doing so he struck the empennage, breaking his legs — and in the process, freeing the rudder. Strickler decided to stay with the aircraft and attempt an emergency landing. By this time, the aircraft had lost sufficient altitude that there was not time to restart the engines. Strickler put the Airacuda down hard in a farmer's field, and walked away unhurt. The Airacuda was so badly damaged it had to be scrapped. All three Airacudas with tricycle landing gear encountered problems and were damaged at one time or another. The most serious accident occurred to YFM-1A (Model 8) 38-497, on a flight between Chanute Field, Illinois, and Keesler Field, Mississippi, when a broken oil line started a fire. The cause of the broken line appeared to be serious airframe vibration encountered during the flight. With no way of extinguishing the fire, both the pilot and crew chief agreed to bail out. The pilot was killed when his parachute failed to deploy (he may have struck the tail while bailing out). This was the only fatality to occur during the flying of Airacudas. The accident investigation report stated "inherent defects in design caused constant maintenance difficulties and the flying of this type has been very limited." Despite these problems, one fully operational Airacuda squadron was eventually assembled, and operated from 1938 until 1940. Funds were appropriated, but never released, for the purchase of two groups of Airacudas. Continuing problems gave the aircraft a reputation as "hangar queens". Near the end of the type's operational life, the aircraft were flown primarily for photo opportunities and always accompanied by a chase plane for safety. Eventually the decision was made to disperse the aircraft to various airfields to give pilots an opportunity to add the unusual aircraft to their log books. Airacudas were sent at various times to Langley Field, Virginia; Maxwell Field, Alabama; Hamilton Field, California; and Wright Field, in Dayton, Ohio. YFM-1 38-488 was displayed at the 1940 World's Fair in New York, finished in the markings of the 27th Pursuit Squadron. During this time, the aircraft saw limited flight time, as few pilots were interested in flying the unusual aircraft. Several plans were made to modify the Airacudas to give them operational status, including modifying the airframe and adding more powerful engines, but all proposals were eventually rejected. In early 1942, despite fears of enemy bomber attacks against which the Airacuda was intended, the aircraft were stricken from inventory. The prototype, known as the XFM-1, incorporated a tailwheel, side "blister" ports, and a smooth, rounded canopy. This is the best known, and most produced version. An updated version called the YFM-1A eliminated the side blisters and added externally mounted radiators and turbo-superchargers. Produced in 1940, the final version designated YFM-1B, was slightly larger, had slightly less powerful Allison engines and incorporated a tricycle landing gear. The canopy was redesigned, with a flat forward windshield. A rearward-facing belly gunner's position was also added. The resulting aircraft was roughly the size of a Douglas B-18 Bolo medium bomber. Three YFM-1Bs were produced in 1939 before production was finally terminated. By 1942, all nine surviving YFM-1 airframes had been flown by ferry crews to a training facility at Chanute Field, Illinois, where the aircraft were assigned to the 10th Air Base Squadron to be used for ground crew instruction. By March 1942, all Airacudas had been scrapped. Bell YFM-1 Airacuda The Bell YFM-1 Airacuda was an American heavy fighter aircraft, developed by the Bell Aircraft Corporation during the mid-1930s. It was the first military aircraft produced by Bell. Originally designated the Bell Model 1, the Airacuda first flew on 1 September 1937. The Airacuda was marked by bold design advances and considerable flaws that eventually grounded the aircraft. The Airacuda was Bell Aircraft's answer for a "bomber destroyer" aircraft. Although it did see limited production, | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Luján, Buenos Aires Luján (pronounced ) is a city in the Buenos Aires province of Argentina, located 68 kilometres north west of the city of Buenos Aires. The city was founded in 1755 and has a population of 106,899 (per the ). Luján is best known for its large neo-gothic Basilica, built in honor of the Virgin of Luján, the patron saint of Argentina. Every year, more than six million people make pilgrimages to the Basilica, many walking there from Buenos Aires. The city is known as "La Capital de la Fe" (Capital of the Faith). It is popular day-trip for non-believers too, with abundant grill restaurants (like most places in Argentina) and souvenir shops with kitsch religious memorabilia. The church was designed by the French architect Ulderico Courtois and started in 1889, completed by 1937. Its towers stand 106m high and it has a copper roof and bronze doors. The huge church towers over the surrounding flat country and houses the tiny 38 cm high statue of the Virgin. A large and important organ by French builder Cavaille-Coll stands in the gallery in a state of deterioration, although efforts are underway to see to its restoration. Luján is also home to the Enrique Udaondo museum complex, housing exhibitions of colonial life in the house of the Viceroy and old town hall, with art, uniforms, silverware and transport with many antique vehicles including Plus Ultra the first hydroplane to cross from Europe to Argentina and "La Porteña", Argentina's first steam locomotive operated by Ferrocarril Oeste. Also on display are the prison cells where Colonel William Carr Beresford, commander of the 1806 British invading forces, and General Cornelio Saavedra, president of the first national government (Primera Junta) in 1810, were held. Since 1987, Benedictine monks of the Cono-Sur Congregation have resided at Abadía de San Benito on the outskirts of Luján. In addition to providing retreat facilities for the residents of the city, the monks support themselves by means of agriculture and publishing. The nearby city of Mercedes is seat of the Bishop of Mercedes and Luján. Luján is the principal settlement of the Lujan Partido or municipality. The city has a railway and bus station and is easily reached from Buenos Aires. Luján, Buenos Aires Luján (pronounced ) is a city in the Buenos Aires province of Argentina, located 68 kilometres north west of the city of Buenos Aires. The | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Ambala bechraji Ambala is the village of Bechraji taluka in Gujarat and it is far from 15 km from Bechraji. There is majority of 72 kadva patidar and thereiarealso public like thakor, chamar, vaghri. Janmastami, dashera are celebrated widely in this village. Dashera is the biggest festival of the village and around region. Ambala primary school and Kishan Vidyalaya secondary school are the best schools in Bechraji taluka. Students from Kisan Vidyalaya are taking good mark all over Modhera centre. Modhera sun temple is 14 km far from Ambala. Ambala is the well developed village. The nearest railway station is 3 km far from ambalaat that railway stand people can go to Ahmedabad, Chansma, Ranuj. Mehsana district is 40 km far from Ambala. The nearest villages are Delmal, Khambhel, Mandali, Itoda. HASNFEER SAHEB DARGAH the place of worship of Daudi vohra at Delmal is 5 km Far. Ambala village has Dudhsagar Dairy with a bulk cooler. There are many diploma and Degree engineers in Ambala. Shree Shaktimata temple is well known in village. Ambala is the biggest village of 72 kadva patidar. Kamboi highway is 10 km far. Population is around 2000. There is also good roads and a water facility in the village. Majority of Patel lives in Ahmedabad. Ambala bechraji Ambala is the village of Bechraji taluka in Gujarat and it is far from 15 km from Bechraji. There is majority of 72 kadva patidar and thereiarealso public like thakor, chamar, vaghri. Janmastami, dashera are celebrated widely in this village. Dashera is the biggest festival of the village and around region. Ambala primary school and Kishan Vidyalaya secondary school are the best schools in Bechraji taluka. Students from Kisan Vidyalaya are taking good mark all over Modhera centre. Modhera sun temple is 14 km far from Ambala. Ambala | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Latrice Royale Timothy Wilcots (born February 12, 1972), better known by his stage name Latrice Royale, is an American drag performer and reality television personality. He is best known for his appearances in season 4 of "RuPaul's Drag Race" in 2012, and season 1 of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" later that year. He finished fourth place in the fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race"; in the final episode of the season, he was crowned Miss Congeniality. Wilcots was born in California, and raised in Compton, a city in Greater Los Angeles. While growing up, he did not have a relationship with his father. Royale's first foray into drag was dressing up as Wanda, a character from American sketch comedy show "In Living Color", to amuse his friends. While in his twenties, in the mid-1990s, he performed in his first drag show: it was at the Copa Night Club in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. In May 2011, "RuPaul's Drag Race", a drag competition produced as reality television, opened auditions for the show's fourth season; acting on a dare, Wilcots submitted an audition video. His audition was accepted, and he was cast for the show; production began later that year. The fourth season premiered on January 30, 2012. Wilcots was eliminated from the competition in the 11th episode, which aired on April 9, 2012. Viewers voted him Miss Congeniality, and he was crowned in the season finale. After coming into the public eye, Wilcot was ordained as a minister. The first wedding that he performed was for his friend Daniel in upstate New York in 2013. Royale is a supporter of marriage equality, though he believes that it should not be called "gay marriage", stating, "It's a man and a man, and a woman and a woman getting married, and I think it is special and unique. So why not identify and celebrate it as something special and unique, and not lump it in with the same thing that has been going on for years?" Latrice Royale competed as a "plus-size" queen. He competed against twelve other queens, including Sharon Needles, Phi Phi O'Hara, Willam Belli, and Cher impersonator Chad Michaels. Royale made it into the top four—along with Needles, Michaels, and O'Hara—and won two challenges along the way. When Royale was cut from the competition, "Entertainment Weekly" called the elimination "shocking". When he was eliminated, Royale said to show host RuPaul, "You have changed my life forever. You have changed the world of drag forever. I love you and respect you so much, and thank you for seeing something special in me. Thank you." Guest judges in attendance were Wynonna Judd and Rose McGowan; Royale's words brought tears to McGowan's eyes. Sharon Needles won the crown for season 4. In the season finale, it was announced that Royale would appear on "RuPaul's Drag U", which aired later that year. After "RuPaul's Drag Race", Royale went on tour across the United States, performing at a number of different venues. When he had the opportunity to appear on "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars", Royale had to cancel tour dates to appear in the show. For "All Stars", Royale competed against Chad Michaels, Raven, Jujubee, Shannel, Alexis Mateo, Yara Sofia, Manila Luzon, Nina Flowers, Tammie Brown, Pandora Boxx and Mimi Imfurst. For the competition, the queens were paired together, which was a departure from the rest of the RuPaul competitions where everyone competed alone. Royale and Luzon both chose to be together, and as a team they won the first challenge of the season. On the third episode of the season, after not performing well with the street-punking challenge, Luzon and Jujubee faced off in the lip syncing challenge to represent each of their teams. Jujubee was paired with Raven. In the end, Royale and Luzon were sent home. About the two leaving, RuPaul told them, "Manila and Latrice, my brainy and courageous queens. I think I’m going to miss you the most. Now, sashay away." In 2012, Royale joined the cast of "RuPaul's Drag U" for its third and final season. Other "professors" included: JuJubee, Manila Luzon, Raja, Raven, Shannel, Alexis Mateo, Mariah, Chad Michaels, Willam, Morgan McMichaels, Pandora Boxx, Delta Work and Sharon Needles. In January 2014, Royale released his debut single "Weight", which was endorsed by Logo TV. A remix EP was released in March 20 that year. In September 2014, Royale introduced and then performed with Jennifer Hudson at the CBS Fashion Rocks charity fundraiser event. Hudson stated that working with Royale "Gave me life." Royale works at the Palace Bar in South Beach, Florida. Of working there, Royale stated, "I love this place NOT because I work there, but because it is the Ultimate Experience.. It’s outside right on the Beach. Beautiful People, Great Food/Drinks and the Drag Shows are amazing!" In 2016, Royale appeared alongside Peaches Christ and "RuPaul's Drag Race" alum Willam in "Mister Act," an off-Broadway gender-flipped parody of the film Sister Act. In March 2016, Royale released her EP, "Here's to Life: Latrice Royale Live in the Studio", produced by Electropoint. She will compete in the upcoming television special "RuPaul's Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular". In November 2018, Royale was announced as a cast member for the upcoming All Stars 4 season, joining fellow All Stars season 1 cast member Manila Luzon for his second All Stars competition. Wilcots proposed to Christopher Hamblin in June 2016. The couple were married in Atlanta, Georgia on September 29, 2018 (with Wilcots out of drag). Attendees included "Drag Race" alumni and other drag performers. Latrice Royale Timothy Wilcots (born February 12, 1972), better known by his stage name Latrice Royale, is an American drag performer and reality television personality. He is best known for his appearances in season 4 of "RuPaul's Drag Race" in 2012, and season 1 of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" later that year. He finished fourth place in the fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race"; in the final episode of the season, he was crowned | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Joe Langworth Joe Langworth (born July 19, 1966) is an American choreographer, casting director, singer and dancer. From 1990 - 2005, Langworth appeared in a number of major Broadway musicals, including the closing company of the original production of "A Chorus Line", the Tony Award-winning production of "Ragtime" with Audra McDonald, Marin Mazzie and Brian Stokes Mitchell, and the 2001 revival of Stephen Sondheim's "Follies". He was also assistant dance captain of the national tour of the Tony Award-winning musical "Thoroughly Modern Millie". During that time, he also performed in Las Vegas with Ann-Margret and on European tours of "West Side Story". Langworth grew up in Port Chester, NY and graduated from the State University of New York at Geneseo, where he studied communications. He returned to his alma mater to be an associate professor of Dance. Langworth also taught at the State University of New York at New Paltz where he choreographed productions of "The Producers" and "Rent (musical)", and directed "25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee" and "Oklahoma (musical)". In 2006, Langworth left performing to join the New York-based casting agency, Bernard Telsey Casting, Inc. During this time, the Telsey agency supplied casts for Broadway productions like "Rent", "The Color Purple", "Wicked", "Legally Blonde" and "The Drowsy Chaperone". In a February 26, 2006 article in the "New York Times" entitled "Far From the Spotlight, the True Powers of Broadway," Jesse McKinley named it one of the premier casting agencies in New York. At Telsey, Langworth was responsible for casting Broadway musicals, most notably the first Broadway revival of "South Pacific" opening at the Lincoln Center Theater in April 2008 and starring Kelli O'Hara, Paulo Szot and Loretta Ables Sayre. Langworth also served as associate choreographer for this production which was awarded seven Tony Awards in 2008 and as dance captain for the national touring company. In 2009 - 2010, he was associate director to Sheryl Kaller on the off-Broadway and Broadway productions of Geoffrey Nauffts' play "Next Fall". The play was nominated for Best Director and Best Play in the 2010 Tony Awards. In 2012, Langworth directed the cabaret performances of Broadway couple Jenny Powers and Matt Cavenaugh, as well as the cabaret debut of Laura Osnes at the Cafe Carlyle in New York City. In the "New York Times", Stephen Holden said Langworth's direction "had the fit of a carefully tailored gown for a star stepping onto the red carpet for the first time." In 2013, Langworth directed Paulo Szot's solo show at the Spoleto festival in Italy and at the nightclub 54 Below. He has also directed well-received revivals of "South Pacific", "West Side Story" and "Carousel" at Musical Theater West. Broadway World called his production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Carousel" "quintessential." His husband is James Matthew Jones, a leading global public health consultant who served as press secretary to Senator John Kerry (D-MA) and as executive vice president of The Vaccine Fund, a multibillion-dollar charity founded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. They married in October 2016 in West Park, Town of Esopus, New York. Joe Langworth Joe Langworth (born July 19, 1966) is an American choreographer, casting director, singer and dancer. From 1990 - 2005, Langworth appeared in a number of major Broadway musicals, including the closing company of the original production of "A Chorus Line", the Tony Award-winning production of "Ragtime" with Audra McDonald, Marin Mazzie and Brian Stokes Mitchell, and the 2001 revival of Stephen Sondheim's "Follies". He was also assistant dance captain of the national tour of the Tony Award-winning musical "Thoroughly Modern Millie". During that time, he also performed | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
John Warner (1736–1800) John Warner (1736–1800) was an English cleric and classical scholar. Son of Ferdinando Warner and born in London in 1736, he was admitted to St Paul's School on 30 March 1747. Going on to Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1754, then shortly moving to Trinity College, he graduated B.A. in 1758, M.A. in 1761, and D.D. in 1773.Trinity College, Cambridge, For many years Warner was popular as a preacher at a chapel, his private property, in Long Acre, London. He was instituted in 1771 to the united rectories of Hockcliffe and Chalgrave, Bedfordshire. These were vacant since the incumbent William Dodd had been executed for forgery. He was later presented by his friend Sir Richard Colt Hoare to the rectory of Stourton, Wiltshire. In 1778 Warner was living as a gentleman of leisure, with rooms in Barnard's Inn, and had formed a connection with George Augustus Selwyn. In August that year he was travelling in Italy. At the beginning of 1779 he was in Paris, where he knew the Abbé Raynal. In 1790 Warner went to Paris as chaplain to the English ambassador, and there absorbed revolutionary ideas. Warner knew both William Hayley and Joel Barlow: Hayley was keen that Warner should introduce them. Barlow visited Hayley at Eartham with Warner in 1792, encountering also James Stanier Clarke. Warner stayed on after the embassy of Earl Gower was closed. Becoming involved in French politics, he was once proposed for citizenship, with six others; but was detained in 1793 as he tried to leave the country, living for a time outside Boulogne before being allowed to depart in 1794. Warner was an admirer of John Howard the prison reformer, and it was mainly his efforts that had the statue to Howard in St Paul's Cathedral erected. He died in St John's Square, Clerkenwell, on 22 January 1800. Warner was the author of "Metronariston; or a New Pleasure recommended, in a Dissertation upon a part of Greek and Latin Prosody" (anon.), London, 1797. Some of his letters were printed in John Heneage Jesse's "George Selwyn and his Contemporaries" (1844, iii. 306–18). Attribution John Warner (1736–1800) John Warner (1736–1800) was an English cleric and classical scholar. Son of Ferdinando Warner and born in London in 1736, he was admitted to St Paul's School on 30 March 1747. Going on to Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1754, then shortly moving to Trinity College, | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Paul Kogerman Paul Nikolai Kogerman ( in Tallinn – 27 July 1951 in Tallinn) was an Estonian chemist and founder of modern research in oil shale. Paul Kogerman was born into a family of gas factory worker (and former sailor). He went to an elementary school in 1901–1904 and a town school in 1904–1908. After town school Kogerman earned a living by teaching in church manors near Tallinn. In 1913, he was graduated from the Alexander Gymnasium in Tallinn (Reval) as an extern. Starting in 1913, he studied at the University of Tartu, graduating from its Department of Chemistry in 1918. In the Estonian War of Independence he fought in a unit of Tallinn teachers. In 1919–1920 he got a state scholarship to study at the Imperial College London. In May 1921 he was given a qualification of chemical technologist by the University of London and in 1922 he received the degree of Master of Sciences. From 1921 to 1936, Kogerman was active at the University of Tartu. After the defence of his Master's thesis on the thermal decay of oil-shale, he was elected docent of Organic Chemistry of the University in 1922. He went on to become extraordinary professor in 1924 and full professor in 1925. In 1926 and 1933 he was guest lecturer at the ETH Zürich and in 1927–1928 at Harvard University. In 1934, he defended, in Zürich, his doctoral thesis on the combining and polymerization reactions of the isolated double bond dienes. From 1936 to 1941, Kogerman was professor of organic chemistry at the Tallinn University of Technology, in 1936–1939 he was also a rector of the University. In 1938, Kogerman was selected to the newly established Estonian Academy of Sciences and in 1946 reselected after re-establishment of the Academy as the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. He was the president of the Estonian Naturalists' Society in 1929–1936. In 1938–1939 Kogerman was "ex officio" member of the National Council "(Riiginõukogu)." From October 1939 until the Soviet occupation of Estonia on 21 June 1940 Kogerman served as Minister of Public Education. In 1941, Kogerman, together with his family, was deported by Soviet authorities to the prisoner camp in Sverdlovsk Oblast. He was prematurely released and allowed to return to Estonia in 1945. From 1945 to 1951 he was director of the chair for organic chemistry at Tallinn University of Technology. From 1947 to 1950 he served also as the director of the Chemistry Institute of the Academy of Sciences. In 1927, Kogerman was decorated with the insignia of the Légion d'honneur and in 1938 with the Second Class of the Order of the White Star. In 2006, the Paul Kogerman scholarship was founded, to be granted to successful master's and doctoral level students of the Faculties of Science and Chemical and Materials Technology of the Tallinn University of Technology. Paul Kogerman won international reputation with his work on oil shale. He initiated systematic research of oil shale and its products by establishing, together with professor Michael Wittlich, a laboratory to study oil-bearing shales in 1925. Kogerman submitted fundamental work on the structure and origin of oil shale and its chemical characteristics, as well as work on thermal processes. Paul Kogerman Paul Nikolai Kogerman ( in Tallinn – 27 July 1951 in Tallinn) was an Estonian chemist and founder of modern research in oil shale. Paul Kogerman was born into a family of gas factory worker (and former sailor). He went to an elementary school in 1901–1904 and a town school in 1904–1908. After town school Kogerman earned a living by teaching in church | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Transport in Pune Pune is a city in the western part of India, in the state of Maharashtra and is roughly 160 km east of Mumbai. It has winding roads, many of which follow the natural slopes of the mountainous terrain and end at the rivers feeding the city. As the city expanded in an unorganized fashion, a large number of roads were built around the central portion of the city, including the major highways which link the city to other parts of the country. The city is well connected to the other parts of state and India by road, rail and air. Pune is well-connected to other cities by Indian highways and state highways. National Highway 4 (NH 4) connects it to Mumbai, Bangalore and Kolhapur. NH 9 to Hyderabad, and NH 50 to Nashik. State highways connect it to Ahmednagar, Aurangabad, and Alandi. Pune is served by few highways: Old Mumbai–Pune Highway and Pune-Satara Highway, both which are part of National Highway 4, and Dehu Road–Katraj bypass. The Nashik City-Pune Highway NH 50 will be part of the golden triangle (Nashik-Pune-Mumbai). The Pune-Solapur highway is part of Pune-Hyderabad Highway The Mumbai-Pune Expressway, India's first six-lane high-speed expressway, was built in 2002, and has reduced travel time between Pune and Mumbai to almost two hours. A ring road is being planned for the convenience of heavy traffic. Public buses within the city and its suburbs are operated by the Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited (PMPML). The PMPML operates the Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System system, the first of its kind in India, in which dedicated bus lanes were supposed to allow buses to travel quickly through the city. In reality the project has turned out to be a failure receiving little to no patronage from the local citizenry. Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation runs buses, popularly known as ST (State Transport), from its main stations in Shivajinagar, Pune Station and Swargate to all major cities and towns in Maharashtra and neighbouring states. Private companies too run buses to major cities throughout India. The city's main railway station is Pune Railway Station. The station is administrated by the Pune Railway Division of the Central Railways. Apart from this, there are many stations within the urban area. Daily express trains connect Pune to Mumbai, Hyderabad, Delhi, Nagpur, Kanpur, Howrah, Jammu Tawi, Chennai, Bangalore, Goa, Varanasi, Patna, and Jamshedpur. At Pune, there is diesel locomotive shed and electric trip shed. Pune Suburban Railway is a suburban rail system connecting Pune to its suburbs and neighboring villages in Pune District, Maharashtra. It is operated by Central Railway. Pune's suburban railway operates on two routes, i.e. from Pune Junction to Lonavla and from Pune Junction to Talegaon. There are 5 trains which operate on Pune Junction - Talegaon route while 18 trains operate on Pune Junction - Lonavla route. Pune Metro is a currently under construction rapid transit system to serve the cities of Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad. As of March 2018, Line 1 (Pimpri-Chinchwad - Swargate) and Line 2 (Vanaz - Ramwadi) with a combined length of 31.25 km are being constructed by Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited (MahaMetro), a 50:50 joint venture of the State and Central Governments. MahaMetro expects these two lines to be operational by 2021. Line 3, which will cover a distance of 23.3 km between Hinjewadi and Shivajinagar, has been approved by the State and Central Governments. The Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA) will implement the project on a public–private partnership (PPP) basis, for which it has shortlisted three companies: Tata Realty and Siemens, IRB in consoritum with Chinese and Malaysian companies, and IL&FS. The bidding for Line 3 is expected by June 2018. All three lines will align at the Civil Court interchange station. Pune Airport is an international airport at Lohegaon, operated by the Airports Authority of India. It shares its runways with the neighbouring Indian Air Force base. In addition to domestic flights to all major Indian cities, this airport serves international direct flights to Dubai (operated by Air India Express) and to Frankfurt (operated by Lufthansa). Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje International Airport is a proposed greenfield international airport to serve the city of Pune, India. The airport will be located near the villages of Ambodi, Sonori, Kumbharvalan, Ekhatpur-Munjawadi, Khanwadi, Pargaon Memane, Rajewadi, Aamble, Tekwadi, Vanpuri, Udachiwadi, Singapur near Saswad and Jejuri in Purandar taluka of Pune District in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Transport in Pune Pune is a city in the western part of India, in the state of Maharashtra and is roughly 160 km east of Mumbai. It has winding roads, many of which follow the natural slopes of the mountainous terrain and end at the rivers feeding the city. As the city expanded in an unorganized fashion, a large number of roads | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Enron Code of Ethics The Enron Code of Ethics was a 64-page booklet published by Enron Corporation, the last known edition of which was in July 2000. The sale of copies of the booklet on Ebay has passed into internet folklore. An article in the "San Francisco Chronicle" for February 10, 2002 reported a final bid level on one copy of USD 202.50. Another sale on Ebay (which ran from February 13 to February 20, 2002) carried the item number "1074129276". In the latter sale, the booklet was sold together with a cup, also allegedly an Enron product, which featured text extolling the virtues of the Enron retirement plan. The content of the booklet has attracted less interest than the fact that Enron had a code of ethics. Enron Code of Ethics The Enron Code of Ethics was a 64-page booklet published by Enron Corporation, the last known edition of which was in July 2000. The sale of copies of the booklet on Ebay has passed into internet folklore. An article in the "San Francisco Chronicle" for February 10, 2002 reported a final bid level on one copy of USD 202.50. Another sale on Ebay (which ran from February 13 | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Icaro Icaro () is a South American indigenous colloquialism for magic or alchemy, or any esoteric modality by which a practitioner attempts to channel their energy to manifest their will. Today, this term is commonly used to describe the medicine songs performed in "vegetal" ceremonies, especially by shamans in ayahuasca ceremonies to induce a profound state of healing, awareness or amazement. It is also commonly used to describe a traditional artisanal pattern of the Shipibo tribe based on the visions induced by ayahuasca. The word "icaro" is believed to derive from the Quechua verb "ikaray", which means "to blow smoke in order to heal". Icaro is most commonly used to describe the medicine songs used by shamans in healing ceremonies, such as with the psychedelic brew ayahuasca. Traditionally, these songs can be performed by whistling, singing with the voice or vocables, or playing an instrument such as the didgeridoo or flute, and usually involve a mastery of advanced techniques to evoke the healing effects. Traditionally, icaros may come to a shaman during a ceremony, be passed down from previous lineages of healers, or come to a shaman during a 'dieta' where plant spirits are believed to teach icaros to the shaman directly. The singing or whistling of icaros is sometimes accompanied by a chakapa, a rattle of bundled leaves. Due to the complexity of certain performance techniques, it may take many years to learn certain icaros, and experienced shamans may be able to recite hundreds of them. The word "icaro" may be used for other ritual actions taken by a healer during a ceremony for the sake of affecting consciousness. In ayahuasca ceremonies of Iquitos, Peru, you may find any of the following are considered an icaro: Icaro Icaro () is a South American indigenous colloquialism for magic or alchemy, | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Red Willow County, Nebraska Red Willow County is a county located in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,055. Its county seat is McCook. In the Nebraska license plate system, Red Willow County is represented by the prefix 48 (it had the forty-eighth-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922). Red Willow County was formed in 1873. It was named after the Red Willow Creek. The name is reported to be a mistranslation of the Dakota Indian name "Chanshasha Wakpala," which literally means Red Dogwood Creek. The Dakota referred to the creek as such because of an abundance of the red dogwood shrub that grew along the creek banks. Its stem and branches are deep red in color, and it is favored in basket making. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.1%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 11,448 people, 4,710 households, and 3,188 families residing in the county. The population density was 16 people per square mile (6/km²). There were 5,278 housing units at an average density of 7 per square mile (3/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 97.55% White, 0.16% Black or African American, 0.38% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.93% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. 2.45% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 4,710 households out of which 30.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.50% were married couples living together, 7.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.30% were non-families. 28.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.92. In the county, the population was spread out with 24.90% under the age of 18, 8.80% from 18 to 24, 24.60% from 25 to 44, 22.60% from 45 to 64, and 19.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 93.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.30 males. The median income for a household in the county was $32,293, and the median income for a family was $40,279. Males had a median income of $27,768 versus $18,768 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,303. About 7.60% of families and 9.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.40% of those under age 18 and 7.60% of those age 65 or over. Red Willow County, Nebraska Red Willow County is a county located in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,055. Its county seat is McCook. In the Nebraska license plate system, Red Willow County is | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Samuel Wagan Watson Samuel Wagan Watson (born 1972) is a contemporary Indigenous Australian poet. Samuel Wagan Watson was born in Brisbane; Completed secondary studies in Morayfield State High School where his lawyer sister Nicole also completed her secondary education; whilst living in Caboolture West with his mother an Anglo-Australian and father Sam Watson Jnr; his family is Irish, German, Bundjalung and Birri Gubba. His father is the novelist and political activist, Sam Watson. His poetry ranges from observation of everyday experience to the effects of colonisation in a vividly direct, almost tactile, language. In youth, Watson says that he enjoyed fishing and diving off the end of a jetty in Brisbane with some friends. In the late 1990s, the Brisbane City Council set up a project to raise awareness of the Boondall Wetlands. The project was set up to bring together historians, poets, photographers, environmentalists and designers and show the cultural history of the Wetlands, both the local indigenous history and the experiences of European settlers. Samuel Watson was invited to this project, with the poets Brett Dionysius and Liz Hall-Downs, and in 2000 an audio CD was produced of their work, called Blackfellas Whitefellas Wetlands. The very different voices and focus of the three poets worked together to create a sense or place and of history. When asked in interview who had influenced him, Samuel Watson recognised the influence of his parents, and listed also Nick Cave, Tom Waits, Jack Kerouac, Charles Bukowski and Robert Adamson. Originally, Watson tried to write short stories for various companies, but his writing was rejected, and was described as being 'bad' and 'horrible'. However, one company did compliment his writing as 'having good poetic bits in it' resulting in Watson's shift to poetry. At first, he tried sonnets as a form of poetry, but later changed to free verse. His poetry collection "Smoke Encrypted Whispers" has been set to music by 23 Brisbane-based composers who each wrote a two-minute piece to respond to a particular poem. The project was commissioned by the clarinetist Paul Dean, who conducted a recording of the work with the narrator Ron Haddrick, the soprano Margaret Schindler, and the Southern Cross Soloists. Watson says that music helps him write, and says that it 'is a major influence on (his) poetry'. He also says that music helps to block out outside noise, especially from his brother. The Japanese Aeronautical Exploration Agency has commissioned Watson to write some haiku to keep Japanese astronauts amused on the International Space Station. Watson is sharing a house with his brother, who has been described in an interview as 'someone who loves to play music'. He also lives with his spouse. Watson is currently touring Australia and doing poetry courses in various schools as a writer in residence. Among other schools, he has visited the prestigious Brisbane school; Brisbane Grammar School to do one such course. Samuel Watson has also received a Highly Commended in both the Anne Elder Awards and the 2000 Award for Outstanding Contributions to Australian Culture. Samuel Wagan Watson Samuel Wagan Watson (born 1972) is a contemporary Indigenous Australian poet. Samuel Wagan Watson was born in Brisbane; Completed secondary studies in Morayfield State High School where his lawyer sister Nicole also completed her secondary education; whilst living in Caboolture West with his mother an Anglo-Australian and father Sam Watson Jnr; his family is Irish, German, Bundjalung and Birri Gubba. His father is the novelist and political activist, Sam Watson. His poetry ranges from observation of everyday experience to the effects of colonisation in a vividly direct, almost tactile, language. In youth, | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Marie-François Auguste de Caffarelli du Falga Marie-François Auguste de Caffarelli du Falga (October 7, 1766, Haute-Garonne, France - January 23, 1849, Leschelles, near Guise, Aisne) was a French général de division of Italian descent. Two of his brothers were also generals. His name is inscribed on the south side of the Arc de Triomphe. First serving with the army on Sardinia from 1783, he returned to France in 1791, enrolling as a private dragoon in the 15e régiment and becoming aide-de-camp to General Dagobert. He was then made adjutant general to the Armée de Sambre-et-Meuse and commanded the light-infantry Demi-brigade, which was nicknamed "l'incomparable". Also serving on the French invasion of Egypt, he became aide-de-camp to Napoléon Bonaparte in 1800, général de brigade after the Battle of Marengo, and finally commander of the Légion d'honneur in 1804. Sent as an ambassador to Pope Pius VII, he organised the Pope's trip to France for Napoleon's coronation as emperor. He was sent to interrogate Toussaint Louverture in his French prison cell at Fort de Joux and met with Toussaint several times, the first time on September 15, 1802. One of his duties was to find out about treasures, that French authorities believed Toussaint had hidden in Saint-Domingue. Toussaint, in his memoir disputes that he ever took any treasures and indeed it seems as if Napoléon and his aide were absolutely wrong to assume that Toussaint had ever diverted any money. John Relly Beard writes that "It has been suggested that torture [of Toussaint Louverture] was employed by Bonaparte's aid, Caffarelli" although he states that he can find no evidence to support this claim. (Beard p. 342) He became général de division and governor of the Tuileries, and grand aigle (Grand croix) of the Légion d'honneur, all on 8 February 1806, for his contribution to the victory at Austerlitz, and the following month was summoned to the Kingdom of Italy's ministry of war and the fleet (remaining at its head until 1810). He was made a knight of the Order of the Iron Crown ("ordre de la Couronne de fer") in 1807, comte de l'Empire (with a "dotation" of 23,000 francs on the "domaines" of Hanover), and was then employed in Spain. There he defeated an attempted English landing at Laredo, seized Bilbao, was named governor of Biscay in 1811, completely routed Mina's band of guerrillas and contributed to the raising of the siege of Burgos. In 1813 he once again became Napoleon's aide-de-camp, and when the Emperor left his army he entrusted Caffarelli with commanding the remaining troops in Paris, the government of the imperial palace and organising the guard for empress Marie Louise. In 1814, he accompanied Marie-Louise and her son as far as Vienna. On his return to France, he begged to be allowed to retire, but Louis XVIII replied to his requests by sending him the insignia of the Order of Saint Louis and naming him military governor of the 13e division militaire. In January 1815, the duc de Bourbon sent him to Rennes to do all the good and prevent all the evil that he could. On 22 April he resumed his role as aide-de-camp, and on 2 June took command of the 1e division militaire. He followed the army behind the Loire and was dismissed. Made a Pair de France in 1831, in 1840 he headed the legal commission looking into having Napoleon's mortal remains transferred back to France. Out of place in this era of grand political debates, General Caffarelli died in 1849 after a long illness, leaving a widow (daughter of comte Louis Charles d'Hervilly), two daughters and a son (who the French government summoned to join the conseil d'État for the prefecture of Ille-et-Vilaine). Marie-François Auguste de Caffarelli du Falga Marie-François Auguste de Caffarelli du Falga (October 7, 1766, Haute-Garonne, France - January 23, 1849, Leschelles, near Guise, Aisne) was a French général de division of Italian descent. Two of his brothers were also generals. His name is inscribed on the south side of the Arc de Triomphe. First serving with the army on Sardinia from 1783, he returned to France in 1791, enrolling as a private dragoon in the 15e régiment and becoming | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Ones' complement The ones' complement of a binary number is defined as the value obtained by inverting all the bits in the binary representation of the number (swapping 0s for 1s and vice versa). The ones' complement of the number then behaves like the negative of the original number in some arithmetic operations. To within a constant (of −1), the ones' complement behaves like the negative of the original number with binary addition. However, unlike two's complement, these numbers have not seen widespread use because of issues such as the offset of −1, that negating zero results in a distinct negative zero bit pattern, less simplicity with arithmetic borrowing, etc. A ones' complement system or ones' complement arithmetic is a system in which negative numbers are represented by the inverse of the binary representations of their corresponding positive numbers. In such a system, a number is negated (converted from positive to negative or vice versa) by computing its ones' complement. An N-bit ones' complement numeral system can only represent integers in the range −(2−1) to 2−1 while two's complement can express −2 to 2−1. The ones' complement binary numeral system is characterized by the bit complement of any integer value being the arithmetic negative of the value. That is, inverting all of the bits of a number (the logical complement) produces the same result as subtracting the value from 0. Many early computers, including the CDC 6600, the LINC, the PDP-1, and the UNIVAC 1107, used ones' complement notation. Successors of the CDC 6600 continued to use ones' complement until the late 1980s, and the descendants of the UNIVAC 1107 (the UNIVAC 1100/2200 series) still do, but the majority of modern computers use two's complement. Positive numbers are the same simple, binary system used by two's complement and sign-magnitude. Negative values are the bit complement of the corresponding positive value. The largest positive value is characterized by the sign (high-order) bit being off (0) and all other bits being on (1). The smallest negative value is characterized by the sign bit being 1, and all other bits being 0. The table below shows all possible values in a 4-bit system, from −7 to +7. Adding two values is straightforward. Simply align the values on the least significant bit and add, propagating any carry to the bit one position left. If the carry extends past the end of the word it is said to have "wrapped around", a condition called an "end-around carry". When this occurs, the bit must be added back in at the right-most bit. This phenomenon does not occur in two's complement arithmetic. Subtraction is similar, except that borrows, rather than carries, are propagated to the left. If the borrow extends past the end of the word it is said to have "wrapped around", a condition called an "end-around borrow". When this occurs, the bit must be subtracted from the right-most bit. This phenomenon does not occur in two's complement arithmetic. It is easy to demonstrate that the bit complement of a positive value is the negative magnitude of the positive value. The computation of 19 + 3 produces the same result as 19 − (−3). Add 3 to 19. Subtract −3 from 19. Negative zero is the condition where all bits in a signed word are 1. This follows the ones' complement rules that a value is negative when the left-most bit is 1, and that a negative number is the bit complement of the number's magnitude. The value also behaves as zero when computing. Adding or subtracting negative zero to/from another value produces the original value. Adding negative zero: Subtracting negative zero: Negative zero is easily produced in a 1's complement adder. Simply add the positive and negative of the same magnitude. Although the math always produces the correct results, a side effect of negative zero is that software must test for negative zero. The generation of negative zero becomes a non-issue if addition is achieved with a complementing subtractor. The first operand is passed to the subtract unmodified, the second operand is complemented, and the subtraction generates the correct result, avoiding negative zero. The previous example added 22 and −22 and produced −0. "Corner cases" arise when one or both operands are zero and/or negative zero. Subtracting +0 is trivial (as shown above). If the second operand is negative zero it is inverted and the original value of the first operand is the result. Subtracting −0 is also trivial. The result can be only 1 of two cases. In case 1, operand 1 is −0 so the result is produced simply by subtracting 1 from 1 at every bit position. In case 2, the subtraction will generate a value that is 1 larger than operand 1 and an end-around borrow. Completing the borrow generates the same value as operand 1. The next example shows what happens when both operands are plus or minus zero: This example shows that of the 4 possible conditions when adding only ±0, an adder will produce −0 in three of them. A complementing subtractor will produce −0 only when both operands are −0. Ones' complement The ones' complement of a binary number is defined as the value obtained by inverting all the bits in the binary representation of the number (swapping 0s for 1s and vice versa). The ones' complement of the number then behaves like the negative of the | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Elaine Trebek Kares Elaine Trebek Kares, formerly known as Elaine Callei, is an American businesswoman. Originally from Columbus, Ohio, and a journalism graduate of Ohio State University, she was a Playboy Bunny in the 1960s under the pseudonym Teddy Howard. With her first husband Louis Callei, she later moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where she ran her own promotion and party planning business before joining CHCH-TV in Hamilton as host of a daily talk show, "Call Callei". The show was noted particularly for Callei's boundary-pushing interest in sexual topics; her 1972 interview with Xaviera Hollander led to a reprimand from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in early 1973. She left CHCH to take over as cohost of CTV's "Canada AM" in February 1973, after Carole Taylor left the program to join "W5"; however, she lasted only a few months before leaving the program by mutual agreement that she wasn't a good fit for a morning show, and was succeeded by Helen Hutchinson. She married Alex Trebek in 1974, returning to the United States as he pursued career opportunities there. They divorced in 1981. She had no children with Trebek, although he became adoptive father to her daughter Nicky from her previous marriage. Nicky works as a production assistant on the show that her adoptive father has hosted since 1984, "Jeopardy!" She later remarried to film producer Peter Kares, and launched her own businesses, including Scent Seal, which created a new system for packaging perfume and fragrance samples, and Mag-a-Music, an early foray into multimedia music distribution. She currently owns and operates Gallery GO, an art gallery in Los Angeles, California. Elaine Trebek Kares Elaine Trebek Kares, formerly known as Elaine Callei, is an American businesswoman. Originally from Columbus, Ohio, and a journalism graduate of Ohio State University, she was | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Alfred Schickel Alfred Schickel (18 June 1933 – 30 September 2015) was a German revisionist historian and Scientific Director of the Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt. Schickel was born in Ústí nad Labem/Aussig an der Elbe, Czechoslovakia. He attended Kolleg St. Blasien, a Jesuit school, from 1947 till graduating in 1954 and studied history and philosophy in Munich. After finishing his studies he taught at a private school in Ingolstadt. In 1966 Schickel earned a doctorate in Ancient History with a dissertation on Roman legal history. His research has since focused on contemporary history, particularly the history of Central Europe. From 1974 till 1995 he was head of a Catholic educational institution, the Katholisches Bildungswerk Ingolstadt. Schickel, a Sudeten German, experienced the expulsion of Germans after World War II and came as a refugee to West Germany. Nominated by the Bavarian government he was decorated with the Federal Cross of Merit in 1989. The award was criticized by the leading German newsmagazine "Der Spiegel" as Schickel was allegedly working towards an exculpation of Nazism. Heinz Nawratil wrote a "A 'Diatribe' in Honor of Dr. Alfred Schickel" published in the Journal of Historical Review. Schickel has written an obituary for Hellmut Diwald, published in the far-right National Zeitung and Criticon. Alfred Schickel Alfred Schickel (18 June 1933 – 30 September 2015) was a German revisionist historian and Scientific Director of the Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt. Schickel was born in Ústí nad Labem/Aussig an der Elbe, Czechoslovakia. He attended Kolleg St. Blasien, a Jesuit school, from 1947 till graduating in 1954 and studied history and philosophy in Munich. After finishing his studies he taught at a private school in Ingolstadt. In 1966 Schickel earned a doctorate in Ancient History with a dissertation on Roman legal history. His research has since focused on contemporary history, particularly | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Chale Wote Street Art Festival The Chale Wote Street Art Festival also known as Chale Wote is an alternative platform that brings art, music, dance and performance out into the streets. The festival targets exchanges between scores of local and international artists and patrons by creating and appreciating art together. Since 2011, CHALE WOTE has included street painting, graffiti murals, photography, theater, spoken word, interactive art installations, live street performances, extreme sports, film shows, a fashion parade, a music block party, recyclable design workshops and much more. It is the first to be organized in Accra, Ghana and has inspired similar events across the country. There have been 6 editions so far; the first two ran for one day each, while the 2013 and 2014 edition ran concurrently for two days, the former in September and the latter in August, a week after the Homowo festival of the Ga people at the historical Jamestown, Ghana on the High Street in Accra. The format switched in 2016 when the festival lasted an entire week, from August 18 - 21. This switch saw the festival hop from the open street gallery that is Jamestown to other art spaces, such as the Nubuke Foundation, the Museum of Science and Technology as well as film screenings at the Movenpick Ambassador Hotel. The same format will be replicated in the 7th edition, themed, Wata Mata with further immersion into Accra, spreading to areas such as Nima, Osu and more. The event is produced by Accra [dot] Alt Radio, with support from other local cultural networks like Attukwei Art Foundation, Foundation for Contemporary Art Ghana, Dr. Monk, Redd Kat Pictures and the Institut français in Ghana. Chale Wote Street Art Festival The Chale Wote Street Art Festival also known as Chale Wote is an alternative platform | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Darryl Middleton Darryl Bryan Middleton (born July 21, 1966) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach for CSKA Moscow of the VTB United League. Standing at 6'8" (2.03 m), he played at the power forward position. He holds the record for being the oldest player to ever play a game in the history of the Spanish ACB League. He also holds a Spanish passport. Middleton played college basketball with the Baylor Bears. After college, Middleton was selected by the Atlanta Hawks in the 3rd round (68th overall) of the 1988 NBA draft. However, he never played in the NBA. He did however, have a prosperous basketball career in Europe, with teams such as: Çukurova Sanayi, Aresium Milan, Girona, FC Barcelona, Joventut Badalona, Caja San Fernando, Panathinaikos, and Dynamo Saint Petersburg. He won three Spanish League Most Valuable Player awards (1992, 1993, 2000). He also won two Spanish League championships (1995, 1996), while playing with FC Barcelona. From 2000 to 2005, Middleton played with Panathinaikos, and with them he won four Greek League championships (2001, 2003, 2004, 2005), two Greek Cups (2003, 2005), and the 2001–02 Euroleague championship. In 2007, Middleton won the FIBA EuroCup, while playing with Girona. He then continued to play with Girona, as part of the re-founded Sant Josep. In March 2011, he signed a contract with Valencia Basket. After Girona, he signed with CB Lucentum Alicante. Lucentum Alicante, despite having finished in 6th place in the Liga ACB, and having earned the right to play in European-wide league, sold their place in the top Spanish League, and played instead in the Spanish 2nd Division LEB Oro, during the 2012–13 season. This was due to financial issues. Middleton was a part of the team during that season, and he helped them to finish in 3rd place in the Spanish 2nd Division, and after winning in the league's playoffs, they earned a return to the top-tier level Liga ACB. In October 2013, at the age of 47, Middleton signed with Servigroup Benidorm of the Liga EBA, the Spanish fourth division league. In June 2014, Middleton was appointed as an assistant coach for Dimitrios Itoudis in the Russian team CSKA Moscow. Darryl Middleton Darryl Bryan Middleton (born July 21, 1966) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach for CSKA Moscow of the VTB United League. Standing at 6'8" (2.03 m), he | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian (b. August 4, 1789 at Pointe-à-Pitre (also written: Ponte-à-Pitre), Guadeloupe; d. February 24, 1839 Pointe-à-Pitre) was one of the first hearing educators in France to achieve native-level fluency in French Sign Language. He wrote an important book titled "Mimographie," which was published in 1825, which utilized a method of writing signs. From the Caribbean Island of Guadeloupe, his father sent him to live in France to obtain a high-school education under the auspices of his godfather, the Abbé Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard, who was the successor of the Abbé de l'Épée as the director of the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets de Paris. The Abbé Sicard sent him to live with the Abbé Jauffret. He completed high school at the Lycée Charlemagne in Paris where he was regarded as a brilliant student, after which he dedicated himself to studying Deaf education. He followed the advice of Abbé Sicard and began working with three Deaf teachers: Jean Massieu, Ferdinand Berthier and Laurent Clerc, at the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets de Paris, and wrote a book titled "Essai sur les sourds-muets et sur le langage naturel," which was published in 1817, that dealt with the educational philosophy and methods of the school, as well as the nature of French Sign Language. He turned down offers to become principals of schools for the Deaf in New York City and also St. Petersburg, and set up at school on Montparnasse Boulevard in Paris. Later he became principal of a school in Rouen and then moved back to Guadeloupe, where he founded a school for black students. He won an award from the French Academy of Sciences for writing a eulogy for the Abbé de l'Épée titled: "Éloge historique de l'abbé de l'Epée" (1819). Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian (b. | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Thodu Needa Thodu Needa (English: Companion — Shadow) is a 1965 Telugu drama film, produced by N. N. Bhatt and A. Rami Reddy under the Vijayabhat Movies banner and directed by Adurthi Subba Rao. It stars N. T. Rama Rao, Bhanumathi Ramakrishna, Jamuna in the lead roles and music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The film was a remake of the Tamil movie "Karpagam" (1963). Dharma Rao (S. V. Ranga Rao) is a good Samaritan and head of the village. He has a son Raja (Ramakrishna) and daughter Radha (Jamuna). Raja marries his classmate Rani (Geetanjali), daughter of Nagaraju (Nagabhushanam), a crooked and evil-minded person in the same village, who has an eye on the Dharma Rao's wealth. Dharma Rao performs his daughter Radha's marriage with Gopi (N. T. Rama Rao), an ordinary farmer with a noble character. Time passes, Raja and Rani are blessed with a baby girl (Baby Shakeela), but they neglect their child and she comes closer to Radha and Gopi. This irks Nagaraju as he knows that the little girl is the legal heir to Dharma Rao’s wealth. He creates problems in the family by brainwashing and misleading Raja and Rani, who blindly follow his advice. Raja sends the legal notice to his father, asking for property settlement and also separates the baby. Radha succumbs and while saving the baby from being attacked by a bull, she dies. Gopi goes into a depression, but Dharma Rao reconciles to marry his friend Collector Ananda Rao’s (Chittor V. Nagaiah) daughter, Lakshmi (Bhanumathi Ramakrishna). Though he marries her, he is unable to forget Radha and is reluctant to invite Lakshmi into his life. Lakshmi longs for the love and attention of both Gopi and the baby. Meanwhile, the estranged son Raja and Nagaraju conspire to swindle Dharma Rao. The frustrated Nagaraju decides to eliminate Gopi and sends goons to attack him, where Lakshmi comes to his protection and gets stabbed. Finally, Gopi realizes Lakshmi's love, Nagaraju is arrested, Raja and Rani also repent of their mistakes and the entire family is reunited. Music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. Lyrics were written by Acharya Aatreya. The song "Attha Odi Puvvuvale" is a blockbuster. Music released by Audio Company. Thodu Needa Thodu Needa (English: Companion — Shadow) is a 1965 Telugu drama film, produced by N. N. Bhatt and A. Rami Reddy under the Vijayabhat Movies banner and directed by Adurthi | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
St. Mary's of the Barrens Catholic Church (Perryville, Missouri) St. Mary's of the Barrens Church is a Roman Catholic Church and former Seminary in Perryville, Missouri. St. Mary's is the historic seat of the American Vincentians and since its establishment in 1818 has served as an educational institution, a Vincentian house of formation, and a Vincentian community residence. The founding of St. Mary's of the Barrens, Perryville, Missouri, predates the founding of the State of Missouri by two years, and was the first seminary west of the Mississippi River. St. Mary's of the Barrens was founded by the Congregation of the Mission, also known as the "Vincentians" or "Lazarists". The Catholic population of Perryville was in need of a permanent resident priest, and offered 640 acres of land to Bishop Louis William Valentine DuBourg, Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas, in exchange for the regular services of a priest and a school for the children. In 1815, Bishop Dubourg was in Rome recruiting priests for the Louisiana Territory, a huge diocese that embraced all of the territory of the Louisiana Purchase. While in Italy, DuBourg stayed at Monte Citorio, the mother church of the Congregation of the Mission order in Rome, and eventually convinced the Vincentians to send a contingent to Missouri to construct a seminary. These two groups of priests and brothers under Felix De Andreis (1877-1820) and Joseph Rosati (1789-1843) left for the United States in the fall of 1815. They stayed in the Baltimore area in 1816, and then moved to Bardstown, Kentucky in 1817 to further their preparations for Missouri. When DuBourg obtained the land grant of 640 acres from the Maryland Catholic immigrants of Perry County, they left to establish St. Mary's of the Barrens seminary in October 1818. Father Charles de la Croix was skilled in architecture and drew up the plans for both the Church and Seminary. De la Croix was listed as an expert architect who had recently completed the Seminary of St. Thomas at Bardstown, Kentucky, and the seminary plans that he drew up for St. Mary's were to be modeled after Bardstown. The planned building was to be 60 feet by 36 feet, and 2 1/2 stories tall, with a full basement, 2 halls, 2 cellars each 25 feet by 17 feet, plastered on inside and outside, although the resulting building was said to have been a combination log-house, frame-house, brick-house, stone-house, all depending on unforeseen construction compromises. Bishop DuBourg purchased a sawmill about one and a half miles from the seminary to provide lumber for the construction of the seminary. The construction began in 1817, but before the seminary building was completed, Father de la Croix and two Flemish brothers from Bardstown were transferred to help build church buildings elsewhere. Father Rosati took over the supervision of the seminary construction, and appointed Father Francis Cellini to finish supervision of construction. The wooden seminary structure was built in 1834, and was still standing in 1900. However, it was torn down in the 1913 renovations. The seminary at Perryville was the official seminary of the entire St. Louis diocese until 1842, when the diocesan seminary was moved to St. Louis. Thereafter, St. Mary's was reserved only for training Vincentians seminarians. The Novitiate was moved from Perryville to Cape Girardeau in 1841. The seminary was closed in 1863 and the students moved to Philadelphia. It was again reopened in 1888, and many buildings were gradually added to the campus. The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Parish served the local English-speaking parish and population from 1817 until its merger with the German-speaking St. Boniface Parish to form St. Vincent's Parish in 1965. The parish church was renamed St. Mary's Church in honor of St. Mary of the Barrens Seminary. Initial work on the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Parish, which included what later would become St. Mary's of the Barrens, was begun in 1818 based on the plans from Father de la Croix, and finished in 1820 at a cost of $800. However, the rapid growth of the parish led to the need of a more permanent, larger church. New church plans were proposed in 1826 to replace the original wood church. The plans were based on the original plans of Monte Citorio, both in ground-plan and size. Construction was begun in 1826 and the church was to be a replica of the Vincentian Motherhouse Church in Rome, Monte Citorio. Monte Citorio in Rome is of the Tuscan Renaissance style, and this became the general model for St. Mary's of the Barrens church. It was the first non-cathedral church consecrated west of the Mississippi River and was built from stone quarried on the Barrens property. Limestone was quarried on the Seminary lands, not far from the present church. The cornerstone was laid on January 1, 1827, and foundation excavations were begun January 6, 1827. Apparently, work on the site was then stalled for several years, because the original plans were deemed to be too elaborate and too expensive to complete. Father Jean-Marie Odin was sent to Europe in 1831 to secure funds to complete the church, and when he returned, Angelo Oliva, was appointed to be in charge of the new church construction. The new church construction plans called for a revised building design which was reduced to one-third of the size of the original plan. The building was built with limestone is 124 feet long and 64 feet wide. The church was consecrated October 29, 1837 by Bishop Rosati. A number of improvements and additions were made between 1888 and 1893. During the renovations of 1888, the soft stone of the towers was found to be in a state of disintegration thus making the towers unstable. The cedar shake roof was covered with a tin roof in 1888. A new stained glass window was placed over the entry door in 1889. In 1913, further renovations were made. The two towers on the front of the church were razed due to the problems with the soft crumbling stone. The interior of the church was of Tuscan design. The interior has high Roman arches with two domes, one over the sanctuary and one over the center of the church. The sanctuary is 30 feet square under a dome 45 feet in height. The interior walls are decorated with murals and paintings. Seven small altars are located on the sides of the nave. The front of the church was expanded through the addition of two side altars and a vestibule, extending the length by 40 feet. The facade was changed from a Tuscan Renaissance style to the Romanesque style. Later additions include the Miraculous Medal Shrine in 1930, and the current Angelus bell tower which was constructed in 1980. St. Mary's of the Barrens functioned as a parish church until 1965 when a new parish church was built, thus becoming an independent "public church" in which liturgical services are held regularly. Today Saint Mary's Church serves as both a Marian Shrine and Vincentian Community Chapel. The Shrine of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal was built in 1928, replacing the Chapel of St. Vincent. There is a dome over the shrine. The Sacristy of Bishop Rosati is an old log cabin that is now the oldest original structure on the St. Mary's campus. The hewn log building, often referred to as Rosati's Cabin, was used as a sacristy to the first church. The cabin is a single log pen with V notched corners, and was built around 1825. In a move to preserve the cabin, it was set on a concrete foundation in 1932 and placed under a large arched stone pavilion to protect it from the elements. The Grotto of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal was built during World War I by the seminarians on the site of the stone quarry used to construct St. Mary's Church. Construction began in June 1917 and was completed in November 1920. A small outdoor chapel is recessed in the center of the grotto wall and contains a small altar made of fieldstone. In a small niche at the top of the grotto wall, above the small chapel, is a | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
on the St. Mary's campus. The hewn log building, often referred to as Rosati's Cabin, was used as a sacristy to the first church. The cabin is a single log pen with V notched corners, and was built around 1825. In a move to preserve the cabin, it was set on a concrete foundation in 1932 and placed under a large arched stone pavilion to protect it from the elements. The Grotto of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal was built during World War I by the seminarians on the site of the stone quarry used to construct St. Mary's Church. Construction began in June 1917 and was completed in November 1920. A small outdoor chapel is recessed in the center of the grotto wall and contains a small altar made of fieldstone. In a small niche at the top of the grotto wall, above the small chapel, is a statue of our Lady of the Miraculous Medal. In August 2004, the Midwest Province of the Congregation of the Mission decided to demolish several of the old seminary buildings for the construction of a new residence for retired Vincentians. The Apostle of Charity Residence opened in 2006. St. Mary's of the Barrens Catholic Church (Perryville, Missouri) St. Mary's of the Barrens Church is a Roman Catholic Church and former Seminary in Perryville, Missouri. St. Mary's is the historic seat of the American Vincentians and since its establishment in 1818 has served as an educational institution, a Vincentian house of formation, and a Vincentian community residence. The founding of St. Mary's of the Barrens, Perryville, Missouri, predates the founding of the State of Missouri by two years, and was the first seminary west of the | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Louis Vorster Louis Vorster (2 November 1966 – 17 April 2012) was a South African-Namibian cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler. He was born in Potchefstroom. Vorster made his cricketing debut for Albatross cricket club on 1 July 1983, in a victory against the Sussex Second XI at Glynde. Vorster scored a duck in this first innings though the team were to create a victory with just one over to spare. Vorster's first-class debut came in the 1985/86 Castle Bowl tournament, playing for Transvaal B against Eastern Province, and played in the Castle Currie Cup in the 1986/87 season. He became part of a South African invitation XI who played against an Australian XI in a South African tour of 1986/87, and, during the 1987 and 1988 English cricket seasons, played occasional games for the Warwickshire Second XI. Playing for Transvaal until 1990, Vorster played for Northern Transvaal from this season onwards, in the B&H Series and the Castle Currie Cup, in its various guises. Vorster continued to play for Northern Transvaal until the 1995/96 B&H Series, following which he moved to North West. Vorster played in the competition for North West until the 1998/99 season. Nine years later, Vorster made a return to the first-class game, playing for the Namibian cricket team, for whom he made his debut in October 2007 against North West at the age of nearly 41. Vorster was shot and killed during an armed robbery outside Pretoria on 17 April 2012. He was 45. Louis Vorster Louis Vorster (2 November 1966 – 17 April 2012) was a South African-Namibian cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler. He was born in Potchefstroom. Vorster made his cricketing debut for Albatross cricket club on 1 July 1983, in a | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
HORTA (mining) HORTA is an underground geographic positioning technology utilized in the mining industry and being considered for extraterrestrial space mining applications. The technology utilizes a gyroscope and an accelerometer, together called an inertial navigation system or INS, to aid in 3D-position determination. It was developed by Canadian mining company Inco in the late 1990s based on an earlier technology that had been originally developed for the United States Armed Forces. It provides an automated solution to the problem of positioning and location in underground mines. The term is a backronym for the Horta from "Star Trek", a new species introduced int the "" episode "The Devil in the Dark." As Inco uses the term, HORTA stands for Honeywell Ore Retrieval and Tunneling Aid. A mining vehicle "with a HORTA mounted, can survey much faster and more accurately than manual surveys. It takes the truck 120 minutes to survey a 1.6-km-long drift, recording 1,500 points every 60 cm. This compares with a manual survey of the same distance that takes 180 hours, and records only five points every 6 m. Added benefits from such a detailed survey would be to allow engineers to design more effective ventilation systems, or to regularly check ground stability." HORTA units may be fitted onto all mobile underground equipment, including drills, so their position may be determined with acceptable engineering accuracy. HORTA (mining) HORTA is an underground geographic positioning technology utilized in the mining industry and being considered for extraterrestrial space mining applications. The technology utilizes a gyroscope and an accelerometer, together called an inertial navigation system or INS, to aid in 3D-position determination. It was developed by Canadian mining company Inco in the late 1990s based on an earlier technology that had been originally developed for the United States Armed Forces. It provides an | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Dale E. Saffels Dale Emerson Saffels (August 13, 1921 – November 14, 2002) was an American lawyer, legislator, and United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas. Saffels was born in Moline, Kansas. He volunteered for the United States Army in 1942, during World War II and was sworn-in on his twenty-first birthday. On February 19, 1943, Saffels was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Signal Corps. Saffels commanded the 1373rd Signal Company in the European Theater of Operations and achieved the rank of major by the time of his discharge in 1946. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and business from Emporia State Teachers College (now Emporia State University) in 1947. He received a Juris Doctor, cum laude, from Washburn University School of Law in 1949. Saffels was in private practice in Garden City, Kansas from 1949 to 1979. A Democrat, he was elected County Attorney of Finney County in 1950 and reelected in 1952, serving from 1951 to 1955. In 1954, Saffels defeated an incumbent Republican to win a Kansas House of Representatives seat. He was reelected four times, serving from 1955 to 1963, and was minority leader from 1961 to 1963. Saffels's major legislative activities included supporting a retirement plan for state employees and making the Wichita University of Wichita into a state university. Saffels was "an early advocate for public education television in Kansas." He also was a good government advocate, supporting election law reform, conflict of interest laws, and legislative reapportionment. Saffels ran for governor of Kansas in 1962 against the incumbent, John Anderson, Jr.; Saffels lost, although a Democrat, Robert Docking, won four years later, in 1966. In 1967, Docking appointed Dale to the Kansas Corporation Commission, which regulates utilities in the state. Dale served on the commission from 1967 to 1975, chairing that body from 1968 to 1975. Following this, Dale returned to private practice, in Topeka from 1971 to 1975, and in Wichita from 1975 to 1979. With the support of United States Senators Bob Dole and Nancy Kassebaum, Saffels was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on September 28, 1979, to the United States District Court for the District of Kansas, to a new seat created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 31, 1979, and received his commission on November 2, 1979. He assumed senior status on November 16, 1990. Saffels handled all the federal habeas corpus litigation in Kansas from 1980 to 1995, a total of 3,754 cases. His service was terminated on November 14, 2002, due to his death in Topeka. He is buried in Moline. Saffels was a member of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. He was twice married, with a son and two daughters. Each year, Saffels would go deep-sea fishing off Padre Island, Texas. Dale E. Saffels Dale Emerson Saffels (August 13, 1921 – November 14, 2002) was an American lawyer, legislator, and United States District Judge of the | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Hoshigami: Ruining Blue Earth The player must raise a small army of mercenaries by fighting turn-based tactical battles. Game flow involves selecting places on the world map, watching story characters interact, and then a battle. While on the story map, the player can equip items and teach party members skills, as well as train the party. Battles take place on a square grid, complete with various terrain. Quicker characters can move first, and when the characters' turn is over, they can spend RAP points to control when they will go next. "Hoshigami" features an extensive magic system that includes multiple classical elements including fire, wind, and ice. According to the mythology of the in-game universe, the power of the elements originally belonged to the many spirits of nature that lived in harmony with humans. Over time, however, the spirits' power was sealed into an ore called Manatite. As the ore is usually found in disk-like shards, people began to refer to them as "coins." Throughout the plot, players can collect and use these coins in battle in the same way that magic is used in other games. Each coin has its own statistics, including how much power is stored in it and how much energy it takes to cast a spell. Coinfeigm can only be used if the coin has enough energy (CP) stored in it. The CP of a coin starts at the maximum at the start of each battle and replenishes itself as battle continues. This allows each character to push either an ally or enemy two squares in any direction. Each character is allowed to move, attack, use Coinfeigm or otherwise take action when their RAP Gauge reaches 0% and the turn begins; it fills with each action taken, and the character's turn ends when the gauge reaches 100%. When attacking with weapons, it is possible to "overfill" the bar, exceeding 100% and delaying the character's next turn; it is also possible to hasten the next turn by taking fewer actions than the gauge allows. A queue appears at the top of the screen to let players know the flow of battle. Taking many actions will push a character to the end of the line, delaying the next turn. Once the player decides to end a character's turn, a separate RAP Gauge will come up in the middle of the screen. Players can choose to fill the gauge with extra RAP in order to affect when the character's next turn will fall. In this way, the player can plan ahead and form a strategy for defeating opponents. Characters can be left in "Session Mode" at the end of their turns, which makes them able to participate in "Hoshigami's" special attack system. If the currently-controlled character (the "Host" character) Shoots an enemy into an Ally who is in Session mode, that ally will damage the enemy upon collision and then Shoot them in whatever direction they (the ally) are facing. All six members of the party can participate in the Session if they have been properly positioned and left in Session mode. All playable characters worship one of six principal gods that are the embodiment of the elements that make up the world. Character statistics change depending on which god is being worshipped at a given time, and each element focuses on a different aspect of combat. During battle, characters who take action earn Devotion Points in addition to the usual experience points, and learn a new skill for every 100 Devotion Points. Learned skills differ based on which god the character is worshipping, and have many useful effects. The skills tied to each element include status-changing and status-augmenting moves, and more. A character could theoretically learn all the skills in the game, as there is nothing to stop a player from changing a character's god constantly. "Hoshigami" was not received well by critics, earning a combined score of 55/100 at the aggregate review site Metacritic. Criticism was leveled at its steep learning curve and nigh-impossible battles, and the resulting emphasis on level-grinding. Character fatalities compound this problem: soldiers killed in battle are lost forever unless revived before battle's end, and can only be replaced by a newly-recruited, Level-1 party member, who may require hours of training before they are of equal level to their new teammates. The RAP, Session Attack and Coinfeigm mechanics received praise, but these innovations were not perceived as overcoming the game's faults. Hoshigami: Ruining Blue Earth The player must raise a small army of mercenaries by fighting turn-based tactical battles. Game flow involves selecting places on the world map, watching story characters interact, and then a battle. While on the story map, the player can equip items and teach party members skills, as well as train the party. Battles take place on a | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Big Daddy (band) Big Daddy is an American satire/parody band, and voice actors that was among the first groups to create mashups - in this case, of oldies and modern pop songs. They are best known for the voices of the Rhinoceros, the Lion, the Giraffe, the Penguin, the Alligator, the Gorilla, the Turtle, the Snake, the Ostrich, and the Elephant in the animated cartoon short produced by Kurtz and Friends, "Lincoln Park Zoo", which is shown on "Sesame Street" in 1986. Big Daddy was formed as an oldies cover band in Southern California in the 1970s as "Big Daddy Dipstick and the Lube Jobs". They later started playing mashups, which were released on Rhino Records. As with "Weird Al" Yankovic, the band had its first breakthrough on the Doctor Demento radio show. They twice placed on "Stereophile"'s 'Records to Die For' list of albums, in 1994 and 1995. In 2012 the reformed band raised over $36,000 through Kickstarter to record the album "Smashing Songs of Stage and Screen". The same year, choreographer Adam Houghland used music from Big Daddy's catalog for his contemporary ballet piece, "Mashup". Big Daddy (band) Big Daddy is an American satire/parody band, and voice actors | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Red Rubber Ball "Red Rubber Ball" is a pop song written by Paul Simon and Bruce Woodley of The Seekers and recorded by The Cyrkle, whose version reached #2 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and in New Zealand. In Canada, the song reached number one. "Red Rubber Ball" is sung from the perspective of a man who has recently exited an unfulfilling relationship in which his significant other never gave him much attention or affection. He now looks forward to the future with a positive attitude. According to Cyrkle guitarist Tom Dawes, Simon offered it to The Cyrkle when they were opening for Simon and Garfunkel on tour. The song's tracks were recorded in stereo, with the bass, lead guitar, and percussion on the right track, acoustic guitar and electric organ on left, and the vocals on both. The Columbia picture sleeve issued with the "Red Rubber Ball" single is a very rare and oft-sought item amongst record collectors with near-mint copies fetching three figures. The Seekers also recorded "Red Rubber Ball" for their 1966 album "Come the Day" (US-title: "Georgy Girl"). It also appears on 'Disc Three – 1966 – 1967' of the CD box set "The Seekers Complete". In an interview on "The Colbert Report", Paul Simon said he wrote "Red Rubber Ball" while living in England to get a £100 advance from The Seekers. This came in response to Colbert's request for a song that was "on the cusp" and barely made it into his songbook "Lyrics 1964–2008". In the US, the song spent a single week at #2 on the "Billboard Hot 100" pop singles chart at the same time "Paperback Writer" by The Beatles was at #1, during the week ending July 9, 1966. It was the fifth week during 1966 in which songs written by Simon and by John Lennon and Paul McCartney were simultaneously at #1 and #2 on the chart. Red Rubber Ball "Red Rubber Ball" is a pop song written by Paul Simon and Bruce Woodley of The Seekers and recorded by The Cyrkle, whose version reached #2 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and in New Zealand. In Canada, the song reached number one. "Red Rubber Ball" is sung from the perspective of a man who has recently exited an unfulfilling relationship in which his significant other never gave him much attention or affection. He now looks forward to | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
2016 World Mixed Curling Championship The 2016 World Mixed Curling Championship was held from October 14 to 22 at the Sport Palace in Kazan, Russia. Among the 37 participating nations, Andorra, Croatia, South Korea and the Netherlands debuted on this event, while China, Israel and Lithuania didn't participate this time. "Current after Draw 24" All draw times are listed in Moscow Time (UTC+3). Draw 3 12:00 Draw 4 16:00 Draw 4 16:00 Draw 5 20:00 Draw 6 08:00 Draw 7 12:00 Draw 8 16:00 Draw 9 20:00 Draw 10 08:00 Draw 12 16:00 Draw 12 16:00 Draw 12 16:00 Draw 14 08:00 Draw 14 08:00 Draw 16 16:00 Draw 18 08:00 Draw 18 08:00 Draw 20 16:00 Draw 22 08:00 Draw 22 08:00 Draw 22 08:00 Draw 2 08:00 Draw 2 08:00 Draw 4 16:00 Draw 5 20:00 Draw 6 08:00 Draw 7 12:00 Draw 8 16:00 Draw 8 16:00 Draw 10 08:00 Draw 10 08:00 Draw 12 16:00 Draw 13 20:00 Draw 15 12:00 Draw 16 16:00 Draw 17 20:00 Draw 19 12:00 Draw 19 12:00 Draw 19 12:00 Draw 21 20:00 Draw 22 08:00 Draw 22 08:00 Draw 1 18:30 Draw 2 08:00 Draw 3 12:00 Draw 4 16:00 Draw 4 16:00 Draw 6 08:00 Draw 8 16:00 Draw 9 20:00 Draw 9 20:00 Draw 11 12:00 Draw 13 20:00 Draw 13 20:00 Draw 14 08:00 Draw 16 16:00 Draw 17 20:00 Draw 18 08:00 Draw 18 08:00 Draw 20 16:00 Draw 21 20:00 Draw 23 12:00 Draw 23 12:00 Draw 1 18:30 Draw 1 18:30 Draw 1 18:30 Draw 3 12:00 Draw 5 20:00 Draw 5 20:00 Draw 5 20:00 Draw 7 12:00 Draw 8 16:00 Draw 9 20:00 Draw 9 20:00 Draw 11 12:00 Draw 11 12:00 Draw 12 16:00 Draw 13 20:00 Draw 15 12:00 Draw 15 12:00 Draw 16 16:00 Draw 17 20:00 Draw 17 20:00 Draw 19 12:00 Draw 19 12:00 Draw 21 20:00 Draw 21 20:00 Draw 24 16:00 Draw 24 16:00 Draw 24 16:00 Draw 24 16:00 Draw 1 18:30 Draw 2 08:00 Draw 2 08:00 Draw 3 12:00 Draw 3 12:00 Draw 6 08:00 Draw 6 08:00 Draw 7 12:00 Draw 7 12:00 Draw 10 08:00 Draw 10 08:00 Draw 11 12:00 Draw 11 12:00 Draw 13 20:00 Draw 14 08:00 Draw 14 08:00 Draw 15 12:00 Draw 15 12:00 Draw 16 16:00 Draw 17 20:00 Draw 18 08:00 Draw 20 16:00 Draw 20 16:00 Draw 21 20:00 Draw 23 12:00 Draw 23 12:00 Draw 23 12:00 Draw 24 16:00 "Thursday, October 20, 20:00" "Friday, October 21, 09:30" "Friday, October 21, 13:30" "Friday, October 21, 19:00" "Saturday, October 22, 09:00" "Saturday, October 22, 14:00" "Saturday, October 22, 14:00" 2016 World Mixed Curling Championship The 2016 World Mixed Curling Championship was held from October 14 to 22 at the Sport Palace in Kazan, Russia. Among the 37 participating nations, Andorra, Croatia, South Korea and the Netherlands debuted on this event, while China, Israel and Lithuania didn't participate this time. "Current after | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Manuel A. Alonso Dr. Manuel A. Alonso (October 6, 1822 – November 4, 1889) was a writer, poet and journalist. He is considered to be the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance. Alonso was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He received his primary education in Caguas and in the Ildefonso Seminary in San Juan. Alonso then went to the City of Barcelona, Spain where he enrolled in the University of Barcelona to study medicine. He finished his medical studies in 1844 and practiced his profession in Barcelona. In 1845, he published a book called "Gibaro" (which now is spelled "Jíbaro"). "El Gibaro" was a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer and the customs of Puerto Rico. In 1848, Alonso returned to Puerto Rico and set up his medical office in the City of Caguas. He also became the director of the House of Benefit of San Juan, until the day of his death. In collaboration with other notable writers of the day, he published the "Album Puertorriqueño" (Puerto Rican Album), which was the second anthology of poems to be published in the island. As a writer, poet and journalist he derived his inspiration from anything that had to do with love and his country. Alonso cultivated his verses and gave them a touch festivality. Alonso was also, a member of the Liberal Reform movement in Puerto Rico and directed that organizations publication, "El Agente" (The Agent). Among his works are: "El Baile de Garabato" and "Puertorriqueño". Dr. Manuel A. Alonso died in the City of San Juan on November 4, 1889. Puerto Rico has honored his memory by naming schools and public buildings after him. Manuel A. Alonso Dr. Manuel A. Alonso (October 6, 1822 – November 4, 1889) was a | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Alvin Toffler Alvin Toffler (October 4, 1928 – June 27, 2016) was an American writer, futurist, and businessman known for his works discussing modern technologies, including the digital revolution and the communication revolution, with emphasis on their effects on cultures worldwide. Toffler was an associate editor of "Fortune" magazine. In his early works he focused on technology and its impact, which he termed "information overload." In 1970 his first major book about the future, "Future Shock", became a worldwide best-seller and has sold over 6 million copies. He and his wife Heidi Toffler, who collaborated with him for most of his writings, moved on to examining the reaction to changes in society with another best-selling book, "The Third Wave" in 1980. In it, he foresaw such technological advances as cloning, personal computers, the Internet, cable television and mobile communication. His later focus, via their other best-seller, "Powershift", (1990), was on the increasing power of 21st-century military hardware and the proliferation of new technologies. He founded Toffler Associates, a management consulting company, and was a visiting scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation, visiting professor at Cornell University, faculty member of the New School for Social Research, a White House correspondent, and a business consultant. Toffler's ideas and writings were a significant influence on the thinking of business and government leaders worldwide, including United States politician Newt Gingrich, China's Zhao Ziyang, and AOL founder Steve Case. Alvin Toffler was born on October 4, 1928, in New York City, and raised in Brooklyn. He was the son of Rose (Albaum) and Sam Toffler, a furrier, both Jewish immigrants from Poland. He had one younger sister. He was inspired to become a writer at the age of 7 by his aunt and uncle, who lived with the Tofflers. "They were Depression-era literary intellectuals," Toffler said, "and they always talked about exciting ideas." Toffler graduated from New York University in 1950 as an English major, though by his own account he was more focused on political activism than grades. He met his future wife, Adelaide Elizabeth Farrell (nicknamed "Heidi"), when she was starting a graduate course in linguistics. Being radical students, they decided against further graduate work and moved to the Midwest, where they married on April 29, 1950. Seeking experiences to write about, Alvin and Heidi Toffler spent the next five years as blue collar workers on assembly lines while studying industrial mass production in their daily work. He compared his own desire for experience to other writers, such as Jack London, who in his quest for subjects to write about sailed the seas, and John Steinbeck, who went to pick grapes with migrant workers. In their first factory jobs, Heidi became a union shop steward in the aluminum foundry where she worked. Alvin became a millwright and welder. In the evenings Alvin would write poetry and fiction, but discovered he was proficient at neither. His hands-on practical labor experience helped Alvin Toffler land a position at a union-backed newspaper, a transfer to its Washington bureau in 1957, then three years as a White House correspondent, covering Congress and the White House for a Pennsylvania daily newspaper. They returned to New York City in 1959 when "Fortune" magazine invited Alvin to become its labor columnist, later having him write about business and management. After leaving "Fortune" magazine in 1962, Toffler began a freelance career, writing long form articles for scholarly journals and magazines. His 1964 "Playboy interviews" with Russian novelist Vladimir Nabokov and Ayn Rand were considered among the magazine's best. His interview with Rand was the first time the magazine had given such a platform to a female intellectual, which as one commentator said, "the real bird of paradise Toffler captured for Playboy in 1964 was Ayn Rand." Toffler was hired by IBM to conduct research and write a paper on the social and organizational impact of computers, leading to his contact with the earliest computer "gurus" and artificial intelligence researchers and proponents. Xerox invited him to write about its research laboratory and AT&T consulted him for strategic advice. This AT&T work led to a study of telecommunications, which advised the company's top management to break up the company more than a decade before the government forced AT&T to break up. In the mid-1960s, the Tofflers began five years of research on what would become "Future Shock", published in 1970. It has sold over 6 million copies worldwide, according to the "New York Times," or over 15 million copies according to the Tofflers' Web site. Toffler coined the term "future shock" to refer to what happens to a society when change happens too fast, which results in social confusion and normal decision-making processes breaking down. The book has never been out of print and has been translated into dozens of languages. He continued the theme in "The Third Wave" in 1980. While he describes the first and second waves as the agricultural and industrial revolutions, the "third wave," a phrase he coined, represents the current information, computer-based revolution. He forecast the spread of the Internet and email, interactive media, cable television, cloning, and other digital advancements. He claimed that one of the side effects of the digital age has been "information overload," another term he coined. In 1990 he wrote "Powershift", also with the help of his wife, Heidi. In 1996, with American business consultant Tom Johnson, they co-founded Toffler Associates, an advisory firm designed to implement many of the ideas the Tofflers had written on. The firm worked with businesses, NGOs, and governments in the United States, South Korea, Mexico, Brazil, Singapore, Australia, and other countries. During this period in his career, Toffler lectured worldwide, taught at several schools and met world leaders, such as Mikhail Gorbachev, along with key executives and military officials. Toffler stated many of his ideas during an interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in 1998. Among a few of his opinions, he said that "Society needs people who take care of the elderly and who know how to be compassionate and honest. Society needs people who work in hospitals. Society needs all kinds of skills that are not just cognitive; they're emotional, they're affectional. You can't run the society on data and computers alone." His opinions about the future of education, many of which were in "Future Shock", have often been quoted. An often misattributed quote, however, is that of psychologist Herbert Gerjuoy: "Tomorrow's illiterate will not be the man who can't read; he will be the man who has not learned how to learn." Early in his career, after traveling to other countries, he became aware of the new and myriad inputs that visitors received from these other cultures. He explained during an interview that some visitors would become "truly disoriented and upset" by the strange environment, which he described as a reaction to culture shock. From that issue, he foresaw another problem for the future, when a culturally "new environment comes to you ... and comes to you rapidly." That kind of sudden cultural change within one's own country, which he felt many would not understand, would lead to a similar reaction, one of "future shock", which he wrote about in his book by that title. Toffler writes: In his book "The Third Wave", Toffler describes three types of societies, based on the concept of "waves" — each wave pushes the older societies and cultures aside. He describes the "First Wave" as the society after agrarian revolution and replaced the first hunter-gatherer cultures. The "Second Wave," he labels society during the Industrial Revolution (ca. late 17th century through the mid-20th century). That period saw the increase of urban industrial | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
another problem for the future, when a culturally "new environment comes to you ... and comes to you rapidly." That kind of sudden cultural change within one's own country, which he felt many would not understand, would lead to a similar reaction, one of "future shock", which he wrote about in his book by that title. Toffler writes: In his book "The Third Wave", Toffler describes three types of societies, based on the concept of "waves" — each wave pushes the older societies and cultures aside. He describes the "First Wave" as the society after agrarian revolution and replaced the first hunter-gatherer cultures. The "Second Wave," he labels society during the Industrial Revolution (ca. late 17th century through the mid-20th century). That period saw the increase of urban industrial populations which had undermined the traditional nuclear family, and initiated a factory-like education system, and the growth of the corporation. Toffler said: The "Third Wave" was a term he coined to describe the post-industrial society, which began in the late 1950s. His description of this period dovetails with other futurist writers, who also wrote about the Information Age, Space Age, Electronic Era, Global Village, terms which highlighted a scientific-technological revolution. The Tofflers claimed to have predicted a number of geopolitical events, such as the collapse of the Soviet Union, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the future economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region. Toffler often visited with dignitaries in Asia, including China's Zhao Ziyang, Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew and South Korea's Kim Dae Jung, all of whom were influenced by his views as Asia's emerging markets increased in global significance during the 1980s and 1990s. Although they had originally censored some of his books and ideas, China's government cited him along with Franklin Roosevelt and Bill Gates as being among the Westerners who had most influenced their country. "The Third Wave" along with a video documentary based on it became best-sellers in China and were widely distributed to schools. Toffler's influence on Asian thinkers was summed up in an article in "Daedulus", published by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: U.S. House Speaker Newt Gingrich publicly lauded his ideas about the future, and urged members of Congress to read Toffler's book, "Creating a New Civilization" (1995). Others, such as AOL founder Steve Case, cited Toffler's "The Third Wave" as a formative influence on his thinking, which inspired him to write "The Third Wave: An Entrepreneur's Vision of the Future" in 2016. Case said that Toffler was a "real pioneer in helping people, companies and even countries lean into the future." In 1980 Ted Turner founded CNN, which he said was inspired by Toffler's forecasting the end of the dominance of the three main television networks. Turner's company, Turner Broadcasting, published Toffler's "Creating a New Civilization" in 1995. Shortly after the book was released, Russian president Mikhail Gorbachev hosted the Global Governance Conference in San Francisco with the theme, "Toward a New Civilization", which was attended by dozens of world figures, including the Tofflers, George H. W. Bush, Margaret Thatcher, Carl Sagan, Abba Eban and Turner with his then-wife, actress Jane Fonda. Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim was influenced by his works, and became a friend of the writer. And global marketer J.D. Power also said he was inspired by Toffler's works. Since the 1960s, people had tried to make sense out of the effect of new technologies and social change, a problem which made Toffler's writings widely influential beyond the confines of scientific, economic, and public policy. His works and ideas have been subject to various criticisms, usually with the same argumentation used against futurology: that foreseeing the future is nigh impossible. Techno music pioneer Juan Atkins cites Toffler's phrase "techno rebels" in "The Third Wave" as inspiring him to use the word "techno" to describe the musical style he helped to create Musicians Curtis Mayfield and Herbie Hancock both wrote songs called "Future Shock." Science fiction author John Brunner wrote "The Shockwave Rider," from the concept of "future shock." The nightclub Toffler, in Rotterdam, is named after him. Accenture, the management consultancy firm, identified Toffler in 2002 as being among the most influential voices in business leaders, along with Bill Gates and Peter Drucker. Toffler has also been described in a "Financial Times" interview as the "world's most famous futurologist". In 2006 the "People's Daily" classed him among the 50 foreigners who shaped modern China, which one U.S. newspaper notes made him a "guru of sorts to world statesmen." Prime Minister Zhao Ziyang of China convened conferences to discuss "The Third Wave" in the early 1980s, and in 1985 the book was the No. 2 best seller in China. Author Mark Satin characterizes Toffler as an important early influence on radical centrist political thought. Newt Gingrich became close to the Tofflers in the 1970s and said "The Third Wave" had immensely influenced his own thinking and was "one of the great seminal works of our time." Toffler has received several prestigious prizes awards, including the McKinsey Foundation Book Award for Contributions to Management Literature, Officier de L'Ordre des Arts et Lettres, and appointments, including Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the International Institute for Strategic Studies. In 2006, the Alvin and Heidi Toffler were recipients of Brown University's Independent Award. Toffler was married to Heidi Toffler, also a writer and futurist. They lived in the Bel Air section of Los Angeles, California, and previously lived in Redding, Connecticut. The couple's only child, Karen Toffler (1954–2000), died at age 46 after more than a decade suffering from Guillain–Barré syndrome. Alvin Toffler died in his sleep on June 27, 2016, at his home in Los Angeles. No cause of death was given. Alvin Toffler co-wrote his books with his wife Heidi. Alvin Toffler Alvin Toffler (October 4, 1928 – June 27, 2016) was an American writer, futurist, and businessman known for his works discussing modern technologies, including the digital revolution and the communication revolution, with emphasis on their effects on cultures worldwide. Toffler was an associate editor of "Fortune" magazine. In his early works he focused on technology and its impact, which he termed "information overload." In 1970 his first major book about the future, "Future Shock", became a worldwide best-seller and has sold over 6 million copies. He and his | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Subsea Valley The Subsea Valley(SSV) geographically consists of Fornebu, Sandvika, Asker, Tranby, Drammen, Hokksund and Kongsberg, totaling approximately 75 km in length. The SSV consists of 184 firms and currently incorporates three of the five major subsea engineering companies that compete in the industry. The major engineering companies within the SV are FMC Technologies, Aker Solutions and GE Vetco. With regard to subsea production systems, Norwegian suppliers have gained global market shares in the range of 60-70%, and companies such as FMC Technologies, Aker Solutions and GE are truly global payers within this segment. The competitors located outside the cluster are Cameron and DrillQuip. In a recent report by TESS it is stated that in addition to the companies, which are present in the SSV area, as many as 600 companies are in one or another way connected to the valley. The three central companies in Subsea Valley – FMC Technologies, Aker Solutions and GE Vetco – are supplying oil & gas extraction equipment to such hydrocarbon operators as Statoil, Exxon and Petrobras. The Subsea Valley cluster organization was formally established on June 8, 2010. Some early members were FMC Technologies, Aker Solutions, BI Drammen and TESS as. The initiative was largely taken by TESS as with help from BI Drammen. In its early phase a vision of developing into a “global knowledge hub”, thus keeping the world leading competence simultaneously with further developments in the industry, was declared by the SSV. Erik Jølberg adds further that some cluster specific initiatives have been recorded. The establishment of a subsea program at the Buskerud College with FMC employees as teachers began in January 2011. An internet page has been set up. To facilitate inter-firms communication the “Speed Match meeting” has been established, allowing suppliers and producers to meet for 15 minutes and discuss their products and needs. Also, attempts to secure founding from governmental institutions (e.g. Innovasjon Norge) have been undertaken. Subsea Valley The Subsea Valley(SSV) geographically consists of Fornebu, Sandvika, Asker, Tranby, Drammen, Hokksund and Kongsberg, totaling approximately 75 km in length. The SSV consists of 184 firms and currently incorporates three of the five major subsea engineering companies that compete in the industry. The major engineering companies within the SV are FMC Technologies, Aker Solutions and GE Vetco. With regard to subsea production systems, Norwegian suppliers have gained global market shares in the range of 60-70%, and companies such | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
DR & AJU DR & AJU Law Group LLC is a Korea-based international law firm headquartered in Seoul. Since the 2009 merger of Daeryook (DR) and AJU, the firm has expanded to over 155 attorneys and is now among the top ten firms in Korea. The Kim Dae-Hui Law Office opened in 1992, and after former prosecutor Hahm Seung-Hui joined in 1994, the founding partners changed the name to “Hahm & Kim.” It was renamed Daeryook Law Group in 1996 and had expanded to several international branches by 2002. The firm focused on the emerging CRC (Corporate Restructuring Company) field and REITs, a survival strategy born from the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The firm also successfully pursued a case brought against the U.S. government in U.S. court on behalf of the victims of the 1997 Korean Air Flight 801 crash in Guam. Kim Jin-Han founded AJU law office in 1993 and established AJU International Law Group in 1994. Following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the firm was appointed bankruptcy trustee for many major cases. AJU had expanded to multiple practice areas and added branch offices in Mongolia, Vietnam, Cambodia, UAE, Austria by 2007. The economic downturn from the global 2007-2008 financial crisis forced both Daeryook (DR) and AJU to close overseas offices. Growth resumed after the 2009 merger. Both firms had around 50 attorneys each in 2008 for a total of 100, but in 2016 the combined firm has nearly 140 attorneys. The firm has been noted for work in “David vs. Goliath” cases where it represented the smaller party. DR & AJU entered into an association with UK/German firm Taylor Wessing and its Singaporean office RHTLaw Taylor Wessing in 2014, making the firm the Seoul office of Taylor Wessing's ASEAN Plus Group of law firms. As of April 2017, six DR & AJU attorneys are participating in the Ministry of Justice (South Korea)-backed 9988 SME Support Group. The attorneys provide pro bono advise to SMEs looking to expand production through exports. The Firm also supports Happitory, a social organization founded in part by DR & AJU Partner Yongsuk Kwon. In addition to providing support for at-risk youth and others in need in Korea and abroad, the group also runs "내 안의 감옥" (The Prison Inside Me), a retreat that aids those suffering from the stress of modern living.In 2016, the firm signed the NGO MoU Rainbow Chian which assists foreign students, workers and tourists or ethnic minorities experiencing difficulties in Korea. DR & AJU will give initial consultations pro bono, and Rainbow Chian will retain the firm to handle complicated cases. DR & AJU DR & AJU Law Group LLC is a Korea-based international law firm headquartered in Seoul. Since the 2009 merger of Daeryook (DR) and AJU, the firm has expanded to over 155 attorneys and is now among the top ten firms in Korea. The Kim Dae-Hui Law Office opened in 1992, and after former prosecutor Hahm Seung-Hui joined in 1994, the founding partners changed the name | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Gisbert VI of Bronckhorst-Borculo Gisbert VI of Bronckhorst-Borculo ( – 1 November 1409) was a Dutch nobleman. He was a son of William IV of Bronckhorst and Kunigunde of Moers. He was the ruling Lord of Bronckhorst from 1399 until his death, and the ruling Lord of Borculo from 1402 until his death. He was the sixth Lord of Bronckhorst name Gisbert, but only the second who also ruled Borculo, which is why some authors call him "Gisbert II of Bronckhorst-Borculo". Gisbert was the second Lord of Borculo from the House of Brinckhorst. He inherited the heerlijkheid in 1402 from his paternal uncle Gisbert I of Bronckhorst-Borculo. In 1406, he saw himself forced to acknowledge the Bishop of Münster as the liege lord of Borculo and Lichtenvoorde. Later Lords of Bronckhorst-Borculo also acknowledged the Bishops of Münster as their liege lord. Gisbert married Hedwig, the daughter of Count Otto VI, Count of Tecklenburg and Adelaide of Lippe. They had three sons together: Gisbert VI of Bronckhorst-Borculo Gisbert VI of Bronckhorst-Borculo ( – 1 November 1409) was a Dutch nobleman. He was a son of William IV of Bronckhorst and Kunigunde of Moers. He was the ruling Lord of Bronckhorst from | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Ngarkat Conservation Park Ngarkat Conservation Park is a protected area located in South Australia's south-eastern corner about south east of the Adelaide city centre. The conservation park was proclaimed in 1979 "to conserve the mallee heath habitat of the 90 Mile Desert". On 27 May 2004, the following conservation parks which adjoined the boundaries of the Ngarkat Conservation Park were incorporated into the conservation park and then abolished - Mount Rescue Conservation Park, Mount Shaugh Conservation Park and Scorpion Springs Conservation Park. The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category Ia protected area. The conservation park occupies in land in a number of gazetted localities with the majority being in Ngarkat and the remainder being in Parilla, Parrakie and Pinnaroo. Ngarkat Conservation Park Ngarkat Conservation Park is a protected area located in South Australia's south-eastern corner about south east of the Adelaide city centre. The conservation park was proclaimed in 1979 "to conserve the mallee heath habitat of the 90 Mile Desert". On 27 May 2004, the following conservation parks which adjoined the boundaries of the Ngarkat Conservation Park were incorporated into the conservation park and then abolished - Mount Rescue Conservation Park, Mount Shaugh Conservation Park and Scorpion | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Steingaden Steingaden is a town and municipality in the Weilheim-Schongau district of Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is the site of the 12th-century Steingaden Abbey ("Kloster Steingaden") and the Wies Church, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The community lies in the Alpine foothills, on the border between Upper Bavaria and the Allgäu. The quarters ("Ortsteile") of the municipality are Fronreiten, Ilgen, Lauterbach, Riesen, Urspring und Wies. Other villages and hamlets are Biberschwöll, Bichl, Boschach, Brandstatt, Butzau, Deutenhof, Deutensee, Egart, Engen, Gagras, Gmeind, Gogel, Graben, Hiebler, Hirschau, Illach, Illberg, Jagdberg, Karlsebene, Kellershof, Kohlhofen, Kreisten, Kreuzberg, Kuchen, Langau, Lechen, Lindegg, Litzau, Maderbichl, Moos, Oberengen, Reitersau, Resle, Sandgraben, Schlatt, Schlauch, Schwarzenbach, Staltannen, Steingädele, Tannen, Thal, Unterengen, Vordergründl, Wiesle und Zöpfhalden. Until the 1803 secularisation of Bavaria, Steingaden belonged to the Steingaden Abbey, established in 1147 by Welf VI, Margrave of Tuscany and Duke of Spoleto, and third son of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria. In the administrative reform of Bavaria in 1818, Steingaden became an independent municipality, while the formerly independent municipalities of Fronreiten, Lauterbach and Urspring were added to the municipality of Steingaden during the administrative reforms of the 1980s. Johann Georg von Lori was born in Steingaden on 17 July 1723. He became a significant administrator, jurist and historian, and co-founded the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Günther Neureuther, born in the town on 6 August 1955, became one of the most successful jūdōka in Germany. Steingaden Steingaden is a town and municipality in the Weilheim-Schongau district of Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is the site of the 12th-century Steingaden Abbey ("Kloster Steingaden") and the Wies Church, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The community lies in the Alpine foothills, on the border between Upper Bavaria and the Allgäu. The quarters ("Ortsteile") of the municipality are Fronreiten, Ilgen, Lauterbach, Riesen, Urspring und Wies. | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Sugar paste Sugar paste icing is a sweet edible sugar dough usually made from sucrose and glucose. It is sometimes referred to as sugar gum or gum paste, but should not be confused with fondant. It is used to cover cakes, mold features and create decorations for cakes. Sugar paste hardens so it is ideal for creating large cake decorations. By contrast, cake fondant is softer and more ideal for smaller figures or flowers. One of the biggest advantages of the commercial sugar paste is that it can be stored for up to a year. The disadvantages of homemade sugar paste is that it is not as easy to manipulate, doesn't store as long and is difficult to make pure white. Evidence for its use in various settings dates back to at least the 16th century. The first sweets to go into the first Christmas crackers were made from sugar paste, and would be stamped with words and short phrases. Sugar paste Sugar paste icing is a sweet edible sugar dough usually made from sucrose and glucose. It is sometimes referred to as sugar gum or gum paste, but should not be confused with fondant. It is used to cover | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Jonathan L. Austin Jonathan Loring Austin (January 2, 1748 – May 10, 1826) was a Massachusetts revolutionary, diplomat and politician who served as the second Secretary of the Commonwealth and the tenth Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts. Austin was the father of Massachusetts Attorney General James Treacothie Austin. Austin was born on January 2, 1748 in Boston, Massachusetts. Austin graduated from Harvard College in 1766. After he graduated from Harvard, Austin moved to Portsmouth, New Hampshire and became a merchant there. When the war started Austin became a Major in Langdon's Regiment, and later an aid to General John Sullivan. Austin was the secretary to the Massachusetts Board of War until October 1777, when he was sent to Paris by Massachusetts to announce to Benjamin Franklin and his associates the news of John Burgoyne's surrender at the Battle of Saratoga. Franklin soon afterwards sent him on a secret mission to England, where he met many members of the opposition and furnished them with much information concerning American affairs. The trip was full of incident, and, says one of Franklin's biographers (Morse), "brings to mind some of the Jacobite tales of Sir Walter Scott's novels." He carried dispatches to Congress from the United States Commissioners in Paris early in 1779, and in January 1780, was dispatched to Europe to secure loans for Massachusetts in Spain and Holland. That same month Austin was captured by the British while on this mission. He was later released. He failed to secure the loan and he returned in the autumn of 1781. Austin married Hannah Ivers, the daughter of James & Hannah (Trecothick) Ivers, in Boston, on April 4, 1782. Austin served as Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth for two years, from 1806 to 1808. Austin served as Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts from 1811 to 1812. Jonathan L. Austin Jonathan Loring Austin (January 2, 1748 – May 10, 1826) was a Massachusetts revolutionary, diplomat and politician who served as the second Secretary of the Commonwealth and the tenth Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts. Austin was the father of Massachusetts Attorney General James Treacothie Austin. Austin was born on January 2, 1748 in Boston, Massachusetts. Austin graduated from Harvard College in 1766. After he graduated from Harvard, Austin moved to Portsmouth, New Hampshire and became a merchant there. When the war started Austin became a Major in Langdon's Regiment, and later an aid to General | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Old Dog Haven OldDog Haven is 501(c)(3) not-for-profit charitable organization whose goal it is to improve the quality of life of geriatric or "senior" dogs that need care and homes, mainly in the western part of Washington State. The group was formed in 1994 by shelter volunteers who saw senior dogs overlooked by adopters. OldDog Haven uses a network of people to provide loving and safe homes for abandoned senior dogs. A Home Base where the founders live and care for a number of dogs is located in Arlington, Washington. OldDog Haven does not have a shelter. All of the dogs in its care live happily in homes with foster families who love and cherish them as valued family members. The organization has seen that many dogs of advanced years are rejected by owners, or are left behind when an elderly owner must move to an independent or assisted living facility or a nursing home: these animals are often left at animal shelters—where their chance of adoption is negligible—or pass to family or friends who are not prepared to deal with the needs of an older dog. As a result, many of these animals are in poor physical condition, making them even less adoptable. Wherever possible, OldDog Haven employs a network of foster homes and supporters to take in and care for the animals: every effort is made to adopt out dogs with a reasonable life-expectancy; the others are cared for as long as their quality of life remains good in what are called "Final Refuge" homes. OldDog Haven also attempts to assist owners or their families in finding new homes for senior dogs through its website and through referrals. OldDog Haven does not receive any state or federal funds: the organization relies on donations and fund-raising activities for its income. All donations to OldDog Haven are tax-deductible. Old Dog Haven OldDog Haven is 501(c)(3) not-for-profit charitable organization whose goal it is to improve the quality of life of geriatric or "senior" dogs that need care and homes, mainly in the western part of Washington State. The group was formed in 1994 by shelter volunteers who saw senior dogs overlooked by adopters. OldDog Haven uses a network of people to provide loving and safe homes for abandoned senior dogs. A Home Base where the founders live and care for a number of dogs is located in Arlington, Washington. OldDog Haven | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
If I Was Your Vampire "If I Was Your Vampire" is a song by Marilyn Manson, and is the first track on the album "Eat Me, Drink Me". Marilyn Manson wrote the song on Christmas Day in 2006. The song was uploaded to Manson's MySpace on April 16, 2007 and was officially released on June 5, 2007 on the album. The song was inspired by an experience in Manson's life where he was finally uplifted by a close friend's morbid gesture of devotion. "She picked up a butcher's knife and said, "Here, you can stab me"," he says. "When someone was willing to drown with me, I really didn't want to drown anymore," says Manson. Manson has also called it "the new Bela Lugosi's Dead. It's the all-time gothic anthem." In an interview with "Revolver" magazine, Manson said, "It's the centerpiece of the album, I woke up Christmas Day and wrote it. It's kind of my death wish fantasy." "If I Was Your Vampire" opens with a slow and oppressive melody which leads into choruses that saturate the listener with the juxtaposition of screaming vocals against desolate guitar. From here just when the song seems to be over, it launches into an outro of the midsection repeated. The lyrics "You press the knife against your heart. And say that 'I love you, so much you must kill me now'" is a reference to a close friend of Manson's whom Manson says, "She picked up a butcher's knife and said, 'Here, you can stab me'". The lyrics for the song were written by Marilyn Manson while the music was written by Tim Skold. The song was first released on April 16, 2007 when it was uploaded on Manson's MySpace page. It was then released on June 5, 2007 as the first song on "Eat Me, Drink Me". An instrumental of the song appears on "Bonus Tracks and Instruments from the Album Eat Me, Drink Me", and a remix of the song by Sam Fog of the band Interpol was made available exclusively. "If I Was Your Vampire" is also heard on the trailers for the film, "" and also for the film adaptation of the video game, "Max Payne". "If I Was Your Vampire" was used in the soundtrack to the 2010 parody flick film "Vampires Suck". In the film, it used in the end credits. The working title for the song was "I'm Not Your Vampire". Manson was inspired to use the term 'Vampire' after watching "The Hunger", a 1983 film starring David Bowie. "If I Was Your Vampire" was the opening song on the European leg of the Rape of the World Tour. The song has come to be considered a Manson classic, despite not being released as a single. If I Was Your Vampire "If I Was Your Vampire" is a song by Marilyn Manson, and is the first track on the album "Eat Me, Drink Me". Marilyn Manson wrote the song on Christmas Day in 2006. The | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
USS America (CV-66) USS "America" (CVA/CV-66) was one of three supercarriers built for the United States Navy in the 1960s. Commissioned in 1965, she spent most of her career in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, but did make three Pacific deployments serving in the Vietnam War. She also served in the Persian Gulf War's operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. "America" was the first large aircraft carrier since Operation Crossroads in 1946 to be expended in weapons tests. In 2005, she was scuttled southeast of Cape Hatteras, after four weeks of tests, despite a large protest of former crew-members who wanted to see her instituted as a memorial museum. She was the largest warship ever to be sunk. Originally ordered as an "Enterprise"-class nuclear carrier, the ballooning costs of during construction caused the cancellation of the nuclear CVAN-66 and her reordering as a conventionally powered "Kitty Hawk"-class carrier. She was laid down on 1 January 1961 at Newport News, Virginia, by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Corp.; launched on 1 February 1964, sponsored by Mrs. David L. McDonald, wife of Admiral David L. McDonald, the Chief of Naval Operations; and commissioned at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 23 January 1965, Captain Lawrence Heyworth Jr., in command. After fitting out there until 15 March 1965, "America" remained in Hampton Roads for operations off the Virginia Capes until getting underway on 25 March. She conducted her first catapult launch on 5 April 1965, with Commander Kenneth B. Austin, the carrier's executive officer, piloting a Douglas A-4C Skyhawk. Proceeding thence to the Caribbean, the carrier conducted shakedown training and concluded it at Guantanamo Bay on 23 June. Entering the Norfolk shipyard for post-shakedown availability on 10 July, she remained there until 21 August. She next operated locally through late August and then proceeded to the operating areas off the Virginia Capes and to Bermuda, arriving back at Norfolk on 9 September. On 25 September, Rear Admiral J. O. Cobb broke his flag as Commander, Carrier Division 2 (CarDiv 2). "America" sailed for her first Mediterranean deployment late in 1965. New Year's Day, 1966, found her at Livorno, Italy. Over the ensuing weeks, the ship visited Cannes, Genoa, Toulon, Athens, Istanbul, Beirut, Valletta, Taranto, Palma, and Pollensa Bay in Spain. She sailed on 1 July for the United States. Early in the deployment, from 28 February – 10 March, "America" participated in a joint Franco-American exercise "Fairgame IV", which simulated conventional warfare against a country attempting to invade a NATO ally. She arrived at Naval Station Norfolk on 10 July, remaining there for only a short time before shifting to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 15 July for availability. "America" operated locally in the Norfolk area from 29 August – 19 September, after which time she proceeded to Guantanamo Bay to carry out training. After Hurricane Inez swirled through the region, her sailors spent an estimated 1,700 man-hours in helping the naval base at Guantanamo to recover and return to normal operations. The following month, "America" initiated into carrier service the A-7 Corsair II, conducting its flight qualifications off the Virginia Capes, while she also conducted automatic carrier landing system trials which demonstrated the feasibility of "no hands" landings of F-4 Phantom and F-8 Crusader A-4 Skyhawk aircraft. On 16 Oct 1965, two Phantom jets collided in midair from the America, both pilots ejected safely. On 3 September 1965 on the way to Taranto, a plane and pilot were lost when the catapult malfunctioned and tore the front landing gear off the plane; the plane's aux fuel tank ruptured and the plane went over the side. An airman was burned in the catwalk and the RA ejected safely but the pilot went down with the plane. Since leaving Norfolk, "America" had lost five planes. From 28 November – 15 December, "America" took part in "LANTFLEX 66", gaining experience in the areas of anti-air, antisubmarine, and carrier strike operations. The ship also participated in a mine drop, missile shoots, and provided air support for amphibious operations. She returned to Norfolk on 15 December, remaining there through the end of the year 1966. On 10 January 1967, "America" departed Norfolk for her second Mediterranean cruise and relieved at Pollensa Bay on 22 January. While crossing the Atlantic, "America" conducted: carrier qualifications for her SH-3A crews, missile shoots in the mid-Atlantic, day and night air operations and various other exercises. Upon nearing Gibraltar, she received a visit from Soviet long-range reconnaissance aircraft, Tu-95 "Bears" on 18 January. Two F-4B Phantom jets met the "Bears" as they approached and escorted them past the ship. Before anchoring at Athens, on 4 February, "America" participated with Italian control and reporting centers in an intercept-controller exercise. Shortly afterwards, "America" again met with Italian forces in an exercise involving raids upon an attack carrier by fast patrol boats. The beginning of March found "America" and her consorts, operating as Task Group 60.1, participating in the United States/United Kingdom Exercise "Poker Hand IV" with the British carrier . "America" and "Hermes" provided raid aircraft to test each other's antiaircraft defenses. On 1 April, "Dawn Clear", a two-day NATO exercise, commenced with TG 60.1 units participating. During the first day "America" provided raid aircraft against Greek and Turkish "targets." The following day, the exercise continued as Greek aircraft flew raids against TG 60.1 surface units. Following "Dawn Clear", the ship conducted routine training operations in the Ionian Sea. "America" anchored at Valletta at 10:00 on 5 April for a five-day visit. Weighing anchor on 10 April, the carrier departed Malta to sail for task group operations in the Ionian Sea. She conducted an open sea missile exercise with the guided missile destroyers and . Other operational aspects of the at-sea period consisted of routine day/night flight operations and a major underway replenishment with other units of TG 60.1. The following days saw the threat of civil war in Greece commencing with the military coup that ended parliamentary rule in that country. Although King Constantine II of Greece held his throne, the possibility of violence in the streets of Athens loomed as a potential threat to the American citizens suddenly caught up in the turmoil. It seemed that evacuation by ship might be necessary and the United States Sixth Fleet commander ordered the formation of a special operations task force. Under the command of Rear Admiral Dick H. Guinn, Task Force 65, with "America" as flagship, sailed eastward to stand by for evacuation, should that step be necessary. Fortunately, violence never materialized in Greece, and the task force was not called upon to act. On 29 April, Rear Admiral Lawrence R. Geis relieved Rear Admiral Guinn as Commander, Carrier Division 4, Commander, TF 60, Commander, TF 65, and Commander, TF 502 (NATO). With a new admiral on board, and the Greek political crisis behind her, "America" sailed into Taranto Harbor, Italy, on the first day of May for eight days of relaxation. During three days of general visiting in Taranto, "America" hosted 1,675 visitors who came aboard to tour the hangar and flight decks. "America" departed Taranto on 8 May for routine task group operations in the Ionian and Tyrrhenian Seas, she followed these with a port visit to Livorno. By 25 May 1967, there was evidence that a crisis was brewing in the Middle East. As soon as the ship was slated to finish with the last of her "Poop Deck" exercises, she would be heading back to the Sea of Crete. For the next 48 hours, "America" steamed east and south from the coast of Spain, through Malta Channel and on to the Sea of Crete to join up with the ships of TG 60.2, the carrier and her destroyers. The carrier task force, under | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Italy, on the first day of May for eight days of relaxation. During three days of general visiting in Taranto, "America" hosted 1,675 visitors who came aboard to tour the hangar and flight decks. "America" departed Taranto on 8 May for routine task group operations in the Ionian and Tyrrhenian Seas, she followed these with a port visit to Livorno. By 25 May 1967, there was evidence that a crisis was brewing in the Middle East. As soon as the ship was slated to finish with the last of her "Poop Deck" exercises, she would be heading back to the Sea of Crete. For the next 48 hours, "America" steamed east and south from the coast of Spain, through Malta Channel and on to the Sea of Crete to join up with the ships of TG 60.2, the carrier and her destroyers. The carrier task force, under the command of Rear Admiral Geis, prepared for any contingency. The situation worsened. First, Egypt moved troops into the Gaza Strip, demanding that the United Nations (UN) Peacekeeping Force be withdrawn. Then, Israel beefed up her forces and, in turn, each of the other Arab countries put her armed forces on alert. As war clouds darkened, the United Arab Republic closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping. During this time, the carrier conducted normal training operations off the island of Crete and held two major underway replenishment operations. On 5 June, seven American newsmen from the wire services, the three major American television networks and several individual newspapers across the country flew on board. These seven were soon joined by others, 29 in all including media representatives from England, Greece, and West Germany. Their presence was evident everywhere on board the carrier. They lined the signal bridge and the flight deck, their cameras recording the cycle of flight operations, refuelings, and the tempo of shipboard routine. At night, Robert Goralski of NBC News and Bill Gill of ABC News teamed up to present the WAMR "Gill-Goralski Report", a half-hour on the latest developments in the Mideast and around the world. "America"s presence was soon noted by the potential belligerents. The carrier also attracted other observers. A Soviet destroyer had maneuvered nearby in the morning of 2 June. Armed with surface-to-air missiles, the Russian ship constantly cut in and out of the carrier's formation. Shortly after noon on 7 June, Vice Admiral William I. Martin, Commander 6th Fleet sent the following message to the Soviet ship, in Russian and English: Although that particular Soviet guided missile destroyer left "America", her sister ships soon arrived to follow the carrier and her escorting destroyers for days. On the morning of 5 June 1967 it was announced that Israelis and the Arabs were at war. That afternoon the bosun's pipe called the crew to a general quarters drill, and the excitement of the moment was evident as all hands rushed to their battle stations. When general quarters was secured, the word was passed over the 1-MC, the ship-wide general announcement system, to set condition three, an advanced state of defensive readiness. On 7 June, the destroyer , in company with "America", obtained a sonar contact, which was classified as a "possible" submarine. Rear Admiral Geis immediately dispatched "Lloyd Thomas" and the guided missile destroyer to investigate the contact. "Sampson" obtained contact quickly and coordinated with "Lloyd Thomas" in tracking the possible submarine. "America" launched one of her antisubmarine helicopters, a Sikorsky SH-3A Sea King of Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron (HS) 9, and gained sonar contact. At midnight, the contact was reclassified as a "probable" submarine. At that time, no known or friendly submarines were reported to be in the area of the contact. The destroyers maintained good sonar contact through the night. At 05:30 on 8 June, a Lockheed SP-2H Neptune antisubmarine patrol plane of Patrol Squadron (VP) 7, coordinating with the destroyers and helicopters, obtained a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) confirmation over the contact. The MAD equipment allows an ASW aircraft to confirm that a contact detected in the sea by other means is actually a very large metal object. Rear Admiral Geis announced the "probable" submarine's presence at noon. The newsmen, still embarked, dashed off stories to their home offices. Other events, however, would soon over-shadow the story about a 'probable' sub lurking near an American carrier task force. At about 14:00 local time on 8 June 1967, the technical research ship was attacked by Israeli torpedo boats and jet fighters, approximately north of the Sinai port of El Arish, in international waters. She had been in position to assist in communications between United States diplomatic posts in the Mideast and to aid in the evacuation of American dependents from the area if necessary. However, the first word that reached "America" and the Department of Defense in Washington gave no indication as to the identity of the attackers. "America"s flight deck came alive. In a matter of minutes, F-4B Phantom interceptors were in the air to ward off any possible attack against task force units. At the same time, bombs and rockets moved from the magazines deep within the ship to the flight deck. Two A-4 Skyhawks were loaded and launched together with fighter cover. As the planes sped towards Liberty's position, however, word was received from Tel Aviv that the attackers had been Israeli and that the attack had been made in error. The planes outbound from "America" were recalled with their ordnance still in the racks, with the A-4s landing ashore to unload their ordnance. The attack on "Liberty" had cost the lives of 34 men, with 173 wounded. Admiral Martin dispatched two destroyers, and , with Lt. Cmdr. Peter A. Flynn, MC, USN, one of "America's" junior medical officers, and two corpsmen from the carrier on board. The destroyers rendezvoused with "Liberty" at 06:00 on 9 June, and the medical personnel, including a second doctor from one of the destroyers, were transferred immediately to the damaged research ship. At 10:30, two helicopters from "America" rendezvoused with "Liberty" and began transferring the more seriously wounded to the carrier. An hour later, about east of Souda Bay Crete, "America" rendezvoused with "Liberty". The carrier's crew lined every topside vantage point, silent, watching the helicopters bring 50 wounded and nine dead from "Liberty" to "America". As "Liberty" drew alongside, listing, her sides perforated with rockets and cannon shell, nearly 2,000 of the carrier's crew were on the flight deck and, spontaneously moved by the sight, gave the battered "Liberty" and her brave crew a tremendous cheer. "America"s medical team worked around the clock removing shrapnel, and treating various wounds and burns. Doctors Gordon, Flynn and Lieutenant Donald P. Griffith, MC, worked for more than 12 hours in the operating room, while other doctors, Lt. George A. Lucier and Lt. Frank N. Federico made continuous rounds in the wards to aid and comfort the wounded. Their jobs were not finished that day, for the next week and more, "Liberty"s wounded required constant attention. Since the fighting had started between the Israelis and the Arabs, a weary quiet had settled over the carrier's flight deck. Ready, the ship waited for any possible situation, but the planes never left the decks. However, as the Israeli forces moved to speedy victory in the Six-Day War, the Arabs charged that 6th Fleet aircraft were providing air cover for Israeli ground forces. The newsmen on board reported that these charges were false. The 6th Fleet, as with all other American forces, had remained neutral. In addition, the Soviet destroyers also knew the charges were false. On Wednesday morning 7 June, Admiral Martin issued a statement to the press: The admiral gave members of the press copies of both "America"s and "Saratoga"s flight plans for the days in question and a rundown of the task force's position | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
started between the Israelis and the Arabs, a weary quiet had settled over the carrier's flight deck. Ready, the ship waited for any possible situation, but the planes never left the decks. However, as the Israeli forces moved to speedy victory in the Six-Day War, the Arabs charged that 6th Fleet aircraft were providing air cover for Israeli ground forces. The newsmen on board reported that these charges were false. The 6th Fleet, as with all other American forces, had remained neutral. In addition, the Soviet destroyers also knew the charges were false. On Wednesday morning 7 June, Admiral Martin issued a statement to the press: The admiral gave members of the press copies of both "America"s and "Saratoga"s flight plans for the days in question and a rundown of the task force's position at all times during the conflict. He pointed out that a check of the carriers' ordnance inventory would refute the charges, that both the number of pilots and aircraft embarked had changed only with the return of personnel and planes from the Paris Air Show. "America" conducted a memorial service on 10 June, on the carrier's flight deck. As Israeli forces advanced towards the Suez Canal and the Jordan River, and appeals for a cease-fire came, the tension relaxed aboard ship. The crew took time out for an 11-bout boxing smoker in the hangar bay. With a running commentary by the Gill-Goralski team, nearly 2,000 crew members crowded around the ring while others watched the action over closed circuit television. "America" continued on station for several more days, but the tension seemed to have gone. The newsmen left, the uninvited Soviet guests called no more, and regular flight operations resumed. On a lighter note, during the same period, other activities were happening aboard ship, and in Paris, France. Two squadrons of CVW-6 participated in the 27th Paris Air Show held at the French capital's Le Bourget Airport from 25 May – 5 June. A Fighter Squadron 33 (VF 33) F-4B Phantom II and an Early Warning Squadron 122 (VAW-122) Grumman E-2A Hawkeye were on display at the airfield throughout the show. "America" next hosted, commencing on 14 June, forty-nine midshipmen from the United States Naval Academy and Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) units across the country. For six weeks the "middies", under the watchful eyes of the ship's officers, filled junior officer billets in all of the departments in the ship. In late July, the second group of 41 "middies" arrived for their six-week cruise. "America" transited the Dardanelles on 21 June and arrived at Istanbul, where Rear Admiral Geis laid a wreath at the foot of the grave of the Unknown Soldier as a tribute to the Turkish war dead. Three days later, however, a group of angry demonstrators burned the wreath. Then, approximately 600 students with 1,500 spectators and sympathizers, participated in an anti-American/6th Fleet protest march, culminating in speeches in the area of the fleet landing. Liberty for the crew was cancelled for most of the afternoon-however, by early evening the situation had quieted down enough so that liberty could be resumed. All was peaceful for the remainder of the visit. "America" departed Istanbul on 26 June for five days of operations in the Aegean Sea. On 1 July, the carrier steamed into the port of Thessaloniki, Greece for her first visit to that port. For Fourth of July celebrations aboard ship, Rear Admiral Geis and "America"s commanding officer, Capt. Donald D. Engen hosted the Prefect of Thessaloniki, the Mayor of Thessaloniki, the American Consul and approximately 75 Greek Army officers and civilians. On 8 July, Rear Admiral Daniel V. Gallery USN (Ret.) arrived on board via "COD" (Carrier Onboard Delivery) aircraft. Admiral Gallery was visiting as many 6th Fleet ships as possible during his month stay in the Mediterranean to gather material for articles and books. He also departed by COD, on 9 July. On 16 July, "America" anchored at Athens for her second visit to that port of the 1967 cruise, before she proceeded thence to Valletta on 29 July. On 7 August, "America" anchored in the Bay of Naples. After visits to Genoa and Valencia, the carrier sailed into Pollensa Bay and commenced the turnover of her 6th Fleet materials to her relief, the attack carrier . "America" moored at Norfolk on 20 September and entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 6 October. She remained there, undergoing a restricted availability, into early January 1968. From 6–8 January, the ship steamed for three days of sea trials in the Virginia Capes operating area. After a four-day ammunition onload at anchorage X-ray in Hampton Bay and a brief stay at Norfolk, "America" departed for a month-long cruise to the Caribbean for the naval technical proficiency inspection (NTPI), refresher training with the Fleet Training Group, Guantanamo Bay, and type training in the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Range (AFWR) before she could proceed to the Jacksonville Operating area for carrier qualifications. "America" departed Norfolk on 16 January, arriving at Guantanamo Bay for extensive drills, exercises and inspections. General quarters was a daily routine as the ship strove to reach the peak of proficiency required in its upcoming combat deployment to the western Pacific (WestPac). On 1 February, "America" departed the Guantanamo area, bound for the AFWR. The next day, 2 February, representatives from the AFWR came on board to brief "America" representatives and Carrier Air Wing 6 pilots on forthcoming operations. The training consisted of invaluable and highly successful exercises in environmental tracking, antimissile defense, airborne jamming against radars, emergency aircraft recovery, and simulated PT boat attacks. With this phase of her combat training completed, "America" departed the AFWR on 9 February for carrier qualifications in the Jacksonville operating area, and held them from the 12th through the 15th. On the 17th, "America" moored at berths 23 and 24 at Norfolk Naval Shipyard to prepare for final type training, prior to her upcoming WestPac deployment. On 7 March, "America" again put to sea, back to the AFWR for further type training and Exercise "Rugby Match". "En route" to the Caribbean, the ship held various exercises in weapons loading, electronic countermeasures (ECM), and general quarters. On 10 March, "America" flew off the first of eight simulated air strikes. "America's" CVW flew "attack" sorties against "enemy" positions on Vieques, Puerto Rico. A search and rescue exercise (SAREX) was conducted to test the ship and air wing response to the distress call of a downed aviator. She also held several missile defense exercises to test the ship's reflexes against a surface threat. "America"s planes flew photographic reconnaissance sorties over Vieques, and "found" simulated targets on film. Communications exercises simulated conditions in Gulf of Tonkin, as a high volume of message traffic similar to that to be experienced in southeast Asia was generated by Commander, CarDiv 2, who was embarked in the ship. On 13 and 14 March, the weapons department also flexed their muscles by firing two Terrier missiles. Exercise "Rugby Match", a major Atlantic Fleet exercise involving approximately eighty ships was held in the AFWR from 7–29 March. "America" and Commander, CarDiv 2 (as commander, Task Group 26.1 (TG 26.1)), participated from the 18th to the 20th. As the "Blue" Force attack carrier, "America" and her air wing pilots provided close air support (CAS), photo reconnaissance and combat air patrol (CAP) sorties for Task Force 22 (TF 22), the "Blue" amphibious landing force, during a landing on the island of Vieques. Prior to America's main participation during this period, CVW-6 flew an aerial mining mission in the amphibious operating area on the 15th. D-Day was 19 March. On return from their missions as CAS and CAP, several aircraft tested the antiaircraft defenses of the task force by flying raids against | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Match", a major Atlantic Fleet exercise involving approximately eighty ships was held in the AFWR from 7–29 March. "America" and Commander, CarDiv 2 (as commander, Task Group 26.1 (TG 26.1)), participated from the 18th to the 20th. As the "Blue" Force attack carrier, "America" and her air wing pilots provided close air support (CAS), photo reconnaissance and combat air patrol (CAP) sorties for Task Force 22 (TF 22), the "Blue" amphibious landing force, during a landing on the island of Vieques. Prior to America's main participation during this period, CVW-6 flew an aerial mining mission in the amphibious operating area on the 15th. D-Day was 19 March. On return from their missions as CAS and CAP, several aircraft tested the antiaircraft defenses of the task force by flying raids against "America". On 10 April, "America" stood out of Hampton Roads, bound for "Yankee Station", off the coast of Vietnam. The next day, the ship's complement of men and machines was brought up to full strength as "America" recovered the remainder of CVW-6's aircraft off the coast of the Carolinas. En route, she conducted one last major training exercise. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was the next stop en route to southeast Asia, "America"s first to that city and continent. Now with her course set almost due east, "America" sailed through waters she had never traveled before. Across the southern Atlantic, around the Cape of Good Hope, past Madagascar and to Subic Bay, Philippine Islandserr. From Subic, the ship sailed northwest through the South China Sea towards "Yankee Station". "En route", on 26 May, the ship participated in exercise "NEWBOY" and the next day held carrier qualifications. At 10:00, 30 May, she arrived at "Yankee Station, and at 06:30 the next morning the first aircraft since commissioning to leave her deck in anger was launched against the enemy. During four line periods, consisting of 112 days on "Yankee Station", "America" aircraft pounded at roads and waterways, trucks and waterborne logistics craft (WBLCS), hammered at petroleum storage areas and truck parks and destroyed bridges and cave storage areas in the attempt to impede the flow of men and war materials to the south. On 10 July 1968, Lt. Roy Cash, Jr. (pilot) and Lt. j.g. Joseph E. Kain, Jr. (radar intercept officer), in an F-4J Phantom from VF-33 downed a MiG-21 'Fishbed', northwest of Vinh, North Vietnam, for the ship's first MiG "kill" in the Vietnam War. America and her embarked air wing, CVW-6, would later be awarded the Navy Unit Commendation for their work during that time. Between line periods, "America" visited Hong Kong, Yokosuka and Subic Bay. With "America"s mission on "Yankee Station" nearing completion, she launched the last of her attack aircraft at 10:30 on 29 October. The next day, she set sail for Subic Bay and the offload of various "Yankee Station" assets. In addition, a heavy attack squadron, VAH-10, and an electronic countermeasures squadron, VA-130, departed the ship on 3 November as they began a transpacific movement of their entire detachments to Alameda, and 144 aviators along with several members of the ship's company departed for the United States on the "Magic Carpet" flight. The days the ship spent en route to Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and Norfolk were, of necessity, more relaxed than those of her six months of combat. Nine hundred ninety-three "Pollywogs" were initiated into the realm of Neptunus Rex on the morning of 7 November as the ship again crossed the Equator. On 9 November, a flight deck "cookout" was sponsored by the supply department as the entire crew enjoyed char-broiled steaks and basked in the equatorial sun. After mooring at 13:30 on 16 December in Norfolk, her "round-the-world" cruise completed, post-deployment and holiday leave began, continuing through the first day of the year 1969. On 8 January 1969, she headed for the Jacksonville operating area where she served as the platform for carrier qualifications. On 24 January, "America" arrived at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard to begin a nine-month overhaul. Upon completion of the overhaul, the carrier conducted post-repair trials and operated locally off the Virginia Capes. During one period of local operations, between 21–23 November 1969, "America" took part in carrier suitability tests for the Lockheed U-2R reconnaissance plane. On 5 January 1970, the carrier departed the Norfolk area to commence a nine-week cruise in the Guantanamo Bay operating area. From 15–21 February, "America" participated in Operation "SPRINGBOARD 70", the annual series of training exercises conducted in the Caribbean. The program was established to take advantage of good weather and the extensive modern training facilities, including targets of all kinds, which are available in order to achieve maximum training during the period. This exercise included submarine operations, air operations, and participation by the Marine Corps. At the completion of this testing and training, America departed the Guantanamo area to arrive at the Jacksonville area on 1 March in order to conduct carrier qualification landings with the various squadrons stationed in and around the Jacksonville/Cecil Field area. "America" arrived in Norfolk on 8 March and remained there for approximately one month making last minute preparations for an eight-month deployment. On 10 April 1970, with CVW-9 on board, "America" left Norfolk and paused briefly in the Caribbean for an operational readiness inspection before proceeding on a voyage that took her across the equator to Rio de Janeiro, round the Cape of Good Hope, across the Indian Ocean, into the Pacific Ocean and finally to Subic Bay in the Philippines. On 26 May, "America" began its first day of special operations in the Gulf of Tonkin, when Cmdr. Fred M. Backman, commanding officer of VA-165, and his bombardier/navigator, Lt. Cmdr. Jack Hawley, in a Grumman A-6C Intruder flew the ship's first combat sortie of the 1970 WestPac cruise. On the same day, the Navy's newest light attack aircraft, the A-7E Corsair II received its first taste of combat. At 12:01, Lt. (j.g.) Dave Lichterman, of VA-146, was catapulted from the deck in the first A-7E ever to be launched in combat. He and his flight leader, Cmdr. Wayne L. Stephens, the squadron's commanding officer, subsequently delivered their ordnance with devastating accuracy using the A-7E's digital weapons computer. Shortly after 13:00, Cmdr R. N. Livingston, skipper of the "Argonauts" of VA-147, and Lt Cmdr. Tom Gravely rolled in on an enemy supply route to deliver the first bombs in combat in an A-7E, reportedly "all on target". For five line periods, consisting of 100 days on "Yankee Station", America's aircraft pounded at roads and waterways, trucks and waterborne logistic craft (WBLC), hammered at petroleum storage areas and truck parks in an attempt to impede the flow of men and war materials to the south. On 20 August, at Manila, Vice Admiral Frederic A. Bardshar, Commander, Attack Carrier Striking Force, 7th Fleet, hosted the President of the Philippines, Ferdinand E. Marcos, on board America. President Marcos was given a 21-gun salute as he and Mrs. Marcos arrived on board from their Presidential yacht to visit the ship. Accompanied by American Ambassador and Mrs. Henry A. Byroade, they were greeted by Vice Admiral Bardshar and "America"s commanding officer, Capt. Thomas B. Hayward and were subsequently escorted to the ship's hangar deck where the carrier division band and the ship's marine detachment rendered honors. Following their arrival, the visiting party dined with Vice Admiral Bardshar and Capt. Hayward, and were later given a brief tour of the ship. On 17 September, "America" completed her fourth line period and headed for special operations off the coast of Korea and subsequently, the Sea of Japan. On 23 September, the carrier entered the Tsushima Straits, remained in the Sea of Japan for approximately five days and exited on 27 September | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
on board from their Presidential yacht to visit the ship. Accompanied by American Ambassador and Mrs. Henry A. Byroade, they were greeted by Vice Admiral Bardshar and "America"s commanding officer, Capt. Thomas B. Hayward and were subsequently escorted to the ship's hangar deck where the carrier division band and the ship's marine detachment rendered honors. Following their arrival, the visiting party dined with Vice Admiral Bardshar and Capt. Hayward, and were later given a brief tour of the ship. On 17 September, "America" completed her fourth line period and headed for special operations off the coast of Korea and subsequently, the Sea of Japan. On 23 September, the carrier entered the Tsushima Straits, remained in the Sea of Japan for approximately five days and exited on 27 September through the Tsugaru Strait. During this period, "America" and CVW-9 engaged in three exercises: "Blue Sky", with elements of the Republic of China Air Force; "Commando Tiger", conducted in the Sea of Japan, involving air units of the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF); and, after exiting the Tsugara Straits, "Autumn Flower", air defense exercises with the Japanese Air Self Defense Force (JASDF) and the United States Fifth Air Force. On 7 November, "America" completed her fifth line period and departed for her last visit to Subic Bay. Through five line periods, the carrier had flown off 10,600 sorties (7,615 combat plus combat support), 2,626 actual combat sorties, completed 10,804 carrier landings, expended 11,190 tons of ordnance, moved of cargo, handled 6,890 packages and transferred of mail. She had accomplished this without a single combat loss and only one major landing accident with fortunately, no fatalities. The day before the carrier arrived at Sydney, Australia, for a three-day rest and recreation visit, United States ambassador to Australia and his wife, the Honorable and Mrs. Walter L. Rice, flew on board to accompany the ship into Sydney. "America" celebrated two Thanksgivings. At exactly 23:29 on 26 November, America crossed the International Date Line. Moments later it became Thanksgiving Day again. After rounding Cape Horn on 5 December 1970, "America" headed north, stopped briefly at Rio de Janeiro for fuel, and arrived in Norfolk, on 21 December. She remained there until 22 January 1971, when the ship entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard for a three-month restricted availability. She departed the yard, on schedule, on 22 March. Over the ensuing weeks, the ship operated locally in the Virginia Capes operating areas. She then carried out exercises in Puerto Rican waters, with United States Navy as well as Royal Navy warships-including , , and . After a return to Norfolk, "America" stood out of Hampton Roads on 6 July 1971 for the Mediterranean. On 16 July 1971, America dropped anchor at Naval Station Rota, Spain in order to receive her turnover information from the ship she was relieving on station, "Franklin D. Roosevelt". "America" then entered the Mediterranean for the third time since her commissioning. Between the time the ship left Rota, until she reached Naples, she participated in three major exercises. Following a port call at Naples, "America" proceeded on a course toward Palma, Majorca. While "en route", she participated in "PHIBLEX 2–71", in which she covered a mock amphibious landing at Capoteulada, Sicily. After a port visit at Palma, Majorca, "America" participated from 16–27 August in "National Week X", one of the largest exercises conducted in the Mediterranean. At the termination of the exercise, America proceeded to Corfu, Greece, her next liberty port. She then visited Athens shortly afterwards. After conducting routine operations in the eastern Mediterranean and making a port call at Rhodes, Greece, the ship proceeded to the Aegean Sea to participate in Operation "Deep Furrow 71", "America" and CVW-8 providing close air support for almost the entire exercise. Proceeding to Thessaloniki, Greece, for a port visit "America" then participated in "National Week XI", in the central Mediterranean. The carrier subsequently visited Naples before she steamed into the western Mediterranean to participate in exercises with British, Dutch, Italian and French forces in Exercise "Ile D'Or", completing her part in the evolutions by 19 November. America then conducted port visits to Cannes and Barcelona before proceeding to Rota. There, on 9 December, she was relieved on station by . Arriving back at Norfolk on 16 December, "America" moored in Norfolk, for post-deployment stand down before unloading ammunition in preparation for availability at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. After the two-month overhaul, the carrier conducted sea trials. Soon afterwards America embarked on a program of training, accelerated due to the fact that the date of her deployment had been advanced one month, and participated in Exercise "Exotic Dancer V." She returned to Norfolk, upon conclusion of the exercises. On 2 June 1972, three days before "America" was to sail Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, the Chief of Naval Operations, visited the ship and explained the reason why her orders had been changed sending her to the Gulf of Tonkin instead of the Mediterranean. Sailing on 5 June, "America" crossed the equator on 12 June and held the usual initiation of "pollywogs" into the realm of Neptune. Escorted by destroyers and , and accompanied by the fleet oiler , "America" proceeded toward southeast Asia, and rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 21 June. Joining the 7th Fleet later in June, "America" relieved the attack carrier on station, and commenced combat operations on 12 July. A ruptured main feed pump, however, prompted an early return to Subic Bay on 25 July for repairs, the ship arriving in the Philippines during a time of natural devastationfloods and landslides. The repair work was delayed for two weeks while needed parts were rushed to Subic Bay. "America" stood out on 9 August to return to the line, and soon resumed carrying out strike operations against communist targets in North Vietnam. On 6 October, bombs from her planes dropped the Thanh Hoa Bridge, a major objective since the bombing of the North had begun years before. Completing her line period and stopping over briefly at Subic Bay, "America" steamed to Singapore, departing that port on 20 October to resume operations on "Yankee Station." Less than a month later, a fire broke out on board "America", at 14:10 on 19 November 1972, in the number two catapult spaces. The ship went to general quarters as smoke began to fill the 03 level, and damage control parties soon had the blaze extinguished. Clean-up and repair work ensued, and despite not having the services of one of her catapults, "America" remained on the line and continued to meet her commitments. After an extended line period of 43 days, "America" reached Subic Bay on 2 December, where the number two catapult was repaired, and departed the Philippines on 8 December to return to "Yankee Station". A week before Christmas, "America" learned that the breakdown of peace talks in Paris had led to a resumption of bombing of targets in North Vietnam. "America" swung into action, and the pace proved hectic until the Christmas cease-fire. "Christmas away from home is never good", "America's" historian wrote, "but the men of "America" made the best of it with homemade decorations." There were services to celebrate the season, "and carolers were noted strolling through the passageways ..." "America" received five battle stars for her service in the Vietnam War. On 28 December, the carrier anchored in Hong Kong harbor, and remained there until 4 January 1973, when she stood out for the Philippines and the period of rest and repairs at Subic Bay that would precede the ship's return to the line. All hands avidly followed the progress of the peace talks as "America" returned to "Yankee Station", and resumed operations. After two weeks on the line, the ship learned that peace | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
the pace proved hectic until the Christmas cease-fire. "Christmas away from home is never good", "America's" historian wrote, "but the men of "America" made the best of it with homemade decorations." There were services to celebrate the season, "and carolers were noted strolling through the passageways ..." "America" received five battle stars for her service in the Vietnam War. On 28 December, the carrier anchored in Hong Kong harbor, and remained there until 4 January 1973, when she stood out for the Philippines and the period of rest and repairs at Subic Bay that would precede the ship's return to the line. All hands avidly followed the progress of the peace talks as "America" returned to "Yankee Station", and resumed operations. After two weeks on the line, the ship learned that peace had been secured and that an agreement was to be signed in Paris. At 08:00 on 28 January 1973, the Vietnam Warat least that stage of itwas at an end. Rumors swept the ship that her deployment would be shortened because of the cessation of hostilities, and hope ran high as the ship moored at Subic Bay on 3 February. America did return to "Yankee Station" one last time, but her time on station proved short, as she returned to Subic Bay on 17 February and sailed thence for the United States three days later, on 20 February. The carrier arrived at Mayport Florida, disembarking men from CVW-8 and embarking the teen-aged sons of some of the ship's company officers and men, thus allowing them to ride the ship back to Norfolk with their fathers. On 24 March, "America" arrived back at Norfolk, bringing to a close her sixth major deployment since commissioning. She immediately began preparations for a 30-day stand down and the restricted availability to follow at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. She entered the yard on 11 May and emerged after that period of repairs and alterations on 10 August. "America" conducted local operations out of Norfolk into October, and during this period the ship celebrated a significant milestone in the life of a carrier: she logged her 100,000th landing on 29 August 1973, when her COD aircraft (nicknamed "Miss America"), piloted by Lt. Cmdr. Lewis R. Newby and Lt. Cmdr. Ronnie B. Baker, landed on board. Cake-cuttings on the hangar deck and in the wardroom celebrated the occasion. On 29 October, "America" cleared Hampton Roads for Jacksonville and a period of carrier qualifications. She was conducting routine training operations on 1 November when she went to the assistance of the crippled sailing schooner "Harry W. Adams" of Nova Scotia. The schooner, her engine disabled and without power for her pumps, was taking on water. Helicopters from "America" sped to the scene, and the ship provided rescue specialists and underwater demolition experts to assist in the effort. The ship's captain and his crew of nine all escaped serious injury, although the carrier's helicopters brought three of the crew on board for medical examinations and a warm meal. America stood by until the late afternoon, when the Coast Guard cutter "PORT ROBERTS" arrived to assist "Harry W. Adams" into port at Jacksonville. After concluding her operations in the Jacksonville area "America" paid a port call at Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, from 4–8 November. She proceeded thence to sea for exercises of various kinds to hone the skills of the ship-air wing team and, following her operational readiness inspection off Mayport, proceeded back to Norfolk, on 21 November. "America" then steamed south after the Thanksgiving holiday, for Atlantic Fleet readiness exercises, returned via Mayport to Norfolk on 13 December, and remained in her home port until sailing for the Mediterranean on 3 January 1974. Relieving "Independence" at Rota, Spain, on 11 January, she became the flagship for Rear Admiral Frederick C. Turner, Commander, TF 60. "America" commenced operations in the western Mediterranean that day and, over the next few weeks; divided her time between at-sea periods and port visits to Toulon, Barcelona, and Valencia. From 15–19 February, the carrier participated in Exercise "National Week XVI", and upon the conclusion of that evolution anchored in Souda Bay, Crete. She proceeded thence for a port call at Athens. Standing out of the waters of that Greek port on 1 March, "America" participated in "PHIBLEX 9–74", in which the ship's air wing, CVW, practiced supporting an amphibious landing. The carrier then operated north of Crete on exercises in early April, after which time she put into Athens on 9 April. "America" then participated in NATO exercise, "Dawn Patrol", in which units of the navies of the United States, United Kingdom, Portugal, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and West Germany participated. During one phase of this exercise, the carrier's marine detachment embarked in and stormed ashore from that amphibious ship while "America"s planes provided close air support. Upon the conclusion of Dawn Patrol, the carrier paid another visit to Athens, proceeding thence on 19 May for a four-day period of exercises, after which time she steamed to Istanbul, arriving there on 23 May. Immediately following this port call, the ship returned to Athens and sailed thence for Exercise "SHAHBAZ" to test the air defense capability of NATO ally Turkey early in June. America then anchored off the island of Rhodes, Greece, on 6 June for a four-day port visit, after which time she returned to Athens to embark Naval Academy midshipmen for their summer training cruise. America then participated in Exercise "Flaming Lance", off the coast of Sardinia, during which time controlled over 1,000 intercepts by "America"s aircraft. Making her last port call at Athens for the deployment, the carrier steamed to Souda Bay on 1 July, loading minesweeping equipment that had been used in Operation Nimbus Star, the clearance of the Suez Canal. "America" then proceeded to Corfu, and began the transit out of the eastern Mediterranean on 6 July, arriving at Palma, Majorca, three days later. "America" anchored off Rota on 15 July, for what was scheduled to have been an off-load of the equipment of Commander, TF 60, staff. Clashes between Greek and Turkish forces on Cyprus, however, prompted the Joint Chiefs of Staff to order "America" to remain at Rota until the arrival of her relief, "Independence", on 28 July. As soon as that attack carrier entered the 6th Fleet operating area, "America" commenced her homeward voyage, ultimately reaching Norfolk, on 3 August. A little over a month later, "America" sailed for the North Sea, to participate in a NATO exercise, "Northern Merger", departing Norfolk on 6 September. "America" joined with HMS "Ark Royal" in providing air support for a NATO task force and for an amphibious landing. Throughout the exercise Soviet surface units, as well as "Bear" and Tu-16 'Badger' aircraft, conducted surveillance missions over and near the NATO force. Upon the conclusion of "Northern Merger", America steamed to Portsmouth, England, arriving there on 29 September to commence a five-day port visit. The carrier proceeded thence back to the United States, reaching Norfolk on 12 October, to commence preparations for a major overhaul at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. Entering the yard on 27 November 1974, "America" remained there until 27 September 1975, when the ship got underway to conduct post-overhaul sea trials. "America" departed Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 16 October 1975 for local operations off the Virginia Capes and, after a few weeks in Norfolk, departed Hampton Roads for Cuban waters and refresher training. While steaming north of Cuba and preparing for the operational readiness inspection that concludes refresher training, "America" picked up distress calls, immediately deploying helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft to search for a disabled motorized sailboat, "Ruggentino". One of the carrier's helicopters located a boat in distress and guided a tug to the scene which took the disabled craft in tow. | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
overhaul at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. Entering the yard on 27 November 1974, "America" remained there until 27 September 1975, when the ship got underway to conduct post-overhaul sea trials. "America" departed Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 16 October 1975 for local operations off the Virginia Capes and, after a few weeks in Norfolk, departed Hampton Roads for Cuban waters and refresher training. While steaming north of Cuba and preparing for the operational readiness inspection that concludes refresher training, "America" picked up distress calls, immediately deploying helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft to search for a disabled motorized sailboat, "Ruggentino". One of the carrier's helicopters located a boat in distress and guided a tug to the scene which took the disabled craft in tow. The boat, however, was the "Content", so "America" and her aircraft resumed the search for "Ruggentino". One of her planes soon located "Ruggentino", and the ship dispatched a motor whaleboat to assist. "America" sailors soon had the boat pumped out and headed for port. "America" completed her schedule of training in Cuban waters and then returned north, arriving back at Norfolk on 16 December 1975. Following the year-end stand down, the carrier resumed local operations out of Norfolk in January 1976 and, in March participated in Exercise "Safe Pass '76" with ships of the Canadian, West German, Dutch and British navies. She ultimately sailed for the Mediterranean on 15 April 1976 with CVW-6 and Commander, Carrier Group 4 (CarGru 4), Rear Admiral James B. Linder, embarked. Soon after her arrival in the turnover port of Rota, "America" participated in a NATO exercise, "Open Gate", before entering the Mediterranean. Passing the Pillars of Hercules on 3 May, the ship entered into the eastern Mediterranean in support of Operation "Fluid Drive", a contingency operation for the evacuation of non-combatants from war-torn Lebanon. For the next three months, the carrier maintained a high state of readiness. In conjunction with "Fluid Drive", the ship and her air wing maintained continuous surveillance of the Soviet Mediterranean fleet, which at that point was at its largest since the Yom Kippur War of 1973. On 24 May, "America" anchored in Rhodes, Greece, to commence her first liberty of the deployment-but violent anti-American demonstrations prevented the carrier's crew from going ashore, and the ship stood out two days later. "America" conducted a port visit to Taranto Italy, instead, but the deteriorating situation in the eastern Mediterranean required the ship to sail sooner than scheduled. The assassination of the United States ambassador to Lebanon Francis E. Meloy, and Economic Counselor Robert O. Waring as they were on their way to visit Lebanese President Elias Sarkis on 16 June 1976 prompted the evacuation of Americans from that nation a week later, on the 20th. America remained on alert while landing craft from the dock landing ship transferred the evacuees from the beach to safety. Following the successful evacuation, the carrier proceeded westward for a few days of liberty in Italian ports celebrating the country's bicentennial Independence Day, 4 July 1976, at Taranto. Proceeding back into the eastern Mediterranean on 11 July to conduct a missile exercise north of Crete, the ship continued to maintain responsibility for "Fluid Drive." On 27 July, as more Americans were evacuated from Lebanon on board , the carrier provided support. Relieved of her responsibilities in the eastern Mediterranean on 2 August, "America" reached Naples soon afterwards, and remained in port for two weeks. The carrier returned to sea on 18 August and participated in Exercise "National Week XXI" with other 6th Fleet units. Upon the termination of "National Week XXI", "America" proceeded to Palma, whence she proceeded to participate in "Poop Deck 76" with Spanish Air Force units and United States Air Force units based in Spain. Then, following visits to the Spanish ports of Barcelona and Málaga, America took part in the final exercise of her Mediterranean cruise, Exercise "Display Determination". teamed with "America", and ships from the navies of Italy, Greece, Portugal, and Turkey participated as well. The American carrier conducted convoy escort duties, simulated close air support for amphibious operations, and simulated strikes against military targets. Upon conclusion of "Display Determination", the carrier proceeded to Rota, where she was relieved by "Franklin D. Roosevelt". "America" ultimately reached Norfolk on 25 October 1976. On 6 November, the carrier proceeded up the Elizabeth River to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, where she remained into February 1977. America then operated locally out of Norfolk into the spring of 1977 until sailing for the Mayport, Florida, operating area on 3 May. Following her participation in Exercise "Solid Shield 77", a joint service amphibious training exercise, the carrier returned to Norfolk on 24 May. "America" sailed from Hampton Roads on 10 June 1977 for a five-week South Atlantic deployment as a unit of TG 20.4. Other ships in company included , , , and . Following her return to Norfolk, "America" operated locally before she sailed to conduct operations in the Caribbean. After returning to Norfolk on 27 August, "America" sailed for the Mediterranean on 29 September, with CVW-6 embarked, and reached Rota on 9 October. Departing that port on 14 October the carrier proceeded to the Tyrrhenian Sea, where she operated until 26 October. Following a port call at Brindisi, Italy, "America" began operations in the Ionian Sea on 7 November, and anchored at Souda Bay, Crete, two days later. She operated locally in these waters until 12 November, when she sailed for Kithira Island, Greece, anchoring there on the 19th. Weighing anchor the following morning, "America" sailed for the Adriatic Sea, bound for Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. Visiting this seaport from 22–26 November, the carrier transited the Adriatic for a port call at Trieste, staying there from 28 November to 3 December. Returning to operate in the waters of Souda Bay for more exercises, "America" subsequently departed Crete on 12 December for Palma, where she spent Christmas. Departing Palma two days later, "America" proceeded through the Ligurian Sea to her next port of call, Genoa, which she reached on 30 December. She remained there until 8 January 1978, when she sailed to carry out antisubmarine exercises in the Tyrrhenian Sea, upon the conclusion of which she anchored in Golfo di Palma, Sicily. Operations in the western Mediterranean and again in the Tyrrhenian Sea rounded out most of January 1978, and the ship rested briefly at Catania, Italy, before getting underway for Exercise "National Week" on 5 February. She returned to the Tyrrhenian Sea and western Mediterranean for further exercises during March, and then visited Barcelona before she brought the deployment to a close with further exercises in the western Mediterranean. At Rota, she was relieved by , and sailed for Norfolk, arriving home on 25 April 1978. Following post-deployment stand down, "America" conducted carrier qualifications off the Virginia Capes, and then entered Norfolk Naval Shipyard for an availability. Upon the conclusion of that period of repairs and alterations, the carrier conducted post-availability sea trials on 19–20 September 1978, and conducted carrier qualifications with CVW from 12–20 October. Tragedy marred the last day of operations, when a Lockheed S-3 Viking antisubmarine aircraft went over the side upon landing; hung on the safety nets momentarily, then plunged into the sea. Although the pilots, Lt. Cmdr. Ziolowski and Lt. (j.g.) Renshaw ejected clear of the plane, they were not recovered. "America" subsequently conducted refresher training out of Guantanamo Bay early in November, before she called at Ft. Lauderdale on 10 November to commence a four-day stay. Returning to Norfolk soon afterwards, the carrier | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
and then entered Norfolk Naval Shipyard for an availability. Upon the conclusion of that period of repairs and alterations, the carrier conducted post-availability sea trials on 19–20 September 1978, and conducted carrier qualifications with CVW from 12–20 October. Tragedy marred the last day of operations, when a Lockheed S-3 Viking antisubmarine aircraft went over the side upon landing; hung on the safety nets momentarily, then plunged into the sea. Although the pilots, Lt. Cmdr. Ziolowski and Lt. (j.g.) Renshaw ejected clear of the plane, they were not recovered. "America" subsequently conducted refresher training out of Guantanamo Bay early in November, before she called at Ft. Lauderdale on 10 November to commence a four-day stay. Returning to Norfolk soon afterwards, the carrier remained in the Norfolk area, alternating periods of time in port with type-training and exercises off the Virginia Capes. The carrier cleared Norfolk on 5 January 1979 for the Caribbean operating areas, and conducted type training there from 5–23 January after which time the ship visited St. Thomas, in the U.S. Virgin Islands, from 24–29 January. "America" then resumed type training in the waters of the Caribbean and West Indies, concluding those evolutions on 12 February to return to Norfolk. After bringing CVW-11 on board off the Virginia Capes on 8 and 9 March, "America" spent the next two days moored in Norfolk making final preparations for her departure for the Mediterranean. The carrier sailed on 13 March. Two days later, on 15 March, "America" conducted a "BEAREX" with a Lockheed P-3 Orion from Bermuda simulating a Russian "Bear" reconnaissance aircraft. Such practice proved timely, for the following day, A-7 and Grumman F-14 Tomcat aircraft from "America" intercepted a pair of the long-range "Bear D" planes that were "en route" to Cuba from their bases in the Soviet Union. The "Bears" never came within visual range of the carrier's battle group. Reaching Rota on 24 March, "America" relieved and commenced operations in the western Mediterranean on 29 March. During this deployment, the ship visited a variety of ports, starting with Naples, Taranto, and Catania. Moving into the Adriatic, the carrier stopped at Split, Croatia, before moving north to Venice and Trieste. In the eastern Mediterranean, America called at Alexandria, Egypt, at Souda Bay, Crete. Returning west, she visited Palma and Barcelona in Spain, Marseille on the coast of France, Genoa in northern Italy and Valencia in Spain before heading for Rota. She completed turnover proceedings at Rota on 10–11 September 1979, and got underway immediately to commence the homeward voyage. Highlighting this period were numerous multilateral and unilateral exercises, as in previous Mediterranean deployments. During one phase of "National Week XXVII", "America" and her consorts took part in an open sea exercise that took them into the waters of the Gulf of Sidra (Sirte) – claimed by Libya as territorial waters since 11 October 1973. The Libyan government serving notice that any ship or aircraft operating south of the 32-30 north latitude would be violating its territory, "America"s battle group maintained an alert, in view of the proximity of Libyan airfields and Soviet-made aircraft operating therefrom. Departing Augusta Bay, Sicily, on 26 July, the task group arrived in its exercise area on the 28th. As planes from CVW-11 maintained nearly continuous fighter cover, the ships conducted their exercise unhindered. Ultimately departing Rota on 12 September 1979 to conduct a blue water turnover with , "America" encountered her second pair of "Bears". F-14 Tomcats of VF-213 intercepted the two, however, and caused them to turn away to the north, having never sighted a single ship in the carrier's battle group. Reaching Norfolk on 22 September, "America" stood down after her 6th Fleet deployment. The carrier departed Norfolk again on 15 October for Mayport, and conducted local operations off the coast of Florida before moving into the Gulf of Mexico to conduct carrier qualifications. Returning north upon completion of those evolutions, "America" put to sea on 30 October for more carrier qualifications-these, however, involved the first arrested carrier landings of the new McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. This aircraft underwent rigorous testing over the days which followed, before "America" returned to Norfolk on 3 November. Entering the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 6 November 1979, "America" underwent repairs and alterations for much of 1980 commencing her post-repair trials on 23 September 1980. Among the work performed during the availability was the installation of the NATO "Sea Sparrow" missile and close-in weapon systems such as the multi-barreled "Phalanx" machine gun. The ship carried out a second period of post-repair trials from 16 to 21 October, after which time she returned to Norfolk whence she conducted sea trials from 27–29 October. Subsequently, conducting refresher training out of Guantanamo Bay, "America" returned to the Virginia Capes operating area to conduct carrier qualifications in early December. She spent the remainder of the year 1980, undergoing upkeep at Norfolk. "America" operated locally in the Virginia Capes area into January 1981 and, during these operations on 14 January 1981, brought on board a Grumman C-1A "Trader" COD aircraft piloted by Ens. Brenda Robinson, USNR. Ens. Robinson became the first black female naval aviator to be carrier qualified. The ship later conducted carrier qualifications for CVW-11. On 29 January 1981, as "America" was returning to Norfolk, she received a message from a Greek motor vessel, "Aikaterini", in distress. "America", diverted to the scene to render assistance until the Coast Guard could arrive, sent helicopters from her embarked HS-12 with damage control equipment, members of the ship's fire department, and damage control assistance to the stricken ship. Returning to Norfolk on 2 February, "America" proceeded thence for carrier qualifications off the Virginia Capes, and thence to the Caribbean for type training. Returning to Norfolk on 19 March, "America" – in company with her consorts and subsequently sailed for the Mediterranean on 14 April 1981, destined, ultimately, for the Indian Ocean. Reaching Palma on 23 April, "America" then participated in NATO exercise "Daily Double", with the amphibious assault ship , as well as with Greek and Italian Navy units on the 28th before she steamed to Port Said, Egypt. Originally scheduled to have commenced her transit of the Suez Canal on 5 May, the tense situation in Lebanon prompted a 24-hour "hold" on the evolution. Given the go-ahead soon after, "America" made the transit on 6 May, in ten hours – the first United States Navy carrier to steam through the Suez Canal since had made the passage shortly before the Arab-Israeli "Six-Day War" of 1967. It was also the first "super-carrier" to transit the canal since it had been modified to permit passage of supertankers. "America" operated in the Indian Ocean, on "Gonzo" Station, for the first time from 12 May – 3 June, after which time she visited Singapore. On 18 June, the carrier departed that port for her second stint on "Gonzo Station". This deployment was to last 35 days. "America" and her embarked air wing provided a vital U.S. presence in the North Arabian Sea and ensured freedom of the seas for all nations operating ships through the Strait of Hormuz and into the Persian Gulf. These operations were conducted in a routine manner through three line periods (except for the loss of the ship's anchor while mooring off of Masirah Island). On 15 July, "America" was requested to provide search and rescue (SAR) aircraft to assist in locating a merchant ship in distress in the northern Arabian Sea. The Greek merchantman "Irene Sincerity" was reportedly afire. "America"s planes located the ship and "California" rescued the 39 crewmen and disembarked them in good | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
departed that port for her second stint on "Gonzo Station". This deployment was to last 35 days. "America" and her embarked air wing provided a vital U.S. presence in the North Arabian Sea and ensured freedom of the seas for all nations operating ships through the Strait of Hormuz and into the Persian Gulf. These operations were conducted in a routine manner through three line periods (except for the loss of the ship's anchor while mooring off of Masirah Island). On 15 July, "America" was requested to provide search and rescue (SAR) aircraft to assist in locating a merchant ship in distress in the northern Arabian Sea. The Greek merchantman "Irene Sincerity" was reportedly afire. "America"s planes located the ship and "California" rescued the 39 crewmen and disembarked them in good condition in Karachi, Pakistan. Upon completion of her second northern Arabian Sea line period on 4 August, "America" shaped a course for Australian waters conducting a "Weapons Week" exercise in the vicinity of Diego Garcia. During "Weapons Week", a Lockheed P-3 "Orion" of Patrol Squadron (VP) 50 requested two F-14 Tomcats from America, flying in the vicinity of Pierre Island, near Diego Garcia, to assist in contacting their ship for SAR assistance. "California" sped to the island and located an individual stranded on Pierre Island, he had been on a treasure-hunting expedition bound from Sri Lanka to Mauritius. The cruiser took the man to Diego Garcia. Departing the Diego Garcia operating area on 15 August, "America" conducted a unique burial-at-sea on the 18th, when the remains of the late Lt. Stephen O. Musselman were consigned to the ocean. Musselman had been shot down on 10 September 1972 in an A-7 Corsair II from "America", over North Vietnam, and his remains had been returned by the Vietnamese government on 8 July 1981. Lt. Musselman's widow requested that these remains be consigned to the last ship he had served in and buried thence. "America" anchored in Gage Roads at Fremantle, Western Australia on 25 August, and remained there for six days, sailing for "Gonzo Station" on the 31st. During her third line period, the ship spent 34 days on station. On 23 September, a fire broke out in a steam trunk line that carries steam from the main engineering spaces to the flight deck catapult system, at about 17:45. Soon after "America"s fire party arrived on the scene to isolate the fire, smoke began filling the areas adjacent to the crew berthing areas, so Capt. James F. Dorsey, Jr., ordered general quarters sounded. "America's" firefighters soon managed to quell the blaze, and the ship secured from battle stations at 23:16. The carrier resumed normal flight operations the next morning at sunrise, and remained on station until relieved by "Coral Sea" on 16 October. Two days later, while "America" steamed toward the Bab el Mandeb Strait, the ship went to general quarters, in view of threats issued by the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. The ship passed without incident, and continued her journey through the Red Sea unhindered. On 21 October 1981, "America" commenced the northbound transit of the Suez Canal. This transit, unlike the comparatively light-hearted one of 6 May, proved more tense. As a result of the unsettled conditions in Egypt following the 6 October 1981 assassination of President Anwar Sadat, the Egyptian government accorded "America"s passage through the Suez Canal the utmost security considerations. The Egyptian Navy provided a patrol vessel to escort the carrier, while an Egyptian Air Force helicopter conducted reconnaissance flight over both banks of the waterway. Egyptian Army units patrolled the adjacent canal roads. Additionally, liaison officers on board the carrier maintained constant touch with the security forces by radio. Making the passage of the canal without incident, "America" continued on across the Mediterranean, reaching Palma on 25 October. After a three-day port call, the carrier conducted exercises with Spanish forces, and subsequently sailed for home on 1 November, departing the Mediterranean the following day. She arrived at Norfolk on 12 November. Following a short stand down, "America" conducted carrier qualifications in the Virginia Capes operating area, before she moored at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 14 December. Emerging from the naval shipyard on 20 April 1982, "America" operated locally off the Virginia Capes. Departing Norfolk on 10 May, the ship steamed to the Guantanamo Bay operating area and returning to her home port on 28 May. Following further carrier qualifications off the Virginia Capes the carrier then steamed south to conduct type training in the West Indies, interspersing these evolutions with a port visit to St. Thomas. Returning to Norfolk on 8 July, "America" operated locally from 22–24 July, before she sailed on 22 August, with CVW-1 embarked, to participate in joint NATO exercises "United Effort" and "Northern Wedding 82". "America" visited Edinburgh, Scotland, from 15–21 September and proceeded thence to Portsmouth, England, arriving there on 23 September. Sailing for the Mediterranean on 26 September, the carrier operated briefly with the 6th Fleet, participating in exercise "Display Determination" from 30 September – 8 October. She then sailed for the United States, and, following her operational readiness evaluation in the Caribbean operating areas, reached Mayport to disembark CVW-1. "America" returned to Norfolk on 4 November. "America" departed Norfolk on 8 December 1982, proceeded to the Virginia Capes operating area and embarked CVW-1, and set out across the Atlantic. Visiting Palma on 22 December America remained there through the Christmas holiday, weighing anchor on 28 December to sail for the Lebanese coast, where she was to take up duty in support of the Multinational Peacekeeping Force in strife-torn Lebanon. Relieving USS "Nimitz" on station on 2 January 1983, "America" spent the next 18 days off Lebanon, before "Nimitz" took over on 20 January. Steaming thence to Piraeus, Greece, "America", along with and , anchored there on 23 January for a five-day port visit to Athens. Underway on 29 January, the carrier transited the Sea of Crete en route to an overnight anchorage at Port Said. Transiting the Suez Canal on 31 January, "America" reached the Red Sea the same day and reported for duty with the 7th Fleet on 4 February. On 9 February, the carrier and her accompanying battle group conducted exercise "Beacon Flash 83". Subsequently, on 28 February, America and her consorts conducted a "Weapons Week" exercise in the vicinity of Diego Garcia. Following those evolutions, the carrier visited Colombo, Sri Lanka, anchoring on 7 March. Weighing anchor on 12 March, "America" resumed operations in the Indian Ocean soon afterwards, culminating in "Beacon Flash 83-4", and a subsequent port visit to Masirah Island, Oman. Steaming thence to Mombasa, Kenya, and a five-day port visit "America" departed that port for a week of intense flight operations, followed by participation in "Beacon Flash 85" on 19 April. Returning to anchor at Masirah Island again three days later, the carrier and her battle group operated in the northern Arabian Sea, en route to the Suez Canal. Transiting that waterway on 4 May, "America" headed for Souda Bay, reaching an anchorage there on 7 May. Five days later, the carrier got underway for Málaga, Spain, reaching her destination on 14 May for a nine-day port visit. The ship subsequently departed Málaga on 23 May, and reached Norfolk on 2 June. "America" then entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 8 July. For four months, the ship underwent a period of repairs and alterations, emerging from the yard on 28 October. She then operated locally off the Virginia Capes with CVW-1 embarked, before she proceeded thence to Mayport, and, ultimately, to Puerto Rican waters for refresher training. Subsequently, visiting Nassau, in the Bahamas, for a five-day port visit, "America" returned | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
northern Arabian Sea, en route to the Suez Canal. Transiting that waterway on 4 May, "America" headed for Souda Bay, reaching an anchorage there on 7 May. Five days later, the carrier got underway for Málaga, Spain, reaching her destination on 14 May for a nine-day port visit. The ship subsequently departed Málaga on 23 May, and reached Norfolk on 2 June. "America" then entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 8 July. For four months, the ship underwent a period of repairs and alterations, emerging from the yard on 28 October. She then operated locally off the Virginia Capes with CVW-1 embarked, before she proceeded thence to Mayport, and, ultimately, to Puerto Rican waters for refresher training. Subsequently, visiting Nassau, in the Bahamas, for a five-day port visit, "America" returned to the East Coast of the United States, reaching Mayport on 8 December. She then conducted carrier qualifications for both East and West Coast squadrons en route to her home port reaching Norfolk on 14 December. The carrier operated locally from Norfolk into February 1984 alternating periods of upkeep in port with carrier qualifications and exercises. She then conducted two periods of type training (6–20 February and 25 March – 8 April), interspersing these with an in-port period at Ft. Lauderdale from 21–24 February and then calling at St. Thomas upon conclusion of the second period of training. Returning to Norfolk on 22 March, "America" spent the next month preparing for her next deployment, and got underway to participate in exercise "Ocean Venture" on 24 April. Visiting Caracas, Venezuela, upon conclusion of that evolution, "America" departed on 9 May for the Mediterranean. Reaching Málaga, Spain, on 21 May, the carrier commenced her transit of the Mediterranean on 29 May and reached Port Said on 3 June. Transiting the Suez Canal on the following day she passed through the Red Sea and joined the 7th Fleet on 8 June, relieving "Kitty Hawk". On 10 July, while operating in the Indian Ocean, "America" lost an EA-6B Prowler from the VAQ-135 Black Ravens due to a failure of the waist catapult system. The crew ejected safely but the pilot, LTJG Michael Debartolomeo was killed in the process. An investigation into the Class A mishap revealed that faulty maintenance of the catapult system was to blame. Returning to the 6th Fleet on 29 August, "America" transited the Suez Canal on 2 September bound for Naples. The carrier visited Monaco from 13–22 September before she participated in one phase of NATO exercise, "Display Determination". After stopping briefly to Naples, "America" returned to sea soon afterwards, and took part in the second phase of "Display Determination" before visiting Catania. She reached Augusta Bay on 27 October, where she was relieved by and sailed for the United States. Arriving at Norfolk on 14 November, "America" conducted carrier qualifications in the Virginia Capes operating areas from 29 November – 17 December before returning to port on 18 December. The ship remained in an upkeep status until 18 January 1985, when she shifted to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard for overhaul. Emerging from the yard on 13 May for sea trials off the Virginia Capes, "America" remained at Norfolk until 28 May, when she sailed to conduct refresher training. Then, following a port call at Port Everglades, Florida (13–17 June), "America" conducted carrier qualifications before returning to Norfolk on 25 June. The ship operated locally out of Norfolk through mid-August. "America" sailed on 24 August to participate in "Ocean Safari", a six-week NATO exercise which ultimately took her to Norwegian waters. After visiting Portsmouth, England, upon conclusion of her training, America returned to Norfolk on 9 October. She spent the remainder of the year 1985 alternating periods of upkeep in Norfolk, with local operations in the Virginia Capes operating area. As the new year, 1986, began, tensions in the Mediterranean basin would result in "America"s sailing to deploy with the 6th Fleet one month earlier than planned. On 7 January 1986, President Ronald Reagan ordered all American citizens out of Libya, and broke off all remaining ties between the two nations. At the same time, President Reagan directed the dispatch of a second carrier battle group to the Mediterranean, and directed the Joint Chiefs of Staff to look into military operations against Libya, a country strongly suspected of fomenting terrorist activity. Operations near Libya began at the end of January. These evolutions, collectively named "Attain Document", were carried out from 24–31 January 1986 and from 10–15 February, by surface ships and aircraft. "America", with CVW-1 embarked, and her accompanying battle group departed Norfolk on 10 March 1986, and arrived in the Mediterranean in time to participate in the third phase of "Attain Document", a freedom of navigation (FON) exercise in the Gulf of Sidra. Late on 23 March, American planes flew south of latitude 32-30° N – the "Line of Death" proclaimed by Libyan leader Muammar al-Qadaffi. On 24 March, , accompanied by two destroyers, and , moved south of the "Line", covered by fighter aircraft, at 06:00. A Libyan missile installation near Surt (Sirte) launched two Soviet-made SA-5 "Gammon" surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) at 07:52, toward F-14A Tomcats of "America"s VF-102. Later that afternoon, the installation at Surt (Sirte) fired additional SAMs at American planes, but, like the first pair, went wide of their mark. About 14:30, a Libyan missile-equipped Combattante II G-type patrol craft sortied from Misratah, Libya, and approached "Ticonderoga" and her consorts. Two A-6E Intruders from "America"s Attack Squadron 34 (VA 34) fired AGM-84 Harpoon missiles at the craft and sank her in the first use of the Harpoon in combat. Shortly afterwards, when American radars detected the Libyan installation at Sirte activating its target acquisition radars, two A-7 Corsairs from "Saratoga"s VA-81 put the site out of action with AGM-88 HARMs (high-speed anti-radiation missiles). One hour after the first patrol boat had sortied, a Soviet-built "Nanuchka"-type patrol craft began heading out into the Gulf of Sidra. Intruders from VA-34 and "Saratoga"s VA-85 attacked with Rockeye cluster bombs, but the craft sought refuge alongside a neutral merchant ship, and avoided destruction. Damaged, she returned to the Port of Benghazi after nightfall. The following day, at 02:00 25 March, another "Nanuchka"-II-type patrol boat entered International waters and came under attack from Intruders from VA-85 and "Coral Sea"s VA-55; the former utilized Rockeyes in the attack, the latter then sank the craft with a Harpoon. The same squadrons then attacked and damaged a second "Nanuchka"-II, forcing her to put into Benghazi. "Attain Document III" came to a close at 09:00 on 27 March, three days ahead of schedule and after 48 hours of largely unchallenged use of the Gulf of Sidra by the U.S. Navy. Thence steaming to Augusta Bay, Sicily, "America" relieved "Saratoga" on station, and subsequently visited Livorno, Italy, from 4–8 April 1986. In the meantime, however, in the wake of the strikes designed to let Col. Qaddafi know that the United States had not only the desire but the capability to respond effectively to terrorism, intelligence information indicated that Qaddafi intended to retaliate. On 5 April 1986, two days after a bomb exploded on board a Trans World Airlines (TWA) flight en route to Athens from Rome, killing four American citizens, a bomb exploded in the La Belle Discoteque in West Berlin, killing two American servicemen and a Turkish civilian. Another 222 people were wounded in the bombing 78 Americans among them. Col. Qaddafi threatened to escalate the violence against Americans, civilian and military, throughout the world. Repeated efforts by the United States to persuade the Libyan leader to forsake terrorism as an instrument of policy, including an attempt to persuade other western | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
know that the United States had not only the desire but the capability to respond effectively to terrorism, intelligence information indicated that Qaddafi intended to retaliate. On 5 April 1986, two days after a bomb exploded on board a Trans World Airlines (TWA) flight en route to Athens from Rome, killing four American citizens, a bomb exploded in the La Belle Discoteque in West Berlin, killing two American servicemen and a Turkish civilian. Another 222 people were wounded in the bombing 78 Americans among them. Col. Qaddafi threatened to escalate the violence against Americans, civilian and military, throughout the world. Repeated efforts by the United States to persuade the Libyan leader to forsake terrorism as an instrument of policy, including an attempt to persuade other western nations to isolate Libya peacefully, failed. Rumors of retaliation by the United States were soon followed by Qaddafi's threat to take all foreigners in Libya hostage, to use them as a shield to protect his military installations. In light of that threat, and of the failure to gain peaceful sanctions against Libya, and citing "incontrovertible evidence" of Libyan complicity in the recent terrorist acts, President Reagan directed that attacks on terrorist-related targets in Libya be carried out. "See main article on Operation El Dorado Canyon" Operation "El Dorado Canyon" commenced early on the afternoon of 14 April 1986 around 1700 hours British Time as tanker aircraft took off from American RAF bases in England to support the US Air Force General Dynamics F-111F Aardvark and EF-111A Raven planes that soon followed them into the air from other American RAF bases. Thus began their trip to the target, flying around the Iberian Peninsula and through the Strait of Gibraltar, thereby avoiding over flight over France, Spain, and possibly Portugal. Later that afternoon, between 17:45 and 18:20 local time in the Mediterranean Sea, "America" launched six A-6 Intruder strike aircraft from VA-34 and six A-7E Corsair IIs (strike support); "Coral Sea" launched her strike/strike support aircraft, eight A-6Es from VA-55 and six F/A-18 Hornets between 17:50 and 18:20. Both carriers launched additional aircraft to support the strike to provide CAP and other functions. "In a spectacular feat of mission planning and execution", the Navy and Air Force planes, based apart, reached their targets on time at 19:00. The F-18 Hornets from "Coral Sea" and A-7 Corsair IIs from "America" launched air-to-surface Shrike and HARM missiles against Libyan SAM sites at Benghazi and Tripoli. Moments later, VA-34's A-6E Intruders dropped their Mk. 82 bombs on the Benghazi military barracks, believed to be an alternate command and control facility for terrorist activities and a billeting area for Qaddafi's elite Jamahiriya Guard, as well as a warehouse for components for MiG aircraft. VA-34's attack heavily damaged the warehouse, destroying four crated MiGs and damaging a fifth. Following that counter-terrorist strike, "America" visited Naples from 28 April – 4 May, and then participated in NATO Exercise "Distant Hammer" with units of the Italian and Turkish Air Forces, and visited Nice/Monaco upon conclusion of the evolution. During June, the carrier operated with "Coral Sea" and the newly arrived , and took part in a "poopdeck" exercise with Spanish and United States Air Force units off the coast of Spain, arriving at Palma soon after. Participating in a NATO exercise, "Tridente", in late June, "America" visited Naples before she participated in a "National Week" exercise. Subsequently, visiting Catania and operating in the central and western Mediterranean, the carrier wound up the month of July at Benidorm, Spain, before returning to sea for further operations at sea in that region. Visiting Naples from 11–17 August, "America" spent the rest of her deployment in operations in the western and central Mediterranean before "John F. Kennedy" relieved her at Rota from 28–31 August. "America" arrived back at Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 20 November 1986 for an overhaul which lasted until 11 February 1988. She spent the remainder of that year operating along the East Coast and in the Caribbean. America departed Norfolk 11 May 1989 for her sixteenth major deployment, to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean. On 11 August, "Coral Sea" and "America" departed early from separate port visits when they were diverted to the eastern Mediterranean as a show of force in the wake of the suspected hanging of Marine Corps Lt. Col. William R. Higgins by Middle East terrorists, and threats to other hostages. Lt. Col. Higgins had been kidnapped in February 1988 while a member of the United Nations peacekeeping forces in Lebanon. After operations in the Mediterranean, Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, America returned home on 10 November 1989. She later evacuated the American Embassy in Lebanon in 1989, and also went on a 6-month deployment from May 1989 to November 1989 and served during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in 1990 and 1991. "America" also Participated in Operation Deny Flight in the mid-1990s. On 2 August 1990, the day "America" departed the Norfolk Naval Shipyard following a four-month Selected Restricted Availability, Iraq invaded Kuwait. As the international community geared toward possible military action against Iraq, "America" and CVW-1 rushed toward a much accelerated deployment schedule. On 28 December, just over four months after her SRA and having completed a five-month training cycle into two months, "America" deployed to the Red Sea in support of Operation Desert Shield with Captain J. J. Mazach in command. At that time, the combined Command, Control, Communication, Cryptology, and Intelligence (C4I) package installed aboard "America" included systems such as the Navy Tactical Command System Afloat (NTCSA), the Contingency Tactical Action Planning System (CTAPS) and Advance Tracking Prototype. Although these systems were not unique to the fleet, it was the first time they had been integrated into one comprehensive package. Coupled with the disseminated capabilities of the Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS), "America"s C4I package allowed intelligence and operations information to be meshed together into one single tactical picture. Utilizing digital data links between other ships, "America" had intelligence processing capabilities unparalleled by any other ship in the fleet. On 9 January 1991, the "America" Battle Group transited the Strait of Gibraltar and sailed into the Mediterranean. Less than a week later, on 15–16 January, she passed through the Suez Canal and into the Red Sea on the U.N.-imposed deadline for Iraq's unconditional withdrawal from Kuwait. The "America" joined the and Battle Groups to form Battle Force Red Sea. At 02:00 hours (Saudi time) on 17 January, Operation Desert Shield became Operation Desert Storm. "America"s embarked airwing, CVW-1, initially provided Combat Air Patrol coverage over the battle force. On the second day of the war, "America" launched its first air strikes, targeting and destroying an ammunition depot north of Baghdad. In the next day's darkness, CVW-1 flew its first night strike of the war against an oil production facility. Strikes of up to five hours into Iraq against bridges, mobile Scud sites, oil production facilities and Iraqi Republican Guard units continued for three weeks, when the focus of the air war changed. On 9 February Captain Kent W. Ewing took command of the great warship at an informal ceremony on the flight deck and newly selected Rear Admiral Mazach departed under orders to his new assignment. On 14 February, "America" entered the Persian Gulf to become the fourth carrier of Battle Force Zulu. Joining , and strikes were flown into the Kuwait Theater of Operations (KTO), with attacks on Iraqi military forces in Kuwait proper, as well as targets in eastern Iraq. This would make "America" the only carrier to operate on both sides of | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
night strike of the war against an oil production facility. Strikes of up to five hours into Iraq against bridges, mobile Scud sites, oil production facilities and Iraqi Republican Guard units continued for three weeks, when the focus of the air war changed. On 9 February Captain Kent W. Ewing took command of the great warship at an informal ceremony on the flight deck and newly selected Rear Admiral Mazach departed under orders to his new assignment. On 14 February, "America" entered the Persian Gulf to become the fourth carrier of Battle Force Zulu. Joining , and strikes were flown into the Kuwait Theater of Operations (KTO), with attacks on Iraqi military forces in Kuwait proper, as well as targets in eastern Iraq. This would make "America" the only carrier to operate on both sides of the Arabian Peninsula during Desert Storm. On 20 February, America's VS-32 became the first S-3 squadron to engage, bomb and destroy a hostile vesselan Iraqi gunboat. On 23 February, aircraft from America destroyed a Silkworm (anti-ship) missile battery after Iraq unsuccessfully fired a missile at . The focus of the war changed again on 24 February with the beginning of the ground assault into Iraq and Kuwait. "America" aircraft provided air support for coalition troops by attacking Iraqi troop, tank and artillery sites in Kuwait, including the highway of death. One hundred hours later, Kuwait was successfully liberated and a cease-fire was ordered. CVW-1's aircraft were credited with destroying close to 387 armored vehicles and tanks in the KTO. "America" departed the Persian Gulf on 4 March, with CVW-1 having conducted 3,008 combat sorties, dropped over of ordnance and suffered no aircraft losses during the war. The Red Sea coastal town of Hurghada, Egypt would be "America"s only port visit from 16–22 March, following 78 consecutive days at sea. After passing through the Suez Canal and exiting the Mediterranean, "America" reached Norfolk on 18 April. She and CVW-1 earned a Navy Unit Commendation, a third for "America", for service during Desert Storm. After a short stay at home, and participating in New York City's Operation Welcome Home/Fleet Week festivities, "America" and CVW-1 once again headed for the Northern Atlantic to participate in NATO Exercise North Star. Departing Norfolk in August for eight weeks, she became the first carrier to conduct flight operations within Havesfjord, Norway. Less than two months later, "America" departed on 2 December for her second deployment of the year. This uneventful six-month deployment would see "America" return to the Persian Gulf, and thus become the first carrier to redeploy to the region following the Gulf War. The entire Kuwaiti leadership and US Ambassador visited for a day to extend their praise and thanks for saving their country. Exercises would also place her in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, as well as the Mediterranean, before returning to Norfolk in June 1992. "America" and her Joint Task Group departed Norfolk and other east Coast ports on 11 August 1993 for another major Mediterranean deployment to relieve "Theodore Roosevelt" in Operation Deny Flight. After several weeks supporting United Nations peacekeeping efforts over Bosnia and Herzegovina, "America" transited the Suez on 29 October 1993 to relieve in the Indian Ocean in support of UN humanitarian efforts in Somalia. She was followed, on 1 November by members of her battle group, and the replenished oiler . "America" covered over in a week. Supporting the U.N humanitarian efforts in Somalia was the Naval Battle Force Somalia, commanded by Rear Adm. Arthur Cebrowski, Commander, Carrier Group 6 on "America". Other elements of naval battle force Somalia include "Simpson", amphibious vessels , , , and the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit. Before returning to the Mediterranean, CVW-1 aircraft flew missions into southern Iraq from the Red Sea in support of Operation Southern Watch. On 12 December 1993, "America" transited the Suez before returning to Norfolk in February 1994. A unique operation developed 12 September 1994 due to the situation in Haiti. "Dwight D. Eisenhower" and "America" deployed with a large contingent of Army helicopters on board, but no air wings. The carriers headed for the Caribbean in support of President William Clinton’s policy to restore democracy to Haiti. "Dwight D. Eisenhower" also embarked Navy squadrons HS-7, HCS-4 and HC-2. This was the first time that carriers deployed operationally with a large contingent of Army helicopters and no air wing on board. On 28 August 1995, "America" departed Norfolk on her 20th and final deployment in her 30-year history for anything but a routine six-month deployment to the Mediterranean, the Adriatic Sea and the Persian Gulf. She crossed the Atlantic Ocean in three days rather than the usual six-day transit through a Perfect Storm after leaving Norfolk. The carrier participated in Operation Deny Flight and Operation Deliberate Force, in association with the U.N. and NATO, and also flew missions in support of Operation Southern Watch over Iraq. "America" visited the capital city of Valletta, Malta, in January 1996 – the first U.S. Navy carrier to visit this historical port in over 24 years. "America", operating from the Adriatic Sea, supported the NATO Implementation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina for Operation Joint Endeavor before returning to Norfolk, Virginia on 24 February 1996. Originally scheduled to undergo a Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) in 1996 for subsequent retirement in 2010, CV-66 fell victim to budget cuts and was instead retired early by the U.S. Navy. She was decommissioned in a ceremony at Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia on 9 August 1996. "America"s final commanding officer was Capt. Robert E. Besal. The guest speaker for the ceremony was Adm. Leighton W. Smith, a former "America" commanding officer. Following the decommissioning, "America" was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register and was transferred to the Ready Reserve Fleet at the Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Though already decommissioned, she was awarded the 1995 Battenberg Cup in recognition of her crew's achievements in her last full year in service. "America" was planned to be sold for scrapping. However, she was chosen to be a live-fire test and evaluation platform in 2005, to aid the design of future aircraft carriers. There was some objection to a ship being named for the nation being deliberately sunk at sea, and a committee of her former crew members and other supporters attempted to save the ship for use as a museum ship. Their efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. In a letter to them, then-Vice Chief of Naval Operations Admiral John B. Nathman explained: On 25 February 2005, a ceremony to salute "America" and her crew was held at the ship's pier in Philadelphia, attended by former crew members and various dignitaries. She departed the Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility on 19 April 2005 to conduct the aforementioned tests. The experiments lasted approximately four weeks. The Navy tested "America" with underwater explosives, watching from afar and through monitoring devices placed on the vessel. These explosions were designed to simulate underwater attacks. After the completion of the tests, "America" was sunk in a controlled scuttling on 14 May 2005 at approximately 11:30, although the sinking was not publicized until six days later. At the time, no warship of that size had ever been sunk, and effects were closely monitored; theoretically the tests would reveal data about how supercarriers respond to battle damage. On 16 May 2005, Naval Sea Systems Command released the following statement: The U.S. Navy released the exact location where "America" was sunk: , around southeast of Cape Hatteras. The wreck lies upright in one piece below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. USS America (CV-66) USS "America" (CVA/CV-66) was one of three supercarriers built | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
devices placed on the vessel. These explosions were designed to simulate underwater attacks. After the completion of the tests, "America" was sunk in a controlled scuttling on 14 May 2005 at approximately 11:30, although the sinking was not publicized until six days later. At the time, no warship of that size had ever been sunk, and effects were closely monitored; theoretically the tests would reveal data about how supercarriers respond to battle damage. On 16 May 2005, Naval Sea Systems Command released the following statement: The U.S. Navy released the exact location where "America" was sunk: , around southeast of Cape Hatteras. The wreck lies upright in one piece below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. USS America (CV-66) USS "America" (CVA/CV-66) was one of three supercarriers built for the United States Navy in the 1960s. Commissioned in 1965, she spent most of her career in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, but did make three Pacific deployments serving in the Vietnam War. She also served in the Persian Gulf War's operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. "America" was the first large aircraft carrier since Operation Crossroads in 1946 to | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Johann Kuhnau Johann Kuhnau (; 6 April 16605 June 1722) was a German polymath: known primarily as composer today, he was also active as novelist, translator, lawyer, and music theorist, being able late in life to combine these activities with the duties of his official post of "Thomaskantor" in Leipzig, which he occupied for 21 years. Much of his music, including operas, masses, and other large-scale vocal works, is lost. His reputation today rests on a set of programmatic keyboard sonatas published in 1700, in which each sonata depicted in detail a particular story from the Bible. After his death, Kuhnau was succeeded as "Thomaskantor" by Johann Sebastian Bach. Much of the biographical information on Kuhnau is known from an autobiography published by Johann Mattheson in 1740 in his "Grundlage einer Ehrenpforte". Kuhnau's Protestant family was originally from Bohemia, and their name was Kuhn. Kuhnau was born in Geising, present-day Saxony. His musical talents were apparent early, and at around 1670 he was sent to Dresden to study with court musicians there. During the next decade, he studied keyboard playing and music composition, as well as languages: Italian and French. In 1680 an offshoot of the Great Plague of Vienna reached Dresden, and Kuhnau returned home. He subsequently studied music at the Johanneum at Zittau, and then law at the Leipzig University. Exceptionally active as composer and performer during his university years, he was appointed organist of Leipzig's Thomaskirche in 1684, at the age of 24. In 1688 Kuhnau completed his dissertation and began practicing law. He was still working as organist and continued composing. In 1689 he published his first collection of keyboard works, followed by three more in 1692, 1696, and 1700. During the 1690s he translated a number of books into German from Italian and French, completed and published his best-known novel, the satirical "Der musicalische Quack-Salber" (1700), and devoted his spare time to studying various subjects such as mathematics, Hebrew and Greek. In 1701 he succeeded Johann Schelle as Kantor of Thomaskirche, and kept the position until his death. Unfortunately, although he was successful in directing the many musical activities at Thomaskirche and teaching at Thomasschule, Kuhnau started suffering from bad health. Scholar Willi Apel noted that the job was "as vexatious and difficult for him as for his successor, J.S. Bach." Not only health troubles, but also efforts by rival musicians and composers such as Georg Philipp Telemann and Kuhnau's own student Johann Friedrich Fasch, were undermining Kuhnau's activities as Kantor. Kuhnau died in Leipzig on 5 June 1722. He was survived by three daughters, from a marriage of 1689. His pupils included not only Fasch, but also Johann David Heinichen and Christoph Graupner. Kuhnau's reputation today rests on four collections of music for keyboard, which he published in 1689–1700. Particularly important is the last volume, titled "Musicalische Vorstellung einiger biblischer Historien", and known popularly as "Biblical Sonatas". It contains six sonatas, each outlining a biblical story in several contrasting movements: Kuhnau uses a wide variety of devices to portray both the actual events (the sounding of trumpets, the hurling of David's stone, etc.), as well as the characters' psychological states (e.g. the Israelites' fright before a battle, or Hezekiah's joy darkened by a remembrance of his illness). These devices are not limited to changes of texture or harmony, but also include quotations from Protestant chorales (the Israelites' prayer) and imitations of operatic arias (Gideon's fear). The other keyboard works by Kuhnau show a varied approach to form. The two parts of "Clavier-Übung" both include 7 suites, the first only in major mode, and the second only in minor mode. The suites almost always begin with a prelude, and continue through the usual order of dances – allemande, courante, sarabande, gigue – occasionally with a minuet or aria placed between the dances. Kuhnau's preludes are almost always in two sections: a prelude and a fugue (or a "fugato" section), complete with countersubjects Kuhnau mentions in the preface. Kuhnau's "Sonata in B-flat major", appended to the "Neuer Clavier-Übung, anderer Theil", was for some time considered to be the earliest known keyboard sonata. Later research has shown that it was rather the first keyboard sonata published in Germany, and that Kuhnau simply followed the naming convention established by contemporary foreign composers. The composer himself commented on the issue in the preface: I have also appended a "Sonata in B-flat major", which should also be pleasing to the amateurs. Why shouldn't one provide such pieces for keyboard which are provided for other instruments? Indeed, no instrument has been able to dispute the clavier's reputation for perfection. The third volume, titled "Frische Clavier Früchte", contains six sonatas modelled after Italian chamber sonatas. A wide variety of forms and textures is employed: even the opening movements range from toccata-like miniatures to full-fledged chaconnes. Kuhnau's approach to the episodes of the many fugues of this collection has been called "perhaps his primary contribution to the historical development of fugue as an extended form" by one scholar. "Frische Clavier Früchte" was Kuhnau's most popular work in his lifetime, reprinted five times (including one posthumous publication). Much of Kuhnau's vocal music is lost, including an opera ("Orpheus"), a setting of the Passion according to St. Mark ("Markus-Passion"), a three-choir "Te Deum", and at least two settings of the mass. The surviving cantatas are simple harmonically and melodically, yet expressive. Unlike those of his predecessors at the Thomaskirche, Kuhnau's cantatas feature a unified approach to form: most begin with an instrumental section followed by alteration of arias and recitatives. The Christmas cantata "Uns ist ein Kind geboren", formerly attributed to Bach as BWV 142, was most likely composed by Kuhnau. Of the few surviving books and treatises by Kuhnau, perhaps the most important is "Der musicalische Quack-Salber" ("The Musical Quack"), a satirical novel published in 1700. It describes the fictional exploits of Caraffa, a German charlatan who strives to make a name for himself as musician by posing as an Italian virtuoso. The novel's literary qualities have been noted, one writer venturing to call it linguistically innovative, and it has also proven to be a singularly valuable source for performance practices of the late 17th century. Two other satirical works by Kuhnau are known: "Der Schmid seines eignen Unglückes" ("The Maker of His Own Misfortune", 1695) and "Des klugen und thörichten Gebrauchs der Fünf Sinnen" ("On the Clever and Foolish Use of the Five Senses", 1698). Some of Kuhnau's satirical concepts and story turns are influenced by Christian Weise's novels. Kuhnau knew Weise from his days at Zittau, where Weise worked as Rector of the Gymnasium, and Kuhnau used to provide music (now lost) for Weise's school plays. Kuhnau's theoretical treatise "Fundamenta compositionis" survives in a single manuscript which also contains an anonymous treatise on double counterpoint ("Kurtze doch deutliche Reguln von den doppelten Contrapuncten") and two texts by Christoph Bernhard; the entire manuscript was at one point attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach. Unfortunately, "Fundamenta" appears to be a bad and partial copy from Kuhnau's original. The last five chapters are a direct copy from another Bernhard treatise on invertible counterpoint, while the discussion of modes is very similar to that in Walther's "Praecepta der musicalischen Composition" (1708), yet omits several passages included in Walther. The similarity raised an important question about Walther's well-known and highly regarded treatise: how heavily was it based upon Kuhnau's lost original? Or did both Walther and | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
in a single manuscript which also contains an anonymous treatise on double counterpoint ("Kurtze doch deutliche Reguln von den doppelten Contrapuncten") and two texts by Christoph Bernhard; the entire manuscript was at one point attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach. Unfortunately, "Fundamenta" appears to be a bad and partial copy from Kuhnau's original. The last five chapters are a direct copy from another Bernhard treatise on invertible counterpoint, while the discussion of modes is very similar to that in Walther's "Praecepta der musicalischen Composition" (1708), yet omits several passages included in Walther. The similarity raised an important question about Walther's well-known and highly regarded treatise: how heavily was it based upon Kuhnau's lost original? Or did both Walther and Kuhnau borrow from another writer, currently unknown? Kuhnau authored at least two more theoretical works, but those are only known by name: "Tractatus de tetrachordo seu musica antiqua ac hodierna" and "De triade harmonica". His views on musical modes, solmization, and other matters are preserved in a letter dated 8 December 1717, published by Mattheson in "Critica musica" in 1725. In addition, the "Biblical Sonatas" include a large preface in which Kuhnau explores the idea of program music and various related matters. Numerous works by Kuhnau are lost, including stage works, cantatas, numerous pieces of occasional music, and so on. Some cantatas, arias, and odes survive in text-only versions. Lost also were at least two treatises: "Tractatus de tetrachordo seu musica antiqua ac hodierna" and "De triade harmonica". The following list only includes works that are extant in complete form. Johann Kuhnau Johann Kuhnau (; 6 April 16605 June 1722) was a German polymath: known primarily as composer today, he was also | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Games Domain Games Domain was a video game website founded by Dave Stanworth and based in Birmingham, UK. In the late 1990s, it was at one time mirrored in seven countries and had a tumultuous history of being purchased by different corporations over its 11-year existence. It was active from March 1994 until March 2005. By 2002, the Domain was considered one of the leading gaming sites, with approximately 1.4 million users and 15 million page views per month. It also had two sister sites - Kids Domain, focusing on children's titles, and Console Domain, focusing on console games. The site's primary URLs were www.gamesdomain.co.uk (UK) and www.gamesdomain.com (US). The site's main areas were the GD Review, an online magazine which consisted mostly of staff reviews and previews of games; the Downloads section, featuring game demos, patches, and shareware; and the Games Info section, with FAQs and walkthroughs. In early 1998, Games Domain was acquired by The Attitude Network, which also hosted popular gaming site HappyPuppy.com. Theglobe.com, at the time a successful new web portal, purchased Attitude Network in a $52.8 million deal in April 1999. By 2000, after acquiring games retailer Chips & Bits and "Computer Games Magazine" publisher Strategy Plus, theglobe.com was considered the second largest online gaming network. However, like several companies from the dotcom era, the company went bust within two years. Theglobe.com sold these operations in August 2001 and continued with a reduced games division consisting of just "Computer Games Magazine" and the Chips & Bits mail-order service until the present day. The site had been up for sale since July 2001, and would not find a home until October of that year. BT Openworld, the internet arm of British Telecom, purchased Games Domain to boost its online gaming division. BT launched a new service on the site called Games Domain Multiplay in November 2001, providing servers for online gamers at a price. It was unsuccessful, and within 16 months the Multiplay service was shut down. In November 2003, BT sold Games Domain to Yahoo!. The site would be integrated into Yahoo's Games channel. During the Yahoo years, Games Domain was revamped visually and covered both console and PC games until Yahoo abandoned the brand and URL in March 2005. From the early start and through its development up until the point of the theGlobe.com acquisition, Games Domain used a combinatorial management system incorporating internal office staff and external "online" managers to produce downloads and online publications. Dave Stanworth held the system together from his Birmingham office with programmers and some staff writers, while Games Domain Review internet writers from all over the world, showing talent and work ethic, were promoted to section editors of various gaming categories, called "Zones", such as Role Playing Games (RPG), Strategy, Sport, Adventure and Action. Under these Zone managers (editors) were various freelance game reviewers. Section editors had the job of coordinating game reviewers for their subcategory, and for writing monthly editorials as well as contributing game reviews. The initial philosophy of Games Domain Review was that a reviewer should complete the entire game, and write a lengthy, honest review, regardless of marketing influences. For this reason, Games Domain was initially considered unbiased in its reviews of various games. Staff editors, responsible for their subcategories, were also involved in management decisions. Staff discussions were conducted via email, in a lengthy, sometimes intense process. This form of management reflected the pseudo-anarchical style of earlier internet developments, and was reflected in nearly all decisions regarding the presentation of Games Domain to the public, including the award of excellence such as a gold or silver medal to a computer game. Such an award was discussed among all editors and management, and regardless of the originating editor's opinion (who most likely reviewed the game personally) a consensus would or must be achieved. Endless debates were ignited via this system. Although entirely inefficient in most respects, the management system insured that game enthusiasts were, via debate and thorough peer review, providing readers with the optimal commentary on games and developments. At the same time, when changes were deemed necessary due to marketing pressures such as the necessity for faster turn-around times, and then ultimately various acquisitions, the system proved inflexible and in part contributed both to the high success of Games Domain at the peak of the dotcom era, and then to its ultimate decline. Although Games Domain has now been absorbed into Yahoo's games channel, at the time of writing (March 2008) original GD Review editor Richard Greenhill still works for Yahoo and writes a regular editor's column. He is joined by Mike Smith who worked out of Games Domain's Birmingham office for a number of years. Games Domain Games Domain was a video game website founded by Dave Stanworth and based in | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Corbly Family massacre The Corbly Family massacre refers to the massacre of members of the family of the Rev. John Corbly by Indians on May 10, 1782. The Corbly family lived one mile north of Garards Fort, in southwest Pennsylvania at the John Corbley Farm. The massacre occurred on Sunday morning, May 10, 1782, as the Corbly family traveled on foot to their place of worship. The Corbly family had left their home and were on their way to worship at a place where Reverend John Corbly was to preach. When Corbly discovered that the Bible, which he thought was in Mrs. Corbly's care, had been left at home, he returned to get it and then followed his family, meditating upon the sermon he was to preach. A party of Indians were on Indian Point, an elevation of land from which they could see John Corbly's cabin. The Indians descended the hill, crossed Whitely creek and filed up a ravine to the place, about forty-nine rods north of the present John Corbly Memorial Baptist Church, where the helpless family was massacred. Two of Corbly's daughters, Delilah and Elizabeth, lived after scalpings. Mrs. Corbly and the three remaining children were killed. Because of the rise of ground the fort was out of view of the massacre, but was within hearing distance. The screams of the Corbly family were heard there and in a few minutes men on horseback rushed from the fort to give help. The John Corbly Memorial Baptist Church was built in 1862. A plaque erected by the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) in 1923 and set in a boulder reads: "Fort Garard built about 1774". The Corbly massacre took place about 279 yards north on May 10, 1782. A family reunion of John Corbly descendants takes place every year on the last Sunday in June, at the John Corbly Memorial Baptist Church in Garards Fort, PA. A historic review follows the 9:30 AM church service at 11:00 AM with a potluck dinner afterwards. The family lived one mile north of Garards Fort in Long's Run, a tributary emptying into Whiteley Creek. The Monongahela River was five miles east of their cabin and Old Redstone Fort was 30 miles north. The Indians were on Lookout Point, west of the Corbly cabin. The Goshen Baptist Church was established in 1771 and was renamed the Reverend John Corbly Memorial Baptist Church in 1907. Delilah lived to age 65 and reared ten children with Levi Martin. Elizabeth died at age 21, a few days before she was to marry Isaiah Morris of Garards Fort. Only John Jr escaped unharmed. Corbly Family massacre The Corbly Family massacre refers to the massacre of members of the family of the Rev. John Corbly by Indians on May 10, 1782. The Corbly family lived one mile north of Garards Fort, in southwest Pennsylvania at the John Corbley Farm. The massacre occurred on Sunday morning, May 10, 1782, as the Corbly family traveled on foot to | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Kubutz and Shuruk Kubutz ( ) and Shuruk ( ) are two Hebrew niqqud vowel signs that represent the sound . Kubutz is a short "u" and Shuruk is long "u".. In an alternate, Ashkenazi naming, the Kubutz (three diagonal dots) is called "Shuruk" and Shuruk is called "Melopum" (). The Kubutz sign is represented by three diagonal dots "ֻ" underneath a letter. The Shuruk is the letter Vav with a dot in the middle and to the left of it. The dot is identical to the grammatically different signs Dagesh and Mappiq, but in a fully vocalized text it is practically impossible to confuse them: Shuruk itself is a vowel sign, so if the letter before the Waw doesn't have its own vowel sign, then the Waw with the dot is a Shuruk and otherwise it is a Waw with a Dagesh or a Mappiq. Furthermore, the Mappiq only appears at the end of the word and only in the letter He (ה) in modern Hebrew and in the Bible it sometimes appears in Aleph (א) and only in some Bible manuscripts it appears in the letter Waw, for example in the word גֵּוּ ('torso') . Compare for example Waw with Dagesh in מְגֻוָּן 'varied' (without niqqud: מגוון) as opposed to Shuruk in מִגּוּן 'protection' (without niqqud: מיגון); see also orthographic variants of Waw. In older grammar books the Kubbutz is called Qibbûṣ Pum etc. (קִבּוּץ פּוּם), "compression "or" contraction of the mouth". This was shortened to Qibbûṣ (also transliterated as Kibbutz etc.) but later all the names of vowel signs were changed to include their own sound in their first syllable. This way Kibutz changed to Kubutz, and this is the common name today, although the name "Kibutz" is still occasionally used, for example by the Academy of the Hebrew Language. Shuruk was earlier called Shureq (שׁוּרֶק), but this name is rarely used today. "For details on the sounds of Hebrew, see and Hebrew phonology" The Shuruk is used to mark at the last syllable of the word and in open syllables in the middle of the word: Regardless of syllable type, Shuruk is always written in foreign words and names if they weren't adapted to Hebrew word structure ("mishkal"): Differently from all other niqqud signs, a Shuruk can stand on its own in the beginning of the word and not after a consonant when it is the conjunction ו־ "and". Hebrew one-letter words are written together with the next word and their pronunciation may change according to the first letters of that word. The basic vocalization of this conjunction is "Shva na" (וְ־ ), but before the labial consonants Bet (ב), Waw (ו), Mem (מ) and Pe (פ), and before any letter with "Shva" (except Yodh) it becomes a Shuruk (וּ־ ). This is the consistent vocalization in the Bible and in normative modern Hebrew, but in spoken modern Hebrew it is not consistently productive and the conjunction may simply remain וְ־ in these cases. It is not reflected in writing without niqqud. Examples: Kubutz is used only in native Hebrew words and in words with foreign roots that were adapted to Hebrew word structure ("mishkal"), for example מְפֻרְמָט ('formatted (disk)') (without niqqud מפורמט). It is written in closed syllables which do not appear at the end of the word. A closed syllable is one which ends in a consonant with Shva nakh (zero vowel) or in a consonant with Dagesh khazak (essentially two identical consonants, the first of which has Shva nakh). Common noun patterns in which Kubutz appears in the base form are: Common noun patterns in which Kubutz appears in the declined form are: The plural form of words which end in ־וּת was in the past written with a Kubutz in texts with niqqud: sg. חָנוּת ('shop'), , pl. חֲנֻיּוֹת . In March 2009 the Academy decided to simplify the niqqud of such words by eliminating the Dagesh in the letter yodh and changing the Kubutz to Shuruk: חֲנוּיוֹת. This doesn't change the pronunciation, since in modern Hebrew the dagesh is not realized anyway. The spelling without niqqud is also unchanged: חנויות. Kubutz is common in verbs in the passive binyanim Pual and Huf'al and in some conjugated forms of verbs whose roots' second and third letters are the same. Verbs and participles in the passive binyan Pual usually have a Kubutz in the first letter of the root: כֻּנַּס ('was gathered') , מקֻבָּל ('acceptable') , without niqqud: כונס, מקובל. If the second letter of the root is one of the guttural consonants Aleph (א), He (ה), Ayin (ע) and Resh (ר) - but not Heth (ח) -, the Kubutz changes to "holam haser" in a process called "tashlum dagesh" (תשלום דגש): יְתֹאַר ('will be described') , מְדֹרָג ('graded') ; without niqqud: יתואר, מדורג. Kubutz is used in the prefixes of verbs and participles in the passive binyan Huf'al: הֻרְדַּם ('was put to sleep') , מֻסְדָּר ('organized') . It is also correct to write words in this binyan with "Kamatz katan" in the prefix: הָרְדַּם, מָסְדָּר (, ). Without niqqud, in any case: הורדם, מוסדר. The Kubutz is used only if the prefix is a closed vowel, which is the majority of cases. With some root patterns, however, it becomes an open vowel, in which case a Shuruk is written: In many roots whose first letter is Nun (נ) and in six roots whose first two letters are Yodh (י) and Tsade (צ), this letter is assimilated with the second letter of the root, which in turn takes a complementary Dagesh. This makes the syllable of the prefix closed, so accordingly the prefix takes Kubutz: הֻסַּע ('driven') , root נסע; הֻצַּג ('presented') , root יצג. Without niqqud: הוסע, הוצג. Kubutz appears in some conjugated forms of verbs with roots whose second and third letter are the same (also called double stems and ע"ע). Most of them are rarely used. Examples with verb סָבַב ('turn') in the future tense of binyan Qal: In the Bible "Shuruk" and "Kubutz" are not always used according to the above consistent rules and sometimes quite arbitrarily. For example, in appear the words: וּמְשֻׁבוֹתַיִךְ תּוֹכִחֻךְ ('and your backslidings shall reprove you', ). Kubutz is used in both of them, even though in the first word the syllable is not closed and the Waw is even a part of this word's root, and in the second word the sound is in the last syllable. Contrariwise, a Shuruk is used in closed syllables where a Kubutz would be expected, for example in - עֲרוּמִּים ('naked', , the plural of עָרֹם, ), instead of the more regular עֲרֻמִּים (in modern Hebrew without niqqud: ערומים). The word נְאֻם ("speech", ) is written with Kubutz in the Bible. It was previously frequently used to mark the signature on documents (e.g. נאם יוסף לוי - 'so says Yosef Levi'), but this usage is rare in modern Hebrew, where this word usually means "(a delivered) speech" and is regularly spelled with Shuruk - נְאוּם. The name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ ('Joshua', ) is spelled with Kubutz in the Bible, but usually יְהוֹשׁוּעַ in modern Hebrew. In the first decades of the revival of the Hebrew language it was common in spelling without niqqud not to write the Waw in words which were written with Kubutz. For example, in the printed works of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda the word מרבה may mean מְרֻבֶּה ('multiplied', ) and מַרְבֶּה ('multiplying', ). This practice disappeared in the middle of twentieth century and now מְרֻבֶּה is written מרובה and מַרְבֶּה is written מרבה. In Biblical Hebrew both signs may have indicated the same sound and when the Bible manuscripts were vocalized Kubutz was simply used where the letter Waw was not written, although other possibilities were proposed by researchers, most commonly that the vowels had different length (quantity), Kubutz being shorter, or that the signs indicated different sounds (quality), Kubutz being more rounded, although this is a matter of debate. It is also possible that Biblical Hebrew had several varieties of sounds, which were not consistently represented in writing. Shuruk is usually a reflection of reconstructed Proto-Semitic long (ū) sound, although most likely in the Bible Kubutz stands for it when the letter Waw is not written. Kubutz is one of the reflections of the short Proto-Semitic | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
מרבה. In Biblical Hebrew both signs may have indicated the same sound and when the Bible manuscripts were vocalized Kubutz was simply used where the letter Waw was not written, although other possibilities were proposed by researchers, most commonly that the vowels had different length (quantity), Kubutz being shorter, or that the signs indicated different sounds (quality), Kubutz being more rounded, although this is a matter of debate. It is also possible that Biblical Hebrew had several varieties of sounds, which were not consistently represented in writing. Shuruk is usually a reflection of reconstructed Proto-Semitic long (ū) sound, although most likely in the Bible Kubutz stands for it when the letter Waw is not written. Kubutz is one of the reflections of the short Proto-Semitic short (ŭ) sound. Kamatz Katan is a variant of Kubutz in the Bible, as they are found in complementary distribution in closely related morphological patterns. In modern Hebrew, both signs indicate the phoneme , a close back rounded vowel. Its closest equivalent in English is the "oo" sound in moon, but the modern Hebrew pronunciation is shorter. It is transliterated as a "u". In modern Hebrew writing without niqqud the sound is always written as Waw, in which case it is considered a "mater lectionis". The following table contains the pronunciation of the Kubutz and Shuruk in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the . These vowels lengths are not manifested in modern Hebrew. In addition, the short "u" is usually promoted to a long "u" in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation Kubutz and Shuruk Kubutz ( ) and Shuruk ( ) are two Hebrew niqqud vowel signs that represent the sound . Kubutz is a short "u" and Shuruk is long "u".. In an alternate, Ashkenazi naming, the Kubutz (three diagonal dots) is called "Shuruk" and Shuruk is called "Melopum" (). The Kubutz sign is represented by three diagonal dots "ֻ" underneath a letter. The Shuruk is the letter Vav with a dot in the middle and to the left of it. The dot is identical | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Gregory Ain Gregory Ain (March 28, 1908 – January 9, 1988) was an American architect active in the mid-20th century. Working primarily in the Los Angeles area, Ain is best known for bringing elements of modern architecture to lower- and medium-cost housing. He addressed "the common architectural problems of common people". Esther McCoy said "Ain was an idealist who gave the better part of ten years to combatting outmoded planning and building codes, and hoary real estate practices." Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1908, Ain was raised in the Lincoln Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles. For a short time during his childhood, the Ain family lived at Llano del Rio, an experimental collective farming colony in the Antelope Valley of California. He was inspired to become an architect after visiting the Schindler House as a teenager. He attended the University of Southern California School of Architecture in 1927–28, but dropped out after feeling limited by the school's Beaux Arts training. His primary influences were Rudolph Schindler and Richard Neutra. He worked for Neutra from 1930 to 1935, along with fellow apprentice Harwell Hamilton Harris, and contributed to Neutra's major projects of that period. Following his collaborative relationship with Richard Neutra, in 1935 Ain cultivated an individual practice designing modest houses for working-class and middle class clients. Ain was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1940 to study housing. During World War II, Ain was Chief Engineer for Charles and Ray Eames in the development of their well-known leg-splints and plywood chairs, including the DCW and LCW series. The 1930s and 1940s represented Ain's most productive period. During this period, his principled quest to address "the common architectural problems of common people", prompted the implementation of flexible floor plans and open kitchens. In the 1940s, he formed a partnership with Joseph Johnson and Alfred Day in order to design large housing tracts. Major projects of this period included Community Homes, Park Planned Homes, Avenel Homes, and Mar Vista Housing. He collaborated with landscape architect Garrett Eckbo on each of these projects. They were an expression of Mid-century modern design. Ain also practiced in a "loose partnership" with James Garrott, and they built a small office building together on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake neighborhood. These projects attracted the attention of Philip Johnson, the curator of architecture at the Museum of Modern Art, who commissioned Ain to design and construct MoMA's second exhibition house in the museum's garden in 1950, following that of Marcel Breuer in 1949. In the late early 50s, Ain's practice was diminished as he was perceived as a communist. For example, in 1949 he was listed by the California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities as "among the committee's most notorious critics." The growing "Red Scare" caused him to lose several opportunities, including participation in John Entenza's Case Study Program. Ain also taught architecture at USC after the war. Then, from 1963 to 1967, he served as the Dean of the Pennsylvania State University School of Architecture. He then returned to Los Angeles and died in 1988. Ain's papers are kept at the Architecture and Design Collection, at the Art, Design & Architecture Museum, at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Gregory Ain Gregory Ain (March 28, 1908 – January 9, 1988) was an American architect active in the mid-20th century. Working primarily in the Los Angeles area, Ain is best known for bringing elements of modern architecture to lower- and medium-cost housing. He addressed "the common architectural problems of common people". Esther McCoy said "Ain was an idealist who gave the better part of ten years to | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Article directory An article directory is a website with collections of articles written about different subjects. Sometimes article directories are referred to as content farms, which are websites created to produce mass content, where some are based on churnalism. An article directory may accept new articles from any contributor, but may require that a new article is unique (not published elsewhere) and not spun (see article spinning). A typical article is around 400-500 words, and tools such as a WYSIWYG editor for writing and submitting an article may be provided. An author box may be provided for personal information about an author, including a link to the author's website. Tags or categories may be used to organize articles and to help with search engines since tags or categories act as keywords that identify the topics covered in the article. Many directories pay the author for his/her participation. Some directories review articles before they are published and there may be a waiting period of several days before a new article appears. This helps to eliminate low quality submissions, including duplicate articles, spam and spun articles. Article directories allow users to submit unique articles to the directory for content syndication. These directories allow articles to embed links to other websites with relevant anchor text. Popular article directories are considered authority sites and are constantly crawled by search engine bots. Webmasters submit articles with relevant anchor text linking back to their site to obtain backlinks. Beginning with the Google Penguin release on April 24, 2012, Google began to punish sites that obtained links from article directories. On January 29, 2014, Matt Cutts, head of Google's webspam team, posted a video specifically warning against the use of article directories for SEO linkbuilding. The big issue with submitting to article directories, has to do with lack of editorial oversight. This means that pretty much any article can be added to the directory, no matter the quality or relevance to that website. Article directory An article directory is a website with collections of articles written about different subjects. Sometimes article directories are referred to as content farms, which are websites created to produce mass content, where some are based on churnalism. An article directory may accept new articles from any contributor, but may require that a new article is unique (not published elsewhere) and not spun (see article spinning). A typical article is around 400-500 words, | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Gantz Homestead The Gantz Homestead, also called the Gantz Farm House, in Grove City, Franklin County, Ohio, United States, was built in around 1832. It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Adam Johan Gantz was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania on May 10, 1805 to Andrew and Margaret (Harn) Gantz. In 1817, Andrew bought 200 acres of land in Franklin County, Ohio at what is now the southwest corner of Hoover and Home roads. Adam married 16-year-old Catherine Pennix whose family was also from Washington County, Penn. on September 30, 1830. Two years later, he bought 100 acres of land and other property across Hoover Road and built the brick farm house. Today, the area is known as Gantz Park. The Gantz family lived in the house until the land around it was donated to Grove City as a park in 1973. The last Gantz family member to own the property was Blodwen Jones Gantz, widow of William B. Gantz, Adam's grandson. Blodwen Circle on the south edge of the park is named for her. The farm house was made with materials found on the farm land. Clay was dug, mixed and cast into bricks, dried in the sun, and burned/baked in a "scove kiln." A tree was cut and turned into the center beam to hold the floor joists on the first floor. Lime and animal hair was used to create plaster. Gantz Homestead The Gantz Homestead, also called the Gantz Farm House, in Grove City, Franklin County, Ohio, United States, was built in around 1832. It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Adam Johan Gantz was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania on May 10, 1805 to Andrew and Margaret (Harn) Gantz. In 1817, Andrew bought 200 | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
United Service Organization of North Carolina The United Service Organizations of North Carolina (USO of NC) is the oldest continuously operating United Service Organization (USO) in the world (founded April 23, 1941, in Jacksonville/Camp Lejeune) as well as the first USO (at Fort Bragg).The USO of North Carolina supports military, retired military and their families in or from North Carolina. The USO of NC today operates four centers at Jacksonville/Camp Lejeune, Raleigh Durham Airport, Charlotte/Douglas Airport and Fort Bragg/Fayetteville; and a mobile center. North Carolina is home to nearly 25 percent of the United States armed forces – active, guard and reserve. The USO of NC is largely funded by donations from individual and corporate sponsors and operated by a small core of full-time employees and a network of approximately 700 volunteers throughout the state of North Carolina. The staff supports nearly a quarter million patrons each year at deployments, homecomings, Honor Support Team activations, airport lounges, Smiles over Miles, United through Reading and numerous other programs and services. The USO helps in supporting regular communication between deployed servicemembers and family members at home. The USO of NC and Privacy Data Systems partnered to create "Smiles Over Miles", which allows servicemembers with access to an internet connection and a webcam to send large video, text, video or audio messages over an encrypted, completely secure connection to family or friends. Each of the USO of NC centers offers the United Through Reading military program, which allows servicemembers the chance to be videotaped reading a book for their children, which is then packaged into a DVD video and mailed to family members free of charge. To learn more about United Through Reading, visit www.unitedthroughreading.org. USO of NC operates two travel based centers, in the Raleigh- Durham and Charlotte-Douglas International Airports, which function as airport lounges for military personnel, military retirees and their families. Staffed by volunteers, the centers offer comfortable chairs, books, magazines, television, movies, video games, kid play areas, and refreshments. Internet and phone use available free of charge. The Jacksonville/ Camp Lejeune and Fort Bragg/Fayetteville centers serve as recreation centers, offering free pool tables, video games and Internet access to military ID-card holders. Center staff and volunteers also administer military/ community outreach programs. The Mobile Unit is a Recreational Vehicle donated by a World War II veteran and is equipped with two large external flat-screen televisions, a small internal television, Direct TV satellite system, a DVD player, a Wii gaming system, four laptop computers with mobile internet, cell phone service and a gas grill.<ref name="jdnews1"/14:18, 15 October 2010 (UTC) On-call 24/7, a team of volunteers renders planeside military-honors to fallen service members and assists family members and escorts, helping them navigate a busy airport at a stressful and overwhelming time. Whenever groups of military personnel leave or return to North Carolina, the USO of NC volunteers are on-site to provide moral support and distribute deployment and homecoming care packages. The USO of NC provides complimentary and reduced-price tickets and transportation to many sporting events. USO of NC provides surprise birthday cake deliveries to single service members E-5 and below upon request. Non-perishables are available to assist young service members and their families during times of need. United Service Organization of North Carolina The United Service Organizations of North Carolina (USO of NC) is the oldest continuously operating United Service Organization (USO) in the world (founded April 23, 1941, in Jacksonville/Camp Lejeune) as well as the first USO (at Fort Bragg).The USO of North Carolina supports military, retired military and their families in or from North Carolina. The USO of NC | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Numa Coste Numa Coste (August 31, 1843 – June 10, 1907) was a French painter and journalist. Numa Coste was born on August 31, 1843 in Aix-en-Provence, in south-eastern France. Coste started his career as a notary's clerk. He later served as a sergeant in the civil service. After he received his inheritance, he became a painter of still lifes. In 1880, he co-founded "L'Art Libre", an artistic publication, with Émile Zola, Étienne Dujardin-Beaumetz, Paul Alexis et Marius Roux. He stopped painting in 1885, and became the editor of "Le Sémaphore", the oldest newspaper in Marseille, under the pseudonym of Pierre Tournel. He also wrote articles for "Le Mémorial d'Aix". He died on June 10, 1907 in Aix-en-Provence. Numa Coste Numa Coste (August 31, 1843 – June 10, 1907) was a French painter and journalist. Numa Coste was born on August 31, 1843 in Aix-en-Provence, in south-eastern France. Coste started his career as a notary's clerk. He later served as a sergeant in the civil service. After he received his inheritance, he became a painter of still lifes. In 1880, he co-founded "L'Art Libre", an artistic publication, with Émile Zola, Étienne Dujardin-Beaumetz, Paul Alexis et Marius Roux. He stopped painting | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Peters Glacier (Alaska Range) Peters Glacier, also known as Hanna Glacier and Hudeetsedle Toyaane' is a glacier in Denali National Park and Preserve in the U.S. state of Alaska. The glacier runs from the Peters Basin icefield in a deep valley to the north of Denali's Wickersham Wall, between Denali and Peters Dome, falling from the icefield via the Tluna Icefall, where it is joined by Jeffery Glacier. It exits the Alaska Range to the north, forming the source of the Muddy River. Peters Glacier was named by A.H. Brooks for U.S. Geological Survey topographer William John Peters, who surveyed in Alaska from 1898 to 1902. Until 1947 it was named Hanna Glacier for U.S. Senator from Ohio Marcus Alonzo Hanna, a friend of President William McKinley. Peters Glacier (Alaska Range) Peters Glacier, also known as Hanna Glacier and Hudeetsedle Toyaane' is a glacier in Denali National Park and Preserve in the U.S. state of Alaska. The glacier runs from the Peters Basin icefield in a deep valley to the north of Denali's Wickersham Wall, between Denali and Peters Dome, falling from the icefield via the Tluna Icefall, where it is joined by Jeffery Glacier. It exits the Alaska Range | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Miodrag Bulatović Miodrag Bulatović (Serbian Cyrillic: Миодраг Булатовић; 20 February 1930 – 15 March 1991) was a Montenegrin Serb writer, novelist and playwright in Yugoslavia. Bulatović was known "for his fierce Serbian nationalism, which earned him the enmity of other ethnic groups in Yugoslavia, and he was an official of Serbia's Socialist Party." Bulatović began in 1956 with a book of short stories, "Djavoli dolaze" ("The Devils Are Coming", translated as "Stop the Danube"), for which he received the Serbian Writers Union Award. His novel "The Red Rooster Flies Heavenwards", set in his homeland of northeastern Montenegro, was translated into more than twenty foreign languages. He then stopped publishing for a time, to protest against interference in his work. His next novel, "Hero on a Donkey", "A dark hot nightmare of a war novel...", was first published abroad and only four years later (1967) in Yugoslavia. In 1975, Bulatović won the NIN Award for novel of the year for "People with Four Fingers", an insight into the émigré's life. "The Fifth Finger" was a sequel to that book. His last novel was "Gullo Gullo", which brought together various themes from his previous books. Miodrag Bulatović Miodrag Bulatović (Serbian Cyrillic: Миодраг | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Comedy Playhouse (series 2) The second series of Comedy Playhouse, the long-running BBC series, aired from 1 March 1963 to 12 April 1963. All the episodes were written by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson. The second series, which was in black and white, consisted of six episodes, each of which had a different cast and storyline. None of the episodes made it to its own series. All episodes were aired on Friday; "Our Man in Moscow" at 8.45pm, "And Here, All The Way From..." and "A Clerical Error" at 8.50pm, "Impasse" at 8pm, "Have You Read This Notice" at 8.20pm and "The Handyman" at 7.50pm. "Have You Read This Notice" is the only episode of this second series which is listed as being lost. Comedy Playhouse (series 2) The second series of Comedy Playhouse, the long-running BBC series, aired from 1 March 1963 to 12 April 1963. All the episodes were written by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson. The second series, which was in black and white, consisted of six episodes, each of which had a different cast and storyline. None of the episodes made it to its own series. All episodes were aired on Friday; "Our Man in Moscow" | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Ricky Waddell Richard Alexander Waddell (born 4 February 1981 in Falkirk) is a Scottish football player and coach who is currently head coach of Scottish Lowland Football League team Edusport Academy. His playing career as a defender or midfielder saw him play for Scottish clubs including Falkirk, Partick Thistle, Hamilton Academical, Airdrie United and Clyde, as well as spells in Singapore and the United States. As well as his position at Edusport, he is also a coach at the Rangers Academy. Waddell began his career with hometown team Falkirk, before joining Partick Thistle in 2003. He spent two years with the "Jags", before having spells at Hamilton Academical and Forfar Athletic. In 2006, he left Scotland, and joined Singaporean outfit Senkang Punggol. He returned to his home country in 2007, signing for Ayr United, before joining Airdrie United later in the same year. He joined Clyde on 2 June 2008. He made his Clyde debut in a 2-0 victory against Alloa Athletic in the Scottish Challenge Cup in August 2008. Waddell's first goal for Clyde turned out to be the winning goal in a 3-2 victory over St Johnstone on 30 August 2008. Waddell's contract was terminated in June 2009, following Clyde's relegation and financial troubles. He went on to rejoin Airdrie United. After a season back at Airdrie, he joined Clyde again, where he stayed for a year, before being released in May 2011. Ricky Waddell Richard Alexander Waddell (born 4 February 1981 in Falkirk) is a Scottish football player and coach who is currently head coach of Scottish Lowland Football League team Edusport Academy. His playing career as a defender or midfielder saw him play for Scottish clubs including Falkirk, Partick Thistle, Hamilton Academical, Airdrie United and Clyde, as well as spells in Singapore and the United States. | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
2004 Iraq churches attacks On August 1, 2004, a series of car bomb attacks took place during the Sunday evening Mass in churches of two Iraqi cities, Baghdad and Mosul. The six attacks killed at least 12 people and wounded at least 71. No one claimed responsibility for the attacks, but Iraq's national security adviser, Mowaffaq al-Rubaie, blamed the attacks on Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. The bombings marked the first major attack against the Christian community since the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The attacks happened within a few minutes of each another. The rigged cars were parked outside churches and detonated when parishioners were leaving services. Only one of the bombings is believed to have been a suicide attack. The witnesses reported that "body parts were scattered across the area". Of the six bombs, one did not explode and the police was able to remove it safely. In Mosul, hospitals reported two persons killed and 15 wounded. One of the bombed churches the "Our Lady of Salvation" Syriac Catholic cathedral was the same church that was attacked with hostages taken and killed on October 31, 2010. A previously unknown group of PAKISTAN has claimed responsibility for the attacks on an Islamic website. Iraq's national security adviser, Mowaffaq al-Rubaie, blamed the attacks on Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. A Vatican spokesman, Rev. Ciro Benedettini, called the attacks "terrible and worrisome". The Pope "firmly deplored the unjust aggressions against those whose only aim is to collaborate for peace and reconciliation in the country". The Russian Orthodox Church issued a statement saying "the attacks were an attempt to spark a religious conflict." Muslims around the country condemned the attacks. In a statement to Al-Jazeera television, a spokesman for Muqtada al-Sadr said: "This is a cowardly act and targets all Iraqis". Ali al-Sistani issued a statement in which he wrote: "We stress the need to respect the rights of Christians in Iraq and those of other religious faiths and their right to live in their home, Iraq, peacefully." Although only comprising about three percent of the population, Iraqi Christians make up 20% of Iraqis leaving the country as refugees. After 2004 churches bombing, which was the worst act of violence against Christian minority by that time, a member of Christian community, Layla Isitfan, in her interview with "Time" correspondents said: "If I can't go to church because I'm scared, if I can't dress how I want, if I can't drink because it's against Islam, what kind of freedom is that?" 2004 Iraq churches attacks On August 1, 2004, a series of car bomb attacks took place during the Sunday evening Mass in churches of two Iraqi cities, Baghdad and Mosul. The six attacks killed at least 12 people and wounded at least 71. No one claimed responsibility for the attacks, but Iraq's national security adviser, Mowaffaq al-Rubaie, blamed the attacks on Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. The bombings marked the first major attack against the Christian community since the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The attacks happened within a few | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Johnnie Walker (racing driver) Johnnie Walker (aka John Walker) is a former Australian racing driver, born in Adelaide, South Australia. He first raced in the early 1960s at Mallala in his Holden FE road car. After competing in the Australian Formula 2 Championship he graduated to Formula 5000 in 1972, driving an Elfin MR5 and a Matich A50 before switching to the Lola marque in late 1973. Walker finished second in both the 1973 and 1975 Australian Drivers' Championships before breaking through to win the title in 1979 in his Lola T332 Chevrolet. He also won the 1979 Australian Grand Prix at Wanneroo Raceway. In 1975 he was highly competitive in the Tasman Series going into the final round at Sandown as equal series leader with Warwick Brown and Graeme Lawrence. However he crashed his Lola on the first lap demolishing 50 metres of the horse racetrack's running rails. Walker drove several touring car races for the Holden Dealer Team in 1975-1976 including co-driving with Colin Bond in the 1975 Hardie Ferodo 1000 where they placed third in a Holden Torana SL/R 5000 L34. Results sourced from Driver Database. Johnnie Walker (racing driver) Johnnie Walker (aka John Walker) is a | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Rob Johnston Rob Johnston is the assistant general secretary of the International Transport Workers’ Federation - a global union federation of 677 trade unions representing 19.7 million workers in 149 countries in the seafaring, port, road, rail, tourism and aviation sectors. Johnston joined the ITF in 2016 as the Assistant General Secretary. Since joining the ITF he has worked closely with the General Secretary Stephen Cotton to deliver an internal change program focused on membership delivery. As Assistant General Secretary, Johnston is helping to lead change for the ITF to become a campaign-oriented organisation, which has increased focus on cross-sector and cross-departmental coordination, in particular integration of women and youth into all areas of ITF work. He began work at the age of 16, and soon began what is now a lifelong involvement in, and commitment to, trade unionism. Johnston’s life as a full-time union official has included time as a Research and Policy Officer for Amicus the Union, which is now Unite, in the UK. At Amicus, Rob focused on the aerospace sector, helping secure funding for major aerospace projects and acting as an expert on UK Government's Department of Trade & Industry Aerospace Innovation and Growth team, amongst other things. Between 2004 and 2009, Rob served as Director - Steel, Shipbuilding and Occupational Health & Safety and International Metalworkers Federation, which is now IndustriALL, in Geneva. He then served as an Executive Director at IndustriALL between 2009 and 2012, before becoming the global union’s Executive Director - Industrial and TNC Policies, based in Sydney, serving in that role until 2013. Johnston returned to the UK in 2013 to work as Community’s Industrial Strategy Director, which he did up to his appointment to the ITF. Rob became ITF assistant general secretary in 2016. As an International industrial relations expert, he has negotiated a number of global framework agreements including the ArcelorMittal Global Agreement on Health and Safety on which he also acted as the Co-Chair. He also served as the TUAC Chair on the Steel and Shipbuilding Committee of the Organisation Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) 2005–2012. As part of Rob’s 5-year plan, he is committed to raising the social narrative for transport workers as more companies adopt new technologies into the workplace Rob Johnston is married to Claire Johnston with 3 Children. Rob Johnston Rob Johnston is the assistant general secretary of the International Transport Workers’ Federation - a | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
WPVI-TV WPVI-TV, branded as 6 ABC, is an ABC owned-and-operated television station licensed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on virtual and VHF channel 6 from a transmitter located in Philadelphia's Roxborough neighborhood at . Owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, WPVI maintains studios on City Line Avenue (US 1) in the Wynnefield Heights section of Philadelphia. The station first signed on the air on September 10, 1947, as WFIL-TV; it is Philadelphia's second-oldest television station. It was originally owned by Triangle Publications, publishers of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" and owners of WFIL radio (560 AM, and 102.1 FM). WFIL radio had been an ABC radio affiliate dating back to the network's existence as the NBC Blue Network. However, WFIL-TV started out carrying programming from the DuMont Television Network, as ABC had not yet ventured into broadcast television. When the ABC television network debuted on April 19, 1948, WFIL-TV became its first affiliate. Channel 6 joined ABC before the network's first owned-and-operated station, WJZ-TV in New York City (now WABC-TV), signed on in August of that year. However, it retained a secondary affiliation with DuMont until that network shut down in 1956. The WFIL stations were the flagship of the growing communications empire of Walter Annenberg's Triangle Publications, which owned two Philadelphia newspapers (the morning "Inquirer" and, later, the evening "Daily News"), periodicals including "TV Guide", "Seventeen" and the "Daily Racing Form", and a broadcasting group that would grow to ten radio and six television stations. The WFIL radio stations originally broadcast from the Widener Building in downtown Philadelphia. With the anticipated arrival of WFIL-TV, Triangle secured a new facility for the stations, located at Market and 46th streets, which opened in 1947. In 1963, Triangle built one of the most advanced broadcast centers in the nation on City (or City Line) Avenue in the Wynnefield Heights community, in a circular building across from rival WCAU-TV (channel 10). The station still broadcasts from the facility today, even as a new digital media building was constructed that now houses production of the station's newscasts and other local programs, while the original studio was turned over to public broadcaster WHYY-FM-TV. Channel 6 has a long history of producing local programs. On March 26, 1948, it aired a production of "Parsifal" from the John Wanamaker Store that featured Bruno Walter conducting 50 players from the Philadelphia Orchestra, a chorus of 300, and the Wanamaker Organ. Perhaps its most notable local production was "Bandstand", which began in 1952 and originated from WFIL-TV's newly constructed Studio B (located in the 1952 addition to the 46th and Market studio). In 1957, ABC added the program as part of its weekday afternoon network lineup and renamed it "American Bandstand" to reflect its more widespread broadcast scope. Other well-known locally produced shows included the children's programs "Captain Noah and His Magical Ark"; a cartoon show hosted by Sally Starr; and "Chief Halftown" (whose host, Traynor Ora Halftown, was a full-blooded member of the Seneca Nation), and two variety programs: "The Al Alberts Showcase", a talent show emceed by the lead singer of The Four Aces; and "The Larry Ferrari Show", on which the host played organ versions of both popular and religious music. WFIL-TV also produced an early, yet long-running, program on adult literacy, "Operation Alphabet." One of its earliest local series was "Let's Pop the Question", from 1947 to 1948. Channel 6 was the first station to sign on from the Roxborough neighborhood. It originally transmitted from a tower, but in 1957, it moved to a new tower, which it co-owned with NBC-owned WRCV-TV (channel 3, now CBS owned-and-operated station KYW-TV). The new tower added much of Delaware and the Lehigh Valley to the station's city-grade coverage. WFIL-TV was also one of the first TV stations in Philadelphia to broadcast local color. In 1968, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) passed a rule barring companies from owning newspapers and broadcast outlets in the same market. However, the agency "grandfathered" several existing newspaper and broadcasting cross-combinations in several markets. Triangle asked the FCC to grandfather its cluster of the "Inquirer", the "Daily News" and WFIL-AM-FM-TV, but was turned down. As a result, in 1969, one year after the new regulation was made official, Triangle sold the "Inquirer" and the "Daily News" to Knight Newspapers (later renamed Knight Ridder). In 1970, the FCC forced Triangle to sell off its broadcasting properties due to protests from then-Pennsylvania Governor Milton Shapp. Shapp complained that Triangle had used its three Pennsylvania television stations—WFIL-TV, WLYH-TV in Lebanon and WFBG-TV (now WTAJ-TV) in Altoona—in a smear campaign against him. The WFIL stations, along with radio-television combinations in New Haven, Connecticut and Fresno, California, were sold to Capital Cities Communications. As a condition of the sale, Capital Cities had to spin off the radio stations to other entities – in Philadelphia, WFIL-FM (now WIOQ) was sold to its general manager John Richer, and WFIL radio went to LIN Broadcasting. On April 27, 1971, shortly after the sale was approved and Capital Cities took control of channel 6, the station changed its call letters to the current WPVI-TV. Despite the ownership change, channel 6 continued preempting ABC programming in favor of locally produced and syndicated shows. In 1975, when ABC entered the morning news field with "AM America", WPVI chose not to carry it, nor pick up "AM America"s successor, "Good Morning America" in its entirety for nearly three years, choosing instead to carry "Captain Noah and His Magical Ark" in place of the second hour of "GMA". WPVI-TV also did not run other ABC daytime programs, notably "The Edge of Night" and numerous sitcom reruns. ABC was able to get most of its daytime schedule on the air in Philadelphia anyway through contracts with independent stations WKBS-TV (channel 48) and WTAF-TV (channel 29). In March 1985, Capital Cities Communications announced it was purchasing ABC, a move that stunned the broadcast industry since ABC was some four times larger than Capital Cities at the time. Some have said that Capital Cities was only able to pull off the deal because WPVI-TV, the company's flagship property, had become very profitable in its own right. However, the merged company almost had to sell off Channel 6 due to a large signal overlap with WABC-TV. In the FCC's view, the merger gave the new company a "de facto" duopoly prohibited by the regulations of the time—the same "one-to-a-market" rule that forced Triangle to split its newspaper/broadcast combination in Philadelphia many years earlier. Capital Cities sought a waiver of the rules to keep WPVI, citing CBS' then-ownership of WCBS-TV in New York City and WCAU-TV locally in Philadelphia. The FCC granted the waiver, and when the transaction was finalized in early 1986, WPVI-TV became an ABC owned-and-operated station. A decade later, in 1996, The Walt Disney Company purchased Capital Cities/ABC. Even in the years after WPVI became an ABC-owned station, it continued to preempt an hour of ABC daytime programs in favor of other programs. Wildwood, New Jersey-based NBC affiliate WMGM-TV (channel 40) picked up the pre-empted ABC shows until 1987, when those programs moved back to channel 29, which was now WTXF-TV. The preempted programs were usually magazine shows, game shows or reruns of ABC primetime sitcoms. By the early 1990s, WPVI preempted only the first half-hour of "The Home Show". On January 22, 1987, the station partially rebroadcast the suicide of Pennsylvania state treasurer R. Budd Dwyer—which had occurred at a press conference earlier | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
1986, WPVI-TV became an ABC owned-and-operated station. A decade later, in 1996, The Walt Disney Company purchased Capital Cities/ABC. Even in the years after WPVI became an ABC-owned station, it continued to preempt an hour of ABC daytime programs in favor of other programs. Wildwood, New Jersey-based NBC affiliate WMGM-TV (channel 40) picked up the pre-empted ABC shows until 1987, when those programs moved back to channel 29, which was now WTXF-TV. The preempted programs were usually magazine shows, game shows or reruns of ABC primetime sitcoms. By the early 1990s, WPVI preempted only the first half-hour of "The Home Show". On January 22, 1987, the station partially rebroadcast the suicide of Pennsylvania state treasurer R. Budd Dwyer—which had occurred at a press conference earlier that morning—during its noon newscast. In 1997, per a directive from the new Disney ownership, WPVI-TV began carrying the entire ABC network schedule for the first time in the station's history with the network. Unfortunately, it came at the expense of its highly rated local talk show, "AM/Live" (formerly "AM/Philadelphia"), which was shifted to an overnight timeslot to make room for ABC's then-new talk show "The View". "AM/Live" was moved to 12:35 a.m. following "Politically Incorrect" and was renamed "Philly After Midnight", where it lasted until 2001. Today, WPVI carries the entire ABC lineup as well as syndicated programs such as "Live with Kelly and Ryan" and "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire" (both of which are distributed by corporate cousin Disney-ABC Domestic Television). It also carries both "Jeopardy!" and "Wheel of Fortune". In fact, the station's entire weekday lineup, including syndicated shows, is identical to that of sister station and ABC flagship station WABC-TV. WPVI is also the #1 television station in the Delaware Valley. From 1977 until 2015, WPVI aired the Pennsylvania Lottery live nighttime television drawings, which occur nightly at 6:59 p.m. ET; the Powerball drawings on Wednesdays and Saturdays and the Tuesday and Friday Mega Millions drawings air during the 11 p.m. newscasts on those nights (those television drawing rights moved to WTXF-TV). As a result of ABC losing "Monday Night Football" to now-sister network ESPN in the 2000s, WPVI has aired the Philadelphia Eagles' preseason and Monday night games, as well as the team's coaches' show (those programs moved to WCAU-TV in 2015). However, in recent years, the Monday games have aired on news partner WPHL, while WPVI has opted to air the regularly-scheduled ABC programming, which includes the popular "Dancing with the Stars". The Eagles' remaining games are split between KYW-TV (CBS), WCAU-TV (NBC) and WTXF-TV (Fox) through their respectively owned networks' NFL broadcast rights and NFL Network through its "Thursday Night Football" package. On January 28, 2010, WPVI entered into a multi-year agreement with Major League Soccer expansion team Philadelphia Union to broadcast selected games. On September 12, 2009, WPVI moved to a new broadcasting complex at their same location at 4100 City Avenue near Bala Cynwyd next door to the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine. The facilities are wired for high definition newscasts and is the third studio in the station's 62-year history since the station has moved to a circular building in 1964. The station's digital channel is multiplexed: WPVI-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 64, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to its analog-era VHF channel 6 for post-transition operations. In an analog world, operations on VHF channels (those between 2 and 13) could operate at power levels significantly lower than UHF stations (saving electricity costs), and still cover greater areas. The All-Channel Receiver Act of 1961 guaranteed that all new TV's must be designed to receive UHF channels, but the major networks were already well established. For digital transmissions VHF channels are very noisy in particular Low-VHF (channels 2-6). It is difficult to receive the signals without the standardized 30' outdoor antenna. Fewer than 40 full power stations in the USA are using Low-VHF channels since the mandatory digital conversion in 2009, and major network affiliates are mostly in large sparsely populated direct marketing areas where outdoor antennas are common. WPVI-TV had been broadcasting digital signals on channel UHF 64 from 1997-2009, but that channel was recovered by the FCC for resale in March 2008. WPVI-TV was by far the largest urban station to broadcast in the Low-VHF band after the mandatory digital transition in 2009. Next to Philadelphia, the next largest market area served by a major network affiliate with a Low-VHF channel is Las Vegas served by NBC affiliate KSNV-DT. WPVI-DT went back to channel 6, where they had been broadcasting analog signals since 1948. The WPVI-TV signal was difficult to receive with an indoor antenna, even within Philadelphia proper. The FCC granted the station a temporary power increase to 30 kilowatts, following consent given from WEDY in New Haven, Connecticut and WRGB in Schenectady, New York. Because of potential interference with other stations and with FM radio, there was doubt as to whether this increase could be granted. Some viewers did notice an improvement in their signal; however, WPVI continued to receive complaints regarding the viewability of its digital signal. The problems have continued to this day. WPVI, along with Wilmington, Delaware-licensed stations PBS member station WHYY-TV (channel 12) and WDPN-TV (channel 2, a 2013 move-in from Jackson, Wyoming) are the only Philadelphia area stations whose digital signals operate on the VHF band, as all others physically broadcast on UHF. The FCC advises that a single antenna position will likely not pull both low- and high-band VHF signals (unlike the analog era). WPVI-TV presently airs 47 hours, 55 minutes of locally produced newscasts each week (with 7 hours, 5 minutes each weekday, six hours on Saturdays and 6½ hours on Sundays). "Action News Sports Sunday" airs Sunday nights at 11:30 after the 11 p.m. newscast. In addition, the station produces a public affairs program on Sunday mornings called "Inside Story", which discusses local and national issues; as it does not have a regular host, members of WPVI's anchor staff rotate hosting duties for the program. Since New Jersey is split between the Philadelphia and New York City markets, WPVI cooperates with its New York City sister station, WABC-TV, in covering New Jersey events. The two stations share reporters, live trucks and helicopters in areas where their markets overlap. The two stations also cooperate in the production and broadcast of statewide New Jersey political debates. Whenever the two stations broadcast a statewide office debate, such as those involving gubernatorial or U.S. Senate races, WPVI and WABC will pool resources and have anchors or reporters from both stations participate in the debate. The station is famous for pioneering the Action News format, which was used by many stations throughout the United States. When WFIL-TV premiered it on April 6, 1970, the format allowed the news program to feature more stories than KYW-TV's "Eyewitness News" due to strict time limits on story packages. Within a few months, the station stole first place in the Philadelphia news ratings for the first time ever. It had previously been an also-ran behind KYW-TV and WCAU-TV, as was the case with most ABC affiliates. Despite the station's newspaper roots, it was hampered by the fact that ABC was not on par with CBS and NBC until the early 1970s. WFIL-TV/WPVI-TV waged a | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Senate races, WPVI and WABC will pool resources and have anchors or reporters from both stations participate in the debate. The station is famous for pioneering the Action News format, which was used by many stations throughout the United States. When WFIL-TV premiered it on April 6, 1970, the format allowed the news program to feature more stories than KYW-TV's "Eyewitness News" due to strict time limits on story packages. Within a few months, the station stole first place in the Philadelphia news ratings for the first time ever. It had previously been an also-ran behind KYW-TV and WCAU-TV, as was the case with most ABC affiliates. Despite the station's newspaper roots, it was hampered by the fact that ABC was not on par with CBS and NBC until the early 1970s. WFIL-TV/WPVI-TV waged a spirited battle for first place with KYW-TV for most of the 1970s. However, in 1977, it won a sweeps period by a wide margin, and has been in first place more or less ever since. It is one of the most dominant major-market stations in the country, winning virtually every time slot. Its dominance has only been seriously challenged twice—in the 1980s, when WCAU briefly took the lead at 5 p.m.; and in 2001, when WCAU took first place at 11 p.m. for a few months for the first time in decades. Many top executives in ABC's television station group previously worked at WPVI. WPVI's longtime anchor Jim Gardner and weatherman Dave Roberts respectively joined the station in 1976 and 1978, after each had spent time at WPVI's then-sister station in Buffalo, New York, WKBW-TV. Gary Papa joined in 1981 from another Buffalo station, WGR-TV (now WGRZ-TV), and stayed with the station until his death in 2009. One factor in WPVI's long dominance is talent continuity. Most of WPVI's on-air staff has been at the station for over ten years, and several for 20 years or more. Gardner has been the station's main weeknight anchor since May 1977, the longest tenure for any main anchor in Philadelphia history. Rob Jennings served as longtime weekend anchor beginning in that same year and held that post until his retirement on July 21, 2013. The station's newscasts have used the same theme music, "Move Closer to Your World", composed by Al Ham, since October 1, 1972. The theme had become such an iconic aspect of "Action News" that news director Dave Davis considered it to be the station's "national anthem". The theme has remained relatively unchanged (aside from remasters) since it was first introduced; when WPVI attempted to introduce a slower, modernized version of the theme performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra on September 20, 1996, the station immediately received complaints from viewers and reverted to the old theme only three days later. The intro has traditionally been accompanied by seasonal footage of various Philadelphia/Delaware Valley residents and landmarks. Later the intro format was adopted by sister stations KGO-TV and WLS-TV with the News Series 2000 Plus theme music. For over 30 years starting in the late 1970s, Jefferson "Jeff" Kaye (also a WKBW alumnus, and one who would later become known nationally for his work on NFL Films) announced the familiar open: "Action News, Delaware Valley's leading news program", as well as rejoins and closings. Even through staff announcing changes for the station in general, Kaye remained the constant voice of "Action News". His voice started to show signs of decaying in the mid-2000s, reaching a point to where Kaye's newly recorded opens in late January 2010 were pulled in less than a week. On June 21, 2010, Kaye was replaced with veteran announcer Charlie Van Dyke, who had become WPVI's station announcer in 2006. Kaye died on November 16, 2012. For many years, WPVI's dominance fostered an "if it ain't broke, don't fix it" mentality. Its logo, a simple stylized "6", has been used with only minor changes since 1967 when it was still WFIL-TV. In June 1995, the "6" was placed in a blue box, the station was later re-branded as 6ABC in September 1996 with the red ABC logo augmented on the bottom right of the 6. The red ABC logo was later replaced with a 2007-era glossy logo on December 4, 2010. Well into the 1990s, it still used chromakey graphics, and weather forecasts utilized a magnet board. In recent years, attempts have been made to modernize the newscasts. In 1998, it began downplaying its use of chromakey. The magnet board gave way to a video screen in 2000 and a chromakey wall in 2005. On February 13, 2006, a revamped and fully modernized set debuted which included a glass etching background of several historical landmarks in Philadelphia positioned behind the anchor desk, shiftable lighting effects and a computerized AccuWeather center. WPVI introduced a new HD-capable helicopter in February 2006. Live shots from the helicopter, officially named "Chopper6 HD", were shown in high-definition. Furthermore, on July 23, 2006, starting with the 6:00 p.m. newscast (the official announcement was made on July 24), "Action News" began broadcasting in full 720p high-definition; all field video shown during WPVI's newscasts is shot in high-definition. On September 12, 2009, WPVI debuted another new revamped and fully modernized set, wider than the last set at the original round building, with a bigger news desk, AccuWeather center and a revised glass-etched background which added the Comcast Center to the featured landmarks. It also added a touch-screen video wall, the first for any station in the country, which the station dubs "The Action News Big Board". The set was updated once again on March 31, 2014, with the addition of a large, 12-screen HD video wall behind the main anchor desk. On June 26, 2017, "Action News" debuted a new set for its newscasts, which now features 3 large HD video walls, including one used for the weather segments. After the 2009 death of Gary Papa, Channel 6 took eighteen months to name a replacement. In January 2011, Keith Russell was named as the 6 and 11 p.m. sports anchor, while Jamie Apody was named sports anchor for the 5 p.m. newscast, a position vacant since the departure of longtime 5 p.m. anchor Scott Palmer. Russell left in 2012, and was replaced by Ducis Rodgers. On May 26, 2011, WPVI debuted an hour-long 4 p.m. newscast to replace "The Oprah Winfrey Show", which ended its 25-year syndication run one day prior; this edition was broadcast from a smaller news desk located next to the main anchor desk that only housed the anchors of that newscast and allowed the team to utilize the Big Board more frequently. This changed on June 26, 2017, when the entire news set was redone in a more modernized style and the smaller desk was removed, moving the anchors to the new main desk. The station also introduced "Mobile 6", a news vehicle used for reports during the station's early evening newscasts. In the spring of 2012, the station expanded its weekend 11 p.m. newscasts to one hour. On September 8, 2014, the station's noon newscast also expanded to one full hour as a new daytime schedule was implemented. On September 15, 2012, WPVI-TV took over production of MyNetworkTV affiliate WPHL-TV (channel 17)'s 10 p.m. newscast from NBC-owned WCAU (which began producing the 10 p.m. newscast in December 2005, after WPHL shut down its own in-house news department). The newscast, "Action News at 10pm on PHL 17", respectively utilizes most of the same anchors as WPVI's weekday 4 p.m. and weekend evening newscasts with a few noticeable differences. Features anchor Alicia Vitarelli does not appear on the weeknight broadcasts, while Sports Director Ducis Rogers and weekend sports anchor Jeff Skversky join their respective anchor teams. Meteorologist Melissa Magee replaces Adam Joseph for the weekend editions. Additionally, weeknight anchors Brian Taff and Sharrie Williams and weekend anchors Walter Perez and Sarah Bloomquist (who also anchors the Noon edition alongside Rick Williams) operate from the new main anchor desk. Perez | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
WCAU (which began producing the 10 p.m. newscast in December 2005, after WPHL shut down its own in-house news department). The newscast, "Action News at 10pm on PHL 17", respectively utilizes most of the same anchors as WPVI's weekday 4 p.m. and weekend evening newscasts with a few noticeable differences. Features anchor Alicia Vitarelli does not appear on the weeknight broadcasts, while Sports Director Ducis Rogers and weekend sports anchor Jeff Skversky join their respective anchor teams. Meteorologist Melissa Magee replaces Adam Joseph for the weekend editions. Additionally, weeknight anchors Brian Taff and Sharrie Williams and weekend anchors Walter Perez and Sarah Bloomquist (who also anchors the Noon edition alongside Rick Williams) operate from the new main anchor desk. Perez and Bloomquist remain at the desk at the end of the 10 p.m. newscast to anchor the 11 p.m. show on WPVI. Bloomquist only anchors with Perez on the Sunday edition of the newscast. With this, WPVI became the third ABC owned-and-operated station to be involved in a news share agreement, after KGO-TV in San Francisco (which produces a 9 p.m. newscast for independent station KOFY-TV) and WTVD in Raleigh (which produces a 10 p.m. newscast for CW affiliate WLFL), and was later joined in 2014 by KABC-TV in Los Angeles (which produces a 7 p.m. newscast for independent station KDOC-TV). On September 15, 2014, the newscast was expanded to a full hour-long broadcast, making WPHL the second station in the Philadelphia area (along with competitor WTXF) to carry an hour-long newscast at 10 p.m. Only competitor WPSG carries a 1/2 hour long newscast, "Eyewitness News at 10 on The CW Philly" (operated by sister station KYW). In December 2013, WPVI entered into a news share agreement with Univision-owned WUVP-DT, Channel 65; the agreement allows WPVI to expand its coverage of stories involving the Hispanic community, while permitting WUVP to utilize such of WPVI's resources as helicopter video. The arrangement follows other partnerships between ABC and Univision (including the Fusion cable channel, as well as similar agreements in other markets), as well as a similar agreement in Philadelphia between WCAU and Telemundo station WWSI (Channel 62) established after NBCUniversal acquired the latter station. In 2016, WPVI lost the rights to televise the "Wawa Welcome America" festivities to WCAU. The station had televised the 4th of July event since at least 1983. In September 2018, WPVI became the third station in the Philadelphia area to start its morning newscasts at 4 a.m., following WTXF and WCAU. Only competitor KYW-TV starts its morning newscasts at 4:30 a.m. while WPHL-TV starts its newscast at 5 a.m. The 2011–13 ABC series "Body of Proof," which was set around the Philadelphia Medical Examiner's Office and produced by ABC's television production division, used WPVI live trucks and microphones with the station's mic flags in a fictional sense, along with fictional press conference news graphics from the station, though none of WPVI's actual staff appeared during the course of the series, and retained the graphics and live truck look used before the introduction of the "Circle 6" logo. The 2014 Philadelphia-set "How to Get Away with Murder" also uses a fictional WPVI representation within the universe of that series. Outside of the Philadelphia market in central New Jersey, WPVI is carried on Channel 6 on Comcast in the municipalities of Plainsboro, South Brunswick, Monroe, Cranbury, Jamesburg, Helmetta, Spotswood and East Brunswick, New Jersey in southern Middlesex County as well as the Monmouth County borough of Roosevelt. WPVI moved to channel 38 in the late 1980s (by what was then Storer Cable) and later moved back to channel 6 by Comcast in the late 1990s. WPVI is also available on channel 6 on all Comcast systems in Ocean County as well as in Lambertville. Comcast added WPVI's HD feed to its lineups in Ocean and southern Middlesex counties, Roosevelt and Lambertville on August 22, 2012 on digital channel 906. WPVI's Live Well Network subchannel (both in high definition and standard definition) were added to the Comcast's southern Middlesex County system on November 27, 2012 (Live Well had previously been carried on that system through feeds from WPVI's New York City sister station WABC-TV), but have not been mapped into the Comcast digital boxes or DTAs. In Plumsted Township, Ocean County, WPVI is carried in lieu of WABC-TV as Plumsted is served by Comcast's Garden State system (based out of Mount Holly, Burlington County) which does not carry any New York City stations. However, New York local channels are available on DirecTV and Dish Network in Plumsted and all of Ocean County. Cablevision also carries WPVI on channel 6 on its southern Monmouth County system. Both Comcast and Cablevision carry WPVI throughout Ocean County. Due to a contract dispute with ABC, WPVI was pulled from Cablevision systems in Monmouth, Ocean and Mercer counties on March 8, 2010. Verizon FiOS carries WPVI on channel 16 in Ocean County and extreme southern Monmouth County. WPVI is also carried by Comcast in New Castle County and portions of Kent County in Delaware. As such, WPVI is classified as a significantly viewed station in Warren, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Monmouth and Ocean counties. In the Lehigh Valley, WPVI is carried by Service Electric, RCN and Blue Ridge Communications. It can also be seen in Reading and much of Berks County. The station can be seen in Lancaster County as far west as Elizabethtown and as far north as Tamaqua, McAdoo, and Hazleton (in the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre market). WPVI is also carried on cable systems in Elkton and North East in Cecil County, Maryland. WPVI-TV WPVI-TV, branded as 6 ABC, is an ABC owned-and-operated television station licensed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on virtual and VHF channel 6 from a transmitter located in Philadelphia's Roxborough neighborhood at . Owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, WPVI maintains studios on City Line Avenue (US 1) in the Wynnefield Heights section of Philadelphia. The station first signed on the air on September 10, 1947, as WFIL-TV; it is Philadelphia's second-oldest television station. It was originally owned by Triangle Publications, | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Tulsi Diwasa Tulsi Prasad Joshi (popular Tulasi Diwasa) Nepali:तुलसी दिवस is a Nepalese literary figure and folklore expert. He was honoured with "Bisista Sahitya Siromani" title at the International Poetry Festival in India in April 2013., Professor Diwas had served as Cultural Secretary at the Nepalese Embassy in the USA and had also taught as a visiting professor at various universities abroad. He is now a life member of Nepal Academy and the President of Nepali Folklore Society (NFS). Diwasa has served as professor of Nepali Literature in Trichandra College and Padmakanya Campus at Kathmandu for several years. He has authored dozen of books on literature and folk culture and folklore of various tribes in Nepal. Tulsi Diwasa Tulsi Prasad Joshi (popular Tulasi Diwasa) Nepali:तुलसी दिवस is a Nepalese literary figure and folklore expert. He was honoured with "Bisista Sahitya Siromani" title at the International Poetry Festival in India in April 2013., Professor Diwas had served as Cultural Secretary at the Nepalese Embassy in the USA and had also taught as a visiting professor at various universities abroad. He is now a life member of Nepal Academy and the President of Nepali Folklore Society (NFS). Diwasa has served as professor | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
2006 Croydon London Borough Council election Elections to Croydon Council in London, England were held on 4 May 2006. The whole council was up for election for the first time since the 2002 election. The Labour Party lost control of the council to the Conservative Party for the first time since 1994. There are 24 wards which represent Croydon Council. All Croydon Council seats were up for re-election for the first time since the 2002 elections, during the election on 4 May 2006. Previously Labour held control of the council. In the election, the Conservatives took 10 seats from Labour and 1 from the Liberal Democrats. Since the defection of a Labour councillor to the Conservatives, giving the newly elected council's political composition as: 2006 Croydon London Borough Council election Elections to Croydon Council in London, England were held on 4 May 2006. The whole council was up for election for the first time since the 2002 election. The Labour Party lost control of the council to the Conservative Party for the first time since 1994. There are 24 wards which represent Croydon Council. All Croydon Council seats were up for re-election for the first time since the 2002 elections, | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Boss Johnson Byron Ingemar "Boss" Johnson (December 10, 1890 – January 12, 1964), born Björn Ingimar "Bjössi" Jónsson, served as the 24th Premier of the province of British Columbia, Canada, from 1947 to 1952. To his contemporaries he was often referred to by his nickname, "Boss Johnson", which had nothing to do with his personality, but was an anglicization of the Icelandic "Bjossi", which is a diminutive form of his birth-name of Bjorn, which was adapted into English as Byron. Johnson was born and raised in Victoria, British Columbia. After overseas service in World War I, he and his brothers opened a building supplies business in Victoria, which proved to be successful. Johnson was first elected as one of four Members of the Legislative Assembly from Victoria City to the BC Legislature as a Liberal in the 1933 election. He served four years in the caucus of Premier Duff Pattullo before being defeated in the 1937 election. Johnson returned to his business, and in World War II was put in charge of constructing Royal Canadian Air Force facilities throughout the province. In the 1945 election, he returned to the legislature, this time as the member for New Westminster, becoming a cabinet minister in the coalition government formed by the Liberal and Conservative parties, and led by Premier John Hart. Following Hart's resignation in 1947, Johnson succeeded him as Liberal leader and as the leader of the Coalition, and therefore also as Premier - becoming the first Premier of British Columbia born after confederation in the province. Johnson's government introduced compulsory health insurance, and a 3% provincial sales tax to pay for it. It expanded the highway system, extended the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, and negotiated the Alcan Agreement, which facilitated construction of the Kenney Dam, the first major hydroelectric project in the province. The government also coped with the devastating 1948 flooding of the Fraser River, declaring a state of emergency and beginning a programme of diking the river's banks through the Fraser Valley. Johnson is also noted for appointing Nancy Hodges as the second female Speaker in the British Commonwealth, Mary Ellen Smith being the first. The Liberal-Conservative Coalition government, with the Liberals led by Johnson and the Conservatives led by Herbert Anscomb, won a landslide victory in the 1949 election—at 61% the greatest percentage of the popular vote in BC history. Although Maitland's caucus was crucial to the government's parliamentary mandate, the larger Liberal caucus earned Johnson the Premier's job. After the Conservatives withdrew from the coalition in 1951, Johnson's government collapsed. In the subsequent 1952 election, the Liberals were defeated by W.A.C. Bennett's Social Credit Party, and Johnson lost his own seat to Rae Eddie of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation. With the defeat, the long history of formal coalition government between the Liberal and Conservative parties in British Columbia came to an end, and a new era of a two-party system (CCF/New Democratic Party of Canada versus Social Credit) emerged. Johnson returned to private life, and died in Victoria in 1964, aged 73 years. He is interred in the city's Ross Bay Cemetery. Boss Johnson played parts of three seasons of professional lacrosse as a goalkeeper for the Vancouver Lacrosse Club. Prior to his pro career, he played lacrosse for various teams at the scholastic level; he then turned senior with Victoria Capitals in the Pacific Coast Amateur Lacrosse Association before then making the jump to the professional ranks in 1913. He signed with the Vancouver Lacrosse Club late in the 1913 season as a replacement for future hall-of-famer Cory Hess. He then signed with the Vancouver Athletic Club when they joined as a replacement for the defunct Vancouver Lacrosse Club in 1914 - playing in all 6 of VAC's matches. But during the 1915 season, back again with the revived Vancouver Lacrosse Club, he found himself replaced in late June 1915 by Dave Gibbons. Johnson's final game for Vancouver, on June 26, 1915, ended on a sour note as he was ejected from the game during the second quarter with 50 minutes accumulated in penalties. Boss Johnson Byron Ingemar "Boss" Johnson (December 10, 1890 – January 12, 1964), born Björn Ingimar "Bjössi" Jónsson, served as the | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster The Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster was an experimental bomber aircraft, designed for a high top speed. The unconventional approach was to mount the two engines within the fuselage driving a pair of contra-rotating propellers mounted at the tail in a pusher configuration, leaving the wing and fuselage clean and free of drag-inducing protrusions. Two prototype aircraft were built, but the end of World War II changed priorities and the advent of the jet engine gave an alternative way toward achieving high speed. The XB-42 was developed initially as a private venture; an unsolicited proposal was presented to the United States Army Air Forces in May 1943. This resulted in an Air Force contract for two prototypes and one static test airframe, the USAAF seeing an intriguing possibility of finding a bomber capable of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress's range without its size or cost. The aircraft mounted a pair of Allison V-1710-125 liquid-cooled V-12 engines behind the crew's cabin, each driving one of the twin propellers. Air intakes were in the wing leading edge. The landing gear was tricycle and a full, four surface cruciform tail was fitted, whose ventral fin/rudder unit prevented the coaxial propellers from striking the ground. The pilot and co-pilot sat under twin bubble canopies, and the bombardier sat in the extreme front behind a plexiglass nose. Defensive armament consisted of two 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns each side in the trailing edge of the wing, which retracted into the wing when not in use. These guns were aimed by the copilot through a sighting station at the rear of his cockpit. The guns had a limited field of fire and could only cover the rear, but with the aircraft's high speed it was thought unlikely that intercepting fighters would attack from any other angle. Two more guns were fitted to fire directly forward. Initially ordered as an attack aircraft (XA-42) in the summer of 1943, this variant would have been armed with 16 machine guns or a 75 mm (2.95 in) cannon and two machine guns. The first XB-42 was delivered to the USAAF and flew at Palm Springs, California on 6 May 1944. Performance was excellent, being basically as described in the original proposal: as fast or faster than the de Havilland Mosquito but with defensive armament and twice the bombload. The twin bubble canopies proved a bad idea as communications were adversely affected and a single bubble canopy was substituted after the first flight. Testing revealed that the XB-42 suffered from some instability as excessive yaw was encountered, as well as vibration and poor engine cooling - all problems that could probably have been dealt with. Due to the ventral vertical stabilizer and rudder surface set's tip being located underneath the fuselage, careful handling during taxiing, takeoff, and landing was required because of limited ground clearance. The end of World War II allowed the Air Force to consider possibilities with a little more leisure and it was decided to wait for the development of better jet bombers rather than continue with the B-42 program. In December 1945, Captain Glen Edwards and Lt. Col. Henry E. Warden set a new transcontinental speed record when they flew the XB-42 from Long Beach, California to Bolling Air Force Base in Washington, D.C. (c. 2,300 miles). In just 5 hours, 17 minutes, the XB-42 set a speed record of 433.6 mph (697.8 km/h). The record-breaking XB-42 prototype had been destroyed in a crash at Bolling Field. The second of two prototypes of the Douglas XB-42, 43-50225, on a routine flight out of Bolling Field, Washington, D.C., suffered in short order, a landing gear extension problem, failure of the port engine, and as coolant temperatures rose, failure of the starboard engine. Maj. Hayduck bailed out at 1,200 feet, Lt. Col. Haney at 800 feet, and pilot Lt. Col. (later Major General) Fred J. Ascani, after crawling aft to jettison the pusher propellers, at 400 feet – all three survived. The aircraft crashed at Oxen Hill, Maryland. Classified jettisonable propeller technology caused a problem for authorities in explaining what witnesses on the ground thought was the aircraft exploding. Possible fuel management problems were speculated, but this hypothesis was never proven by subsequent investigation. The remaining prototype was used in flight test programs, including fulfilling a December 1943 proposal by Douglas to fit uprated engines and underwing Westinghouse 19XB-2A axial-flow turbojets of 1,600 lbf (7.1 kN) thrust each, making it the XB-42A. In this configuration, it first flew at Muroc (now Edwards Air Force Base) on 27 May 1947. In testing, it reached 488 mph (785 km/h). After 22 flights, the lower vertical stabilizer and rudder were damaged in a hard landing in 1947. The XB-42A was repaired but never flew again, and was taken off the USAF inventory on 30 June 1949. Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster The Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster was an experimental bomber aircraft, designed for a high top speed. The unconventional approach was to mount the two engines within the fuselage driving a pair of contra-rotating propellers mounted at the tail in a pusher configuration, leaving the wing and fuselage clean and free of drag-inducing protrusions. Two prototype aircraft were built, but the end of World War II changed priorities and the advent of the jet engine gave an alternative way toward achieving high speed. The XB-42 was developed initially as a private venture; an unsolicited | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Acropora kirstyae Acropora kirstyae is a species of acroporid coral that was first described by Jen Veron and C. C. Wallace in 1984. Found in marine, tropical, shallow reefs in sheltered areas usually at depths of , and also occurs in sheltered lagoons. It is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, and it is thought to have a decreasing population. It is not common and found over a large area, and is listed on CITES Appendix II. "Acropora kirstyae" forms in colonies of branches forming from a central point, and the structure features many thin branches and sub-branches, and incipient axial corallites are present. The branches can reach lengths of around . The tips of these branches are generally white, and the species is a pale orange-to-brown colour. The radial corallites are tube-shaped, tightly packed, and orderly, however become irregular towards the ends of the branches. At the ends of the branches, flaring lips may be present. It resembles "Acropora exquisita". It occurs in marine, tropical, shallow reefs in sheltered water, and in sheltered lagoons. It also exists in sheltered reef slopes, at depths of . It reaches maturity at between three and eight. It is composed of aragonite (calcium carbonate). "Acropora kirstyae" is not common but found over a large range; the Indo-Pacific, the East China Sea, Japan, Eastern Australia, and the west Pacific. It is present in two regions of Indonesia, and also occurs in Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, the Rodrigues, Palau, Raja Ampat, and New Caledonia. It exists in temperatures between . There is no specific population data for the species, but overall, it is known to be decreasing. It is affected by bleaching by rising sea temperatures, fishing, coral disease, climate change, pollution, human development, infrastructure, and may be exported. It is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List and is listed under CITES Appendix II, and can occur within Marine Protected Areas. It was first described by Jen Veron and C. C. Wallace in 1984 as "Acropora kirstyae". Acropora kirstyae Acropora kirstyae is a species of acroporid coral that was first described by Jen Veron and C. C. Wallace in 1984. Found in marine, tropical, shallow reefs in sheltered areas usually at depths of , and also occurs in sheltered lagoons. It is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, and | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Antonia of Baux Antonia of Baux (; c. 1355 – 23 January 1374) was the second Queen consort of Frederick III, King of Sicily. Antonia was a daughter of Francis of Baux and his second wife Marguerite of Taranto. Antonia's only other sibling by her father's marriage to Marguerite was James of Baux, the last titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople. Her paternal grandparents were Bertrand III of Baux, Count of Andria and Marguerite d'Aulnay. Her maternal grandparents were Philip I of Taranto and Catherine II of Valois, Princess of Achaea. On 26 November 1373, Antonia married Frederick III the Simple. The bride was approximately seventeen years old and the groom thirty-one. He had a daughter from a previous marriage but no male heirs. This marriage sealed the peace between Naples and Sicily, agreed the prior. Antonia died childless after only two years of marriage. Frederick never remarried and died in 1377. He was succeeded by his only daughter Maria of Sicily. <br> Antonia of Baux Antonia of Baux (; c. 1355 – 23 January 1374) was the second Queen consort of Frederick III, King of Sicily. Antonia was a daughter of Francis of Baux and his second wife Marguerite of | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Gio Batta Gori Professor Gio Batta Gori is an epidemiologist and fellow with the Health Policy Center in Bethesda, Maryland which he established in 1997 and where he specializes in risk assessment and scientific research. He was deputy director of the United States' National Cancer Institute's Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, where he directed the Smoking and Health Program and the Diet and Cancer Program. He organized and directed the Franklin Institute Policy Analysis Center, funded by Brown & Williamson. He is the editor-in-chief of the journal Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. He has consulted for the tobacco industry, challenging specific scientific claims concerning the risks associated with tobacco use. He is also known for advocating the regulation and taxation of cigarettes and other tobacco products based on their specific delivery of carcinogens and other hazardous substances, so as to promote risk reduction. Gio Batta Gori has a doctorate in biological sciences and a master's degree in public health. Between 1968 and 1980, he was a scientist and senior official at the United States' National Cancer Institute (NCI), where he specialized in toxicology, epidemiology and nutrition. He held several positions, including Deputy Director of the Division of Cancer Causes and Prevention; Acting Associate Director, Carcinogenesis Program; Director of the Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Program and Director of the Smoking and Health Program. In 1980 Gori became Vice President of the Franklin Institute Policy Analysis Center (FIPAC), a consulting firm funded initially by a $400,000 grant from the Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation (B&W). Following its initial formation, FIPAC continued to receive hundreds of thousands of dollars in funding annually from B&W. Gori worked on Research & Development projects for B&W Tobacco, such as analysis of the sensory perception of smoke and how to reduce the amount of tobacco in cigarettes. By 1989, Gori was a full-time consultant on environmental tobacco smoke issues for the Tobacco Institute in the Institute's ETS/IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) Consultants Project. In May 1993, Gori entered an exclusive consulting arrangement with B&W Tobacco, receiving $200/hour a day to $1,000/day for attending conferences. In the 118-page book "Passive Smoke: The EPA's Betrayal of Science and Policy", Gio Gori and his co-author and fellow industry consultant, John Luik, claim the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) used "junk science" to distort the health effects of secondhand smoke. The book was funded by B&W, which funneled the money through a third party, the Fraser Institute. Following are links to tobacco industry documents from the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library showing work done by Gori for tobacco companies between 1980 and 1999: Gio Batta Gori Professor Gio Batta Gori is an epidemiologist and fellow with the Health Policy Center in Bethesda, Maryland which he established in 1997 and where he specializes in risk assessment and scientific research. He was deputy director of the United States' National Cancer Institute's Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, where he directed the Smoking and Health Program and the Diet and Cancer Program. He organized and directed | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Harlem River Drive The Harlem River Drive is a 4.20-mile (6.76 km) long north–south parkway in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It runs along the west bank of the Harlem River from the Triborough Bridge in East Harlem to 10th Avenue in Inwood, where the parkway ends and the road continues north as Dyckman Street. The portion of the Harlem River Drive from the Triborough Bridge to the Alexander Hamilton Bridge is a limited-access highway. South of the Triborough Bridge, the parkway continues toward lower Manhattan as FDR Drive. All of the Harlem River Drive is designated New York State Route 907P (NY 907P), an unsigned reference route. The parkway north of 165th Street was originally part of the Harlem River Speedway, a horse carriage roadway opened in 1898. The rest of the parkway from 125th to 165th Streets opened to traffic in stages from 1951 to 1962. The parkway's ceremonial designation, 369th Harlem Hellfighters Drive, is in honor of the 369th Infantry Regiment, also known as the Harlem Hellfighters. The Harlem River Drive begins at exit 17 of the FDR Drive in East Harlem section of Manhattan. The parkway crosses under 125th Street alongside the Harlem River. Bending to the northwest, the Harlem River Drive crosses under Willis Avenue, passing west of the Willis Avenue Bridge. Proceeding southbound, exit 19 is present, connecting to 125th Street and the Willis Avenue Bridge. The Harlem River Drive proceeding northwest, crosses under the Third Avenue Bridge, reaching exit 21 northbound, a junction for 135th Street. Southbound, exit 20 connects to Park Avenue. Continuing northward, the Harlem River Drive continues north under the Madison Avenue Bridge. Southbound, the Harlem River Drive meets exit 22, a junction to 142nd Street and Fifth Avenue. Crossing under 145th Street, the Harlem River Drive passes east of the 145th Street subway station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line (). It then passes directly east of the Lenox Yard and the Harlem – 148th Street station. The Harlem River Drive crosses under the Macombs Dam Bridge, 155th Street, and Seventh Avenue before crossing northbound exit 23, a left exit to Frederick Douglass Boulevard. Then, the parkway goes east of the Polo Grounds site and merges with the southbound exit 23, an exit to Frederick Douglass Boulevard and to a junction with the Harlem River Driveway, which goes south to 155th Street. Shortly after, Harlem River Drive enters exit 24, a four-lane viaduct that rises from the parkway to connect to the George Washington Bridge via I-95 and US 1 along the Trans-Manhattan Expressway, as well to Amsterdam Avenue in Washington Heights. The Harlem River Drive continues northeast as a four-lane parkway. Crossing under the Alexander Hamilton Bridge, the Harlem River Drive crosses through High Bridge Park before turning away from the Harlem River in Inwood. The four-lane arterial continues north through Manhattan, entering a junction with Dyckman Street and Tenth Avenue, which is the northern end of the Harlem River Drive. The Drive originated as the Harlem River Speedway, which started construction in 1894 and opened in July 1898. Originally, the Speedway was for the exclusive use of horse-drawn carriages and those on horseback; bicyclists were specifically excluded, as were sulkies and drays. The Speedway ran from West 155th Street to Dyckman Street, and soon became a tourist destination, where visitors watched carriage races and boat races on the river. Rich New Yorkers used the Speedway to train their horses and size up those of their friends and competitors. In 1919, motorists were allowed on the Speedway, but for normal driving purposes. The route was paved in 1922, and officially renamed the Harlem River Driveway. In 1939, Manhattan Borough President Stanley M. Isaacs unveiled plans to build Harlem River Drive, which was planned as a four-lane road linking the Harlem River Speedway and the East River (now FDR) Drive north of East 125th Street. The initial section of the drive would stretch from 125th to 165th Streets, near where it merged into the speedway. Traffic from the Triborough Bridge and the several Harlem River bridges joining the Major Deegan Expressway in the Bronx would feed into the drive. Harlem River Drive would also contain playgrounds and parks along its route, similar to those on the East River Drive, There would be a service road abutting the drive's west side. Sections of the old speedway in the path of the highway would incorporated into the new highway. There would also be new ramps from the speedway section to the then-newly built George Washington Bridge. The cost of the Harlem River Drive was originally estimated at over $18 million, of which $11 million was used to build the highway itself and nearly $7 million in acquired lands. However, there were some disagreements during the planning of the new highway, and by 1946, the cost had increased to $26 million. The modern Harlem River Drive was completed in segments during the 1950s and early 1960s. The segment connecting the Speedway to Eighth Avenue, which ended at 159th Street, was completed in 1951. The highway from 125th Street and First Avenue to 132nd Street and Park Avenue opened in 1958, connecting three of the Harlem River bridges. Another section between 142nd and 161st Streets opened in 1960, and an extension south to 132nd Street opened two years later, closing the gap between the two sections. In 1964, shortly after the drive's completion, the entire drive was widened to six lanes. In 2003, the New York State Department of Transportation ceremonially designated the parkway as the "369th Harlem Hellfighters Drive" in honor of the all-black regiment that fought to defend France during World War I. Founded in 2010, the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway runs between the river and the drive, from 155th to Dyckman Streets, in a portion of Highbridge Park which had been abandoned and fenced off approximately half a century. Harlem River Drive The Harlem River Drive is a 4.20-mile (6.76 km) long north–south parkway in the New York City | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
John Paul II Catholic High School (North Carolina) John Paul II Catholic High School (JPII), located in Greenville, North Carolina is a four-year private coeducational college-preparatory Catholic high school in the Diocese of Raleigh that is an inclusive community where students of all faiths are welcome. We embrace the mission of Jesus Christ: to form men and women of faith, knowledge, and service in church and community. Within the tradition of our Catholic faith we build character through the development of the whole person in mind, body, and spirit while instilling a commitment to lifelong learning. In 2010, Pope John Paul II High School in Greenville, North Carolina, became the second diocesan high school in the Diocese of Raleigh. In the 2010-2011 school year, the high school taught only ninth grade. It added grades 10-12 as students advanced through the 2013-2014 school year. The high school expansion mirrors growth in other areas of the diocese. John Paul II Catholic High School (North Carolina) John Paul II Catholic High School (JPII), located in Greenville, North Carolina is a four-year private coeducational college-preparatory Catholic high school in the Diocese of Raleigh that is an inclusive community where students of all faiths are | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Two dimensional window design Windowing is a process where an index limited sequence has its maximum energy concentrated in a finite frequency interval. This can be extended to an N-dimension where the N-D window has the limited support and maximum concentration of energy in a separable or non-separable N-D passband. The design of an N-dimensional window particularly a 2-D window finds applications in various fields such as spectral estimation of multidimensional signals, design of circularly symmetric and quadrantally symmetric non-recursive 2D filters, design of optimal convolution functions, image enhancement so as to reduce the effects of data-dependent processing artifacts, optical apodization and antenna array design. Due to the various applications of multi-dimensional signal processing, the various design methodologies of 2-D windows is of critical importance in order to facilitate these applications mentioned above, respectively. Consider a two-dimensional window function (or window array) formula_1 with its Fourier transform denoted by formula_2. Let formula_3 and formula_4 denote the impulse and frequency response of an ideal filter and formula_5 and formula_6 denote the impulse and frequency response of a filter approximating the ideal filter, then we can approximate formula_4 by formula_5. Since formula_3 has an infinite extent it can be approximated as a finite impulse response by multiplying with a window function as shown below formula_10 and in the Fourier domain formula_11 The problem is to choose a window function with an appropriate shape such that formula_6 is close to formula_4 and in any region surrounding a discontinuity of formula_4, formula_6 shouldn't contain excessive ripples due to the windowing. There are four approaches for generating 2-D windows using a one-dimensional window as a prototype. Approach I One of the methods of deriving the 2-D window is from the outer product of two 1-D windows, i.e., formula_16 The property of separability is exploited in this approach. The window formed has a square region of support and is separable in the two variables. In order to understand this approach, consider 1-D Kaiser window whose window function is given by formula_17 then the corresponding 2-D function is given by where: The Fourier transform of formula_1 is the outer product of the Fourier transforms of formula_21. Hence formula_22. Approach II Another method of extending the 1-D window design to a 2-D design is by sampling a circularly rotated 1-D continuous window function. A function is said to possess circular symmetry if it can be written as a function of its radius, independent of formula_23 i.e. formula_24 If w(n) denotes a good 1-D even symmetric window then the corresponding 2-D window function is formula_25 for formula_26 (where formula_27 is a constant) andformula_28 for formula_29 The transformation of the Fourier transform of the window function in rectangular co-ordinates to polar co-ordinates results in a Fourier-Bessel transform expression which is called as Hankel transform. Hence the Hankel transform is used to compute the Fourier transform of the 2-D window functions. If this approach is used to find the 2-D window from the 1-D window function then their Fourier transforms have the relation formula_30 where: formula_31 is a 1-D step function and formula_32 is a 2-D step function.In order to calculate the percentage of mainlobe constituted by the sidelobe, the volume under the sidelobes is calculated unlike in 1-D where the area under the sidelobes is used.In order to understand this approach, consider 1-D Kaiser window then the corresponding 2-D function can be derived as formula_33 This is the most widely used approach to design the 2-D windows. 2-D filter design by windowing using window formulations obtained from the above two approaches will result in the same filter order. This results in an advantage for the second approach since its circular region of support has fewer non-zero samples than the square region of support obtained from the first approach which in turn results in computational savings due to reduced number of coefficients of the 2-D filter. But the disadvantage of this approach is that the frequency characteristics of the 1-D window are not well preserved in 2-D cases by this rotation method. It was also found that the mainlobe width and sidelobe level of the 2-D windows are not as well behaved and predictable as their 1-D prototypes. While designing a 2-D window there are two features that have to be considered for the rotation. Firstly, the 1-D window is only defined for integer values of formula_34 but formula_35 value isn't an integer in general. To overcome this, the method of interpolation can be used to define values for formula_1 for any arbitrary formula_37 Secondly, the 2-D FFT must be applicable to the 2-D window. Approach III Another approach is to obtain 2-D windows by rotating the frequency response of a 1-D window in Fourier space followed by the inverse Fourier transform. In approach II, the spatial-domain signal is rotated whereas in this approach the 1-D window is rotated in a different domain (e.g., frequency-signal). Thus the Fourier transform of the 2-D window function is given by formula_38. The 2-D window function formula_39 can be obtained by computing the inverse inverse Fourier transform of formula_40. Another way to show the type-preserving rotation is when the relation formula_41 is satisfied. This implies that a slice of the frequency response of 2-D window is equal to that of the 1-D window where the orientation of formula_42 is arbitrary. In spatial domain, this relation is given by formula_43. This implies that a slice of the frequency response formula_40 is the same as the Fourier transform of the one-directional integration of the 2-D window formula_39. The advantage of this approach is that the individual features of 1-D window response formula_46 are well preserved in the obtained 2-D window response formula_40. Also, the circular symmetry is improved considerably in a discrete system. The drawback is that it's computationally inefficient due to the requirement of 2-D inverse Fourier transform and hence less useful in practice. Approach IV A new method was proposed to design a 2-D window by applying the McClellan transformation to a 1-D window. Each coefficient of the resulting 2-D window is the linear combination of coefficients of the corresponding 1-D window with integer or power of 2 weighting. Let us consider a case of even length, then the frequency response of the 1-D window of length N can be written as formula_48 . Consider the McClellan transformation: formula_49 which is equivalent to formula_50 for formula_51 Substituting the above, we get the frequency response of the corresponding 2-D window formula_52 . From the above equation, the coefficients of the 2-D window can be obtained. To illustrate this approach, consider the Tseng window. The 1-D Tseng window of formula_53 weights can be written as formula_54. By implementing this approach, the frequency response of the 2-D McClellan-transformed Tseng window is given by formula_55 where formula_1 are the 2-D Tseng window coefficients. This window finds applications in antenna array design for the detection of AM signals. The advantages include simple and efficient design, nearly circularly symmetric frequency response of the 2-D window, preserving of the 1-D window prototype features. However, when this approach is used for FIR filter design it was observed that the 2-D filters designed were not as good as those originally proposed by McClellan. Using the above approaches, the 2-D window functions for few of the 1-D windows are as shown below. When Hankel transform is used to find the frequency response of the window function, it is difficult to represent it in a closed form. Except for rectangular window and Bartlett window, the other window functions are represented in their original | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
2-D Tseng window coefficients. This window finds applications in antenna array design for the detection of AM signals. The advantages include simple and efficient design, nearly circularly symmetric frequency response of the 2-D window, preserving of the 1-D window prototype features. However, when this approach is used for FIR filter design it was observed that the 2-D filters designed were not as good as those originally proposed by McClellan. Using the above approaches, the 2-D window functions for few of the 1-D windows are as shown below. When Hankel transform is used to find the frequency response of the window function, it is difficult to represent it in a closed form. Except for rectangular window and Bartlett window, the other window functions are represented in their original integral form. The two dimensional window function is represented as formula_57 with a region of support given by formula_58 where the window is set to unity at origin and formula_59 for formula_60 Using the Hankel transform, the frequency response of the window function is given by formula_61. where formula_62 is Bessel function identity. The two dimensional version of a circularly symmetric rectangular window is as given below The window is cylindrical with the height equal to one and the base equal to 2a. The vertical cross-section of this window is a 1-D rectangular window.The frequency response of the window after substituting the window function as defined above, using the Hankel transform, is as shown below formula_64 The two dimensional mathematical representation of a Bartlett window is as shown below The window is cone-shaped with its height equal to 1 and the base is a circle with its radius 2a. The vertical cross-section of this window is a 1-D triangle window.The Fourier transform of the window using the Hankel transform is as shown belowformula_66 The 2-D Kaiser window is represented by The cross-section of the 2-D window gives the response of a 1-D Kaiser Window function. The Fourier transform of the window using the Hankel transform is as shown belowformula_68 Two dimensional window design Windowing is a process where an index limited sequence has its maximum energy concentrated in a finite frequency interval. This can be extended to an N-dimension where the N-D window | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Cyathea alleniae Cyathea alleniae is a species of tree fern native to the Malay Peninsula, where it grows in forest margin on steep ground at an altitude of approximately 1200 m. The trunk is erect, about 4 m tall and 15 cm in diameter. It is usually unbranched, but may branch to form several small crowns. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and 1–2 m long. The stipe is spiny at the base and at least partially covered by scales. Typically of section "Alsophila", these scales are dark brown, glossy, and have fragile edges. Sori occur near the midvein of fertile pinnules and are covered by firm, brown indusia that resemble scales in appearance. "C. alleniae" is named after Betty Molesworth Allen (1913-2002), a collector of Malaysian and Indonesian flora. Cyathea alleniae Cyathea alleniae is a species of tree fern native to the Malay Peninsula, where it grows in forest margin on steep ground at an altitude of approximately 1200 m. The trunk is erect, about 4 m tall and 15 cm in diameter. It is usually unbranched, but may branch to form several small crowns. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and 1–2 m long. The stipe is spiny at the | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Swimming at the 2007 South Pacific Games The swimming competition at the 2007 South Pacific Games in Apia, Samoa was held: All pool events were swum in a long-course (50m) pool; the open water events were 5-kilometres in length (5K). Monday, September 3: men's and women's 5,000m Open Water swim. "Note: The 2007 swimming event schedule is the same as that of the 2003 South Pacific Games, save the nomenclature change on the relays from "400" to "4x100" and "800" to "4x200"." Papua New Guinea's Ryan Pini dominate the men's competition, winning eight individual gold medals. In the women's competition, Lara Grangeon from New Caledonia won seven individual gold medals (including the open water swim) and two more gold in the relays. 125 swimmers from 10 countries were entered in the swimming events at the 2007 Games—a record—with Tokelau and the Marshall Islands participating in the SPG Swimming events for the first time. Countries entered in the swimming competition are: Swimming at the 2007 South Pacific Games The swimming competition at the 2007 South Pacific Games in Apia, Samoa was held: All pool events were swum in a long-course (50m) pool; the open water events were 5-kilometres in length (5K). | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Franklin Simon Franklin Simon (February 7, 1865 – October 4, 1934), was the owner of Franklin Simon & Co., a department store in Manhattan, New York City. The store was founded in February 1902, when Simon partnered with Herman A. Flurscheim. Born on New York City's Lower East Side in 1865 to Henri and Helene Simon, Franklin had three brothers and three sisters. Simon's father, Henri, was a cigar-maker and wood carver. His mother, Helene, was a seamstress. After his father's untimely death in 1878, Simon found work at a cash-boy at Stern Brothers, a dry goods store located at 32–36 West 23rd Street. One of the store's principals, Louis Stern, befriended young Simon, teaching him the "ropes" of dry goods. By age 21, Simon was earning $5000 per year, a considerable sum at that time. In 1892, Simon married Frances Carroll, the daughter of a New York City Sheriff. The couple had four children: Franklin Simon Jr., who died July 3, 1902, Arthur J. Simon (1892–1968); Helene Simon (1895–?); and George D. Simon (1898–1944). As his responsibilities at Stern Brothers increased, Simon was sent overseas to Paris as a buyer for the firm. It was during one of these business trips that Simon became acquainted with Herman A. Flurscheim, one of Stern Brothers' principal suppliers in France. The two became friends and soon made plans to go into business together, importing French fashions into the United States. By 1902 Simon had saved approximately $100,000. In a daring move, Simon and Flurscheim purchased the home of Mrs. Orme Wilson, sister of John Jacob Astor IV, at 414 Fifth Avenue as the site of their new venture, Franklin Simon & Co., a store of "individual shoppes." At that time, Fifth Avenue was primarily a residential street, and Simon's merchant contemporaries derided his choice of location, speculating that the business would be a total failure. Franklin Simon & Co. opened its doors for business in February, 1902. The venture lost $40,000 during its first year of operation and $28,000 during its second. However, by 1904 Fifth Avenue was coming into its own as a fashion center and the store turned a $16,000 profit. From that point forward, Franklin Simon & Co. remained one of the preeminent Fifth Avenue fashion outlets until its dissolution in the 1970s. Perhaps the first person to view Fifth Avenue as a major retail and fashion center, Simon initiated "Buyers Week" and "Market Week," thus revolutionizing how manufacturers and retailers presented and sold new fashions and simultaneously generating millions of dollars in business for the surrounding neighborhood. By 1922, Simon was known amongst his contemporaries as a "merchant prince," and was one of the leading figures in setting the fashion trends of the day. Simon's approach to advertising was, in many ways, revolutionary. He employed visionary artists such as Norman Bel Geddes and Donald Deskey. Their talent helped change the future of department store display windows, creating futuristic designs that stopped traffic on Fifth Avenue. Simon was also the first Fifth Avenue merchant to offer on-site parking for his customers, a plan he devised himself. To combat slumping sales, Simon originated the concept of "blue light" sales, by instructing his in-store salespeople to mark down items with blue pencils while customers were looking on. Simon was also the first merchant to suggest the use of outlet stores as a way to sell out of season merchandise. This was the first known use of such a sales tactic. To dissuade piracy and trademark infringement, Simon was ferocious in protecting his brand and was not afraid to use the courts to enforce his legal rights. The success of Simon's original Fifth Avenue establishment was followed by more openings across the country. In 1932, Simon opened his first expansion in Greenwich, Connecticut. Later expansions followed in Manhasset, Long Island – on the "Miracle Mile," Palm Beach, Florida, and several other locations. The site of the Manhasset store would later be developed into Americana Manhasset. In the 1930s, Franklin Simon & Co. would be the first retail store on Fifth Avenue to remain open until nine o'clock in the evening, a remarkable "experiment" that ultimately proved a success and left a lasting impact on the retail industry in the United States. Mr. Simon was a noted philanthropist. He was a regular contributor to the New York Times' One Hundred Neediest Cases. After the Titanic disaster in 1912, Mr. Simon provided clothes and financial support for two French orphans rescued from a lifeboat. He published the little girls' picture in major newspapers with the hope of finding their family. He insured they had whatever they needed at no cost. Mr. Simon also received France's highest honor, "The Legion D'Honneur." Mr. Simon was named as a Chevalier of the Legion for "having done more than any other person to put U. S. women into French clothes." Civic minded, Mr. Simon was elected chairman of the centennial committee to save Monticello, Thomas Jefferson's home; bound for demolition if not for Mr. Simon's efforts. He was also the director of the Hospital for Joint Diseases and a member of the board of governors of the Stuyvesant Square Hospital. Simon was a member of the Empire State Luncheon Club, Westchester Country Club, Quaker Ridge Golf Club, Uptown Club and the National Democratic Club. Simon was also on the Board, and later served as Vice President of the Fifth Avenue Association, an influential group of public officials and Fifth Avenue merchants that included Ezra Fitch, Robert Adamson, Lucius M. Boomer, Eliot Cross, and other luminaries of the era. Franklin Simon died in his country home at Purchase, New York on October 4, 1934 from kidney failure. After his death, several of the great merchants of New York paid tribute to Mr. Simon, including Percy Straus, President of Macy's, and Bernard Gimbel, President of Gimbel Brothers. Isaac Lieberman, President of Arnold, Constable & Co. remarked that "Mr. Franklin Simon was one of the pioneer merchants of Fifth Avenue and has probably done more to develop Fifth Avenue as a fashion centre than any other single person." The New York Times, in an editorial celebrating Simon's achievements wrote "What need of imposing a 'code' upon a man like him? He was his own code – always one of honor and humanity." Simon's funeral was a grand affair, with Governor Herbert Lehman sending his condolences and arranging a funeral cortege along the Hutchinson River Parkway. At the time of his death, Simon left a gross estate of approximately $2,394,751 to his wife. Calculated for inflation, Simon's personal estate, excluding Franklin Simon & Co., was worth approximately $42 million in 2013 dollars. After Simon's death, his widow sold a controlling interest in Franklin Simon and Co. to the Atlas Corporation in September, 1936. Mr. Simon is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery, in the Bronx. Franklin Simon Franklin Simon (February 7, 1865 – October 4, 1934), was the owner of Franklin Simon & Co., a department store in Manhattan, New York City. The store was founded in February 1902, when Simon partnered with Herman A. Flurscheim. Born on New York City's Lower East Side in 1865 to Henri and Helene Simon, Franklin had three | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
INAS 312 The INAS 312 is an Indian naval air squadron based at INS Rajali. The Navy’s first long range Maritime Reconnaissance squadron was commissioned with five ex IAF Super Constellation aircraft on 8 November 1976. Cdr R D Dhir was the commissioning Squadron Commander. The squadron was originally based at INS Hansa, Goa. The Super Constellation aircraft were phased out in 1983. On 16 April 1988, Tupolev 142M aircraft were commissioned into the squadron by the then Defence Minister KC Pant, at INS Hansa. The Albatross, due to their phenomenal Maritime Reconnaissance (MR) capabilities have been spearheading the Navy’s MR effort ever since and are among the finest aircraft of their kind in the world in addition to being the fastest turbo-props. With continuous equipment upgrades and integration of new technologies, the Albatross have remained the lead aircraft for long range reconnaissance, ASW and ESM/ EW missions in the Indian Navy. The squadron was shifted to INS Rajali, Arakkonam by April 1992, and has been based there ever since. The first TU142M landed at Rajali on 7 March 1992. On 13 November 2016, India’s Defense Minister Manohar Parrikar officially inducted the Indian Navy’s first squadron of Boeing P-8I Poseidon aircraft, designated 312-A, at INS Rajali. The new unit will be permanently based at INS Rajali. The first Commander of this air squadron was Captain Harjeet Singh Jhajj. The unit is presently under the command of Commander Venkateshwaran Ranganathan. ON 29 March 2017, the Tupolev Tu-142M aircraft were decommissioned from the Indian Navy by Admiral Sunil Lanba at a special ceremony at INS Rajali. Commander Yogender Mair who was the last Commanding Officer of the squadron with this aircraft formally handed over the command of the squadron to Commander Venkateshwaran Ranganathan. The Tupolev Tu-142M was used in Operation Cactus in Maldives, Operation Vijay in 1998, Operation Parakram in 2002, and in anti-piracy Operations from 2011 until its decommissioning. In January 2016, two P-8I aircraft were deployed for 2 weeks at a military base in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The deployment comes as a response to repeated forays of Chinese conventional and nuclear submarines into the Indian Ocean. On 20–23 March 2016, a P-8I aircraft was deployed to Seychelles to undertake surveillance of the Seychelles EEZ. This was the first time that the P8I aircraft has been deployed to Seychelles On 15 April 2016, a P-8I aircraft managed to thwart a piracy attack on the high seas by flying over a merchant vessel which was being targeted by a pirate mother ship and two skiffs around 800 nautical miles from Mumbai. The P-8I was on a routine surveillance mission over the Arabian Sea when it received distress calls from the merchant vessel, the Malta-flagged MV Sezai Selah, on the international Channel 16 distress radio. The pirate mother ship and the two high-speed skiffs had come quite close to the merchant vessel. The P-8I immediately responded and made warning transmissions over Channel 16 while flying over the pirate boats. The pirate boats got frightened and altered course to leave MV Sezai Selah alone. INAS 312 was awarded a Unit Citation by the Chief of Naval Staff in 2002 for outstanding professionalism and momentous contribution to the Service. The squadron has won Best Frontline Squadron on numerous occasions. During its operation of the Tu-142M, INAS 312 had distinction of operating the heaviest, fastest and highest flying turbo prop aircraft in the world. INAS 312 The INAS 312 is an Indian naval air squadron based at INS Rajali. The Navy’s first long range Maritime Reconnaissance squadron was commissioned with five ex IAF Super | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Alison Weir (activist) Alison Weir is an American activist and writer best known for her connection to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. She is the founder and executive director of the nonprofit organization If Americans Knew (IAK) and president of the Council for the National Interest (CNI). She is known for critical views toward Israel. Weir is author of "Against Our Better Judgment: The Hidden History of How the U.S. Was Used to Create Israel", and she and If Americans Knew are known for critiquing media coverage of Israel. She has received both criticism and praise for her activism. Weir traces her interest in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to the autumn of 2000, when the Second Intifada began. At the time she was "the editor of a small weekly newspaper in Sausalito, California", and noticed that news reports on the conflict "were highly Israeli-centric". Wanting access to "full information", she "began to look for additional reports on the Internet". After several months, she decided that "this was perhaps the most covered-up story I had ever seen" and quit her job in order to visit the West Bank and Gaza, where she wrote about her encounters with Palestinian suffering and with the "incredible arrogance, cruelty, selfishness" of Israelis. After returning to the U.S., she founded If Americans Knew. Weir's official biography says her activism draws on her history of involvement in the American Civil Rights Movement, her work in the Peace Corps, and her childhood in a military family. Weir's writings include exhortations to action. In an article titled "Choosing to Act: Anti-Semitism is Wrong", she wrote: "Every generation has a chance to act courageously – to oppose the kind of injustice and unthinkable brutality that is going on in the Middle East right now. Or to avert our eyes, and remain silent." Weir has called Israel a "violently imposed, ethnically based nation-state", and has written that "The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is central to grave events in the world—and in our nation—today." Ambassador Andrew Killgore wrote in an article for "CounterPunch" in 2014: "Alison Weir must be highly commended for throwing such a brilliantly hard light on the relationship between the United States and Israel." The Anti-Defamation League has called Weir "a prominent voice in the anti-Israel movement". In June 2015, Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP) stated that they chose not to work with Weir, on the grounds that "she has consistently chosen to stay silent when given the opportunity to challenge bigotry, which we find repugnant. There is a fundamental difference between engaging with oppressive beliefs in order to challenge them, and tacitly or directly endorsing those beliefs without challenge." JVP did not accuse Weir of holding anti-Jewish beliefs, but accused her of granting interviews to people it believed held anti-Jewish beliefs and decried some of the websites that have reposted her writings. Weir responded in detail to the accusations, which provoked widespread debate among activists. In writing about antisemitism, Weir has argued, "in reality, equating the wrongdoing of Israel with Jewishness is the deepest and most insidious form of anti-Semitism of all." More than 2,000 activists signed an open letter supporting Weir, including former United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Palestinian Territories and Professor of International Law Emeritus at Princeton University Richard Falk; founding member of Birzeit University's board of Trustees Samia Khoury; activist and Holocaust survivor Hedy Epstein; Palestine Rapprochement Center Director/ISM co-founder George Rishimawi; peace activists Ann Wright, Arun Gandhi, Ray McGovern, and Cindy Sheehan; American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee founder and former Senator James Abourezk; and many members of JVP itself. The letter stated that the undersigned were "dismayed by the recent unfounded attacks on one of the top organizations working on this issue, If Americans Knew, and its dedicated leader, Alison Weir", and believed that the accusations against Weir were "scurrilous and without foundation". Weir founded If Americans Knew (IAK) after her visit to the West Bank and Gaza Strip during the Second Intifada in 2001. Weir describes IAK as "an organization that provides information on topics of importance that are substantially misreported or unreported in the US media" with a primary focus on analyzing media coverage of Israel-Palestine. IAK, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit based in California, describes its mission as follows: "The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the world's major sources of instability. Americans are directly connected to this conflict, and increasingly imperiled by its devastation. It is the goal of If Americans Knew to provide full and accurate information on this critical issue, and on our power – and duty – to bring a resolution." On December 16, 2012, IAK placed an advertisement in "The New York Times" featuring four maps purporting to show the Palestinians' progressive loss of land to Israel between 1946 and 2010. In June 2010, Weir was named to succeed Eugene Bird, the longtime leader of the Council for the National Interest (CNI). CNI describes itself as seeking to "encourage and promote a U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East that is consistent with American values, protects our national interests, and contributes to a just solution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. It is CNI's goal to restore a political environment in America in which voters and their elected officials are free from the undue influence and pressure of foreign countries and their partisans." In 2004, she became the first woman to receive an honorary membership in the Phi Alpha Literary Society and was described as a "[c]ourageous journalist-lecturer on behalf of human rights". Other honorary members have included President Jimmy Carter and journalist Helen Thomas. Weir has also won awards from the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) and the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR). Weir is the author of "Against Our Better Judgment: The Hidden History of How the U.S. Was Used to Create Israel", published in February 2014. Senator James Abourezk called the book "a must for all Americans" in a review for the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs and Congressman Paul Findley writes that "Alison Weir is a gifted writer who here illuminates neglected history." Alison Weir (activist) Alison Weir is an American activist and writer best known for her connection to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. She is the founder and executive director of the nonprofit organization If Americans Knew (IAK) and president of the Council for the National Interest (CNI). She is known for critical views toward Israel. Weir is author of "Against Our Better Judgment: The Hidden History of How the U.S. Was Used to Create Israel", and she and If Americans Knew are known for critiquing media coverage of Israel. She has received both criticism and praise for her activism. Weir traces | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
King City GO Station King City GO Station is a train and bus station in the GO Transit network located in King City, Ontario in Canada. It also serves the nearby communities of Nobleton, Oak Ridges, the northern parts of Maple (in Vaughan), and other communities in King Township. It is a stop on the Barrie line train service. The original King Station was built in 1852 at a location less than a kilometre north of the current station, adjacent to the community's inn. It was moved to the grounds of the King Township Museum in 1989, and was designated a heritage site in 1990. The GO Station opened on 7 September 1982, with service extending south to Toronto and north to Bradford. In 2002, with infrastructure funding from the provincial government, GO Transit expanded the station's parking lot capacity from 111 spaces to 255. During 2004, the platform was extended in order to accommodate longer trainsets, thus removing any boarding restrictions that GO Transit had with this station prior to opening the extended rail platform. In addition, the extension also eliminated the problem of GO trains blocking a railroad crossing on Station Road while passengers boarded and disembarked. Construction of a covered station building was completed in the summer of 2005, and a second parking lot on the west side of the tracks was opened in February 2006. As of January 2018, train service operates approximately every 15-30 minutes in the morning peak period, every 30 minutes in the afternoon peak period and every hour at other times. Outside of peak periods, most trains terminate at Aurora with connecting buses for stations further north. On weekends and holidays, service operates approximately every hour to and from Union Station, with most trains terminating at Aurora station. Three daily trains in each direction cover the full route from Barrie to Toronto, while the remainder have bus connections at Aurora station for stations further north. Connecting York Region Transit and GO buses serve the station from a bus stop on Keele Street at Station Road. Daily train boarding at the station has increased from 199 in 2005 to a peak of 680 in 2008. In 2012, there were 655 daily boardings, or approximately 170,000 riders annually. GO Transit bus route 63, which travels between the King City GO Station and Union Station Bus Terminal via Maple and Rutherford GO stations, served a daily average of 450 riders at this station in 2012. King City GO Station King City GO Station is a train and bus station in the GO Transit network located in King City, Ontario in Canada. It also serves the nearby communities of Nobleton, Oak Ridges, the northern parts of Maple (in Vaughan), and other communities in King Township. It is a stop on the Barrie line train service. The original King Station was built in 1852 at a location less than a kilometre north of the current station, adjacent to the community's inn. It was moved to the grounds | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Impossible Subjects Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, is a Frederick Jackson Turner Award-winning book by historian Mae M. Ngai published by Princeton University Press in 2004. In part one, Ngai begins with discussing the implications of immigration restriction in the 1920s by particularly focusing on border patrol and immigration policy which she argues results in a changing discourse about race. In part II, she focuses on migrants from the Philippines and Mexico by discussing their role in the U.S. economy and how they challenged cultural norms about the traditional work force. In part III, Ngai examines the shift of regulations around Japanese-Americans and Chinese-Americans especially their eligibility for citizenship. She uses Japanese internment camps as evidence of their lack of legal and social inclusion in the United States. In part IV, she analyzes the next era in immigration policy which she suggests is embodied in the Hart-Cellar Act. She discusses how immigration policy was affected during the years of 1945-1965 by World War II. She concludes part IV by showing how the immigration policies during the time period after 1965 contributed to increased illegal immigration and heightened a seemingly unsolvable problem going forward. Ngai utilizes a dense amount of primary source material in "Impossible Subjects". The sources used cover a wide range of mediums. Some examples are personal writings, oral histories, photographs, government documents, court rulings, and contemporary books. All of these, but primarily the court rulings and government documents, are utilized by Ngai in constructing her argument. Given that Ngai is a U.S. legal and political historian, she uses many court cases throughout her book in order to show the flexible nature of U.S. legislation and public opinion regarding immigration. The court cases are also used to show how the United States judicial system and the government approached the legality of immigration and assimilation over time. Furthermore, they are used to reflect racial attitudes by the United States government and citizenry, such as through the racial language used in their composition. "Impossible Subjects" was written by Mae M. Ngai and published in 2004 by Princeton University Press. "Impossible Subjects" was Ngai’s first full-length book, and she has also published a number of works in major newspapers and academic journals. Ngai graduated from Empire State College with a B.A. and went on to Columbia University where she earned her M.A. in 1993 and her Ph.D in 1998. Currently, Ngai is a professor of Asian American Studies and History at Columbia University in New York City and focuses on the invention of racial categories, specifically looking at the creation of Chinese racial categories. "Impossible Subjects" won six different awards, including the Theodore Salutos Prize, which was given to Ngai by the Immigration and Ethnic History society, and the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians First Book Prize. The book examines legislation, court cases, and attitudes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that affected immigration. Through Ngai’s analyses of these factors, readers are shown the long-lasting impacts these cases have had on the American public’s views on ‘illegal aliens’ and how ‘illegal aliens’ became “impossible subjects.” Ngai explains the purpose of the book saying, "immigrants are integral to the historical processes that define and redefine the nation." She breaks the introduction into three sections which are "Immigration and Citizenship," "Immigration Policy and the Production of Racial Knowledge," and "Nationalism and Sovereignty." She also begins to discuss several immigration laws that were enacted throughout the history of the U.S. including the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924. Lastly, she says that she does not want to resolve the problems of immigration policy, but rather to inform the reader of how flexible legislation and public opinion are. She frequently underlines how immigration laws created new race categories and were aimed at maintaining whiteness. Chapter one gives a detailed description of the context and lead up to the restrictive immigration laws that are subsequently covered in the book. It talks about how anti-immigrant nativist groups, influenced by an ending industrial revolution that negated the need for a constant source of cheap labor (among other factors), began demanding and passing tough immigration laws that restricted or sometimes outright banned immigration from European and Asian countries. The chapter talks about how the national law that came from this sentiment, known as the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, divided European peoples into differing levels of "whiteness" defined by nationality and based their quotas on that. Ngai includes a table of the U.S. immigration quotas based on national origin (beginning on July 1, 1929) for the purpose of showing how the United States divided Europeans and non-Europeans into these differing levels of "whiteness." Ngai goes on to explain how Asians, most of whom were outright banned, took their cases to court but the bans however, remained law. This was all backed up by science and defined legal terminology, but both the scientific community and the supposedly definitive courts remained in dispute trying to justify their actions. The chapter ends by talking about how Mexicans and other Americans south of the United States were left unaffected by this law which, as their agricultural labor was still necessary, deemed them "white". Nevertheless, nativists would now turn their attention to them. “Deportation Policy” provides a look at the laws and actions against illegal aliens in the United States following the passage of the 1924 Johnson-Reed Act and how these actions framed illegal aliens as “impossible subjects.” Within this chapter, Ngai discusses some of the moral outrage these new policies inspired. Ngai specifically looks at how immigrants were ranked in terms of social desirability to determine their deportation status, which also highlighted the racial undertones that existed in a political and legal context in the United States. She also shows how ideas of eugenics and morality were used to justify the deportation of illegal aliens to their homeland. Ngai’s work in this chapter helps to explain how Mexicans were defined as the “iconic illegal alien.” Following the Spanish–American War the United States acquired the Philippines as a colony. Justified by imperial thinking, and social Darwinism the West Pacific became viewed as means for expansion. The Philippines was denied statehood, through the legality of the Insular Cases, and viewed as uncooperative, and incapable of self-rule by American imperialists. Filipinos were thus granted limited rights based on their colonial status. However, because of this colonial status Filipinos were able to migrate to the United States regardless of quotas or exclusionary acts. During the 1920s there was the mass migration of Filipinos to major metropolitan areas. Throughout World War I employers recruited Filipino workers to work in mainland America. As a result of this increase in the Filipino population was backlash, official efforts encouraged Filipinos to stay (or return to) the Philippines. However, within the 1920s Filipinos replaced Japanese farmers (who now faced quotas because of the immigration act of 1924) and found employment within the service sector on the West Coast. However, Filipinos faced retaliation by whites who claimed Filipinos were saturating the agricultural section with cheap labor (and taking their jobs). Many Filipinos faced Anti-Filipino attacks, and institutionalized disregard for their safety and well-being. Filipinos faced wage discrimination. Within Chapter Four: "Braceros, 'Wetbacks,' and the National Boundaries of Class", Ngai provides a chronological explanation on the buildup and beginnings | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
America. As a result of this increase in the Filipino population was backlash, official efforts encouraged Filipinos to stay (or return to) the Philippines. However, within the 1920s Filipinos replaced Japanese farmers (who now faced quotas because of the immigration act of 1924) and found employment within the service sector on the West Coast. However, Filipinos faced retaliation by whites who claimed Filipinos were saturating the agricultural section with cheap labor (and taking their jobs). Many Filipinos faced Anti-Filipino attacks, and institutionalized disregard for their safety and well-being. Filipinos faced wage discrimination. Within Chapter Four: "Braceros, 'Wetbacks,' and the National Boundaries of Class", Ngai provides a chronological explanation on the buildup and beginnings of the bracero program, its difficulties, racial implications, and issues with illegal immigration over the span of two decades. Ngai explains the development of the modern Mexican-America class, a group that "did not belong," plagued by racial mistreatment, stereotypes, and threat detainment, interrogation, and deportation. Explained in depth are the policies and actions of the INS in regards to carrying out repatriation towards Mexican migrants, especially in regards to Operation Wetback. In his review in The New Yorker, Louis Menard praises Ngai's book for demonstrating how the categories of "legal" and "illegal" immigrants "are administrative constructions, always subject to change; they do not tell us anything about the desirability of the persons so constructed." Impossible Subjects Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, is a Frederick Jackson Turner Award-winning book by historian Mae M. Ngai published by Princeton University Press in 2004. In part one, Ngai begins with discussing the implications of immigration restriction in the 1920s by particularly focusing on border patrol and immigration policy which she argues results in a changing discourse about race. In part II, | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir (6 June 1884-5 February 1973) was an Icelandic photographer, whose main body of works were signed with the name H. Eiríksson. Her archive of photographic works is held by the National Museum of Iceland. Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir was born on 6 June 1884 in Eskifjörður, Iceland to Susanna Sophie (née Weywadt) and Björn Eiríksson. She was one of eight children born into the family and raised by her mother who ran the household and the dairy, while her father was a woodwright. She was the great-granddaugher of Hans Jonatan, originally from Saint Croix in the Danish West Indies. Jonatan had been taken by his mistress Henrietta Catharina Schimmelmann to Copenhagen and, after losing a lawsuit to gain his freedom, became runaway slave, fleeing to Iceland. Jonatan was the first immigrant in Iceland of African descent and his marriage with Katrin Antoniusdottir produced two children, Ludvik Stefan and Hansina Regina, who would marry Eirikur Eiríksson. When she was four years old, Björnsdóttir went to live with her mother Susanna's sister, Nicoline Weywadt on the family homestead Teigarhorn, near Djúpivogur. Weywadt taught Björnsdóttir photography and sent her for further studies in Copenhagen. Completing her education in 1903, the same year her mother died, Björnsdóttir returned to Teigarhorn. Björnsdóttir took over the studio of her aunt, which she operated until 1911. That year, she married Jóni Kristján Lúðvíkssyni with whom she would have five children. For a while she stopped taking photographs, but resumed her career, using the professional name "H. Eiríksson". Due to an accident, some of her work was destroyed, but what remains are images of people and the landscapes around Berufjörður. Björnsdóttir died on 5 February 1973 and was buried at the churchyard in Djúpivogur. In 1981, the National Museum of Iceland purchased 1,200 plates and tools which she worked with. In addition, the archive included albums containing photographs made by Weywadt. images by H. Eiriksson, Berufirði Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir (6 June 1884-5 February 1973) was an Icelandic photographer, whose main body of works were signed with the name H. Eiríksson. Her archive of photographic works is held by the National Museum of Iceland. Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir was born on 6 June 1884 in Eskifjörður, Iceland to Susanna Sophie (née Weywadt) and Björn Eiríksson. She was one of eight children born into the family and raised by her mother who ran | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Davy (album) Davy is Coconut Records' 2009 second release. The album is, as was "Nighttiming", the product of Jason Schwartzman, who wrote all of the songs and performs the majority of the instruments. The first official single for the album was "Microphone." The song was also used in the 2012 film LOL, starring Miley Cyrus and subsequently featured on the soundtrack. A portion of "Any Fun" is in a teaser video on the Coconut Records MySpace page. The track listing and album art first appeared on the independent online music store Amie Street. Like "Nighttiming," the CD pressing of "Davy" contains demo and alternate versions of the album's songs after the final track. The songs "Wires" and "I Am Young" were featured on the "Funny People" original soundtrack. Two music videos were made for this album; "Microphone" and "Any Fun." The album's artwork was inspired by the book cover of the Penguin Books' edition of Aldous Huxley's novel Island. All songs written by Jason Schwartzman. Davy (album) Davy is Coconut Records' 2009 second release. The album is, as was "Nighttiming", the product of Jason Schwartzman, who wrote all of the songs and performs the majority of the instruments. The first | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Fanfulla Luigi Visconti, better known by his stage name Fanfulla, (26 February 1913 – 5 January 1971) was an Italian actor and comedian. Born in Rome, Visconti debuted at very young age on stage alongside his mother, the actress Mercedes Menolesi (best known as "Diavolina"). From the mid-forties to the late fifties, he adopted the stage name Fanfulla and was a popular comedian of cabaret and avanspettacolo shows, acclaimed for his brilliant style, referred to as "The King of Avanspettacolo" and even paired with Ettore Petrolini. His career was relaunched by Federico Fellini, who chose him for the role of Vernacchio in "Fellini Satyricon", a role that gave Fanfulla a Nastro d'Argento for best supporting actor. In 1970, Fellini gave him a main role in "The Clowns". In 1971, Fanfulla died from a heart attack in a hotel in Bologna, while he was on tour with his avanspettacolo company. Fanfulla Luigi Visconti, better known by his stage name Fanfulla, (26 February 1913 – 5 January 1971) was an Italian actor and comedian. Born in Rome, Visconti debuted at very young age on stage alongside his mother, the actress Mercedes Menolesi (best known as "Diavolina"). From the mid-forties to the late | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
Fly (Archie Comics) The Fly is a fictional comic book superhero first published in 1959 by Red Circle Comics. He was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby as part of Archie's "Archie Adventure Series" and later camped up (as Fly Man) as part of the company's Mighty Comics line. He first appeared in ""The Double Life of Private Strong" #1; however, his origin story and first "full-length" appearance were in "Adventures of the Fly" #1 (Aug. 1959). After the first four issues of "Adventures of the Fly" (Simon and Kirby left the title after the fourth issue), others took on the character and made him an adult lawyer who fought crime in Capital City. He was later partnered with Fly Girl. "Adventures of The Fly" was cancelled with issue #30 (Oct. 1964). The Fly also appeared in short stories in some of Archie's other titles (""The Double Life of Private Strong" #1 and #2 both published in 1959), ("Pep Comics" #151, 154, 160 and "Laugh" #128, 129, 132, 134, 137-139) between October 1961 and January 1963. His own series was restarted as "Fly-Man" as part of the "Mighty Comics Group", which ran from issues #31-39 (May 1965 - Sept. 1966). The title changed again to "Mighty Comics", which featured various Archie super-heroes in solo adventures for #40-50 before its cancellation in 1967. "The Fly" was published again in the 1980s under the Red Circle Comics imprint, running from issue #1 (May 1983) to #9 (October 1984). The stories in this series were more similar to the previous stories in "Adventures of The Fly" and co-starred Fly Girl. With issue #5, Steve Ditko both wrote and drew the stories, which portrayed Tommy Troy being framed and discredited. Ditko left the series after issue #8, and another writer wrapped up the storyline in #9, which cleared Troy from any guilt. The Fly was one of the characters used in DC Comics' revamp of the Archie characters in DC's !mpact Comics line. This series, also called "The Fly", ran 17 issues (Aug. 1991 - Dec. 1992) and portrayed the Fly as a boy (named Jason Troy) who turned into an adult superhero, similar to the original version of the character. Archie Comics reprinted the first four issues of the 1959 series in a 2004 trade paperback collection under the company's Red Circle imprint. In 1999, Joe Simon regained the rights to the character thanks to copyright termination. The termination did not affect Fly-Girl, since she was created after Simon and Kirby left the title. With the post Infinite Crisis reboot of the DC Comics continuity, and the subsequent licensing of the "Red Circle" comics characters and mark, a newly revamped version of the Mighty Crusaders were introduced. Since Archie Comics no longer owned the rights to the Fly, DC couldn't use the character. Instead, they used Fly-Girl, his female counterpart in the original '60 stories. Fly Girl has subsequently stood in for The Fly in Archie's 2012 "New Crusaders" series. Tommy Troy was an orphan hired by Ben (or Ezra) and Abigail March. Late one night, he tried wearing a ring with a fly-shaped emblem he found in their attic. The Marches were wizards, and the ring summoned Turan, one of the Fly People. Turan explained that, ages ago, the Fly People ruled the Earth. They used magic in their wars, in the ultimate one of which they reduced most of their population to common houseflies. Only a few Fly People managed to escape to another dimension, where they waited for "one person... pure of heart" to fight crime and greed, which were their own downfall. Tommy was that person. By rubbing the ring and saying "I wish I were the Fly," he exchanged bodies with the other dimension and became a costumed adult superhero. To return to his own identity, all he had to do was utter his name. The Fly was dressed in a predominately dark green leotard with yellow shorts and belt and a yellow over-the-head mask. A pair of goggle-like eye pieces covered his eyes and a set of "wings" were built into the collar area. Originally the wings were small decorations; when the character became capable of flight, the wings became larger and somehow fully functional. The Fly was one of the few 60's superheroes who carried a holstered weapon. The Buzz Gun, so named from the buzzing noise made when activated, was a handgun capable of dispensing non-lethal tranquillizer darts or stun rays, depending on setting. During the start of the Archie Comics run of the character, the Fly possessed only four talents: the ability to walk up walls, to see in all directions, to escape from any trap, and acrobatic agility. Later in the series a string of insect powers were gradually added; in his final realization the Fly possessed whatever power the world's insects possessed multiplied times an nth quantity. Prime examples were: strength of a million ants, flight as fast as a million flies, durability, the power to shatter materials by vibrating his "wings" in chirping cricket fashion, webbing spun from the small of his back, bio-luminescent light and "heat", resistance to radiation and the ability to mentally control insects. Later in the series when actress Kim Brand was provided her own Fly Ring powers, becoming Fly-Girl, she possessed the same roster of magical insect-themed endowments. Later both characters became capable of growing to skyscraper proportions or reducing to the size of an insect. These new powers were to remain during the rest of the Archie Series but were ignored during the Red Circle run. A TV series based on the Fly was in development at one point. Fly (Archie Comics) The Fly is a fictional comic book superhero first published in 1959 by Red Circle Comics. He was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby as part of Archie's "Archie Adventure Series" and later camped up (as Fly Man) as part of the company's Mighty Comics line. He first appeared in ""The | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
The Ball Park The Old Orchard Beach Ball Park is a baseball stadium located in and owned by the Town of Old Orchard Beach, Maine. The stadium has a seating capacity of 6,000 and was a former Triple-A baseball facility that was almost destroyed by years of neglect until a community organized volunteer effort revived the stadium. The Ball Park is now the home of the Old Orchard Beach Surge of the independent Empire Professional Baseball League. This is the first professional baseball team in Old Orchard Beach since the Maine Phillies left in 1988. Prior to the arrival of the Surge, The Ball Park was home to the Old Orchard Beach Raging Tide of the New England Collegiate Baseball League (2011) and the Futures Collegiate Baseball League (2012–2014). The Ball Park was opened in 1984. It was built primarily for baseball and was the home field of the Triple-A International League's Maine Guides from 1984–87 and the Maine Phillies in 1988. The Guides were the top minor league affiliate for the Cleveland Indians from 1984–1986 and the Philadelphia Phillies from 1987–1988. The owners of the team believed that, due to the large amount of vacation traffic that the town enjoys in the summer months, numerous vacationers would attend games. However, after only five years in existence, the Maine franchise relocated to Moosic, Pennsylvania, following the 1988 season. Although attendance was not a major problem during the franchise's existence, the park was hampered by three main driving forces: First, in the summer the stadium was home to a large population of Maine Black Flies that pestered fans. Second, there was only one road leading to and from the stadium, thus creating a traffic nightmare. Finally, soon after the stadium was built, other existing Triple-A stadiums were expanded and many new ones were built, making it normal for most Triple-A stadiums to hold well over 10,000 people, far above the 6,000 that the newly-constructed Ball Park held, so that very shortly after its construction it was essentially obsolete. Stadium owner Jordan Kobritz fell behind on debt payments to The Finance Authority of Maine which had lent him the funds to construct the ballpark in 1984. In July 1987, Kobritz agreed to relinquish the deed to the ballpark to The Old Orchard Beach Town Council in exchange for his being release from his financial obligations. After the Guides left, the stadium was leased to a group called, Seashore Performing Arts Center (SEAPAC), who hosted many concerts in the late 80s and early 90s. The concerts ceased after local residents complained about the loud noise late at night. By the 2000s, the Ballpark was shuttered and the facility had suffered from years of neglect. The grass turned into brush and overgrowth, and the walls of the facility started to fall down. The most frequent guests to the stadium were drug users, arsonists, and vandals. In 2005, Old Orchard Beach considered selling the site that held the ballpark, as well as the site that included Old Orchard Beach High School's athletic fields. Then Town Manager Jim Thomas speculated at the time that the site could be sold for $2.5 million and generate $1 million per-year in property taxes. To make matters worse, a major fire caused by a lightning strike damaged the facility on June 21, 2007. In June 2008, the town placed a referendum question on the local election ballot proposing to sell the stadium and create room for a condominium complex. However, much to the relief of many of the 10,000 citizens of the town, the question was voted down by a considerable majority. Around April 2008, a local volunteer organization known as The Ball Park Group took on the task of cleaning up the property and renovating the facility to a condition suitable for hosting games and special events. The volunteers removed the debris from the skybox fire, cleared vegetative overgrowth, rebuilt the dugouts and outfield wall, leveled off the playing field and planted new sod. Much of the skilled work was completed with the volunteer help of local plumbers, contractors, carpenters and electricians and most of the funding has come from private donations. In October 2009, the website ballparkdigest.com officially removed The Ball Park in Old Orchard Beach from its "Endangered Ballparks List." On October 31, 2009, the stadium took a major step in resuming active baseball play. Two teams made up of local high school players from all over Southern Maine played the first game at the stadium in nearly 20 years. In May 2010, the United States Collegiate Athletic Association Baseball National Tournament was held at The Ball Park, and the tournament announced that it would hold its 2011 Tournament there as well. The Can-Am League's Brockton Rox also played a pair of exhibition games at the Ball Park against the Quebec Capitales on May 22 and 23. On July 2, 2010, the Ball Park hosted its first New England Collegiate Baseball League game when the Sanford Mainers and the Lowell All-Americans played before a crowd of 550 fans. Many felt that an NECBL team, rather than a minor league baseball team, would be the best fit for the ballpark as nearby Portland is home to the Portland Sea Dogs, the Boston Red Sox Double A affiliate. This desire for a full-time team came to fruition in 2011 when the All-Americans moved to Old Orchard Beach and made their debut as the Old Orchard Beach Raging Tide. The largest crowd was over 1,800 people for a Red Sox alumni game on Friday September 2, 2011. On June 3, 2015, the Old Orchard Beach Surge played their first home game and beat the Watertown Bucks 13-3 before a crowd of about 500. The Ball Park The Old Orchard Beach Ball Park is a baseball stadium located in and owned by the Town of Old Orchard Beach, Maine. The stadium has a seating capacity of 6,000 and was a former Triple-A baseball facility that was almost destroyed by years of | RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter |
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