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"John Paul II Catholic High School (North Carolina) John Paul II Catholic High School (JPII), located in Greenville, North Carolina is a four-year private coeducational college-preparatory Catholic high school in the Diocese of Raleigh that is an inclusive community where students of all faiths are welcome. We embrace the mission of Jesus Christ: to form men and women of faith, knowledge, and service in church and community. Within the tradition of our Catholic faith we build character through the development of the whole person in mind, body, and spirit while instilling a commitment to lifelong learning. In 2010, Pope John Paul II High School in Greenville, North Carolina, became the second diocesan high school in the Diocese of Raleigh. In the 2010-2011 school year, the high school taught only ninth grade. It added grades 10-12 as students advanced through the 2013-2014 school year. The high school expansion mirrors growth in other areas of the diocese. John Paul II Catholic High School (North Carolina) John Paul II Catholic High School (JPII), located in Greenville, North Carolina is a four-year private coeducational college-preparatory Catholic high school in the Diocese of Raleigh that is an inclusive community where students of all faiths are"
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"Two dimensional window design Windowing is a process where an index limited sequence has its maximum energy concentrated in a finite frequency interval. This can be extended to an N-dimension where the N-D window has the limited support and maximum concentration of energy in a separable or non-separable N-D passband. The design of an N-dimensional window particularly a 2-D window finds applications in various fields such as spectral estimation of multidimensional signals, design of circularly symmetric and quadrantally symmetric non-recursive 2D filters, design of optimal convolution functions, image enhancement so as to reduce the effects of data-dependent processing artifacts, optical apodization and antenna array design. Due to the various applications of multi-dimensional signal processing, the various design methodologies of 2-D windows is of critical importance in order to facilitate these applications mentioned above, respectively. Consider a two-dimensional window function (or window array) formula_1 with its Fourier transform denoted by formula_2. Let formula_3 and formula_4 denote the impulse and frequency response of an ideal filter and formula_5 and formula_6 denote the impulse and frequency response of a filter approximating the ideal filter, then we can approximate formula_4 by formula_5. Since formula_3 has an infinite extent it can be approximated as a finite impulse response by multiplying with a window function as shown below formula_10 and in the Fourier domain formula_11 The problem is to choose a window function with an appropriate shape such that formula_6 is close to formula_4 and in any region surrounding a discontinuity of formula_4, formula_6 shouldn't contain excessive ripples due to the windowing. There are four approaches for generating 2-D windows using a one-dimensional window as a prototype. Approach I One of the methods of deriving the 2-D window is from the outer product of two 1-D windows, i.e., formula_16 The property of separability is exploited in this approach. The window formed has a square region of support and is separable in the two variables. In order to understand this approach, consider 1-D Kaiser window whose window function is given by formula_17 then the corresponding 2-D function is given by where: The Fourier transform of formula_1 is the outer product of the Fourier transforms of formula_21. Hence formula_22. Approach II Another method of extending the 1-D window design to a 2-D design is by sampling a circularly rotated 1-D continuous window function. A function is said to possess circular symmetry if it can be written as a function of its radius, independent of formula_23 i.e. formula_24 If w(n) denotes a good 1-D even symmetric window then the corresponding 2-D window function is formula_25 for formula_26 (where formula_27 is a constant) andformula_28 for formula_29 The transformation of the Fourier transform of the window function in rectangular co-ordinates to polar co-ordinates results in a Fourier-Bessel transform expression which is called as Hankel transform. Hence the Hankel transform is used to compute the Fourier transform of the 2-D window functions. If this approach is used to find the 2-D window from the 1-D window function then their Fourier transforms have the relation formula_30 where: formula_31 is a 1-D step function and formula_32 is a 2-D step function.In order to calculate the percentage of mainlobe constituted by the sidelobe, the volume under the sidelobes is calculated unlike in 1-D where the area under the sidelobes is used.In order to understand this approach, consider 1-D Kaiser window then the corresponding 2-D function can be derived as formula_33 This is the most widely used approach to design the 2-D windows. 2-D filter design by windowing using window formulations obtained from the above two approaches will result in the same filter order. This results in an advantage for the second approach since its circular region of support has fewer non-zero samples than the square region of support obtained from the first approach which in turn results in computational savings due to reduced number of coefficients of the 2-D filter. But the disadvantage of this approach is that the frequency characteristics of the 1-D window are not well preserved in 2-D cases by this rotation method. It was also found that the mainlobe width and sidelobe level of the 2-D windows are not as well behaved and predictable as their 1-D prototypes. While designing a 2-D window there are two features that have to be considered for the rotation. Firstly, the 1-D window is only defined for integer values of formula_34 but formula_35 value isn't an integer in general. To overcome this, the method of interpolation can be used to define values for formula_1 for any arbitrary formula_37 Secondly, the 2-D FFT must be applicable to the 2-D window. Approach III Another approach is to obtain 2-D windows by rotating the frequency response of a 1-D window in Fourier space followed by the inverse Fourier transform. In approach II, the spatial-domain signal is rotated whereas in this approach the 1-D window is rotated in a different domain (e.g., frequency-signal). Thus the Fourier transform of the 2-D window function is given by formula_38. The 2-D window function formula_39 can be obtained by computing the inverse inverse Fourier transform of formula_40. Another way to show the type-preserving rotation is when the relation formula_41 is satisfied. This implies that a slice of the frequency response of 2-D window is equal to that of the 1-D window where the orientation of formula_42 is arbitrary. In spatial domain, this relation is given by formula_43. This implies that a slice of the frequency response formula_40 is the same as the Fourier transform of the one-directional integration of the 2-D window formula_39. The advantage of this approach is that the individual features of 1-D window response formula_46 are well preserved in the obtained 2-D window response formula_40. Also, the circular symmetry is improved considerably in a discrete system. The drawback is that it's computationally inefficient due to the requirement of 2-D inverse Fourier transform and hence less useful in practice. Approach IV A new method was proposed to design a 2-D window by applying the McClellan transformation to a 1-D window. Each coefficient of the resulting 2-D window is the linear combination of coefficients of the corresponding 1-D window with integer or power of 2 weighting. Let us consider a case of even length, then the frequency response of the 1-D window of length N can be written as formula_48 . Consider the McClellan transformation: formula_49 which is equivalent to formula_50 for formula_51 Substituting the above, we get the frequency response of the corresponding 2-D window formula_52 . From the above equation, the coefficients of the 2-D window can be obtained. To illustrate this approach, consider the Tseng window. The 1-D Tseng window of formula_53 weights can be written as formula_54. By implementing this approach, the frequency response of the 2-D McClellan-transformed Tseng window is given by formula_55 where formula_1 are the 2-D Tseng window coefficients. This window finds applications in antenna array design for the detection of AM signals. The advantages include simple and efficient design, nearly circularly symmetric frequency response of the 2-D window, preserving of the 1-D window prototype features. However, when this approach is used for FIR filter design it was observed that the 2-D filters designed were not as good as those originally proposed by McClellan. Using the above approaches, the 2-D window functions for few of the 1-D windows are as shown below. When Hankel transform is used to find the frequency response of the window function, it is difficult to represent it in a closed form. Except for rectangular window and Bartlett window, the other window functions are represented in their original",
"2-D Tseng window coefficients. This window finds applications in antenna array design for the detection of AM signals. The advantages include simple and efficient design, nearly circularly symmetric frequency response of the 2-D window, preserving of the 1-D window prototype features. However, when this approach is used for FIR filter design it was observed that the 2-D filters designed were not as good as those originally proposed by McClellan. Using the above approaches, the 2-D window functions for few of the 1-D windows are as shown below. When Hankel transform is used to find the frequency response of the window function, it is difficult to represent it in a closed form. Except for rectangular window and Bartlett window, the other window functions are represented in their original integral form. The two dimensional window function is represented as formula_57 with a region of support given by formula_58 where the window is set to unity at origin and formula_59 for formula_60 Using the Hankel transform, the frequency response of the window function is given by formula_61. where formula_62 is Bessel function identity. The two dimensional version of a circularly symmetric rectangular window is as given below The window is cylindrical with the height equal to one and the base equal to 2a. The vertical cross-section of this window is a 1-D rectangular window.The frequency response of the window after substituting the window function as defined above, using the Hankel transform, is as shown below formula_64 The two dimensional mathematical representation of a Bartlett window is as shown below The window is cone-shaped with its height equal to 1 and the base is a circle with its radius 2a. The vertical cross-section of this window is a 1-D triangle window.The Fourier transform of the window using the Hankel transform is as shown belowformula_66 The 2-D Kaiser window is represented by The cross-section of the 2-D window gives the response of a 1-D Kaiser Window function. The Fourier transform of the window using the Hankel transform is as shown belowformula_68 Two dimensional window design Windowing is a process where an index limited sequence has its maximum energy concentrated in a finite frequency interval. This can be extended to an N-dimension where the N-D window"
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"Cyathea alleniae Cyathea alleniae is a species of tree fern native to the Malay Peninsula, where it grows in forest margin on steep ground at an altitude of approximately 1200 m. The trunk is erect, about 4 m tall and 15 cm in diameter. It is usually unbranched, but may branch to form several small crowns. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and 1–2 m long. The stipe is spiny at the base and at least partially covered by scales. Typically of section \"Alsophila\", these scales are dark brown, glossy, and have fragile edges. Sori occur near the midvein of fertile pinnules and are covered by firm, brown indusia that resemble scales in appearance. \"C. alleniae\" is named after Betty Molesworth Allen (1913-2002), a collector of Malaysian and Indonesian flora. Cyathea alleniae Cyathea alleniae is a species of tree fern native to the Malay Peninsula, where it grows in forest margin on steep ground at an altitude of approximately 1200 m. The trunk is erect, about 4 m tall and 15 cm in diameter. It is usually unbranched, but may branch to form several small crowns. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and 1–2 m long. The stipe is spiny at the"
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"Swimming at the 2007 South Pacific Games The swimming competition at the 2007 South Pacific Games in Apia, Samoa was held: All pool events were swum in a long-course (50m) pool; the open water events were 5-kilometres in length (5K). Monday, September 3: men's and women's 5,000m Open Water swim. \"Note: The 2007 swimming event schedule is the same as that of the 2003 South Pacific Games, save the nomenclature change on the relays from \"400\" to \"4x100\" and \"800\" to \"4x200\".\" Papua New Guinea's Ryan Pini dominate the men's competition, winning eight individual gold medals. In the women's competition, Lara Grangeon from New Caledonia won seven individual gold medals (including the open water swim) and two more gold in the relays. 125 swimmers from 10 countries were entered in the swimming events at the 2007 Games—a record—with Tokelau and the Marshall Islands participating in the SPG Swimming events for the first time. Countries entered in the swimming competition are: Swimming at the 2007 South Pacific Games The swimming competition at the 2007 South Pacific Games in Apia, Samoa was held: All pool events were swum in a long-course (50m) pool; the open water events were 5-kilometres in length (5K)."
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"Franklin Simon Franklin Simon (February 7, 1865 – October 4, 1934), was the owner of Franklin Simon & Co., a department store in Manhattan, New York City. The store was founded in February 1902, when Simon partnered with Herman A. Flurscheim. Born on New York City's Lower East Side in 1865 to Henri and Helene Simon, Franklin had three brothers and three sisters. Simon's father, Henri, was a cigar-maker and wood carver. His mother, Helene, was a seamstress. After his father's untimely death in 1878, Simon found work at a cash-boy at Stern Brothers, a dry goods store located at 32–36 West 23rd Street. One of the store's principals, Louis Stern, befriended young Simon, teaching him the \"ropes\" of dry goods. By age 21, Simon was earning $5000 per year, a considerable sum at that time. In 1892, Simon married Frances Carroll, the daughter of a New York City Sheriff. The couple had four children: Franklin Simon Jr., who died July 3, 1902, Arthur J. Simon (1892–1968); Helene Simon (1895–?); and George D. Simon (1898–1944). As his responsibilities at Stern Brothers increased, Simon was sent overseas to Paris as a buyer for the firm. It was during one of these business trips that Simon became acquainted with Herman A. Flurscheim, one of Stern Brothers' principal suppliers in France. The two became friends and soon made plans to go into business together, importing French fashions into the United States. By 1902 Simon had saved approximately $100,000. In a daring move, Simon and Flurscheim purchased the home of Mrs. Orme Wilson, sister of John Jacob Astor IV, at 414 Fifth Avenue as the site of their new venture, Franklin Simon & Co., a store of \"individual shoppes.\" At that time, Fifth Avenue was primarily a residential street, and Simon's merchant contemporaries derided his choice of location, speculating that the business would be a total failure. Franklin Simon & Co. opened its doors for business in February, 1902. The venture lost $40,000 during its first year of operation and $28,000 during its second. However, by 1904 Fifth Avenue was coming into its own as a fashion center and the store turned a $16,000 profit. From that point forward, Franklin Simon & Co. remained one of the preeminent Fifth Avenue fashion outlets until its dissolution in the 1970s. Perhaps the first person to view Fifth Avenue as a major retail and fashion center, Simon initiated \"Buyers Week\" and \"Market Week,\" thus revolutionizing how manufacturers and retailers presented and sold new fashions and simultaneously generating millions of dollars in business for the surrounding neighborhood. By 1922, Simon was known amongst his contemporaries as a \"merchant prince,\" and was one of the leading figures in setting the fashion trends of the day. Simon's approach to advertising was, in many ways, revolutionary. He employed visionary artists such as Norman Bel Geddes and Donald Deskey. Their talent helped change the future of department store display windows, creating futuristic designs that stopped traffic on Fifth Avenue. Simon was also the first Fifth Avenue merchant to offer on-site parking for his customers, a plan he devised himself. To combat slumping sales, Simon originated the concept of \"blue light\" sales, by instructing his in-store salespeople to mark down items with blue pencils while customers were looking on. Simon was also the first merchant to suggest the use of outlet stores as a way to sell out of season merchandise. This was the first known use of such a sales tactic. To dissuade piracy and trademark infringement, Simon was ferocious in protecting his brand and was not afraid to use the courts to enforce his legal rights. The success of Simon's original Fifth Avenue establishment was followed by more openings across the country. In 1932, Simon opened his first expansion in Greenwich, Connecticut. Later expansions followed in Manhasset, Long Island – on the \"Miracle Mile,\" Palm Beach, Florida, and several other locations. The site of the Manhasset store would later be developed into Americana Manhasset. In the 1930s, Franklin Simon & Co. would be the first retail store on Fifth Avenue to remain open until nine o'clock in the evening, a remarkable \"experiment\" that ultimately proved a success and left a lasting impact on the retail industry in the United States. Mr. Simon was a noted philanthropist. He was a regular contributor to the New York Times' One Hundred Neediest Cases. After the Titanic disaster in 1912, Mr. Simon provided clothes and financial support for two French orphans rescued from a lifeboat. He published the little girls' picture in major newspapers with the hope of finding their family. He insured they had whatever they needed at no cost. Mr. Simon also received France's highest honor, \"The Legion D'Honneur.\" Mr. Simon was named as a Chevalier of the Legion for \"having done more than any other person to put U. S. women into French clothes.\" Civic minded, Mr. Simon was elected chairman of the centennial committee to save Monticello, Thomas Jefferson's home; bound for demolition if not for Mr. Simon's efforts. He was also the director of the Hospital for Joint Diseases and a member of the board of governors of the Stuyvesant Square Hospital. Simon was a member of the Empire State Luncheon Club, Westchester Country Club, Quaker Ridge Golf Club, Uptown Club and the National Democratic Club. Simon was also on the Board, and later served as Vice President of the Fifth Avenue Association, an influential group of public officials and Fifth Avenue merchants that included Ezra Fitch, Robert Adamson, Lucius M. Boomer, Eliot Cross, and other luminaries of the era. Franklin Simon died in his country home at Purchase, New York on October 4, 1934 from kidney failure. After his death, several of the great merchants of New York paid tribute to Mr. Simon, including Percy Straus, President of Macy's, and Bernard Gimbel, President of Gimbel Brothers. Isaac Lieberman, President of Arnold, Constable & Co. remarked that \"Mr. Franklin Simon was one of the pioneer merchants of Fifth Avenue and has probably done more to develop Fifth Avenue as a fashion centre than any other single person.\" The New York Times, in an editorial celebrating Simon's achievements wrote \"What need of imposing a 'code' upon a man like him? He was his own code – always one of honor and humanity.\" Simon's funeral was a grand affair, with Governor Herbert Lehman sending his condolences and arranging a funeral cortege along the Hutchinson River Parkway. At the time of his death, Simon left a gross estate of approximately $2,394,751 to his wife. Calculated for inflation, Simon's personal estate, excluding Franklin Simon & Co., was worth approximately $42 million in 2013 dollars. After Simon's death, his widow sold a controlling interest in Franklin Simon and Co. to the Atlas Corporation in September, 1936. Mr. Simon is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery, in the Bronx. Franklin Simon Franklin Simon (February 7, 1865 – October 4, 1934), was the owner of Franklin Simon & Co., a department store in Manhattan, New York City. The store was founded in February 1902, when Simon partnered with Herman A. Flurscheim. Born on New York City's Lower East Side in 1865 to Henri and Helene Simon, Franklin had three"
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"INAS 312 The INAS 312 is an Indian naval air squadron based at INS Rajali. The Navy’s first long range Maritime Reconnaissance squadron was commissioned with five ex IAF Super Constellation aircraft on 8 November 1976. Cdr R D Dhir was the commissioning Squadron Commander. The squadron was originally based at INS Hansa, Goa. The Super Constellation aircraft were phased out in 1983. On 16 April 1988, Tupolev 142M aircraft were commissioned into the squadron by the then Defence Minister KC Pant, at INS Hansa. The Albatross, due to their phenomenal Maritime Reconnaissance (MR) capabilities have been spearheading the Navy’s MR effort ever since and are among the finest aircraft of their kind in the world in addition to being the fastest turbo-props. With continuous equipment upgrades and integration of new technologies, the Albatross have remained the lead aircraft for long range reconnaissance, ASW and ESM/ EW missions in the Indian Navy. The squadron was shifted to INS Rajali, Arakkonam by April 1992, and has been based there ever since. The first TU142M landed at Rajali on 7 March 1992. On 13 November 2016, India’s Defense Minister Manohar Parrikar officially inducted the Indian Navy’s first squadron of Boeing P-8I Poseidon aircraft, designated 312-A, at INS Rajali. The new unit will be permanently based at INS Rajali. The first Commander of this air squadron was Captain Harjeet Singh Jhajj. The unit is presently under the command of Commander Venkateshwaran Ranganathan. ON 29 March 2017, the Tupolev Tu-142M aircraft were decommissioned from the Indian Navy by Admiral Sunil Lanba at a special ceremony at INS Rajali. Commander Yogender Mair who was the last Commanding Officer of the squadron with this aircraft formally handed over the command of the squadron to Commander Venkateshwaran Ranganathan. The Tupolev Tu-142M was used in Operation Cactus in Maldives, Operation Vijay in 1998, Operation Parakram in 2002, and in anti-piracy Operations from 2011 until its decommissioning. In January 2016, two P-8I aircraft were deployed for 2 weeks at a military base in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The deployment comes as a response to repeated forays of Chinese conventional and nuclear submarines into the Indian Ocean. On 20–23 March 2016, a P-8I aircraft was deployed to Seychelles to undertake surveillance of the Seychelles EEZ. This was the first time that the P8I aircraft has been deployed to Seychelles On 15 April 2016, a P-8I aircraft managed to thwart a piracy attack on the high seas by flying over a merchant vessel which was being targeted by a pirate mother ship and two skiffs around 800 nautical miles from Mumbai. The P-8I was on a routine surveillance mission over the Arabian Sea when it received distress calls from the merchant vessel, the Malta-flagged MV Sezai Selah, on the international Channel 16 distress radio. The pirate mother ship and the two high-speed skiffs had come quite close to the merchant vessel. The P-8I immediately responded and made warning transmissions over Channel 16 while flying over the pirate boats. The pirate boats got frightened and altered course to leave MV Sezai Selah alone. INAS 312 was awarded a Unit Citation by the Chief of Naval Staff in 2002 for outstanding professionalism and momentous contribution to the Service. The squadron has won Best Frontline Squadron on numerous occasions. During its operation of the Tu-142M, INAS 312 had distinction of operating the heaviest, fastest and highest flying turbo prop aircraft in the world. INAS 312 The INAS 312 is an Indian naval air squadron based at INS Rajali. The Navy’s first long range Maritime Reconnaissance squadron was commissioned with five ex IAF Super"
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"Alison Weir (activist) Alison Weir is an American activist and writer best known for her connection to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. She is the founder and executive director of the nonprofit organization If Americans Knew (IAK) and president of the Council for the National Interest (CNI). She is known for critical views toward Israel. Weir is author of \"Against Our Better Judgment: The Hidden History of How the U.S. Was Used to Create Israel\", and she and If Americans Knew are known for critiquing media coverage of Israel. She has received both criticism and praise for her activism. Weir traces her interest in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to the autumn of 2000, when the Second Intifada began. At the time she was \"the editor of a small weekly newspaper in Sausalito, California\", and noticed that news reports on the conflict \"were highly Israeli-centric\". Wanting access to \"full information\", she \"began to look for additional reports on the Internet\". After several months, she decided that \"this was perhaps the most covered-up story I had ever seen\" and quit her job in order to visit the West Bank and Gaza, where she wrote about her encounters with Palestinian suffering and with the \"incredible arrogance, cruelty, selfishness\" of Israelis. After returning to the U.S., she founded If Americans Knew. Weir's official biography says her activism draws on her history of involvement in the American Civil Rights Movement, her work in the Peace Corps, and her childhood in a military family. Weir's writings include exhortations to action. In an article titled \"Choosing to Act: Anti-Semitism is Wrong\", she wrote: \"Every generation has a chance to act courageously – to oppose the kind of injustice and unthinkable brutality that is going on in the Middle East right now. Or to avert our eyes, and remain silent.\" Weir has called Israel a \"violently imposed, ethnically based nation-state\", and has written that \"The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is central to grave events in the world—and in our nation—today.\" Ambassador Andrew Killgore wrote in an article for \"CounterPunch\" in 2014: \"Alison Weir must be highly commended for throwing such a brilliantly hard light on the relationship between the United States and Israel.\" The Anti-Defamation League has called Weir \"a prominent voice in the anti-Israel movement\". In June 2015, Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP) stated that they chose not to work with Weir, on the grounds that \"she has consistently chosen to stay silent when given the opportunity to challenge bigotry, which we find repugnant. There is a fundamental difference between engaging with oppressive beliefs in order to challenge them, and tacitly or directly endorsing those beliefs without challenge.\" JVP did not accuse Weir of holding anti-Jewish beliefs, but accused her of granting interviews to people it believed held anti-Jewish beliefs and decried some of the websites that have reposted her writings. Weir responded in detail to the accusations, which provoked widespread debate among activists. In writing about antisemitism, Weir has argued, \"in reality, equating the wrongdoing of Israel with Jewishness is the deepest and most insidious form of anti-Semitism of all.\" More than 2,000 activists signed an open letter supporting Weir, including former United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Palestinian Territories and Professor of International Law Emeritus at Princeton University Richard Falk; founding member of Birzeit University's board of Trustees Samia Khoury; activist and Holocaust survivor Hedy Epstein; Palestine Rapprochement Center Director/ISM co-founder George Rishimawi; peace activists Ann Wright, Arun Gandhi, Ray McGovern, and Cindy Sheehan; American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee founder and former Senator James Abourezk; and many members of JVP itself. The letter stated that the undersigned were \"dismayed by the recent unfounded attacks on one of the top organizations working on this issue, If Americans Knew, and its dedicated leader, Alison Weir\", and believed that the accusations against Weir were \"scurrilous and without foundation\". Weir founded If Americans Knew (IAK) after her visit to the West Bank and Gaza Strip during the Second Intifada in 2001. Weir describes IAK as \"an organization that provides information on topics of importance that are substantially misreported or unreported in the US media\" with a primary focus on analyzing media coverage of Israel-Palestine. IAK, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit based in California, describes its mission as follows: \"The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the world's major sources of instability. Americans are directly connected to this conflict, and increasingly imperiled by its devastation. It is the goal of If Americans Knew to provide full and accurate information on this critical issue, and on our power – and duty – to bring a resolution.\" On December 16, 2012, IAK placed an advertisement in \"The New York Times\" featuring four maps purporting to show the Palestinians' progressive loss of land to Israel between 1946 and 2010. In June 2010, Weir was named to succeed Eugene Bird, the longtime leader of the Council for the National Interest (CNI). CNI describes itself as seeking to \"encourage and promote a U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East that is consistent with American values, protects our national interests, and contributes to a just solution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. It is CNI's goal to restore a political environment in America in which voters and their elected officials are free from the undue influence and pressure of foreign countries and their partisans.\" In 2004, she became the first woman to receive an honorary membership in the Phi Alpha Literary Society and was described as a \"[c]ourageous journalist-lecturer on behalf of human rights\". Other honorary members have included President Jimmy Carter and journalist Helen Thomas. Weir has also won awards from the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) and the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR). Weir is the author of \"Against Our Better Judgment: The Hidden History of How the U.S. Was Used to Create Israel\", published in February 2014. Senator James Abourezk called the book \"a must for all Americans\" in a review for the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs and Congressman Paul Findley writes that \"Alison Weir is a gifted writer who here illuminates neglected history.\" Alison Weir (activist) Alison Weir is an American activist and writer best known for her connection to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. She is the founder and executive director of the nonprofit organization If Americans Knew (IAK) and president of the Council for the National Interest (CNI). She is known for critical views toward Israel. Weir is author of \"Against Our Better Judgment: The Hidden History of How the U.S. Was Used to Create Israel\", and she and If Americans Knew are known for critiquing media coverage of Israel. She has received both criticism and praise for her activism. Weir traces"
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"King City GO Station King City GO Station is a train and bus station in the GO Transit network located in King City, Ontario in Canada. It also serves the nearby communities of Nobleton, Oak Ridges, the northern parts of Maple (in Vaughan), and other communities in King Township. It is a stop on the Barrie line train service. The original King Station was built in 1852 at a location less than a kilometre north of the current station, adjacent to the community's inn. It was moved to the grounds of the King Township Museum in 1989, and was designated a heritage site in 1990. The GO Station opened on 7 September 1982, with service extending south to Toronto and north to Bradford. In 2002, with infrastructure funding from the provincial government, GO Transit expanded the station's parking lot capacity from 111 spaces to 255. During 2004, the platform was extended in order to accommodate longer trainsets, thus removing any boarding restrictions that GO Transit had with this station prior to opening the extended rail platform. In addition, the extension also eliminated the problem of GO trains blocking a railroad crossing on Station Road while passengers boarded and disembarked. Construction of a covered station building was completed in the summer of 2005, and a second parking lot on the west side of the tracks was opened in February 2006. As of January 2018, train service operates approximately every 15-30 minutes in the morning peak period, every 30 minutes in the afternoon peak period and every hour at other times. Outside of peak periods, most trains terminate at Aurora with connecting buses for stations further north. On weekends and holidays, service operates approximately every hour to and from Union Station, with most trains terminating at Aurora station. Three daily trains in each direction cover the full route from Barrie to Toronto, while the remainder have bus connections at Aurora station for stations further north. Connecting York Region Transit and GO buses serve the station from a bus stop on Keele Street at Station Road. Daily train boarding at the station has increased from 199 in 2005 to a peak of 680 in 2008. In 2012, there were 655 daily boardings, or approximately 170,000 riders annually. GO Transit bus route 63, which travels between the King City GO Station and Union Station Bus Terminal via Maple and Rutherford GO stations, served a daily average of 450 riders at this station in 2012. King City GO Station King City GO Station is a train and bus station in the GO Transit network located in King City, Ontario in Canada. It also serves the nearby communities of Nobleton, Oak Ridges, the northern parts of Maple (in Vaughan), and other communities in King Township. It is a stop on the Barrie line train service. The original King Station was built in 1852 at a location less than a kilometre north of the current station, adjacent to the community's inn. It was moved to the grounds"
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"Impossible Subjects Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, is a Frederick Jackson Turner Award-winning book by historian Mae M. Ngai published by Princeton University Press in 2004. In part one, Ngai begins with discussing the implications of immigration restriction in the 1920s by particularly focusing on border patrol and immigration policy which she argues results in a changing discourse about race. In part II, she focuses on migrants from the Philippines and Mexico by discussing their role in the U.S. economy and how they challenged cultural norms about the traditional work force. In part III, Ngai examines the shift of regulations around Japanese-Americans and Chinese-Americans especially their eligibility for citizenship. She uses Japanese internment camps as evidence of their lack of legal and social inclusion in the United States. In part IV, she analyzes the next era in immigration policy which she suggests is embodied in the Hart-Cellar Act. She discusses how immigration policy was affected during the years of 1945-1965 by World War II. She concludes part IV by showing how the immigration policies during the time period after 1965 contributed to increased illegal immigration and heightened a seemingly unsolvable problem going forward. Ngai utilizes a dense amount of primary source material in \"Impossible Subjects\". The sources used cover a wide range of mediums. Some examples are personal writings, oral histories, photographs, government documents, court rulings, and contemporary books. All of these, but primarily the court rulings and government documents, are utilized by Ngai in constructing her argument. Given that Ngai is a U.S. legal and political historian, she uses many court cases throughout her book in order to show the flexible nature of U.S. legislation and public opinion regarding immigration. The court cases are also used to show how the United States judicial system and the government approached the legality of immigration and assimilation over time. Furthermore, they are used to reflect racial attitudes by the United States government and citizenry, such as through the racial language used in their composition. \"Impossible Subjects\" was written by Mae M. Ngai and published in 2004 by Princeton University Press. \"Impossible Subjects\" was Ngai’s first full-length book, and she has also published a number of works in major newspapers and academic journals. Ngai graduated from Empire State College with a B.A. and went on to Columbia University where she earned her M.A. in 1993 and her Ph.D in 1998. Currently, Ngai is a professor of Asian American Studies and History at Columbia University in New York City and focuses on the invention of racial categories, specifically looking at the creation of Chinese racial categories. \"Impossible Subjects\" won six different awards, including the Theodore Salutos Prize, which was given to Ngai by the Immigration and Ethnic History society, and the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians First Book Prize. The book examines legislation, court cases, and attitudes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that affected immigration. Through Ngai’s analyses of these factors, readers are shown the long-lasting impacts these cases have had on the American public’s views on ‘illegal aliens’ and how ‘illegal aliens’ became “impossible subjects.” Ngai explains the purpose of the book saying, \"immigrants are integral to the historical processes that define and redefine the nation.\" She breaks the introduction into three sections which are \"Immigration and Citizenship,\" \"Immigration Policy and the Production of Racial Knowledge,\" and \"Nationalism and Sovereignty.\" She also begins to discuss several immigration laws that were enacted throughout the history of the U.S. including the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924. Lastly, she says that she does not want to resolve the problems of immigration policy, but rather to inform the reader of how flexible legislation and public opinion are. She frequently underlines how immigration laws created new race categories and were aimed at maintaining whiteness. Chapter one gives a detailed description of the context and lead up to the restrictive immigration laws that are subsequently covered in the book. It talks about how anti-immigrant nativist groups, influenced by an ending industrial revolution that negated the need for a constant source of cheap labor (among other factors), began demanding and passing tough immigration laws that restricted or sometimes outright banned immigration from European and Asian countries. The chapter talks about how the national law that came from this sentiment, known as the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, divided European peoples into differing levels of \"whiteness\" defined by nationality and based their quotas on that. Ngai includes a table of the U.S. immigration quotas based on national origin (beginning on July 1, 1929) for the purpose of showing how the United States divided Europeans and non-Europeans into these differing levels of \"whiteness.\" Ngai goes on to explain how Asians, most of whom were outright banned, took their cases to court but the bans however, remained law. This was all backed up by science and defined legal terminology, but both the scientific community and the supposedly definitive courts remained in dispute trying to justify their actions. The chapter ends by talking about how Mexicans and other Americans south of the United States were left unaffected by this law which, as their agricultural labor was still necessary, deemed them \"white\". Nevertheless, nativists would now turn their attention to them. “Deportation Policy” provides a look at the laws and actions against illegal aliens in the United States following the passage of the 1924 Johnson-Reed Act and how these actions framed illegal aliens as “impossible subjects.” Within this chapter, Ngai discusses some of the moral outrage these new policies inspired. Ngai specifically looks at how immigrants were ranked in terms of social desirability to determine their deportation status, which also highlighted the racial undertones that existed in a political and legal context in the United States. She also shows how ideas of eugenics and morality were used to justify the deportation of illegal aliens to their homeland. Ngai’s work in this chapter helps to explain how Mexicans were defined as the “iconic illegal alien.” Following the Spanish–American War the United States acquired the Philippines as a colony. Justified by imperial thinking, and social Darwinism the West Pacific became viewed as means for expansion. The Philippines was denied statehood, through the legality of the Insular Cases, and viewed as uncooperative, and incapable of self-rule by American imperialists. Filipinos were thus granted limited rights based on their colonial status. However, because of this colonial status Filipinos were able to migrate to the United States regardless of quotas or exclusionary acts. During the 1920s there was the mass migration of Filipinos to major metropolitan areas. Throughout World War I employers recruited Filipino workers to work in mainland America. As a result of this increase in the Filipino population was backlash, official efforts encouraged Filipinos to stay (or return to) the Philippines. However, within the 1920s Filipinos replaced Japanese farmers (who now faced quotas because of the immigration act of 1924) and found employment within the service sector on the West Coast. However, Filipinos faced retaliation by whites who claimed Filipinos were saturating the agricultural section with cheap labor (and taking their jobs). Many Filipinos faced Anti-Filipino attacks, and institutionalized disregard for their safety and well-being. Filipinos faced wage discrimination. Within Chapter Four: \"Braceros, 'Wetbacks,' and the National Boundaries of Class\", Ngai provides a chronological explanation on the buildup and beginnings",
"America. As a result of this increase in the Filipino population was backlash, official efforts encouraged Filipinos to stay (or return to) the Philippines. However, within the 1920s Filipinos replaced Japanese farmers (who now faced quotas because of the immigration act of 1924) and found employment within the service sector on the West Coast. However, Filipinos faced retaliation by whites who claimed Filipinos were saturating the agricultural section with cheap labor (and taking their jobs). Many Filipinos faced Anti-Filipino attacks, and institutionalized disregard for their safety and well-being. Filipinos faced wage discrimination. Within Chapter Four: \"Braceros, 'Wetbacks,' and the National Boundaries of Class\", Ngai provides a chronological explanation on the buildup and beginnings of the bracero program, its difficulties, racial implications, and issues with illegal immigration over the span of two decades. Ngai explains the development of the modern Mexican-America class, a group that \"did not belong,\" plagued by racial mistreatment, stereotypes, and threat detainment, interrogation, and deportation. Explained in depth are the policies and actions of the INS in regards to carrying out repatriation towards Mexican migrants, especially in regards to Operation Wetback. In his review in The New Yorker, Louis Menard praises Ngai's book for demonstrating how the categories of \"legal\" and \"illegal\" immigrants \"are administrative constructions, always subject to change; they do not tell us anything about the desirability of the persons so constructed.\" Impossible Subjects Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, is a Frederick Jackson Turner Award-winning book by historian Mae M. Ngai published by Princeton University Press in 2004. In part one, Ngai begins with discussing the implications of immigration restriction in the 1920s by particularly focusing on border patrol and immigration policy which she argues results in a changing discourse about race. In part II,"
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"Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir (6 June 1884-5 February 1973) was an Icelandic photographer, whose main body of works were signed with the name H. Eiríksson. Her archive of photographic works is held by the National Museum of Iceland. Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir was born on 6 June 1884 in Eskifjörður, Iceland to Susanna Sophie (née Weywadt) and Björn Eiríksson. She was one of eight children born into the family and raised by her mother who ran the household and the dairy, while her father was a woodwright. She was the great-granddaugher of Hans Jonatan, originally from Saint Croix in the Danish West Indies. Jonatan had been taken by his mistress Henrietta Catharina Schimmelmann to Copenhagen and, after losing a lawsuit to gain his freedom, became runaway slave, fleeing to Iceland. Jonatan was the first immigrant in Iceland of African descent and his marriage with Katrin Antoniusdottir produced two children, Ludvik Stefan and Hansina Regina, who would marry Eirikur Eiríksson. When she was four years old, Björnsdóttir went to live with her mother Susanna's sister, Nicoline Weywadt on the family homestead Teigarhorn, near Djúpivogur. Weywadt taught Björnsdóttir photography and sent her for further studies in Copenhagen. Completing her education in 1903, the same year her mother died, Björnsdóttir returned to Teigarhorn. Björnsdóttir took over the studio of her aunt, which she operated until 1911. That year, she married Jóni Kristján Lúðvíkssyni with whom she would have five children. For a while she stopped taking photographs, but resumed her career, using the professional name \"H. Eiríksson\". Due to an accident, some of her work was destroyed, but what remains are images of people and the landscapes around Berufjörður. Björnsdóttir died on 5 February 1973 and was buried at the churchyard in Djúpivogur. In 1981, the National Museum of Iceland purchased 1,200 plates and tools which she worked with. In addition, the archive included albums containing photographs made by Weywadt. images by H. Eiriksson, Berufirði Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir (6 June 1884-5 February 1973) was an Icelandic photographer, whose main body of works were signed with the name H. Eiríksson. Her archive of photographic works is held by the National Museum of Iceland. Hansína Regína Björnsdóttir was born on 6 June 1884 in Eskifjörður, Iceland to Susanna Sophie (née Weywadt) and Björn Eiríksson. She was one of eight children born into the family and raised by her mother who ran"
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"Davy (album) Davy is Coconut Records' 2009 second release. The album is, as was \"Nighttiming\", the product of Jason Schwartzman, who wrote all of the songs and performs the majority of the instruments. The first official single for the album was \"Microphone.\" The song was also used in the 2012 film LOL, starring Miley Cyrus and subsequently featured on the soundtrack. A portion of \"Any Fun\" is in a teaser video on the Coconut Records MySpace page. The track listing and album art first appeared on the independent online music store Amie Street. Like \"Nighttiming,\" the CD pressing of \"Davy\" contains demo and alternate versions of the album's songs after the final track. The songs \"Wires\" and \"I Am Young\" were featured on the \"Funny People\" original soundtrack. Two music videos were made for this album; \"Microphone\" and \"Any Fun.\" The album's artwork was inspired by the book cover of the Penguin Books' edition of Aldous Huxley's novel Island. All songs written by Jason Schwartzman. Davy (album) Davy is Coconut Records' 2009 second release. The album is, as was \"Nighttiming\", the product of Jason Schwartzman, who wrote all of the songs and performs the majority of the instruments. The first"
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"Fanfulla Luigi Visconti, better known by his stage name Fanfulla, (26 February 1913 – 5 January 1971) was an Italian actor and comedian. Born in Rome, Visconti debuted at very young age on stage alongside his mother, the actress Mercedes Menolesi (best known as \"Diavolina\"). From the mid-forties to the late fifties, he adopted the stage name Fanfulla and was a popular comedian of cabaret and avanspettacolo shows, acclaimed for his brilliant style, referred to as \"The King of Avanspettacolo\" and even paired with Ettore Petrolini. His career was relaunched by Federico Fellini, who chose him for the role of Vernacchio in \"Fellini Satyricon\", a role that gave Fanfulla a Nastro d'Argento for best supporting actor. In 1970, Fellini gave him a main role in \"The Clowns\". In 1971, Fanfulla died from a heart attack in a hotel in Bologna, while he was on tour with his avanspettacolo company. Fanfulla Luigi Visconti, better known by his stage name Fanfulla, (26 February 1913 – 5 January 1971) was an Italian actor and comedian. Born in Rome, Visconti debuted at very young age on stage alongside his mother, the actress Mercedes Menolesi (best known as \"Diavolina\"). From the mid-forties to the late"
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"Fly (Archie Comics) The Fly is a fictional comic book superhero first published in 1959 by Red Circle Comics. He was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby as part of Archie's \"Archie Adventure Series\" and later camped up (as Fly Man) as part of the company's Mighty Comics line. He first appeared in \"\"The Double Life of Private Strong\" #1; however, his origin story and first \"full-length\" appearance were in \"Adventures of the Fly\" #1 (Aug. 1959). After the first four issues of \"Adventures of the Fly\" (Simon and Kirby left the title after the fourth issue), others took on the character and made him an adult lawyer who fought crime in Capital City. He was later partnered with Fly Girl. \"Adventures of The Fly\" was cancelled with issue #30 (Oct. 1964). The Fly also appeared in short stories in some of Archie's other titles (\"\"The Double Life of Private Strong\" #1 and #2 both published in 1959), (\"Pep Comics\" #151, 154, 160 and \"Laugh\" #128, 129, 132, 134, 137-139) between October 1961 and January 1963. His own series was restarted as \"Fly-Man\" as part of the \"Mighty Comics Group\", which ran from issues #31-39 (May 1965 - Sept. 1966). The title changed again to \"Mighty Comics\", which featured various Archie super-heroes in solo adventures for #40-50 before its cancellation in 1967. \"The Fly\" was published again in the 1980s under the Red Circle Comics imprint, running from issue #1 (May 1983) to #9 (October 1984). The stories in this series were more similar to the previous stories in \"Adventures of The Fly\" and co-starred Fly Girl. With issue #5, Steve Ditko both wrote and drew the stories, which portrayed Tommy Troy being framed and discredited. Ditko left the series after issue #8, and another writer wrapped up the storyline in #9, which cleared Troy from any guilt. The Fly was one of the characters used in DC Comics' revamp of the Archie characters in DC's !mpact Comics line. This series, also called \"The Fly\", ran 17 issues (Aug. 1991 - Dec. 1992) and portrayed the Fly as a boy (named Jason Troy) who turned into an adult superhero, similar to the original version of the character. Archie Comics reprinted the first four issues of the 1959 series in a 2004 trade paperback collection under the company's Red Circle imprint. In 1999, Joe Simon regained the rights to the character thanks to copyright termination. The termination did not affect Fly-Girl, since she was created after Simon and Kirby left the title. With the post Infinite Crisis reboot of the DC Comics continuity, and the subsequent licensing of the \"Red Circle\" comics characters and mark, a newly revamped version of the Mighty Crusaders were introduced. Since Archie Comics no longer owned the rights to the Fly, DC couldn't use the character. Instead, they used Fly-Girl, his female counterpart in the original '60 stories. Fly Girl has subsequently stood in for The Fly in Archie's 2012 \"New Crusaders\" series. Tommy Troy was an orphan hired by Ben (or Ezra) and Abigail March. Late one night, he tried wearing a ring with a fly-shaped emblem he found in their attic. The Marches were wizards, and the ring summoned Turan, one of the Fly People. Turan explained that, ages ago, the Fly People ruled the Earth. They used magic in their wars, in the ultimate one of which they reduced most of their population to common houseflies. Only a few Fly People managed to escape to another dimension, where they waited for \"one person... pure of heart\" to fight crime and greed, which were their own downfall. Tommy was that person. By rubbing the ring and saying \"I wish I were the Fly,\" he exchanged bodies with the other dimension and became a costumed adult superhero. To return to his own identity, all he had to do was utter his name. The Fly was dressed in a predominately dark green leotard with yellow shorts and belt and a yellow over-the-head mask. A pair of goggle-like eye pieces covered his eyes and a set of \"wings\" were built into the collar area. Originally the wings were small decorations; when the character became capable of flight, the wings became larger and somehow fully functional. The Fly was one of the few 60's superheroes who carried a holstered weapon. The Buzz Gun, so named from the buzzing noise made when activated, was a handgun capable of dispensing non-lethal tranquillizer darts or stun rays, depending on setting. During the start of the Archie Comics run of the character, the Fly possessed only four talents: the ability to walk up walls, to see in all directions, to escape from any trap, and acrobatic agility. Later in the series a string of insect powers were gradually added; in his final realization the Fly possessed whatever power the world's insects possessed multiplied times an nth quantity. Prime examples were: strength of a million ants, flight as fast as a million flies, durability, the power to shatter materials by vibrating his \"wings\" in chirping cricket fashion, webbing spun from the small of his back, bio-luminescent light and \"heat\", resistance to radiation and the ability to mentally control insects. Later in the series when actress Kim Brand was provided her own Fly Ring powers, becoming Fly-Girl, she possessed the same roster of magical insect-themed endowments. Later both characters became capable of growing to skyscraper proportions or reducing to the size of an insect. These new powers were to remain during the rest of the Archie Series but were ignored during the Red Circle run. A TV series based on the Fly was in development at one point. Fly (Archie Comics) The Fly is a fictional comic book superhero first published in 1959 by Red Circle Comics. He was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby as part of Archie's \"Archie Adventure Series\" and later camped up (as Fly Man) as part of the company's Mighty Comics line. He first appeared in \"\"The"
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"retrieved": [
"The Ball Park The Old Orchard Beach Ball Park is a baseball stadium located in and owned by the Town of Old Orchard Beach, Maine. The stadium has a seating capacity of 6,000 and was a former Triple-A baseball facility that was almost destroyed by years of neglect until a community organized volunteer effort revived the stadium. The Ball Park is now the home of the Old Orchard Beach Surge of the independent Empire Professional Baseball League. This is the first professional baseball team in Old Orchard Beach since the Maine Phillies left in 1988. Prior to the arrival of the Surge, The Ball Park was home to the Old Orchard Beach Raging Tide of the New England Collegiate Baseball League (2011) and the Futures Collegiate Baseball League (2012–2014). The Ball Park was opened in 1984. It was built primarily for baseball and was the home field of the Triple-A International League's Maine Guides from 1984–87 and the Maine Phillies in 1988. The Guides were the top minor league affiliate for the Cleveland Indians from 1984–1986 and the Philadelphia Phillies from 1987–1988. The owners of the team believed that, due to the large amount of vacation traffic that the town enjoys in the summer months, numerous vacationers would attend games. However, after only five years in existence, the Maine franchise relocated to Moosic, Pennsylvania, following the 1988 season. Although attendance was not a major problem during the franchise's existence, the park was hampered by three main driving forces: First, in the summer the stadium was home to a large population of Maine Black Flies that pestered fans. Second, there was only one road leading to and from the stadium, thus creating a traffic nightmare. Finally, soon after the stadium was built, other existing Triple-A stadiums were expanded and many new ones were built, making it normal for most Triple-A stadiums to hold well over 10,000 people, far above the 6,000 that the newly-constructed Ball Park held, so that very shortly after its construction it was essentially obsolete. Stadium owner Jordan Kobritz fell behind on debt payments to The Finance Authority of Maine which had lent him the funds to construct the ballpark in 1984. In July 1987, Kobritz agreed to relinquish the deed to the ballpark to The Old Orchard Beach Town Council in exchange for his being release from his financial obligations. After the Guides left, the stadium was leased to a group called, Seashore Performing Arts Center (SEAPAC), who hosted many concerts in the late 80s and early 90s. The concerts ceased after local residents complained about the loud noise late at night. By the 2000s, the Ballpark was shuttered and the facility had suffered from years of neglect. The grass turned into brush and overgrowth, and the walls of the facility started to fall down. The most frequent guests to the stadium were drug users, arsonists, and vandals. In 2005, Old Orchard Beach considered selling the site that held the ballpark, as well as the site that included Old Orchard Beach High School's athletic fields. Then Town Manager Jim Thomas speculated at the time that the site could be sold for $2.5 million and generate $1 million per-year in property taxes. To make matters worse, a major fire caused by a lightning strike damaged the facility on June 21, 2007. In June 2008, the town placed a referendum question on the local election ballot proposing to sell the stadium and create room for a condominium complex. However, much to the relief of many of the 10,000 citizens of the town, the question was voted down by a considerable majority. Around April 2008, a local volunteer organization known as The Ball Park Group took on the task of cleaning up the property and renovating the facility to a condition suitable for hosting games and special events. The volunteers removed the debris from the skybox fire, cleared vegetative overgrowth, rebuilt the dugouts and outfield wall, leveled off the playing field and planted new sod. Much of the skilled work was completed with the volunteer help of local plumbers, contractors, carpenters and electricians and most of the funding has come from private donations. In October 2009, the website ballparkdigest.com officially removed The Ball Park in Old Orchard Beach from its \"Endangered Ballparks List.\" On October 31, 2009, the stadium took a major step in resuming active baseball play. Two teams made up of local high school players from all over Southern Maine played the first game at the stadium in nearly 20 years. In May 2010, the United States Collegiate Athletic Association Baseball National Tournament was held at The Ball Park, and the tournament announced that it would hold its 2011 Tournament there as well. The Can-Am League's Brockton Rox also played a pair of exhibition games at the Ball Park against the Quebec Capitales on May 22 and 23. On July 2, 2010, the Ball Park hosted its first New England Collegiate Baseball League game when the Sanford Mainers and the Lowell All-Americans played before a crowd of 550 fans. Many felt that an NECBL team, rather than a minor league baseball team, would be the best fit for the ballpark as nearby Portland is home to the Portland Sea Dogs, the Boston Red Sox Double A affiliate. This desire for a full-time team came to fruition in 2011 when the All-Americans moved to Old Orchard Beach and made their debut as the Old Orchard Beach Raging Tide. The largest crowd was over 1,800 people for a Red Sox alumni game on Friday September 2, 2011. On June 3, 2015, the Old Orchard Beach Surge played their first home game and beat the Watertown Bucks 13-3 before a crowd of about 500. The Ball Park The Old Orchard Beach Ball Park is a baseball stadium located in and owned by the Town of Old Orchard Beach, Maine. The stadium has a seating capacity of 6,000 and was a former Triple-A baseball facility that was almost destroyed by years of"
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"Crash Ensemble Crash Ensemble is an Irish new music ensemble, founded in 1997 by composer Donnacha Dennehy, conductor and pianist Andrew Synott and clarinettist Michael Seaver. It played its first concert in Dublin in 1997 and currently consists of 10 instrumentalists and the conductor Alan Pierson, under the artistic direction of Donnacha Dennehy and Kate Ellis, as well as using video, lighting and sound amplification as an integral part of the project. The ensemble has been particularly associated with totalist (post-minimalist) composers from the US and post-new Hague school composers from the Netherlands, as well as performing much music by Dennehy and other Irish composers and older pieces by the minimalist generation (including Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Louis Andriessen, Gavin Bryars, Roberto Carnevale, Kevin Volans and Terry Riley). It has given premieres or commissioned work by Nico Muhly, Valgeir Sigurðsson, Peter Adriaansz, Raymond Deane, Arnold Dreyblatt, Stephen Gardner, Michael Gordon, John Godfrey, Andrew Hamilton, Jurgen Simpson, Gerhard Stabler, Jennifer Walshe, Ian Wilson, Linda Buckley, Judith Ring and Julie Feeney. Crash has performed with many well-known artists from diverse musical backgrounds, such as Iarla Ó Lionáird, Dawn Upshaw, Gavin Friday, Steve Reich, Terry Riley, Gavin Bryars, Risa Jaroslaw & Dancers, Julie Feeney, Laura Moody, Niwel Tsumbu, Con Tempo Quartet and Sam Amidon. Since 2002, Crash has been mounting its own contemporary music festivals in Dublin, in a similar manner to the Bang on a Can Festival in New York City, including adopting their popular 'marathon' format for their 2006 celebration of Reich and again in 2007 for their 10th year celebration 'Shindig'. As well as touring in Ireland, Crash has performed in Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, Australia and the United States. They have recorded for New York labels Cantaloupe Music and Nonesuch Records. In 2014, \"Crash Ensemble\" consisted of the musicians: and further of: Crash Ensemble Crash Ensemble is an Irish new music ensemble, founded in 1997 by composer Donnacha Dennehy, conductor and pianist Andrew Synott and clarinettist Michael Seaver. It played its first concert in Dublin in 1997 and currently consists of 10 instrumentalists and the conductor Alan Pierson, under the artistic direction of Donnacha Dennehy and Kate Ellis, as well as using video, lighting and sound amplification as an integral part of the project. The ensemble has been particularly associated with totalist (post-minimalist) composers from the US and post-new Hague school composers from the"
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"retrieved": [
"USS Dextrous (AM-341) USS \"Dextrous\" (AM-341) was an acquired by the United States Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing. The ship was laid down by the Gulf Shipbuilding Corp., Chickasaw, Alabama as HMS \"Sepoy\" (BAM-30), renamed and reclassified USS \"Dextrous\" (AM-341), and launched on 17 June 1943; sponsored by Miss S. S. Kenney; and commissioned 8 September 1943, Lieutenant Commander S. S. Trotman in command. \"Dextrous\" sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, 14 November 1943 as a convoy escort, arriving at Bizerte, Tunisia, 3 January 1944. Ten days later she sailed for Naples, Italy, to sweep in the Gulf of Salerno. On 21 January she left Naples for the Anzio-Nettuno beachhead where she swept mines prior to the assault the next day, and patrolled and provided anti-aircraft fire during the bitter fighting ashore. Except for two voyages to Bizerte to replenish, \"Dextrous\" served off Anzio until 12 August 1944 when she sailed from Naples for pre-invasion minesweeping off the southern coast of France. She swept and patrolled there until 1 October when she put into Bizerte. Escorting a convoy of LSTs, she returned to Norfolk, Virginia, 11 December for overhaul. \"Dextrous\" sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, 15 February 1945 for the Pacific Ocean, arriving at Pearl Harbor 18 March. She aided in the training of submarines in the Hawaiian Islands until 23 May, when she sailed west. After calling at Guam to remove some experimental gear, she reached Okinawa on 14 July to join the minesweeping operations coordinated with the U.S. 3rd Fleet's final raids on Japan. After the war \"Dextrous\" remained in the Far East, clearing minefields in Japanese waters until 15 January 1946 when she sailed from Sasebo, Japan, for the U.S. West Coast. She arrived at San Pedro, California, 22 February and was placed out of commission in reserve 5 June 1946. Recommissioned 1 December 1950 for service in the Korean War, \"Dextrous\" made her first Far Eastern cruise from 3 March 1951 to 28 February 1952. She patrolled and swept on both coasts of Korea. Often under fire from shore batteries which hit her three times, \"Dextrous\" captured two sampans and five prisoners-of-war. She returned to Korean waters for similar duty from 1 December 1952 to 3 July 1953. Following the cease fire in Korea \"Dextrous\" made cruises to the western Pacific in 1954 and 1955-56 during which she patrolled off Korea, and participated in various exercises with the Fleet. Alternating with this duty were local exercises out of her home port at Long Beach, California, and a cruise along the west coast to San Francisco, California, and Seattle, Washington, in the summer of 1955. \"Dextrous\" was again placed out of commission in reserve on 31 October 1956. She was reclassified MSF-341, 7 February 1955. In December 1967 the ship was transferred to South Korea where she served as ROKS \"Koje\" (PCE-1003). \"Dextrous\" received five battle stars for World War II service and five for Korean War service. USS Dextrous (AM-341) USS \"Dextrous\" (AM-341) was an acquired by the United States Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing. The ship was laid down by the Gulf Shipbuilding Corp., Chickasaw, Alabama as HMS \"Sepoy\" (BAM-30), renamed and reclassified USS \"Dextrous\" (AM-341), and launched on 17 June 1943; sponsored by Miss S. S. Kenney; and commissioned 8 September 1943, Lieutenant Commander S. S. Trotman in command. \"Dextrous\" sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, 14 November 1943 as a convoy escort, arriving at Bizerte, Tunisia, 3 January 1944. Ten"
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"Fernandes Group The Fernandes Group is a Surinamese holding company. Fernandes was founded in 1918 by Surinamese-Jewish Isaak Fernandes and his son Jule Fernandes. Originally, the company had only shares in the wood industry and the production of soap. Through the operation of Isaak Fernandes, the company was able to expand to a bakery. Growth increased sharply when the Fernandes Group managed to acquire the bottle rights of Coca-Cola in the 1930s exclusively for Suriname. The company's activities were further expanded under the guidance of Jule Fernandes, the son of Isaak. Thanks to him, Fernandes expanded into a brand in Suriname, which makes many different products. After the death of Jule Fernandes, Rene and Jack Fernandes took over the company in 1988. Under their leadership, Fernandes became one of the leading holding companies in Suriname. Rene and Jack Fernandes are both in the board now. Today, in Fernandes there are several Fernandes soft drinks in Suriname. In the Netherlands, the soft drinks of Fernandes are released by Lachmansingh Beverage Wholesale. It introduced a logo with palm trees for the Dutch market, designed to emphasize the tropical character of Fernandes soft drinks. Fernandes currently has nine flavors of soda on the market: Fernandes Group The Fernandes Group is a Surinamese holding company. Fernandes was founded in 1918 by Surinamese-Jewish Isaak Fernandes and his son Jule Fernandes. Originally, the company had only shares in the wood industry and the production of soap. Through the operation of Isaak Fernandes, the company was able to expand to a bakery. Growth increased sharply when the Fernandes Group managed to acquire the bottle rights of Coca-Cola in the 1930s exclusively for Suriname. The company's activities were further expanded under the guidance of Jule Fernandes, the son of Isaak. Thanks to him, Fernandes expanded into a brand"
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"retrieved": [
"Region | Certification | Certified units/Sales \n---|---|--- \nAustralia (ARIA) | 2 × Platinum | 140,000 \nAustria (IFPI Austria) | Platinum | 30,000 \nBelgium (BEA) | 2 × Platinum | 60,000 \nCanada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 80,000 \nDenmark (IFPI Denmark) | Platinum | 60,000 \nFrance (SNEP) | Diamond | 250,000 \nGermany (BVMI) | 3 × Gold | 600,000 \nItaly (FIMI) | 4 × Platinum | 200,000 \nNew Zealand (RMNZ) | Gold | 15,000 \nPoland (ZPAV) | 3 × Platinum | 60,000 \nSpain (PROMUSICAE) | Gold | 20,000 \nSweden (GLF) | Platinum | 40,000 \nSwitzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | 2 × Platinum | 60,000 \nUnited Kingdom (BPI) | 2 × Platinum | 522,000 \nUnited States (RIAA) | Gold | 324,000 \n \nsales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales+streaming figures based on certification alone \n * Digital download \n\n\n 1. \"Human\"–3:19 \n\n\n * Digital download (Rudimental remix) \n\n\n 1. \"Human\" (Rudimental remix)–4:21 \n\n \n---\n The song is written in the key of B minor with a common time tempo of 75 beats per minute. The vocals span from A ♭ to B ♭ in the song. \n In the United States, the song reached at No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative Songs Chart and No. 2 on Rock Airplay. It was certified Gold by the RIAA on July 7, 2017, and has sold 324,000 copies in the US as of September 2017. \n * The song has been featured in trailers for the upcoming Marvel Cinematic Universe TV series Inhumans, the Netflix documentary film 13th, the Bioware video game Mass Effect:Andromeda, and the BBC television series SS-GB, as well as episodes of the AMC series Into the Badlands and the Amazon Prime series Oasis. \n * The song has appeared in ESPN promos for the 2017 season of its newsmagazine series E:60. \n * It also has appeared in a promo for Shots Fired. \n * Most recently, it was used in the trailer for the movie Thank You for Your Service. \n * Is part of the soundtrack of Pega-Pega, brazilian telenovela from Rede Globo. \n * The Rudimental remix of the song will be featured on the soundtrack of the video game, NBA 2K18. \n * The song was used in a trailer for a fanmade mod for the video game Fallout:New Vegas called \"The Frontier\" \n * In August 2017, the song was used in the first trailer for the second season of The Shannara Chronicles. \n\n\n ### Weekly charts (edit) \n\n| Chart (2016–17) | Peak position \n---|--- \nAustralia (ARIA) | 17 \nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | \nBelarus (Unistar Radio Top 20) | \nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | \nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) | \nCanada (Canadian Hot 100) | 53 \nCroatia (HRT) | \nCzech Republic (Rádio Top 100) | \nCzech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100) | 6 \nDenmark (Tracklisten) | 10 \nFrance (SNEP) | \nGermany (Official German Charts) | \nGreece (Official IFPI Airplay Chart) | \nGreece Digital Songs (Billboard) | \nHungary (Rádiós Top 40) | \nHungary (Single Top 40) | \nIceland (RÚV) | \nIreland (IRMA) | 8 \nIsrael (Media Forest) | \nItaly (FIMI) | \nLebanon (Lebanese Top 20) | 6 \nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 9 \nNetherlands (Single Top 100) | 14 \nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 11 \nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100) | \nPortugal (AFP) | 11 \nRomania (Media Forest) | \nRussia Airplay (Tophit) | \nScotland (Official Charts Company) | \nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100) | \nSlovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100) | \nSlovenia (SloTop50) | \nSpain (PROMUSICAE) | 10 \nSweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 23 \nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | \nUK Singles (Official Charts Company) | \nUS Billboard Hot 100 | 74 \nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard) | 20 \nUS Alternative Songs (Billboard) | \nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) | 32 \nUS Hot Rock Songs (Billboard) | 5 \n \n### Year-end charts (edit) \n\n| Chart (2016) | Position \n---|--- \nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 12 \nBelgium (Ultratop Flanders) | 25 \nBelgium (Ultratop Wallonia) | 74 \nGermany (Official German Charts) | 9 \nItaly (FIMI) | 56 \nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 28 \n Rag'n'Bone Man performed \"Human\" on Later ... with Jools Holland on 20 September 2016. He also performed the song on Australian talk show The Morning Show on 28 October 2016. Another live performance of \"Human\" took place on The Graham Norton Show on 10 February 2017. He appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on 16 February 2017. \n On 23 December 2016, the song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart, scoring the Christmas number two of 2016. The song, however, was the most downloaded and top-selling single throughout the week, with the lack of streams influencing the overall chart position to be lower, denying the song the coveted Christmas number one. The song was certified Platinum on 17 February 2017 and 2 × Platinum 21 July 2017 by the BPI. It has sold 1,269,000 combined units in the UK as of September 2017, which comprises 522,000 copies in actual sales and 75 million in streams. \n Country | Date | Format | Label | Ref. \n---|---|---|---|--- \nWorldwide | 21 July 2016 | Digital download | Sony | \nItaly | 7 October 2016 | Contemporary hit radio | \nUnited States | 21 March 2017 | Columbia | \n \"Human\" is a song by British singer and songwriter Rag'n'Bone Man. The song was co-written by Rag'n'Bone Man, Jamie Hartman and produced by Two Inch Punch. It was released as a digital download on 21 July 2016, through Sony Music and Columbia Records. The song is included on his debut studio album of the same name (2017). \n Cameron Adams of The Daily Telegraph compared the song to \"Take Me to Church\" by Hozier for both having an \"instant impact, honest lyrics and throwback to' real' music in a time of corporate pop.\" \n \"Human\" \n--- \nSingle by Rag'n'Bone Man \nfrom the album Human \nReleased | 21 July 2016 \nFormat | Digital download \nRecorded | 2014–15 \nGenre | \n\n * Gospel \n * soul \n * melodic rock \n\n \nLength | 3:19 \nLabel | \n\n * Sony \n * Columbia \n\n \nSongwriter (s) | \n\n * Jamie Hartman \n * Rory Graham \n\n \nProducer (s) | Two Inch Punch \nRag'n'Bone Man singles chronology \n| \"Healed\" (2016) | \"Human\" (2016) | \"Skin\" (2017) \n---|---|--- \n| \"Healed\" (2016) | \"Human\" (2016) | \"Skin\" (2017) \n---|---|--- \nMusic video \n\"Human\" on YouTube"
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"Samuel Mutendi Bishop Samuel Mutendi (c.1880-1976) was the founder of the Zimbabwean breakaway branch of the Zion Christian Church, which under his leadership grew to a membership of 250,000 at his death, and which is believed to be three times larger today and one of the largest religious organizations in the country. As the religious leader responsible for the popularization of Zionist Christianity into Zimbabwe, he is arguably the most influential religious personality in the country's history. Mutendi was born in the Bikita region of Zimbabwe, apparently to a family descended from the Lozwi royal line. Before the late 1920s he went by his birth name of Samuel Moyo, but later changed it to Mutendi as his stature as a leader was increasing. According to autobiographical sections of his sacred writings, \"Rungano Rwa Zion Christian Church\", Mutendi was born prematurely and was expected to die. The name \"Mutendi\" is a shortened colloquial reference to his eyes opening after being left for dead by his family members. Mutendi was literate even though he never attended school. He was taught to read and write by a male relative. In his early adulthood he took a job with the British South Africa Police and was stationed at Chegutu. According to the \"Rungano\", Mutendi was visited by the Angel Gabriel in 1913 at a time when he was not religious. Further visions, especially after 1919, encouraged him to seek a religious path and foretold his rise as a religious leader. In the early 1920s Mutendi quit his police job and returned to Bikita, where he joined the local Dutch Reformed Church mission. Mutendi felt compelled to preach as a layman, but his accounts of his visions and his calls for converts to experience \"fire baptism\" were unacceptable in the conservative DRC. During this time, three acquaintances of Mutendi's ventured to South Africa as migrant workers, and were converted to Zionist Christianity in the Transvaal. Mutendi then heard of his friends' experiences, and went to South Africa himself with a colleague named Andreas Shoko. During their time in the Transvaal, Mutendi and Shoko were baptized by Engenas Lekganyane. Around 1923, Mutendi returned to Bikita as a ZCC member and began preaching. In early 1925 was part of a delegation that unsuccessfully sought to register the church with the South African government. Following the secession, Mutendi led the Zimbabwean branch of the ZCC until his death fifty years later. Although Mutendi's biography is well known, it has recently been questioned as new documentation has come to light. In particular, it appears that he was never a member of the Zion Apostolic Faith Mission before he joined the ZCC as he claimed. As a result of this and other disparities, his life story is not clear-cut. Mutendi's new church faced considerable difficulties in its first decade or two. Due to the system of indirect rule, it was opposed by both the White authorities and the chiefs who they ruled the reserves through. Mutendi was unable to register the church in his own country, and faced considerable persecution during his evangelizing tours. According to the \"Rungano\", many of his adherents' churches and schools were burned down, while he was arrested and imprisoned on numerous occasions. In some areas his followers were forced to conduct their services in secret in places such as caves. Over time Mutendi's reputation as a faith healer, rain maker, and a man of immense spiritual power grew. He walked around with a large entourage that proclaimed his deeds. During his itinerant tours, Mutendi carried a \"spriritual rod\" named \"Mapumhangozi\" that was supposedly blessed by Engenas Lekganyane. This rod was used to heal the sick and to effectuate other miracles. Due to these successes Mutendi was able to win the support of a number of chiefs and thus to begin operating more in the open without fear of arrest. Eventually, after years of suppression, the government issued what Mutendi called a \"Peace Order\". People with illnesses or other issues began to venture from far and wide to seek his counsel and intervention. After the nearly simultaneous death of Engenas Lekganyane and the beginning of apartheid in South Africa, Mutendi's branch of the ZCC became increasingly distinct from the main South African branch. Prior to 1948 Zimbabweans could travel freely to South Africa to visit the ZCC's two annual pilgrimages. The apartheid government's new travel requirements rendered these pilgrimages, as well as other contacts, far more difficult. Another bone of contention was that Mutendi did not condone ancestor worship, as did the parent South African church. In the early 1950s Mutendi built his own \"Zion City\" near Bikita and erected his headquarters there. This site became the new pilgrimage site for Zimbabwean ZCC members. As a result of the new reality, Mutendi wrote his sacred text, the \"Rungano Rwa Zion Christian Church\", which included a new constitution that made it distinct from the Lekganyane ZCC. Mutendi also began to mandate the use of different sorts of sacred clothing by his members. Over the decades, Mutendi's organization continued to grow and evolved into Zimbabwe's largest church. Mutendi had a large family, and two of his sons, Nehemiah and Ruben, vied for the leadership of the ZCC following his death in 1976. Nehemiah Mutendi (born 1939), who was trained as a school teacher, was eventually appointed as the new Bishop of the ZCC after an internal power struggle in 1977. Under his control the ZCC grew to approximately half a million in 1996, and since then has spread rapidly across the world following the post-2000 Zimbabwean diaspora. Ruben Mutendi (1934-2010), the loser in the 1976 power struggle, eventually split from the ZCC with a smaller following. Samuel Mutendi Bishop Samuel Mutendi (c.1880-1976) was the founder of the Zimbabwean breakaway branch of the Zion Christian Church, which under his leadership grew to a membership of 250,000 at his death, and which is believed to be three times larger today and one of the largest religious organizations in the country."
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"Refresh Bolivia Refresh Bolivia is a student-run non profit community originating from Harvard University. The organisation is dedicated to constructing a \"maternal and child care oriented community health center\" in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Currently, international chapters of the organization exist at the University of Toronto, McMaster University, and Queen's University. According to the group, it has benefited \"more than 2,000 people\" by \"constructing ecological bathrooms; teaching health workshops to men, women and children; and conducting research on the health needs of our target communities.\" Each January 20 students are recruited by the community to participate in a \"two week-long service project.\" Refresh Bolivia Refresh Bolivia is a student-run non profit community originating from Harvard University. The organisation is dedicated to constructing a \"maternal and child care oriented community health center\" in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Currently, international chapters of the organization exist at the University of Toronto, McMaster University, and Queen's University. According to the group, it has benefited \"more than 2,000 people\" by \"constructing ecological bathrooms; teaching health workshops to men, women and children; and conducting research on the health needs of our target communities.\" Each January 20 students are recruited by the community to participate in a \"two week-long service project.\""
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"Take Me Away (Tiff Lacey song) \"Take Me Away\" is a song from popular British trance and house singer Tiff Lacey. It's the first single from her first full-length solo album titled \"¡Viva!\". \"Take Me Away\" was released on March 9, 2011 on iTunes, including Original, Stereojackers, Tom Noize, Loverush UK!, Sequence 11 and Darren Flinders mixes. An unreleased Michael Badal remix leaked onto the internet. \"Take Me Away\" was originally written by Tiff Lacey back in 2006 for a collaboration with Tom Kent, who produced the music for the track. Because of unknown reasons the song was not signed to a label until 2010 when the singer signed to Loverush Digital and the label decided to take the song and to eventually release it as a single. During the recording process of Tiff Lacey's solo album, it was considered that \"Take Me Away\" would be a good choice both to be included on the album and to be released as its lead single, because of the funky, catchy sound, combined with fresh lyrics and Lacey's good vocal performance. The track went under heavy remixing from several DJs, who added even more commercial vibe, turning it into a club banger. Tiff Lacey created several videos for the different mixes of the song herself. Take Me Away (Tiff Lacey song) \"Take Me Away\" is a song from popular British trance and house singer Tiff Lacey. It's the first single from her first full-length solo album titled \"¡Viva!\". \"Take Me Away\" was released on March 9, 2011 on iTunes, including Original, Stereojackers, Tom Noize, Loverush UK!, Sequence 11 and Darren Flinders mixes. An unreleased Michael Badal remix leaked onto the internet. \"Take Me Away\" was originally written by Tiff Lacey back in 2006 for a collaboration with Tom Kent, who produced the"
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"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\" is a funk song performed by James Brown and written with his bandleader Alfred \"Pee Wee\" Ellis in 1968. It was released as a two-part single which held the number-one spot on the R&B singles chart for six weeks, and peaked at number ten on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Both parts of the single were later included on James Brown's 1968 album \"A Soulful Christmas\" and on his 1969 album sharing the title of the song. The song became an unofficial anthem of the Black Power movement. \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\" was Brown's first recording to feature trombonist Fred Wesley. In the song, Brown addresses the prejudice towards blacks in America, and the need for black empowerment. He proclaims that \"we demands a chance to do things for ourself/we're tired of beating our head against the wall/and workin' for someone else\". The song's call-and-response chorus is performed by a group of young children, who respond to Brown's command of \"Say it loud\" with \"I'm black and I'm proud!\" The song was recorded in a Los Angeles area suburb with about 30 young people from the Watts and Compton areas. The lyrics \"We've been 'buked and we've been scorned/We've been treated bad, talked about as sure as you're born\" in the first verse of the song paraphrase the spiritual \"I've Been 'Buked\". Several other Brown singles from the same era as \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\", notably \"I Don't Want Nobody to Give Me Nothing (Open Up the Door, I'll Get It Myself)\", explored similar themes of black empowerment and self-reliance. The song's opening exhortation, \"With your bad self\", is an example of linguistic reappropriation, and added a new entry to Brown's long list of nicknames: \"His Bad Self.\" The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame included \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\" in their 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. In 2004 it was ranked number 305 on \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of the 500 greatest songs of all time. It inspired the title of a VH1 television special and box set, \"Say It Loud! A Celebration of Black Music in America\". \"'Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud' was a record that really convinced me to say I was black instead of a negro,\" remarked Public Enemy's Chuck D. \"Back then black folks were called negroes, but James said you can say it loud: that being black is a great thing instead of something you have to apologise for.\" with the James Brown Orchestra: Numerous hip hop musicians and groups have sampled \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\", including Eric B. and Rakim, Big Daddy Kane, Full Force, LL Cool J and 2 Live Crew in the states and Akil Ammar for the Mexican underground scene. A few performers have recorded cover versions of the song, including jazz saxophonist Lou Donaldson (on his 1969 album \"Say It Loud!\"), reggae singer Bob Marley (in a medley with \"Black Progress\") and the punk rock band Black Randy and the Metrosquad. A slightly modified version of the bassline of \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\" appears in long sections of the track \"Yesternow\" on the Miles Davis album \"A Tribute to Jack Johnson\". Jazz pianist Jaki Byard recites the title phrase at the onset of \"Parisian Thoroughfare\", the opening track of his album \"The Jaki Byard Experience\". However, the recitation is only audible when the track is played at a high volume. The song is referenced in an episode of \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\", inspired by Black Power protests, Will, the African-American male lead attempts to hold a protest (ironically, Will and his cousin Carlton are the only black people in the room) to get a popular teacher reinstated, he inspires \"Cornflake\", a white fellow student, who stands up and shouts passionately \"Fight the Power Will! Sing it loud, I'm black and I'm proud\", to which Will replies \"See, my man Conflake's got the spirit. He's a little confused but he's got the spirit\". The song is also referenced in the Temptations song \"Message From a Black Man\". \"Let's Take it to the Stage\" by Funkadelic gives a nod to this song with the lyric \"Say it loud, I'm funky and I'm proud.\" R&B/Rock artist Meshell Ndegeocello covers the song during her live performances. Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\" is a funk song performed by James Brown and written with his bandleader Alfred \"Pee Wee\" Ellis in 1968. It was released as a two-part single which held the number-one"
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"William Steinberg William Steinberg (Cologne, August 1, 1899New York City, May 16, 1978) was a German-American conductor. Steinberg was born Hans Wilhelm Steinberg in Cologne, Germany. He displayed early talent as a violinist, pianist, and composer, conducting his own choral/ orchestral composition (based on texts from Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\") at age 13. In 1914, he began studies at the Cologne Conservatory, where his piano teacher was the Clara Schumann pupil Lazzaro Uzielli and his conducting mentor was Hermann Abendroth. He graduated with distinction, winning the Wüllner Prize for conducting, in 1919. He immediately became a second violinist in the Cologne Opera orchestra, but was dismissed from the position by Otto Klemperer for using his own bowings. He was soon hired by Klemperer as an assistant, and in 1922 conducted Fromental Halévy's \"La Juive\" as a substitute. When Klemperer left in 1924, Steinberg served as Principal Conductor. He left a year later, in 1925, for Prague, where he was conductor of the German Theater. He next took the position of music director of the Frankfurt Opera. In 1930, in Frankfurt, he conducted the world premiere of Arnold Schoenberg's \"Von heute auf morgen\". He was relieved of his post in 1933 by the Third Reich because he was Jewish. According to the grandson of composer Ernst Toch, Steinberg was \"rehearsing [Toch's opera \"Der Fächer\" (\"The Fan\")] in Cologne when Nazi brownshirts came storming into the hall and literally lifted the baton out of his hand\".; Steinberg, who had married Lotte Stern in Frankfurt in 1934, was then restricted to conducting concerts for the Jewish Culture League in Frankfurt and Berlin. The Steinbergs left Germany in 1936 for the British Mandate of Palestine, which is now Israel. Eventually, with co-founder Bronisław Huberman, Steinberg trained the Palestine Symphony Orchestra, which would later be known as the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. Steinberg was conducting the orchestra when Arturo Toscanini visited there in 1936. Toscanini was impressed with Steinberg's preliminary groundwork for his concerts and later engaged him as an assistant in preparing for the NBC Symphony Orchestra radio broadcasts. Steinberg emigrated to the United States in 1938. He conducted a number of concerts with the NBC Symphony Orchestra from 1938 to 1940. Steinberg conducted summer concerts at Lewisohn Stadium in New York (1940–41), led New York Philharmonic concerts in 1943-44, and also conducted at the San Francisco Opera. He became a US citizen in 1944, and was engaged as music director of the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra from 1945 to 1952. He is best known for his tenure as music director of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra from 1952 to 1976. Steinberg's Pittsburgh appearances in January 1952 were so impressive that he was quickly both engaged as music director and signed to a contract with Capitol Records. Thereafter Pittsburgh was the center of his activity although he held other important positions. From 1958 to 1960 he also conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra, but eventually resigned that post because the added workload led to problems with his arm. He led the New York Philharmonic for twelve weeks while on sabbatical leave from Pittsburgh in 1964-65, which led to his engagement as the Philharmonic's principal guest conductor from 1966 to 1968. From 1969 to 1972 Steinberg was music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra (with which he had achieved earlier success as guest conductor) while maintaining his Pittsburgh post. He toured Europe with the Boston Symphony in April 1971. These additional engagements often led to rumors that Steinberg would leave Pittsburgh for a full-time position elsewhere. In 1968 though he declared, \"We are too closely wed, the Pittsburgh Symphony and I, to contemplate any divorce.\" On another occasion Steinberg said that conducting had become the profession of a traveling salesman. \"A conductor has to stay put to educate an orchestra.\" Steinberg guest-conducted most of the major US orchestras, including the Chicago Symphony, Cincinnati Symphony, Cleveland Orchestra, Dallas Symphony, Los Angeles Philharmonic, San Francisco Symphony, Seattle Symphony, and Philadelphia Orchestra. Abroad he conducted the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, Berlin Philharmonic, Frankfurt Opera and Museum Orchestra, Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra, Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, Montreal Symphony Orchestra, Munich Philharmonic, Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, RAI Orchestra of Rome, Orchestra of the Teatro di San Carlo, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (in their 1955 Beethoven cycle), Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, Tonhalle Orchester Zürich, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, and WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne. He also appeared at summer festivals in the US and Canada (Ambler Temple University Festival, Hollywood Bowl, Ojai, Ravinia, Robin Hood Dell, Saratoga, Tanglewood, and Vancouver) as well as in Europe (Salzburg, Lucerne, Montreux). He conducted the Metropolitan Opera in several productions including Barber's \"Vanessa,\" Verdi's \"Aida,\" and Wagner's \"Die Walküre\" during his sabbatical in 1964-65. Steinberg recorded \"Don Juan\" and his own suite from \"Der Rosenkavalier\" (works by Richard Strauss) with Walter Legge's Philharmonia Orchestra in the summer of 1957. The following year he conducted them in concerts at Lucerne before assuming the conductorship of the London Philharmonic. Steinberg's first recording was however made in 1928, when he accompanied Bronisław Huberman in Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto with the Staatskapelle Berlin. In 1940 Steinberg recorded excerpts from Wagner's \"Lohengrin,\" \"Tristan und Isolde,\" and \"Tannhäuser\", as well as Mozart's \"The Marriage of Figaro,\" with Metropolitan Opera members, issued anonymously on \"World's Greatest Opera\" records. After the war Steinberg made a single album for the Musicraft label with the Buffalo Philharmonic - the premiere recording of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 7 in 1946. He led several accompaniments for concerto recordings on RCA Victor by Alexander Brailowsky, Jascha Heifetz, William Kapell, and Arthur Rubinstein. Steinberg made numerous recordings for Capitol Records, all but two of them with the Pittsburgh Symphony. The exceptions included a recording with the Los Angeles Woodwinds of Mozart's \"Gran Partita\", K.361, taped in Hollywood in August 1952, and the aforementioned Strauss disc with the Philharmonia Orchestra. His Pittsburgh recordings for Capitol, all made in the Syria Mosque, included concertos with Nathan Milstein and Rudolf Firkušný, as well as a cross-section of the symphonic repertoire from Beethoven to Wagner. Nearly all of Steinberg's Capitol recordings were reissued in a 20-CD box set by EMI in September 2011. In February 1960 Steinberg and the Pittsburgh Symphony moved to Everest Records, but by mutual agreement this contract was terminated after three releases since Everest abandoned their classical recording program. These were audiophile 35mm film master recordings, a technique pioneered by Everest Records at that time. A casualty of this decision was a planned recording of Mahler's Sixth Symphony with the London Philharmonic, which was to have been made in conjunction with Steinberg's performance given as part of the Mahler centenary in London. Steinberg and the Pittsburgh Symphony in March 1961 signed a pact with Enoch Light's Command label. Light had attended a Steinberg concert in Danbury, Connecticut a few years before and told the conductor he'd like to record the orchestra. After the Everest contract lapsed, Steinberg subsequently made a number of technically acclaimed records for Command on 35mm film recording stock. The Command releases, hailed as \"outstanding examples of contemporary recording,\" were made in the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall in Pittsburgh. Light preferred the sound of this",
"A casualty of this decision was a planned recording of Mahler's Sixth Symphony with the London Philharmonic, which was to have been made in conjunction with Steinberg's performance given as part of the Mahler centenary in London. Steinberg and the Pittsburgh Symphony in March 1961 signed a pact with Enoch Light's Command label. Light had attended a Steinberg concert in Danbury, Connecticut a few years before and told the conductor he'd like to record the orchestra. After the Everest contract lapsed, Steinberg subsequently made a number of technically acclaimed records for Command on 35mm film recording stock. The Command releases, hailed as \"outstanding examples of contemporary recording,\" were made in the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall in Pittsburgh. Light preferred the sound of this high-ceilinged auditorium with its open stage to that of Syria Mosque for recording. The initial Command recordings, Brahms Symphony No. 2 and Rachmaninoff Symphony No. 2, were taped on May 1–2, 1961. Steinberg's recording of the Brahms Symphony No. 2 was nominated for a Grammy for Classical Album of the Year in 1962. Steinberg said of these sessions, \"At first I opposed this location, because I can't hear the orchestra there, the ceiling is so high. I suppose it must be so high to make room for the Lincoln inscription. But the engineers said, 'The microphones hear very well, and we will use a lot of them.' Who am I to argue with the engineers? So we recorded in Memorial Hall. I am the only conductor in history who memorized the Gettysburg Address while rehearsing Brahms' Second Symphony.\" Steinberg's Command recordings eventually included complete cycles of the Beethoven and Brahms Symphonies, along with a diverse list of other works. Command's Pittsburgh Symphony activity ended after Steinberg recorded Bruckner's Seventh Symphony, his early Overture in G minor, two arrangements by Robert Russell Bennett, and Dimitri Shostakovich's Symphony No. 1 in April 1968. Command Vice President and General Manager Loren Becker stated that \"Steinberg's stature as a great conductor will also mean many more recordings of standard fare.\" However Becker departed Command a few months later and ABC, the label's owner, ended the Pittsburgh series. When Steinberg assumed his post with the Boston Symphony in 1969, he made several recordings first for RCA, then Deutsche Grammophon, which contracted the Boston Symphony upon expiration of the RCA pact. His Boston recordings for both RCA and DG were of the first rank both musically and technically. Steinberg received numerous awards, including both the Kilenyi Bruckner Medal and the Kilenyi Mahler Medal from The Bruckner Society of America. He was named a member of the International Institute of Arts and Letters in 1960. Steinberg was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame the same year. The Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce named Steinberg Man of the Year for 1964 for his contributions to the city's cultural life, and for leading the Pittsburgh Symphony on a triumphant tour of Europe and the Middle East. He was also an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the national fraternity for men in music. Steinberg received an honorary doctorate of music from Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1954, an honorary doctorate of music from Duquesne University in 1964, and an honorary doctorate of humanities from the University of Pittsburgh in 1966. He was named Sanford Professor of Music at Yale University in 1974. Steinberg died in New York City on May 16, 1978, having entered the hospital after conducting a New York Philharmonic concert on May 1 that featured violinist Isaac Stern. William Steinberg was noted throughout his career for his straightforward yet expressive musical style, leading familiar works with integrity and authority such that they sounded fresh and vital. Despite the dynamic drive of his interpretations, his podium manner was a model of restraint. Steinberg said of his interpretive philosophy, \"One must always respect the character of the music and never try to grow lush foliage in a well tempered English garden.\" Referring to some of his more acrobatic colleagues, Steinberg remarked, \"The more they move around, the quieter I get.\" Pittsburgh principal flute Bernard Goldberg told how Steinberg \"looked forward to being 70 years old because only then did a conductor know what he was doing.\" Armando Ghitalla, distinguished Boston Symphony principal trumpet from 1966–79, said of Steinberg that \"his musical taste was one of the finest I've ever heard.\" Boston Symphony concertmaster Joseph Silverstein said Steinberg was \"as sophisticated a musician as I have ever known.\" Steinberg had a wide range of repertoire, including a sympathy for the English music of Elgar and Vaughan Williams. He led several important premieres, including the US premiere of Anton Webern's \"Six Pieces for Orchestra\", Op. 6. During his first Pittsburgh season, Steinberg conducted works by Bartók, Berg, Bloch, Britten, Copland, Harris, Honegger, Milhaud, Schuman, Stravinsky, Vaughan Williams, and Villa-Lobos at the Pittsburgh International Contemporary Music Festival (all of these performances appeared on record, and the Bloch, Schuman, and Vaughan Williams were licensed by Capitol). He was also admired as an interpreter of Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler, Strauss, and Wagner. He made a famous recording of Holst's \"The Planets\" with the Boston Symphony for Deutsche Grammophon, after learning the piece at the age of 70. Unusual for a conductor born in Europe, Steinberg was a sympathetic conductor of George Gershwin's music (he made Gershwin recordings for three different labels). His last Metropolitan Opera appearances were three performances of Wagner's \"Parsifal\" in April 1974. Although sometimes criticized for his unusual programming, Steinberg was a champion of certain lesser known works including Berlioz's Roméo et Juliette, Tchaikovsky's Manfred Symphony, Reger's \"Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Mozart\", and his own orchestral transcription of Verdi's String Quartet in E minor. Steinberg said, \"The literature is so enormous. I look into what my colleagues won't. Actually, I am not success minded. I merely dare. I take a risk. Criticism I get anyway.\" Steinberg's prestige however filled Carnegie Hall to 80 percent capacity under the unlikely circumstance of the first all-Schoenberg orchestral program ever given in New York. Steinberg once remarked to a San Francisco Symphony musician he corrected, \"I may be wrong, but I don't think so.\" Violinist David Schneider said, \"This quality of not taking himself too seriously endeared him to the musicians.\" Although all business on the podium, Steinberg was not above a bit of clowning in public; at one Pittsburgh Symphony fundraiser, he donned a blonde wig on his bald head that Johnny Carson jokingly presented him. Steinberg's puckish humor was often in evidence, as when he told Time Magazine that he had conceived \"something for the New York snobs—an all-Mendelssohn program. This is really the height of snobbishness, the wonderful answer to the question of just what do the snobs need.\" He said that he spoke four and a half languages - the half being English. Of his habit of eating a steak before every concert he conducted, Steinberg told a columnist, \"So you see, it's an expensive business - this concert conducting.\" Referring to a disagreement with violinist Nathan Milstein that led to Milstein walking out of a rehearsal, Steinberg said, \"He decided he would not stay and I decided I would not have him.\" Concerning acoustics he said, \"If the hall is resonant, the tempos must be changed. If the acoustics are too bad, you go fast in order to go home quickly!\" To an interviewer who said he had heard that the conductor did not care for giving interviews, Steinberg replied that it was fine as long as the subject was one that interested him - \"for instance, myself.\" Recordings made with the Buffalo",
"and a half languages - the half being English. Of his habit of eating a steak before every concert he conducted, Steinberg told a columnist, \"So you see, it's an expensive business - this concert conducting.\" Referring to a disagreement with violinist Nathan Milstein that led to Milstein walking out of a rehearsal, Steinberg said, \"He decided he would not stay and I decided I would not have him.\" Concerning acoustics he said, \"If the hall is resonant, the tempos must be changed. If the acoustics are too bad, you go fast in order to go home quickly!\" To an interviewer who said he had heard that the conductor did not care for giving interviews, Steinberg replied that it was fine as long as the subject was one that interested him - \"for instance, myself.\" Recordings made with the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra for Musicraft: Recordings made with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for Everest Records: Recordings made with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for Command Classics: Recordings made with the Boston Symphony Orchestra for RCA Victor: Unissued recordings made with the Boston Symphony Orchestra for RCA Victor: Recordings made with the Boston Symphony Orchestra for DGG: Live recordings issued commercially: Video concert recordings issued commercially: William Steinberg William Steinberg (Cologne, August 1, 1899New York City, May 16, 1978) was a German-American conductor. Steinberg was born Hans Wilhelm Steinberg in Cologne, Germany. He displayed early talent as a violinist, pianist, and composer, conducting his own choral/ orchestral composition (based on texts from Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\") at age 13. In 1914, he began studies at the Cologne Conservatory, where his piano teacher was the Clara Schumann pupil Lazzaro Uzielli and his conducting mentor was Hermann Abendroth. He graduated with distinction, winning the Wüllner Prize for"
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"Pakkiri Rajagopal Pakkiri Rajagopal is a Republican from Hamilton County, Ohio who was a presidential elector in 2000. Rajagopal was born in Pollal not far from Madras. He graduated from Madras University and then immigrated to the United States where he earned a master's degree in criminal justice from the University of Cincinnati. In 1980 Rajagopal became a deputy sheriff of Hamilton County. He later became involved with Probation and in 2004 was serving as director of the Probation Department in Hamilton County. Besides being an elector in 2000 and an alternate delegate to the 2004 Republican Convention, Rajagopal was president of the Hamilton County Republican Party for a time. Pakkiri Rajagopal Pakkiri Rajagopal is a Republican from Hamilton County, Ohio who was a presidential elector in 2000. Rajagopal was born in Pollal not far from Madras. He graduated from Madras University and then immigrated to the United States where he earned a master's degree in criminal justice from the University of Cincinnati. In 1980 Rajagopal became a deputy sheriff of Hamilton County. He later became involved with Probation and in 2004 was serving as director of the Probation Department in Hamilton County. Besides being an elector in 2000 and"
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"Urzelina Urzelina is a civil parish in the municipality of Velas in the Portuguese islands of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 902, in an area of 13.69 km². It is situated near the south coast of the island of São Jorge. It is alternately known as São Mateus, to which the parish was named after its patron saint. The first settlers reached this coast in the 15th century, but were isolated from Faial. Many of the early homes were built along the coast, on lowlands and flanks of the interior mountain range, interspersed in the forests. The parish received its name owing to the abundance of \"urzela\" (Roccella tinctoria) found by the first explorers and settlers, along its coastal clifftops and which later became a source of an export market, because it was used in dying. Urzela, a species of fungus, was harvested and exported to Flanders and England in the early 15th-16th centuries, thereby supporting the economies of the island, in addition to many of the islands of the Azores. Urzelina was once a place within the parish of Manadas and elevated to parish around 1647. At the time, a decision was made to construct a port, in order to support and enhance its transitory exchange between the island and continental Portugal. It was important for the epoch, since it was one of the first ports constructed on the island at the time. The history of Urzelina has been shaped by the events of 1 May 1808, when a volcanic eruption destroyed a great part of the settlement, and caused fear and panic in its populous. It also resulted in the destruction of most of the arable lands, and plunged the island into a period of famine. Lava reached as far as the local parochial church, which was inundated with basaltic flows and brought into ruin. The bell-tower and belfry are the only remnants of the event. Urzelina is located from the town of Velas, and its centre from the islands airport. The region is primarily associated with agricultural activities, that include orchards, vineyards and the raising of dairy or meat cattle. Urzelina Urzelina is a civil parish in the municipality of Velas in the Portuguese islands of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 902, in an area of 13.69 km². It is situated near the south coast of the island of São Jorge. It is"
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"Tom Watkins House The Tom Watkins House is a historic house at Oak and Race Streets in Searcy, Arkansas. It is a two-story brick structure, with a cross-gabled tile roof and a concrete foundation. A porch extends across part of the front and beyond the left side, forming a carport. The main roof and porch roof both feature exposed rafter tails in the Craftsman style, and there are small triangular brackets in the gable ends. The house, a fine local example of Craftsman architecture, was built about 1920 to a design by Charles L. Thompson. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. Tom Watkins House The Tom Watkins House is a historic house at Oak and Race Streets in Searcy, Arkansas. It is a two-story brick structure, with a cross-gabled tile roof and a concrete foundation. A porch extends across part of the front and beyond the left side, forming a carport. The main roof and porch roof both feature exposed rafter tails in the Craftsman style, and there are small triangular brackets in the gable ends. The house, a fine local example of Craftsman architecture, was built about 1920 to a design by"
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"Charlie Kavanagh Charles Hugh \"Charlie\" Kavanagh (June 9, 1891 – September 6, 1973) was a professional baseball player who appeared in six games with the 1914 Chicago White Sox. Kavanagh made six plate appearances, struck out twice, and got one hit. In those games, Kavanagh was used as a pinch hitter, and never played defensively. He batted and threw right-handed. During his playing career, Kavanagh stood at and weighed in at . After his baseball career, Kavanagh worked as a clerk. Charlie Kavanagh was born on June 9, 1891 in Chicago to parents from Illinois. In 1914, the Chicago White Sox signed Kavanagh, who never played in the minor leagues, which is rare in professional baseball. Kavanagh made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut on June 11, 1914. During his time with the White Sox, Kavanagh played six games. In those games, he made six plate appearances where he struck out twice, got one hit, and was hit by a pitch. His last MLB appearance came on June 28, 1914. His nickname while playing was \"Silk\". By 1920, Kavanagh was living with his in-laws in Chicago with his wife, Katherine. He worked as a clerk in a local factory that year. In 1942, he was working for the Cook County, Illinois treasurer's office. On September 6, 1973 in Reedsburg, Wisconsin, Kavanagh died. He was buried at Calvary Cemetery in Reedsburg. Charlie Kavanagh Charles Hugh \"Charlie\" Kavanagh (June 9, 1891 – September 6, 1973) was a professional baseball player who appeared in six games with the 1914 Chicago White Sox. Kavanagh made six plate appearances, struck out twice, and got one hit. In those games, Kavanagh was used as a pinch hitter, and never played defensively. He batted and threw right-handed. During his playing career, Kavanagh stood at and weighed in"
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"Glam metal Glam metal (also known as hair metal and often used synonymously with pop metal) is a subgenre of heavy metal, which features pop-influenced hooks and guitar riffs, and borrows from the fashion of 1970s glam rock. Glam metal can be traced back to music acts like Alice Cooper, Cheap Trick, Kiss, The New York Dolls, and Van Halen. It arose in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the United States, particularly on the Los Angeles Sunset Strip music scene, pioneered by bands such as Mötley Crüe, Ratt, Quiet Riot, Stryper, Def Leppard, Bon Jovi, and Dokken. It was popular throughout the mid-late 1980s and early 1990s, bringing to prominence bands including Poison, Skid Row, Cinderella, and Warrant. Glam metal was associated with flashy clothing and makeup. Poison, for example, had long shaggy or backcombed hair, accessories, metal studs, leather, and make-up during their live performances. Glam metal lost mainstream interest in the early 1990s as the perceived excesses of glam metal created a backlash against the genre. A factor in the decline of glam metal was the rise of grunge in the early 1990s, which had a stripped-down aesthetic and a complete rejection of the glam metal visual style. Glam metal has enjoyed a revival since the late 1990s with reunions of many popular acts from the genre's 1980s heyday, as well as the retro styling of newer bands including The Darkness, Santa Cruz and Steel Panther. Musically, glam metal combines a traditional heavy metal sound with elements of hard rock and punk rock, adding pop-influenced catchy hooks and guitar riffs. Like other heavy metal songs of the 1980s (most notably thrash metal songs), they often feature shred guitar solos. They also include extensive use of harmonies, particularly in the characteristic power balladsslow, emotional songs that gradually build to a strong finale. These were among the most commercially successful singles in the genre and opened it up to a wider audience that would not have been attracted to traditional heavy metal. Lyrical themes often deal with love and lust, with songs often directed at a particular woman. Aesthetically glam metal draws heavily on the glam rock or glitter rock of the 1970s, often with very long backcombed hair, use of make-up, gaudy clothing and accessories (chiefly consisting of tight denim or leather jeans, spandex, and headbands). The visual aspects of glam metal appealed to music television producers, particularly MTV, whose establishment coincided with the rise of the genre. Glam metal performers became infamous for their debauched lifestyles of drugs, strippers and late-night parties, which were widely covered in the tabloid press. Sociologist Deena Weinstein points to the large number of terms used to describe more commercial forms of heavy metal, which she groups together as \"lite metal\". These include, beside glam metal: melodic metal, false metal, poodle bands, nerf metal, pop metal or metal pop, the last of which was coined by critic Philip Bashe in 1983 to describe bands such as Van Halen and Def Leppard. AllMusic distinguishes pop metal, which refers to the whole pop-tinted hard rock and heavy metal scene of the 1980s (including Def Leppard, Bon Jovi, Europe), from hair metal, the characteristics of which are flashy clothing and heavy makeup (as embodied by Poison, and Mötley Crüe). Use of the derogatory term hair metal started in the early 1990s, as grunge gained popularity at the expense of 1980s metal. In the \"definitive metal family tree\" of his documentary \"\", anthropologist Sam Dunn differentiates pop metal, which includes bands like Def Leppard, Europe, and Whitesnake, from glam metal bands that include Mötley Crüe and Poison. Music journalist Stephen Davis claims the influences of the style can be traced back to acts like Kiss, Boston, Cheap Trick, and The New York Dolls. Kiss and to a lesser extent Alice Cooper, were major influences on the genre. Finnish band Hanoi Rocks, heavily influenced themselves by the New York Dolls, have been credited with setting a blueprint for the look of hair metal. Van Halen has been seen as highly influential on the movement, emerging in 1978 from the Los Angeles music scene on Sunset Strip, with a sound based around the lead guitar skills of Eddie Van Halen. He popularized a playing technique of two‐handed hammer‐ons and pull‐offs called tapping, showcased on the song \"Eruption\" from the album \"Van Halen\". This sound, and lead singer David Lee Roth's stage antics, would be highly influential on glam metal, although Van Halen would never fully adopt a glam aesthetic. Def Leppard, often categorized with the New Wave of British heavy metal, released their second album \"High 'n' Dry\" in 1981, mixing glam rock with heavy metal, and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade. In the early 1980s, bands from across the United States began to move towards what would become the glam metal sound. In 1981, Mötley Crüe (from Los Angeles) released their first album \"Too Fast for Love\", Dokken (also from Los Angeles) released their first album, \"Breaking the Chains\", and Kix (from western Maryland) released their first album, \"Kix\". In 1982, Night Ranger (from San Francisco) released their initial album \"Dawn Patrol\" which reached the top 40 in the United States. 1983 was the breakout year for glam metal: Quiet Riot's \"Metal Health\" was the first glam metal album, and arguably the first heavy metal album, to reach number one in the \"Billboard\" charts. It helped open the doors for mainstream success by subsequent metal bands. Additionally, Night Ranger's second album in 1983 \"Midnight Madness\" was also a breakthrough that included the top five single \"Sister Christian\". Also, in 1983, a larger wave of glam metal albums began appearing; Mötley Crüe released its second album \"Shout at the Devil\", Def Leppard released its third album \"Pyromania\", 'Kix released its second album \"Cool Kids\", Lita Ford released her initial album \"Out for Blood\", and the band Kiss released its glam-sounding \"Lick It Up\". Def Leppard's \"Pyromania\", later certified 10x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), reached number two on the \"Billboard\" 200. The singles \"Foolin'\", \"Photograph\", and \"Rock of Ages\", helped by the emergence of MTV, reached the Top 40. \"Pyromania\"s style was widely emulated, particularly by the emerging Californian scene. However, remarked Leppard's Joe Elliott, \"I don't know how anybody could confuse us with that lot. We weren't even around when all those so-called glam bands came up. We were in fuckin' Holland making \"Hysteria\". While they were out banging chicks or whatever, we were looking at windmills and playing pool on a table without any pockets. We were as far away from LA as any band could be.\" The most active glam metal scene was starting to appear in clubs on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles, including The Trip, the Whisky a Go Go, and the Starwood. These clubs began to avoid booking punk rock bands because of fears of violence and began booking many area metal bands, usually on a \"pay to play\" basis, thus creating a vibrant scene for hard rock music. An increasing numbers of metal bands were able to produce debut albums in 1984, including Ratt (from Los Angeles) with its breakthrough album \"Out of the Cellar\", Bon Jovi (from New Jersey) with its debut \"Bon Jovi\", Great White with \"Great White\", Black 'n Blue (from Portland, Oregon) with \"Black 'n Blue\", Autograph with its first album \"Sign In Please\", and W.A.S.P. with its \"self-titled debut album\". Also in 1984, Lita Ford put out her second album called \"Dancin' on the Edge\", Quiet Riot released its follow-up to \"Metal Health\" called \"Condition Critical\", Dokken released its second album called \"Tooth and Nail\", and Kiss released the glam-sounding \"Animalize\". All these bands played a part in developing the overall look and sound of glam metal during the early 1980s. In 1985, many more commercially successful",
"bands were able to produce debut albums in 1984, including Ratt (from Los Angeles) with its breakthrough album \"Out of the Cellar\", Bon Jovi (from New Jersey) with its debut \"Bon Jovi\", Great White with \"Great White\", Black 'n Blue (from Portland, Oregon) with \"Black 'n Blue\", Autograph with its first album \"Sign In Please\", and W.A.S.P. with its \"self-titled debut album\". Also in 1984, Lita Ford put out her second album called \"Dancin' on the Edge\", Quiet Riot released its follow-up to \"Metal Health\" called \"Condition Critical\", Dokken released its second album called \"Tooth and Nail\", and Kiss released the glam-sounding \"Animalize\". All these bands played a part in developing the overall look and sound of glam metal during the early 1980s. In 1985, many more commercially successful glam metal albums began to appear. Mötley Crüe released \"Theatre of Pain\", Ratt's second album \"Invasion of Your Privacy\", Dokken's third album \"Under Lock and Key\", Stryper's first release \"Soldiers Under Command\", Bon Jovi's second release \"7800° Fahrenheit\", and Autograph's second album \"That's The Stuff\". Los Angeles continued to foster the most important scene around the Sunset Strip, with groups like London, which had originally formed as a glam rock band in the 1970s, and had seen future members of Mötley Crüe, Cinderella and Guns N' Roses pass through its ranks, finally releasing their début album \"Non Stop Rock\" in 1985 as well. By the mid-1980s, glam metal had begun to become a major mainstream success in America with many of these band's music videos appearing on heavy rotation on MTV often at the top of MTV's daily dial countdown, and some of the bands appeared on the channel's shows such as \"Headbanger's Ball\", which became one of the most popular programs with over 1.3 million views a week. The groups also received heavy rotation on radio stations such as KNAC in Los Angeles. 1986 was a significant year for glam metal music as one of the most commercially significant releases of the era was put out by Bon Jovi with \"Slippery When Wet\" which mixed hard rock with a pop sensibility, and spent a total of eight weeks at the top of the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart, selling over 12 million copies in the United States. It became the first hard rock album to spawn three top ten singles, two of which reached number one. The album has been credited with widening the audience for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade. The Swedish band Europe released the anthemic album \"The Final Countdown\" which reached the top ten in several countries, including the U.S. and while the title single reached number one in 26 countries. Stryper made their mainstream breakthrough in 1986 with the release of their platinum album \"To Hell with the Devil\" and brought Christian lyrics to their hard rock music style and glam metal looks. Two Pennsylvania bands, with Harrisburg's Poison and Philadelphia's Cinderella released multi-platinum début albums, respectively \"Look What the Cat Dragged In\" and \"Night Songs\" in 1986. Van Halen released \"5150\" their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which was number one in the U.S. for three weeks and sold over six million copies. Additionally, some established hard rock bands of the era such as the Scorpions, Whitesnake, Aerosmith, Kiss, Alice Cooper, and Judas Priest began incorporating glam metal elements into their sounds and images, as the genre's popularity skyrocketed in 1985-86. Glam metal bands continued their run of commercial success in 1987 with Mötley Crüe releasing \"Girls, Girls, Girls\" and Def Leppard releasing \"Hysteria\" producing a hard rock record of seven hit singles. Another of the greatest successes of the era was Guns N' Roses, originally formed from a fusion of bands L.A. Guns and Hollywood Rose, who released the best-selling début of all time, \"Appetite for Destruction\". With a \"grittier\" and \"rawer\" sound than most glam metal it produced three top 10 hits, including the number one \"Sweet Child O' Mine\". Such was the dominance of the style that Californian hardcore punk band T.S.O.L. moved towards a glam metal sound in this period. Also in 1987, L.A. band Faster Pussycat released their debut self-titled album eponymous début and Dokken released the successful \"Back for the Attack\". In the last years of the decade the most notable successes were \"New Jersey\" (1988) by Bon Jovi, \"OU812\" (1988) by Van Halen, while \"Open Up and Say... Ahh!\" (1988) by Poison, spawned number one hit single \"Every Rose Has Its Thorn\", and eventually sold eight million copies worldwide. Britny Fox from Philadelphia and Winger from New York released their eponymous débuts in 1988. In 1989 Mötley Crüe produced their most commercially successful album, the multi-platinum number one \"Dr. Feelgood\". In the same year eponymous débuts included Danger Danger from New York, Dangerous Toys from Austin, Texas, who provided more of a Southern rock tone to the genre, and Enuff Z'Nuff from Chicago who provided an element of psychedelia to their sound and visual style. L.A. débuts included Warrant with \"Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich\" (1989), and Skid Row with their eponymous album (1989), which reached number six in the \"Billboard\" 200, but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam metal era. Glam metal entered the 1990s as one of the major commercial genres of popular music. In 1990 débuts for Slaughter, from Las Vegas with \"Stick It to Ya\" and FireHouse, from North Carolina, with their eponymous album reached number 18 and number 21 on the Billboard 200 respectively, but it would be the peak of their commercial achievement. Guns N' Roses' \"Use Your Illusion I\" and \"Use Your Illusion II\" (both in 1991) and Van Halen's \"For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge\" (1991) showcased the genre's popularity. The 1988 film \"\" captured the Los Angeles scene of successful and aspiring bands. It also highlighted the excesses of glam metal, particularly the scene in which W.A.S.P. guitarist Chris Holmes was interviewed while drinking vodka on a floating chair in a swimming pool as his mother watched. As a result, it has been seen as helping to create a backlash against the genre. In the early 1990s glam metal's popularity rapidly declined after nearly a decade of success. Successful bands lost members that were key to their songwriting and/or live performances, such as Mötley Crue's frontman Vince Neil, Poison guitarist C.C. DeVille, Def Leppard guitarist Steve Clark and Guns N' Roses guitarist Izzy Stradlin. Several music writers and musicians began to deride glam metal acts as \"hair farmers,\" hinting at the soon-to-be-popularized term \"hair metal\". Another reason for the decline in popularity of the style may have been the declining popularity of the power ballad. While its use, especially after a hard-rocking anthem, was initially a successful formula, in the late 1980s and early 1990s audiences lost interest in this approach. One significant factor in the decline was the rise of grunge music from Seattle, with bands including Nirvana, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam and Soundgarden. This was particularly obvious after the success of Nirvana's \"Nevermind\" (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a dirty sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes, a stripped-down aesthetic and a complete rejection of the glam metal visual style and performance. Many major labels felt they had been caught off-guard by the surprise success of grunge and began turning over their personnel in favor of younger staffers more versed in the new scene. As MTV shifted its attention to the new style, glam metal bands found themselves relegated increasingly to late night airplay, and \"Headbanger's Ball\" was cancelled at the end of 1994, while KNAC",
"including Nirvana, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam and Soundgarden. This was particularly obvious after the success of Nirvana's \"Nevermind\" (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a dirty sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes, a stripped-down aesthetic and a complete rejection of the glam metal visual style and performance. Many major labels felt they had been caught off-guard by the surprise success of grunge and began turning over their personnel in favor of younger staffers more versed in the new scene. As MTV shifted its attention to the new style, glam metal bands found themselves relegated increasingly to late night airplay, and \"Headbanger's Ball\" was cancelled at the end of 1994, while KNAC went over to Spanish programming. Given glam metal's lack of a major format presence on radio, bands were left without a clear way to reach their audience. Other (\"earlier\" Hollywood) alternative rock bands like the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Jane's Addiction also helped supplant the popularity of the genre. Some artists tried to alter their sound, while others struggled on with their original format. In 1995, Van Halen released \"Balance\", a multi-platinum seller that would be the band's last with Sammy Hagar on vocals. In 1996, David Lee Roth returned briefly and his replacement, former Extreme singer Gary Cherone, left the band soon after the release of the commercially unsuccessful 1998 album \"Van Halen III\". Van Halen would not tour or record again until 2004. Warrant released \"Ultraphobic\" in 1995, an album with more of an alternative/grunge approach, which had little commercial success. Meanwhile, Guns N' Roses' classic-lineup was whittled away throughout the decade. Drummer Steven Adler was fired in 1990, guitarist Izzy Stradlin left in late 1991 after recording \"Use Your Illusion I and II\" with the band. Tensions between the other band members and lead singer Axl Rose continued after the release of the 1993 punk rock covers album \"\"The Spaghetti Incident?\"\". Guitarist Slash left in 1996, followed by bassist Duff McKagan in 1998. Axl Rose, the only remaining member from the classic lineup at that point, worked with several lineups of the band to record \"Chinese Democracy\" - an album that would take over ten years to complete and see the band incorporate electronic rock, industrial rock and nu metal styles. During both the late 1990s and the 2000s, glam metal began to have a revival. Some established acts who had managed to weather the storm enjoyed renewed popularity, others reformed and new bands emerged to emulate the glam metal style. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with \"It's My Life\" (2000). They branched into country music with a version of their 2005 song \"Who Says You Can't Go Home\", which reached number one on the Hot Country Singles chart in 2006 and the rock/country album \"Lost Highway\" which reached number one in 2007. In 2009, Bon Jovi released \"The Circle\", which marked a return to their hard rock sound and reached number one on the \"Billboard\" 200. Mötley Crüe reunited with Vince Neil to record the 1997 album \"Generation Swine\" and Poison reunited with guitarist C.C. DeVille in 1999, producing the mostly live \"Power to the People\" (2000); both bands began to tour extensively. There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007). The long-awaited Guns N' Roses album \"Chinese Democracy\" was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum in the US, produced no hit singles, and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material. Europe's \"Final Countdown\" enjoyed a new lease of popularity as the millennium drew to a close and the band reformed. Other acts to reform included Ratt, Britny Fox, Stryper (annually), and Skid Row. Beginning in 1999, \"Monster Ballads\", a series of compilation albums that feature popular power ballads, usually from the glam metal genre, capitalized on the nostalgia, with the first volume going platinum. The VH1 sponsored Rock Never Stops Tour, beginning in 1998, has seen many glam metal bands take to the stage again, including on the inaugural tour: Warrant, Slaughter, Quiet Riot, FireHouse, and L.A. Guns. Slaughter also took part in the 1999 version with Ted Nugent, Night Ranger, and Quiet Riot. Poison and Cinderella toured together in 2000 and 2002, and in 2005 Cinderella headlined the Rock Never Stops Tour, with support from Ratt, Quiet Riot, and FireHouse. In 2007 the four-day-long Rocklahoma festival held in Oklahoma included glam metal bands Poison, Ratt and Twisted Sister. Warrant and Cinderella co-headlined the festival in 2008. Nostalgia for the genre was evidenced in the production of the glam metal themed musical \"Rock of Ages\", which ran in Los Angeles in 2006 and in New York in 2008. It was made into a film released in 2012. Glam metal experienced a partial resurgence around the turn of the century, due in part to increased interest on the Internet, with the successful 'Glam Slam Metal Jam' music festival taking place in the summer of 2000. By the early 2000s, a handful of new bands began to revive glam metal in one form or another. The Darkness's \"Permission to Land\" (2003), described as an \"eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam\", topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. \"One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back\" (2005) reached number 11. The band broke up in 2006, but reunited in 2011, releasing the album Hot Cakes the following year. Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by playing 1980s style glam metal. In Sweden the \"sleaze metal\" movement attempted to revive the genre, with bands including Vains of Jenna, Crashdïet and H.E.A.T, as well as the Finnish band Reckless Love. Other new acts included Beautiful Creatures and Buckcherry. The latter's breakthrough album \"15\" (2006) went platinum in the U.S. and spawned the single \"Sorry\" (2007), which made the top 10 of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. In France, the band BlackRain also managed to get some coverage, thanks to their work with legendary producer Jack Douglas. Bands known for their metalcore background such as Black Veil Brides and Blessed by a Broken Heart have changed their style to be glam metal inspired, both musically and visually, with Black Veil Brides adding a gothic spin to the traditional glam image. Glam metal Glam metal (also known as hair metal and often used synonymously with pop metal) is a subgenre of heavy metal, which features pop-influenced hooks and guitar riffs, and borrows from the fashion of 1970s glam rock. Glam metal can be traced back to music acts like Alice Cooper, Cheap Trick, Kiss, The New York Dolls, and Van Halen. It arose in"
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"retrieved": [
"Sarah Pennington House The Sarah Pennington House is a private house located at 606 Grove Street in Petoskey, Michigan. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The Sarah Pennington House is a 1-1/2 story frame Queen Anne structure with a front roof gable. The gable end on the front facade has an elliptical arch seen in Colonial Revival and Shingle Style designs. Below the gable is asingle story polygonal bay window with a hipped roof. The entrance is located on the side of building, through a projecting entrance bey. The house has one-over-one wood-framed window units capped with cornices. The Sarah Pennington House was constructed some time before 1902. When built, the house was a twin of the structure next door, which implies it may have been erected by a builder as a speculative investment. By 1917 it was owned by Sarah Pennington. Pennington was widowed and used the house to take on boarders. Sarah Pennington House The Sarah Pennington House is a private house located at 606 Grove Street in Petoskey, Michigan. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The Sarah Pennington House is a 1-1/2 story frame Queen"
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"retrieved": [
"Kharia people The Kharia are an Austroasiatic ethnic group from central India. This tribal ethnic group in India. They originally spoke the Kharia language, which belong to Austroasiatic languages. They are sub-divided into three groups known as the Hill Kharia, Delki Kharia and the Dudh Kharia. Amongst them, the Dudh Kharia is amongst the most advanced and educated ethnic communities in India. The Kharia comprise three tribes, the Dudh Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, and Hill Kharia.. The first two speak an Austroasiatic language, Kharia, but the Hill Kharia have switched to an Indo-Aryan language, Kharia Thar. There has not been any language development efforts made for Kharia Tar. The Dudh Kharia and Dhelki Kharia formed together one compact tribe. These Kharia people were attacked by an Ahir chief and then moved on to the Chota Nagpur Plateau. In Odisha, the Hill Kharia are mainly found in Jashipur and Karanjia Blocks of Mayurbhanj district. A few villages are also found in Morada block. In Jharkhand, they are concentrated in East Singhbhum, Gumla, Simdega districts. Though widely found in this district, Musabani, Dumaria and Chakulia Blocks are the blocks where they live in large numbers. And in West Bengal, they are in West Midnapur, Bankura and Purulia districts. The majority are in Purulia. The Hill Kharia are also called Pahari (meaning “Hill”) Kharia, Savara/Sabar, Kheria, Erenga, or Pahar. Outsiders call them Kharia but they call themselves as Sabar. They are called “Pahari (Hill) Kharia” because they live in the midst of forest and depend upon forest produces. There are several gotras (clans) among the Hill Kharia such as Golgo, Bhunia, Sandi, Gidi, Dehuri, Pichria, Nago, Tolong, Suya, Dhar, Tesa, Kotal, Kharmoi, Digar, Laha, Saddar, Sikari, Rai, Dungdung, Bilung, Kiro, Kerketta, Soreng, Kullu, Baa, Tete, Dolai, Sal, Alkosi and Khiladi. Golgo seems to be dominant one because in every village that clan is spelt out first whenever their clans were asked. They mainly inhabit Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal, Maharashtra. In Tripura . Few families can be found in Assam and Andaman islands. According to 1981 census, their population in Bihar is 141,771, in Odisha it is 144,178, and in Madhya Pradesh it is 6892. The Kharia who were under zamindars during British rule are now land owning farmers in independent India. All Kharia speak their traditional dialect. The Language spoken by them is a part of the Munda Languages, which are part of the Austroasiatic languages. They are very close to the nature and culture of the tribe is influenced by its ecological and cultural surroundings. The Hill Kharia have preserved their traditional dress pattern and rest of the Kharia have been influenced by the modern contacts and changed their dressing style. Traditionally, they wear Dhoti called Bhagwan. women wear saree falling up to the ankles. A part of the saree covers their bosom. The traditional dress is nowadays going out of use. Both men and women wear ornaments generally made of Brass, Nickel, Aluminium, Silver and rarely of Gold. Dudh Kharia women prefer Gold ornaments. Different levels of economic developments on sectional basis exist among Kharia. The Hill Kharia is a food gathering, hunting and labourer community. The Dhelkis are agricultural labourers and agriculturalists, while Dudh Kharia are exclusively agriculturists in their primary economy. Kharia people are skilled in cottage industries. Kharia are said to be the great dancers. Youth of both sexes dance together. sometimes they form two groups each of males and females and sing one after the other. It is like conversion is going on between boys and girls in the form of the song. The following dance patterns are prevalent among Kharias- Hario, Kinbhar, Halka, Kudhing and Jadhura. Kharia people The Kharia are an Austroasiatic ethnic group from central India. This tribal ethnic group in India. They originally spoke the Kharia language, which belong to Austroasiatic languages. They are sub-divided into three groups known as the Hill Kharia, Delki Kharia and the Dudh Kharia. Amongst them, the Dudh Kharia is amongst the most advanced and educated ethnic communities in India. The Kharia comprise three tribes, the Dudh Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, and Hill Kharia.. The first two speak an Austroasiatic language, Kharia, but the Hill Kharia have"
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"retrieved": [
"Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Manheim Township is a township in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania established in 1729, which southernmost border meets the city limits of Lancaster. The population as of the 2010 census was 38,133. Manheim Township is represented by Republican United States Representative Lloyd Smucker. Manheim Township is located within Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 97 represented by Republican Steven Mentzer and Pennsylvania Senate District 13 also represented by a Republican, Scott Martin. Residents of Manheim Township elect a five-member Board of Commissioners. Commissioners are elected to serve a four-year term. Current Board of Commissioners (as of January 2018): According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 24.3 square miles (62.9 km²), of which, 24.2 square miles (62.7 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km²) of it (0.33%) is water. Manheim Township does not have its own zip code, therefore its residents share postal designations with neighboring municipalities. Residents living in the northernmost parts of the township have a Lititz address, residents living in the central and southern parts of the township have a Lancaster address and residents living in the easternmost parts of the township have a Leola address. The unincorporated community of Neffsville is located within Manheim Township. As of the census of 2000, there were 33,697 people, 12,961 households, and 9,280 families residing in the township. The population density was 1,391.6 people per square mile (537.4/km²). There were 13,434 housing units at an average density of 554.8/sq mi (214.2/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 93.18% White, 1.46% African American, 0.11% Native American, 3.13% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.02% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.77% of the population. There were 12,961 households, out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.96. In the township the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 21.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.7 males. The median annual income for a household in the township was $55,807, and the median annual income for a family was $67,365. Males had a median annual income of $46,940 versus $29,618 for females. The per capita income for the township was $28,730. About 2.4% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over. Students enrolled in public schools attend Manheim Township School District. The district operates the following schools: The Manheim Township Board of School Directors articulates the policy, budgetary direction and vision for the school district. It has nine members, elected to terms of four years each. Fun Facts About Lancaster County: Lancaster County has been the site of several notable films, including \"Home\",\" Corporate Affairs\",\" Rock School\",\" Beloved\", and\" Thomas and the Magic Railroad\" Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Manheim Township is a township in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania established in 1729, which southernmost border meets"
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"retrieved": [
"Amy Pleasant Amy Pleasant (born 1972) is an American painter living and working in Birmingham, AL with representation by the Jeff Bailey Gallery (New York, NY) and Whitespace Gallery (Atlanta, GA). She received a BFA from The School of the Art Institute of Chicago and an MFA from the Tyler School of Art at Temple University. Pleasant is best known for her figurative, free associative paintings and drawings that explore simple, daily acts in slowly unfolding narratives. In an article from Art in America, Max Henry wrote that her work “chronicles everyday life…full of existential angst and loneliness, her paintings are able to evoke an empathetic response from the viewer.” David Moos wrote of Pleasant’s work that through “fragments of overlapping narratives” the viewer is allowed to “glimpse the formation of images” and is “made aware of how the painter makes decisions in paint, amending a passage and visibly editing the composite image.” Martha Schwendener, art critic for \"The New York Times\" and critic of photography at the Yale School of Art, reviewed Pleasant's work in the contemporary art periodical Artforum, stating that Pleasant's paintings are “laid out in grids which collectively hint at angst-ridden narratives” which are stylistically reminiscent of “early Sue Williams paintings—the vitriolic feminist ones—or comics whose narrative core has disintegrated, leaving behind only the shame, fear, or desire that instigated them in the first place.” In addition to the Jeff Bailey Gallery, Pleasant has held solo exhibitions at the Birmingham Museum of Art, The Atlanta Contemporary Art Center (Atlanta, GA), the Tandem Gallery (Birmingham, AL), Rhodes College, The Ruby Green Center for Contemporary Art (Nashville, TN), and the University of Alabama, Birmingham. Pleasant has participated in group exhibitions at venues such as the Knoxville Museum of Art (Knoxville, TN), the Weatherspoon Art Museum (Greensboro, NC), Columbus Museum of Art (Columbus, GA), the Wiregrass Museum of Art (Dothan, AL), the National Museum of Women in the Arts (Washington, DC), the Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art (Winston-Salem, NC), the Art Museum of the University of Memphis (Memphis, TN), the Mobile Museum of Art (Mobile, AL), the United States Embassy in Prague, Czech Republic, and the Huntsville Museum of Art (Huntsville, AL). The recipient of an Individual Artist Grant from the Cultural Alliance of Greater Birmingham and the Alabama State Council on the Arts as well as the prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship in 2018, her work can be found in the collections of the Birmingham Museum of Art, the Knoxville Museum of Art, the Columbus Museum of Art, the Wiregrass Museum of Art, the Progressive Corporation, and the U.S. Consulate General in Dubai, as well as in many private collections. Pleasant was commissioned by the American ambient/post-rock band Hammock to create the album art for its 2013 release, Oblivion Hymns. In December 2015, Pleasant was announced as one of only 25 recipients of the 2015 Joan Mitchell Foundation Painters & Sculptors Grant, which acknowledges painters and sculptors creating work of exceptional quality through unrestricted career support. Amy Pleasant Amy Pleasant"
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"retrieved": [
"Gou virus Gou virus (GOUV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped novel RNA orthohantavirus. It is one of the known hantaviruses responsible for hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. Gou virus was first isolated from black rats (R. rattus) captured in Zhejiang Province in 2000. Genetically variant strains of GOUV have been found in black rats in Longquan, China. In addition, hantavirus strains isolated from R. flavipectus and R. norvegicus in Longquan are most closely related to GOUV. Like all hantaviruses, transmission to humans is primarily through aerosolized rodent excreta and hand-to-mouth contamination from fomites. No human-to-human transmission has been documented. Longquan City, Zhejiang province, China, has a persistently high rate of human infection with GOUV. There is speculation that a variant strain of GOUV is transmissible from human-to-human. However, this has not yet been confirmed with epidemiological trace-back analysis. Between 1974-2011, in annual numbers (cases/100,000 population), a total of 20 patients died of HFRS in Longquan, with an average fatality rate of 1.07%. The highest fatalities were between 1974-1983 with an 11% death rate (10 deaths/91 cases). Seasonally, all deaths occurred in autumn and winter. No deaths have been reported since 2007. This is believed to be due to early diagnosis and improved supportive treatment. Gou virus Gou virus (GOUV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped novel RNA orthohantavirus. It is one of the known hantaviruses responsible for hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. Gou virus was first isolated from black rats (R. rattus) captured in Zhejiang Province in 2000. Genetically variant strains of GOUV have been found in black rats in Longquan, China. In addition, hantavirus strains isolated from R. flavipectus and R. norvegicus in Longquan are most closely related to GOUV. Like all hantaviruses, transmission to humans is primarily through aerosolized rodent excreta and hand-to-mouth"
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"retrieved": [
"Troesmis Troesmis was an ancient Geto-Dacian town. It was situated in what is now Romania near Igliţa-Turcoaia. Between 107 and 161, it was the home of the Roman Legio V Macedonica. \"Notitia Dignitatum\" shows that during 337-361, it was the headquarters of Legio II Herculia. The site was concessioned to Desire More by the Ottoman Empire for farming activities. In 1882 Desire More started excavations, and the stones from the ancient site were sold as construction materials in Galați and Brăila. Suspected by the local Muslim villagers that the scope of the excavation is a treasure hunt, a local revolt started. With the help of Engelhardt, the French representative in Danube Commission, armed intervention stop the revolt. 24 epigraphic inscriptions were sent to France. Four of the inscriptions were published by Theodore Mommsen in 1864. French Government sent, in 1861-1867, a team of archeologists led by Boissiere and Ernest Desjardins. The French team has discovered 55 Latin inscriptions referring the history of Troesmis, Legio V Macedonica and Legio I Italica. The research was continued by Gr. G Tocilescu, destroying ancient site walls, in order to find and save inscriptions. The Roman poet Ovid provides one of the first documentary evidence of the ancient Dacian town of Troesmis as conquered by Pomponius Flaccus from the Getae and given to the Thracian king Rhecuporis in paragraphs 4.9.79 of his Epistulae ex Ponto to C. Pomponius Grecinus and 4.16.15 wrriten to \"an envious man\". The Greek geographer Ptolemy also mentions Troesmis in Book 3, Chapter 10 of his work Geographia as a station of the Roman Legion Legio V Macedonica. The Itinerarium Antonini mentions it as well, locating it between Beroe Piatra Frecăței and Arrubium (at sq/m distance from the first and at 9 sq/m from the second) and attests the presence of the Roman Legion Legio I Iovia. It is also mentioned in the Tabula Peutingeriana at 8.3: Troesmis (at 23 sq/m from Beroe and at 8 sq/m from Arrubium). The Itinerarium Burdigalense also mentions it, as do the Ravenna Cosmography, Hierocles and the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII. Troesmis Troesmis was an ancient Geto-Dacian town. It was situated in what is now Romania near Igliţa-Turcoaia. Between 107 and 161, it was the home of the Roman Legio V Macedonica. \"Notitia Dignitatum\" shows that during 337-361, it was the headquarters of Legio II Herculia. The site was concessioned to Desire More by the"
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"retrieved": [
"MapLight MapLight is a nonpartisan, nonprofit research organization that reveals and tracks the influence of money in politics in the United States. The organization publishes a free public database linking money and politics data sources, including campaign contributions to politicians, how politicians vote on bills, and support and opposition to legislation. MapLight provides data on both campaign finance and voting behavior in one database. MapLight uses an in-house research team in addition to data sources that include the National Institute on Money in State Politics, the Center for Responsive Politics, and Govtrack. MapLight advocates for public funding of elections and increased campaign finance regulations. MapLight expressed disagreement with the Supreme Court rulings \"Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission\" and \"McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission\". MapLight's donors include the Sunlight Foundation, Open Society Foundations, MacArthur Foundation, Ford Foundation, and the Tides Foundation. In June 2014, \"Politico\" reported that MapLight was a recipient of funding through the Democracy Alliance, a network of liberal donors who coordinate their anonymous political giving. According to the \"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel\", in 2010 George Soros underwrote a joint project between MapLight and the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism to highlight the influence of money in Wisconsin politics. MapLight MapLight is a nonpartisan, nonprofit research organization that reveals and tracks the influence of money in politics in the United States. The organization publishes a free public database linking money and politics data sources, including campaign contributions to politicians, how politicians vote on bills, and support and opposition to legislation. MapLight provides data on both campaign finance and voting behavior in one database. MapLight uses an in-house research team in addition to data sources that include the National Institute on Money in State Politics, the Center for Responsive Politics, and Govtrack. MapLight advocates for public funding of elections and"
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"retrieved": [
"Carl Holmes Carl Holmes is an American politician, and a Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing the 125th district. He has served since 1985. Prior to his election to the House, Holmes served as mayor of the city of Plains from 1982 to 1989. Since 1962 he has worked as a land manager of Holmes Farms. Holmes received his BBA from Colorado State University. Holmes was defeated in the August 7, 2012, Republican Primary by Reid Petty 904-895. Petty is a member of the school board in Liberal and is the Seward County Republican Chairman. The top 5 donors to Holmes's 2008 campaign: Carl Holmes Carl Holmes is an American politician, and a Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing the 125th district. He has served since 1985. Prior to his election to the House, Holmes served as mayor of the city of Plains from 1982 to 1989. Since 1962 he has worked as a land manager of Holmes Farms. Holmes received his BBA from Colorado State University. Holmes was defeated in the August 7, 2012, Republican Primary by Reid Petty 904-895. Petty is a member of the school board in Liberal and is the"
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"retrieved": [
"Justices examination order A Justices Examination Order (JEO) is on order for psychiatric evaluation of an individual. The following information is relevant in the state of Queensland, Australia. Relevant procedures are defined in the \"Mental Health Act 2000\". Any person may request a JEO of \"any\" other person (even someone they do not know, but see acting in a manner that suggests mental illness). The applicant need not be over the age of 18. The Justice of the Peace must be convinced that the person is acting in a manner that suggests that they may be mentally ill, and that they will not willingly submit to a psychiatric examination. The JEO allows a mental health practitioner to enter the place of residence of the person and examine the person in question without their consent. If they believe that the person is mentally ill, the practitioner must approach a magistrate for an Involuntary Treatment Order (ITO). If the practitioner is refused entry to the premises, the JEO authorizes the police to assist the practitioner to forcibly enter the premises. It is worthy of note that in an emergency (such as a suicide attempt) police and ambulance officers (amongst other people) can issue Emergency Examination Orders (EEOs) which are very similar to a JEO. Justices examination order A Justices Examination Order (JEO) is on order for psychiatric evaluation of an individual. The following information is relevant in the state of Queensland, Australia. Relevant procedures are defined in the \"Mental Health Act 2000\". Any person may request a JEO of \"any\" other person (even someone they do not know, but see acting in a manner that suggests mental illness). The applicant need not be over the age of 18. The Justice of the Peace must be convinced that the person is acting in"
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"retrieved": [
"Claudius C. Wilson Claudius Charles Wilson (October 1, 1831 – November 27, 1863) was a Confederate States Army colonel and brigade commander during the American Civil War. Wilson's promotion to brigadier general on November 16, 1863 was confirmed posthumously. Wilson was a lawyer and U.S. Solicitor general for eastern Georgia before the Civil War. Wilson died of a fever while in camp at Ringgold, Georgia on November 27, 1863. Claudius C. Wilson was born October 1, 1831 at Effingham County, Georgia. He was the son of Dr. Josiah Stewart Wilson of Liberty County, Georgia, and the great-grandson of Brigadier General Daniel Stewart, a brigadier general in the Georgia Militia who served during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Wilson graduated with highest honors from Emory College in Oxford, Georgia in 1851. He became a lawyer at Savannah, Georgia the following year. In 1859, he was elected U.S. Solicitor general for eastern Georgia, but he resigned in 1860 to resume his practice with the firm of Wilson, Norwood and Lester at Savannah. Wilson married Katharine McDuffie Morrison on September 14, 1852. They had four children, two of whom, John M. Wilson and Anna Belle Karow were living in Savannah, Georgia when their mother died in May 1904. Claudius C. Wilson began his Confederate Army Civil War service as a captain in the 25th Georgia Infantry Regiment, which he helped to raise, on August 9, 1861. He was promoted to colonel of the regiment on September 2, 1861. In 1862, the regiment was stationed at points along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia, including Tybee Island until the Confederates evacuated it and including Savannah. Wilson acted as a brigade commander during much of this time. Wilson became a brigade commander in Major General William H.T. Walker's division in June 1863. The division was variously assigned to the Department of the West in June 1863–July 1863; the Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana, July 1863–August 23, 1863; Acting Lieutenant General Daniel Harvey Hill's Corps, Army of Tennessee, August 25, 1863–September 1863; the Reserve Corps, Army of Tennessee, September 1863; Lieutenant General James Longstreet's Corps, Army of Tennessee, September 26, 1863–November 12, 1863; and Lieutenant General William J. Hardee's Corps, Army of Tennessee, November 12, 1863–November 27, 1863. Wilson's brigade was attached to General Joseph E. Johnston's forces attempting to relieve the Siege of Vicksburg Mississippi in early 1863 and later in defending Jackson, Mississippi. After the fall of Vicksburg, Wilson's brigade went to Georgia where they were part of the reserve corps at the Battle of Chickamauga. Wilson's distinguished conduct at that battle in initiating a counterattack when Union Army troops had driven back Confederate cavalry under Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest early on the second day of the battle and in capturing several artillery pieces helped win the battle for the Confederates. That conduct resulted in recommendations that Wilson be promoted to the grade of brigadier general. Claudius C. Wilson was appointed brigadier general on November 16, 1863, but his promotion was not confirmed by the Confederate Senate and his commission had not been delivered to him before he died of \"camp fever\", now generally recognized as Typhus, on November 27, 1863 at Ringgold, Georgia. The Confederate Senate confirmed Wilson's appointment posthumously on February 17, 1864. Claudius Charles Wilson was buried at Bonaventure Cemetery, Savannah, Georgia. Claudius C. Wilson Claudius Charles Wilson (October 1, 1831 – November 27, 1863) was a Confederate States Army colonel and brigade commander during the American Civil War. Wilson's promotion to brigadier general on November 16, 1863 was confirmed posthumously. Wilson was a"
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"retrieved": [
"No. 61 (Rust and Blue) No. 61 (Rust and Blue) is a 1953 painting by the Russian-American Abstract expressionist artist Mark Rothko. The work was first exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1961. In common with Rothko's other works from this period, \"No. 61\" consists of large expanses of color delineated by uneven, hazy shades. The \"Rust and Blue\" painting was a part of the Color Field Movement because \"No. 61\" relies on subtle tonal values that are often variations of a monochromatic hue. \"Rust and Blue\" also uses layered coloring to enrich the hues in the painting, a quality the artist Mark Rothko described as \"inner light\". Rothko painted in such a way that at times paint can be seen flowing upward across the surface. This illusion is caused because Rothko would invert his painting toward the final stages of his work. This effect can be seen in \"No.61\". 2. Color Field No. 61 (Rust and Blue) No. 61 (Rust and Blue) is a 1953 painting by the Russian-American Abstract expressionist artist Mark Rothko. The work was first exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1961. In common with Rothko's other works"
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"retrieved": [
"Jane Haddam Orania Papazoglou (born July 13, 1951), better known by her pen name Jane Haddam, is an American mystery writer. Haddam was born in Bethel, Connecticut and now lives in Watertown. She was married to mystery writer William L. DeAndrea until his death in 1996. Their son, Matt DeAndrea, is also a writer. Haddam has worked as a teacher at the college level and as a magazine editor. She is best known for her series of books featuring Gregor Demarkian, a former FBI agent. She has also written a number of murder mysteries under her real name Orania Papazoglou featuring the romance author Patience McKenna. Haddam was nominated for an Edgar Award in the \"Best First Mystery Novel by an American Author\" category for her novel \"Sweet, Savage Death\" in 1985. Her novel \"Not a Creature Was Stirring\" also received an Edgar nomination, this time for \"Best Paperback Original\"; it was also nominated for the 1991 Anthony Award in the same category. Jane Haddam Orania Papazoglou (born July 13, 1951), better known by her pen name Jane Haddam, is an American mystery writer. Haddam was born in Bethel, Connecticut and now lives in Watertown. She was married to mystery"
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"retrieved": [
"Kadongo Kamu Kadongo Kamu is a music genre native to Uganda and is the oldest mainstream music genre in the country. The word \"kadongo kamu\" is a term in the Ganda language that means \"one little guitar\". To understand why the genre has this name, one has to understand the stylistic structure of the music which is created with only one acoustic guitar, a dry acoustic non-electric six-string guitar. But this is not always the case and many times other instruments are involved. However the true style of the music relies only on one acoustic guitar as instrumentation, hence the \"one little guitar\" name. To understand why the acoustic guitar is the instrument of choice, again one has to understand the Ganda traditional music from which the music evolved. There is a drumming style and dance called \"Bakisimba\" in Ganda traditional music and it is one of the most well known drumming and dancing styles in traditional music in Uganda. The drum used in this music is a heavy bass drum that creates a pattern and sound that can easily be recreated with a bass guitar. The first musicians to practice this genre were inspired by this drumming pattern and started using guitars as an easier way of recreating the traditional sound without having to have a drum. This enabled them to move between various towns and villages while playing the music and delivering witty and reflective messages to various audiences that would all be familiar with the sound they were hearing. Thus the genre was born. Most times the player of the guitar is usually the same person singing. Hence many practitioners tend to be good guitarists. The song structure is not well defined and can, in fact, seem like a long ode of some sort. The choruses are long and complex and are not meant to be repetitive and melodic like other genres. It is not music meant for dancing but rather for listening. That's why most singers are usually very witty and can deliver funny and thought provoking lyrics all in the same song. Just like the traditional music from which it came, storytelling is common place. Themes are usually centered on poverty, suffering, death and the general problems of life. It's because of this that the music is popular among peasants where poverty levels are much higher and there is a lot of empathy with the lyrical themes. This genre because its themes also attracted political problems to the producers and artists. It is not uncommon for songs to last 10 minutes. Perhaps the first well known artist of the genre was Fred Masagazi in the 60's. Masagazi is considered by many the father of kadongo kamu. His brand of educative singing won him many fans and he is one of the few musicians who was involved with Uganda's independence in 1962. Elly Wamala was another of the founders. Elly Wamala is credited with the invention of this genre but abandoned it because it was constantly and easily played informally by people he considered uneducated. It is common to find this kadongo kamu artists staged on the streets of Kampala (Uganda's Capital City) entertaining a micro concert for a small fee usually raised by the crowd. The grandfather of this genre though is widely regarded to be Christopher Ssebaduka who last performed in 1996. Fred Masagazi and Eclas Kawalya are credited for having popularized it by actively recording in this genre in the 1960s and early 1970s. They were followed by a number of musicians who kept true to the style and sound of the music. In the mid to late 1970s this genre was kept alive during the dark days of Idi Amin by Peterson Mutebi. Although many song themes revolve around suffering and outrage, the original artists of this genre sang about love and often praised women in recordings that hardly exceeded three and a half minutes Herman Basudde was a very popular kadongo kamu musician in the 80's and 90's. Dan Mugula is one of the few surviving pioneers of the genre. Fred Sebatta and Paulo Kafeero made their mark in the 90's. Paulo Job Kafeero is also revered as one of the most skillful kadongo kamu musicians ever and his song Walumbe Zaaya is one of the best and most popular Ugandan songs ever. Over the past decade, there have been other musicians but they were overshadowed by the pop musicians in the new bustling pop music scene. Today, the genre is still marginalized, but the music is loved by cultural loyalists in the Buganda region, as can be seen with current musicians like Fred Sebaale and Mathias Walukagga, who are still enjoying music success. Uganda ; Building of a Nation : 148 shapers and movers, past and present : Published by Vision Group Kadongo Kamu Kadongo Kamu is a music genre native to Uganda and is the oldest mainstream music genre in the country. The word \"kadongo kamu\" is a term in the Ganda language that means \"one little guitar\". To understand why the genre has this name, one has to understand the stylistic structure of the music which is created with only one acoustic guitar, a dry acoustic non-electric six-string guitar. But this is not always the case and many times other instruments are involved. However the true style of the music relies only on one acoustic guitar as instrumentation,"
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"Uba riots of 1937 The Uba riots of 1937 or simply the Mauritian riots of 1937 refers to an outbreak of riots and civil disturbances that broke out amongst small scale sugar cane growers on the island of Mauritius in August 1937. The riots led to the death of 4 people with an additional 6 people being injured. Uba refers to a variety of Saccharum sinense sugarcane commonly cultivated by small hold owning cane growers and labourers at the time who initiated the riots due to an unexpected reduction in the price sugar mills were prepared to pay for the cane. Large sugar estates sold off less productive land to better-off Indian Mauritians from the 1870s onward forming a class of small land owners who came to be known as Sirdars. The Sidars used family labour to make their sugar plots profitable. The Sidars also acted as middlemen between sharecropping rural workers and the Franco-Mauritian elite that owned the large Sugar Cane estates. This created a distance between labourers and the land owning elite who ran the Sugar Mills resulting in a lack of any mechanism for the cane labourers to raise grievances with their employers. The owners of the large sugar plantations held a very strong political position within the local government of Mauritius. Both due to their economic power and because the British colonial government was concerned about aggravating pro-French sentiment amongst Franco-Mauritians during the 1800s. Fearing that they would agitate either for independence or to become a French colony again. This further prevent labour reform on the island and aggravated the difficult working conditions of the sugar can labourers. To help address this issue and improve overall working conditions for rural labourers the Mauritian Labour Party (MLP) was founded on the 23 February 1936 by Dr Maurice Curé and Emmanuel ‘Jacques’ Anquetil. Many small scale farmers planted the hardier but less productive Uba verity of sugarcane. Although Uba produced more cane by weight it also had a lower sucrose content than traditional verieties of sugarcane meaning that the mills would produce less refined sugar from it. Since the growers of sugarcane were paid by weight the sugar refineries experienced lower profits whilst the growers were paid more per harvest. In July 1937, at the beginning of that year's sugarcane harvest, the sugar refineries announced that they would only accept Uba cane for fifteen percent less than regular sugarcane. This combined with the depressed state of the sugar market internationally put great economic strain on growers. Following the announcement of the fifteen percent reduction in the Uba cane price labourers on the Rich Fund estate asked the Sirdars or managers to intervene to raise the price. After getting no satisfaction the labourers striked and caused a number of minor disturbances. Due to similar strikes in Trinidad at the time the British government in Mauritius initially sought a conciliatory approach whilst the Labour Party held rallies calling for political and economic reform. By mid-August the strikes had spread to other sugar estates across the island. The government sought to negotiate with the sugar refineries to increase the price of Uba cane but a few estates refused. One of the estates that refused to increase the price, the Union-Flacq estate owned by R.Gujadhur, became the target of arson attacks and property damage. This along with a suggestion by the police to deal with their own security lead to the stockpiling of weapons on the estate. On the 13 August 1937 around two hundred small planters and labourers marched on the refinery at Union-Flacq. Armed staff at the refinery met the demonstrators who then attempted to storm the facility. Fearing for their personal safety the staff fired on the demonstrators. The encounter resulted in the deaths of six protesters and wounding four more. The protesters dispersed whilst setting fire to surrounding sugar cane fields. Word spread and protests lasted for an additional two weeks across the island. Following the riots and a commission of inquiry in 1938 the local British government repealed the ban on labour unions, created a framework for collective bargaining, and setup the Mauritian Department of Labour whilst also creating institutions to help arbitrate grievances between employers and labourers. The event also had a big impact on the Mauritian Labour Party. Although Emmanuel Anquetil was exiled to Rodrigues the party profile was greatly enhanced helping to create the conditions for it to take over as the first governing party of an independent Mauritius around thirty years later. The legalising of labour unions in addition to the other reforms also greatly enhanced labour conditions. The incident also led to the democratisation of agricultural extension and research services to small scale sugarcane farmers. Thereby increasing their access to technology and improving their long term economic standing. Uba riots of 1937"
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"Abu Dhar al-Ghifari Abū Dharr al-Ghifari al-Kinani (), also Jundab ibn Junādah (), was the fourth or fifth person converting to Islam, and a Muhajirun. He belonged to the Banu Ghifar, the Kinanah tribe. No date of birth is known. He died in 652 CE, at al-Rabadha, in the desert east of Medina. Abu Dhar is remembered for his strict piety and also his opposition to Muawiyah I during the caliph Uthman ibn Affan era. He is venerated by Shia Muslims as one of The Four Companions, early Muslims who were followers (Shi'a) of Ali ibn Abi Talib. He was regarded by many, including Ali Shariati, Muhammad Sharqawi and Sami Ayad Hanna, as a principal antecedent of Islamic socialism, the first Islamic socialist, or the first socialist altogether. He protested against the accumulation of wealth by the ruling class during ‘Uthmān's caliphate and urged the equitable redistribution of wealth. Little is known of his life before his conversion to Islam. Abu Dhar is said to have been a serious young man, an ascetic and a monotheist even before he converted. He was born to the Ghifar clan, found to the western south of Medina. Abu Dhar was apparently typical of the early converts to Islam, described by Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri as \"young men and weak people\". They were a branch of the Banu Kinanah tribe. The Quraysh clan of Muhammad was also a branch of the Banu Kinanah tribe. Popular accounts of Abu Dhar say that his tribe lived by pillaging caravans, but that he preferred to live a poor but honest life as a shepherd. Having heard the contention that a new prophet had arisen in Mecca, Abu Dhar and his brother travelled to Mecca to find the prophet. The young seeker converted instantly and rushed out to declare his new faith in front of the Kaaba, which at that time was a pagan temple. He was beaten for his religious belief. He did this three days in a row, after which the Prophet Muhammed told him to return to his clan, where he taught his people about Islam. He and his tribe then joined Muhammad after the Hijra, or migration to Medina in 622 CE. Muhammad once said that \"the sky did not spread its canopy on any man who was more truthful than Abu Dharr.\" This seems to be a simplified account of stories reported in these hadiths, , and . According to the early Islamic historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Abu Dhar claimed to have been the fourth or fifth convert to Islam. However, Saad bin Abi Waqqas made the same claim. While the exact order of conversion may never be established, no one doubts that he was a very early convert. He participated in the Battle of Badr. Muhammad's forces included Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, Hamza, Mus`ab ibn `Umair, Az-Zubair bin Al-'Awwam, Ammar ibn Yasir, and Abu Dharr al-Ghifari. The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses, meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel. However, many early Muslim sources indicate that no serious fighting was expected, and the future Caliph Uthman stayed behind to care for his sick wife Ruqayyah, the daughter of Muhammad. Salman the Persian also could not join the battle, as he was still not a free man. During the Expedition of Ka’b ibn 'Umair al-Ghifari his son Umair al-Ghifari was killed. In this expedition Muhammad ordered an attackon the Banu Quda‘a tribe because Muhammad received intelligence that they had gathered a large number of men to attack the Muslim positions In response Muhammad ordered the Third Expedition of Dhu Qarad to take revenge for the killing of the son of Abu Dhar Ghifari at al-Ghaba Abu Dhar had begun his agitation in Medina after Uthman had given 500,000 dirhams to Marwan I, 300,000 to al-Harith b. al-Hakam, and 100,000 to the Medinan Zayd ibn Thabit from the \"khums\" of the booty seized in Ifriqiya in 27/647. He then quoted relevant Qur'anic passages threatening the hoarders of riches with hell-fire. Marwan complained to Uthman, who sent his servant Natil to warn Abu Dhar, but to no avail. Uthman displayed patience for some time until, in the presence of the caliph, Abu Dhar launched an angry verbal attack on Ka'ab al-Ahbar, who had backed Uthman's free use of public money. Uthman now chided Abu Dhar and sent him to Damascus. There is a tradition that Muhammad predicted this sad end, saying, \"May Allah have mercy upon Abu Dharr! Lonely will he live, lonely will he die and lonely will he be resurrected\". Many hadith, oral traditions, are traced to Abu Dhar. He is respected as an early and observant Muslim, and a man who was honest and direct to a fault. He was, according to the Sunni tradition, a rough, unlettered Bedouin who held no high office, but who served the Muslim community, the Ummah, with everything he had to give. During the caliphate of Uthman, he stayed in Damascus and witnessed Muslims deviating from Islam, going after worldly pleasures and desires. He was saddened and repelled by this. So Uthman invited him to come to Madinah. where he was also hurt by people's pursuit of worldly goods and pleasures. Al-Rabathah Abu Dhar then asked Uthman to go to al-Rabathah, a small village eastern Madinah. Uthman approved his request. Abu Dhar stayed there away from people, holding on to the traditions (sunnah) of Muhammad and his companions. A man visited him once and when he found his house almost bare, he asked Abu Dhar: \"Where are your possessions?\" Abu Dhar said: \"We have a house yonder (meaning the Hereafter), to which we send the best of our possessions.\" The man understood what Abu Dhar meant and said: \"But you must have some possessions so long as you are in this abode.\" \"The owner of this abode will not leave us in it,\" replied Abu Dharr. Also, when the Prince (Amir) of Syria sent Abu Dhar three hundred dinars to meet his needs, he returned the money saying, \"Does not the Amir find a servant more deserving of it than I?\" Abu Dhar continued in his simple life, and dedicated himself to Allah only until he died, in 32 A.H. Aba Dhar is considered one of the greatest and most loyal sahaba, along with Salman the Persian, Miqdad ibn Aswad, and Ammar ibn Yasir. Imam Ali advanced to see him off. He said: Abu Dhar, his wife and his daughter went to al-Rabathah Desert. He was recalling our Master Muhammad's words: Abu Dhar, may Allah have mercy upon you. You'll live alone, die alone, rise from the dead alone and enter Paradise alone. Prophet Mohammad said about him \"Aba Dhar is like Issa/Jesus of my nation in his \"zohod\" and \"waraa\" There are two Shia shrines to Abu Dhar in Lebanon — in Sarepta and Meiss al-Jabal. Muhammad is reported to have said, \"Neither has the sky shaded one more truthful and honest than Abu Dhar nor has the earth had anyone walk over it like him. (In these matters) he is like Isa bin Maryam.\" (From Tirmidhi.) Muhammad also said, \"Abu Dhar walks on earth with the piety of Isa bin Maryam (Jesus son of Mary.)\" (From Tirmidhi.) During the Battle of Tabouk, Abu Dhar was left behind because his camel was ill or too weak. So he alighted from it and, placing the pack on his back, walked to the rest of the army. Muhammad saw him and exclaimed, \"May Allah have Mercy on Abu Dhar!.\" He then said, \"He spends his life all alone. Death will single him out and on the Day of Resurrection, he will stand up all alone!\" Abu Dhar al-Ghifari Abū Dharr al-Ghifari al-Kinani (), also Jundab ibn"
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"Norman Del Mar Norman René Del Mar CBE (31 July 19196 February 1994) was a British conductor, horn player, and biographer. As a conductor, he specialized in the music of late romantic composers; including Edward Elgar, Gustav Mahler, and Richard Strauss. He left a great legacy of recordings of British music, in particular Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Frederick Delius, and Benjamin Britten. He notably conducted the premiere recording of Britten's children's opera \"Noye's Fludde\". Born in Hampstead, London, Del Mar began his career as a horn player. He was one of the original members of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (RPO), which was established by Sir Thomas Beecham in 1946. Within the first few months of the RPO's existence, Beecham appointed Del Mar as his assistant conductor. Del Mar made his professional debut as a conductor with the RPO in 1947. In 1949 Del Mar was appointed principal conductor of the English Opera Group, in which post he remained until 1954. In 1952 he conducted the BBC Symphony Orchestra in the world premiere of Franz Reizenstein's radio opera \"Anna Kraus\". He then held chief conducting posts with the Yorkshire Symphony Orchestra (1954) the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra (1960–1965), and the Aarhus Symphony Orchestra (1985–1988). A regular at the BBC Proms concerts, he conducted the famous Last Night on three occasions: 1973, 1975, and 1983. He was also 'permanent guest conductor' with the Göteborg Symphony Orchestra from 1969-1973. In 1953 Del Mar joined the faculty of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama where he conducted the school's orchestra and taught conducting until 1960. In 1972 he began to teach conducting at the Royal College of Music, serving until 1990. He also conducted the Royal Academy of Music's orchestra from 1974-1977. In 1976 he conducted the world premiere of Thomas Wilson's Opera The Confessions of a Justified Sinner, based on the novel by James Hogg. A cast led by Philip Langridge, Thomas Hemsley and John Shirley-Quirk speaks for itself. To keep a new work in the repertoire for as many as thirteen performances also shows the confidence the company had in the piece. He was an authority on Richard Strauss and wrote a three-volume work on Strauss's life and music. In addition, his books include the following titles: As well as making approximately 70 recordings of his own, Del Mar was a lifelong record collector, and his extensive collection of rare 78s is held by the University of Southampton. He died in 1994, aged 74. He has two sons. The elder is the Beethoven editor Jonathan Del Mar, and the younger is Robin Del Mar who is a viola player. Norman Del Mar Norman René Del Mar CBE (31 July 19196 February 1994) was a British conductor, horn player, and biographer. As a conductor, he specialized in the music of late romantic composers; including Edward Elgar, Gustav Mahler, and Richard Strauss. He left a great legacy of recordings of British music, in particular Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Frederick Delius, and Benjamin Britten."
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"Business Information Services Library Business Information Services Library (BiSL), previously known as Business Information Service Management Library, is a framework used for information management. BiSL is a public domain standard since 2005, governed by the ASL BiSL foundation (previously ASL Foundation). The framework describes a standard for processes within business information management at the strategy, management and operations level. BiSL is closely related to the ITIL and ASL framework, yet the main difference between these frameworks is that ITIL and ASL focus on the supply side of information (the purpose of an IT organisation), whereas BiSL focuses on the demand side (arising from the end-user organisation). BiSL was originally developed in the Netherlands by RCC/Roccade Atribit. It was first described by Deurloo c.s. in an article \"Model voor Functioneel Beheer\", in the Dutch annual 'IT Beheer Jaarboek', edition 1998, pages 131-140 (ed. J. van Bon, Ten Hagen & Stam Uitgevers). Later, it was adopted by the ASL-BiSL Foundation, founded in 2002. The body of knowledge on BiSL is currently public domain. Based on separatist of duties, Information Delivery can be split in two areas: Business Information Services Library Business Information Services Library (BiSL), previously known as Business Information Service Management"
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"Sullivan Square station Sullivan Square is a rapid transit station in Boston, Massachusetts. It serves the MBTA's Orange Line, and is also a major bus transfer point. It is located just west of the Sullivan Square traffic circle in the Charlestown neighborhood, adjacent to East Somerville. The modern subway station was built in 1975, and replaced an earlier Charlestown Elevated station established in 1901. Sullivan Square and its station are named for James Sullivan, an early 19th-century Governor of Massachusetts and first president of the Middlesex Canal Co. A plaque commemorating the canal is on the column right of the entrance to the station. The first station at Sullivan Square opened on June 10, 1901 as part of the Charlestown Elevated rapid transit line, a predecessor to the modern Orange Line. The elevated Sullivan Square station was a major transfer point in the system until it closed in 1975 to make way for the modern Orange Line. The modern station opened opened April 7, 1975 as part of the Haymarket North Extension. The station has three tracks and two platforms, and is located under a double-decked elevated section of Interstate 93. Sullivan Square stands on what was once a narrow neck of land referred to as the Charlestown Neck, an area that was originally a thin strip of land connecting the Charlestown Peninsula with present-day East Somerville. Being in a narrow place between larger land masses made Sullivan Square a place where transportation routes naturally converged, and various transportation facilities developed here over the years. Of particular note was the construction of the Middlesex Canal which spanned 27 miles from Lowell to terminate at the Mill Pond in Charlestown, passing directly through where the Sullivan Square traffic circle stands today. Completed in 1803, the canal was considered a major engineering feat at its time. However, the Boston and Lowell Railroad, completed in 1835, captured much of the freight business, and the canal ceased operation by 1853. The Boston and Lowell and the Fitchburg, the earliest railroads to pass through Somerville, did not come through this area of the city, but in 1842 the Boston and Maine Corporation opened a station near Sullivan Square. This led to the construction of a residential enclave for commuters to Boston. New streets were laid out, such as Mt. Vernon Street and Mt. Pleasant Street, and small lots were plotted out along them. The next transportation revolution to make its way through Sullivan Square was the streetcar. Horsecars connecting Somerville to Charlestown and Boston started running in 1858, just two years after the first horsecar in Massachusetts connected Cambridge and Boston. Horsecar travel continued to grow until the early 1890s, when electrically powered street railways became popular. Sullivan Square came to be the location of a large carhouse, and in 1901 a grand new station was built to serve both streetcars and the Boston Elevated Railway, the new rapid transit line connecting Sullivan Square and Dudley Square by way of downtown Boston. The B&M's East Somerville station building was closed in 1927; in February 1932, with just a few trains a day stopping, the railroad petitioned the Public Utilities Commission to abandon the station entirely. However, the station remained in use, served by a small number of trains on both the Eastern Division and Western Division. On April 18, 1958, the Boston and Maine Railroad received permission from the Public Utilities Commission to drastically curtail its suburban commuter service, including abandoning branches, closing stations, and cutting trains. Among the approved cuts was the closure of all Eastern Division service south of Lynn, including the Saugus Branch plus mainline stations at East Somerville, Everett, Chelsea, and Forbes. The Saugus Branch and mainline stations were closed on May 16, 1958. The original elevated station was considered a crown jewel of the \"El\", along with a similar station complex at Dudley Square in Roxbury. Surface streetcars ran up to 10 stub-end tracks at the level of the elevated stations, allowing cross-platform transfer underneath an expansive trainshed. The station was designed as a major transfer point, with many streetcar lines that had gone downtown truncated to Sullivan. However, the station quickly reached capacity, and a northward extension to Everett opened in 1919. Later, beginning in 1963, the Everett terminus was closed nights and Sundays, and the truncated routes (now all buses) were extended back to Sullivan Square at those times. Over time, deferred maintenance on the Charlestown Elevated and Sullivan Square station took its toll. A large fire also caused significant damage to the station's upper level on November 1, 1967. The Haymarket North Extension was constructed in the early 1970s along the Haverhill Line right-of-way, with a relocated new Sullivan Square station under the elevated I-93 expressway. The Charlestown Elevated closed on April 4, 1975; the Haymarket North Extension opened as far as Sullivan Square on April 7. The new Sullivan station was the terminus of the extension for five months until Wellington opened on September 6, 1975. There were proposals to renovate the cavernous old trainshed for use as retail or gallery spaces, but no such conversion took place; the massive structure was subsequently razed in 1975 and repurposed as an MBTA service vehicle parking lot. Only supports for a footbridge crossing the traffic circle remain of the elevated station. A similar structure at the Dudley Square station on the Orange Line was carefully preserved, lowered to ground level, and reopened in 1993 as a major bus transfer station. Sullivan Square has long been a major transfer point for surface transit. The original elevated station had surface and elevated streetcar loops to serve a number of BERy and Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway lines. The modern station has a two-level busway that serves 12 MBTA bus routes to Medford, Everett, Malden and other surrounding cities: Sullivan Square Station is a proposed stop on the MBTA's planned Urban Ring Project. The Urban Ring would be a circumferential Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line designed to connect the current MBTA Lines to reduce strain on the downtown transfer stations. Plans from 2008 also called for the addition of platforms to serve the adjacent Haverhill and Newburyport/Rockport commuter rail lines. Sullivan Square station Sullivan Square is a rapid transit station in Boston, Massachusetts. It serves the MBTA's Orange Line, and is also a major bus transfer point. It is located just west of the Sullivan Square traffic circle in the Charlestown neighborhood, adjacent to East Somerville. The modern subway station was built in 1975, and replaced an earlier Charlestown Elevated station established in 1901. Sullivan Square and its station are named for"
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"Dallas International Motor Speedway The Dallas International Motor Speedway was a racetrack located in Lewisville, Texas. It operated from June 1969 to 1973. The racetrack served as the site for such events as the NHRA Spring Nationals and World Finals, and the Texas International Pop Festival in 1969. When it first opened, the Speedway featured a quarter-mile paved dragstrip, grandstands, and a distinctive control and observation tower. Later, a 2.5-mile road course was added, followed by a quarter-mile dirt course for motorcycle racing. The first event held at the Speedway was the 1969 NHRA Spring Nationals. The event was generally considered to be a successful debut for the new track, but was marred by tragedy when Funny Car driver Gerry Schwartz was killed in a mid-track collision with Pat Foster. The track was also the site of another tragedy on Oct. 16, 1971 when race car driver Art Arfons crashed his jet-powered \"Super Cyclops\" resulting in the deaths of two onlookers and a passenger in the vehicle, WFAA TV news reporter Gene Thomas. A series of event rainouts, debt issues, and track maintenance costs combined to force the Speedway into bankruptcy by 1973, when the property was purchased for commercial development and the Speedway facilities were demolished. No trace of the Speedway remains at the site today. The track was located east of I-35E at what is now approximately mile marker 448 (Round Grove Rd./Hebron Parkway exit). The Speedway tower was near the present-day intersection of Waters Ridge Dr. and Lake Pointe Dr. Dallas International Motor Speedway The Dallas International Motor Speedway was a racetrack located in Lewisville, Texas. It operated from June 1969 to 1973. The racetrack served as the site for such events as the NHRA Spring Nationals and World Finals, and the Texas International Pop Festival in"
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"West Elkton, Ohio West Elkton is a village in Preble County, Ohio, United States. The population was 197 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area. West Elkton was laid out in 1847. A post office called West Elkton has been in operation since 1844. West Elkton is located at (39.588224, -84.556355). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 197 people, 76 households, and 55 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 86 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 97.0% White, 0.5% African American, 1.5% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5% of the population. There were 76 households of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 10.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.6% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.98. The median age in the village was 39.3 years. 24.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.4% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 54.8% male and 45.2% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 194 people, 71 households, and 50 families residing in the village. The population density was 383.2 people per square mile (146.9/km²). There were 81 housing units at an average density of 160.0 per square mile (61.3/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 98.97% White, 0.52% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population. There were 71 households out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.20. In the village, the population was spread out with 28.9% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 113.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.0 males. The median income for a household in the village was $40,417, and the median income for a family was $38,333. Males had a median income of $40,938 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,676. About 9.4% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.0% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those sixty five or over. Preble Shawnee Local Schools operates West Elkton Intermediate School in the village. West Elkton has a public library, a branch of the Preble County District Library. West Elkton, Ohio"
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"retrieved": [
"Ken Bruen Ken Bruen (born 1951) is an Irish writer of hard-boiled and noir crime fiction. Born in Galway, he was educated at Gormanston College, County Meath and later at Trinity College Dublin, where he earned a PhD in metaphysics. He spent twenty-five years as an English teacher in Africa, Japan, S.E. Asia and South America. His travels have been hazardous at times, including a stint in a Brazilian jail. Bruen is part of a literary circle that includes Jason Starr, Reed Farrel Coleman, and Allan Guthrie. Bruen's works include the well-received \"White Trilogy\" and \"The Guards\". In 2006, Hard Case Crime released \"Bust\", a collaboration between Bruen and New York crime author Jason Starr. Bruen's short story \"Words Are Cheap\" (2006) appears in the first issue of \"Murdaland\". He has also edited an anthology of stories set in Dublin, \"Dublin Noir\". Jack Taylor's informant named China, is a nod of the head by Ken Bruen to author Alan Hunter's original informant character named China, in the George Gently series of novels; first published in 1955. Bruen is also the recipient of the first David Loeb Goodis Award (2008) for his dedication to his art. Other works of note include \"The Killing of the Tinkers\", \"The Magdalen Martyrs\", \"The Dramatist\" and \"Priest\", all part of his Jack Taylor series, which began with \"The Guards.\" Set in Galway, the acclaimed series relates the adventures and misadventures of a disgraced former police officer working as a haphazard private investigator whose life has been marred by alcoholism and drug abuse. It chronicles the social change in Ireland in Bruen's own lifetime, paying particular attention to the decline of the Catholic Church as a social and political power. Themes also explored include Ireland's economic prosperity from the mid-1990s onwards, although it is often portrayed as a force which has left Ireland as a materialistic and spiritually drained society which still harbours deep social inequality. This is the side of the Celtic Tiger best portrayed in Bruen's Ireland-based novels. Immigration is also a theme to be found in these works. Bruen lives in Galway, Ireland. He is married and has a daughter. Bruen is the recipient of many awards: The Shamus Award in 2007 (\"The Dramatist\") and 2004 (\"The Guards\"), both for Best P.I. Hardcover; The Macavity Award in 2005 (\"The Killing of the Tinkers\") and 2010 (\"Tower\", cowritten by Reed Farrel Coleman), both for Best Mystery Novel; The Barry Award in 2007 (\"Priest\") for Best British Crime Novel; the Grand Prix de Literature Policiere in 2007 (Priest) for Best International Crime Novel. He was also a finalist for the Edgar Allan Poe Award in 2004 (\"The Guards\") and 2008 (\"Priest\"), both for Best Novel. Beginning in 2010, nine of the Jack Taylor novels were made into a TV series starring Iain Glen in the title role. His Brants and Roberts novel 'Blitz' was adapted into a 2011 film of the same name, starring Jason Statham, Paddy Considine and Aiden Gillen. Bruen's 2014 novel 'Merrick' was adapted for TV as the series 100 Code, starring Dominic Monaghan and Michael Nyqvist. His 2001 novel, 'London Boulevard,' was adapted for the big screen in 2010 and starred Keira Knightley, Colin Farrell, David Thewlis and Ray Winstone. Jeannerod, Dominique. \"Representations of Crime and Punishment in French and Irish Crime Fiction.\" Masson, Antoine, O'Connor, Kevin (eds.) Representations of Justice, Bern, Peter Lang, (2007) 23–37 Kincaid, Andrew. \"Down These Mean Streets\": The City and Critique in Contemporary Irish Noir Éire-Ireland – Volume 45:1&2, Earrach/Samhradh / Spring/Summer 2010, 39–55 Murphy, Paula. \"'Murderous Mayhem': Ken Bruen and the New Ireland.\" \"CLUES: A Journal of Detection\" 24.2 (Winter 2006): 3–16 Murphy, Paula. \"Ken Bruen's American Skin and Postmodern Media Culture\". Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture 7.1 (Spring 2008) Ken Bruen Ken Bruen (born 1951) is an Irish writer of hard-boiled and noir crime fiction. Born in Galway, he was educated at Gormanston College, County Meath and later at Trinity College Dublin, where he earned a PhD in metaphysics. He spent twenty-five years as an English teacher in Africa, Japan, S.E. Asia and South America. His travels have been hazardous at times, including a stint in a Brazilian jail. Bruen is part"
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"retrieved": [
"Winona meteorite The Winona meteorite is a primitive achondrite meteorite. It is the type specimen and by far the largest meteorite of the winonaite group. The Winona meteorite is named after Winona, Arizona. The meteorite is said to be discovered during an archaeological excavation of the Sinagua village Elden Pueblo in September 1928. The Sinagua lived in the village between 1150 and 1275. The meteorite was said to be retrieved from the cist of one of the rooms. In fact the meteorite was found at another Sinagua site and not in Elden Pueblo When the meteorite was removed from the cist it fell apart because it was badly weathered. The first description was made in 1929. The authors were of the opinion that the meteorite was too badly weathered to be accurately classified. They estimated that the meteorite was probably a mesosiderite. The meteorite consists of enstatite, olivine, meteoric iron, plagioclase, troilite. Accessory minerals include alabandite, apatite, chromite, daubréelite, diopside, graphite. Winona meteorite The Winona meteorite is a primitive achondrite meteorite. It is the type specimen and by far the largest meteorite of the winonaite group. The Winona meteorite is named after Winona, Arizona. The meteorite is said to be"
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"retrieved": [
"Poor's Allotment Poor's Allotment () is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, notified in 1954. The site is listed in the 'Forest of Dean Local Plan Review' as a Key Wildlife Site (KWS). The site is now part of a larger nature reserve of 60 hectares (The Park & Poor's Allotment ()) managed by the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust. The Park's conservation interest is now managed in partnership with the Forestry Commission who are the land owners. Poor’s Allotment is owned by trustees from the parish of Tidenham. The site partly overlies carboniferous rocks of the Forest of Dean. Some of the site is heath vegetation which is over Drybrook sandstone, and some is vegetation which grows on the calcareous soils on Drybrook limestone. This nature of this site is, therefore, of significant regional importance because of this complexity of habitats. The land (as its name would indicate) was historically allocated under an Enclosure Award (1814) and was to be managed for the benefit of the poor. The parishes involved were Lancaut and Tidenham. It remains rough grazing land and it is a local viewpoint. This is acidic grassland and lowland heath with areas of dense bracken. In the south-east the limestone soils support calcareous grassland and broad-leaved woodland. Heathland species include Common bent, Sheep's Fescue and Creeping Fescue. There are extensive areas of Western Gorse and Ling. Also recorded are Bell Heather, Cross-leaved Heath, Bilberry, Sheep's Sorrel and Heath Bed-straw. The calcareous limestone grassland includes a range of fescue species and herbs such as Rock Rose, Thyme, Stemless Thistle, Salad Burnet and Bird's-foot Trefoil. The wooded areas include Oak, Holly, Yew, Field Maple and Whitebeam. Ground flora includes Dog's Mercury and Bluebell Recently noted scarce plants are Flea Sedge, Soft-leaved sedge, Autumn-ladies tresses, Star sedge and Lesser skullcap. Alder buckthorn also occurs. There is a spring which feeds a pond towards the centre of the site. This area supports invertebrates. Wetland plants flourish along the edges. Poor's Allotment Poor's Allotment () is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, notified in 1954. The site is listed in the 'Forest of Dean Local Plan Review' as a Key Wildlife Site (KWS). The site is now part of a larger nature reserve of 60 hectares (The Park & Poor's Allotment ()) managed by the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust. The Park's conservation interest is now managed in partnership with"
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"retrieved": [
"Dermot Deasy Dermot Deasy is a former Gaelic footballer for Dublin. Dermot is a member of the Garda Síochána. He won an all-star for Dublin in 1993, won the National Football League, won the Leinster Senior Football Championship and lost in the semi to eventual all-Ireland winners Derry. Despite not making an appearance in the 1995 all-Ireland final due to injury, Deasy got an all-Ireland medal as a member of the Dublin panel. Dermot won Dublin Senior Football Championship medals with Ballymun Kickhams in 1982 and 1985. Dermot was born in August 1960 and first played Gaelic football in Sacred Heart BNS in Ballygall and then in St Kevin's Secondary School. His class and school team-mates included Dublin stars Barney Rock, Gerry Hargan, John Kearns and Anto McCaul. These players formed the backbone of Ballymun Kickhams SF team who first won the SF championship under Dermot's captaincy in 1982. Dermot first played for Dubliin under Kevin Heffernan in 1982 and played on and off under successive managers up to 1996. Dermot must be unique in that he has played for Dublin in all the centre spots from full-forward, centre-forward, mid-field, centre-half before finding his niche at full back from 1993 to 1996. He gained a regular spot at full-back at almost 33, an age most players retire. Ironically, he replaced the younger Gerry Hargan on Gerry's retirement. During his three and a bit years at the top of Gaelic football, Dermot won 3 Leinster medals, One All Ireland Medal, received 3 All Star nominations, winning 1. He also won 1 NFL medal, also receiving the Man of the Match Award for keeping Tony Boyle, then Ireland's top forward, scoreless in the final and the replay. Dermot remains heavily involved in the GAA and now referees at club level. Dermot Deasy"
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"retrieved": [
"Campsite (software) Campsite is a free and open source multilingual content management system for news websites. Its localizable user interface was built with journalists, editors and publishers in mind, rather than computer experts, and it can be configured to suit different profiles of end users. Campsite follows a newspaper publishing model, so it structures sites by default as Publications, Issues, Sections and Articles, rather than nodes or objects. Campsite is intended for medium-to-large-size online news publications, but it can be used to manage content for smaller sites too. Campsite allows the management of multiple journalists and publications from a single interface. Campsite has been deployed by more than 50 organisations from Sourcefabric parent organization the Media Development Loan Fund, as shown on its homepage to smaller sites like the La Salle University Collegian Newspaper. International sites displaying a 'Powered by Campsite' badge include elPeriodico de Guatemala. It is possible to integrate the Campsite CMS with the Campcaster broadcast automation system by linking to audio clips hosted on the Campcaster audio file storage server, as used at Kala Radio, a station in Kotor, Montenegro. Features of the current 3.4 release series include improved search options (both internally and for external search engines), a clean up of the graphical interface (new icons and administration interface), and easier installation. On 30 July 2010, Campsite 3.4.1 was released fixing a potential XSS vulnerability and improving session handling to avoid logged user session grabbing via CSRF attack. The current update version 3.4.3, was released on 5 October 2010, adding Polish localization. Campsite 3.4 has a user-generated manual hosted by FLOSS Manuals. On January 17, 2011, Sourcefabric announced the renaming of Campsite to Newscoop. Campsite (software) Campsite is a free and open source multilingual content management system for news websites. Its localizable user interface was built"
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"retrieved": [
"Mayflower, Arkansas Mayflower is a city in Faulkner County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 2,234 at the 2010 census, up from 1,631 at the 2000 census. The 2013 Mayflower oil spill occurred on March 29, 2013, when an Exxon Mobil pipeline carrying heavy crude oil ruptured near Mayflower, spilling thousands of barrels of oil. Mayflower was hit by a violent EF4 tornado before 8:00 p.m. on April 27, 2014. Mayflower is located in southern Faulkner County at (34.968118, -92.419603). The Interstate 40/US 65 freeway passes along the eastern edge of the city, with access from Exit 135 (Arkansas Highway 89). I-40 leads southeast to Little Rock, the state capital, and north to Arkansas, the Faulkner County seat. Mayflower has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.18%, is water. Mayflower is part of the Little Rock–North Little Rock–Conway Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,631 people, 740 households, and 500 families residing in the city. The population density was 556.8 people per square mile (214.9/km²). There were 872 housing units at an average density of 297.7 per square mile (114.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.16% White, 3.37% Black or African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. 0.67% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 740 households out of which 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.66. In the city, the population was spread out with 17.5% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 30.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $35,469, and the median income for a family was $39,013. Males had a median income of $29,821 versus $23,102 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,889. About 7.0% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under age 18 and 14.0% of those age 65 or over. Mayflower, Arkansas Mayflower is a city in Faulkner County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 2,234 at the 2010 census, up from 1,631 at the 2000 census. The 2013 Mayflower oil spill occurred on March 29, 2013, when an Exxon Mobil pipeline carrying heavy crude oil ruptured near Mayflower, spilling thousands of barrels of oil. Mayflower was hit by a"
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"retrieved": [
"Yahoo! Meme Yahoo! Meme was a microblogging site launched by the Yahoo Latin America team in August 2009. The platform was conceived as a mash up of functionality derived from Twitter and Tumblr. Its beta version was originally launched to a Brazilian (Portuguese language) audience with later versions expanding into Spanish, English, Chinese, and Indonesian audiences. A user would first create an account from the Meme splash page and begin with an empty blog format similar to Tumblr. After entering a 100-character or less title and choosing an avatar to personalize their blog, the user could then choose to upload and post text, images, videos and MP3 music files to their blog reel. The posts would then cascade one after another on a user's blog. Each post was integrated with a comment system that allowed users and followers to individually comment on submissions. Users could also search for public accounts and follow fellow Meme users. Similar to Twitter, it was a one-way follow system, which meant the items from followed users will appear in their streams as content mixed in with their own posts. In order to compete with Twitter and Tumblr, Yahoo! provided its own API to Meme developers. Its API was built on top of the YQL (Yahoo! Query Language) platform. It featured compliance with OAuth (OpenAuth) as a means to access to user data. Not only could developers create useful Meme applications, Yahoo! also used this API to build a mobile version of Meme for app-ready smartphones. Meme focused on the basics of microblogging. Although compared extensively to Twitter and Tumblr, it differed in functionality and did not possess the ability to reply at and directly message other users. It also permitted users to create text-based posts that surpassed Twitter's 140-character limitations and imposed a 2000-character limit instead. However, the post stream was similar in design to Tumblr's current schema of cascading, stacking posts. One unique feature of Meme was the ability to repost. If a user wanted to comment on an item from another user's stream, they had to click on a repost button and display the post in their own feed. Although it may seem redundant, it helped users find new sources of content to follow and create content streams composed of multiple sources. Yahoo! remained secret about their development of a competing microblogging site. Although it was marketed in several heavily populated countries, users were not quick to adapt. Furthermore, Yahoo! Inc. tried to enter the overly saturated social media market with a product that did not bring an innovative or attractive concept, in the opinion of Techcrunch. “Meme” is also an ambiguous word, which led to branding complications. Yahoo! announced on March 26, 2012 that Meme would be discontinued on May 25, 2012. Short domain name me.me that was used for this project was returned to the .me registry. Yahoo! Meme Yahoo! Meme was a microblogging site launched by the Yahoo Latin America team in August 2009. The platform was conceived as a"
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"retrieved": [
"Jung Tae Park Park Jung Tae (c. 1943 – 11 April 2002) was a South Korean master of taekwondo and a pioneer of that martial art in Canada. He was one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo of the Korea Taekwon-Do Association. Following a career in the South Korean military, Park emigrated to Canada in 1970. He was a key leader in the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) under Choi Hong Hi, but founded the Global Taekwon-Do Federation in 1990 after leaving the ITF. After teaching taekwondo for many years, Park died in 2002. Park was born in 1943 or 1944 in Korea, during the period of Japanese occupation. He began training in the martial arts as a child, starting with boxing before moving on to judo and then taekwondo. Park was one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo of theKorea Taekwon-Do Association. In 1964, he was the second President of the Korean Tae Soo Do Association. From 1965 to 1967, he was ranked 4th \"dan\" and directed instruction of soldiers in Vietnam. Park moved to Canada where he met his future wife, Linda, in Toronto in 1970. During the 1970s, Park established the Manitoba Tae Kwon-Do Association. In 1975, he was ranked 6th \"dan\". In 1978 and 1979, he accompanied Choi on taekwondo demonstration tours in Europe. In 1984, he conducted a seminar in Brisbane, Australia. At the time, he was ranked 8th \"dan\" in the ITF. In November 1984, Park was elected Secretary-General of the ITF. He also held the position of Technical Chairman of the ITF. Park founded the Global Taekwondo Federation (GTF) on 14 June 1990, the year after his departure from the ITF due to North–South Korean political issues. He created six additional \"hyung\" to be practised along with the earlier ITF patterns. Amongst those who affiliated with the GTF was Sabree Salleh in 1998. Shortly before he died, Park promoted Salleh to 9th \"dan\" (GTF). Park died on 11 April 2002 due to poor health, and is survived by his wife and their children: Juliann, Heather, and Christopher. Linda Park succeeded her husband as President of the GTF, and holds honorary 9th \"dan\" ranking. Park is listed as a pioneer in Canada (1970s) in Chang Keun Choi's list of taekwondo pioneers. Jung Tae Park Park Jung Tae (c. 1943 – 11 April 2002) was a South Korean master of taekwondo and a pioneer"
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"retrieved": [
"Virginia–Rainy Lake Lumber Company Manager's Residence The Virginia–Rainy Lake Lumber Company Manager's Residence is a historic house in Virginia, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1910 to provide upscale quarters for the manager of the Virginia–Rainy Lake Lumber Company, the largest lumber company in the area. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for its local significance in the themes of industry and social history. It was nominated for reflecting the social distance enforced between industry elites and laborers in the early 20th century. The city's working class population at the time was crowded into boarding houses and small cottages, and it was common for large companies to erect lavish residences for their managerial class in the belief that telegraphing class distinctions was essential for maintaining workforce discipline. The house has since been converted into a funeral home, with a one-story chapel wing built on to the north. The nearby Virginia–Rainy Lake Lumber Company Office is also on the National Register of Historic Places. Virginia–Rainy Lake Lumber Company Manager's Residence The Virginia–Rainy Lake Lumber Company Manager's Residence is a historic house in Virginia, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1910 to provide"
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"retrieved": [
"John Chichester (American politician) John Hansford Chichester (born August 26, 1937 in Fredericksburg, Virginia) was the President Pro Tempore of the Virginia Senate. He represented the 28th district in the Senate from 1978 to 2007. Chichester first entered the Virginia Senate by winning a special election necessitated by the death of Paul Manns. He was approached to replace retiring Congressman J. Kenneth Robinson in 1984, but declined. Chichester won the 1985 Republican nomination for Lieutenant Governor, but was defeated in the general election by state senator L. Douglas Wilder, who would go on to become the first African-American state governor since Reconstruction. Chichester returned to the Senate, where he accumulated seniority and was mentored by Democratic state Senator Hunter Andrews. In 1995 Andrews was defeated for reelection, and under a powersharing agreement in a body split 20–20, Chichester became co-chair of the Senate Finance Committee. When the GOP achieved majority status in 1999, he became the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. Serving in that capacity he has received criticism recently from conservatives for his positions on fiscal policy and has been praised by the business community for his concern over the infrastructure requirements in order for Virginia to compete in a global market. He announced his retirement from the Virginia Senate in March 2007. John Chichester (American politician) John Hansford Chichester (born August 26, 1937 in Fredericksburg, Virginia) was the President Pro Tempore of the Virginia Senate. He represented the 28th district in the Senate from 1978 to 2007. Chichester first entered the Virginia Senate by winning a special election necessitated by the death of Paul Manns. He was approached to replace retiring Congressman J. Kenneth Robinson in 1984, but declined. Chichester won the 1985 Republican nomination for Lieutenant Governor, but was defeated in the general election by state"
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"retrieved": [
"David Livingstone Centre The David Livingstone Centre is a biographical museum in Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, dedicated to the life and work of the explorer and missionary David Livingstone. The centre is operated by the David Livingstone Trust and is housed in a category A listed building. It is located in the former mill buildings which once housed 24 families including Livingstone's, and where he was born on 19 March 1813. The centre depicts Livingstone's life from his early childhood working in the mill, to his African explorations. These are illustrated with the aid of various pieces of his navigational and medical equipment, interspersed with African artefacts. A committee to promote the creation of a Scottish National Memorial to David Livingstone was established in 1925 and the tenement in which Livingstone was born was acquired in 1927. In 1926, the architect and town planner Sir Frank Mears was engaged to oversee the development of the project. Pilkington Jackson was commissioned to sculpt the several bronze tableaux depicting the life of Livingstone and a World Fountain in the Memorial grounds. The Centre is now operated by the David Livingstone Trust, as of April 2017. The Trust have been successful in getting a £6.3 million grant for the refurbishment of the museum, collection and African Pavilion building. Further information on the transformative Birthplace Project is on their website. It is expected to commence in 2018 and the project has been funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, Historic Environment Scotland and Scottish Government. David Livingstone Centre The David Livingstone Centre is a biographical museum in Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, dedicated to the life and work of the explorer and missionary David Livingstone. The centre is operated by the David Livingstone Trust and is housed in a category A listed building. It is located"
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"retrieved": [
"Keyham, Leicestershire Keyham is a village situated in Leicestershire, approximately east of Leicester, in the district of Harborough. The population at the 2001 census was 118, increasing slightly to 124 at the 2011 census. Mention of Keyham can be found as early as the 11th century. The Anglican All Saints' Church is part of a group benefice with Hungarton, Billesdon, Goadby and Skeffington. A service is held there twice a month. The nave and chancel were probably built in the 13th–14th centuries and the tower added in the 15th. The tower has a fleuron frieze below its battlements. Keyham Old Hall is one of eleven Grade II listed buildings in the village. It was built in red brick with stone dressings, which dates from the late 16th to 17th centuries, but it was much altered and enlarged in the 19th century. Keyham had a one-teacher board school from 1885 until 1939. A history of it by Michael Freeman is available online. The village includes a village hall and has a public house, the \"Dog and Gun\". There is a camp and caravan site at Long Meadow Farm, and a kennels and cattery in Snows Lane. The village has no public transport. Keyham, Leicestershire Keyham is a village situated in Leicestershire, approximately east of Leicester, in the district of Harborough. The population at the 2001 census was 118, increasing slightly to 124 at the 2011 census. Mention of Keyham can be found as early as the 11th century. The Anglican All Saints' Church is part of a group benefice with Hungarton, Billesdon, Goadby and Skeffington. A service is held there twice a month. The nave and chancel were probably built in the 13th–14th centuries and the tower added in the 15th. The tower has a fleuron frieze below its battlements. Keyham"
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"retrieved": [
"Hampden Alpass Herbert John Hampden Alpass (7 August 1906 – 16 March 1999) was an English first-class cricketer who played in seven matches between 1926 and 1928 for Gloucestershire. His highest score of 18* came when playing for Gloucestershire in the 1928 match against Oxford University Cricket Club. His best bowling of 2/42 came in the same match. Alpass studied at Clifton College in Bristol and starred as a left-arm spinner in the college cricket team. Away from cricket, Alpass qualified as a solicitor and became chairman of Bristol Rovers Football Club in 1950. He spent 11 years as chairman, overseeing promotion to Division Two in 1953. Hampden Alpass Herbert John Hampden Alpass (7 August 1906 – 16 March 1999) was an English first-class cricketer who played in seven matches between 1926 and 1928 for Gloucestershire. His highest score of 18* came when playing for Gloucestershire in the 1928 match against Oxford University Cricket Club. His best bowling of 2/42 came in the same match. Alpass studied at Clifton College in Bristol and starred as a left-arm spinner in the college cricket team. Away from cricket, Alpass qualified as a solicitor and became chairman of Bristol Rovers Football Club in"
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"retrieved": [
"Lulu M. Hefner Lulu M. Hefner (or Heffner, b. August 9, 1874 and d. July 19, 1954) was a Cherokee businessperson from Nowata, Oklahoma. She is known as the first woman to drill a producing oil well on her own property, and the first female oil operator in Oklahoma. As of 1821, Hefner had drilled 28 successful wells, managed a motion picture theater, and owned the largest garage in the state. She was active in the civic and social affairs of the Nowata community. Her initial business in Nowata was the town's first millinery store. Lula May, the daughter of James Marion and Annie Henrietta (Prather) Tittle, was born August 9, 1874, and educated at Vinita, Oklahoma and the Cherokee Female Seminary. She married John Emory Heffner at Lenapah, Oklahoma on December 29, 1892. They had four children: Roy Emory, born March 13, 1903, Edith Lena, born December 18, 1905; Helen K., born October 2, 1905 and Ruby L., born January 20, 1907. Lulu M. Hefner Lulu M. Hefner (or Heffner, b. August 9, 1874 and d. July 19, 1954) was a Cherokee businessperson from Nowata, Oklahoma. She is known as the first woman to drill a producing oil well"
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"retrieved": [
"Opencast (software) Opencast (formerly known as Opencast Matterhorn) is a free, open-source software for automated video capture, processing, managing, and distribution. Opencast is built by a community of developers in collaboration with leading universities and organizations worldwide. Opencast is a term to describe audio and video content, primarily in an academic context. It combines the terms \"Open\" for Open Source and/or Open Access and \"Broadcast\". The term has been coined in the context of the Opencast Community and the Opencast project. The Opencast Community was initiated by the University of California, Berkeley in 2007 to coordinate academic institutions, individuals, and companies interested in the production, management, and distribution of academic video. The Opencast software project, named Opencast Matterhorn at that time, stems from the community in that 13 institutions from North America and Europe initiated a cooperation in 2009 to build a free, open-source software to produce, manage and distribute academic audio and video content, with a focus on lecture recordings. The project received funding from the Hewlett Foundation and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Opencast Matterhorn 1.0 was released in 2010. With the end of the yearlong funding period, community and project set themselves up as an open-source initiative, driven by the various stakeholders (academic institutions, commercial partners). Coinciding with the release of version 2.0 in the summer of 2015, \"Opencast Matterhorn\" was rebranded as \"Opencast\" to denote the end of the (Matterhorn) project and its transformation into an open source product. A year later, Opencast joined the Apereo Foundation. The Foundation is a non-profit organization which fosters use and development of free, open-source software in higher education and serves as legal entity for a series of open-source projects. Opencast follows a time-based release cycle, publishing two major releases per year and several minor bugfix and maintenance releases in between. The two major releases are usually released per year, one in June and one in December, with a detailed release calendar being published usually half a year before the release. Since version 3.0 (released on Jun 14, 2017) Opencast uses a \"major.minor\" version schema, indicating the major release and the bugfix level. Versions are actively maintained for one year–the latest two major releases–though specific versions may get long-term support from the community. Opencast (software) Opencast (formerly known as Opencast Matterhorn) is a free, open-source software for automated video capture, processing, managing, and distribution. Opencast is built by a community"
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"retrieved": [
"Airbase (DJ) Jezper Söderlund (), better known by his main stage name Airbase, is a Swedish record producer and electronic music artist. His experimentation with electronic music began in 1994 after he was introduced to a digital sequencer application called Scream Tracker. Since 2004, he's been using Ableton Live as his sequencer of choice and he's also known for posting HD tutorials on YouTube with various tips and tricks on how to make the most of Ableton Live. What started out as a hobby soon turned into a career in the trance scene. His popular works include remixes and original trance productions since landing his first recording contract in 2001. Although it is common practice in electronic genres for artists to use several aliases, Jezper is particularly notorious for having over a dozen pseudonyms. They include Scarab, First & Andre (together with his brother), Ozone, Moon, Inner State, J., J.E.Z.P., J.L.N.D., JZ, Loken, Mono, Narthex, One Man Army, Parc, Rah, and Mika J. However, since around 2005 he's been focusing almost exclusively on the Airbase moniker. He continues to influence and be influenced by other artists. Tiësto, in April 2007, released his fifth solo album \"Elements of Life\". During the release party, he played one of Airbase's mixes, \"Medusa\". After that, Airbase remixed one of Tiësto's songs: \"Break My Fall\". In June 2009, Jezper began working on his first full-length album, \"We Might Fall\". The album was released on February 21, 2011. Additionally, he is hosting a monthly radio show called \"Re-Mix\" on the online radio station Afterhours.FM, which was later renamed to \"Touchdown Airbase\". In 2005 together with his brother, Andre Söderlund, composed the anthem of Sensation event in Belgium under the name First and Andre with \"Widescreen\". Jezper made a personal announcement on his Airbase website on October 1, 2008 stating that on September 27, 2008 he got engaged to his girlfriend, Jessica Ramboldt, who provided lyrics as Floria Ambra for Airbase's single \"Denial\", \"Interfere\" and \"Wonders\". Jezper is also one of the three original creators of the dance music website Trance.nu. Jezper is also credited with the base layout and graphics on the Trance.nu web site. Aside from his musical career he's also known for being a gear head. Together with longtime friend Tommie Podzemski, he hosts the weekly Swedish podcast \"Slashat\" where tech, IT, gadgets and web related news are being discussed. On March 5, 2010, it was reported that Jezper emailed Apple CEO Steve Jobs directly, asking if iPhone to iPad tethering was possible. The answer, directly from Steve Jobs, was \"No\". Airbase (DJ) Jezper Söderlund (), better known by his main stage name Airbase, is a Swedish record producer and electronic music artist. His experimentation with electronic music began in 1994 after he was introduced to a digital sequencer application called Scream Tracker. Since 2004, he's been using Ableton Live as his sequencer of choice and he's also known for posting HD tutorials on YouTube with various tips and tricks on how to make"
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"Francis Joseph Magner Francis Joseph Magner (March 18, 1887 – June 13, 1947) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Marquette from 1941 to 1947. Francis Magner was born in Wilmington, Illinois, to James and Margaret (née Follen) Magner. He was the third of eight children; one sister, Elizabeth, joined the Sisters of Mercy and one brother, James, also became a priest and served as a professor at the Catholic University of America. His father, who worked as a farmer and later became a merchant, also served as a city commissioner and alderman. After graduating from St. Ignatius College in Chicago, Magner attended St. Mary's College in Kansas. He continued his studies in Rome at the Pontifical North American College. He earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Propaganda in 1909, and a bachelor's degree in canon law from Apollinarus University in 1911. While in Rome, Magner was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Chicago on May 17, 1913. His first assignment, following his return to Illinois, was as a curate at St. Mary Nativity Church in Joliet. He later served in the same capacity at St. Pius V Church and St. Mel Church, both in Chicago, and at St. Francis Xavier Church in Wilmette. He then served as pastor of St. James Church in Highwood (1924–27) and of St. Mary Church in Evanston (1927–41). He was named a monsignor in 1939. On December 21, 1940, Magner was appointed the seventh Bishop of Marquette, Michigan, by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on February 24, 1941, from Archbishop Samuel Stritch, with Bishops Eugene J. McGuinness and William O'Brien serving as co-consecrators, at Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago. His installation took place at St. Peter Cathedral in Marquette on the following March 20. During his six-year tenure, Magner provided attention to the mission parishes of the diocese, established the diocesan newspaper, promoted U.S. Laymen's Retreat Association, and created seven catechetical schools. He died after a long illness in Marquette, at age 60. He is buried in the crypt of St. Peter Cathedral. Francis Joseph Magner Francis Joseph Magner (March 18, 1887 – June 13, 1947) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Marquette from 1941 to 1947. Francis Magner was born in Wilmington, Illinois, to James and Margaret (née Follen) Magner. He"
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"Kealakekua Bay Kealakekua Bay is located on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaii about south of Kailua-Kona. Settled over a thousand years ago, the surrounding area contains many archeological and historical sites such as religious temples (heiaus) and also includes the spot where the first documented European to reach the Hawaiian islands, Captain James Cook, was killed. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii in 1973 as the Kealakekua Bay Historical District. The bay is a marine life conservation district, a popular destination for kayaking, scuba diving, and snorkeling. Settlement on Kealakekua Bay has a long history. \"Hikiau Heiau\" was a luakini temple of Ancient Hawaii at the south end of the bay, at coordinates , associated with funeral rites. The large platform of volcanic rock was originally over high, long, and wide. The sheer cliff face called \"Pali Kapu O Keōua\" overlooking the bay was the burial place of Hawaiian royalty. The name means \"forbidden cliffs of Keōua \" in honor of Keōua Nui. He was sometimes known as the \"father of kings\" since many rulers were his descendants. The difficulty in accessing the cliff kept the exact burial places secret. The village of \"Kaawaloa\" was at the north end of the bay in ancient times, where the \"Puhina O Lono Heiau\" was built, along with some royal residences. The name of the village means \"the distant Kava\", from the medicinal plant used in religious rituals. The name of the bay comes from \"ke ala ke kua\" in the Hawaiian Language which means \"the god's pathway.\" This area was the focus of extensive Makahiki celebrations in honor of the god Lono. Another name for the area north of the bay was \"hale ki'i\", due to the large number of wood carvings, better known today as \"tiki\". Although there are theories that Spanish or Dutch sailors might have stopped here much earlier, the first documented European to arrive was Captain James Cook. He and his crews on the \"Resolution\" and \"Discovery\" sighted Kealakekua Bay on the morning of January 17, 1779. He estimated several thousand people lived in the two villages, and many thousand more in the surrounding areas. On January 28, he performed the first Christian service on the islands, for the funeral of a crew member who had died. Cook had entered the bay during Makahiki a traditionally peaceful time. Cook and his men were welcomed, given much food and gifts from the island and treated as honored guests. John Ledyard, the only American on board Cook's third voyage, gives a detailed account of these events in his journals. Cook and his crew stayed for several weeks, returning to sea shortly after the end of the festival. After suffering damage to the mast during a storm, the ships returned two weeks later on February 12. This time, already fraying relations came to a head. One of Cook's captains accused a native chieftan of stealing the Resolution's jolly boat. The boat was soon found unstolen and the native chief soured from the false accusation. Cook himself attempted to barter for the wood used to border the natives \"Morai\" or sacred burial ground for certain high-ranking individuals. The native chiefs were mortified at this offer and refused to accept it. Cook later took the wood anyway, against the will of native chieftains. With a damaged mast, fraying relations with the natives and being heavily outnumbered, Cook attempted to lure Hawaiian chief Kalaniōpuu aboard his ship to hold him hostage in order to induce 'good behavior among the natives.' Tensions mounted as Cook attempted to trick the chief, and natives surrounded the beach. Cook fired the first shot, and his men quickly shot several more natives. As Cook and his men attempted to retreat, Cook was stabbed through the chest by a native chief with an iron dagger which had been traded from Cook's own ship previously in the same visit. The majority of Cook's body was never recovered. Since Cook's men felt they could not leave without resupplying fresh water and further repair of their damaged mast, they shot dozens more natives with their own muskets and the ships cannons and burned a portion of Kireekakooa, one of the towns in the bay. Cook's death was depicted in a series of paintings called \"Death of Cook\". The monument is accessed by a one-hour hike from the road or by crossing the bay by boat. When Kalaniōpuu died in 1782, his oldest son Kiwalao officially inherited the kingdom, but his nephew Kamehameha I became guardian of the god Kūkailimoku. A younger son, Keōua Kuahuula, was not happy about this and provoked Kamehameha. Their forces met just south of the bay at the battle of Mokuōhai. Kamehameha won control of the west and north sides of the island, but Keōua escaped. It would take over a decade to consolidate Kamehameha's control. In 1786, merchant ships of the King George's Sound Company under command of the maritime fur traders Nathaniel Portlock and Captain George Dixon anchored in the harbor, but avoided coming ashore. They had been on Cook's voyage when he was killed by natives. In December 1788, the \"Iphigenia\" under William Douglas arrived with Chief Kaiana, who had already traveled to China. The first American ship was probably the \"Lady Washington\" around this time under Captain John Kendrick. Two sailors, Parson Howel and James Boyd, left the ship (in 1790 or when it returned in 1793) and lived on the island. In March 1790, the American ship \"Eleanora\" arrived at Kealakekua Bay and sent a British sailor ashore named John Young, to determine whether the sister ship, the schooner \"Fair American\", had arrived for its planned rendezvous. Young was detained by Kamehameha's men to prevent the \"Eleanora's\" Captain Simon Metcalfe from hearing the news of the destruction of the \"Fair American\", and the death of Metcalfe's son, Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe, after the massacre at Olowalu. Young and Isaac Davis, the lone survivor of the \"Fair American\", slowly adjusted to the island lifestyle. They instructed Hawaiians in the use of the captured cannon and muskets, becoming respected advisers to Kamehameha. In 1791 Spanish explorer Manuel Quimper visited on the ship \"Princess Royal\". George Vancouver arrived in March 1792 to winter in the islands with a small fleet of British ships. He had been a young midshipman on Cook's fatal voyage 13 years earlier and commanded the party that attempted to recover Cook's remains. He avoided anchoring in Kealakekua Bay, but met some men in canoes who were interested in trading. The common request was for firearms, which Vancouver resisted. One included chief Kaiana, who would later turn against Kamehameha. Vancouver suspected Kaiana intended to seize his ships, so left him behind and headed up the coast. There he was surprised to encounter a Hawaiian who in broken English introduced himself as \"Jack\", and told of traveling to America on a fur-trading ship. Through him, Vancouver met Keeaumoku Pāpaiahiahi, who gave him a favorable impression of Kamehameha (his son-in-law). He spent the rest of the winter in Oahu. Vancouver returned in February 1793; this time he picked up Keeaumoku and anchored in Kealakekua Bay. When Kamehameha came to greet the ship, he brought John Young, now fluent in the Hawaiian language, as an interpreter. This greatly helped to develop a trusted trading relationship. The Hawaiians presented a war game, which was often part of the Makahiki celebration. Impressed by the warriors' abilities, Vancouver fired off some fireworks at night to demonstrate his military technology. Vancouver presented some cattle which he had picked up in California. They were weak and barely alive, so he convinced Kamehameha to avoid killing them for ten years. Scottish doctor James Lind had recommended the use of citrus juice to prevent scurvy on long voyages. The botanist Archibald Menzies had picked up some citrus fruit seeds in South Africa, and dropped them off here, so that future ships might be able to",
"came to greet the ship, he brought John Young, now fluent in the Hawaiian language, as an interpreter. This greatly helped to develop a trusted trading relationship. The Hawaiians presented a war game, which was often part of the Makahiki celebration. Impressed by the warriors' abilities, Vancouver fired off some fireworks at night to demonstrate his military technology. Vancouver presented some cattle which he had picked up in California. They were weak and barely alive, so he convinced Kamehameha to avoid killing them for ten years. Scottish doctor James Lind had recommended the use of citrus juice to prevent scurvy on long voyages. The botanist Archibald Menzies had picked up some citrus fruit seeds in South Africa, and dropped them off here, so that future ships might be able to replenish their stocks at the Hawaiian islands. Vancouver left in March 1793 after visiting the other islands to continue his expedition, and returned again January 13, 1794. He still hoped to broker a truce between Kamehameha and the other islands. His first step was to reconcile Kamehameha with Queen Kaahumanu. He dropped off more cattle and sheep from California, and discovered a cow left the year before had delivered a calf. The cattle became feral and eventually became pests. They were not controlled until the \"Hawaiian Cowboys,\" known as the Paniolo, were recruited. The ship's carpenters instructed the Hawaiians and the British advisers how to build a European-style ship, which they named the \"Britania\". On February 25, 1794, Vancouver gathered leaders from around the island onto his ship and negotiated a treaty. Although this treaty was sometimes described as \"ceding\" Hawaii to Great Britain, the treaty was never ratified by the British parliament. For the next few years, Kamehameha was engaged in his war campaigns, and then spent his last years at Kamakahonu to the north. By this time other harbors such as Lahaina and Honolulu became popular with visiting ships. By 1804, the heiau was falling into disuse. In 1814, a British ship HMS \"Forester\" arrived in the midsts of a mutiny. Otto von Kotzebue arrived in 1816 on a mission from the Russian Empire. When Kamehameha I died in 1819, his oldest son Liholiho officially inherited the kingdom, calling himself Kamehameha II. His nephew Keaoua Kekuaokalani inherited the important military and religious post of guardian of Kūkailimoku. However, true power was held by Kamehameha's widow Queen Kaahumanu. She had been convinced by Vancouver and other visitors that the European customs should be adopted. In the Ai Noa she declared an end to the old Kapu system. Kekuaokalani was outraged by this threat to the old traditions, which still were respected by most common people. He gathered religious supporters at Kaawaloa, threatening to take the kingdom by force, as happened 37 years earlier. After a failed attempt to negotiate peace, he marched his army north to meet Kalanimoku's troops who were gathered at Kamakahonu. They met in the Battle of Kuamoo. Both sides had muskets, but Kalanimoku had cannon mounted on double-hulled canoes. He devastated the fighters for the old religion, who still lie buried in the lava rock. The wood \"Kii\" carvings were burned, and the temples fell into disrepair. A small Christian church was built in 1824 in Kaawaloa by the Hawaiian missionaries, and the narrow trail widened to a donkey cart road in the late 1820s, but the population declined due largely to introduced diseases and people shifted to other areas. In 1825, Admiral Lord Byron (cousin of the famous poet) on the ship erected a monument to Cook and took away many of the old, sacred artifacts. The last royalty known to live here was high chief Naihe, known as the \"national orator,\" and his wife Chiefess Kapiolani, early converts to Christianity. In 1829, she was saddened to see that the destruction of the temples included desecrating the bones of her ancestors at the Puuhonua o Hōnaunau. She removed the remains of the old chiefs and hid them in the \"Pali Kapu O Keōua\" cliffs before ordering this last temple to be destroyed. The bones were later moved to the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in 1858, under direction of King Kamehameha IV. In 1839 a massive stone church was built just south of the bay. It fell into ruin, and a smaller building called Kahikolu Church was built in 1852. This also fell into ruin, but has been rebuilt. In 1894 a wharf was constructed at the village at the south of the bay, now called Napoopoo. A steamer landed in the early 20th century when Kona coffee became a popular crop in the upland areas. A large white stone monument was built on the north shore of the bay in 1874 on the order of Princess Likelike and was deeded to the United Kingdom in 1877. The chain around the monument is supported by four cannon from the ship HMS \"Fantome\"; they were placed with their breaches embedded in the rock in 1876. It marks the approximate location of Cook's death. It is located at coordinates . The Cook monument is unreachable by road; this remote location is accessible only by water or an hour-long hike along a moderately steep trail. Many visitors have rented kayaks and paddled across the bay, about from its southern end. State conservation regulations prohibit kayaks, stand-up paddleboards, surfboards, and bodyboards from entering the bay unless part of a tour with a licensed local operator. The pier at Napoopoo can be accessed down a narrow road off the Hawaii Belt Road. The beach sand was mostly removed by Hurricane Iniki in 1992. Boat tours are also available, leaving from Honokōhau harbor, Keauhou Bay, and the Kailua pier. A short single-day eruption of Mauna Loa volcano took place underwater within Kealakekua Bay in 1877, and within a mile of the shoreline; curious onlookers approaching the area in boats reported unusually turbulent water and occasional floating blocks of hardened lava. Hawaiian Spinner Dolphins frequent Kealakekua Bay, especially in the morning. The bay serves as a place for them to rest and feed, and as a nursery for mothers and their calves. Due to the calm water conditions, extensive coral reef, and thriving underwater life, Kealakekua Bay offers some of the best snorkeling and diving in Hawaii, especially in the shallow waters adjacent to the monument. The bay is a protected marine environment so visitors can snorkel but no fishing is allowed in this area. About around the bay was designated a State Historic Park in 1967, and it was added as a Historic District to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as site 73000651. The of the bay itself were declared a Marine Life Conservation District in 1969. A narrow one-lane road to the south leads to Puuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park, which contains more historic sites. Kealakekua Bay Kealakekua Bay is located on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaii about south of Kailua-Kona. Settled over a thousand years ago, the surrounding area contains many archeological and historical sites such as religious temples (heiaus) and also includes the spot where the first documented European to reach the Hawaiian islands, Captain James Cook, was"
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"William Rees-Davies (Conservative politician) William Rupert Rees-Davies QC (19 November 1916 – 12 January 1992) was a British Conservative politician. Rees-Davies was the son of Sir William Rees-Davies, Chief Justice of Hong Kong. He was born in Hong Kong while his father was serving as Chief Justice. His grandfather was William Davies, Liberal MP for Pembrokeshire He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he gained a cricket blue. He also played for the Kent Second XI. He was a right-arm fast-medium bowler. He was a barrister, called to the bar by Inner Temple in 1939. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1973. He was commissioned in the Welsh Guards in 1939 and served until 1943 when he lost his right arm on service during World War II. Because he had lost his arm, he was some time referred to as the \"one armed bandit\". Rees-Davies contested Nottingham South in 1950 and 1951. He was Member of Parliament for the Isle of Thanet from a 1953 by-election to 1974, then for Thanet West from 1974 to 1983 when his seat was abolished in boundary changes. William Rees-Davies (Conservative politician) William Rupert Rees-Davies QC (19 November 1916"
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"Assembly of Notables An Assembly of Notables (French: \"Assemblée des notables\") was a group of high-ranking nobles, ecclesiastics, and state functionaries convened by the King of France on extraordinary occasions to consult on matters of state. Assemblies of Notables had met in 1583, 1596–97, 1617, 1626, 1787, and 1788. Like the Estates-General, they served a consultative purpose only. But unlike the Estates-General, whose members were elected by the subjects of the realm, the assemblymen were selected by the king for their \"zeal\", \"devotion\", and their \"trustworthiness\" toward the sovereign. Assemblymen were prominent men, usually of the aristocracy, and included royal princes, peers, archbishops, high-ranking judges, and, in some cases, major town officials. The king would issue one or more reforming edicts after hearing their advice. In addition, assembly of notables can refer to an expanded version of the King's Council (\"Curia regis\"). Several times a year, whenever the king needed to cast a wider net to gather information for making important decisions or preparing edicts and ordinances, he would enlarge his Council with prominent men chosen for their social and professional standing or their skills to give counsel on the matters at hand. The role of the assembly was to advise the king on how to remedy governance issues brought up by the Estates-General. In November 1583, Henry III convened an assembly of notables at Saint Germain-en-Laye to address religious demonstrations that threatened the collapse of the State. In the assembly, Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon called for a religious monopoly in France; he said that if this was offered, the clergy would sell their shirts to support the king. Henry, however, angrily interrupted him, knowing the origin of that hostile demand; any attempt to impose one religion was unthinkable while Anjou remained attached to the Netherlands. Henry replied that he had already risked his life and estate to establish a single religion, but since he had been forced to sue for peace, he would not breach it. Following the regicide of Henry III, his successor was Henry IV who learned from the experience of Henry III. He himself had called on the assembly's assistance in 1596–97 at Rouen. The assemblymen were summoned to assist in developing and authorizing new taxation plans for the country to tackle the debt. There were 95 notables present, and they recommended that the king levy a special sales tax of 5% on all sales—with the exception of wheat, to avoid bread riots. It was estimated that this \"pancarte\" would raise 5 million French pounds (\"livres\"), but in its best year it raised only 1.56 million pounds. Although the tax raised less than predicted, it did restore the royal budget to solvency. King Henry and the Duke of Sully had come up with many other possible ways to raise money, but the key to rescuing the monarchy from bankruptcy was simply to ensure that the system of taxation worked efficiently. In 1626 Louis XIII called together an assembly consisting of the government's ruling elite—13 grandees, 13 bishops, and 29 judges. Many historians have regarded this assembly, and its predecessors, as unsuccessful because they failed to enact specific reforms, but this view fails to consider the assemblies' role. The assemblies had no legislative or administrative powers; instead, they served to provide considered advice on government reform proposals and to make appropriate counter-proposals. In the case of every successful assembly, the king himself would issue a major ordinance or enact significant reforms, most notably the Edict of Blois 1579, in response to the Estates-General of 1576, and the great Code Michau 1629, in response to the Assembly of Notables of 1626–27. The king and the notables agreed on four basic changes in French government. First, they agreed that Protestant power had to be broken. There was no specific discussion of a march on La Rochelle, but the notables firmly supported the king's desire to destroy the network of independent Huguenot fortresses. Second, the notables, like those of 1596 and 1617, strongly criticized the grandees, particularly provincial governors. In 1626–27, the notables insisted in particular that the king should regain full control of the military. Third, everyone agreed that the basic administration of the kingdom lay in disarray, so that a strong statement from the central government was needed to reestablish order. In most cases, this reaffirmation of government control required only the restatement of pre-existing ordinances. Fourth, everyone agreed that the fiscal situation was catastrophic. The overwhelming majority of the assembly's deliberations focused on this last issue. The final appearance of the Assembly of Notables began in February 1787 during Louis XVI's reign, during which France’s finances were in a desperate situation and the finance ministers of the day (Turgot, Necker, Calonne) all believed that tax reform was necessary if France was going to pay off its debt and bring government expenditure back into line with government income. However, before any new tax laws could be passed, they first had to be registered with the French \"parlements\" (which were high courts, not legislatures, but that possessed a limited veto power on new laws). Repeated attempts to implement tax reform failed due to lack of \"parlement\" support, as \"parlement\" judges felt that any increase in tax would have a direct negative effect on their own income. In response to this opposition, the finance minister at the time, Calonne, suggested that Louis XVI call an Assembly of Notables. While the Assembly of Notables had no legislative power in its own right, Calonne hoped that if the Assembly of Notables could be made to support the proposed reforms then this would apply pressure on parlement to register them. Calonne proposed four major reforms: In the traditional view, the plan failed because the 144 assemblymen, who included princes of the blood, archbishops, noblemen and other people from the traditional elite, did not wish to bear the burden of increased taxation. However, Simon Schama has argued that the notables in fact were quite open to radical political changes; for example, some proposed the elimination of \"all\" the tax exemptions conferred by noble status; others proposed \"lowering\" the income qualifications for voting for members of the proposed provincial assemblies. Schama wrote: Yet what was truly astonishing about the debates of the Assembly is that they were marked by a conspicuous acceptance of principles like fiscal equality that even a few years before would have been unthinkable...Where disagreement occurred, it was not because Calonne had shocked the Notables with his announcement of a new fiscal and political world; it was either because he had not gone far enough or because they disliked the operational methods built into the program. In addition, the Assembly insisted that the proposed reforms should actually be presented to a representative body such as the Estates-General. Opposition in the Assembly combined with intrigues from rival ministers led to Calonne's disgrace and he was subsequently dismissed by Louis XVI on 8 April 1787. In addition to tax reform, the Assembly also discussed other issues. The result was that the Assembly assisted the Parliament in creating provincial assemblies, reestablished free trade in grain, converted the \"corvée\" (a feudal duty in the form of forced labour) into a cash payment, and generated short-term loans. Calonne's successor, Loménie de Brienne, dissolved the body on 25 May. Assembly of Notables An Assembly of Notables (French: \"Assemblée des notables\") was a group of high-ranking nobles, ecclesiastics, and state functionaries convened by the King of France on extraordinary occasions to consult on matters of state. Assemblies of Notables had met in 1583, 1596–97, 1617, 1626, 1787, and 1788. Like the Estates-General,",
"and he was subsequently dismissed by Louis XVI on 8 April 1787. In addition to tax reform, the Assembly also discussed other issues. The result was that the Assembly assisted the Parliament in creating provincial assemblies, reestablished free trade in grain, converted the \"corvée\" (a feudal duty in the form of forced labour) into a cash payment, and generated short-term loans. Calonne's successor, Loménie de Brienne, dissolved the body on 25 May. Assembly of Notables An Assembly of Notables (French: \"Assemblée des notables\") was a group of high-ranking nobles, ecclesiastics, and state functionaries convened by the King of France on extraordinary occasions to consult on matters of state. Assemblies of Notables had met in 1583, 1596–97, 1617, 1626, 1787, and 1788. Like the Estates-General, they served a consultative purpose only. But unlike the Estates-General, whose members were elected by the subjects of the realm, the assemblymen were selected by the king for their \"zeal\", \"devotion\", and their \"trustworthiness\" toward the sovereign."
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"* Mother:Lucy Ricardo, played by Lucille Ball. \n * Father:Ricky Ricardo, played by Desi Arnaz. \n * Maternal Grandmother:Mrs. MacGillicuddy, played by Kathryn Card. \n * Godfather:Fred Mertz played by William Frawley. \n * Godmother:Ethel Mertz played by Vivian Vance. \n * Babysitter:Mrs. Matilda Trumble played by Elizabeth Patterson. \n * Classmates:Stevie Appleby and Bruce Ramsey. \n\n\n Enrique Alberto Ricardo IV \n--- \nFirst appearance | \"Lucy Goes to the Hospital\" \nLast appearance | \"Lucy meets The Mustache\" \nPortrayed by | James John Ganzer, Richard Lee Simons, Ronald Lee Simons, Michael Mayer, Joseph Mayer, Keith Thibodeaux \nInformation \nNickname (s) | Little Ricky \nGender | Male \nOccupation | Student, son, drummer \nFamily | Lucy Ricardo (mother), Ricky Ricardo (father), Mrs. MacGillicuddy (Grandmother) \nNationality | Mixed Heritage Cuban and American of Scottish descent \n Little Ricky's father buys him a set of drums in the season 6 episode \"Little Ricky Learns to play the Drums,\" after he shows he can carry a beat while tapping his spoon on a glass during a family breakfast. His parents enroll him in a music school where he is the only drummer, where he forms a band named \"Ricky Ricardo and the Dixieland Band.\" Little Ricky experiences stage fright before his first music school recital but seems to overcome stage fright as he performs comfortably in many other episodes, such as \"The Ricardos Visit Cuba,\" where he plays the conga drum alongside his father; \"Little Ricky's School Pageant,\" where he plays the lead; and \"Ragtime Band,\" where Little Ricky plays the drums alongside his mother and godparents. \n Season and Episode Number | Episode Title | Actor portraying Little Ricky | Little Ricky's Involvement in Episode \n---|---|---|--- \n2.16 | \"Lucy Goes to the Hospital\" | James John Ganzer | There is only one scene in which Little Ricky appears, when the baby is brought to the maternity ward window for Ricky and the Mertz's to see him for the first time. \n2.22 | \"No Children Allowed\" | Richard and Ronald Lee Simmons | When Little Ricky cries throughout the night, neighbors complain and the clause in their lease \"No Children Allowed\" comes into play. \n2.24 | \"The Indian Show\" | Richard and Ronald Lee Simmons | Lucy appears as a dancer in Ricky's \"Waters of the Minnetonka\" number with Little Ricky strapped on her back. \n3.5 | \"Baby Pictures\" | Joseph and Michael Mayer | Lucy and Ricky promise not to show off pictures of Little Ricky like other parents do. \n3.9 | \"Too Many Crooks\" | Joseph and Michael Mayer | Lucy escapes with Little Ricky when she believes a crook named Madame X is outside on her fire escape. \n3.14 | \"Ricky Minds the Baby\" | Joseph and Michael Mayer | Little Ricky spends quality time with his father when Ricky has a week off of work. \n3.20 | \"Home Movies\" | Joseph and Michael Mayer | Ricky makes home movies about Little Ricky with his new movie camera and projector. \n4.21 | \"The Hedda Hopper Story\" | Joseph and Michael Mayer | Mrs. MacGillicuddy and Little Ricky arrive in California to join the Ricardos and the Mertzes. \n5.2 | \"Lucy and John Wayne\" | Joseph and Michael Mayer | After John Wayne signs his name in cement for the second time, Little Ricky is seen playing in the wet cement. \n5.5 | \"The Great Train Robbery\" | Joseph and Michael Mayer | When Mrs. MacGillicuddy and Little Ricky get moved to a different room on the train ride back to New York from California, Lucy first thinks they've been kidnapped. \n5.6 | \"Homecoming\" | Joseph and Michael Mayer | The Ricardos, Mertzes and Little Ricky arrive back in New York. \n5.9 | \"Nursery School\" | Joseph and Michael Mayer | Little Ricky gets sick after Ricky insists that Lucy enroll him in nursery school. \n5.13 | \"Bon Voyage\" | Joseph and Michael Mayer | Lucy misses the ship to Europe when she gets off to kiss Little Ricky goodbye one more time. \n5.22 | \"Lucy Gets Homesick in Italy\" | Joseph and Michael Mayer | Lucy gets homesick on Little Ricky's birthday. \n6.2 | \"Little Ricky Learns to Play the Drums\" | Little Ricky | Little Ricky's incessant playing causes trouble between the Ricardos and the Mertzes. \n6.4 | \"Little Ricky gets Stage Fright\" | Little Ricky | Little Ricky panics before his first music school recital. \n6.7 | \"Deep Sea Fishing\" | Little Ricky | The group goes fishing and there's a bet between the men, including Little Ricky, and the women about who can catch the bigger fish. \n6.8 | \"Desert Island\" | Little Ricky | The group, including Little Ricky, get stranded at sea when Lucy gets only half a tank of gas for the boat. \n6.9 | \"The Ricardos Visit Cuba\" | Little Ricky | Little Ricky plays the Conga drums alongside his father in a night club performance in Cuba. \n6.10 | \"Little Ricky's School Pageant\" | Little Ricky | Little Ricky lands the lead in his school play, \"The Enchanted Forest.\" \n6.13 | \"Lucy and Superman\" | Little Ricky | Lucy gets Superman, guest star George Reeves, to appear at Little Ricky's fifth birthday party. \n6.14 | \"Little Ricky gets a Dog\" | Little Ricky | Little Ricky's new dog causes problems with the new neighbor. \n6.16 | \"Lucy Hates to Leave\" | Little Ricky | The Ricardos, including Little Ricky, make their move from New York City to the country in Connecticut. \n6.19 | \"Lucy Raises Chickens\" | Little Ricky | Little Ricky accidentally lets five hundred baby chicks escape and the house is soon overrun. \n6.20 | \"Lucy Does the Tango\" | Little Ricky | Little Ricky and his friend, Bruce Ramsey, hide 250 chickens when his father decides that he's going to sell them. \n6.21 | \"Ragtime Band\" | Little Ricky | When Ricky refuses to play for a local benefit, Lucy forms a band which includes Little Ricky. \n6.24 | \"Building a BBQ\" | Little Ricky | When Little Ricky's kite flies away, there's a chance Lucy's wedding ring went with it. \n6.26 | \"Lucy Raises Tulips\" | Little Ricky | Little Ricky's dog, Fred, causes problems for Lucy who's growing tulips for a neighborhood contest. \n6.27 | \"The Ricardos Dedicate a Statue\" | Little Ricky | When Little Ricky's dog, Fred, runs away, it causes problems for the entire neighborhood and especially the Westport Historical Society. \n In the show, Little Ricky is the son of Lucy Ricardo and Ricky Ricardo. Little Ricky lives with his parents in a New York Brownstone apartment building, which is owned and run by his godparents; the family later moves to a large suburban house in Westport, Connecticut. \n Lucy finds out she was expecting Little Ricky on the Season 2 episode \"Lucy is Enceinte.\" The episode in which he is born, \"Lucy goes to the Hospital,\" was aired on the same day as the birth of Lucille Ball's real son, Desi Arnaz, Jr.–Monday, January 19, 1953. \n Enrique Alberto Ricardo IV, \"Little Ricky,\" is a fictional character from the American television series I Love Lucy (1951–57, with Ricky Jr. becoming a part of the show as of his birth in 1953) and The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour (1957–60). Little Ricky was played by a number of actors, including James John Ganzer, twins Richard and Ronald Lee Simmons, twins Michael and Joseph Mayer and, most notably, Keith Thibodeaux, billed as Little Ricky. Although the I Love Lucy announcer and the opening credits of The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour gave his stage name as \"Little Ricky\", in his post-Lucy acting career, particularly his four-year irregular stint on The Andy Griffith Show, he was billed as Richard Keith."
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"Myla Goldberg Myla Goldberg (born November 19, 1971) is an American novelist and musician. Goldberg was born into a Jewish family. She was raised in Laurel, Maryland, and graduated from Eleanor Roosevelt High School. She majored in English at Oberlin College, graduating in 1993. She spent a year teaching and writing in Prague (providing the germ of her book of essays \"Time's Magpie\", which explores her favorite places within the city), then moved to Brooklyn, New York, where she still lives with her husband (Jason Little) and two daughters. Goldberg is an accomplished amateur musician. She plays the banjo and accordion in a Brooklyn-based indie rock quartet, \"The Walking Hellos\". She has performed with The Galerkin Method and the Bindlestiff Family Cirkus. She formerly collaborated with the New York art collective Flux Factory. She has contributed song lyrics to the musical group One Ring Zero. While in Prague, Goldberg completed her first novel, \"Kirkus\", a story of an Eastern European circus troupe engulfed by the onset of World War II. She gave it to an agent who shopped it for 18 months, but it was not published by the time she had begun working on \"Bee Season\", so it was shelved. After returning to Brooklyn Goldberg took several jobs, including working on a production of a Stephen King horror movie. She was let go from that job, which brought an unforeseen benefit - the six months of unemployment benefits checks gave her sufficient time to finish \"Bee Season\" (\"It was a grant, as far as I was concerned\", she told an Oberlin student interviewer in 2005). Goldberg's first published novel was \"Bee Season\" (2000), portraying the breakdown of a family and the spiritual explorations of its two children amid a series of spelling bees. It was a popular and critical success, and was adapted into a film in 2005. She has also published short stories in \"Virgin Fiction\", \"Eclectic Literary Forum\", \"New American Writing\", \"McSweeney's\" and \"Harpers Magazine\". She reviews books for \"The New York Times\" and \"Bookforum\". In 2005 Goldberg published a second novel, \"Wickett's Remedy\" (2005), which is set during the 1918 influenza epidemic. In 2009 she said she was working on a third novel, to be titled \"The False Friend\", due in 2010. It describes a woman whose memory is jogged, causing her to revisit a tragic event in her youth. \"It's about memory, hometowns and the adults children turn into,\" Goldberg told an interviewer. \"Song for Myla Goldberg\" is track six on The Decemberists' album \"Her Majesty The Decemberists.\" It makes a handful of allusions to \"Bee Season\". Myla Goldberg Myla Goldberg (born November 19, 1971) is an American novelist and musician. Goldberg was born into a Jewish family. She was raised in Laurel, Maryland, and graduated from Eleanor Roosevelt High School. She majored in English at Oberlin College, graduating in 1993. She spent a year teaching and writing in Prague (providing the germ of her book of essays \"Time's Magpie\", which explores her favorite places"
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"Mike Gazella Michael Gazella (October 13, 1895 – September 11, 1978) was an American major league baseball player who played for the New York Yankees on several championship teams in the 1920s. Born in Olyphant, Pennsylvania, Gazella played football as well as baseball at Lafayette College and Mansfield University of Pennsylvania. In 1923, he was signed by New York and played in eight games for the Yankees that season. Consigned to the minor leagues in 1924 and 1925, he played for teams in Minneapolis and Atlanta before rejoining New York in the 1926 season as a utility infielder, usually playing third base. The Yankees played in the World Series every year Gazella was on the team, winning three. However, Gazella played in only the 1926 Series, in which the Yankees lost to the St. Louis Cardinals. After retiring, Gazella managed the Ponca City Angels of the Western Association and the Moline Plowboys of the Three-I League, as well as scouted for the Yankees. Gazella died in an automobile accident in Odessa, Texas on September 11, 1978. Mike Gazella Michael Gazella (October 13, 1895 – September 11, 1978) was an American major league baseball player who played for the New York"
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"Kalimpong II (community development block) Kalimpong II (community development block) is an administrative division of Kalimpong district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Kalimpong police station serves this block. Headquarters of this block is at Algarah. Algarah is located at . Kalimpong II community development block has an area of 303.00 km. Kalimpong II block consists of rural areas only with 13 gram panchayats, viz. Dalapchand, Kashyong, Lole, Lingseykha, Gitabling, Lava-Gitabling, Payong, Kagay, Lingse, Shangse, Pedong, Syakiyong and Shantook. As per 2011 Census of India Kalimpong II CD Block had a total population of 66,830, all of which were rural. There were 34,546 males and 32,284 females. Scheduled Castes numbered 1,961 and Scheduled Tribes numbered 24,773. As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Kalimpong II CD Block was 47,520 out of which 26,380 were males and 21,140 were females. Kalimpong II (community development block) Kalimpong II (community development block) is an administrative division of Kalimpong district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Kalimpong police station serves this block. Headquarters of this block is at Algarah. Algarah is located at . Kalimpong II community development block has an area of 303.00 km. Kalimpong II block consists"
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"Broadleaf Commerce Broadleaf Commerce is a software technology company headquartered in Dallas, Texas, providing an open source Java eCommerce platform based on Spring Framework. Broadleaf Commerce was founded in 2008 by Brian Polster with backing from Credera Finance. In July 2010, Broadleaf launched the first version of their open source software. On January 1, 2012, Broadleaf Commerce became an independent entity and gained legal separation from Credera Finance. In 2015, Broadleaf was selected for the 2015 Best of Addison Award in the eCommerce Framework category by the Addison Award Program. In 2016, Broadleaf was recognized by Texas A&M University in their 2016 Aggie 100 list. Broadleaf ranked 44th with an average growth rate of 43%. In 2017, Broadleaf was recognized by Inc. Magazine in their Inc. 5000 list. Broadleaf ranked 2420 on the list with a 3 year growth rate of 149%. In 2017, Broadleaf was recognized by Texas A&M University in their 2017 Aggie 100 list. Broadleaf ranked 35th with an average growth rate of 45.8%. Broadleaf Community Edition is the free version of the open source content management system (CMS). In addition to the management of products and catalog information, this edition provides a WYSIWYG editor to manage items such as blogs and pre-defined content pages. This edition requires an enterprise license. The B2C Edition enables cross-team collaboration for website management, campaigns, order lifecycle management, and customer service functionalities through a single administrative console. Features include CSR assisted shopping, RMA code generation, and system blocks for potentially fraudulent orders. The B2B Enterprise Edition requires an enterprise license. This system handles multiple fulfillment centers, vendors, suppliers, and end buyers. The system provides one administrative interface to set permissions for individual franchise site management and deploy changes across all franchise site properties. This edition manages multiple disparate sites, allows vendors to upload, price, and promote their own products independently. Since its launch, Broadleaf Commerce has been reviewed by tech websites and blogs such as Forrester, Orderhive,TechWorld, CIO, ComputerWorld UK, and Chain Store Age. Tech Blog Divante, developer community Stack Overflow, and tech blog Zoocha have also reviewed the services. The Container Store Ganz Pep Boys castAR ICON Health & Fitness O'Reilly Auto Parts Broadleaf Commerce Broadleaf Commerce is a software technology company headquartered in Dallas, Texas, providing an open source Java eCommerce platform based on Spring Framework. Broadleaf Commerce was founded in 2008 by Brian Polster with backing from Credera"
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"The Seeds of Doom The Seeds of Doom is the sixth and final serial of the 13th season of the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\", which was first broadcast in six weekly parts on BBC1 from 31 January to 6 March 1976. The serial is set in Antarctica and England. In the serial, the plant collector Harrison Chase (Tony Beckley) seeks to retrieve a malignant alien plant called a Krynoid for himself. In Antarctica, British scientists Charles Winlett and Derek Moberley discover a pod buried in the permafrost and take it back to their camp. John Stevenson, the base botanist, identifies it as vegetable-based and estimates it has been buried in the ice for twenty thousand years. In London, Richard Dunbar of the World Ecology Bureau shows the Fourth Doctor photographs of the pod at the urging of his superior, Sir Colin Thackeray. The Doctor believes it to be extraterrestrial. He tells Dunbar to tell the expedition not to touch it until he arrives. Back at the base, Stevenson discovers that the pod is growing larger and he believes it is absorbing ultraviolet radiation. In England, Dunbar visits the estate of millionaire Harrison Chase, who considers it his mission to protect the plant life of Mother Earth. Dunbar gives Chase the location of the pod. Chase sends his men, Scorby and Keeler, to retrieve the pod. At the base, the pod opens and stings Winlett. When Stevenson and Moberley find him, Winlett's face is covered with green hives. The Doctor and Sarah arrive at the base, and find that Winlett's face and body are rapidly becoming covered with green fungus. Outside the base, the Doctor uncovers another pod and notes that they travel in pairs. Winlett's blood is found to contain no blood platelets, but instead has schizophytes – microscopic organisms akin to plant bacteria. The Doctor tells Sarah that Winlett is turning into a Krynoid, a galactic weed that settles on planets and eats the animal life. Scorby and Keeler arrive, claiming that their private plane got lost. Moberly is killed by the mutated Winlett. Transformed into a Krynoid, Winlett flees the base and shelters in the outside generator hut. Scorby and Keeler steal the remaining pod, then escape in their plane. The Doctor and the others are attacked by the Krynoid, which kills Stevenson. The Doctor and Sarah flee the base as a bomb set by Scorby and Keeler destroys the area. The Doctor and Sarah are picked up by a team from South Bend, while Scorby and Keeler return to Chase in England with the second pod. Dunbar warns Chase that the Doctor and Sarah are still alive and are scheduled to meet with him and Sir Colin in two hours. At the meeting, the Doctor and Sarah describe the theft of the pod. He tells Dunbar to arrange for him to go to the Botanic Institute. As they leave a driver meets them. However, the limousine stops in the countryside, and the driver orders them out at gunpoint. The Doctor jumps the driver and punches him out. The Doctor and Sarah search the car and find a painting by Amelia Ducat, a flower artist. When they visit her, Ducat tells them that the owner of the painting is Harrison Chase, who never paid her for it. Chase orders Keeler to inject the pod with fixed nitrogen. When the Doctor and Sarah try to sneak into the mansion, they are captured and brought before Chase, who decides to show them around the mansion and his plant laboratory before he executes them. When Scorby escorts the Doctor and Sarah into the gardens to kill them, the two overpower him. Sarah escapes but is captured again. The Doctor rescues her and in the confusion, a frond from the pod stings Keeler's arm. Keeler soon begins to transform. When the Doctor returns to the laboratory, he is captured and taken to the compost room, where Scorby activates the crusher. Meanwhile, Sarah escapes back to the house, attracts Ducat's attention and asks her to take a message to Sir Colin. Outside, Ducat enters a car with Sir Colin and Dunbar inside and tells them what Sarah said. Dunbar, realising he has made a terrible mistake, says he will get the Doctor. He tells Sir Colin that, if he does not return in half an hour, to return to London and call UNIT. Sarah turns off the crusher in time to save the Doctor. Hargreaves finds that Keeler has almost completed his transformation and runs in a panic as the creature frees itself. In the mansion, Dunbar pleads with Chase to abandon the experiment as Hargreaves reports Keeler's transformation to Chase. Dunbar goes to get help and is pursued by Scorby. The Doctor realises that Keeler is missing, and goes with Sarah to search for the Krynoid. Dunbar runs into the monster and is killed. His screams attract the attention of Scorby and the guards as well as the Doctor and Sarah. They escape to a cottage and barricade themselves in. The Krynoid speaks using Keeler’s voice, demanding that the Doctor join it and it will spare the others. Scorby throws a Molotov cocktail at the Krynoid, allowing the Doctor to escape. Chase makes his way through the grounds and confronts the Krynoid. It notices him and he approaches, taking photographs. The Doctor arrives at the Bureau, where UNIT Major Beresford warns he can’t do anything without evidence. The Doctor shows reports of people near Chase’s estates being killed by plants. He then calls Sarah and tells them Beresford is preparing to attack the Krynoid with a laser gun, but the Krynoid cuts the phone wires. Chase arrives and tells them that it’s the plants’ world, and humans are parasites. He goes to the manor to develop his photographs, then begins speaking to the plants in his greenhouse. Scorby, Sarah, and Hargreaves confront Chase, and he speaks of how the world will be made perfect. Sarah notices that the plants are closing in on them. The Doctor and a UNIT soldier drive onto the grounds while the plants overwhelm Sarah and the others and start to strangle them. The Doctor and UNIT Sgt. Henderson arrive with chemical plant-killer. They dispose of the plants, saving Scorby and Sarah, but Hargreaves is killed. Chase runs away, and the Doctor and the others go into the lab and start removing the plants. Once they're outside, Chase locks the door behind them and they watch as the now enormous Krynoid towers over them. UNIT soldiers arrive and open fire with their laser gun, distracting the Krynoid so that the Doctor and his group can get to another door. After they leave, Chase slips back into the laboratory and destroys the loudspeaker system. The others return to the laboratory, and the Krynoid tries to break in. Meanwhile, Chase puts Henderson in the compost machine and activates it, killing the unconscious soldier. The Doctor works to repair the loudspeaker system as the Krynoid renews its attack, and Scorby panics and runs. He makes his way across a pond, but the plants grab and pull him underwater, killing him. The Doctor and Sarah realise that Henderson is gone, and Sarah goes to look for him. She makes her way to the compost machine room, and Chase confronts her, telling him he’s become part of the plant world thanks to the Krynoid. Chase plans to support the Krynoid and refers to humanity as parasites, then attacks Sarah and knocks her unconscious. Beresford contacts the Doctor, who warns they have 15 minutes until the Krynoid germinates, spreading its seeds across England. The Doctor tells them to launch an air strike before it’s too late. Chase has tied up Sarah and starts feeding her into the compost machine. The Doctor arrives and shuts off the machine. In the ensuing struggle, Sarah is saved, but Chase is pulled into the machine. The RAF launches a sighting run as Beresford and Sir Colin look for the Doctor. Sarah and the Doctor cannot get out through the plant life covering the house, but the Doctor rigs a steam pipe and they blast their way out. They make their way through the hostile plant life and take refuge as the RAF opens fire and destroys the Krynoid and the mansion. Scorby quotes Voltaire's line",
"her unconscious. Beresford contacts the Doctor, who warns they have 15 minutes until the Krynoid germinates, spreading its seeds across England. The Doctor tells them to launch an air strike before it’s too late. Chase has tied up Sarah and starts feeding her into the compost machine. The Doctor arrives and shuts off the machine. In the ensuing struggle, Sarah is saved, but Chase is pulled into the machine. The RAF launches a sighting run as Beresford and Sir Colin look for the Doctor. Sarah and the Doctor cannot get out through the plant life covering the house, but the Doctor rigs a steam pipe and they blast their way out. They make their way through the hostile plant life and take refuge as the RAF opens fire and destroys the Krynoid and the mansion. Scorby quotes Voltaire's line \"when it is a question of money, everybody is of the same religion\", but the Doctor seems to attribute it to Franklin Pierce Adams. The serial was written by established television writer Robert Banks Stewart, who was influenced in the writing of this ecological tale of rampant flora by his home abutting Kew Gardens as well as his familial connection to botanist Joseph Banks. The Doctor's dialogue with Amelia Ducat about the car boot and model is an homage to Oscar Wilde's \"The Importance of Being Earnest\". After a long association with \"Doctor Who\", this story was director Douglas Camfield's last involvement with the show. Location shooting at Chase's estate took place at Athelhampton Hall in Dorset. This is the third serial of the programme to shoot exterior location scenes on Outside Broadcast (OB) videotape rather than film; the previous two were \"Robot\" (1974) and \"The Sontaran Experiment\" (1975). On 7 December 1975, whilst location filming the closing scene outside the TARDIS at Buckland, the TARDIS prop collapsed on Elisabeth Sladen; it was the original prop used since 1963. None of the established UNIT characters are seen in this story (the last regular appearance of the organisation), as Nicholas Courtney was unavailable to reprise the role of Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart. \"The Seeds of Doom\" was one of the \"Doctor Who\" serials which drew criticism from Mary Whitehouse for violent imagery. She wrote, \"Strangulation – by hand, by claw, by obscene vegetable matter – is the latest gimmick, sufficiently close up so they get the point. And just for a little variety show the children how to make a Molotov Cocktail.\" In reply, the BBC stated that \"Doctor Who\" was aimed at families, not just children. In \"The Discontinuity Guide\", Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping described the serial as \"an \"Avengers\" episode in disguise\" and called it \"Another gem, and one much benefitting from an excellent performance from Tony Beckley as Harrison Chase\". In \"The Television Companion\" (1998), David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker praised how the story was split between two settings and the monster in general, though they felt some aspects of the Krynoid were \"rubbish\". They wrote that the only real disappointment was UNIT, which contained none of the old characters and as a result \"[came] across as a faceless and characterless bunch whose sole function in the story is to resolve the situation\". In 2010, Mark Braxton of \"Radio Times\" described \"The Seeds of Doom\" as \"a rich, classy serving, with plenty of meat accompanying the vegetables\". He praised Baker and the guest actors and their characters. However, he noted that the plot contained a \"giant crevasse\" in that \" it takes a ridiculous amount of time for the Doctor et al to know how to tackle the Keeler-Krynoid, having seemingly forgotten that the Winlett-Krynoid was killed by an explosion\". \"The A.V. Club\" reviewer Christopher Bahn said that the serial was \"one of the greats\" of the era, particularly praising the pacing and Baker's performance. DVD Talk's Ian Jane gave \"The Seeds of Doom\" four out of five stars, calling the script \"a good one\". Ian Berriman of \"SFX\" gave the story five out of five stars, writing, \"Often bleakly grotesque, blessed with an eerie, mournful score and shot with real brio, this is a rare Who six-parter that you can consume in one sitting, with nary a moment of boredom.\" He also was positive towards the performances of Beckley and Baker. A novelisation of this serial, written by Philip Hinchcliffe, was published by Target Books in February 1977. A slightly \"Americanized\" version of Hinchcliffe's novel was released as #10 in the Pinnacle Books series in March 1980 with a foreword by Harlan Ellison and a cover illustration by David Mann \"The Seeds of Doom\" was released on a double VHS in 1994 in the United Kingdom. In North America it was released as a single VHS. The story was released on DVD on 25 October 2010 in the United Kingdom, and on 8 March 2011 in the United States. Music from this serial was released on the CD \"\". This serial was also released as part of the \"Doctor Who\" DVD Files in Issue 120 on 7 August 2013. The Seeds of Doom The"
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"Economy of Portugal Portugal ranked 42nd in the WEF's Global Competitiveness Report for 2017–2018. The great majority of the international trade is done within the European Union (EU), whose countries received 72.8% of the Portuguese exports and were the origin of 76.5% of the Portuguese imports in 2015. Other regional groups that are significant trade partners of Portugal are the NAFTA (6.3% of the exports and 2% of the imports), the PALOP (5.7% of the exports and 2.5% of the imports), the Maghreb (3.7% of the exports and 1.3% of the imports) and the Mercosul (1.4% of the exports and 2.5% of the imports). The Portuguese currency is the euro (€) and the country has been a part of the Eurozone since its inception. Portugal's central bank is the \"Banco de Portugal\", which forms part of the European System of Central Banks, and the major stock exchange is the Euronext Lisbon, which belongs to the NYSE Euronext, the first global stock exchange. The Portuguese Economy has been steady, expanding continuously since the third quarter of 2014, with a yearly GDP growth of 1.5% registered in the second quarter of 2015. The economy's growth has been accompanied by a continuous fall in the unemployment rate (11.9% in the second quarter of 2015, compared with 13.9% registered in the end of 2014). The Government budget deficit has also been reduced from 11.2% of GDP in 2010 to 4.8% in 2014. These rates mark an inversion from the negative trends caused by the impact of the Financial Crisis of 2008 in the Portuguese Economy, that made it to shrink for three consecutive years (2011, 2012 and 2013), accompanied by a high increase of the unemployment rate (that achieved a record of 17.7% in early 2013). The crisis has caused a wide range of domestic problems that are specifically related to the levels of public deficit, as well as the excessive debt levels, in the economy, culminating in the confirmation from Portugal to a €78 billion financial bailout from the EU in April 2011, following similar decisions from Greece and Ireland. The government that assumed office in June 2011 had to face tough choices in regard to its attempts to stimulate the economy while at the same time seeking to maintain its public deficit around the EU average. Portugal is home to a number of notable leading companies with worldwide reputations, such as The Navigator Company, a major world player in the international paper market; Sonae Indústria, the largest producer of wood-based panels in the world; Amorim, the world leader in cork production; Conservas Ramirez, the oldest canned food producer; Cimpor, one of the world's 10th largest producers of cement; EDP Renováveis, the 3rd largest producer of wind energy in the world; Jerónimo Martins, consumer products manufacturer and retail market leader in Portugal, Poland and Colombia; TAP Air Portugal, highly regarded for its safety record, and one of the leading airlines linking Europe with Africa and Latin America (namely Brazil). The Portuguese educational system has been in gradual modernization and relative expansion since the 1960s, achieving recognition for its world-standard practices and trends in the 21st century. According to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed significantly above the OECD's average. Portugal is home to several world class universities and business schools that have been contributing to the creation of a number of highly renowned international managers and are attracting an increasing number of foreign students. Portugal has the highest emigration rate as a proportion of population in the European Union. More than two million Portuguese people (20% of the population) now live outside the country. Historically Portugal would rank as the nation with the highest unemployment rate in both Europe and EU given their large emigration rates as labor outflows contribute to the weight of unemployment. During the Portuguese Empire period, started in the 15th century, until the Carnation Revolution of 1974, the economy of Portugal was centered in trade and raw materials related activities within its vast colonial possessions, mainly in Asia (spices, silk, dyes, porcelain and gems), Africa (ivory, timber, oil, diamonds and slaves) and South America (sugar cane, dyes, woods, and gold). The country, with a transcontinental empire with plenty of natural resources and vast unexploited areas, was among the most powerful nations in the world. In 1822, the Portuguese colony of Brazil became an independent country, however, until 1974, Portugal managed to preserve its colonies/overseas territories in Africa, which included Angola and Mozambique, territories that would experience reasonable rates of economic growth until the departure of the Portuguese in 1975. After a short period of economic divergence before 1914, the Portuguese economy recovered slightly until 1950, entering thereafter on a path of strong economic convergence. Economically, most of the Salazar years (1933–1968) were marked by a period of modest growth and the country remained largely underdeveloped and its population relatively poor and with low education levels well into until the 1960s. Portuguese economic growth in the period 1960–1973 created an opportunity for real integration with the developed economies of Western Europe. Through emigration, trade, tourism and foreign investment, individuals and firms changed their patterns of production and consumption, bringing about a structural transformation. Simultaneously, the increasing complexity of a growing economy raised new technical and organizational challenges, stimulating the formation of modern professional and management teams. The economy of Portugal and its overseas territories on the eve of the Carnation Revolution (a military coup on 25 April 1974) was growing well above the European average. Average family purchasing power was rising together with new consumption patterns and trends and this was promoting both investment in new capital equipment and consumption expenditure for durable and nondurable consumer goods. The Estado Novo regime economic policy encouraged and created conditions for the formation of large business conglomerates. The regime maintained a policy of corporatism that resulted in the placement of a large part of the Portuguese economy in the hands of a number of strong conglomerates, of which, the most important were known as the \"seven magnificent\". These Portuguese conglomerates had a business model with similarities to South Korean chaebols and Japanese keiretsus and zaibatsus. Among the seven magnificent were the conglomerates founded and held by the families Champalimaud, Mello (CUF group), Amorim and Santos (Jerónimo Martins group). The CUF (Companhia União Fabril) group was the largest and most diversified of the Portuguese conglomerates. At one point, it became the largest industrial group in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the five largest in Europe. Its core businesses included the cement, chemicals, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, textiles, beer, beverages, metallurgy, naval engineering, electrical engineering, insurance, banking, paper, tourism and mining. Its main business activities and corporate headquarters located in mainland Portugal, but it also included branches, plants and several developing business projects all around the Portuguese overseas territories, especially in Angola and Mozambique. Other medium-sized family companies specialized in textiles (for instance those located in the city of Covilhã and the northwest), ceramics, porcelain, glass and crystal (like those of Alcobaça, Caldas da Rainha and Marinha Grande), engineered wood (like SONAE near Porto), canned fish (like those of Algarve and the northwest), fishing, food and beverage producing, tourism (well established in Estoril/Cascais/Sintra and",
"beer, beverages, metallurgy, naval engineering, electrical engineering, insurance, banking, paper, tourism and mining. Its main business activities and corporate headquarters located in mainland Portugal, but it also included branches, plants and several developing business projects all around the Portuguese overseas territories, especially in Angola and Mozambique. Other medium-sized family companies specialized in textiles (for instance those located in the city of Covilhã and the northwest), ceramics, porcelain, glass and crystal (like those of Alcobaça, Caldas da Rainha and Marinha Grande), engineered wood (like SONAE near Porto), canned fish (like those of Algarve and the northwest), fishing, food and beverage producing, tourism (well established in Estoril/Cascais/Sintra and growing as an international attraction in the Algarve since the 1960s) and in agriculture (like the ones scattered around the Alentejo – known as the breadbasket of Portugal) completed the panorama of the national economy by the early 1970s. In addition, rural areas' populations were committed to agrarianism that was of great importance for a majority of the total population, with many families living exclusively from agriculture or complementing their salaries with farming, husbandry and forestry yields. Besides that, the overseas territories were also displaying impressive economic growth and development rates from the 1920s onwards. Even during the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974), a counterinsurgency war against independentist guerrilla and terrorism, the overseas territories of Angola and Mozambique (Portuguese Overseas Provinces at the time) had continuous economic growth rates and several sectors of its local economies were booming. They were internationally notable centres of production of oil, coffee, cotton, cashew, coconut, timber, minerals (like diamonds), metals (like iron and aluminium), banana, citrus, tea, sisal, beer, cement, fish and other sea products, beef and textiles. Labour unions were not allowed and a minimum wage policy was not enforced. However, in a context of an expanding economy, bringing better living conditions for the Portuguese population in the 1960s, the outbreak of the colonial wars in Africa set off significant social changes, among them the rapid incorporation of more and more women into the labour market. Marcelo Caetano moved on to foster economic growth and some social improvements, such as the awarding of a monthly pension to rural workers who had never had the chance to pay social security. The objectives of Caetano's pension reform were threefold: enhancing equity, reducing fiscal and actuarial imbalance, and achieving more efficiency for the economy as a whole, for example, by establishing contributions less distortive to labour markets or by allowing the savings generated by pension funds to increase the investments in the economy. The post Carnation Revolution period was characterized by chaos and negative economic growth as industries were nationalised and the negative effects of the decoupling of Portugal from its former territories were felt. Heavy industry came to an abrupt halt. All sectors of the economy from manufacturing, mining, chemical, defence, finance, agriculture and fishing went into free fall. Portugal found itself overnight going from the country in Western Europe with the highest growth rate to the lowest – in fact it experienced several years of negative growth. This was amplified by the mass emigration of skilled workers and entrepreneurs due to political intimidation, and the costs of accommodating in Portugal thousands of refugees from the former overseas provinces in Africa – the \"retornados\". After the Carnation Revolution's turmoil of 1974, the Portuguese economic basis changed deeply. The Portuguese economy had changed significantly by 1973 prior to the leftist military coup, compared with its position in 1961 – total output (GDP at factor cost) had grown by 120 percent in real terms. Clearly, the prerevolutionary period was characterized by robust annual growth rates for GDP (6.9 percent), industrial production (9 percent), private consumption (6.5 percent), and gross fixed capital formation (7.8 percent). In 1931, at the initiation of Salazar's more outward-looking economic policy due to the influence of a new generation of technocrats with background in economics and technical-industrial know-how, Portugal's per capita GDP was only 38 percent of the EC-12 average; by the end of the Salazar period, in 1968, it had risen to 48 percent; and in 1973, on the eve of the revolution, Portugal's per capita GDP had reached 56.4 percent of the EC-12 average. In 1975, the year of maximum revolutionary turmoil, Portugal's per capita GDP declined to 52.3 percent of the EC-12 average. Convergence of real GDP growth toward the EC average occurred as a result of Portugal's economic resurgence since 1985. In 1991 Portugal's GDP per capita climbed to 54.9 percent of the EC average, exceeding by a fraction the level attained just during the worst revolutionary period. Portugal overtook Greece in terms of GDP per capita in 1992, but fell again below it in 1993, until today. The growth rate of Portuguese merchandise exports during the period 1959 to 1973 was notable – 11 percent per annum. In 1960 the bulk of exports was accounted for by a few products – canned fish, raw and manufactured cork, cotton textiles, and wine. By contrast, in the early 1970s (before the 1974 military coup), Portugal's export list reflected significant product diversification, including both consumer and capital goods. Several branches of Portuguese industry became export-oriented, and in 1973 over one-fifth of Portuguese manufactured output was exported. There was a 16-percentage-point increase in the participation of the services sector from 39 percent of GDP in 1973 to 55.5 percent in 1990. Most of this growth reflected the exacerbated proliferation of civil service employment and the associated cost of public administration, together with the contribution of tourism services during the 1980s to the detriment of more sustainable and reproductive activities like manufacturing, exporting and technology/capital-intensive industries. Membership in the European Communities, achieved in 1986, contributed to stable economic growth and development, largely through increased trade ties and an inflow of funds allocated by the European Union (and before that the European Communities) to improve the country's infrastructure. Although the occurrence of economic growth and a public debt relatively well-contained as a result of the number of civil servants has been increased from 485,368 in 1988 to 509,732 in 1991, which was a much lower increase than that which will happen in the following years until 2005 marked by irrational and unsustainable State employment, from 1988 to 1993, during the government cabinets led by then Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, the Portuguese economy was radically changed. As a result, there was a sharp and rapid decrease in the output of tradable goods and a rise of the importance of the non-tradable goods sector in the Portuguese economy. After a recession in 1993, the economy grew at an average annual rate of 3.3%, well above EU averages but well behind the growth of the Portuguese economy before the military coup of 1974. In order to qualify for the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), Portugal agreed to cut its fiscal deficit and undertake structural reforms. The EMU brought to Portugal exchange rate stability, falling inflation, and falling interest rates. Falling interest rates, in turn, lowered the cost of public debt and helped the country achieve its fiscal targets. In 1999, it continued to enjoy sturdy economic growth, falling interest rates, and low unemployment. The country qualified for the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU) in 1998 and joined with 10 other European countries in",
"economy. After a recession in 1993, the economy grew at an average annual rate of 3.3%, well above EU averages but well behind the growth of the Portuguese economy before the military coup of 1974. In order to qualify for the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), Portugal agreed to cut its fiscal deficit and undertake structural reforms. The EMU brought to Portugal exchange rate stability, falling inflation, and falling interest rates. Falling interest rates, in turn, lowered the cost of public debt and helped the country achieve its fiscal targets. In 1999, it continued to enjoy sturdy economic growth, falling interest rates, and low unemployment. The country qualified for the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU) in 1998 and joined with 10 other European countries in launching the euro on 1 January 1999. The three different designs chosen for the national side of the Portuguese euro coins were drawn by the artist Vitor Manuel Fernandes dos Santos. The inspiration came from the three seals of the first king, Dom Afonso Henriques. Portugal's inflation rate for 1999, 2.4%, was comfortably low. Household debt expanded rapidly. The European Commission, OECD, and others advised the Portuguese Government to exercise more fiscal restraint. Portugal's public deficit exceeded 3% of GNP in 2001, the EU's self-imposed limit, and left the country open to either EU sanctions or tighter financial supervision. The overall rate of growth slowed in late 2001 and into 2002, making fiscal austerity that much more painful to implement. Portugal made significant progress in raising its standard of living to that of its EU partners. GDP per capita on a purchasing power parity basis rose from 51% of the EU average in 1985 to 78% in early 2002. By 2005 this had dropped to 72% (of the average across all of now 25 EU members, including seven with GDP per capita lower than Portugal) as GDP per capita rose in other EU countries. Unemployment stood at 4.1% at the end of 2001, which was low compared to the EU average. GDP growth in 2006, at 1.3%, was the lowest not just in the European Union but in all of Europe. In the 2000s, the Czech Republic, Malta and Slovenia overtook Portugal in terms of GDP per capita. From 2010 until 2012, GDP per capita (PPP) in Portugal fell below those of Slovakia (in Europe) and Seychelles (outside Europe). In 2013 it was estimated that the Portuguese GDP per capita will be similar (within minus or plus 1,000 USD per capita) of those of Greece, Estonia and Lithuania. The GDP per capita fell from just over 80% of the EU 25 average in 1999 to just over 70% in 2007. This poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by The Economist which described Portugal as \"a new sick man of Europe\". From 2002 to 2007, the unemployment rate increased 65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007). In December 2009, ratings agency Standard and Poor's lowered its long-term credit assessment of Portugal to \"negative\" from \"stable,\" voicing pessimism on the country's structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt. However, the Portuguese subsidiaries of large multinational companies ranked among the most productive in the world, including Siemens Portugal, Volkswagen Autoeuropa, Qimonda Portugal (before the parent company filed for bankruptcy), IKEA, Nestlé Portugal, Microsoft Portugal, Unilever/Jerónimo Martins and Danone Portugal. Many Portuguese companies have grown and expanded internationally since after 1986. Among the most notable Portugal-based global companies are SONAE, Amorim, Sogrape, EFACEC, Portugal Telecom, Jerónimo Martins, Cimpor, Unicer, Millennium bcp, Lactogal, Sumol + Compal, Delta Cafés, Derovo, Critical Software, Galp Energia, EDP, Grupo José de Mello, Sovena Group, Valouro, Renova, Teixeira Duarte, Soares da Costa, Portucel Soporcel, Simoldes, Iberomoldes, Logoplaste and TAP Portugal The Portuguese Financial crisis was a major political and economic crisis, related with the European sovereign debt crisis and its heavy impact in Portugal. The crisis started to be noted in the initial weeks of 2010 and only began to fade away with the start of the Portuguese economical recovery in the late 2013. It was the Portuguese economy's most severe recession since the 1970s. A report published in January 2011 by the \"Diário de Notícias\", a leading Portuguese newspaper, demonstrated that during the period of the Carnation Revolution, from 1974 to 2010, the Portuguese democratic governments have encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear public-private partnerships. Consequently, numerous ineffective external consultancy/advising committees and firms were funded, and this facilitated considerable slippage in state-managed public works, inflated top management and head officers' bonuses and wages. Additionally, a recruitment policy eventuated that has boosted the number of redundant public servants. For almost four decades, the nation's economy has also been damaged by risky credit, public debt creation, and mismanaged European structural and cohesion funds. Apparently, Prime Minister Sócrates's cabinet was unable to forecast or prevent the crisis when symptoms first appeared in 2005, and was later incapable of doing anything to ameliorate the situation when the country was on the verge of bankruptcy in 2011. In 2010, acronyms were widely used by international bond analysts, academics, and the international financial press when referring to the underperforming economies of Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain. Four factors that heavily contributed to the financial crisis were: In April 2011, Portugal confirmed the receipt of a financial bailout from the IMF and the European Union worth €78 billion ($115 billion, £70 billion), following Greece and the Republic of Ireland. Some senior German policymakers publicly stated that emergency bailouts for Greece and future EU aid recipients should be accompanied by harsh penalties, which caused social unrest in Ireland and across Southern European countries, germanophobia, a big increase of euroscepticism and the rise of far-left and far-right parties in Greece (namely SYRIZA, Golden Dawn, among others), as well as the eurosceptic Five Star Movement and Lega Nord in Italy. In May 2007, 65% of the Portuguese tended to trust the EU institutions while 24% tended not to trust them. On the other hand, in November 2012, only 34% tended to trust them, while 59% tended not to trust them (even so, less extreme than Greece or Spain, where 81% and 72% tended not to trust them, respectively). Partly as a result of this disappointed attitude concerning the EU, Portugal has started to close ties with Africa, Brazil as well as with other Latin American countries, China, USA, Switzerland and other parts of the world, which has been reflected both in the investments, in foreign trade, and even in emigration. The three-year EU aid program incorporating the €78 billion support package ended in May 2014. At the time the Portuguese government reaffirmed its commitment to continue its economic reform, declaring that while the bailout had allowed the country to put its economy back on track, it still faced significant challenges. The year of 2014 marked the start of the recovery of the Portuguese economy. Since the third quarter of 2014, the Portuguese economy has been steadily expanding, with a GDP growth of 0.4% quarterly and 1.5% yearly registered in the second quarter of 2015. The economic recovery has been accompanied by a continuous fall in the unemployment rate (8.5% in the third quarter of 2017, from a high of 17% in 2012). The Government budget deficit has also been reduced from the 11.2% of GDP in 2010 to 4.8% in 2014. The International Monetary Fund issued an update report in late June 2017 with some positive news including",
"its commitment to continue its economic reform, declaring that while the bailout had allowed the country to put its economy back on track, it still faced significant challenges. The year of 2014 marked the start of the recovery of the Portuguese economy. Since the third quarter of 2014, the Portuguese economy has been steadily expanding, with a GDP growth of 0.4% quarterly and 1.5% yearly registered in the second quarter of 2015. The economic recovery has been accompanied by a continuous fall in the unemployment rate (8.5% in the third quarter of 2017, from a high of 17% in 2012). The Government budget deficit has also been reduced from the 11.2% of GDP in 2010 to 4.8% in 2014. The International Monetary Fund issued an update report in late June 2017 with some positive news including a stronger near-term outlook and an increase in investments and exports. Because of a surplus in 2016, the country was no longer bound by the Excessive Deficit Procedure. The banking system was more stable, although there were still non-performing loans and corporate debt. The IMF recommended working on solving these problems for Portugal to be able to attract more private investment. \"Sustained strong growth, together with continued public debt reduction, would reduce vulnerabilities arising from high indebtedness, particularly when monetary accommodation is reduced.\" The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017. Inflation under 2 % is in green. According to Eurostat in 2011, the General Government expenditure by main function, as a percentage of Total Expenditure, was as follows (compared to the Eurozone and EU averages): Also according to Eurostat in 2011, the General Government expenditure by three of the main functions, as a percentage of GDP, was as follows (compared to the Eurozone and EU averages): According to these data, in 2011, Portugal did not present any overspending neither on the coverage of social risks (social protection and health) and the slightly high spending on education can be related to a lag between the average qualifications of Portuguese and their European counterparts, resulting in an eventual attempt to overcome that lag. There has been some remarkable progress towards that objective, since the school dropout rate fell from 43.6% in 2000 to 23.2% in 2011, being this still the 3rd highest in the EU, where the average was 13.5% in the same year. The functions where the overspending probably existed were in \"general public services\", specifically those related with compensations to employees, intermediate and final consumptions of the \"legislative and executive organs, financial and fiscal affairs and external affairs\", some sub-functions in the item \"economic affairs\", since there was a very intensive public works, notably focused on new motorways, that didn't have a high multiplier effect. It is also worthy to mention the item \"public order and safety\" and \"defence\", with the compensations to employees and intermediate and final consumptions being quite higher than the EU average. There seems to have been an overspending on these functions, since Portugal has had only a very discrete role in international conflicts and the crime rate is also quite moderate. There was a big controversy about the purchase of two submarines, whose need has been questioned. Also the expenses in the sub-section of \"outpatient services\", belonging to the \"health\" function\" was very high compared to the EU average, in opposition to the in-patient \"hospital services\" where the expenses were very low in 2011. It is also very relevant to explain the difficulties in controlling the deficits if we take into account the payments of interests concerning to loans contracted by the State. Having been stable around 3.0% of the GDP until 2010, they jumped to 4.2% in 2011. In 2013, 10.46% of the employment as a percentage of the labour force worked in the General Government, as opposed to an average of 15.0% in the OECD. In the first quarter of 2016, the unemployment rate was at 12.4%. The unemployment rate has been continuously falling since the end of 2013, marking the reversal of the increase of unemployed people trend that had been recorded since the 2000s. This negative trend had been pronounced with the impact of the Financial Crisis of 2008, causing the unemployment rate to climb, achieving a record of 17.7% in the early 2013. The decrease of the unemployment is related with the expanding of the Portuguese Economy registered since the third quarter of 2014 (after shrinking in 2011, 2012 and 2013), with a yearly GDP growth of 1.5% registered in the second quarter of 2015. The increase of the number of people that emigrated to work in other countries also impacted positively the reduction of the unemployment, this happening specially in 2013, when the labor force decreased 1.6% in the first 9 months of the year. Other factors have also impacted the decrease, like the methodology used by the Statistics Portugal (for instance, people doing internships or professional training do not count as unemployed), the previous heavy loss of jobs, the increase of tourism and the resurgence of the agricultural sector, where many jobs were created. Although being both a developed country and a high income country, Portugal has the lowest GDP per capita in Western Europe and according to the Eurostat it had the 9th lowest purchasing power among the 27 member states of the European Union in 2018. Maria da Conceição Cerdeira, one of the authors of a published research study made by the Lisbon School of Economics and Management (ISEG), explained that \"in a generic way, there is not a high intensity of work, or a great psychological pressure\" in Portugal, for the mass of common ordinary workers, unlike what happens in Northern Europe or North America. Less pressure does not mean, however, a better job. The last European survey of workers, published in 2007 and which formed the basis of this 2009 research study showed that Portugal is the 5th European country with lower quality of work. A study conducted by Harvard Business School, including 9 EU member-countries, also revealed that Portugal had the 2nd worst managers in that universe, just above Greece, and below Ireland, Poland, Italy, UK, France, Germany and Sweden. The first quarter of 2013 marked a new unemployment rate record for Portugal, as it reached 17.8 per cent—up from 16.9 per cent in the previous quarter—and the government predicted an 18.5 per cent unemployment rate in 2014. Since 2011, the year when Troika arrived to Portugal to apply the bailout program, around 300,000-360,000 people have left the country, many of them qualified young people. In 2014, unemployment was at 13.9%. Around 70,000 jobs were created while 59,000 people became unavailable to work either due to not finding employment for a long time or emigration. The number of part-time employees who are considered under-employed and as such, would like to work more hours per day, is at 251,700 people while 240,300 people are currently inactive (not working, or studying). The Portuguese Central Bank has stated that one third of jobs created are intern-ships by the IEFP public institute. The minimum monthly wage in Portugal is 557 (January 2017) and the previous was 530 euros. This minimum wage was established in January 2015 and marked an increase from the previous 505 euros. The average gross wage is 1018 euros (1378 USD, nearly the same as Poland and Croatia), and the average net wage is 805 euros (1090 USD). All wages are paid 14 times a year, twelve monthly salary payments plus one month’s pay in the form of a Christmas bonus and one month for a holiday bonus. In 2008, about 8 per cent of the people with a degree were unemployed, and a much larger proportion was underemployed. This was directly correlated with a general lack of employability and a student's under-preparation for the workplace that was seen among many courses in a number",
"by the IEFP public institute. The minimum monthly wage in Portugal is 557 (January 2017) and the previous was 530 euros. This minimum wage was established in January 2015 and marked an increase from the previous 505 euros. The average gross wage is 1018 euros (1378 USD, nearly the same as Poland and Croatia), and the average net wage is 805 euros (1090 USD). All wages are paid 14 times a year, twelve monthly salary payments plus one month’s pay in the form of a Christmas bonus and one month for a holiday bonus. In 2008, about 8 per cent of the people with a degree were unemployed, and a much larger proportion was underemployed. This was directly correlated with a general lack of employability and a student's under-preparation for the workplace that was seen among many courses in a number of fields that were offered by certain higher education institutions or departments. The implementation of the Bologna process and other educational reforms, such as the compulsory closing of a number of courses, departments, colleges and private universities after 2005 due to a lack of academic rigour and low teaching standards, was a completely new approach to tackle the problem. In 2007 some major private universities were investigated by state agencies and two were immediately closed. Additionally, a number of degrees of the public system were also discontinued due to lack of quality, low demand from potential students or scarce interest from potential employers in these fields. Secondary and post-secondary non-higher education (intermediate education—\"ensino médio\") that consists of technical and vocational education has been redeveloped since 2007 through the governmental policies of the \"XVII Governo Constitucional\" (headed by Prime-Minister José Sócrates). As of March 2014, the graduate unemployment (between 15 and 24 years old) rate is over 35.4%, which represents an increase when comparing to January and February 2014. 57% of the Portuguese youth are planning to emigrate to other countries due to the current (and seemingly the future) fragile state of the economy. History Poverty and inequality are significant social problems that Portugal has attempted to address VIA various social policy measures. The European economic crisis has increased the number of households that remain below the poverty line in Portugal with the greatest affected being the youth due to high unemployment rates. The current economic crisis experienced across the globe is the leading cause of income inequalities which lead to poor market demand in an economy and lower economic growth in Portugal. The minimum wage policy is aimed at reducing abject poverty and income inequalities in Portugal which will increase demand and lead to economic stability in the long-term. In 2014 after a four-year freeze Portugal increased their minimum wage by 4%. The minimum wage policy which came after negotiations with labor organizations and employers was only possible after substantial recovery of the economy and will increase the sustainability of the economy with aims at reducing poverty. Taxes and transfer payments in Portugal Portugal uses tax and transfer payments to increase equality between high-income earners and the low-income earners in the country. There are significant progressive characteristics of income taxes in Portugal. The government tax policy ensures that the high-income earners face higher taxes in comparison to low-income earners which have enabled the low-income earners to be able to stimulate demand for goods and services in the country economy. The high-income earners pay roughly three times the amount paid by the low-income earners. This approach has been significant in reducing income inequality through means of redistribution. Portuguese GMI The Act no. 19-A/96, 29 June created a policy measure by the name of GMI: Guaranteed minimum income. This decade old means tested approach ensures a minimum income which grants financial stability for the citizens of Portugal. The GMI is viewed as a right to the Portuguese people, and proves independent of market influences. The GMI program aims at providing the low-income earners who are above 18 years social and economic autonomy to encourage them to participate in the economic growth of the country. In 2001 reports show that 32 percent of those that were previously approved to benefit from the GMI have been discontinued after attaining an income above the minimum threshold. This report shows GMI policy measures as effective in eradicating poverty and increasing income equality in Portugal The tertiary sector is presently the most important component of the Portuguese economy, representing 75.8% of the gross value added (GVA) and employing 68.1% of the working population. It is followed by the industry sector, which represents 21.9% of the GVA, proving 24.5% of the jobs. Fisheries and agriculture – which represented 25% of the economy in 1960 – had a sharp decrease in its weight, now only representing 2.4% of the GVA, while employing 7.5% of the working population. Forests are the major natural resource of Portugal, covering about 34% of the country. The most important forest resources are the pine trees (13,500 km), cork oaks (6800 km), holm oaks (5,340 km), and eucalyptus (2,430 km). Cork is a major production, with Portugal producing half of the world's cork. Significant mining resources are lithium, tungsten, tin, and uranium. After years of decline, the agriculture in Portugal had a surprising resurgence, involuntarily caused by the Portuguese debt crisis, when a number of highly qualified persons lost their jobs in the tertiary sector and decided to turn themselves to the development of agricultural businesses, despite having little or no experience in this sector. Despite presently representing only a small percentage of the economy, a considerable part of continental Portugal is dedicated to agriculture. The South has developed an extensive monoculture of cereals and olive trees and the Douro Valley of vineyards. Olive trees (4,000 km; 1,545 sq mi), vineyards (3,750 km; 1,450 sq mi), wheat (3,000 km; 1,160 sq mi) and maize (2,680 km; 1,035 sq mi) are produced in vast areas. Portuguese wine and olive oil are especially praised by nationals for their quality, thus external competition (even at much lower prices) has had little effect on consumer demand. Portugal is a traditional wine grower, and has exported its wines since the dawn of western civilization; Port Wine, \"Vinho Verde\" and Madeira Wine are the leading wine exports. Portugal is also a quality producer of fruits, namely the Algarve oranges, cherries (large production in Cova da Beira and Alto Alentejo), and Oeste region's \"pêra rocha\" (a type of pear). Other exports include horticulture and floriculture products, beet sugar, sunflower oil, cork, and tobacco. The Portuguese fishing industry is fairly large and diversified. Fishing vessels classified according to the area in which they operate, can be divided into local fishing vessels, coastal fishing vessels and long-distance fishing vessels. The local fleet is mainly composed of small traditional vessels (less than 5 GRT), comprising, in 2004, 87% of the total fishing fleet and accounting for 8% of the total tonnage. These vessels are usually equipped to use more than one fishing method, such as hooks, gill nets and traps, and constitute the so-called polyvalent segment of the fleet. Their physical output is low but reasonable levels of income are attained by virtue of the high commercial value of the species they capture: octopus, black scabbardfish, conger, pouting, hake and anglerfish. Purse seine fishing is also part of the local fleet and has, on the mainland, only one target species: the sardine. This fishery represents 37% of total landings. Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zone has 1,727,408 km. The coastal fishing fleet accounted for only 13% of vessels but had the largest GRT (93%). These vessels operate in",
"in 2004, 87% of the total fishing fleet and accounting for 8% of the total tonnage. These vessels are usually equipped to use more than one fishing method, such as hooks, gill nets and traps, and constitute the so-called polyvalent segment of the fleet. Their physical output is low but reasonable levels of income are attained by virtue of the high commercial value of the species they capture: octopus, black scabbardfish, conger, pouting, hake and anglerfish. Purse seine fishing is also part of the local fleet and has, on the mainland, only one target species: the sardine. This fishery represents 37% of total landings. Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zone has 1,727,408 km. The coastal fishing fleet accounted for only 13% of vessels but had the largest GRT (93%). These vessels operate in areas farther from the coast, and even outside the Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zone. The coastal fishing fleet comprises polyvalent, purse seine and trawl fishing vessels. The trawlers operate only on the mainland shelf and target demersal species such as horse mackerel, blue whiting, octopus and crustaceans. The crustacean trawling fishery targets Norway lobster, red shrimp and deepwater rose shrimp. The most important fish species landed in Portugal in 2004 were sardine, mackerel and horse mackerel, representing 37%, 9% and 8% of total landings by weight, and 13%, 1% and 8% of total value, respectively. Molluscs accounted for only 12% of total landings in weight, but 22% of total landings in value. Crustaceans were 0.6% of the total landings by weight and 5% by value. The Portuguese industry had a high development, especially after the Second World War, achieving a peak in 1974, when it represented almost 35% of the GDP of Portugal and achieved a high degree of diversification. Presently, the major industries in Portugal include: machinery, electrical and electronics industries, automotive and shipbuilding industries, injection moulding, plastics and ceramics industries, textile, footwear and leather industries, oil refinery, petrochemistry and cement industries, beverages and food industries and furniture, pulp and paper, wood and cork industries. Automotive and other mechanical industries are primarily located in and around Setúbal, Porto, Lisbon, Aveiro, Braga and Mangualde. Coimbra and Oeiras have growing technological-based industries, including pharmaceuticals and software. Sines has the largest oil refinery in the country and is a major petrochemical centre, as well as the busiest port in Portugal. Maia has one of the largest industrial parks of the country, including noted wood processing and food industries. Figueira da Foz and Setúbal are major centres of pulp and paper industry. Marinha Grande is the most reputed glass making centre of Portugal. Leiria, Oliveira de Azeméis, Vale de Cambra and Viseu, have important light industries, including injection moulding and plastics. Viana do Castelo and Setúbal are centres of ship building and repair industries. Modern non-traditional technology-based industries like aerospace, biotechnology and information technology, have been developed in several locations across the country. Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of Portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by the local branch of the Brazilian Embraer and by OGMA. Since after the turn of the 21st century, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro. Since the late 1990s, when wind power was virtually nonexistent in Portugal, the country has become the 6th producer of this kind of renewable energy. Along with the traditional Hydroelectric energy, the Portuguese companies, including the biggest one in the country – EDP – and with the support of the government have heavily invested in new kinds of renewable energy, from then on. In 2010, 52% of the energy produced in Portugal was renewable. In 2013, 61.7% of the energy produced was renewable, including 30.4% hydroelectric, 24.1% from wind, 5.2% from biomass, 0.9% solar energy and 1.1% from other renewable energy sources, particularly geothermical energy in the Azores. Thanks to this energetic strategy, during 2013 Portugal had reduced to only 5% the energy that it imports. Fossil fuels are still the source of 38.3% or the energy produced, but the trend is to diminish. In 2013, the increase in the production of clean energy helped to save 806 million Euros in the imports of fossil fuels and CO emission licenses. In May 2016, Portugal became the second country in the world to be able to have all its energy consumption fully covered by renewable energy alone, for four consecutive days. In the 1970s, the country abandoned the plan to install nuclear plants and opted not to invest in nuclear power, so there are no such plants in Portugal. The tertiary sector has grown, producing 74.4% of the GDP and providing jobs for 65.9% of the working population. The most significant growth rates are found in the trade sector, due to the introduction of modern means of distribution, transport and telecommunications. Financial tertiary companies have benefited from privatisation, also gaining in terms of efficiency. Tourism in Portugal has developed significantly, generating 17.3% of GDP in 2017 and forecasted to reach 20.5% of GDP in 2018. In 2017, the number of foreign tourists jumped 12 percent to 12.7 million. Including domestic tourists, the total is about 21 million. Some large Portuguese companies in the services' sector have committed themselves to internationalize their services, like the retailer Jerónimo Martins, which holds the largest supermarket chain in Poland and is also investing in Colombia. Worth to notice is also TAP Portugal, a company often used by transit passengers traveling between Europe, Africa and Latin America (mainly Brazil), which is particularly regarded by its safety record. In the Portuguese financial market, the major stock exchange is the Euronext Lisbon which is part of the NYSE Euronext, the first global stock exchange. It is supervised and regulated by the Portuguese Securities Market Commission. The PSI-20 is Portugal's most selective and widely known stock index. Portugal's central bank is the \"Banco de Portugal\", which is an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. The largest Portuguese banks are Banco Comercial Português and the state-owned Caixa Geral de Depósitos. Portuguese banks hold strategic stakes in other sectors of the economy, including the insurance sector. Foreign bank participation is relatively high as is state ownership through the Caixa Geral de Depósitos (CGD). Overall, Portugal's financial system is sound, well managed and competitive, with shorter-term risks and vulnerabilities quite well contained, and with the system buttressed by a strong financial policy framework. Despite being relatively small and concentrated, Portugal's banking system generally compares well with other European Union (EU) countries in terms of efficiency, profitability, and asset quality, with solvency also close to European levels. Across all the financial sub-sectors, and with particular reference to the larger institutions, supervision of Portuguese financial institutions is active, professional and well organized. The insurance sector has performed well, partly reflecting a rapid deepening of the market in Portugal. While sensitive to various types of market and underwriting risks, both the life and non-life sectors, overall, are estimated to be able to withstand a number of severe shocks, even though the impact on individual insurers varies widely. The Global Competitiveness Report for 2014–2015, published by the World Economic Forum, placed Portugal on the 36th position on the economic index. This represents a sharp increase from the 51st position where Portugal appeared in 2013–2014. A study concerning competitiveness of",
"the financial sub-sectors, and with particular reference to the larger institutions, supervision of Portuguese financial institutions is active, professional and well organized. The insurance sector has performed well, partly reflecting a rapid deepening of the market in Portugal. While sensitive to various types of market and underwriting risks, both the life and non-life sectors, overall, are estimated to be able to withstand a number of severe shocks, even though the impact on individual insurers varies widely. The Global Competitiveness Report for 2014–2015, published by the World Economic Forum, placed Portugal on the 36th position on the economic index. This represents a sharp increase from the 51st position where Portugal appeared in 2013–2014. A study concerning competitiveness of the 18 Portuguese district capitals, complying with World Economic Forum methodology, was made by Minho University economics researchers. It was published in Público newspaper on 30 September 2006. The best-ranked cities in the study were Évora, Lisbon and Coimbra., Ranking: There are many higher education institutions awarding academic degrees in economics and business management, spread across the whole country. Programmes in management and administration are offered by almost every Portuguese universities and polytechnics. Programmes in economics are offered by all public and by some private universities. Among the largest and most reputed universities, which host an economics department and develop research on this area, are the University of Lisbon (through its ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management), the ISCTE – Lisbon University Institute, the Portuguese Catholic University (through their Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics and Católica Porto School of Economics and Management), the University of Porto (through its \"Faculdade de Economia\"); the \"Universidade Nova de Lisboa\" (through its NOVA SBE – Nova School of Business and Economics); the Minho University (through its \"Escola de Economia e Gestão\" ); and the University of Coimbra (through its \"Faculdade de Economia\" ). The Financial Times European Business school ranking has consistently placed the Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics and the Nova School of Business and Economics among the top European business and economics schools. Besides the higher education institutions, both the Bank of Portugal and the Statistics Portugal develop lengthy and thoroughly systematic research and make reports on the Portuguese economy. In 2012, 45.4% of the population were at risk of poverty before social transfers, compared to the EU27 average (Croatia not yet included) of 44.1%. When pensions are included the percentage goes down to 25.2%. 17.5% of the population were at risk of poverty after social transfers, meaning their disposable income was below their national at-risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median income per adult equivalent. This is just above the European Union average of 17%, and compares favorably to other Southern European countries, such as Spain (22.2%), Italy (19.4%) and Greece (23.1%). In January 2015, the poverty stats was updated to 2013: 19.5% of the population were at risk of poverty after social transfers, meaning their disposable income was below their national at-risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median income per adult equivalent numbering nearly 2 million people. According to ISEG economist, Carlos Farinha Rodrigues Portugal went back 10 years in terms of social reality, having lost all the progress that was made until 2009. The risk of poverty after social transfers for men is 18.9%, 20% for women, 25.6% for children, 38.4% for monoparental families with at least one child, 15.4% for two parents and on child and 28.8% for other aggregates with children (elderly, etc.). The National Statistics Institute made a separate calculation, basing their data in 2009 in order to have a poverty line that doesn't decrease because of the income decreases associated with the crisis: with this calculation, the poverty risk increase is far greater with 17.9% in 2009 to 25.9% 4 years later. The Prime-Minister, Pedro Passos Coelho, has stated that these numbers do not reflect the current situation. Economy of Portugal Portugal ranked 42nd in the"
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"Mayesbrook Park Mayesbrook Park is a 43 hectare public park in Dagenham in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. It is owned and managed by the borough council. The southern end, which is mainly a large lake, is a Local Nature Reserve. The area covered by the park was once part of the historic Manor of Jenkins, seat of the Fanshawe family. The park, which was opened in 1934, was created to meet the need for open space for the London County Council's Becontree Housing Estate. The park has a car park, a children's play area, football pitches, a cricket pitch and pavilion, an athletic track, tennis courts, basketball court, and lakes. The Mayesbrook Park project has used green infrastructure engineering to address flood water management needs. The southern end has two large lakes which are rich in wildlife, newly planted woodland and rough grassland. The Mayes Brook runs along the western edge. There is access from Lodge Avenue. Mayesbrook is also a ward of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 10,342. Mayesbrook Park Mayesbrook Park is a 43 hectare public park in Dagenham in the London Borough"
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"2018 Telus Cup The 2018 Telus Cup was Canada's 40th annual national midget 'AAA' hockey championship contested April 23 – 29, 2018 at the Sudbury Community Arena in Sudbury, Ontario. The Notre Dame Hounds defeated the Cantonniers de Magog in the gold medal game to win their fifth national championship. Sudbury previously hosted the event in 1998. \"Tiebreaker: Head-to-head record, most wins, highest goal differential.\" Moncton Flyers advance by winning regional championship played March 29-April 1, 2018 at Lantz, Nova Scotia. Cantonniers de Magog advance by winning championship. Toronto Young Nationals advance by winning regional championship played April 1–8, 2018 at Rockland, Ontario.\" Tournament to be played April 5–8, 2018 at Fort William First Nation near Thunder Bay, Ontario. Lethbridge Hurriances advance by winning best-of-three series played April 6–7, 2018 at Prospera Centre in Chilliwack, British Columbia. 2018 Telus Cup The 2018 Telus Cup was Canada's 40th annual national midget 'AAA' hockey championship contested April 23 – 29, 2018 at the Sudbury Community Arena in Sudbury, Ontario. The Notre Dame Hounds defeated the Cantonniers de Magog in the gold medal game to win their fifth national championship. Sudbury previously hosted the event in 1998. \"Tiebreaker: Head-to-head record, most wins, highest"
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"JEA Northside Generating Station JEA Northside Generating Station in Jacksonville, Florida is a major power plant, one of the three power plants owned and operated by JEA, Jacksonville's municipal utilities service. It produces electricity by burning coal and petroleum coke at Units 1 and 2, formerly the largest circulating fluidized-bed combustors, (CFBs), in the world. These combustors, completed in 2002 and rated at 297.5 megawatts each, produce enough electricity to light more than 250,000 households. In addition, Unit ST3 produces 505 megawatts of electricity by burning residual fuel oil and/or natural gas. The Northside Generating Station is located north-east of the intersection of Routes 295 and 105 in the city of Jacksonville, Florida. It is from the Atlantic Ocean coastline, on the north bank of a back channel of the St. Johns River, which is being used as a waterway for fuel delivery as well as a source of cooling water. The Northside Generating Station also borders Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve that consists of North Florida wetlands and contains historic sites of Timucua peoples. The Northside Generating Station began producing electricity for Jacksonville in March, 1966 with oil as its only fuel, when former Unit 1, rated at 275 megawatts, was installed. In June, 1972 a similar Unit 2 was launched, but had to be shut down in 1983 due to major boiler problems. A plant expansion in 1977 added a 564-megawatt Unit 3, which is still in operation today. This expansion enabled the use of oil and natural gas fuels. In 1996, JEA committed to reduce certain pollutants from the Northside Station by at least 10% when it upgraded Unit 2 (non-functional at the time) and Unit 1 by introducing the new clean coal technology. This most recent upgrade was funded by JEA (234 million USD) and the U.S. Department of Energy (75 million USD). Initial synchronization was achieved for Unit 2 on February 19, 2002, and for Unit 1 on May 29, 2002. As a result, the facility generates significantly more power now. CFB technology is an advanced method for burning coal and other fuels efficiently while removing air emissions inside the sophisticated combustor system. CFB technology provides flexibility in utility operations because a wide variety of solid fuels can be used, including high-sulfur, high-ash coal and petroleum coke. In a CFB combustor, coal or other fuels, air, and crushed limestone or other sorbents are injected into the lower portion of the combustor for initial burning of the fuel. The combustion actually occurs in a bed of fuel, sorbent, and ash particles that are fluidized by air nozzles in the bottom of the combustor. The air expands the bed, creates turbulence for enhanced mixing, and provides most of the oxygen necessary for combustion of the fuel. As the fuel particles decrease in size through combustion and breakage, they are transported higher in the combustor where additional air is injected. As the particles continue to decrease in size, unreacted fuel, ash, and fine limestone particles are swept out of the combustor, collected in a particle separator (also called a cyclone), and recycled to the lower portion of the combustor. This is the \"circulating\" nature of the combustor. Drains in the bottom of the combustor remove a fraction of the bed composed primarily of ash while new fuel and sorbent are added. The combustion ash is suitable for beneficial uses such as road construction material, agricultural fertilizer, and reclaiming surface mining areas. The limestone captures up to 98% of the sulfur impurities released from the fuel. When heated in the CFB combustor, the limestone, consisting primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO), converts to calcium oxide (CaO) and CO . The CaO reacts with the SO from the burning fuel to form calcium sulfate (CaSO), an inert material that is removed with the combustion ash. The combustion efficiency of the CFB combustor allows the fuel to be burned at a relatively low temperature of about , thus reducing NO formation by approximately 60% compared with conventional coal-fired technologies. Greater than 99% of particulate emissions in the flue gas are removed downstream of the combustor by either an electrostatic precipitator or a fabric filter (baghouse). The heated combustor converts water in tubes lining the combustor's walls to high pressure steam. The steam is then superheated in tube bundles placed in the solids circulating stream and the flue gas stream. The superheated steam drives a steam turbine-generator to produce electricity in a conventional steam cycle. The plant uses a continuous ship unloader, the only one of its type in the continental United States. The solid fuel is transferred from barges onto the fuel conveyor system, which in turn transports it to the two largest fuel storage domes in North America. Pet coke and coal travel from the ship to the domes in about twenty minutes, entirely inside a sealed system to prevent dust particles from escaping into the surrounding environment. Water is delivered by an elevated intake flume from the back channel of the St. Johns River to cool the station's condensers, after which the water is returned to the back channel. This cooling water does not mix with other liquid process streams while in contact with the condensers. Because Unit 2 has been out of service since 1983, the actual demand for cooling water by Northside Generating Station at full load since that time has been approximately 620 million U.S. gallons per day (Mgd), or per minute, to operate Units 1 and 3. Operation of the entire 3-unit plant occurred only from about 1978 until 1980. During that time, the demand for cooling water was approximately 827 Mgd ( per minute): 24.5% for Unit 1, 24.5% for Unit 2, and 51% for Unit 3. This amount of surface water supplied to the station was approximately 10% of the average flow passing through the back channel of the St. Johns River. Before passing through the condensers, noncontact cooling water at Northside Generating Station is treated intermittently with a biocide to prevent biological growth on the heat exchanger tubes. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and occasionally sodium bromide (NaBr) are used. Treatment occurs no more than 2 hours per day per operating unit. The St. Johns River Power Park taps into the discharge side of the Northside Generating Station condensers to obtain cooling tower makeup. The average surface water flow supplied to the Power Park heat rejection system is 50 Mgd ( per minute). Approximately 25% of this surface water evaporates into the atmosphere from the cooling towers. Cooling tower blowdown is routed back into Northside Generating Station's discharge collector basin. The daily average temperature of the cooling tower blowdown is limited to . Preliminary Emission Tests were conducted on Units 1 and 2 over the summer of 2002. Testing was conducted on both units burning coal and petroleum coke. Results are summarized in the table below. Emissions results from both units met all emission requirements for particulate, SO, acid gases and heavy metals. Soot coming from the JEA Northside Generating Station has prompted Distribution and Auto Services Inc. to threaten leaving Jacksonville area if the problem persists. Vehicle processing companies such as Auto Services Inc. prepare automobiles for dealers by cleaning, inspecting, customizing, and fixing defects. In 2001, such companies at Jacksonville processed 579,924 vehicles. Auto Services Inc. had to wash 50000 cars to remove soot, the letter from the company's attorney said in 2002. The soot did not cause any damage to the vehicles, but a fallout occurring during a drizzle or when dew forms on vehicles could release acid that mars plastic equipment, the letter said. The JEA paid $82000 to the vehicle-processing company to cover the cost of washing automobiles during the summer of 2002, according to JEA spokesman. JEA Northside Generating Station JEA Northside",
"and Auto Services Inc. to threaten leaving Jacksonville area if the problem persists. Vehicle processing companies such as Auto Services Inc. prepare automobiles for dealers by cleaning, inspecting, customizing, and fixing defects. In 2001, such companies at Jacksonville processed 579,924 vehicles. Auto Services Inc. had to wash 50000 cars to remove soot, the letter from the company's attorney said in 2002. The soot did not cause any damage to the vehicles, but a fallout occurring during a drizzle or when dew forms on vehicles could release acid that mars plastic equipment, the letter said. The JEA paid $82000 to the vehicle-processing company to cover the cost of washing automobiles during the summer of 2002, according to JEA spokesman. JEA Northside Generating Station JEA Northside Generating Station in Jacksonville, Florida is a"
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"Undine Smith Moore Undine Eliza Anna Smith Moore (25 August 1904 – 6 February 1989) was a notable and prolific African-American composer of the 20th century. She was also a professor emeritus at Virginia State University. Moore wrote more than 100 compositions, although only about 26 of these were published in her lifetime. Much of her work was composed for choir or voice and many of these were inspired by black spirituals and folk music. Moore once said that she was \"a teacher who composes, rather than a composer who teaches.\" Moore was born in Jarratt, Virginia. She was the granddaughter of slaves. In 1908, her family moved to Petersburg, Virginia. She began studying piano at age seven with Lillian Allen Darden. Moore attended Fisk University, where she studied piano with Alice M. Grass. In 1924, at the age of 20 became the first graduate of Fisk University to receive a scholarship to Juilliard. Graduating cum laude in 1926, she became supervisor of music for the Goldsboro, North Carolina public school system. She commuted to New York's Columbia University between 1929 and 1931 and received her Master of Arts in Teaching. In 1938 she married Dr. James Arthur Moore. James Arthur was the chair of the physical education department at Virginia State College. On 4 January 1941 they had a daughter, Mary Hardie. Undine Smith Moore died in Petersburg, Virginia on February 6, 1989. A composition by Adolphus Hailstork, \"I Will Lift Up Mine Eyes,\" was created in 1989 to honor her memory. A historical marker was approved in 2010 for installation in Petersburg. Moore was named one of the Virginia Women in History for 2017. She began teaching piano, organ and music theory at Virginia State College (now Virginia State University) in 1927, remaining a member of the faculty until she retired in 1972. While at Virginia State University, she taught Camilla Williams and jazz pianist, Billy Taylor. Moore, along with Altona Trent Johns co-founded the Black Music Center at Virginia State University in 1969. Moore traveled widely as a professor and lectured on black composers and also conducted workshops. She was a meticulous teacher who left behind a large archive of her teaching materials, lesson plans, exercises and more. Moore was a visiting professor at Carleton College and the College of Saint Benedict, and an adjunct professor at Virginia Union University during the 1970s. Among her many awards were the National Association of Negro Musicians Distinguished Achievement Award in 1975, the Virginia Governor’s Award in the Arts in 1985, and a Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1984. She was awarded honorary Doctor of Music degrees by Virginia State University (1972) and Indiana University (1976) and in 1977 was named music laureate of Virginia. Known to some as the \"Dean of Black Women Composers,\" Moore's career in composition began while she was at Fisk. While her range of compositions include works for piano and for other instrumental groups, Moore is more widely known for her choral works. \"Scenes from the Life of a Martyr\", a 16-part oratorio on the life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., for chorus, orchestra, solo voices and narrator was premiered at Carnegie Hall and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. Other familiar compositions are \"Afro-American Suite for flute, violoncello, and piano\", \"Lord, We Give Thanks to Thee\" for chorus, \"Daniel, Daniel, Servant of the Lord\" for chorus, and \"Love, Let the Wind Cry How I Adore Thee.\" Undine Smith Moore Undine Eliza Anna Smith Moore (25 August 1904 – 6 February 1989) was a notable and prolific African-American"
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"KRNB KRNB (105.7 MHz) is an urban adult contemporary-formatted radio station in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex. It is owned by Service Broadcasting Corporation alongside its sister station KKDA-FM. Its studios are located in Arlington, Texas and the transmitter/antenna tower is located north of its city of license, Decatur, Texas. KRNB was first launched at 6 a.m. on September 16, 1996, with an Urban Adult Contemporary format playing R&B music, hence the call sign. (Coincidentally, it is the western reflection of an R&B station in Philadelphia called WRNB.) At the time its only other competitor for the rest of the decade was KRBV, which went off the air as an R&B station in 1998 due to a transmitter problem that caused low ratings. In the early years of the station, it was home to \"The Tom Joyner Morning Show\" until 2002 when its new competitor KSOC took over the affiliation to the show. (This marked the second station Tom Joyner DJ'ed in the Metroplex as he worked at KKDA-FM before.) After KRBV changed formats, KRNB was the sole Urban AC for two years, but due to its transmitter location, it was easier to pick up in the northern and western portions of the Metroplex but harder to pick up in the Southern and Eastern portions, especially in the southern half of Dallas and downtown Dallas. Then it got new competition: KSOC changed formats from Jammin' Oldies to Urban AC. So KRNB modified its format to an R&B Oldies format by playing only R&B music from the 1970s to the 1980s, and changed its branding from \"105.7 KRNB\" to \"Old School 105.7\" (pronounced 5-dot-7). The modification did not last long; KRNB reverted to Urban AC in 2005, changed the name back to \"105.7 KR&B\" (\"&\" in place of \"N\") and became the home of \"The Steve Harvey Morning Show\" through Premiere Radio Networks, a division of Clear Channel. (Before that, Harvey used to have a morning show on KBFB by syndicate of sister station KKBT in Los Angeles.) Like many Urban AC stations across the country, KRNB has a nighttime \"Quiet Storm\" show. In 2010, KRNB has rebranded to \"Smooth R&B 105.7\" while keeping its current format. KRNB's current on-air personalities include KJ Midday, Sean Andre, Tony Mathis and Ron Chavis, and Lynne Haze. Since 2002, it has competed with KSOC (for a time branded as \"K-Soul\" from 2002 to 2011 and again in 2014; and as \"Old School 94.5\" from 2011 to 2014) with an Urban AC format. However, as of November 15, 2014, KSOC flipped to classic hip hop, leaving KRNB as the sole Urban AC station in the metroplex until September 11, 2017, when KSOC (now KZMJ) returned to Urban AC as \"Majic 94.5\". The original KRNB-FM was a tribal run student radio station in Neah Bay, Washington. Starting in 1976 the station provided news, weather and information for the Makah Indian Tribe. Located on the high school campus it was billed as \"The Native American Voice of the Pacific Northwest\" and operated at 10 watts with an international reach extreme southern Vancouver Island in Canada just across the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The station broadcast a wide range of formats including easy listening, contemporary 70s pop and at night album oriented rock. In 1982 the KRNB call letters surfaced in Memphis TN as \"MAGIC 101\" an R&B station now KJMS. KRNB KRNB (105.7 MHz) is an urban adult contemporary-formatted radio station in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex. It is owned by Service Broadcasting Corporation alongside its sister station KKDA-FM. Its studios are located in Arlington, Texas and the"
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"Source document A source document is a document in which data collected for a clinical trial is first recorded. This data is usually later entered in the case report form. The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH-GCP) guidelines define source documents as \"original documents, data, and records.\" Source documents contain source data, which is defined as \"all information in original records and certified copies of original records of clinical findings, observations, or other activities in a clinical trial necessary for the reconstruction and evaluation of the trial.\" The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not define the term \"source document\". Source document A source document is a document in which data collected for a clinical trial is first recorded. This data is usually later entered in the case report form. The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH-GCP) guidelines define source documents as \"original documents, data, and records.\" Source documents contain source data, which is defined as \"all information in original records and certified copies of original records of clinical findings, observations, or other activities in a clinical trial necessary for the reconstruction"
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"Yates Stirling Jr. Yates Stirling Jr. (April 30, 1872 – January 27, 1948) was a decorated and controversial rear admiral in the United States Navy whose 44-year career spanned from several years before the Spanish–American War to the mid-1930s. He was awarded the Navy Cross and French Legion of Honor for distinguished service during World War One. The elder son of Rear Admiral Yates Stirling, he was an outspoken advocate of American sea power as a strong deterrent to war and to protect and promote international commerce. During Stirling's naval career and following retirement, he was a frequent lecturer, newspaper columnist and author of numerous books and articles, including his memoirs, \"Sea Duty: The Memoirs of a Fighting Admiral\", published in 1939. Describing himself, Stirling wrote, \"All my life I have been called a stormy petrel. I have never hesitated to use the pen to reveal what I considered should be brought to public attention, usually within the Navy, but often to a wider public. I seem to see some benefits that have come through those efforts. I have always believed that a naval man is disloyal to his country if he does not reveal acts that are doing harm to his service and show, if he can, how to remedy the fault. An efficient Navy cannot be run with 'yes men' only.\" Yates Stirling Jr. was born in Vallejo, California, in 1872 to Lieutenant Commander Yates Stirling Sr. (1843–1929) (United States Naval Academy Class of 1863) and his wife, Ellen Salisbury (née Hale) Stirling (1843–1929). At the time of Yates Jr.'s birth, his father was assigned to the , receiving ship at Mare Island Naval Shipyard. From an established Maryland family, Stirling was a great-grandson of Thomas Yates (1740–1815), Captain, Fourth Battalion, Maryland Regulars during the American Revolutionary War. When he was about four, Stirling's family moved to Baltimore, Maryland, the home of his father and grandfather. He was one of five children that survived to adulthood and the oldest of two boys, both of whom followed their father's footsteps to the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis. His younger brother, Commander Archibald G. Stirling (1884–1963) (United States Naval Academy Class of 1906) retired in 1933 but returned to active duty from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. The Yates Stirling family was the second in U.S. Naval history to have father and son flag officers (rear admirals) living at the same time. The first were Rear Admirals Thomas O. Selfridge Sr. and Jr. As a boy living in Baltimore's upper west side, Stirling attended public schools where despite a professed dislike of physical combat, he had a reputation of being a fighter. While his father was at sea for as long as three years at a time, Stirling had a happy home life with a mother that instilled a love for reading and provided private teachers that enabled him to skip grades at school, though Stirling admitted he was not a good student. During his father's cruise absences, the family's only knowledge of his well-being came in bulky packets of letters arriving in bunches over long intervals that Stirling's mother, Ellen, would read aloud to her children. The exciting details of life on a warship—\"gales, tropical coral reefs, savage people, hunting, and yellow fever\"—influenced Stirling's desire for the naval life. But he saw that it was not without sacrifice. A younger brother was about three when Stirling's father left Baltimore for a long cruise. A few months later, the boy contracted diphtheria and died. Another younger brother, Archie, was born shortly after that. Yates Stirling Jr. wondered how his father must have felt when he returned home and saw a new son that was nearly the same age as the one he had lost. When Stirling was nearly fifteen, his father was given command of the old sloop-of-war , the receiving ship at the Washington Navy Yard. CDR Stirling moved his family from Baltimore to Washington, D.C., where the family set up comfortable, but cramped living quarters on the \"Dale\". Stirling was delighted with the change, and when he wasn't at school, enjoyed sailing on the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers in a boat that the \"Dale's\" sailors had rigged for him. Thrown in with the sons of naval officers at the Navy Yard, he soon realized that like himself, most aspired to naval careers. When Yates Jr. was fifteen, his father had taken him to the White House for the purpose of meeting President Grover Cleveland and requesting an appointment to Annapolis for his son. Dressed in shorts, that Stirling later regretted wearing since they accentuated his youthful looks, he recalled Cleveland telling his father, \"Why, Commander, your son looks too young to go to Annapolis this year. Maybe next, it will be possible. Shall I have his name put down for an appointment then?\" Although a Marylander, Stirling secured his appointment to the Naval Academy the following year from William Whiting, congressman from Massachusetts's 11th congressional district. Whiting was a family friend and Stirling's frequent ice-skating companion on the Potomac. Since no one from Whiting's district had sought an appointment that year, it could be filled by the Secretary of the Navy at the Congressman's request. Whiting wrote the Secretary and it was done. Stirling reported for examinations that he passed and entered Annapolis on September 6, 1888. Naval Cadet Stirling continued his less than stellar academic endeavors at Annapolis. \"I lacked fundamental grounding in the various basic subjects, but, even worse, I had not formed the habit of close application and was much keener for games and pranks than for my studies. At times, however, things seemed easy enough, showing that after all my brain was sound but that it needed much disciplining.\" During the three-month, first-class training cruise on the pre-Civil War sloop-of-war , before beginning his final academic year, Stirling and another cadet were ordered aloft during a severe squall to shorten sail and send down the topgallant and royal sail yards. \"[s]queezing out tar on every handhold to prevent being blown out into space by the great force of the wind and the pressure of the solid sheets of rain\", Stirling climbed up two vertical shrouds and Jacob's ladders to the top gallant yard, one-hundred and twenty feet above the deck. Succeeding in furling the sails and lowering the yards by \"exerting every ounce of strength we could muster and while the gale was at its height\", Stirling wrote in his memoirs forty years later, \"The physical condition and the confidence acquired that enable you to hang, without batting an eye, by one hand in space with a yawning drop below you are things the modern sailor never attains. That sense of exaltation was well worth the price paid.\" Having been in the bottom third of his class during the first three years at Annapolis, in his final year of studies, Stirling found the courses more practical to the knowledge and skill he would need as a naval officer. Applying himself to ensure his standing would be high enough to be offered a commission, he improved his academic ranking that year and graduated from the United States Naval Academy on 3 June 1892, twenty-second in a class of forty. During the two years at sea then required of a naval cadet that had passed his academic studies before commissioning as an ensign, Stirling was first assigned to the protected cruiser that he and four other cadets joined in the Sandwich Islands, (as the Territory of Hawaii was also known) in July 1892. Seeing these exotic islands that he had heard about in his father's stories, despite the tropical setting Stirling was somewhat disappointed to find no \"truly Hawaiian villages\" and that \"Hawaiian life even then had merged into Western civilization or Oriental.\" Observing the miscegenation of whites with the indigenous Hawaiians during the few weeks his ship was at Hawaii, he later wrote in his memoirs, \"I found them most wholesome companions, although I had the",
"in a class of forty. During the two years at sea then required of a naval cadet that had passed his academic studies before commissioning as an ensign, Stirling was first assigned to the protected cruiser that he and four other cadets joined in the Sandwich Islands, (as the Territory of Hawaii was also known) in July 1892. Seeing these exotic islands that he had heard about in his father's stories, despite the tropical setting Stirling was somewhat disappointed to find no \"truly Hawaiian villages\" and that \"Hawaiian life even then had merged into Western civilization or Oriental.\" Observing the miscegenation of whites with the indigenous Hawaiians during the few weeks his ship was at Hawaii, he later wrote in his memoirs, \"I found them most wholesome companions, although I had the feeling that I must be careful not to fall in love. It seemed strange to see a dignified white official surrounded by children with skins as dark as a mulatto.\" Stirling's nineteenth century ethnic and cultural beliefs aside, he noted the geopolitical undercurrents of the importance of Hawaii to the United States, Great Britain and Japan as each maintained a naval presence. \"All three nations were watching each other to be sure no one would obtain advantage over another and become too powerful in Court circles. Hawaii was known to be an important strategical location with great commercial prospects. The United States would not have permitted any other nation to seize the Islands, yet at that time, the Administration in Washington, under President Cleveland, did not feel itself strong enough to take them for this country. Our method, therefore, was one of watchful waiting and maintaining friendly relations with the Hawaiian Queen (Liliuokalani) and her government.\" Japan's long-standing ambitions in the Pacific were driving a naval buildup for the First Sino-Japanese War two years later and eventually for war with the U.S., as Stirling would predict in articles and lectures in the 1930s and as others such as Homer Lea, had foretold as early as the first decade of the twentieth century. \"San Francisco\" was relieved of duty in Hawaii in mid-August 1892 and set out for repairs at Mare Island. Following repairs, Stirling's ship joined a squadron of two other cruisers, , and a gunboat, bound for a large naval review at New York as part of the following year's (1893) Chicago World's Fair. At Acapulco Bay, Mexico, \"celebrated for its man‑eating sharks\", Stirling was visiting \"Charleston\" and accepted the challenge of the Catholic chaplain to swim off the anchored ship. \"We donned our bathing trunks. The chaplain dove first off the gangway, and I followed him. When I struck the water, all the ghastly stories I had ever heard of sharks came into my mind. I swam swiftly back to the gangway, getting there just as (chaplain) Rainnie reached it. He said, breathlessly: 'I don't think we should put too much confidence in the Lord's being able to protect us from our own stupidity.' \" Back aboard, the officer of the deck pointed out several black fins where Stirling had been swimming moments earlier. During the voyage around South America and through the Straits of Magellan, the ship made ports of call at Callao, Peru, Valparaiso, Chile and Montevideo, Uruguay to show the flag and cement generally good relations \"where considerable American gold was spent\" and where the local officials lavishly entertained the Admiral and officers. \"San Francisco\" arrived at Hampton Roads, Virginia in February 1893 and with other U.S. and foreign ships, assembled for the naval review. \"I was much impressed by the smartness and cleanliness of the British warships. No others seemed as well kept, with the exception of our own. The peculiarities of the French construction and arrangement came in for considerable attention. The appearance of their ships seemed almost grotesque. The Italian ships seemed to be modeled after the British. The discipline of the German tars caused much comment. It seemed so unnecessarily strict.\" Stirling transferred to the \"Charleston\" in October 1893, when the cruiser steamed south from Hampton Roads towards the Strait of Magellan on its return to the Pacific Coast. \"Charleston\" anchored at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil where it was ordered to protect American interests and shipping from disturbance during the Brazilian Naval Revolution that had erupted in September with Brazilian Admirals Custódio José de Melo and Saldanha da Gama commanding a rebel force that included the formidable battleship \"Aquidaban\", several cruisers, \"Republica\", \"Tamandaré\", \"Trajano\", \"Guanbara\" and a few smaller frigates and gunboats that were blockading the port of Rio de Janeiro in a mutiny against the government of General Floriano Peixoto whose regime was recognized by the United States. When \"Charleston\" arrived, there was a British gunboat and two Portuguese cruisers in the harbor. \"Charleston's\" captain, Henry F. Picking, due to his rank, became senior officer of the foreign navies in port and by international custom was regarded as the leader in concerted actions. To determine whether the city could be bombarded by the rebel navy under the rules of war, it was necessary to determine whether the city was fortified. Picking ordered Stirling and Ensign H. E. Smith ashore to find out. Dressed as civilians to conceal their naval affiliation, the pair separated to reconnoiter the city. Smith was arrested and later released following intervention by the American consul. Posing as a tourist from one of the American schooners in the harbor, Stirling gained the confidence of several Brazilian soldiers who obliging showed him several \"fairly large\" concealed artillery emplacements. \"They kept me for lunch, and we drank many toasts in some very fair brandy. They were so openly cordial and trusting that my conscience pricked me when, from memory, I sketched for Captain Picking the positions of the guns I had seen. The foreign captains then removed the ban on bombardment, notifying both sides that they considered the city was fortified and therefore not a defenseless city as the government had been claiming. The Brazilian Navy, however, never used its authority to bombard. I was glad of this, for the city was so beautiful and belonged to the navy as well as to its defenders.\" Stirling later recounted, that while on \"Charleston\", where he made numerous forays on the ship's steam launch into the harbor, \"I was under more dangerous gunfire in Rio Harbor during that revolution than during the whole of the Spanish War\". On one occasion as he prepared to return to ship on the steam launch from the marine arsenal quay, Stirling's curiosity got the better of him as he lingered to observe a skirmish between Brazilian troops and rebels on Villegagnon Island, location of the Brazilian Naval Academy. While Stirling was \"foolishly exposing myself to stray bullets\", a well-dressed man approached and introduced himself as a Brazilian naval officer and ordnance expert, just returned from England on a British merchant ship. The man told him that he would be shot if captured and implored Stirling to ferry him to Admiral da Gama at Enchades Island. Stirling had been to this small island in the center of the city many times before when delivering messages for Captain Picking. With little thought of the consequences to himself, and noting that \"youth is ever romantic and trusting\", Stirling bade the rebel, \"I cannot offer you asylum, but if you should get into my boat, I could not put you out.\" The man dove into the launch. Ordering the coxswain to steer in close to the seawall for the Brazilian to jump off, Stirling told his passenger, \"A word to the wise is sufficient\" and wished him good luck. The next day, as the new Brazilian cruiser Tamandaré began shelling the marine arsenal and the Nictheroy battery, the \"enormity of [his] crime\" dawned on Stirling. \"I had given aid to a rebel. The rebel I had aided was now firing at the",
"Stirling had been to this small island in the center of the city many times before when delivering messages for Captain Picking. With little thought of the consequences to himself, and noting that \"youth is ever romantic and trusting\", Stirling bade the rebel, \"I cannot offer you asylum, but if you should get into my boat, I could not put you out.\" The man dove into the launch. Ordering the coxswain to steer in close to the seawall for the Brazilian to jump off, Stirling told his passenger, \"A word to the wise is sufficient\" and wished him good luck. The next day, as the new Brazilian cruiser Tamandaré began shelling the marine arsenal and the Nictheroy battery, the \"enormity of [his] crime\" dawned on Stirling. \"I had given aid to a rebel. The rebel I had aided was now firing at the government my country recognized. I worried for a while afterward over this most unneutral service I had given, because, if it became known to our captain, he would have no other recourse than to order me before a court-martial. However, I have never regretted my action and have often wondered what became of my Brazilian. I did receive word from him once through one of our medical officers who had seen him on board the Tamandaré after an explosion on that vessel when we had sent medical aid.\" As the months passed and the naval blockade of Rio harbor continued, \"Charleston\" was joined by other American cruisers, \"San Francisco\", , and the armored cruiser , flagship of Rear Admiral Andrew E. K. Benham, who assumed command of the squadron from Captain Picking. Stirling believed that the end of the naval blockade, hence the revolution, came about in January 1894 when Benham met with da Gama and convinced him to surrender, after financial backing for the naval insurrection had dwindled. \"The next sunrise saw the little \"Detroit\", under Commander W. H. Brownson, steam in between two larger Brazilian cruisers, the \"Republica\" and the \"Trajano\", and lie there with her guns trained on both warships. It looked as if there would be a battle, and the forces were fairly well matched. Meanwhile a Navy steam launch, with a big United States flag flying conspicuously, began to tow one of our schooners loaded with flour towards the docks. Brownson called out to the rebel cruisers: 'If you fire at my launch, I'll fire into you. If you return my fire, I'll sink you.' The \"Republica\" fired a rifle shot in the direction of the launch. It struck in the water near the boat. Brownson then commanded the marine gun pointer at the six‑pounder on his forecastle: 'Hit her (pointing to the \"Republica\") between wind and water, six feet abaft the stern.' That order was far too technical for the \"devil dog.\" He thought it the better part of valor for him to play safe. He did not want to be responsible for starting a war. So he fired, and the shell hit the water about six feet ahead of the cruiser. Both Brazilian warships then fired lee guns and hoisted large white flags, hauling down the ensign. They had surrendered to the \"Detroit\". Meanwhile the shell from the marine's gun was still going. It had ricocheted and passed close over the bridge of the \"New York\". Captain Jack Philip was on the bridge. He thought the fight was on and headed his ship at full speed for the \"Aquidaban\" in the upper part of the bay. He was recalled by signal flags before anything serious had happened. The defeated Brazilian naval personnel almost at once began to arrive alongside the Portuguese warships, where they were given asylum. The cruisers \"Tamandarey\" and \"Trajano\" were abandoned. The Portuguese warships left the bay before dark loaded to the guards with Brazilian sailors. The Aquidaban and the Republica fought their way out through the entrance during the night. Rio was open. The morning after Benham's bloodless battle, an important New York newspaper, the \"Herald\", published a news story praising Benham's timely action. I heard that the Navy Department tore up a cable of censure to the Admiral. American sentiment was behind Benham. I am sure that Admiral Benham acted entirely on his own and with no instructions from Washington.\" In his memoirs published more than forty years later, Stirling recounted two observations from his months observing the Brazilian Naval Revolution as a passed naval cadet: that high-ranking officers such as Admiral Benham in those days could perform diplomatic and military functions autonomously and with greater effectiveness than Washington; and that \"how much better was our democracy, where the most important differences between factions were settled through the ballot instead of the bullet.\" After a leisurely cruise from Montevideo, Uruguay, \"Charleston\" arrived in San Francisco on 8 July 1894 to prepare for a return to the Asiatic Station. Promoted to ensign on 1 July 1894 upon his final graduation, Stirling next reported for duty on board \"USS New York\" on 16 August 1894. In 1896 and 1897, he served on the and the Fish Commission steamer . In 1898 and 1899 he was assigned to the . Stirling's first published fiction, a short story titled, \"The Battle off the Hook\", appeared in the August 31, 1897 edition of \"Harper's Roundtable\". A contemporary review described it as, \"[a] vivid account by Ensign Yates Stirling Jr. U.S.N. of a great sea fight off Sandy Hook, in which the United States fleet engages that of a first rate power. The date is tantalizingly vague, the identity of the enemy only hinted, but the issue of the battle is what every patriotic American boy will anticipate.\" During the Spanish–American War in 1898, Stirling was attached to the converted gunboat , which his father had commended a few years earlier. Stirling, along with Ensign William C. Cole, each commanded whaleboats that daily engaged in the difficult and dangerous clearing of Spanish mines from Guantánamo Bay. \"Dolphin\"s captain, Henry W Lyon later wrote of Stirling and Cole's small boat forays, \"It was as plucky an enterprise as ever I witnessed. Day after day these young officers ventured close in shore within pistol shot of a defense chaparral, where Spaniards could have fired with certain aim upon them with impunity, yet they went about their work as unmindful of their peril as if demonstrating a problem in geometry in a classroom.\" During the native insurrection in the Philippines he commanded the gunboat , as a lieutenant from January 1900 to December 1900. On 23 February 1900 he joined the , and on November 21 of the same year, reported for duty to his father, then a captain and the commandant of the Naval Station, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Following his father's promotion to rear admiral in June 1902, the elder Stirling was named commandant of the Puget Sound Navy Yard, where Yates Jr. joined him shortly thereafter as an officer of the yard. The elder Stirling was commander-in-chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet from 11 July 1904 to 23 March 1905 before retiring from the Navy on 6 May 1905 at the mandatory age of 62. During the time he commanded the Asiatic Fleet, his flag was on the and Yates Jr. served as his flag lieutenant. While he was with the Asiatic Fleet, Stirling also had staff duty on the . In mid-April 1905, Stirling, his father and their wives returned to the United States from Yokohama, Japan aboard the steamship \"S.S. Korea\" after the elder Stirling detached from command of the Asiatic Fleet. In 1905–1906, Stirling remained at sea in the and later, . In the rank of Lieutenant Commander he reported on October 1, 1906 to the Naval Academy and while on duty there made a cruise on the in the summer of 1907. Detached from the Naval Academy in June 1908 he next served on the , flagship of Admiral Charles S. Sperry Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet as gunnery officer. Stirling joined \"Connecticut\", at San Francisco, where it was then en route as flagship of the Great White Fleet on a global circumnavigation. Following refit at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, the fleet stood out on the next leg of the",
"his father and their wives returned to the United States from Yokohama, Japan aboard the steamship \"S.S. Korea\" after the elder Stirling detached from command of the Asiatic Fleet. In 1905–1906, Stirling remained at sea in the and later, . In the rank of Lieutenant Commander he reported on October 1, 1906 to the Naval Academy and while on duty there made a cruise on the in the summer of 1907. Detached from the Naval Academy in June 1908 he next served on the , flagship of Admiral Charles S. Sperry Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet as gunnery officer. Stirling joined \"Connecticut\", at San Francisco, where it was then en route as flagship of the Great White Fleet on a global circumnavigation. Following refit at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, the fleet stood out on the next leg of the voyage on 7 July, reaching Hawaii on 16 July. Sailing from Hawaii, the fleet made ports of call at Auckland, New Zealand; Sydney and Melbourne, Australia; Manila, Philippines; Yokohama, Japan; Colombo, Ceylon; arriving at Suez, Egypt, on 3 January 1909. While the fleet was in Egypt, word was received of a severe earthquake in Sicily that presented an opportunity for the United States to show its friendship to Italy by offering aid to the survivors. \"Connecticut\", , , and were dispatched to Messina, Italy at once. , the Fleet's station ship at Constantinople, and , a refrigerator ship fitted out in New York, were hurried to Messina, relieving \"Connecticut\" and \"Illinois\", so that they could continue on the cruise. Leaving Messina on 9 January 1909 the fleet stopped at Naples, Italy, thence to Gibraltar, arriving at Hampton Roads on 22 February 1909. There President Roosevelt reviewed the fleet as it passed into the roadstead and delivered an address to \"Connecticut\"s officers and crew. Stirling detached from \"Connecticut\" in 1910. The following year, he commanded the Eighth Torpedo Division, Atlantic Torpedo Fleet, his pennant in the which he also commanded as the plank owner captain. In 1911, he was among the first four students to attend the \"long course\" (16 months) at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island. Promoted to commander in June 1912, after completing the long course he had duty on the staff at the Naval War College. Later in 1912 he joined the as Executive Officer. In 1914, Stirling assumed command of Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet, attached successively to the and . In April 1914, he led a flotilla of torpedo boats into Mexican waters off Vera Cruz during the Tampico Affair. In April 1915, Stirling along with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt and Admiral Bradley A. Fiske appeared before Congress concerning the deplorable condition of the Atlantic submarine fleet. Stirling testified that of the twelve submarines under his command outside of the Canal Zone, only one could get under way when the fleet was mobilized in November 1914 during World War I. From June 1915 until June 1916 he commanded the and served additionally as Aide on the Staff of Commander Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic. Speaking before private groups, Stirling continued to raise the ire of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels with statements criticizing the inadequate readiness of the Navy, \"It is because the Navy has been the \"ham bone\" of politicians that the United States finds itself so unprepared on the seas. Aside from giving us ships and men we must get action from Congress that will let the Navy conduct its own affairs. We have had to take what they gave us- navy yards where we didn't want them, ships of a type we didn't need. During the last 10 years we have spent more money on our navy than Germany, yet the German navy is twice as large and twice as efficient.\" Stirling's critical outspokenness prompted the press to speculate, not if but when Daniels would order him court-martialed. Next assigned as Commander of the newly established Submarine Flotilla, New London, Connecticut, he was also the first commander of the Submarine Base New London and the Submarine School during the period June 1916 until July 1917. In December 1916, \"hydro-aeroplanes\" were flown from the sub base to test their ability to spot submarines under water. Taking off from the Thames River, Stirling rode along in flights at 1,000' altitude where the fliers were able to spot the boats submerged at depth of 30–40' in the harbor. Stirling had additional duty after the American entry into World War I in April 1917 commanding the . During that time, he advocated for and eventually chaired a board on submarine design. Stirling was at ease with the press and had a good relationship with them throughout his long and outspoken public life. He was described by the \"New York Tribune\" in July 1917 near the end of his high-profile command of the New London submarine base and flotilla as \"a fine specimen of the typical navy officer: tight lipped, kind eyed and keen faced [who] had nothing to say about the plans of the base, though willing to discuss the importance of the submarine.\" Stirling authored a comprehensive article on the modern history, design, operation, and strategic applications of the submarine and submersible for the United States Naval Institute \"Proceedings\" in July 1917. Asserting that \"In the past the instruments of sea power have consisted of surface ships. New instruments now exist—the aircraft and the submarine. Air power can be overcome by superior air power. Undersea power can not be overcome by undersea power alone. To destroy this new power—fast surface vessels and aircraft offer the best chance of success,\" Stirling maintained that, \"The submarine is the weapon of the weaker belligerent. It constantly points a dagger at the heart of the stronger fleet; provided it actively enjoys its command of the sea.\" He then fitted out and assumed command of the at her commissioning on 26 June 1917. Stirling detached from \"President Lincoln\" on 12 December 1917 and assumed command of , the ex-German raider, \"SS Kronprinz Wilhelm\", on 20 December 1917. He was awarded the Navy Cross for World War I service and cited as follows: \"For distinguished service In the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the USS \"PRESIDENT LINCOLN\" and the USS \"VON STEUBEN\", engaged in the important, exacting and hazardous duty of transporting and escorting troops and supplies to European ports through waters infested with enemy submarines and mines.\" In March 1919 he was ordered to duty in command of the and in April of the next year was detached for duty as Captain of the Yard, Navy Yard, Philadelphia. While at Philadelphia, he received his Navy Cross in October 1920 that had been awarded him the previous year. In a 1921 letter to the Secretary of the Navy, during angry disagreements over technical flaws in the diesel systems supplied by Electric Boat, Stirling forcefully pointed out numerous design and reliability problems of the boats then in service, especially the new 800-ton S class. His comments sparked a tumultuous strategy, mission, and design debate that lasted for another decade, coming to a climax between 1928 and 1930 when then Commander Thomas Withers Jr., Commanding Officer of Submarine Division Four, called repeatedly for an offensive strategy and solo tactics similar to those employed by the Imperial German Navy during World War I. He remained at Philadelphia for two years, then served from June 1922 until June 1924 as Commanding Officer of the battleship , Battleship Division 5, Battle Fleet, based at San Pedro, California. That month Stirling was appointed chairman of the Naval Board of Inquiry into the No. 2 turret explosion of the \"New Mexico's\" sister ship, , on June 12, 1924 that killed 48 men. On July 20, 1924, he became Captain of the Yard, Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., with additional duty as Assistant Superintendent of the Naval Gun Factory. He was promoted to rear admiral on October 6, 1926 and in December that year Stirling was designated Chief of Staff to Admiral Charles",
"called repeatedly for an offensive strategy and solo tactics similar to those employed by the Imperial German Navy during World War I. He remained at Philadelphia for two years, then served from June 1922 until June 1924 as Commanding Officer of the battleship , Battleship Division 5, Battle Fleet, based at San Pedro, California. That month Stirling was appointed chairman of the Naval Board of Inquiry into the No. 2 turret explosion of the \"New Mexico's\" sister ship, , on June 12, 1924 that killed 48 men. On July 20, 1924, he became Captain of the Yard, Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., with additional duty as Assistant Superintendent of the Naval Gun Factory. He was promoted to rear admiral on October 6, 1926 and in December that year Stirling was designated Chief of Staff to Admiral Charles F. Hughes, Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, based at San Pedro, California. At the October 27, 1927 Navy Day Ceremonies at San Pedro harbor, despite an all-day downpour, thousands of Southern Californians gathered for the festivities, including ships' tours, band performances of patriotic music and the key-note address given by Stirling, \"Merchant Marine, the Navy and the Nation\". Sterling relieved RADM Henry H. Hough, as commander of the Asiatic Fleet's storied Yangtze Patrol on December 2, 1927. The Patrol, formally organized in December 1919 as a U.S. Naval unit with its first commander, CAPT Thomas A. Kearney, had a legacy dating back to the mid-19th century. Then it had been the \"fanquei\" (foreign devils') warships against Imperial Peking. Following the fifteen-year Taiping Rebellion, bandits proliferated on the Yangtze until Peking finally restored order. With the abdication of the last Chinese Emperor, Puyi, following the October 1911 Wuchang Uprising, disorder would prevail on the river during the nearly two decades that the provincial warlords maintained power, unchecked but for the gunboat diplomacy primarily maintained by the American and British gunboats that operated cooperatively in protecting each other's interests. In 1921, the Yangtze Patrol's command billet was upgraded to a rear admiral and it came under the operational control of the Asiatic Fleet. The Navy Department proclaimed that, \"The mission of the Navy on the Yangtze River is to protect United States interests, lives and property, and to maintain and improve friendly relations with the Chinese people.\" The ships comprising the Patrol were the USS Isabel (flagship) and five gunboats, based at Hankow, 700 miles from the mouth of the river. The Yangtze River, the main artery of China, was then navigable for 1,750 miles, floated about 59 per cent of China's commerce, and reached over 50 per cent of its population of 159,000,000. In 1920 the United States exports to China were valued at $119,000,000 and imports from there at $227,000,000. At least half of this, and probably more, were handled via the Yangtze River. As the Navy's Annual Report stated, \"Considering the perpetual banditry, piracy, and revolutionary conditions obtaining in this area, without the protection of our Navy this commerce would be practically nonexistent.\" The year 1923 was a particularly chaotic one on the Yangtze. By the early 1920s, the Patrol found itself fighting river bandits while maintaining neutrality between the regional warlords that were battling the Nationalist Kuomingtang forces and Communist Forces in an ongoing civil war. To accommodate this difficult military balancing act and the increased perils to U.S. citizens and economic interests, in 1925 Congress authorized the construction of six new shallow-draft gunboats. Construction took place in Shanghai at Kiangnan Dock and Engineering Works during 1926–27, with the \"new six\" launched in 1927–28, and all commissioned by late 1928 during Stirling's time as \"COMYANGPAT\". These powerful new river gunboats, expressly designed to navigate the treacherous Yangtze and the 250 miles of rapids \"upriver\" from Ichang (1,000 mi. upriver) to Chungking, were to replace the three coal-fired Spanish–American War gunboats seized from Spain in the Philippines more than a quarter century earlier. \"Elcano\", \"Villalobos\", and \"Quiros\" had been patrolling the Yangtze since 1903; however age and their deeper drafts were proving increasingly problematic. The two gunboats built in the United States for service on the Yangtze, \"Palos\" and \"Monocacy\" were \"obsolete even as they slid down the launching ways in 1914.\" All of the new oil-burning, triple-expansion steam engine gunboats were capable of cruising at 15 knots and reaching Chungking, 1,250 miles upriver from Shanghai, at high water during the summer. Their principal armaments were two (2) high-angle 3\" guns fore and aft and eight (8) .30-caliber Lewis machine guns in swivelling bullet proof mounts. The two smallest gunboats, and with the shallowest draft, could reach Chungking year-round, including the winter when the river depth decreased by as much as thirty feet. During the high-water season, they could reach Suifu, 1,500 miles upriver. and were the largest and and were next in size. These vessels gave the navy the capability it needed at a critical time of expanding operational needs. Stirling detached from the Yangtze Patrol in April 1929 and upon his return to the United States, was appointed President of the Naval Examining Board, Navy Department, Washington. In September 1931 he was designated Commandant, Fourteenth Naval District, with additional duty as Commandant Naval Operating Base, Pearl Harbor, T.H. In 1932, the Massie Trial was conducted in Honolulu, Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands were at the time part of the 14th Naval District, commanded by Stirling. Stirling's strong belief in the guilt of the five native Hawaiian men charged with rape and assault of a young naval officer's socially prominent wife was well-known, as was his displeasure at the result of a mistrial. \"Our first inclination is to seize the brutes and string them up on the trees,\" he stated, later tempering his reaction with, \"we must give the authorities a chance to carry out the law and not interfere.\" Later, he defended the actions of those involved in the events that led to the homicide of one of the accused, Joseph Kahahawai. Stirling's public statements concerning the Massie Affair would be impolitic and offensive by current social standards nearly a century later; however, they were mostly supported by the contemporary mainstream media, the Navy and Washington. Admiral William V. Pratt, Chief of Naval Operations, announced that, \"American men will not stand for the violation of their women under any circumstances. For this crime they have taken the matter into their own hands repeatedly when they have felt that the law has failed to do justice.\" In a book review of Stirling's 1939 autobiography, the \"Oakland Tribune\" wrote, \"One of the most difficult tasks of Admiral Stirling's career arose when, as Commandant in Hawaii, he had to handle the Massie tragedy. The chapter devoted to this case will make unpleasant reading for those who insist that polyracial Oriental Hawaii is fit candidate for Statehood.\" In the 1986 made-for-television movie about the trial, \"Blood & Orchids\", the name of the character representing Stirling was changed to Glenn Langdon. On June 30, 1933, Stirling became Commandant, Third Naval District, Headquarters at New York, New York, and of the Brooklyn Navy Yard, succeeding retiring RADM W. W. Phelps. In an interview following the change of command ceremony, Stirling was asked whether he thought battleships were obsolete, responding, \"I would not go so far as that. I do think that battleships have become too expensive, but they are still the greatest offensive and defensive naval weapon. My thought is that an intelligent projectile, like a man-piloted airplane might be better than a projectile from a gun which has to go where it is sent.\" As to submarines, he commented, \"I do think submarines make a battleship feel",
"\"Blood & Orchids\", the name of the character representing Stirling was changed to Glenn Langdon. On June 30, 1933, Stirling became Commandant, Third Naval District, Headquarters at New York, New York, and of the Brooklyn Navy Yard, succeeding retiring RADM W. W. Phelps. In an interview following the change of command ceremony, Stirling was asked whether he thought battleships were obsolete, responding, \"I would not go so far as that. I do think that battleships have become too expensive, but they are still the greatest offensive and defensive naval weapon. My thought is that an intelligent projectile, like a man-piloted airplane might be better than a projectile from a gun which has to go where it is sent.\" As to submarines, he commented, \"I do think submarines make a battleship feel uncomfortable at sea but submarines and airplanes are still auxiliaries of the battleship.\" Stirling recalled that his last connection to the Third Naval District was in the closing months of the First World War when he was chief of staff and \"trying to put the one-year-old chicken back into its eggshell— that is demobilize\". Further demonstrating the characteristic dry-wit and sense of humor that made Stirling a favorite of the press of his day, after reporters had been admitted to his quarters by his aide, Commander Bruce Ware, the new Commandant glanced at the varied assortment of naval pictures adorning the walls and laughingly described it as \"the chamber of horrors\". Stirling declined to comment on his future plans for the Brooklyn Naval Yard and when questioned about the highly publicized events of his just completed command of the Fourteenth Naval District at Hawaii, said that it was \"a closed book\". Although Stirling's three years as Commandant of the Third Naval District and the Brooklyn Navy Yard were during the depths of the Great Depression, under his command the facility saw increased production and workforce. The heavy cruiser USS New Orleans (CA-32) was commissioned in February 1934, the destroyer USS Dale (DD-353) and gunboat USS Erie (PG-50) were both built and commissioned along with a few Coast Guard cutters. Construction began on the light cruisers USS Brooklyn (CL-40) and USS Honolulu (CL-48). While he was Commandant at New York, Stirling's official duties saw him frequently receiving foreign dignitaries, including Air Marshall Italo Balbo during the famed Italian aviator's widely-covered 1933 trans-Atlantic crossing with twenty-four Savoia-Marchetti S.55 seaplanes for the Chicago Century of Progress. When Balbo's air armada stopped at New York City on the first leg of its return flight to Rome in July 1933, Stirling's admiral's barge met Balbo's plane when it landed in Jamaica Bay off Floyd Bennett Field. Stirling and his Army counterpart, Major General Dennis E. Nolan, commanding general of Second Corps Area, in charge of army units and facilities in New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Puerto Rico, accompanied Balbo's police escort motorcade to the Mayflower Hotel. Stirling had requested an allowance from the Navy Department for the purpose of hosting a dinner for Balbo on his first night in New York. Receiving only $50 from Washington, the socially-connected and popular Stirling was undeterred. \"Through the support of men of means who were Navy admirers, I gave to General Balbo and his officers a most elaborate dinner at the Columbian Yacht Club on the Hudson River, now demolished in the development of the Park project. How such a dinner could be given, with over a hundred guests and champagne flowing freely, on the small voucher that I signed, would be no mystery when the guest list is read. Among them were Vincent Astor, Grover Whalen, Ellery W. Stone, E. J. Sadler, and W. S. Farish, all public spirited citizens and some of them members of the Naval Reserve. It has always been difficult for the services to interest Congress in the advantage of appropriating sufficient funds for official entertaining. Balbo enjoyed himself at the dinner, and we were all glad to have such an intimate view of him and his daring men. I regretted that I did not speak Italian or he English, but there was a fellowship developed that evening between the Italian flyers and our other guests, in spite of the handicap of language. I was surprised months later to receive from the great Mussolini the decoration of the Crown of Italy. It was in recognition of the Navy's help to Balbo and his airplanes while in New York.\" Stirling retired on May 1, 1936, when he was transferred to the Navy Retired List, having reached the statutory retirement age of 64. He and Major General Dennis E. Nolan had been born eight days apart and faced mandatory service retirement at the same time. The two retiring two-star flag officers that had frequently appeared together during their respective last commands, were jointly honored with a retirement banquet at the Hotel St. George by naval, military and New York society, led by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's mother, Sara Roosevelt, who posed for photos arm-in-arm with both men and declared, \"I am very fond of and have the highest regard and admiration for both of the honored guests\" Admiral Stirling, self-styled \"stormy petrel\" of the Naval Service, devoted his energies after retirement to writing books, newspaper articles and lecturing. Outspoken and critical of naval policies and procedures as well as U. S. international policies, he had long urged a two-ocean Navy second to none. He published a controversial anti-Soviet article in 1935 while still on active duty that evoked a proclamation from the Secretary of the Navy that active duty naval officers were not to speak out on international policy. He urged U.S. intervention against Germany in 1939 and failing to interest the country, pleaded that the American people at least pray for a British-French victory. Speaking before the national convention of the Veterans of Foreign Wars in Philadelphia that year, Stirling warned that \"the framing of neutrality laws to keep us out of war—without taking into consideration the terrible result to us of a dictatorial victory—is like 'whistling in the dark' or 'fiddling while Rome is burning. There is but one way to keep us out of war; for the war not to happen. Therefore, as an important organ of this complicated world, we should, instead of keeping out of foreign disputes that will threaten our security and prosperity, go into them with both feet. The present neutrality law, placing an embargo on arms to nations at war, surely will cause us great economic pains—if not complete disaster to our entire industrial structure; for in the next war we shall find that all goods and supplies will be declared contraband by all belligerents.\" When Benito Mussolini's Italian air force attacked and bombed Haifa, in the British mandate of Palestine in July 1940, destroying oil refineries and storage tanks, Stirling penned an article which drew national attention in which he proclaimed that \"all the high cards\" in the Mediterranean are in the hands of \"Italian air power\". Just two days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Stirling wrote a prescient article wherein he laid out eight predicted Japanese strategic goals and concluded ultimate Japanese defeat, \"To this naval observer, intimately familiar with the whole pattern of events in the Pacific—military, political and economic—for many years, the Japanese action appears suicidal. ... We may be in for a long and hard war, but the Japanese can not win. We are likely to suffer initial reverses but for them we will obtain a terrible vengeance.\" During World War Two, Stirling penned scores of articles as a syndicated columnist expressing his opinions on war-time strategies and tactics, under the byline, \"United Press Naval Critic\" or \"United Press Naval Analyst\". In 1942, he advocated building a fleet of small, wooden, V-bottom, 30–60' long craft, capable of 30 knots, with two machine guns and six depth charge",
"eight predicted Japanese strategic goals and concluded ultimate Japanese defeat, \"To this naval observer, intimately familiar with the whole pattern of events in the Pacific—military, political and economic—for many years, the Japanese action appears suicidal. ... We may be in for a long and hard war, but the Japanese can not win. We are likely to suffer initial reverses but for them we will obtain a terrible vengeance.\" During World War Two, Stirling penned scores of articles as a syndicated columnist expressing his opinions on war-time strategies and tactics, under the byline, \"United Press Naval Critic\" or \"United Press Naval Analyst\". In 1942, he advocated building a fleet of small, wooden, V-bottom, 30–60' long craft, capable of 30 knots, with two machine guns and six depth charge racks, manned by 3 to 7 men, to patrol the 35,000 miles of U.S. coastline and protect shipping. When Stirling sought to return to active duty in 1944, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal wrote back that there was no post available \"suitable to your rank and attainments\". Yates Stirling's last book, touting the strategic importance of his beloved Navy, \"Why Sea Power Will Win the War\", was published in 1944. Stirling married the former Adelaide Egbert, daughter of Brigadier General Harry C. Egbert, in 1903 when he was 31. They had five children, two boys and three girls. His eldest son, Yates Stirling, III became a captain in the Navy. His younger son, Harry, also served in the Navy and attained the rank of commander. RADM Stirling was a hereditary companion of the California Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States by right of his father's service in the American Civil War having been elected to membership while an ensign in 1899. Rear Admiral Stirling died in his sleep on January 27, 1948, after three months’ illness in Baltimore, Maryland, his home for many years, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. He was survived by his wife, two sons, Captain Yates Stirling, III, USN (Ret.) of Norfolk, Virginia, and Commander Harry E. Stirling USN; and three daughters, Katharine (Mrs. William R. Ilk) of Los Angeles, California and Misses Ellen and Adelaide Stirling of Baltimore. Also surviving was his younger brother, Commander Archibald G. Stirllng, USN (Ret.) of Newport, Rhode Island. Rear Admiral Yates Stirling Jr. was awarded these decorations and service awards: Yates Stirling Jr. Yates Stirling Jr. (April 30, 1872 – January 27, 1948) was a decorated and controversial rear admiral in the United States Navy whose 44-year career spanned from several years before the Spanish–American War to the mid-1930s. He was awarded the Navy Cross and French Legion of Honor for distinguished service during World War One. The elder son of Rear Admiral Yates Stirling, he was an outspoken advocate of American"
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"retrieved": [
"Harry Johnson (footballer, born 1910) Harry Johnson (4 December 1910 – 1981) was an English footballer who scored 29 goals from 84 matches in the Football League playing for Oldham Athletic, Southend United and Exeter City. A centre forward or inside right, he also played non-league football for clubs including Great Harwood, Winsford United, Stalybridge Celtic and Scunthorpe & Lindsey United. Johnson was born in Radcliffe, which was then in Lancashire, in 1910. He married Lena Hardman in 1932; the 1939 Register records the couple living in Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, where Johnson was working as an electrician's labourer. In 1965, he was the works suggestions officer at the Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company and was chairman of their cricket club. He died in Scunthorpe in 1981. Johnson played football for Heywood St James', for Great Harwood of the Lancashire Combination, and for Cheshire County League clubs Winsford United and Stalybridge Celtic, before signing for Oldham Athletic of the Football League Second Division. He made his league debut in the 1931–32 season, and over the next two seasons took his totals to 13 goals from 37 league appearances. After Oldham were relegated in 1934, Johnson was one of eleven players given free transfers. He joined Southend United, and in his first season was the club's top scorer with 22 goals in all competitions. In 1936, he moved on to another third-tier club, Exeter City, for whom he played 11 league matches. Scunthorpe & Lindsey United of the Midland League signed Johnson in 1937. According to the \"Lincolnshire Echo\", \"he can play in any inside forward position, but is at his best at centre-forward\". He scored profusely, finishing the season second in the Midland League's scorers table with 38 goals. Despite interest from Football League clubs, he re-signed for Scunthorpe for another season. By February 1939, he had overtaken Ernie Simms' club record of 57 goals scored in all competitions during a single season, and seemed sure to break his club record of 52 Midland League goals as well, as Scunthorpe headed for their second league title. Unfortunately for him, he sustained a knee injury in mid-March that kept him out for several matches, and had to settle for 49. He remained with Scunthorpe into wartime football, but his leg again gave way, and in October 1939 he had an operation to remove the knee cartilage. Once fit again, he also played as a guest for Doncaster Rovers. After the war, Johnson coached Scunthorpe's junior teams. Harry Johnson (footballer, born 1910) Harry Johnson (4 December 1910 – 1981) was an English footballer who scored 29 goals from 84 matches in the Football League playing for Oldham Athletic, Southend United and Exeter City. A centre forward or inside right, he also played non-league football for clubs including Great Harwood, Winsford United, Stalybridge Celtic and Scunthorpe & Lindsey United. Johnson was born in Radcliffe, which was then in Lancashire, in 1910. He married Lena Hardman in 1932; the 1939 Register records the couple living in Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire,"
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"retrieved": [
"Same-sex marriage in New Mexico Same-sex marriage became legally recognized statewide in the U.S. state of New Mexico through a ruling by the New Mexico Supreme Court on December 19, 2013, requiring all county clerks to issue marriage licenses to qualified couples seeking marriage regardless of gender. Until then, same-sex couples could only obtain marriage licenses in certain counties of the state. Eight of the 33 counties, covering 58% of the state's population, had begun issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in August and September 2013. New Mexico's marriage statute is not specific as to gender. It is the only state lacking a state statute or constitutional provision explicitly addressing same-sex marriage. Lacking a state law or judicial ruling concerning same-sex marriage prior to December 19, 2013, policy for the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples was determined at the county level at the discretion of local issuing authorities i.e., some counties recognized same-sex marriage and issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples, while others did not. Despite the ruling by the New Mexico Supreme Court allowing same-sex marriages in the state, some of New Mexico's Native American tribes (most notably the Navajo Nation) continue to prohibit same-sex marriages within their jurisdictions and do not recognize same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. A small number of same-sex marriages were licensed in Sandoval County in 2004. The practice was halted later that same day, February 20, after New Mexico Attorney General Patricia Madrid issued a ruling they were invalid. On August 21, 2013, the county clerk of Doña Ana County, on his own initiative, began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Later in the month, three district judges ruling on separate lawsuits ordered first Santa Fe County, then Bernalillo County, and then Taos County, to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, with a fourth judge ordering the same in Grant County in September. A similar ruling was made in Los Alamos County, where the county clerk said she would not comply with the order until it was upheld on September 4, the first time a New Mexican judge affirmed a ruling for same-sex marriage after it had been challenged. Meanwhile, county clerks in San Miguel and Valencia counties altered marriage licenses for same-sex couples. On August 29, 2013, New Mexico's county clerks voted unanimously to ask the New Mexico Supreme Court to rule on the legality of same-sex marriage and the Supreme Court held a hearing on their petition on October 23. On December 19, 2013, that court issued a unanimous decision in \"Griego v. Oliver\" holding that marriage licenses must be issued to couples without respect to gender, making New Mexico the 17th state to legalize same-sex marriage. New Mexico Statutes §40-1 and §40-4 define marriage and the legal status of marriages from other jurisdictions; In July 2007, a Massachusetts court determined that New Mexico did not have a statute banning same-sex marriage and therefore same-sex couples that were resident in New Mexico could marry in Massachusetts. State Representative Al Park raised the issue a few years later, posing a formal inquiry to New Mexico Attorney General Gary K. King who offered his view on January 4, 2011, that \"a same-sex marriage that is valid under the laws of the country or state where it was consummated would likely be valid in New Mexico.\" A spokesman for Governor Susana Martinez responded by noting noted \"that no New Mexico court has ruled on this issue.\" The advocacy group Freedom to Marry complained that New Mexico had yet to respond to the Massachusetts ruling even though, in its view, \"New Mexico's laws do not prohibit marriage between same-sex couples\". The plaintiffs in \"Griego v. Oliver\" argued when they initiated their lawsuit in March 2013 that the failure of New Mexico's statutes to specify the gender of the parties to a marriage contract and their gender-neutral language allowed state officials to interpret them to allow them to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. When the New Mexico Supreme Court issued it decision in that case on December 19, 2013, the court unanimously held: Legislation that would allow or prohibit same-sex marriage, or that would provide for domestic partnerships, has been introduced several times but has never been passed. In January 2008, domestic partnership bill \"HB 9\", advocated by Governor Bill Richardson as part of his legislative agenda, passed the state's House by a 33 to 31 vote and was sent to the state Senate, which took no action on it. A similar bill had been defeated in the 2007 Legislature. \"House Bill 47\", providing that marriage may only be between a man and a woman, and House Joint Resolution 3, proposing a constitutional amendment to define marriage as being between a man and a woman, both died when the Legislature adjourned on February 14, 2008, without acting on them. On February 27, 2009, domestic partnership legislation that would grant both same-sex couples and opposite-sex couples many of the same rights found in a state marriage was voted down in the State Senate by a 25-17 margin, with 10 Democrats and 15 Republicans opposing the legislation. Supported by Governor Bill Richardson, supporters vowed to take up the issue again sometime later in 2009. On February 15, 2010, a domestic partnership bill sponsored by Senator Peter Wirth (D-Santa Fe) was defeated in a Senate committee, \"[striking] a blow to Richardson, who made extending many of the same rights enjoyed by married couples to gays and lesbians part of his legislative agenda.\" A proposed constitutional amendment sponsored by Senator William Sharer (R-Farmington) that would have limited marriage to opposite-sex couples was defeated by another Senate committee. On January 22, 2013, Representative Brian Egolf, a Santa Fe Democrat, introduced a resolution (House Joint Resolution 3), which would put a constitutional amendment allowing same-sex marriage to a popular vote in November 2014. He said, \"This will be the law sooner than people think.\" The measure's co-sponsors included another Santa Fe Democrat, Representative Stephen Easley. It required approval by both houses of the Legislature. On January 31, the House Consumer and Public Affairs Committee approved the measure in a 3-2 vote. On February 21, the Voters and Elections Committee defeated it on a 7-4 vote. On January 22, Representative Nora Espinoza, a Republican, introduced House Joint Resolution 4 which would put a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage to a popular vote in November 2014. The committee failed to approve it in a 2-3 vote on February 5. The Legislature ended its legislative session on February 20, 2014, without taking any further action on the resolution. Due to perceived ambiguity in New Mexico's laws regarding marriage, which statutorily do not define marriage as exclusively between a man and a woman, counties in the state differed in their treatment of same-sex couples seeking marriage licenses prior to the New Mexico Supreme Court ruling on December 19, 2013. On February 20, 2004, at the time of the widely publicized same-sex weddings in San Francisco, Sandoval County clerk Victoria Dunlap, a married Republican with two children, began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Dunlap had called the county attorney for input after receiving an inquiry about issuing a marriage license to a same-sex couple. He found that gender was only mentioned on the marriage license application form and advised her to consult the Attorney General. She sought advice from several state officials for several days without success and decided to issue licenses to same-sex couples beginning on February 20. She told the \"Albuquerque Journal\": \"This has nothing to do with politics or morals. If there are no legal grounds that say this should be prohibited, I can't withhold it... This office won't say no until",
"publicized same-sex weddings in San Francisco, Sandoval County clerk Victoria Dunlap, a married Republican with two children, began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Dunlap had called the county attorney for input after receiving an inquiry about issuing a marriage license to a same-sex couple. He found that gender was only mentioned on the marriage license application form and advised her to consult the Attorney General. She sought advice from several state officials for several days without success and decided to issue licenses to same-sex couples beginning on February 20. She told the \"Albuquerque Journal\": \"This has nothing to do with politics or morals. If there are no legal grounds that say this should be prohibited, I can't withhold it... This office won't say no until shown it's not permissible.\" The Sandoval County courthouse was quickly thronged by same-sex couples applying for marriage licenses when Dunlap's decision was reported. Two local ministers officiated at marriage ceremonies for 26 couples on the courthouse steps on February 20. According to a suit filed against Dunlap in July by the Attorney General, 66 licenses were issued and by March 23 some 64 of the couples had married \"as evidenced by the return and filing of licenses and Certificates of Marriage.\" Later that day, New Mexico Attorney General Patricia Madrid issued an opinion stating that the licenses were \"invalid under state law\", citing the license application form and several statutes and court decisions. The Sandoval County Clerk's Office stopped issuing them the same day. The Sandoval County Commission voted on February 23 to allow couples married on the 20th to register their marriages. A district court judge later issued a restraining order against Dunlap, prohibiting her from issuing any further licenses to same-sex couples for the duration of her term as clerk, which ended on January 1, 2005. Dunlap then filed a motion with the New Mexico Supreme Court for permission to continue issuing the licenses, but on July 8, 2004, the court rejected the motion. The restraining order was never lifted. County and state officials criticized Dunlap and the Sandoval County Republican Central Committee censured her and said she \"brought disgrace to the party as a whole\". Dunlap did not seek reelection. The validity of the same-sex marriages licensed in 2004 remained uncertain, though in 2010 a New Mexico court approved a divorce for one of the marriages. On August 9, 2010, State District Judge Sarah Singleton ruled that the marriage license issued to one same-sex couple in 2004 was valid and subject to divorce proceedings, but she did not otherwise address the legal status of same-sex marriage in the state. On August 28, 2013, after licenses issued in 2004 were found stamped \"void\", Attorney General Gary King advised Sandoval County that the licenses remain \"presumptively valid\" until a court rules otherwise. In August 2013, several counties began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples either on the initiative of the county clerk or under court order. On August 21, 2013, officials in Doña Ana County began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples at the courthouse in Las Cruces. The county clerk, Lynn Ellins, announced the change of policy, stating, \"After careful review of New Mexico's laws it is clear that the state's marriage statutes are gender neutral and do not expressly prohibit Doña Ana County from issuing marriage licenses to same-gender couples. Any further denial of marriage licenses to these couples violates the United States and New Mexico Constitution and the New Mexico Human Rights Act. Doña Ana County is upholding New Mexico law by issuing these marriage licenses, and I see no reason to make committed couples in Doña Ana County wait another minute to marry.\" Approximately two dozen same-sex couples received licenses that day, and about 90 couples by Friday, August 23, including some from the neighboring state of Texas. A group of Republican state legislators announced their intention to seek a court order to stop the county from issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples; see \"Sharer v. Ellins\" for one such lawsuit filed. Republican Governor Susana Martinez reiterated her opposition to same-sex marriage, as well as her position that the legalization of same-sex unions should only be approved by a vote of the people. State Attorney General Gary King, a Democrat, said his office will take no action to stop Ellins from issuing licenses to same-sex couples. \"We feel like our position that the laws aren't constitutional presents a barrier from us bringing action in that suit,\" said King, referring to parts of the New Mexico Administrative Code that make gendered references to married persons. On March 19, Santa Fe Mayor David Coss, City Councilor Patti Bushee, and City Attorney Geno Zamora announced that a resolution recognizing same-sex marriages would be introduced at the next Santa Fe City Council meeting on March 27. Zamora released a legal opinion that \"New Mexico's statutory definition of marriage is gender-neutral.\" Coss urged county clerks to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. However, Santa Fe County Clerk Geraldine Salazar said she would not issue them until the law was clarified by state courts or the Legislature. Bushee said she expected the issue to reach the New Mexico Supreme Court. On April 24, 2013, by a vote of five to one with two abstentions, the Santa Fe City Council passed a motion recognizing same-sex marriage as legal in New Mexico and advising county clerks to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. On July 20, 2013, the Santa Fe County Commission approved a similar resolution. Salazar began issuing licenses to same-sex couples on August 23, following an order issued by a state district judge the day before in \"Hanna v. Salazar\". On August 26, 2013, in \"Griego v. Oliver\", an Albuquerque judge ruled in favor of a lesbian couple and ordered Bernalillo County Clerk Maggie Toulouse Oliver, a self-identified proponent of legalized same-sex marriage, to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples in Bernalillo County, the state's largest county by population. Judge Alan Malott's opinion stated that any laws that contradict New Mexico's gender-neutral language on marriage and the state's \"Human Rights Act\" are unconstitutional. On August 27, in compliance with this court order, County Clerk Oliver began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. On August 27, San Miguel County Clerk Melanie Rivera said her county would follow the lead of three other New Mexican counties in issuing gender-neutral marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Valencia County Clerk Peggy Carabajal became the first Republican county clerk in New Mexico since Victoria Dunlap nine years prior to issue same-sex marriage licenses, effective on August 27. In \"Stark v. Martinez\", a district judge issued a writ of mandamus similar to those in the Santa Fe and Bernalillo county lawsuits ordering the county clerk in Taos County to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples or else explain why not. The clerk, Anna Martinez, said she would not contest the ruling and confirmed the county would begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples on August 28. The court order came hours after Martinez said she would not issue same-sex marriage licenses unless ordered to do so, declaring, \"I have to follow the law, and the law requires that marriage licenses state the male and female.\" On August 27, Los Alamos County Clerk Sharon Stover said she would not issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples until she received a court order instructing her to do so. She said \"I want to have a good law that will hold up for all people. We need a ruling from the State Supreme Court.\" On August 29, in \"Newton v. Stover\" Judge Sheri Raphaelson ordered Stover to issue the license or appear on September 4 to explain her refusal to do so. On September 3, Stover",
"and confirmed the county would begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples on August 28. The court order came hours after Martinez said she would not issue same-sex marriage licenses unless ordered to do so, declaring, \"I have to follow the law, and the law requires that marriage licenses state the male and female.\" On August 27, Los Alamos County Clerk Sharon Stover said she would not issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples until she received a court order instructing her to do so. She said \"I want to have a good law that will hold up for all people. We need a ruling from the State Supreme Court.\" On August 29, in \"Newton v. Stover\" Judge Sheri Raphaelson ordered Stover to issue the license or appear on September 4 to explain her refusal to do so. On September 3, Stover announced she would not issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples and would appear in court on September 4 to argue her case. She said: On September 4, after hearing Stover's arguments, Raphaelson ordered her to issue the marriage licenses. Los Alamos County began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples later that afternoon, although Stover said she will continue to use forms that state \"male\" and \"female\" for the individuals entering into marriage until the Legislature issues new, gender-neutral licenses. Robert Zamarripa, Grant County clerk, said on August 27 that he was waiting for instructions from a court of law before issuing same-sex marriage licenses. The Grant County Clerk's Office turned away at least two same-sex couples seeking marriage licenses in Silver City, the county seat. In \"Katz v. Zamarripa\", District Judge J.C. Robinson ordered Zamarripa to begin issuing same-sex marriage licenses on September 3 or else appear in court. Zamarripa said that his office would begin providing the licenses during the second week of September. Grant County began issuing licenses to same-sex couples on September 9, according to local media. On August 27, Sandoval County Clerk Eileen Garbagni acknowledged \"nonstop\" calls to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, but said that on the advice of the County Attorney she would not join other county clerks in issuing them without a court order. On August 31, in \"Gering v. New Mexico\", the American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit against Garbagni and the state on behalf of a lesbian couple denied a marriage license. Judge James Lawrence Sanchez, to whom the case was originally assigned, recused himself on September 5. The case was reassigned to Judge George P. Eichwald. On August 27, Union County Clerk Mary Lou Harkin said in response to questions about whether the county would follow Bernalillo County in licensing same-sex marriages, \"Not yet.\" Harkin said she will \"hold off for now\" until she receives a court order \"or other direction\". On August 29, 2013, New Mexico's 33 county clerks voted to ask the New Mexico Supreme Court to rule on the legality of same-sex marriage. The Supreme Court on August 16 had rejected a request to consolidate and hear the same-sex marriage lawsuits being heard in several lower courts. On September 5, an attorney for the New Mexico Association of Counties filed a request on the clerks' behalf to be allowed to intervene in \"Griego v. Oliver\". The clerks were not appealing the decision in that case, but asking the Supreme Court to halt the lawsuits against them in district court until it clarified New Mexico law for the lower courts, including the issuance of licenses to same-sex couples and the clerks' authority to modify the forms used. The two clerks who were defendants in \"Griego v. Oliver\" were not joining their peers in this action because they were already parties to the case. The Supreme Court heard the Association's petition on October 23. On March 21, 2013, in \"Griego v. Oliver\", Rose Griego, her partner, along with another lesbian couple, as represented by the American Civil Liberties Union and others, filed a lawsuit in State District Court in Albuquerque challenging the Bernalillo County clerk's refusal to issue them marriage licenses. On June 6, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint where they were joined by three more same-sex couples seeking relief. On August 16, the plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint, adding one more couple seeking relief, while also claiming that New Mexico's refusal to recognize their marriages \"deprives [the plaintiffs] of hundreds of protections, benefits, and obligations of marriage that the federal government now provides to married same-sex couples in light of the United States Supreme Court's decision in \"United States v. Windsor\".\" On August 26, District Court Judge Alan M. Malott ruled for the plaintiffs, finding that state marriage statutes that prohibit the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples \"are unconstitutional and unenforceable under Article II, Section 18, New Mexico Constitution.\" He ordered the clerks in Bernalillo and Santa Fe Counties to issue marriage licenses to all same-sex couples otherwise qualified. The clerk's office in Bernalillo County indicated it would do so as of August 27. Santa Fe County was already issuing them. On September 3, Judge Malott reopened the case on a motion from the New Mexico Association of Counties seeking to intervene in this case. The court allowed the group to intervene and granted final declaratory judgement to the plaintiffs, allowing the Association to seek further review by the state Supreme Court. On September 5, 2013, the Association of Counties petitioned New Mexico's Supreme Court for a \"writ of superintending control\", a legal measure which would \"create a definitive—and uniform—legal opinion for clerks across the state to rely on rather than waiting for possibly lengthy appeals out of several counties\" raised at the District Court level. On September 6, the New Mexico Supreme Court docketed this case for an Extraordinary Writ Proceeding. Oral argument took place on October 23, 2013. While the court did not issue an opinion on October 23, same-sex marriage advocates said they were encouraged by the justices' statements, which the \"Journal\" said included \"tough\" and \"pointed questions\" for attorneys representing Republican state legislators seeking a court ban on same-sex marriage in New Mexico. Albuquerque-market television news station KRQE reported that Republican Senator Bill Sharer had suggested that voters could remove Supreme Court justices from office, vote out state legislators or pass a new constitutional amendment if they are unhappy with how the court rules. On December 19, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the State Constitution required the extension of marriage rights to same-sex couples. Its decision said that the Equal Protection Clause under Article II, Section 18 of the New Mexico Constitution required that \"All rights, protections, and responsibilities that result from the marital relationship shall apply equally to both same-gender and opposite-gender married couples.\" The decision made New Mexico the 17th state to recognize same-sex marriages. The following day, the clerk and chief deputy clerk in Roosevelt County resigned. The clerk said she could not comply with the court's ruling with \"a clear conscience\" and added: \"I felt like I'd be letting down the majority of people who voted for me.\" In response to the Supreme Court decision, state Senator Bill Sharer proposed a joint resolution that, if passed by both houses of the Legislature, would put a constitutional amendment defining marriage as a union of one man and one woman to a popular vote. On January 6, 2014, Governor Martinez said she would not support efforts to reverse the Supreme Court's decision by enacting a state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage. She said: \"I think what I said before was that yes, the people should have decided on it, but the Supreme Court has decided... And it's now the law of the land.\" On June 6, 2013, Alexander Hanna and Yon",
"could not comply with the court's ruling with \"a clear conscience\" and added: \"I felt like I'd be letting down the majority of people who voted for me.\" In response to the Supreme Court decision, state Senator Bill Sharer proposed a joint resolution that, if passed by both houses of the Legislature, would put a constitutional amendment defining marriage as a union of one man and one woman to a popular vote. On January 6, 2014, Governor Martinez said she would not support efforts to reverse the Supreme Court's decision by enacting a state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage. She said: \"I think what I said before was that yes, the people should have decided on it, but the Supreme Court has decided... And it's now the law of the land.\" On June 6, 2013, Alexander Hanna and Yon Hudson, represented by Brian Egolf, Kate Ferlic and John Day, filed a similar lawsuit, \"Hanna v. Salazar\", in district court against the Santa Fe County Clerk and the state Attorney General. On June 27, following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in \"United States v. Windsor\", the lawsuit was withdrawn from district court and filed in the New Mexico Supreme Court. On July 22, Attorney General King told the court that \"New Mexico's guarantee of equal protection to its citizens demands that same-sex couples be permitted to enjoy the benefits of marriage in the same way and to the same extent as other New Mexico citizens\", but he argued that the court lacks the authority to order a county clerk to issue the marriage license as the plaintiffs have requested, which only officers of the state's executive branch can do. He warned the court that doing so could invite myriad lawsuits \"concerning any dispute a party has with any local or county official\". On August 16, the Supreme Court declined to hear this case and a similar one, but said that the plaintiffs were entitled to an \"expedited review\" in the district court. On August 22, 2013, New Mexico District Judge Sarah Singleton ordered Santa Fe County Clerk Geraldine Salazar to begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples or show cause why the county should not comply. Egolf told reporters, \"This will be the first time a court anywhere in New Mexico ... has ordered same-sex couples to be married.\" Salazar said she was \"a fervent supporter of same-sex marriage in New Mexico\" and would issue the licenses to Hanna and Hudson and any other qualified same-sex couples. She began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, including Hanna and Hudson, on August 23. About a dozen same-sex couples were married in a joint ceremony in the county commission chambers. Subsequently, defendant Geraldine Salazar, in her official capacity as county clerk, was listed as a defendant in \"Griego v. Oliver\", with this related case (see above) before the New Mexico Supreme Court to determine statewide applicability of lower (district) court legalization of same-sex marriage. On August 28, 2013, in \"Stark v. Martinez\", New Mexico District Judge Jeff F. McElroy ordered Taos County Clerk Anna Martinez to start issuing same-sex marriage licenses or to appear to show cause why she could not. The clerk said she would not contest the order and would begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. On August 29, 2013, in \"Sharer v. Ellins\", seven Republican state legislators–Senators William Sharer and Steven Neville, Representatives David Gallegos, Jimmie Hall, Yvette Herrell, Dennis Roch, and James Strickler–filed a lawsuit in the Third Judicial District Court against Doña Ana County Clerk Lynn Ellins seeking an immediate stay of the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The case was assigned to Judge James T. Martin. On September 3, 2013, eight additional Republican lawmakers joined the suit. The group filed similar suits against the clerks of Valencia and San Miguel counties. After Ellins objected to Judge Martin, he recused himself and Judge Manuel I. Arrieta was assigned to the case on September 17, 2013. In 2006, a study by the Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law concluded that allowing same-sex couples to marry would have a positive effect on New Mexico's state budget. Allowing same-sex couples to marry would result in a net gain of approximately $1.5 million to $2 million each year for the state. This net impact will be the result of savings in expenditures on state means-tested public benefit programs and an increase in sales and lodging tax revenue from weddings and wedding-related tourism. In April 2008, the Williams Institute of the UCLA School of Law, using data from the United States Census Bureau, issued a \"Census Snapshot\" that concluded: \"While in many respects New Mexico's same-sex couples look like married couples, same-sex couples with children have fewer economic resources to provide for their families than married parents and lower rates of home ownership.\" Analyzing census data on same-sex unmarried-partner households, the report determined that: A June 2011 Public Policy Polling survey found that 42% of New Mexico voters thought that same-sex marriage should be legal, while 48% thought it should be illegal and 10% were not sure. A separate question in the same survey found that 68% of New Mexico voters supported the legal recognition of same-sex couples, with 37% supporting same-sex marriage, 31% supporting civil unions, 30% opposing all legal recognition, and 2% not sure. A December 2011 Public Policy Polling survey found that 45% of New Mexico voters thought that same-sex marriage should be legal, while 43% thought it should be illegal and 12% were not sure. A separate question in the same survey found that 67% of New Mexico voters supported the legal recognition of same- sex couples, with 42% supporting same-sex marriage, 25% supporting civil unions, 32% opposing all legal recognition, and 2% not sure. In a poll conducted by the Anzalone Liszt Grove Research for organizations backing the campaign \"Why Marriage Matters New Mexico\" between September 18–22, 2013, 51% of polled voters responded in favor of same-sex marriage with 42% opposed to the idea. The remaining 7 percent didn't know or refused to answer. The company surveyed 502 registered voters statewide by phone. The margin of error was plus or minus 4.4 percentage points. A March 2014 Public Policy Polling survey found that 47% of New Mexico voters thought that same-sex marriage should be legal, while 45% thought it should be illegal and 7% were not sure. A separate question in the same survey found that 74% of New Mexico voters supported the legal recognition of same-sex couples, with 45% supporting same-sex marriage, 29% supporting civil unions, 24% opposing all legal recognition, and 2% not sure. A February 2015 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) survey found that 58% of New Mexicans supported same-sex marriage, while 34% remained opposed. A 2017 PRRI poll found that 63% of New Mexico residents supported same-sex marriage, while 30% opposed it and 7% were unsure. Same-sex marriage"
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"Christina M. Kim Christina M. Kim is an American television writer. In the 2005-06 television season, she joined the writing staff of \"Lost\" for the series second season. The staff won the Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2006 ceremony for their work on the second season. She became a story editor and writer for the third season in 2006. Kim and her co-writer Elizabeth Sarnoff were nominated for the WGA award for Best Episodic Drama at the February 2007 ceremony for their work on the second season episode \"Two for the Road\". The writing staff were again nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2007 ceremony for their work on the second and third seasons. She was promoted to executive story editor for the fourth season. She was again nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2009 ceremony for her work on the fourth season . Since 2010, she has produced and written episodes for the CBS procedural hit NCIS Los Angeles. Christina M. Kim Christina M. Kim is an American television writer. In the 2005-06 television season, she joined the writing"
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"William Gregg (VC) William Gregg VC DCM MM (27 January 1890 – 10 August 1969) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was 28 years old, and a sergeant in the 13th Battalion, The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own), British Army during the First World War when he performed a deed for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. On 8 May 1918 at Bucquoy, France, when all the officers of Sergeant Gregg's company had been hit during an attack on an enemy outpost, he took command, rushing two enemy posts, killing some of the gun teams, taking prisoners and capturing a machine-gun. He then started to consolidate his position until driven back by a counter-attack, but as reinforcements had by now come up, he led a charge, personally bombed a hostile machine-gun, killed the crew and captured the gun. When driven back again, he led another successful attack and held on to his position until ordered to withdraw. He later achieved the rank of company sergeant-major and served in World War II with the Sherwood Foresters. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum in Winchester, England. William lived in Heanor, Derbyshire, and as testament to his deeds of gallantry when the town's new swimming baths were built in 1970 they were named the 'William Gregg V.C Swimming Baths' in his honour. That recognition was continued when the facilities were extended and privatised in 2009-10 as the 'William Gregg V.C. Leisure Centre. William Gregg (VC) William Gregg VC DCM MM (27 January 1890 – 10 August 1969) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious"
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"Australian Centre for Photography The Australian Centre for Photography (ACP) is a not-for-profit photography gallery in Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia that was established in 1973. ACP also provides part-time courses and community programs. It is one of the longest running contemporary art spaces in Australia. The Australian Centre for Photography has published \"Photofile,\" a biannual photography journal, since 1983. The ACP is a charity. The Australian Centre for Photography provides a photography gallery and also part-time courses and community programs. The Australian Centre for Photography was founded in 1973 by David Moore and Wes Stacey, with support from Laurie Le Guay and Craig McGregor. It opened its first gallery in Paddington Street, Sydney, in 1974. In 1981 it moved to 257 Oxford Street, Paddington and in 2015 it moved again to 72 Oxford Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney. The ACP produced the first major retrospectives of Max Dupain, Olive Cotton and Mervin Bishop. It has also held exhibitions by Stephen Dupont, Elif Suyabatmaz and Markus Andersen, Bill Henson, Tracey Moffatt, William Yang, Trent Parke, as well as other exhibitions by Cotton and Dupain. The ACP has published \"Photofile,\" a photography journal, since 1983. \"Photofile\" was relaunched in 2017 under the new editorship of Daniel Boetker-Smith. Australian Centre for Photography The Australian Centre for Photography (ACP) is a not-for-profit photography gallery in Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia that was established in 1973. ACP also provides part-time courses and community programs. It is one of the longest running contemporary art spaces in Australia. The Australian Centre for Photography has published \"Photofile,\" a biannual photography journal, since 1983. The ACP is a charity. The Australian Centre for Photography provides a photography gallery and also part-time courses and community programs. The Australian Centre for Photography was founded in 1973 by David Moore and Wes Stacey, with support from Laurie"
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"Wilfrid Israel Wilfrid Berthold Jacob Israel (11 July 1899 – 1 June 1943) was an Anglo-German businessman and philanthropist, born into a wealthy Anglo-German Jewish family, who was active in the rescue of Jews from Nazi Germany, and who played a significant role in the Kindertransport. Described as \"gentle and courageous\" and \"intensely secretive\", Wilfrid Israel avoided public office and shunned publicity, but had, according to his biographer Naomi Shepherd, an \"almost hypnotic\" ability to influence friends and colleagues. Martin Buber described him as \"a man of great moral stature, dedicated to the service of others\". He was killed when his civilian passenger plane, \"en route\" from Lisbon to Bristol, was shot down by a Luftwaffe fighter patrol over the Bay of Biscay. Wilfrid Israel attended the Mommsen-Gymnasium in Berlin-Charlottenburg and, for a few months in 1911, the Hochalpines Lyceum in Zuoz/Institut Engiadina (today Lyceum Alpinum Zuoz) in Switzerland. Wilfrid Israel's family owned Israel's Department Store in Berlin, one of the largest and oldest stores in pre-World War II Germany. From early in the Nazi period, Wilfrid Israel used the business as a base from which to engineer the release of prisoners from German concentration camps: many in the Nazi leadership had accounts at the store and were never charged. Israel also financed the emigration of his Jewish employees (roughly a third of the staff) by paying them two years salary at the time they left Germany. Philanthropy was only a small part of his rescue activities. Though arrested and beaten, and followed on his journeys abroad by the Gestapo, he attempted through influential contacts in Britain, to gain admission to transit camps in Britain for Jews released from the camps; eight thousand young men were saved in this way. He also lobbied the Foreign Office directly for this purpose through visits to the British embassy (recorded in the British National Archives). Less officially, he formed a working partnership with Frank Foley, the British intelligence agent who was Passport Officer at the British consulate in Berlin, vouching for the characters of Jews in line to emigrate, while warning Foley of German agents who attempted to infiltrate. Wilfrid Israel played a significant role in the Kindertransport, the rescue of ten thousand German Jewish children after the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 1938. By this time, most of the Jewish leadership had been arrested, and Israel took over the running of the Hilfsverein, the German Jewish welfare and emigration organization established at the turn of the century. He urged the rescue of children without parents to the Anglo Jewish leadership, which organized a deputation to the British prime minister; but in the aftermath of the pogrom, no Anglo-Jew was prepared to visit Germany, and the British government was initially dubious about the willingness of parents to part with their children. But a Quaker delegation, all of whose members had previously worked with Wilfrid Israel on relief matters (a link going back to the post World War I era) was sent out, and directed by Israel and, together with the German women's organisation, the Frauenbund, met with the parents and provided the British government with the necessary reassurance. The Israel firm, the largest department store in Berlin, was first vandalised, then taken over by the Nazis, after a forced sale at a fraction of its worth, and Wilfrid Israel left Germany, but returned on the eve of war to organise the despatch of the last contingent of children, only leaving when warned that his arrest was imminent. An example of Wilfred Israel's foresight and compassion is that he arranged to give money and other support to many employees of the Israel firm to aid them to flee the country, many ultimately to America Settling in London, he first worked with Bloomsbury House, the organization dealing with German Jewish refugees interned as 'enemy aliens'. In 1941, he became research assistant on Germany to a Royal Institution of International Affairs committee based at Balliol College, Oxford, now working for the Foreign Office, and at the same time advised the Refugee Department of the F.O. on movements of refugees throughout Europe. Among his papers from that period are those dealing with the question of German resistance to Hitler (which he dismissed, despite his friendship with Adam von Trott, one of its members). Israel was a descendant on his English mother's side of the first Chief Rabbi of Britain. Contemporaries described him as an elegant, elusive figure most famously inspiring the character \"Bernhard Landauer\" in Christopher Isherwood's celebrated novel Goodbye to Berlin. He figures prominently in his own right in the autobiographical Christopher and His Kind, by the same author. He was a friend of Albert Einstein, the philosopher Martin Buber, and Chaim Weizmann, later the first president of the state of Israel. In his post-World War 1 refugee work, he was in contact with the British Quakers. His Anglo Jewish connections included Herbert Samuel, previously Home Secretary in the British government and leader of the British Liberal Party. These contacts were valuable in his later rescue missions. Brenda Bailey, daughter of a British Quaker mother and a German Quaker father, wrote: \"After Kristallnacht, leadership was again shown by the Jewish businessman Wilfrid Israel, who contacted the Council for German Jewry in London, informing them that extraordinary measures must now be taken to save at least the children.\" On 26 March 1943 Israel left London for Lisbon, Portugal and spent the next two months distributing certificates of entry to British ruled Palestine, and investigating the situation of Jews on the peninsula; during World War II the fascist regimes in Spain and Portugal sympathised with Nazi Germany but refused to hand over Jews to the Germans. Before Israel left the peninsula, he had also formulated a plan to rescue Jewish children from Vichy France – an enterprise partially carried out after his death. Israel was killed, aged 43, on 1 June 1943 when British Overseas Airways Corporation Flight 777 was shot down over the Bay of Biscay by eight German Junkers Ju 88s. Princetown, N.J. VI. 14. '43. Dear Mrs. Israel, A deep desire prompts me to write to you as I know your great anxiety regarding the fate of your son. Never in my life have I come in contact with a being so noble, so strong and as selfless as he was – in very truth a living work of art. In these times of mass-misfortune, which so few are able to stand up to – one feels the presence of this \"chosen one\" as a Liberator from despair for mankind. I dare yet to hope that through a miracle he has been spared to us. Yet it urges me, though so helpless, to assure you of my deepest sympathy in these most tragic hours. With heartfelt wishes, A. Einstein The Wilfrid Israel Museum in Kibbutz HaZore'a, Israel, is an archaeology and art museum dedicated to the memory of Wilfrid Israel. The museum, which opened in 1951, houses Wilfrid's unique collection, to which many artifacts have been added over the years. The museum displays have permanent exhibitions of the art of India, China, Thailand, Cambodia, the art of ancient Near East, and local archaeology. In addition, the museum holds changing exhibitions of modern painting, sculpture, photography, and textiles. It offers a wide range of community educational programs for children, youth and adults, including guided tours of the museum's permanent and temporary exhibitions as well as creative hands-on activities in the museum's art workshop. A film by award-winning filmmaker Yonatan Nir and producer Noam Shalev has been in the works since 2012. The Israel premiere of the film took place 1 November 2016. The film – \"The Essential Link – The Story of Wilfrid Israel\" is inspired by the biography written by Naomi Shepherd. It tells the story of Wilfrid Israel's life-saving activities,",
"of the art of India, China, Thailand, Cambodia, the art of ancient Near East, and local archaeology. In addition, the museum holds changing exhibitions of modern painting, sculpture, photography, and textiles. It offers a wide range of community educational programs for children, youth and adults, including guided tours of the museum's permanent and temporary exhibitions as well as creative hands-on activities in the museum's art workshop. A film by award-winning filmmaker Yonatan Nir and producer Noam Shalev has been in the works since 2012. The Israel premiere of the film took place 1 November 2016. The film – \"The Essential Link – The Story of Wilfrid Israel\" is inspired by the biography written by Naomi Shepherd. It tells the story of Wilfrid Israel's life-saving activities, his connections with the founders of Kibbutz Hazorea and mostly focuses on the last ten years of his life. The film's website provides more information about the person and the film and includes a link to its trailer. Wilfrid Israel Wilfrid Berthold Jacob Israel (11 July 1899 – 1 June 1943) was an Anglo-German businessman and philanthropist, born into a wealthy Anglo-German Jewish family, who was active in the rescue of Jews from Nazi Germany, and who played a significant role in the Kindertransport. Described as \"gentle and courageous\" and \"intensely secretive\", Wilfrid Israel avoided"
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"Esham Esham Attica Smith (born September 20, 1973), better known by his stage name Esham, is an American rapper from Detroit, Michigan. Emerging as one of the first ever hip-hop artists from Detroit, Esham released his debut studio album, \"Boomin' Words from Hell\" in 1989 at the age of 16. Since then, he has gone on to release 15 studio albums in total, and also formed the hip hop/horrocore group Natas in 1992. He and his brother James Smith founded and ran the biggest-selling independent hip hop label in Detroit, Reel Life Productions, until its closure in 2001. As one of the first rappers to receive attention in the city, Esham is considered to be a pioneer of Detroit hip hop, as well as the hip-hop subgenre horrorcore. His influence eventually fueled the careers of other Detroit hip hop artists such as Kid Rock, Eminem, and Insane Clown Posse. Esham is known for incorporating elements of rock music in his beats, and his lyrics cover a number of subjects, including death, drug use, evil, paranoia and sex. Esham refers to his style of music as \"acid rap\". Born Esham Attica Smith on September 20, 1973 in Long Island, New York, Esham grew up splitting time between the Seven Mile neighborhood on the East side of Detroit, where he lived with his mother. He attended Osborn High School, and lived with his grandmother in New York during summers. He studied piano, guitar, and trombone in high school, and listened to artists such as Sugar Hill Gang, Run-DMC, Ozzy Osbourne and Kiss. Esham began to write original lyrics, and was encouraged by his older brother, James H. Smith, to seriously pursue a career in hip hop. According to Esham, \"He felt like I had a dope flow, and he thought I could bring something new to the game, just coming from the city of Detroit. Back then, it wasn't really a [rap] music scene in Detroit. Everybody was just imitating what everybody else was doing.\" In the second grade, Esham met Champtown, who was also an aspiring rapper. The two performed together at open mic events Seafood Bay. In one occurrence, Champtown and Esham were forced to rap for a drug dealer at gunpoint. At the age of 16, Smith released his debut album, \"Boomin' Words from Hell\", in 1989. Of the album, Smith stated, \"It was the crack era, [...] and that's where all that really came from. It was all an expression about ['70s-'80s drug cartel] Young Boys Incorporated, Mayor Coleman Young, the city we lived in and just the turmoil that our city was going through at the time. We referred to the streets of Detroit as 'Hell' on that record. So that's where my ideas came from.\" In 1990, Esham and James H. Smith founded the independent record label Reel Life Productions, which reissued his debut album with an alternate track listing and artwork. Esham found it difficult to develop a fanbase, because many wrote off the dark content of his lyrics and imagery as shock value, while hip hop fans did not connect to Esham's albums because of his heavy metal influences. In 1991, Esham met Joseph Bruce, a member of the group Inner City Posse, who praised Esham and Reel Life Productions, and gave Esham a copy of the group's EP \"Dog Beats\", beginning the two rappers' friendship and professional relationship. After releasing two EPs, \"Erotic Poetry\" and \"Homey Don't Play\", Esham completed the double album \"Judgement Day\", and its two volumes, \"Day\" and \"Night\" were released separately on April 9, 1992. In \"All Music Guide to Hip-Hop\", Jason Birchmeier wrote that \"Judgement Day, Vol. 1\" \"may not be his most well-crafted work, but it certainly stands as his most inspired work of the '90s\", while \"Vol. 2\" \"isn't quite as strong as the first volume, suffering mostly from a number of weak tracks [...] the first volume doesn't rely quite so much on cheap shock, instead focusing on evocative horror motifs, making \"Judgement Day, Vol. 2\" the less important of the two.\" As a student at Osborn High School, Esham met Mastamind, who gave him a three-song demo tape of his music, leading the two to form the group Natas with Esham's longtime friend, TNT. In 1992, Esham appeared on \"Carnival of Carnage\", the debut album of Insane Clown Posse, released on October 18. He produced three tracks and rapped on the album's final track. In November, Natas released their debut album, \"Life After Death\". Following the release of this album, Esham, Natas and Reel Life Productions were the subject of much controversy when a 17-year-old fan killed himself while smoking cannabis and playing Russian roulette while listening to \"Life After Death\". In 1993, Esham released his third solo album, \"KKKill the Fetus\". Jason Birchmeier wrote that \"At this point in his career, his rapping has already reached near-peak levels, and his production shows a continued path towards an inventiveness. [...] Never again would Esham be so gritty.\" On November 22, 1994, Esham released his fourth studio album, \"Closed Casket\". Jason Birchmeier wrote that \"most fans taking a chronological approach to his catalog should be fairly numb to Esham's exploitative shock attempts. Yet if this is one of your first experiences with Esham the Unholy, this album should pack a punch with its dark nature.\" In May 1996, Esham released his fifth studio album, \"Dead Flowerz\". It peaked at number 38 on the \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. In June 1997, Esham rebranded Reel Life Productions as Gothom Records, and released the album \"\", which charted at number 57 on Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Esham later signed a distribution deal with Overcore, a subsidiary of Overture Music, which later became distributed by TVT Records. In June 2001, Gothom released Kool Keith's \"Spankmaster\" album, which featured several contributions by Esham, as well as Smith's eighth album, \"Tongues\", which peaked at number seven on the Top Independent Albums chart, number 46 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 195 on the \"Billboard\" 200. In August 2001, Esham and D12 were kicked off the Warped Tour after members of the group allegedly physically attacked Smith over the lyrics of his song \"Chemical Imbalance,\" which contained a reference to the daughter of D12 member Eminem, who was not present during the tour. In 2002, Esham signed to Psychopathic Records, releasing the compilation \"Acid Rain\". It was announced that Esham would be moving away from the horror themes of his previous efforts. On November 18, 2003, Esham released his ninth studio album, \"Repentance\". It peaked at #9 on the Top Heatseekers chart, #10 on the Top Independent Albums chart, and #71 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Jason Birchmeier wrote that \"\"Repentance\" is a small step forward for Esham. He seems very confident here, comfortable with himself as an artist [...] when he pulls everything together [...] he makes some of the best music of his long, fruitful, yet largely unacknowledged career.\" In 2005 Esham joined forces with Insane Clown Posse and Lavel to release the Soopa Villainz album, Furious. His follow-up album on Psychopathic \"A-1 Yola\", saw Esham achieving his highest consecutive level of charting success, as it peaked at 176 on the \"Billboard\" 200, his highest selling album on that chart to date, as well as peaking at #6 on Top Heatseekers, #12 on the Independent Albums chart, #23 on the Top Rap Albums chart, and #48 on the Top R&B chart. Allrovi wrote, \"During the course of \"A-1 YOLA\", Esham takes the form of street hustler, kingpin, vampire, and all sorts of underworld characters, injecting his undiluted personality into each three-to-four-minute sketch. His sonic backdrop remains raw but fresh, drawing an impressive amount of energy out of sparse beats.\" Following this release, Esham left Psychopathic in 2005 to relaunch Reel Life/Gothom. In June, 2010, Esham recorded \"Walk Toward The Light\", a collaboration with international pro-wrestling superstar & global underground artist One Man Kru (of the horrorcore group Keepaz of the Krypt). The original mix was produced by One Man",
"as well as peaking at #6 on Top Heatseekers, #12 on the Independent Albums chart, #23 on the Top Rap Albums chart, and #48 on the Top R&B chart. Allrovi wrote, \"During the course of \"A-1 YOLA\", Esham takes the form of street hustler, kingpin, vampire, and all sorts of underworld characters, injecting his undiluted personality into each three-to-four-minute sketch. His sonic backdrop remains raw but fresh, drawing an impressive amount of energy out of sparse beats.\" Following this release, Esham left Psychopathic in 2005 to relaunch Reel Life/Gothom. In June, 2010, Esham recorded \"Walk Toward The Light\", a collaboration with international pro-wrestling superstar & global underground artist One Man Kru (of the horrorcore group Keepaz of the Krypt). The original mix was produced by One Man Kru and hosted by Young Wicked of AMB for the UGH34 mixtape. The remix was produced by D-Rodge and released on One Man Kru's \"I Will Never Quit\" LP without the 3rd verse due to a miscommunication between the producer and the audio engineer. Smith released his twelfth studio album, \"Suspended Animation\" on August 3, 2010, followed by the album \"DMT Sessions\", and a documentary directed by Smith, \"Death of an Indie Label\" in 2011, which was originally announced as a bonus feature on a deluxe edition of \"DMT Sessions\", but was instead uploaded onto Gothom Inc.'s YouTube channel. The Documentary was released with a soundtrack entitled the same, the LP would feature Seven the General as well as Poe Whosaine. Smith was interviewed for the documentary \"The Untold Story of Detroit Hip-Hop\", which is being produced by Detroit rapper Champtown. He also attempted a run for mayor of Detroit. In 2012, MTV published a story detailing Esham's feud with Eminem and Insane Clown Posse. In 2015 Esham and Insane Clown Posse reconciled their differences and Esham performed at the 2016 Juggalo Day \"Ringmaster\" Show. Esham's lyrical style, which author Sara Cohen says \"utilize[s] shocking (and blatantly over the top) narratives to give an over-exaggerated, almost cartoon-like version of urban deprivation in Detroit\", was derived from the style of the Geto Boys. Smith's lyrics have focused on themes such as death, drug use, evil, paranoia and sex, and have included references to Satan. Smith refers to his performance style as \"acid rap,\" comparing the lyrics to hallucinations induced by LSD. Esham's style has also been described as horrorcore hip hop. People were literally scared of my records. There have been so many rumors about me and my records. People got the first album, and they would just make up stories. They'd get into an accident and be like, 'I got into an accident because I was playing that tape.' It wasn't like we helped ourselves when we described what was in people's heads. It wasn't to shock people, though, but to get people involved in what we were doing. We had to get peoples' attention. [...] We said a lot of things that people wanted to say but didn't say. We talked about a lot of political and social [issues] that people didn't want to talk about. Following accusations of Satanism, Smith decided that \"Closed Casket\" would be the last album to feature such themes, and that he would no longer rap about the Devil. According to Smith, \"I've been able to entertain people for 20 years. I just try to uplift people now. The latest things I do, I'm trying to get a message out to people, while I'm entertaining them at the same time.\" Esham's music style has been described as a fusion of hip hop beats and death metal lyrics. Esham defined his style as analogous to \"modern day blues [or] heavy metal\". Rappers influenced by Esham include Insane Clown Posse, Eminem and Kid Rock. Esham Esham Attica Smith (born September 20, 1973), better known by his stage name Esham, is an American rapper from Detroit, Michigan. Emerging as one of the first ever hip-hop artists from Detroit, Esham released his debut studio album, \"Boomin' Words from Hell\" in 1989 at the age of 16. Since then, he has gone on to release 15 studio"
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"Intimate ion pair In chemistry the intimate ion pair concept introduced by Saul Winstein describes the interactions between a cation, anion and surrounding solvent molecules. In ordinary aqueous solutions of inorganic salts an ion is completely solvated and shielded from the counterion. In less polar solvents two ions can still be connected to some extent. In a \"tight\" or \"intimate\" or \"contact\" ion pair there are no solvent molecules between the two ions. When solvation increases, ionic bonding decreases and a \"loose\" or \"solvent-shared\" ion pair results. The ion pair concept explains stereochemistry in solvolysis. The concept of intimate ion pairs is used to explain the slight tendency for inversion of stereochemistry during an SN1 reaction. It is proposed that solvent or other ions in solution may assist in the removal of a leaving group to form a carbocation which reacts in an SN1 fashion; similarly, the leaving group may associate loosely with the cationic intermediate. The association of solvent or an ion with the leaving group effectively blocks one side of the incipient carbocation, while allowing the backside to be attacked by a nucleophile. This leads to a slight excess of the product with inverted stereochemistry, whereas a purely SN1 reaction should lead to a racemic product. Intimate ion pair In chemistry the intimate ion pair concept introduced by Saul Winstein describes the interactions between a cation, anion and surrounding solvent molecules. In ordinary aqueous solutions of inorganic salts an ion is completely solvated and shielded from the counterion. In less polar solvents two ions can still be connected to some extent. In a \"tight\" or \"intimate\" or \"contact\" ion pair there are no solvent molecules between the two ions. When solvation increases, ionic bonding decreases and a \"loose\" or \"solvent-shared\" ion pair results. The ion pair concept explains"
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"Pope Honorius I Pope Honorius I (died 12 October 638) was Pope from 27 October 625 to his death in 638. Honorius, according to the \"Liber Pontificalis\", came from Campania and was the son of the consul Petronius. He became pope two days after the death of his predecessor, Boniface V. The festival of the Elevation of the Cross is said to have been instituted during the pontificate of Honorius, which was marked also by considerable missionary enterprise. Much of this was centered on England, especially Wessex. He also succeeded in bringing the Irish Easter celebrations in line with the rest of the Catholic Church. Honorius became involved in early discussions regarding the doctrine of Monothelitism, which is the teaching that Christ has only one energy and one will, in contrast with the teaching that He has two energies and two wills, both human and divine. Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople wrote an initial letter informing Honorius of the Monothelite controversy, asking Honorius to endorse a position that Church unity should not be endangered by having any discussions or disputes over Christ’s possessing one energy or two. Sergius added that the doctrine of two energies could lead to the erroneous belief that Jesus has two conflicting wills. Pope Honorius’ reply in 635 endorsed this view that all discussions should cease, and agreed that Jesus does not have two conflicting wills, but one will, since Jesus did not assume the vitiated human nature tainted by Adam's fall, but human nature as it existed prior to Adam's fall. He was apparently aware of the rise of Islam and viewed this new religion's tenets as closely resembling those of Arius. More than forty years after his death, Honorius was anathematized by name along with the Monothelites by the Third Council of Constantinople (First Trullan) in 680. The anathema read, after mentioning the chief Monothelites, \"and with them Honorius, who was Prelate of Rome, as having followed them in all things\". Furthermore, the Acts of the Thirteenth Session of the Council state, \"And with these we define that there shall be expelled from the holy Church of God and anathematized Honorius who was some time Pope of Old Rome, because of what we found written by him to [Patriarch] Sergius, that in all respects he followed his view and confirmed his impious doctrines.\" The Sixteenth Session adds: \"To Theodore of Pharan, the heretic, anathema! To Sergius, the heretic, anathema! To Cyrus, the heretic, anathema! To Honorius, the heretic, anathema! To Pyrrhus, the heretic, anathema!\" However, Pope Leo II's letter of confirmation of the Council interprets the council as intending to criticize Honorius not for error of belief, but rather for \"imprudent economy of silence\". Leo's letter states: \"We anathematize the inventors of the new error, that is, Theodore, Sergius, ... and also Honorius, who did not attempt to sanctify this Apostolic Church with the teaching of Apostolic tradition, but by profane treachery permitted its purity to be polluted.\" The \"New Catholic Encyclopedia\" notes: \"It is in this sense of guilty negligence that the papacy ratified the condemnation of Honorius.\" Persons such as Cesare Baronio and Bellarmine have challenged accusations that Pope Honorius I taught heresy. This anathema against Honorius was later one of the main arguments against Papal infallibility in the discussions surrounding the First Vatican Council of 1870, where the episode was not ultimately regarded as contrary to the proposed dogma. This was because Honorius was not considered by the supporters of infallibility to be speaking \"ex cathedra\" in the letters in question and he was alleged to have never been condemned as a Monothelite, nor, asserted the proponents of infallibility, was he condemned for teaching heresy, but rather for gross negligence and a lax leadership at a time when his letters and guidance were in a position to quash the heresy at its roots. Historian Jaroslav Pelikan notes: \"It is evident, as Maximus noted in exoneration of Honorius, that his opposition to the idea of 'two wills' was based on the interpretation of 'two wills' as 'two contrary wills.' He did not mean that Christ was an incomplete human being, devoid of a human will, but that as a human being he did not have any action in his body nor any will in his soul that could be contrary to the action and will of God, that is, to the action and will of his own divine nature.\" Original text taken from a paper copy of the 9th edition \"Encyclopædia Britannica\" (1881) and the Catholic Encyclopedia Pope Honorius I Pope Honorius I (died 12 October 638) was Pope from 27 October 625 to his death in 638. Honorius, according to the \"Liber Pontificalis\", came from Campania and was the son of the consul Petronius. He became pope two days after the"
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{
"retrieved": [
"Pristimantis esmeraldas Pristimantis esmeraldas is a species of frogs in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in northeastern Ecuador in Esmeraldas and Manabí Provinces and in Valle del Cauca Department in Colombia. Males measure and females in snout–vent length. Dorsal skin is slightly granular. Flanks are slightly granulated with some tubercles in most males and females. Venter is finely warted. There are no gular or dorsolateral folds. Fecundity is low, 6–10 eggs based on two females. The species' natural habitat is evergreen lowland tropical forest. The Colombian record is based on two females collected from a forest, perching in vegetation some 1.7 m above ground. \"Pristimantis esmeraldas\" is likely impacted by habitat loss caused by smallholder farming and subsistence wood extraction. Pristimantis esmeraldas Pristimantis esmeraldas is a species of frogs in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in northeastern Ecuador in Esmeraldas and Manabí Provinces and in Valle del Cauca Department in Colombia. Males measure and females in snout–vent length. Dorsal skin is slightly granular. Flanks are slightly granulated with some tubercles in most males and females. Venter is finely warted. There are no gular or dorsolateral folds. Fecundity is low, 6–10 eggs based on two females. The species' natural"
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{
"retrieved": [
"Tages (band) Tages was a Swedish rock and roll/psychedelic/folk band formed in the early sixties near Gothenburg. The band released a number of singles and LPs in their native Sweden to considerable success, making the Swedish Top Ten more than a dozen times. Though remembered as one of the finest non-English speaking bands of the 1960s, they failed to ever really break into the US or UK markets. Tages also produced one of the world's first psychedelic albums, named \"Extra Extra\" in 1966. Their next goal was to create a style of pop music that was totally Swedish. To accomplish this they learned traditional Swedish folk music, and based their pop compositions on that. After this, they produced their fifth and last album, \"Studio\", in Abbey Road Studio 1967. This album is sometimes referred to as \"The Sgt Pepper Of Sweden\", not because it sounds like The Beatles but because it is a very original musical experiment. In 1968 the band released the single \"Fantasy Island\", which was followed up by their last single, \"Halcyon Days\". Several band members went on to form Blond, a short-lived pop band that released one LP in US before disbanding in 1970. Tages (band)"
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{
"retrieved": [
"Piping Live! Festival The Piping Live! Festival (a.k.a. Piping Hot Festival) is an annual bagpiping event held in Glasgow by the National Piping Centre. The festival was created in 2003 and occurs on the run-up to the World Pipe Band Championships. It is estimated that the festival alone adds £12 million to Scotland's tourism revenue and it is the largest bagpipe festival in the world. The festival is always opened with performances in the Royal Concert Hall by musicians including The National Youth Pipe Band of Scotland. The festival itself consists of over 150 individual events including free classes, concerts and ceilidhs throughout the week. The festival also has its own \"Canada Day\" to celebrate the multitude of Canadian Grade I bands who participate in the Championships. The Piping Centre also produces and releases albums around the festival, such as Seudan by the band of the same name in 2011. The festival won Event of The Year at the Scottish Traditional Music Awards in 2008 and in 2010 Eve Muirhead was named the festival's ambassador in an effort to reach out to a younger audience. The event is directed by Roddy MacLeod. Piping Live! Festival The Piping Live! Festival (a.k.a."
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{
"retrieved": [
"Jinnah Medical and Dental College Jinnah Medical and Dental College ( or JMDC) was established in 1998 in Karachi, Sindh Pakistan. It is located in the heart of Karachi on Shaheed-e-Millat Road. The first batch of doctors and dentists graduated from JMDC in 2003 and 2004 whereas first batch of pharmacy graduated in 2009. The college is affiliated with the University of Karachi, which awards MBBS, BDS and pharm-D degrees to its graduates. Graduates from JMDC are eligible to sit for foreign qualifying examinations such as USMLE (ECFMG) and PLAB. To date, JMDC students have earned over 578 distinctions in MBBS subjects and over 348 distinctions in BDS subjects on the Professional Examinations conducted by the University of Karachi. It is also recognized by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council. S.M.Sohail Trust is named after a legal luminary of Karachi, who was an active participant in the freedom movement as President of Provincial Muslim League and also President of Bihar Relief Fund. After 1947, he became Secretary of the Pakistan Bar Council, founding Managing Director of Karachi Co-operative Housing Union and Chairman Public Accounts Committee of West Pakistan Assembly. He was an ardent advocate of education and founded Sharfabad English School. His son, Professor Dr. Syed Tariq Sohail, an eminent Psychiatrist, Educationist and Civil Society Activist, inherited Mr. S. M. Sohail’s passion for education. He established the S.M. Sohail Trust in 1996, which owns Jinnah Medical and Dental College and the attached teaching Hospitals: Jinnah Medical College Hospital, Medicare Dental Hospital and Medicare Heart and General. The decision taken by the Trust to establish a new medical college was based on its desire to raise the standards of medical education in Pakistan. Conscious that a high level of professional competence has to be attained by medical students, the Trust planned a system of instruction in which the emphasis is on interactive, small group tutorials, problem-based and community-based learning, relevant to our particular culture. As the world is shrinking rapidly, Jinnah Medical and Dental College students are encouraged to keep abreast of the latest developments in the medical sciences. Other vital aspects of education, too often ignored by medical educationists are emphasized to include communication skills, language skills and courses in humanities. As part of the curriculum, students will also be trained to write and speak effectively, giving them the confidence to pursue graduate studies and participate effectively in seminars and conferences at national and international levels. The College desires its students to develop leadership qualities and a team spirit. The strategy for fulfilling this Mission is based on student-teacher interaction, community-based instruction, and further support in the form of a good library, audio-visual aids, skills laboratory, computer-assisted learning and an active humanities department. Graduates are eligible for USMLE, PLAB and other licensing examinations. Jinnah Medical and Dental College Jinnah Medical and Dental College ( or JMDC) was established in 1998 in Karachi, Sindh Pakistan. It is located in the heart of Karachi on Shaheed-e-Millat Road. The first batch of doctors"
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{
"retrieved": [
"Stock exchanges in Ukraine Stock exchanges in Ukraine are less common type of exchange than commodity market and are the youngest. Stock exchanges really surfaced by the end of the 1990s, but it was not until the Orange Revolution when stock market in Ukraine showed a noticeable growth. Number of stock exchanges in Ukraine belong to Russian owners. According to the classification of Standard and Poor's, the securities market in Ukraine is defined as the \"Frontier Market\" (see Credit rating). The class includes some 20 countries across the globe, among which are several neighbors of Ukraine (most of them member of the European Union such as Romania, Bulgaria, Baltic states and others. In 2011 the Standard & Poor's gave Ukraine the lowest investment grade of B along with such countries as Belarus, Bosnia and Albania. The biggest stock exchange that proved itself well in 2005 was the PFTS Stock Exchange. It is also recognized as one by the S&P. Based in Kiev, in 2005 the stock exchange owned some 86% of market contracts in Ukraine. In 2011 the National Rating Agency of Ukraine \"Rurik\" composed an analytic review of stock market in Ukraine based on the report of the National Commission on Securities and Exchange \"Ukrainian stock market in 2011: confidence, stability and growth\" (). According to the review 98% of all contracts are concentrated at three stock exchanges of Ukraine: PFTS, Perspective, and Ukrainian Exchange (UX). And if in 2010 PFTS owned almost 50% of all trading, 2011 it yielded the some volume of trading to Perspective and UX yet still staying as a leading stock exchange in the country. The first stock exchange was Ukrainian Stock Exchange created in 1991 with the help of $5 million grant from the French government. The same year parliament adopted the Law of Ukraine \"About securities and stock exchange\". In 1994 the Presidential Ukase \"About investment funds and investment companies\". Next year there was established the State Commission in securities and stock market that sets regulations on securities trading (similar to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission). In 1996 there was created electronic trade system, PFTS. Next year the private sector established a common depositary \"Inter-regional Stock Union\". Stock exchanges in Ukraine Stock exchanges in Ukraine are less common type of exchange than commodity market and are the youngest. Stock exchanges really surfaced by the end of the 1990s, but it was not"
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{
"retrieved": [
"MV Hebrides MV \"Hebrides\" is a ferry owned by Caledonian Maritime Assets Limited and operated by Caledonian MacBrayne from Uig to Lochmaddy and Tarbert, the main settlements of North Uist and Harris respectively. The present MV \"Hebrides\" revived a traditional name on the \"Uig Triangle\" and is the third vessel in the CalMac fleet to have borne that name over the years. She carries the bell of the first (an 1898 steamer) which also graced the second \"\"Heb\"\" (1964). The 1964 ship was MacBrayne's first car ferry and very much a favourite, which for twenty years also sailed from Uig, Skye. Following successful sea trials on the Clyde in early 2001, the \"Hebrides\" made her way round to Uig, Tarbert and Lochmaddy, where she conducted berthing trials at the three linkspans. Uig and Tarbert piers had to be specially extended to accommodate this new larger vessel. On entry into service on 24 March 2001 she displaced the to Islay. Her service speed is , which cuts the crossing times to around 100 minutes and allows three return trips per day. There were no Sunday sailings to or from Tarbert, so the \"Hebrides\" concentrated on serving Lochmaddy on North Uist. The ratio of crossings is something like 2:1 in favour of North Uist. Having the at Stornoway (serving Lewis and Harris), and in 2003 the introduction of the new (making inter-island access easier) have encouraged this trend. \"Hebrides\" brought with her the highest level of passenger comfort ever seen in the fleet. Despite a passenger certificate for around 600, she never feels crowded. Only at peak times does she need to use her mezzanine car deck for extra cars. With a ship of this size on permanent station at Uig, future increases in demand can be met for many years. \"Hebrides\" is due to be replaced on the Uig Triangle in spring 2020 by a new ferry (Hull 802) being built at Ferguson Marine Engineering at Port Glasgow on the Clyde. The new ferry will be named by online vote and is one of two identical sister-ships: will enter service alongside on the Ardrossan-Brodick ferry crossing in 2019. \"Hebrides\" may then serve the Oban-Craignure ferry crossing in summer 2021, and serve alongside . MV \"Hebrides\"' design is very similar to that of her half-sister, of 1998. There is an increased amount of open deck space, the majority of it being covered. She was the first vessel of the fleet to be equipped with a Marine Evacuation System of inflatable chutes leading to large liferafts in place of conventional lifeboats. Following simulations and the success of the \"Clansman’s\" design, her hull incorporates fewer gaps for water to escape from the car deck. The \"Hebrides\" loads vehicles via a stern ramp at Uig and through her bow at the two Outer Isles ports. Like the \"Clansman\", she has an open stern, allowing her to carry hazardous goods whilst still carrying foot passengers. The car deck has room for approximately 80 cars. A mezzanine deck on the starboard side can be raised or lowered to allow loading of eighteen more cars. The entrance lobby has the shop and information desk. Forward are a lounge and Mariners Cafeteria at the bow. Aft is the Chieftain Bar and open deck area. On the deck above are an observation lounge at the bow, crew accommodation and further open deck. MV \"Hebrides\" is normally found sailing from Uig on Skye to Tarbert and Lochmaddy, and rarely sailed anywhere else in her early service life. One notable exception was during closure of the Uig linkspan, when she sailed from Ullapool for a week or so. At the time she was in company with which was relieving on the Ullapool crossing. Similarly, when the linkspan at Lochmaddy was closed for repairs, \"Hebrides\" used the facilities at Lochboisdale in South Uist. During the spring of 2007 the ship was converted to burn oil, and was trialled on the Oban to Coll, Tiree and Barra and South Uist services. Her sister, \"Clansman\", soon returned, and \"Hebrides\" spent another five years never deviating from her route except for her annual overhaul, which was usually done either at Greenock, Aberdeen, Leith or Birkenhead. In August 2012, CalMac announced that \"Hebrides\" was to be the main relief vessel for the next winter, a role which had usually been assigned to her sister . The Islay ferry was chosen as \"Hebrides\"' replacement at Uig, Lochmaddy and Tarbert from 1 December. In December 2012, \"Hebrides\" relieved on the Oban to Craignure and Colonsay services, as well as running extra services to Coll, Tiree, Barra and South Uist over the festive season. In January 2013, \"Hebrides\" relieved on the Ardrossan to Brodick service, and in February relieved on the Ullapool to Stornoway service. \"Hebrides\" then relieved on the Outer Isles services in March, before finally returning to the Uig, Lochmaddy & Tarbert triangle after her own overhaul, before the summer timetable started in March 2013. In October 2013, she made an unexpected return to Stornoway to relieve the broken-down , which went into drydock for propeller shaft problems. In July 2015, this situation was reversed, when \"Hebrides\" suffered a breakdown leading to her visiting Stornoway for repairs for two days, with \"Isle of Lewis\" taking over her Uig, Lochmaddy & Tarbert triangle until she was repaired. \"Hebrides\" became a relief vessel for January and February 2016, with her regular duties being covered by and . \"Hebrides\" was granted special dispensation by the MCA to continue operating after her passenger safety certificate ran out in 2018. Her annual overhaul had been delayed while she deputised for , whose propulsion system had been damaged on entering dry dock. In September 2018, \"Hebrides\" operated to Stornoway whilst the pier at Tarbert was occupied by the damaged Norwegian freighter \"Fame\". \"Hebrides\" collided with pontoons and then ran aground at Lochmaddy on 25 September 2016, after apparently suffering engine difficulties. It was reported that the vessel became stuck in forward gear and remained in gear after running aground. The vessel later managed to dock and disembark the passengers and vehicles aboard. Calmac reported that the hull was intact and that divers were en route to inspect the damage. Following inspection, \"Hebrides\" was moved to Greenock for drydocking and repairs. Meanwhile \"Clansman\" was transferred to Uig to take over the route, with \"Isle of Lewis\" providing an additional sailing from Lochmaddy to Uig to clear the backlog of traffic. \"Hebrides\" returned to service on 17 October 2016. MV Hebrides MV \"Hebrides\" is a ferry owned by Caledonian Maritime Assets Limited and operated by Caledonian"
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{
"retrieved": [
"The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup is a compilation album with various artists, released in 2002 by Sony Music Entertainment Japan as the official album for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan. It was also released under the name Fever Pitch: The Official 2002 FIFA World Cup. The album spawned the single \"We're on the Ball\" by Ant & Dec. The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup: Korea/Japan Edition is an edition featuring Korean and Japanese musicians called \"Songs of Korea/Japan\" was also released, which was a commercial success in Japan. It was certified platinum for 200,000 copies shipped to stores by the RIAJ. The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup is a compilation album with various artists, released in 2002 by Sony Music Entertainment Japan as the official album for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan. It was also released under the name Fever Pitch: The Official 2002 FIFA World Cup. The album spawned the single \"We're on the Ball\" by Ant & Dec. The Official"
]
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{
"retrieved": [
"SAR-Lupe SAR-Lupe is Germany's first reconnaissance satellite system and is used for military purposes. SAR is an abbreviation for synthetic aperture radar and \"Lupe\" is German for magnifying glass. The SAR-Lupe program consists of five identical (770 kg) satellites, developed by the German aeronautics company OHB-System which are controlled by a ground station which is responsible for controlling the system and analysing the retrieved data. A large data archive of images will be kept in a former Cold War bunker belonging to the \"Kommando Strategische Aufklärung\" (Strategic Reconnaissance Command) of the Bundeswehr. SAR-Lupe's \"high-resolution\" images can be acquired day or night through all weather conditions. The first satellite was launched from Plesetsk in Russia on 19 December 2006, about a year after the intended launch date; four more satellites were launched at roughly six-month intervals, and the entire system achieved full operational readiness on 22 July 2008. The five satellites operate in three 500-kilometre orbits in planes roughly sixty degrees apart. They use an X-band radar with a three-metre dish, providing a resolution of about 50 centimetres over a frame size of 5.5 km on a side ('spotlight mode', in which the satellite rotates to keep the dish pointed at a single target) or about one metre over a frame size of 8 km x 60 km ('stripmap mode', in which the satellite maintains a fixed orientation over the earth and the radar image is formed simply by the satellite's motion along its orbit). Response time for imaging of a given area is ten hours or less. Thales Alenia Space provided the core of the Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors. The testing of SAR-Lupe involved an inverse procedure, in which the satellite, mounted in a radome on Earth, was used to image the International Space Station, whose orbit is reasonably close to the one the satellite will eventually be in. One-metre resolution at the ISS was apparently achieved. On 30 July 2002 a cooperation treaty between Germany and France was signed, under which the SAR-Lupe satellites and the French Helios optical reconnaissance satellite will operate jointly. Other EU countries have been invited to join as well and Italy has shown considerable interest. A replacement of SAR-LUPE, called SARah, will be put into service from 2017-2019. It will consist of 3 radar satellites and one optical satellite. The satellites of SARah will be bigger and more capable than those of SAR-Lupe. SARah-1, a phased-array-antenna satellite, and SARah-2 and 3, passive-antenna synthetic aperture radars, are planned to be launched on Falcon 9 sometime in 2019 and 2020. SAR-Lupe SAR-Lupe is Germany's first reconnaissance satellite system and is used for military purposes. SAR is an abbreviation for synthetic aperture radar and \"Lupe\" is German for magnifying glass. The SAR-Lupe program consists of five identical (770 kg) satellites, developed by the German aeronautics company OHB-System which are controlled by a ground station which is responsible for controlling the system and analysing the retrieved data. A large data archive of images will be kept in a"
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{
"retrieved": [
"FC Fleury 91 (women) FC Fleury 91 Cœur d'Essonne is a French women's football club based in Fleury-Mérogis. The club is the female section of Championnat National 2 men's club FC Fleury 91. The club was originally founded in 2003 as FCF Val d'Orge, but was then renamed in 2017 after joining with the men's club. They currently play in the Division 1 Féminine, the first division of women's football in France. They have played in this league since 2017. The club was founded in 2003 initially to train two teams of young female players. The next season, they fused with a senior team. In 2006, the senior team reached the Division d'Honneur. In 2012, they were promoted to Division 2 in 2012. In 2017, after winning the Division 2 season, then-FCF Val d'Orge was promoted to Division 1 Féminine. The club then joined with FC Fleury 91 and was renamed. FC Fleury 91 (women) FC Fleury 91 Cœur d'Essonne is a French women's football club based in Fleury-Mérogis. The club is the female section of Championnat National 2 men's club FC Fleury 91. The club was originally founded in 2003 as FCF Val d'Orge, but was then renamed in"
]
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