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mgor

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acf-co24-bonuses

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[ { "answer": "free verse [or verse libre]", "answer_primary": "free verse", "clean_answers": [ "verse libre", "free verse" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What poetic style was eschewed by the New Formalists? Robert Frost supposedly compared it to “playing tennis without a net” since it features non-metrical, non-rhyming lines.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "formal feelings [accept “After great pain, a formal feeling comes –” or A Formal Feeling Comes: Poems in Form by Contemporary Women]", "answer_primary": "formal feelings", "clean_answers": [ "Feeling", "formal feelings", "A Formal Feeling Comes: Poems in Form by Contemporary Women", "feeling", "After great pain, a formal feeling comes –" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Annie Finch, who wrote about the “metrical code” of free verse, collected formalist poetry by women in a book titled for this sort of thing. An Emily Dickinson poem notes how “after great pain,” a “formal” one of these things comes.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision” [or “Writing as Re-Vision”] (by Adrienne Rich)", "answer_primary": "“When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision”", "clean_answers": [ "When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision", "Writing as Re-Vision", "When We Dead Awaken" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "by Adrienne Rich", "number": 3, "part": "This lecture compares the author’s youthful formalism to “asbestos gloves” that let her handle materials she “couldn’t pick up barehanded.” This lecture casts “seeing with fresh eyes” as an “act of survival” for women poets.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Sikhism [or Sikhi; accept the Khalsa]", "answer_primary": "Sikhism", "clean_answers": [ "Sikh", "the Khalsa", "Sikhi", "Sikhism", "Khalsa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this religion in which women take a last name meaning “princess,” Kaur.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "3HO [or Healthy, Happy, OR Holy; or Sikh Dharma Brotherhood]", "answer_primary": "3HO", "clean_answers": [ "Sikh Dharma", "Healthy Happy Holy", "Healthy", "Holy", "Healthy, Happy, OR Holy", "Happy", "Sikh Dharma Brotherhood", "3HO" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Sikh women can serve in the panj pyare under this sect, which has converted the majority of the US’s non-Punjabi gora Sikhs and operates brands like Yogi Tea. You may give its name or any of the three English adjectives it is popularly known by.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "biographies of Guru Nanak [accept lives, hagiographies, or life stories in place of “biographies”; prompt on biographies, lives, or hagiographies; prompt on biographies, lives, or hagiographies of gurus by asking “of which guru?”]", "answer_primary": "biographies of Guru Nanak", "clean_answers": [ "life stories in place of biographies", "biographies of Guru Nanak", "live hagiographies", "biographies", "lives, hagiographies,", "Nanak", "live", "biographies Nanak", "hagiographies", "stories" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Description acceptable. Women like Mata Tripta and the Muslim midwife Daultan appear in these Sikh texts. The musician Mardana is turned into a sheep after wandering into a kingdom ruled by women in one of the episodes of these texts, which are called janamsakhis.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "breeches [or knee-breeches; accept breeching ceremony, Breeches Bible, or breeches roles]", "answer_primary": "breeches", "clean_answers": [ "breech Breech", "breech", "breeches roles", "breeches", "knee-breeches", "breeching ceremony, Breeches Bible,", "Breech" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What clothing items name a ceremony in which boys between 4 and 7 stopped wearing posture-fixing stays and gowns? Like trousers, these fitted, knee-length pants give their name to cross-dressing operatic “roles.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "shifts [or chemises; prompt on smocks]", "answer_primary": "shifts", "clean_answers": [ "chemise", "chemises", "shift", "shifts" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Unbreeched children and women wore this plain garment under their stays. Typically made of white linen, it was worn to sleep as a nightgown and kept on as the undermost garment during the day.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Pope Night [or Pope’s Night]", "answer_primary": "Pope Night", "clean_answers": [ "Pope Night", "Pope’s Night", "Pope" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Dress-wearing, tar-covered boys flouted clothing norms during this colonial American holiday that grew out of Guy Fawkes Day. In Boston, North Enders and South Enders battled for the right to burn the effigy of this holiday’s title figure.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Diane Keaton [prompt on Diane Hall]", "answer_primary": "Diane Keaton", "clean_answers": [ "Keaton", "Diane Keaton" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "In the film Interiors, this actress played a New York poet who clashes with her sisters after their parents’ divorce. This actress denied that her title role in the 1979 comedy Annie Hall was autobiographical.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Girlfriends", "answer_primary": "Girlfriends", "clean_answers": [ "Girlfriends" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In this indie film admired by Stanley Kubrick, a Jewish photographer lives alone in the Upper West Side after her roommate’s marriage. This Claudia Weill film is often cited as inspiring the female bond central to Frances Ha.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "paintings [or portraits; accept Portrait of a Lady on Fire or Portrait de la jeune fille en feu; prompt on artworks]", "answer_primary": "paintings", "clean_answers": [ "portraits", "Portrait de la jeune fille en feu", "Portrait of a Lady on Fire", "painting", "Portrait", "portrait", "paintings" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Paul Mazursky’s An Unmarried Woman ends with the title character carrying one of these objects on a SoHo street. A film titled for this sort of object, whose score includes an all-female a cappella chant of Latin phrases like “fugere non possum,” ends at a concert of Vivaldi’s Four Seasons.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Critical Inquiry", "answer_primary": "Critical Inquiry", "clean_answers": [ "Critical Inquiry" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this leading journal on theory that, from 1978 to 2020, was edited by W. J. T. Mitchell. This journal helped bring postcolonial studies to mainstream American academia with a 1985 issue on race.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "University of Chicago", "answer_primary": "University of Chicago", "clean_answers": [ "Chicago", "University of Chicago" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Critical Inquiry is published by this university, which hosted Ricoeur’s symposium on metaphor. Robert Pippin and Agnes Callard are leading public intellectuals in the philosophy department of this university.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "rhetoric [or The Rhetoric of Fiction or A Rhetoric of Motives]", "answer_primary": "rhetoric", "clean_answers": [ "The Rhetoric of Fiction", "A Rhetoric of Motives", "rhetoric", "Rhetoric" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In Critical Inquiry, Wayne Booth framed “Metaphor as” this phenomenon, which partly titles the book in which he introduced the term “unreliable narrator.” “Identification” underlies this phenomenon according to a book by Kenneth Burke.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "SETI [or search for extraterrestrial intelligence; prompt on search for extraterrestrial life; prompt on descriptions of looking for alien life]", "answer_primary": "SETI", "clean_answers": [ "SETI", "search for extraterrestrial intelligence" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this research initiative that is known by a four-letter acronym. The lack of evidence obtained by this initiative is known as the Fermi paradox.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "water hole", "answer_primary": "water hole", "clean_answers": [ "water hole" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "While some SETI projects have observed at so-called “magic frequencies,” most SETI searches have focused on this spectral band between the 21-centimeter line and an 18-centimeter line corresponding to radiation from interstellar hydroxyl radicals.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "VLBI [or very-long-baseline interferometry; prompt on interferometry]", "answer_primary": "VLBI", "clean_answers": [ "very-long-baseline interferometry", "VLBI" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This experimental technique has not been used by any major SETI project, despite its ability to screen out terrestrial interference. This technique constructs a visibility function by correlating the observations from multiple radio telescopes that are kilometers apart.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "“God speed the plough” [accept Speed the Plough]", "answer_primary": "“God speed the plough”", "clean_answers": [ "speed the plough", "God speed the plough", "Speed the Plough" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this phrase that titles a 1798 comedy by Thomas Morton, whose prudish, unseen character Mrs. Grundy inspired the goddess Ydgrun in Samuel Butler’s novel Erewhon and the term “grundyism.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "recruiting officers [or recruiting sergeants; accept The Recruiting Officer or Recruiting Sergeant Plays; prompt on officers, sergeants, or other synonyms of army or military personnel]", "answer_primary": "recruiting officers", "clean_answers": [ "recruiting", "recruiting sergeants", "The Recruiting Officer", "Recruiting Sergeant Plays", "recruiting officers", "Recruiting" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Revelers seeking to “speed the plough” on Plough Monday put on a type of play named for this job, whose holder lures away the Farmer’s Man. Plume and Brazen have this title job in a George Farquhar play.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "weather [accept synonyms of climate; accept more specific answers like rain or thunder; accept The Play of the Weather]", "answer_primary": "weather", "clean_answers": [ "rain", "synonyms of climate", "thunder", "more specific answers like rain", "climate", "Weather", "weather", "The Play of the Weather" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The “water-miller” cites tasks like plowing in an early Tudor “interlude” by John Heywood titled for this phenomenon. The Globe Theater simulated one type of this general phenomenon by rolling cannonballs in the “heavens.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "gastrointestinal stromal tumors [or GISTs] (DOG1 stands for “discovered-on-GIST-1.”)", "answer_primary": "gastrointestinal stromal tumors", "clean_answers": [ "GIST", "gastrointestinal stromal tumors", "gastrointestinal stromal tumor", "GISTs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "DOG1 stands for “discovered-on-GIST-1.”", "number": 1, "part": "Name these mesenchymal neoplasms believed to arise from interstitial cells of Cajal. Almost 90 percent of all patients with these tumors have mutations in CD117, or c-KIT.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "imatinib [accept Gleevec or Glivec or imatinib mesylate]", "answer_primary": "imatinib", "clean_answers": [ "Glivec", "Gleevec", "imatinib", "imatinib mesylate" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Because of the similarity between the c-KIT receptor and Abelson’s kinase, GIST patients frequently receive this tyrosine kinase inhibitor after surgery. This drug was developed by Novartis for treating Philadelphia-chromosome-positive leukemia patients.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "platelets [accept platelet-derived growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor receptor; prompt on PDGF or PDGFRa]", "answer_primary": "platelets", "clean_answers": [ "platelet-derived growth factor receptor", "platelets", "platelet-derived growth factor", "platelet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Beyond the c-KIT receptor, imatinib also disrupts activity of a family of growth factors named for these small cells. Those growth factors are synthesized in the alpha granules of these cells alongside proteins like von Willebrand factor.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "clowns [or jesters or fools]", "answer_primary": "clowns", "clean_answers": [ "jester", "fool", "fools", "clowns", "clown", "jesters" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this profession of Stańczyk, the subject of another painting by Jan Matejko in which he sits wearily in a chair with interlaced fingers.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "astronomers (The Matejko work is Astronomer Copernicus.)", "answer_primary": "astronomers", "clean_answers": [ "astronomer", "astronomers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The Matejko work is Astronomer Copernicus.", "number": 2, "part": "Matejko painted a person in this profession on a balcony amidst a Conversation with God. Vermeer’s The Geographer is often paired with another of his paintings in which a member of this title profession holds their hand over a globe.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Maurycy Gottlieb", "answer_primary": "Maurycy Gottlieb", "clean_answers": [ "Gottlieb", "Maurycy Gottlieb" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Despite promising to do so, Matejko did not finish Christ Preaching at Capernaum by this student of his. This artist of Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur died aged 23, but still earned the moniker “father of Jewish art.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Louise [accept Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie, Louise Aston, Louise Otto-Peters, or Louise Michel]", "answer_primary": "Louise", "clean_answers": [ "Louise Luise Louise Louise", "Louise Michel", "Luise", "Louise" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this name of Frederick William III’s wife, who met with Napoleon at Tilsit. 19th-century feminists of this name include Aston, Otto-Peters, and a “Red Virgin” communard who was exiled to New Caledonia.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "islands [or Insel; accept Peacock Island, Museum Island, Pfaueninsel, or Museumsinsel]", "answer_primary": "islands", "clean_answers": [ "Island", "islands", "Peacock Island, Museum Island, Pfaueninsel,", "Museumsinsel", "insel", "Island Island insel", "island", "Insel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Queen Louise’s “shrine” stands on one of these places named for its peacocks. Another of these places in Berlin is named for its museums, such as the one Wilhelm II built for the Pergamon Altar.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Büchner family", "answer_primary": "Büchner family", "clean_answers": [ "Büchner family", "Büchner" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A Louise from this family wrote Women and Their Vocation in 1855. This family included a freethinker who formed a trinity of German materialists with Vogt and Moleschott, and a socialist who called for “peace to the huts, war on the palaces!” in the pamphlet The Hessian Courier.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "plant blindness [or plant awareness disparity; or PED]", "answer_primary": "plant blindness", "clean_answers": [ "plant blindness", "plant awareness disparity", "PED" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this cognitive bias, a type of zoochauvinism that James Wandersee and Elizabeth Schussler theorized in the 1990s based on “attentional blink” studies.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "great chain of being [or ladder of being; or scala naturae; prompt on great chain]", "answer_primary": "great chain of being", "clean_answers": [ "ladder of being", "scala naturae", "great chain of being" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Calvo’s book Planta Sapiens associates the origins of plant blindness with this idea. An intellectual history by Arthur Lovejoy studies this hierarchical structure of life forms from ancient and medieval thought.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "semiotics [accept biosemiotics or semiosphere]", "answer_primary": "semiotics", "clean_answers": [ "biosemiotics", "semiotic", "semiosphere", "semiotics" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Theorists of the “bio” form of this field use Thomas Sebeok’s and Jakob von Uexküll’s work to analyze plant intelligence in terms of sensory realms called umwelt. This field’s “sphere” was theorized by its Moscow–Tartu School under Yuri Lotman.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "pandemonium architecture", "answer_primary": "pandemonium architecture", "clean_answers": [ "pandemonium", "pandemonium architecture" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this model proposed in 1958 that involves a “decision demon” that selects the largest output produced by inferior “cognitive demons.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "features [or feature integration theory]", "answer_primary": "features", "clean_answers": [ "feature integration theory", "features", "feature" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The second of the four stages in the pandemonium model consists of demons that respond to these pieces of information. These things name a theory of attention proposed by Anne Treisman in which they are processed automatically before being integrated into a “saliency map.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "frogs", "answer_primary": "frogs", "clean_answers": [ "frog", "frogs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The pandemonium model was influenced by work done by Jerry Lettvin and Humberto Maturana on visual perception in these animals. 19th-century psychologists studied the response of these animals to boiling water.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "tin [or stannum; or Sn]", "answer_primary": "tin", "clean_answers": [ "stannum", "Sn", "tin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What good gave its name to the Cassiterides, an archipelago sometimes identified with the Isles of Scilly? After supplies in Hispania were depleted, Roman trade networks for this good expanded in Cornwall.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Marcus Licinius Crassus Triumvir ", "answer_primary": "Marcus Licinius Crassus Triumvir", "clean_answers": [ "Crassus", "Marcus Licinius Crassus Triumvir" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Per Strabo, either this man’s father or son led an expedition to find the sources of tin in the 1st century BCE. This man established a corrupt private force whose function Augustus later replaced with the vigiles.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Veneti", "answer_primary": "Veneti", "clean_answers": [ "Veneti" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In the Gallic Wars, Crassus’s son sent an embassy to Darioritum, the capital of this tribe that controlled the tin trade off Brittany’s coast. Forces of Decimus Brutus beat this Armorican tribe’s fleet by cutting their rigging with long billhooks.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Anton Chekhov", "answer_primary": "Anton Chekhov", "clean_answers": [ "Anton Chekhov", "Chekhov" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this author whose letters to Aleksey Suvorin claim that the writer’s task is to state problems correctly, not solve them. This author drew on his medical background in stories like “Ward No. 6.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "stealing horses [accept horse-stealers or horse thieves; prompt on stealing or thievery] (The novel is Out Stealing Horses by Per Petterson.)", "answer_primary": "stealing horses", "clean_answers": [ "horse", "horse-steal", "horse thieves", "stealing horses", "steal horse", "steal", "horse-stealers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The novel is Out Stealing Horses by Per Petterson.", "number": 2, "part": "A Chekhov letter decries people who’d have him state that this crime is evil, though that’s “been known for ages without my saying so.” This crime titles a 2003 novel in which Trond accidentally shoots his twin brother.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“Gusev”", "answer_primary": "“Gusev”", "clean_answers": [ "Gusev" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A Chekhov letter written during his return from Sakhalin recounts the sea burial that inspired this story. This story about the death of the title soldier is praised in Virginia Woolf’s essay “Modern Fiction.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "manganese nodules [or polymetallic nodules; accept ferromanganese nodules]", "answer_primary": "manganese nodules", "clean_answers": [ "manganese nodules", "polymetallic nodules", "ferromanganese nodules", "ferromanganese", "manganese", "polymetallic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these deep-sea “nodules” that may form hydrogenously, when metals precipitate out of seawater around a nucleus. These nodules are typically named after the transition metal that makes up most of their composition.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "diagenesis", "answer_primary": "diagenesis", "clean_answers": [ "diagenesis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In addition to hydrogenous growth, manganese nodules may grow through a process of this name. In general, this process results in the conversion of sediment into sedimentary rock.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Clarion-Clipperton Zone [or Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone or CCZ]", "answer_primary": "Clarion-Clipperton Zone", "clean_answers": [ "Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone", "CCZ", "Clarion-Clipperton Zone", "Clarion-Clipperton" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The majority of the world’s manganese nodules are found in this northeast Pacific region, the subject of the ABYSSLINE project led by Diva Amon. A 2023 study estimated that 92 percent of the species in this region are new to science.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Santa Fe, New Mexico [accept Santa Fe Opera, Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival, or Santa Fe Songs]", "answer_primary": "Santa Fe, New Mexico", "clean_answers": [ "Santa Fe Santa Fe", "Santa Fe, New Mexico", "Santa Fe Songs", "Santa Fe", "Santa Fe Opera, Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival," ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What city’s opera company, founded by John Crosby, performed The Rake’s Progress, Oedipus Rex, and The Nightingale in its first 5 seasons? Its chamber music festival commissioned Ned Rorem’s song cycle based on poems by Witter Bynner and performs at the Moorish-inspired Lensic Theater.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Igor Stravinsky", "answer_primary": "Igor Stravinsky", "clean_answers": [ "Igor Stravinsky", "Stravinsky" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Robert Craft conducted Santa Fe Opera’s premiere of this composer’s serialist musical play The Flood. Crosby convinced this composer to conduct The Nightingale on his 80th birthday in Santa Fe, where he also conducted his Mass, Threni, and Symphony of Psalms.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Steve Jobs [accept The (R)evolution of Steve Jobs]", "answer_primary": "Steve Jobs", "clean_answers": [ "Steve Jobs", "Jobs", "The (R)evolution of Steve Jobs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Santa Fe Opera premiered Mason Bates’s opera about “the (r)evolution of” this founder, which incorporates electronica and guitar and won a 2019 Grammy. Kōbun advised this writer of the anti-DRM open letter “Thoughts on Music” who popularized the liberating slogan “Rip. Mix. Burn.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Charrúa [accept garra charrúa; prompt on pámpidos] (The massacre is the Salsipuedes massacre.)", "answer_primary": "Charrúa", "clean_answers": [ "garra charrúa", "charrúa", "Charrúa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The massacre is the Salsipuedes massacre.", "number": 1, "part": "Name these people massacred in 1831 at a site meaning “get out if you can.” Modern citizens of the country whose government eradicated these people often use their name patriotically in honor of their tenacity, or “garra.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Fructuoso Rivera [or José Fructuoso Rivera y Toscana]", "answer_primary": "Fructuoso Rivera", "clean_answers": [ "José Fructuoso Rivera y Toscana", "Rivera", "Fructuoso Rivera" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Charrúa genocide was orchestrated by this first president of Uruguay. This founder of the Colorado Party faced off with the Blanco Party of the rival caudillo Manuel Oribe in the Guerra Grande.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Guaraní [accept Guaraní-Kaiowá or Ñandeva or Chawuncu or Chiriguano or Simba Guaraní or Ava Guaraní; accept Guaraní War; prompt on Tupí–Guaraní]", "answer_primary": "Guaraní", "clean_answers": [ "Guaraní War", "Guaraní-Kaiowá", "Simba Guaraní", "Ava Guaraní", "Guaraní", "Chiriguano", "Chawuncu", "Ñandeva" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Uruguayan national hero José Gervasio Artigas adopted the honorific “Karaí-Guasú,” meaning “grand sir,” while living in exile among this indigenous people of Paraguay.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "the Intended [accept descriptions of Kurtz’s fiancée or betrothed; reject “Kurtz’s wife”]", "answer_primary": "the Intended", "clean_answers": [ "betrothed; reject Kurtz’s wife", "descriptions of Kurtz’s fiancée", "Kurtz’s fiancée", "the Intended", "Intended", "betrothed" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Identify this black-clothed character who is told that a man’s “end was in every way worthy of his life” in a scene set by the marble fireplace and sarcophagus-like piano of this character’s drawing-room.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Biswas [accept The Strange Case of Billy Biswas or A House for Mr. Biswas]", "answer_primary": "Biswas", "clean_answers": [ "Biswas", "The Strange Case of Billy Biswas", "A House for Mr. Biswas" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Like David Dabydeen in The Intended, Arun Joshi reworked Heart of Darkness in a novel titled for Billy, a man with this surname. The Tulsis’ six-fingered son-in-law has this surname in a novel by V. S. Naipaul.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Our Sister Killjoy [or Our Sister Killjoy: or Reflections from a Black-eyed Squint]", "answer_primary": "Our Sister Killjoy", "clean_answers": [ "Our Sister Killjoy:", "Our Sister Killjoy", "Reflections from a Black-eyed Squint" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Critics have analogized the Intended to both the unnamed “Darling” addressed in this novel’s “Love Letter” chapter and the protagonist’s German lover Marija. This novel by Ama Ata Aidoo follows Sissie’s studies in Europe.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "electron donating groups AND electron withdrawing groups [or EDGs or electron releasing groups or ERGs in place of “electron donating groups”; or EWGs in place of “electron withdrawing groups”]", "answer_primary": "electron donating groups AND electron withdrawing groups", "clean_answers": [ "electron donating group", "ERG", "ERGs in place of electron donating groups", "electron donating groups AND electron withdrawing groups", "EDGs", "EDG", "EWGs in place of electron withdrawing groups", "electron withdrawing group", "electron releasing groups", "electron donating group electron withdrawing group", "EWG" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these two entities that contribute plus-M and minus-M mesomeric effects. Halogens are an exception to the rule that these two entities direct the regioselectivity of certain reactions, in which they can be replaced by an ipso attack.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "push–pull systems", "answer_primary": "push–pull systems", "clean_answers": [ "push–pull", "push–pull systems" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "An EDG and an EWG are found on opposite sides of a double bond in these systems, leading to a highly polarized pi bond that makes them compounds of interest as dye sensitizers and optical molecular switches.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Friedel–Crafts reactions [accept Friedel–Crafts alkylation or Friedel–Crafts acylation]", "answer_primary": "Friedel–Crafts reactions", "clean_answers": [ "Friedel–Crafts alkylation", "Friedel–Crafts reactions", "Friedel–Crafts acylation", "Friedel–Crafts" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "EDGs and EWGs generally activate and deactivate EAS reactions such as this set of reactions, in which a strong Lewis acid is used to add alkyl or acyl substituents to an aromatic ring.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "MITS [or Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems]", "answer_primary": "MITS", "clean_answers": [ "MITS", "Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The first Microsoft business cards held by Bill Gates and Allen listed an office in Albuquerque, where the two had programmed a BASIC interpreter for this calculator company’s hit microcomputer, the Altair 8800.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Redmond", "answer_primary": "Redmond", "clean_answers": [ "Redmond" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Gates’s and Allen’s Microsoft business cards are now held in the visitor center on Microsoft’s campus in this Seattle suburb, where the company moved from Bellevue in 1986.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "traffic [or traffic flow; prompt on congestion; prompt on Traf-O-Data]", "answer_primary": "traffic", "clean_answers": [ "traffic flow", "traffic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Gates and Allen held joint business cards as high schoolers working on a system to digitize research on this phenomenon. The “fundamental diagram” depicts this phenomenon, which is measured in proportions of AADT like the K-Factor.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Whitney Museum of American Art [or The Whitney; or Whitney Biennial]", "answer_primary": "Whitney Museum of American Art", "clean_answers": [ "Whitney Biennial", "Whitney", "The Whitney", "Whitney Museum of American Art" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "In 2000, Grigely was forced to hire his own interpreter to participate in this New York City Museum of American Art’s namesake “biennial” exhibition.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Sophie Calle (“kahl”)", "answer_primary": "Sophie Calle", "clean_answers": [ "Sophie Calle", "Calle" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Grigely critiqued this photographer’s exhibition “The Blind” for its use of upside-down Braille. In 1981, this artist worked as a maid in Venice to create the book The Hotel, which meticulously catalogs customers’ private belongings.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "heads [accept faces; accept any answer referring to the artist’s own head or face; prompt on specific facial body parts like ears or lips] (The piece is “Between the Walls and Me.”)", "answer_primary": "heads", "clean_answers": [ "head", "any answer referring to the artist’s own head", "faces", "face", "heads" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The piece is “Between the Walls and Me.”", "number": 3, "part": "Grigely broke stone replicas of this sort of object on the walls of Mass MoCA in a piece from the 2024 show “In What Way Wham?”. This general sort of round feature is shaded pink in nearly every painting by Yue Minjun.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "ribāṭs [or rubuṭ; accept Rabat]", "answer_primary": "ribāṭs", "clean_answers": [ "ribāṭ", "rubuṭ", "ribāṭs", "Rabat" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these forts, not to be confused with qasr or amṣar, that later served as Sufi retreats and caravanserais. They give their name to a modern capital near the Chellah acropolis of the Marīnids.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "conversion to Islam [accept descriptions of adopting Islam or becoming a Muslim; accept conversion curve]", "answer_primary": "conversion to Islam", "clean_answers": [ "conversion to Islam", "becoming a Muslim", "Islam", "descriptions of adopting Islam", "conversion curve", "Muslim", "conversion" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Ribāṭs spread this process that Richard Bulliet charted on an S-shaped “curve” using onomastics. The Mawlā underwent this process, which was incentivized with the jizya tax.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "norias [or nā‘ūra; or nawā‘īr]", "answer_primary": "norias", "clean_answers": [ "nawā‘īr", "norias", "noria", "nā‘ūra" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Islamic expansion spread a medieval “Green Revolution,” as seen in the use of this irrigation technology at Albolafia in Spain. Enormous examples of these water-wheels were built on the Orontes River at Hama.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "childbirth [or pregnancy]", "answer_primary": "childbirth", "clean_answers": [ "birth", "childbirth", "pregnancy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this manner of death of the Cihuateteo, who haunted crossroads in Aztec myth. Ancient deities like Eileithyia and Bes could help protect women against this manner of death.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "pontianak [or puntianak]", "answer_primary": "pontianak", "clean_answers": [ "pontianak", "puntianak" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This Malaysian monster also preys on men after dying in childbirth. Similar to the Indonesian Kuntilanak, this vampiric ghost inspired a series of popular horror films during the Golden Era of Singaporean cinema.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "backwards feet [or reversed feet; accept descriptions of feet that point in the wrong direction]", "answer_primary": "backwards feet", "clean_answers": [ "backward", "wrong direction", "descriptions of feet that point in the wrong direction", "reverse", "backwards feet", "reversed feet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The pontianak’s South Asian equivalent, the churel, can be recognized by this feature of her feet, which also gives away various spirits and monsters like pichal peris, bhootas, Curupiras, and Abarimons. This feature also distinguishes Xolotl’s feet in Aztec art.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "edge singularities [or absorption edges; accept K-edge; accept, but DO NOT REVEAL, Fermi edge]", "answer_primary": "edge singularities", "clean_answers": [ "edge", "edge singularities", "absorption edges", "edge edge", "K-edge; accept, but DO NOT REVEAL, Fermi edge" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these features displayed by the absorption and emission spectra of metals. One of these features corresponds to a jump in absorbance just above the K-shell energy.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Enrico Fermi [accept Fermi edge; accept Fermi level; accept Fermi energy]", "answer_primary": "Enrico Fermi", "clean_answers": [ "Fermi energy", "Fermi level", "Enrico Fermi", "Fermi edge", "Fermi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "One absorption edge occurs at an energy named for this scientist, which is the energy of the highest occupied state in a metal at zero temperature.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [or XPS; prompt on photoelectron spectroscopy or PES]", "answer_primary": "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy", "clean_answers": [ "XPS", "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Fermi edge singularities are used to calibrate this technique for metallic samples. This surface-analysis technique, which was pioneered by Siegbahn, is somewhat controversially calibrated using “adventitious carbon” for organic samples.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "hell [accept Kora in Hell]", "answer_primary": "hell", "clean_answers": [ "Hell", "Kora in Hell", "hell" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this place that Williams invoked after exclaiming “hold back the edges of your gown, Ladies” in the last words of his essay on “Howl.” The speaker of “Asphodel, That Greeny Flower” recalls when “I came first to know / that there were flowers also” in this place.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“Marriage”", "answer_primary": "“Marriage”", "clean_answers": [ "Marriage" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Besides praising Marianne Moore in Kora in Hell, Williams noted how she made the title topic of this poem “a legitimate object for art.” This long Moore poem uses quotations to analyze an “institution, perhaps one should say enterprise.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Egypt [accept Helen in Egypt] (The book is Kora and Ka.)", "answer_primary": "Egypt", "clean_answers": [ "Helen in Egypt", "Egypt" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The book is Kora and Ka.", "number": 3, "part": "Williams’s classmate H.D. used the figure of Kora in a book partly titled for a concept from this country. She also wrote a long poem about Helen of Troy’s time in this country.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "The Anarchist Cookbook [accept The Anarchist’s Cookbook]", "answer_primary": "The Anarchist Cookbook", "clean_answers": [ "The Anarchist’s Cookbook", "The Anarchist Cookbook", "Anarchist Cookbook", "Anarchist’s Cookbook" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this book that William Powell published as a teenager in 1971. It contains instructions for synthesizing LSD, lock picking, phone phreaking, and making Molotov cocktails.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Abbie Hoffman [or Abbot Howard Hoffman]", "answer_primary": "Abbie Hoffman", "clean_answers": [ "Abbot Howard Hoffman", "Abbie Hoffman", "Hoffman" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A less violent how-to guide for anti-government activism is this yippie’s Steal This Book. This member of the Chicago Seven’s courtroom antics included lambasting the judge, who had the same surname, in Yiddish.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Carlos Marighella", "answer_primary": "Carlos Marighella", "clean_answers": [ "Marighella", "Carlos Marighella" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This founder of the National Liberation Action group wrote Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla. Brazilian police killed this communist activist for orchestrating bank robberies and the 1969 kidnapping of a US ambassador.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "PACE [or phage-assisted continuous evolution]", "answer_primary": "PACE", "clean_answers": [ "PACE", "phage-assisted continuous evolution" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this protein evolution technique in which fresh, host E. coli from the chemostat are passed to the lagoon, which contains infected E. coli, to allow genes to be passed through many generations of infectious progeny.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "filamentous [prompt on worm-like or tailed bacteriophages]", "answer_primary": "filamentous", "clean_answers": [ "filamentous", "filament" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "PACE was developed using the M13 bacteriophage, a member of the Inoviridae family, which collectively have this shape. The f1 and fd phages used by Smith and Winter for their pioneering phage display experiments also have this shape.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Taq polymerase", "answer_primary": "Taq polymerase", "clean_answers": [ "Taq polymerase", "Taq" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "CPR, an emulsion-based protein evolution technique, selects for any alteration that results in an increased production of this heat-stable polymerase, since this critical polymerase for PCR mediates its final step.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "speaking in prose [accept any answers about using prose]", "answer_primary": "speaking in prose", "clean_answers": [ "any answers about using prose", "speak", "prose", "speaking in prose", "speak prose" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this action that Monsieur Jourdain is shocked to learn he’s been performing for forty years without knowing it in a celebrated exchange from Molière’s play Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Latin [accept Dog Latin]", "answer_primary": "Latin", "clean_answers": [ "Latin", "Dog Latin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Before learning that he speaks in prose, Jourdain pretends to understand the Philosophy Master’s quotes in this language. Macaronic passages in Molière’s plays incorporate this language’s “dog” form.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dormitive virtue [or virtus dormitiva; or dormitive principle]", "answer_primary": "dormitive virtue", "clean_answers": [ "virtus dormitiva", "dormitive principle", "dormitive virtue" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Real philosophers often insult each other by quoting from the pseudo-Latin finale of The Imaginary Invalid, in which Géronte claims that poppies cause sleep because they have this property with a two-word name.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Yan Zhenqing (“yen jun-CHING”) [or Yen Chen-ch’ing; or Gan Shinkei; or Nhan Chân Khanh; or An Jinkyung; or Ngan Zan-hing; or Yan-ti or Gan-tai or Nhan-thể or An-che] (The idiom is “Yan muscle, Liu bone.”)", "answer_primary": "Yan Zhenqing", "clean_answers": [ "Gan-tai", "An-che", "Yen", "Ngan Zan-hing", "Ngan", "Gan Shinkei", "Yen Chen-ch’ing", "An Jinkyung", "Gan", "Nhan Chân Khanh", "Yan Zhenqing", "Yan", "Yan-ti", "Nhan", "An", "Nhan-thể" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The idiom is “Yan muscle, Liu bone.”", "number": 1, "part": "Name this master whose fleshy strokes contrast with Liu Gongquan’s bony strokes in a four-word idiom. This calligrapher’s Duo bao ta stele exemplifies his thin horizontal and bold vertical strokes, which became the model for Ming-style movable type.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Eight Principles of Yong [or close translations; or Yǒngzì Bā Fǎ; or Eiji happō; or Vĩnh tự bát pháp; or Yeongja palbeop; or Wingzi Baat Faat]", "answer_primary": "Eight Principles of Yong", "clean_answers": [ "Eiji happō", "Yeongja palbeop", "Eight Principles of Yong", "Yeong", "close translations", "Wing", "Vĩnh", "Yǒngzì Bā Fǎ", "Yong", "Ei", "Yǒng", "Wingzi Baat Faat", "Vĩnh tự bát pháp" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Yan’s Praise to this set of eight principles evokes nature or animals to teach the basic strokes of regular script using the character for “eternity.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "silkworm [or silk moth; or cán; prompt on partial answer] (The idiom is “cán tóu, yàn wěi.”)", "answer_primary": "silkworm", "clean_answers": [ "silk moth", "silkworm", "cán" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The idiom is “cán tóu, yàn wěi.”", "number": 3, "part": "A four-word idiom says clerical script’s horizontal strokes have the tail of a swallow and the round head of this animal. Smugglers risking the death penalty brought sericulture and this animal’s eggs to the Byzantine Empire.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "marketplaces [accept mercados or tiyānquiztli; accept bazaars]", "answer_primary": "marketplaces", "clean_answers": [ "tiyānquiztli", "mercado", "bazaars", "bazaar", "market", "mercados", "marketplaces" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these places that include Mexico City’s La Merced and La Lagunilla. Aztec places of this type developed into modern tianguis.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Central de Abasto [or Central de Abastos; or CEDA]", "answer_primary": "Central de Abasto", "clean_answers": [ "CEDA", "Abastos", "Central de Abastos", "Abasto", "Central de Abasto" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This wholesale market in Iztapalapa is often called the world’s largest food market, as it sells four-fifths of the food eaten in Greater Mexico City.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Guadalajara", "answer_primary": "Guadalajara", "clean_answers": [ "Guadalajara" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Visitors can buy tapatío food like “drowned sandwiches” at the world’s largest indoor market, San Juan de Dios, in this capital city of Jalisco. This center of tequila and mariachi in western Mexico has the country’s third-largest metropolitan area.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "the council estate in NW [or Caldwell; prompt on partial answer; accept council house, council flat, corporation house, housing estate, or public housing in place of “council estate”; prompt on less specific answers like apartment complex or housing development]", "answer_primary": "the council estate in NW", "clean_answers": [ "estate NW", "the council estate in NW", "NW", "Caldwell", "estate" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name or describe this place that has a central “basin” with buildings named after Hobbes and Locke. In a 2012 novel, a character who grew up in this place becomes a lawyer and “tithes” part of her income to her family here.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Shuggie Bain", "answer_primary": "Shuggie Bain", "clean_answers": [ "Shuggie Bain" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The protagonist’s father abandons his family after moving into a council flat in this novel by Douglas Stuart, which follows the title character’s youth in Glasgow and won the 2020 Booker Prize.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Kingston, Jamaica", "answer_primary": "Kingston, Jamaica", "clean_answers": [ "Kingston, Jamaica", "Kingston" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Andrea Levy’s novels draw on her youth at a council estate in London after her parents moved there from this city. In White Teeth, the devout Jehovah’s Witness Hortense is born during a disaster in this city.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "protein folding [prompt on descriptions of forming the tertiary structure of a protein]", "answer_primary": "protein folding", "clean_answers": [ "protein folding", "fold" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "A classic example of self-organization is this biological process that creates a three-dimensional structure out of a polypeptide chain.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dissipative structures [accept dissipative systems]", "answer_primary": "dissipative structures", "clean_answers": [ "dissipative systems", "dissipative structures", "dissipative" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Bénard convection is an example of this type of self-organized structure that forms in out-of-equilibrium open thermodynamic systems. The concept of “order through fluctuations” describes the formation of these structures, which were introduced by Ilya Prigogine.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction [or BZ reaction; prompt on clock reactions]", "answer_primary": "Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction", "clean_answers": [ "Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction", "BZ reaction", "Belousov–Zhabotinsky", "BZ" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This self-organized chemical system exhibits two-dimensional target-shaped waves. This chemical oscillator is driven by the autocatalytic oxidation of cerium(III) ions by bromate and the reduction of cerium(IV) ions by malonic acid.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Carlebach (“CARL-bach” or “CAR-lee-bach”) [accept Shlomo Carlebach, Neshama Carlebach, or Hartwig Naftali Carlebach; accept Carlebach movement or Carlebach minyan]", "answer_primary": "Carlebach", "clean_answers": [ "Carlebach movement", "Hartwig Naftali Carlebach", "Carlebach", "Carlebach minyan", "Shlomo Carlebach, Neshama Carlebach,", "Carlebach Carlebach" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this family of guitarists Neshama and Shlomo, a singer-songwriter whose catchy new tunes for Jewish liturgy, kumzits, and Kabbalat Shabbat shot to fame from ’60s hippie counterculture until the MeToo era.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "chai (“high”) [accept Am Yisrael Chai or Od Avinu Chai; accept chaya or chayyim]", "answer_primary": "chai", "clean_answers": [ "chai", "Am Yisrael Chai", "chayyim", "chaya", "Od Avinu Chai", "Chai" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In Shlomo Carlebach’s rallying cry for refuseniks, “Am Yisrael” and “Od Avinu” are followed by this Hebrew word for “life” that is often worn on pendants and numerologically inspires gifts in multiples of 18.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Havdalah (“hahv-DULL-uh” or “hahv-dah-LAH”)", "answer_primary": "Havdalah", "clean_answers": [ "Havdalah" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Carlebach tunes are popular at this ceremony along with the traditional Shavua Tov and Eliyahu Hanavi. This service marking the end of Shabbat features fragrant spices and a braided candle dipped in wine.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "a nation of shopkeepers", "answer_primary": "a nation of shopkeepers", "clean_answers": [ "nation of shopkeepers", "a nation of shopkeepers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this phrase that a 1776 book uses for a country that would “found a great empire for the sole purpose of raising up a people of customers.” Napoleon supposedly used this three-word phrase to deride England.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Wealth of Nations (by Adam Smith)", "answer_primary": "The Wealth of Nations", "clean_answers": [ "Wealth of Nations", "The Wealth of Nations" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "by Adam Smith", "number": 2, "part": "The first use of the phrase appears in this aforementioned 1776 book, which Margaret Thatcher supposedly always kept in her handbag. This anti-mercantilist magnum opus founded classical free market economic theory.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "absent-mindedness [or absence of mind; accept The Absent-Minded Imperialists]", "answer_primary": "absent-mindedness", "clean_answers": [ "absence", "absence of mind", "Absent-Minded", "absent-mindedness", "absent-mind", "mind", "The Absent-Minded Imperialists", "absence mind" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The petit-bourgeois experience of the British Empire is also chronicled in a Bernard Porter book titled for “imperialists” in this mental state. In The Expansion of England, John Robert Seeley remarked on the “fit” of this mental state that created Britain’s empire.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Taipei [or Taipei City; or Táiběi] (Notes of a Desolate Man is by Chu T’ien-wen. Crystal Boys is by Pai Hsien-yung.)", "answer_primary": "Taipei", "clean_answers": [ "Táiběi", "Taipei City", "Taipei" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Notes of a Desolate Man is by Chu T’ien-wen. Crystal Boys is by Pai Hsien-yung.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this city that is the setting of Crystal Boys. A member of this city’s ’90s queer punk scene wrote Last Words from Montmartre and Notes of a Crocodile.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Membranes [or Mó]", "answer_primary": "The Membranes", "clean_answers": [ "The Membranes", "Mó", "Membranes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Qiu Miaojin’s contemporary Chi Ta-wei wrote this 1995 novel, which is set in the 22nd-century underwater dystopia of T City. This novel’s title references the M-skins that record clients’ experiences at the Salon Canary.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "online [or on the Internet; accept electronically; prompt on self-published or published as fan-fiction]", "answer_primary": "online", "clean_answers": [ "on the Internet", "online", "electronic", "electronically", "Internet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The term “tongzhi” for gay people inspired the pseudonymous author of the 1996 romance novel Beijing Comrades, which was published in this manner. In 2020, the Chinese government censored a story about Xiao Zhan published in this manner by Archive of Our Own.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "hanging out [or deep hanging out; accept Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out]", "answer_primary": "hanging out", "clean_answers": [ "Hanging Out", "Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out", "deep hanging out", "hanging out" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Renato Rosaldo applied the adjective “deep” to what practice to name an anthropological methodology that involves repeated visits rather than “intensive dwelling?”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "citizenship [or cultural citizenship; accept Flexible Citizenship]", "answer_primary": "citizenship", "clean_answers": [ "cultural citizenship", "Flexible Citizenship", "Citizenship", "citizenship" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Rosaldo applied his deep hanging out methodology in his work on the “cultural” form of this status. Aihwa Ong examined the “flexible” form of this status in a book on the “cultural logics of transnationality.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Clifford Geertz", "answer_primary": "Clifford Geertz", "clean_answers": [ "Clifford Geertz", "Geertz" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Due to a review that he wrote for the NYRB, this anthropologist is often wrongly credited with coining “deep hanging out.” This anthropologist is often thought to have coined “thick description,” but he adopted it from Gilbert Ryle.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "fach (“fahkh”) [or Fächer (“FECK-er”); or Fachsystem; accept Zwischenfach]", "answer_primary": "fach", "clean_answers": [ "Fächer", "Fachsystem", "Zwischenfach", "fach", "Fach" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "This system classifies vocal roles into secondary niches beyond register, such as “young dramatic soprano” or spinto, soubrette, and Heldentenor. Codified in Rudolf Kloiber’s Handbuch der Oper, this system often pigeonholes European singers in fest contracts.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "singspiel (“ZING-shpeel”) [or Singspiele]", "answer_primary": "singspiel", "clean_answers": [ "singspiel", "Singspiele" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Spoken dialogue, rather than accompanied recitative, alternates with folkish musical numbers in this genre of 18th-century German-language comic opera that includes Mozart’s The Magic Flute.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "sitzprobe (“sits-probe” or “ZITS-pro-buh”) [or Sitzproben; reject “Wandelprobe”]", "answer_primary": "sitzprobe", "clean_answers": [ "sitzprobe", "Sitzproben; reject Wandelprobe", "Sitzproben" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The cast and the orchestra rehearse together for the first time at a read-through known by this compound word. More prevalent prior to the late-20th-century Hollywoodization of opera, these music-only rehearsals without props or costumes are unstaged, unlike “Wandel” ones that approximate blocking.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority [or Totalité et Infini: essai sur l’extériorité]", "answer_primary": "Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority", "clean_answers": [ "Totalité et Infini: essai sur l’extériorité", "Totality and Infinity", "Totalité et Infini", "Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this book in which Emmanuel Levinas described how the “face of the Other at each moment destroys and overflows the plastic image it leaves me.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "good soup [or bonne soupe]", "answer_primary": "good soup", "clean_answers": [ "bonne soupe", "good soup" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "While explaining the notion of vivre de, Levinas uses this two-word phrase to summarize “air, light, spectacles, work, ideas, sleep, etc.” as examples of things we “live from.” Robert Eaglestone glosses this phrase as a reference to the staple food of concentration camps.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Edmund Husserl", "answer_primary": "Edmund Husserl", "clean_answers": [ "Edmund Husserl", "Husserl" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Levinas argues Descartes better understood the nature of “living from” than this German pioneer of phenomenology, whose Cartesian Meditations were first translated into French by Levinas.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Nixonland [or Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America]", "answer_primary": "Nixonland", "clean_answers": [ "Nixonland" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this book by Rick Perlstein that analyzes the “fracturing of America” during the 1960s through the rise of the title politician.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Garry Wills", "answer_primary": "Garry Wills", "clean_answers": [ "Garry Wills", "Wills" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This historian labeled Nixon “the last liberal” in his book Nixon Agonistes. He wrote “the gun is our Moloch. We sacrifice children to him daily” after Sandy Hook, quipped that “one does not bear arms against a rabbit,” and won the Pulitzer Prize for Lincoln at Gettysburg.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "television ads [or television commercials; or advertisements; accept attack ads; prompt on PR campaigns; prompt on television media or TV; prompt on The Selling of the President 1968]", "answer_primary": "television ads", "clean_answers": [ "ad", "commercial", "advertisements", "attack ads", "television ads", "television commercials" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A Joe McGinniss book documents Roger Ailes’s role in creating these works for Nixon in 1968. Lee Atwater masterminded the use of Willie Horton in an infamously racist one of these works.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "octahedral ", "answer_primary": "octahedral", "clean_answers": [ "octahedral" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this molecular geometry, whose d-orbitals are split into two e-sub-g levels above three t-sub-2g levels in crystal field theory. Copper(II) complexes with this geometry are distorted in a common example of the Jahn–Teller effect.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Tanabe–Sugano diagrams [prompt on partial answer; prompt on T–S diagrams] ", "answer_primary": "Tanabe–Sugano diagrams", "clean_answers": [ "Tanabe–Sugano", "Tanabe–Sugano diagrams" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "These diagrams predict EM absorptions for octahedral complexes with d2 to d8 metal ions, with a discontinuity seen from d4 to d7. Both axes on these doubly-eponymous diagrams use the Racah B parameter.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "nephelauxetic effect [accept nephelauxetic series]", "answer_primary": "nephelauxetic effect", "clean_answers": [ "nephelauxetic effect", "nephelauxetic series", "nephelauxetic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Tanabe–Sugano diagrams are used to measure this effect, in which a transition-metal–ligand bond leads to a decrease in the Racah B parameter. This effect governs a namesake series in which iodide has the greatest effect.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Bambara [or Bamana; accept Toni Cade Bambara]", "answer_primary": "Bambara", "clean_answers": [ "Bambara", "Bamana", "Toni Cade Bambara" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these people who developed the Kotéba form and inspired Jay Wright’s epic poem The Double Invention of Komo. This ethnicity’s name was adopted as a surname by the American author of Gorilla, My Love.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "death of Shaka Zulu [accept murder, assassination, or synonyms in place of “death”; accept La Mort de Chaka] (Kunene’s epic is Emperor Shaka the Great.)", "answer_primary": "death of Shaka Zulu", "clean_answers": [ "Mort Chaka", "Shaka", "death Shaka", "death", "synonyms in place of death", "murder", "Chaka", "Mort", "murder, assassination,", "murder assassination", "death of Shaka Zulu", "La Mort de Chaka", "assassination" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Kunene’s epic is Emperor Shaka the Great.", "number": 2, "part": "Mali’s national Kotéba troupe opened with Seydou Badjan Kouyaté’s play titled for this event. In an epic poem by Mazisi Kunene, Mbopha is scapegoated for this event, which is followed by the “dirge of the palm race.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Epic of Sundiata [or Epic of Sunjata]", "answer_primary": "Epic of Sundiata", "clean_answers": [ "Epic of Sundiata", "Epic of Sunjata", "Sunjata", "Sundiata" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Malian students at the William Ponty school in Senegal developed a play called The Cunning of Diégué based on this epic. The septennial Kamabolon ceremony includes a performance of this epic about a king of Mali.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Friedrich Hartogs [or Friedrich Moritz Hartogs; or Fritz Hartogs]", "answer_primary": "Friedrich Hartogs", "clean_answers": [ "Hartogs", "Friedrich Hartogs", "Friedrich Moritz Hartogs", "Fritz Hartogs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this pioneer of several complex variables who proved a theorem on separate holomorphicity that is a strengthening of Osgood’s lemma.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "convexity", "answer_primary": "convexity", "clean_answers": [ "convex", "convexity" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Hartogs names the extremely weak “pseudo-” form of this property. Sets with this property are closed under linear combinations with nonnegative coefficients that sum to one, and equal their namesake “hull.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Riemann mapping theorem", "answer_primary": "Riemann mapping theorem", "clean_answers": [ "Riemann mapping theorem", "Riemann mapping" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Pseudoconvexity permits a local version of this theorem, which fails in general for several complex variables due to the lack of a biholomorphic map between two generalizations of the open unit disc.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gottfried Leibniz", "answer_primary": "Gottfried Leibniz", "clean_answers": [ "Leibniz", "Gottfried Leibniz" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this thinker who drew on Chinese characters in imagining a universal language called the characteristica universalis. This inventor of the “stepped reckoner” machine wrote Théodicée.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“let us calculate!” [or “Calculemus!”; accept phrases that add words like “now” or “sir”]", "answer_primary": "“let us calculate!”", "clean_answers": [ "Calculemus", "calculate", "sir", "Calculemus!", "phrases that add words like now", "let us calculate!" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Leibniz often explained his hopes for a universal system of logic by imagining future philosophers resolving disputes with this exclamation. You may give common translations or the one-word Latin original.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "crooked timber of humanity [accept “Out of the crooked timber of humanity, no straight thing was ever made”; or Krummholz or krummem Holze; prompt on timber or timber of humanity]", "answer_primary": "crooked timber of humanity", "clean_answers": [ "crooked timber of humanity", "Krummholz", "krummem Holze", "crooked timber" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Isaiah Berlin observed that exclaimers of “Calculemus!” hoped to pull the “trick” of “straightening” this material. This title material of a Berlin “history of ideas” was coined in Kant’s essay on an “Idea for a Universal History.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "anarchism [or word forms; or anakizumu; accept more specific answers like socialist anarchism, anarcho-communism, social anarchism, or left-wing anarchism; prompt on leftism, communism, or socialism]", "answer_primary": "anarchism", "clean_answers": [ "anarcho", "word forms", "more specific answers like socialist anarchism, anarcho-communism, social anarchism,", "anakizumu", "anarchism anarcho anarchism", "anarchism", "left-wing anarchism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What movement was accused of plotting to assassinate Meiji in the High Treason incident? Kōtoku Shūsui called imperialism the “monster of the 20th century” after joining this movement under Peter Kropotkin’s influence.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "1923 Great Kantō earthquake [or Kantō dai-jishin, Kantō ō-jishin; or Kantō daishinsai; prompt on Kantō massacre by asking “what event directly preceded that massacre?”; prompt on great earthquake]", "answer_primary": "1923 Great Kantō earthquake", "clean_answers": [ "Kantō daishinsai", "Kantō ō-jishin", "Kantō dai-jishin Kantō ō-jishin", "Kantō dai-jishin, Kantō ō-jishin", "Kantō dai-jishin", "Kantō earthquake", "1923 Great Kantō earthquake" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Imperial officers used this event as a pretext to murder the anarchist writers Ōsugi Sakae and Itō Noe in the Amakasu Incident. Military personnel and civilian mobs killed six thousand Koreans after this 1923 event.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Bluestocking [or Seitō; accept Bluestockings, Japanese Bluestocking Society, or Seitō-sha]", "answer_primary": "Bluestocking", "clean_answers": [ "Bluestocking Bluestocking", "Seitō-sha", "Bluestocking", "Seitō", "Bluestockings, Japanese Bluestocking Society," ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Itō Noe was an editor-in-chief of this magazine before its 1916 ban. Hiratsuka Raichō co-founded the namesake “society” of this feminist magazine, whose inaugural manifesto declared “in the beginning, woman was the sun.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "hood ornaments [or bonnet mascots; or car mascots; or motor mascots]", "answer_primary": "hood ornaments", "clean_answers": [ "motor mascot", "car mascot", "hood ornaments", "motor mascots", "hood ornament", "bonnet mascot", "bonnet mascots", "car mascots" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these works. A winged woman leans forward in one of these objects named The Spirit of Ecstasy, which was designed by Charles Sykes.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "René Lalique", "answer_primary": "René Lalique", "clean_answers": [ "René Lalique", "Lalique" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Spirit of the Wind hood ornament was designed by this French glass artist. This artist, who lends his name to a luxury glass brand, also designed the mirrored dining room of the SS Normandie.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "perfume bottles [or fragrance bottles; or perfume atomizer; prompt on bottles or atomizer or spray bottle]", "answer_primary": "perfume bottles", "clean_answers": [ "fragrance bottles", "perfume atomizer", "perfume bottles", "perfume bottle", "fragrance bottle" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "As their shops were near to each other, Lalique began to design these glass objects for François Coty. Mae West’s body inspired the design of one of these objects that contains the Schiaparelli product Shocking!.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Papua New Guinea [or Independent State of Papua New Guinea or Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini or Gau Hedinarai ai Papua Matamata-Guinea]", "answer_primary": "Papua New Guinea", "clean_answers": [ "Papua Niugini", "Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini", "Papua New Guinea", "Gau Hedinarai ai Papua Matamata-Guinea", "Papua Matamata", "Independent State of Papua New Guinea" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this country home to the Goroka Show, the world’s largest tribal gathering. This linguistically diverse country’s 840 “established” languages include the pidgin Tok Pisin.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "kastom [accept custom; accept kastom dancing or kastom villages]", "answer_primary": "kastom", "clean_answers": [ "kastom villages", "kastom dancing", "custom", "kastom" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Performances at sing-sings aim to preserve the traditions referred to by this word, which names tourist-focused “villages” on Vanuatu. Tok Pisin and Bislama speakers use this word to refer to Melanesian culture and norms.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "kava [accept kava bars; accept nakava or namalok or namalogu or m’aləh or daerek]", "answer_primary": "kava", "clean_answers": [ "daerek", "namalogu", "namalok", "kava bars", "nakava", "kava", "m’aləh" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The exchange of this substance at intercultural events is a common way of maintaining kastom in Vanuatu. The consumption of this psychoactive drink in nakamals has inspired namesake bars in the West.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "having kids [or synonyms; prompt on answers like getting married or settling down]", "answer_primary": "having kids", "clean_answers": [ "synonyms", "having kid", "having kids" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Philip Larkin poems like “Self’s the Man” reflect on his decision to not perform what action? The last lines of “This be the Verse” advises “get out as early as you can” and don’t perform this action.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "increase", "answer_primary": "increase", "clean_answers": [ "increase" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "“Dockery and Son” wonders “Why did he think adding meant [this concept]? / To me it was dilution.” Shakespeare’s first “procreation” sonnet opens by declaring “From fairest creatures we desire” this concept.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "the Opies [accept Iona Opie or Peter Opie]", "answer_primary": "the Opies", "clean_answers": [ "Peter Opie", "Iona Opie", "the Opies", "Opie" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Larkin wrote of realizing that “it was not people I disliked but children” in a review of this couple’s The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren. This couple, whose first names were Iona and Peter, compiled The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Catawba [or Ye Iswąˀ; or Issa; or Essa]", "answer_primary": "Catawba", "clean_answers": [ "Catawba", "Iswąˀ", "Ye Iswąˀ", "Essa", "Issa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Native American nation of King Hagler, which led a multiethnic confederation in the Mississippian shatter zone. Like the Cherokee, they switched sides to the colonists in the Yamasee War.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Stono Rebellion", "answer_primary": "Stono Rebellion", "clean_answers": [ "Stono Rebellion", "Stono" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Catawba soldiers hunted down this conflict’s participants, whose slogan of lukangu may derive from Kimpa Vita’s Antonianism. This 1740 rebellion led to harsh controls on slaves in South Carolina.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Town Destroyer [or Hanödagayas; or Hanodaganears; accept answers indicating a destroyer, burner, or devourer of towns or villages]", "answer_primary": "Town Destroyer", "clean_answers": [ "villages", "devour", "devourer of towns", "devour town", "destroy burn", "burn", "Town Destroyer", "answers indicating a destroyer, burner,", "destroy", "village", "town", "Hanodaganears", "Hanödagayas" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "An ethnically Catawba leader, Tanacharison, gave George Washington this nickname, which the Seneca had also given to his great-grandfather. It refers to the scorched-earth tactics he used against Native Americans.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "flavors", "answer_primary": "flavors", "clean_answers": [ "flavors", "flavor" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these properties that distinguish different varieties of quarks.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "octets [accept eight; accept eightfold way]", "answer_primary": "octets", "clean_answers": [ "octets", "eight", "eightfold way", "octet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The same result demonstrated that there could be at most 2 fermions that are these representations of SU(3). Mesons containing only up, down, or strange quarks form this adjoint representation of SU(3).", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "pions", "answer_primary": "pions", "clean_answers": [ "pions", "pion" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "At low energies, QCD has a chirally broken approximate SU(2) symmetry, whose pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone modes are these particles, explaining their low mass.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "tattooing [or body art; or dyeing, decorating, or painting skin]", "answer_primary": "tattooing", "clean_answers": [ "body art", "tattooing", "dye", "dye decorating", "tattoo", "paint", "decorating", "dyeing, decorating,", "painting skin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Sicanje is a form of this practice done by Catholic Croat women, while Caribbean Hindu women born before the 1960s had it performed as godna. A more temporary form of this practice is done at “henna parties.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "fire-walking [or fire-dancing; accept descriptions of walking on hot embers, coals, or flames; prompt on dancing or walking]", "answer_primary": "fire-walking", "clean_answers": [ "ember", "flames", "walk", "walk ember coal", "fire-walk", "fire-dancing", "fire-walking", "descriptions of walking on hot embers, coals,", "flame", "coal" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Men possessed by Saint Constantine perform this action near a konaki icon shelf in a Balkan ritual called Nestinarstvo or Anastenaria. In Trinidad, Tamil devotees of Draupadi perform this action in the tīmiti festival.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lazarus OR Babalú-Ayé [accept Lazarice, Lazarákia, or Lazarus Saturday; accept Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah]", "answer_primary": "Lazarus OR Babalú-Ayé", "clean_answers": [ "Lazarus Babalú-Ayé", "Lazarice", "Lazarice Lazarákia", "Lazarice, Lazarákia,", "Babalú-Ayé", "Lazarus OR Babalú-Ayé", "Lazarus Saturday", "Babalu Aye", "Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah", "Lazarus", "Lazarákia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "South Slavs hold a procession the day before Palm Sunday on the “Saturday” named for this man, who names “little” Greek sweet breads. You may also name the orisha syncretized with him, a lord of disease whose namesake Santería church in Hialeah won a Supreme Court case.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Nikolai Kapustin", "answer_primary": "Nikolai Kapustin", "clean_answers": [ "Kapustin", "Nikolai Kapustin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Soviet composer with a 21st-century cult following whose 20 piano sonatas infuse classical forms with written-out jazz. A driving Toccatina in E minor is the third of his Eight Concert Études, Opus 40.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Rhapsody in Blue", "answer_primary": "Rhapsody in Blue", "clean_answers": [ "Rhapsody in Blue" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This crossover “jazz concerto,” orchestrated by Grofé, was a hit when Paul Whiteman’s band premiered it at the Aeolian Hall concert “An Experiment in Modern Music” with the composer improvising at the piano.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Roland Dyens (“ro-LAWN dee-YAWNCE”) (Skaï or “artificial hide” refers to him not being Argentinian to write a bona fide tango.)", "answer_primary": "Roland Dyens", "clean_answers": [ "Dyens", "Roland Dyens" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Skaï or “artificial hide” refers to him not being Argentinian to write a bona fide tango.", "number": 3, "part": "This Frenchman arranged Django’s Nuages, Piaf’s pop, and Gillespie’s A Night in Tunisia, where he was born, for classical guitar. He composed Tango en Skaï and Hommage à Villa-Lobos, dedicated Libra Sonatina to his heart surgeon, and started his recitals with improvisations.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Felix Dzerzhinsky [or Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky; or Feliks Edmundowicz Dzierżyński; prompt on Iron Felix]", "answer_primary": "Felix Dzerzhinsky", "clean_answers": [ "Feliks Edmundowicz Dzierżyński", "Felix Dzerzhinsky", "Dzierżyński", "Dzerzhinsky", "Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this man who organized the “philosophers’ ships” that carried dissident intellectuals to exile in 1922. In 2023, his monument was reinstalled in front of the Lubyanka Building, the HQ of his Cheka secret police.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "orphans [or children or synonyms like kids or youth; accept juvenile delinquents; prompt on beggars; prompt on homeless or unhoused people]", "answer_primary": "orphans", "clean_answers": [ "synonyms like kids", "juvenile delinquents", "child", "children", "orphans", "kid", "orphan", "youth", "juvenile" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Dzerzhinsky Labor Commune housed the besprizorniki class of these people. The “king of the sewers,” Bruce Lee, was part of a class of these people called decreței after Decree 770 in Romania.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "tractors [accept combines; accept machine-tractor stations; prompt on machines, farming equipment, or vehicles]", "answer_primary": "tractors", "clean_answers": [ "combines", "tractor", "tractors", "machine-tractor stations", "combine" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A Dzerzhinsky Factory named for these objects was the site of intense fighting during the Battle of Stalingrad. A joke held that the ideal Soviet love story was “boy meets” this sort of object, which the Soviet state controlled via namesake “stations.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "origami [or paper folding; prompt on paper]", "answer_primary": "origami", "clean_answers": [ "paper fold", "origami", "paper folding" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this art form that characters try to use to save a dying child after a nuclear bombing in Armand Gatti’s play The Stork, which is inspired by the real-life case of Sadako Sasaki.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Rajiv Joseph (The play is Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo.)", "answer_primary": "Rajiv Joseph", "clean_answers": [ "Joseph", "Rajiv Joseph" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The play is Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo.", "number": 2, "part": "Animals Out of Paper is by this author of a 2022 play about LeBron fans titled King James. In a play by this author, Musa shoots Tom in the stomach after hiding a golden toilet seat in a leper colony.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "white men [accept word forms or synonyms of white AND male; accept Straight White Men; prompt on any subset of straight, male, or white that doesn’t include both underlined words]", "answer_primary": "white men", "clean_answers": [ "Straight White Men", "white male", "word forms", "male", "White Men", "white", "synonyms of white AND male", "white men" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Red origami cranes litter the stage at the start of Porcelain by Chay Yew, whose cast is mostly “voices” specified to be played by actors with this trait. These people title the best-known play by Young Jean Lee.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "labeling [or cognitive labeling; or labeling theory]", "answer_primary": "labeling", "clean_answers": [ "labeling", "cognitive labeling", "labeling theory", "label" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this process, which names a theory of deviance expounded in the book Outsiders by Howard Becker.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "kama muta", "answer_primary": "kama muta", "clean_answers": [ "kama muta" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In the “Lexical Fallacy” paper, Alan Fiske discussed his research on this “sudden devotion emotion,” which he gave a Sanskrit name. On the “Experience it” tab of the website of the lab devoted to this emotion, one can watch the ending of WALL-E or listen to Rufus Wainwright perform “Hallelujah.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "cuteness", "answer_primary": "cuteness", "clean_answers": [ "cute", "cuteness" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The “Lexical Fallacy” paper notes that some Uralic languages have words for kama muta in response to seeing things with this quality. Konrad Lorenz used the term kindchenschema for the set of features that give babies this trait, such as large eyes and a round face.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "basis sets [or bases; or basis functions] ", "answer_primary": "basis sets", "clean_answers": [ "basis functions", "bases", "basis sets", "basis", "base" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these sets of functions that are used to represent the electronic wave function in DFT. They are constructed with orbitals named for Slater or Gauss in the LCAO method.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "negative effective charge-times-r [reject partial answers; reject answers with an operation other than times; accept minus in place of “negative”; accept effective nuclear charge or Z-effective in place of “effective charge”; prompt on zeta in place of “effective charge” by asking “what quantity does zeta represent?”]", "answer_primary": "negative effective charge-times-r", "clean_answers": [ "Z-effective in place of effective charge", "minus in place of negative", "negative effective charge r", "Z-effective", "effective nuclear charge", "minus", "negative effective charge", "negative effective charge-times-r", "r" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "While the radial part of Gaussian orbitals contains the term “e to the negative-alpha-times-r-squared,” in Slater-type orbitals the exponent is this function of the electron distance r and another variable.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "primitive functions [prompt on single Gaussian functions]", "answer_primary": "primitive functions", "clean_answers": [ "primitive", "primitive functions" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This term refers to individual functions that make up a basis set. The “N” in N-MPG* notation is the number of these functions used for each inner-shell orbital.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Germany [or Deutschland] (The 1931 film is Mädchen in Uniform. The sexologist is Magnus Hirschfeld. The director is Rainer Werner Fassbinder, and the actress is Marlene Dietrich.)", "answer_primary": "Germany", "clean_answers": [ "Germany", "Deutschland" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The 1931 film is Mädchen in Uniform. The sexologist is Magnus Hirschfeld. The director is Rainer Werner Fassbinder, and the actress is Marlene Dietrich.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this country whose premier sexologist co-wrote the 1919 gay romance Different From the Others. The bisexual director of Ali: Fear Eats the Soul and the androgynous star of The Blue Angel were from this country.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Conrad Veidt (“fight”) [or Hans Walter Conrad Veidt] (Cesare appears in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.)", "answer_primary": "Conrad Veidt", "clean_answers": [ "Hans Walter Conrad Veidt", "Conrad Veidt", "Veidt" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Cesare appears in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.", "number": 2, "part": "Different From the Others stars this actor, whose lead role in 1928’s The Man Who Laughs inspired the look of the Joker. A close-up on this actor in heavy eyeshadow as the somnambulist Cesare is a defining image of German expressionism.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Carl Theodor Dreyer [or Carl Th. Dreyer]", "answer_primary": "Carl Theodor Dreyer", "clean_answers": [ "Dreyer", "Carl Th. Dreyer", "Carl Theodor Dreyer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This non-German director’s 1924 German film Michael follows an artist’s romances with his male model and a countess. This director allegorized Nazi occupation to a 17th-century witch hunt in the film Day of Wrath.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Schopenhauer family [accept Johanna Schopenhauer, Adele Schopenhauer, or Arthur Schopenhauer]", "answer_primary": "Schopenhauer family", "clean_answers": [ "Arthur Schopenhauer", "Schopenhauer", "Schopenhauer family", "Johanna Schopenhauer, Adele Schopenhauer,", "Schopenhauer Schopenhauer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this family of an author who tells a long story about caring for a wounded Prussian soldier in Thomas Mann’s novel Lotte in Weimar. The popular 19th-century novelists Johanna and Adele were part of this family.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Hebrew [or Ivrit; reject “Modern Hebrew” or “Israeli Hebrew”] (The novella is Die Judenbuche or The Jew’s Beech.)", "answer_primary": "Hebrew", "clean_answers": [ "Israeli Hebrew", "Ivrit", "Ivrit; reject Modern Hebrew", "Hebrew" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The novella is Die Judenbuche or The Jew’s Beech.", "number": 2, "part": "Adele Schopenhauer’s friend Annette von Droste-Hülshoff wrote an early true crime novella that ends with a curse in this language being found on a beech tree. This language was revived by authors of the Haskalah era.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jean Paul [or Jean Paul Richter; or Johann Paul Friedrich Richter]", "answer_primary": "Jean Paul", "clean_answers": [ "Johann Paul", "Jean Paul Richter", "Johann Paul Friedrich Richter", "Jean Paul" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Arthur Schopenhauer loved this author who coined the term weltschmerz and wrote Shandian squibs like “The Brewery of My Gastric Juice.” This author of Titan was surnamed Richter, but is best known by the French version of his given names.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "lanthanides [prompt on heavy metals, trace metals, rare earth metals, transition metals, rare earths]", "answer_primary": "lanthanides", "clean_answers": [ "lanthanides", "lanthanide" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these elements that can also be tagged to a desired antibody to overcome the problem of spectral overlap limiting traditional fluorophores in flow cytometry.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "mass spectrometry [accept mass cytometry]", "answer_primary": "mass spectrometry", "clean_answers": [ "mass spectrometry", "mass cytometry", "mass spec" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Lanthanide-tagged antibodies also provide distinct footprints in the “inductively coupled plasma” variant of this technique, which is combined with its “time-of-flight” version in a higher resolution form of flow cytometry.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "t-SNE (“tee-snee”) [or t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding]", "answer_primary": "t-SNE", "clean_answers": [ "t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding", "t-SNE" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This nonlinear dimensionality-reduction technique is often used to display the diverse output from mass cytometry. Many single-cell RNA sequencing studies use the plots produced by this technique, or the similar Riemannian UMAP, to visualize their data.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "maiestas [or majestas; accept lex maiestatis; reject “majesty,” “law of majesty,” or “Lèse-majesté”]", "answer_primary": "maiestas", "clean_answers": [ "majestas", "Lèse-majesté", "maiestas", "lex maiestatis; reject majesty, law of majesty,", "maiestatis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give the Latin word for this nebulous crime of “diminishing the greatness of the Roman people.” According to Tacitus, professional accusers called delatores won property from those accused of this crime under Tiberius.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Brutus AND Cassius [or Marcus Junius Brutus AND Gaius Cassius Longinus]", "answer_primary": "Brutus AND Cassius", "clean_answers": [ "Brutus AND Cassius", "Cassius", "Brutus Cassius", "Marcus Junius Brutus AND Gaius Cassius Longinus", "Brutus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Cordus was charged with maiestas for writing a history that overly praised these two people. Junia Tertia, the wife of one of these people and half-sister of the other, died 64 years after they both died at the Battle of Philippi.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Cimbrian War [or Cimbric War; accept equivalents mentioning a war against the Cimbri and Teutones]", "answer_primary": "Cimbrian War", "clean_answers": [ "Cimbric", "Cimbric War", "Cimbrian War", "equivalents mentioning a war against the Cimbri and Teutones", "Cimbrian", "Cimbri" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The charge was first used by Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, who sought a catch-all way to prosecute incompetent generals in this war. “Mules,” or soldiers carrying their own packs, won this war at Vercellae.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Albania [or Republic of Albania; or Shqipëria]", "answer_primary": "Albania", "clean_answers": [ "Republic of Albania", "Shqipëri", "Shqipëria", "Albania" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this country that faced the 1997 collapse of pyramid schemes operated by companies such as VEFA, Gjallica and Kamberi.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lea Ypi", "answer_primary": "Lea Ypi", "clean_answers": [ "Ypi", "Lea Ypi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This scholar, the great-granddaughter of the 10th Prime Minister of Albania, included a diary entry about the Gjallica pyramid scheme in her memoir Free: Coming of Age at the End of History.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Critique of Pure Reason [or Kritik der reinen Vernunft; or CPR] (by Immanuel Kant)", "answer_primary": "Critique of Pure Reason", "clean_answers": [ "Critique of Pure Reason", "Kritik der reinen Vernunft", "CPR" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "by Immanuel Kant", "number": 3, "part": "In the same year that she published Free, Ypi published a book on “purposiveness of design” in this 1781 work of philosophy, whose second section concerns the “Transcendental Doctrine of Method.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "“Old Hundredth” [or “Old 100th”; or “Old Hundred”; or “Old One Hundredth”; prompt on “Psalm 100” or similar; prompt on “Praise God From Whom All Blessings Flow”]", "answer_primary": "“Old Hundredth”", "clean_answers": [ "Old Hundred", "Old 100th", "Old Hundredth", "Old One Hundredth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this hymn in long meter whose G major melody first appeared in the 1551 Genevan Psalter, attributed to Louis Bourgeois. It was later set to a different psalm with lyrics by William Kethe, “All people that on Earth do dwell.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Franco-Flemish School [accept Netherlandish School, Burgundian School, Low Countries School, Franco-Netherlandish School, Flemish School, Dutch School, or Northern School]", "answer_primary": "Franco-Flemish School", "clean_answers": [ "Dutch", "Low Countries", "Flemish", "Burgundian", "Netherlandish Burgundian Low Countries Netherlandish Flemish Dutch", "Northern School", "Franco-Flemish", "Northern", "Franco-Flemish School", "Netherlandish" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Petrucci’s Odhecaton, the first movable-type book of polyphonic music, anthologized 100 chansons from this internationalized 15th-century school of Busnois, Ockeghem, and Josquin.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Hardanger [accept Hardanger fiddle or hardingfele; accept Hundred Hardanger Tunes or Hundrad Hardingtonar or Airs from Hardanger or Hundred Folk Tunes from Hardanger etc.] (Tveitt’s nationalistic views are controversial and unclear, in light of his post-war isolation.)", "answer_primary": "Hardanger", "clean_answers": [ "Hundred Folk Tunes from Hardanger etc.", "harding", "Hundrad Hardingtonar", "Hundred Hardanger Tunes", "Airs from Hardanger", "hardingfele", "Hardanger", "Harding", "Hardanger fiddle" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Tveitt’s nationalistic views are controversial and unclear, in light of his post-war isolation.", "number": 3, "part": "The Norwegian paganist Geirr Tveitt arranged 100 folk tunes from this region, but 40 were lost in a fire. Only recordings survive of his 2 concertos for a fiddle named for this region that has sympathetic strings, pearl inlay, and “troll tuning,” whose Lydian-mode slått music inspired Grieg during summer retreats.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "teeth [accept baby teeth or deciduous teeth; prompt on bones]", "answer_primary": "teeth", "clean_answers": [ "baby teeth", "deciduous teeth", "teeth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What objects name that 1950s “survey”? Frederic McKay investigated “Colorado Brown Stain” on these objects, inspiring a policy whose reputation as a “communist plot” was lampooned in Dr. Strangelove.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Barry Commoner", "answer_primary": "Barry Commoner", "clean_answers": [ "Commoner", "Barry Commoner" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Another leader of the Baby Tooth Survey was this biologist and founder of the Citizens Party. He included “There is no such thing as a free lunch” among “four laws of ecology” in his bestselling book The Closing Circle.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Population Bomb", "answer_primary": "The Population Bomb", "clean_answers": [ "Population Bomb", "The Population Bomb" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Commoner critiqued this “neo-Malthusian” book by Paul and Anne Ehrlich, which warned of worldwide famines caused by the title explosion in the number of living humans.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Steve Albini [or Steven Frank Albini]", "answer_primary": "Steve Albini", "clean_answers": [ "Steve Albini", "Albini", "Steven Frank Albini" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this notoriously prickly champion of analog tape, a self-proclaimed “recording engineer” who offered bands very cheap fees to record at his Electrical Audio studio. He passed away at age 61 in May 2024.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "perfecting sound [or perfect sound; accept Perfecting Sound Forever or Perfect Sound Whatever] (Acaster’s book takes its title from a Jeff Rosenstock song, which in turn may take its name from a chapter title of Perfecting Sound Forever.) ", "answer_primary": "perfecting sound", "clean_answers": [ "Perfect Sound Whatever", "Perfect Sound", "Perfecting Sound", "Perfecting Sound Forever", "perfecting sound", "sound", "perfect sound", "perfect" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Acaster’s book takes its title from a Jeff Rosenstock song, which in turn may take its name from a chapter title of Perfecting Sound Forever.", "number": 2, "part": "Albini’s work on the Shellac song “Wingwalker” is lavishly praised in a Greg Milner history titled for this two-word phrase “forever.” These two words precede “whatever” in the title of a James Acaster book that argues that 2016 was the “best year for music ever.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Alan Lomax", "answer_primary": "Alan Lomax", "clean_answers": [ "Lomax", "Alan Lomax" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In an interview, Robbie Fulks alluded to Albini’s admiration for this creator of Cantometrics. With his father John, this ethnomusicologist influenced the folk revival by making recordings of artists like Muddy Waters.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Ralph C. Merkle [accept Merkle tree or Merkle–Damgård construction]", "answer_primary": "Ralph C. Merkle", "clean_answers": [ "Merkle–Damgård construction", "Merkle tree", "Ralph C. Merkle", "Merkle" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this cryptographer whose namesake trees consist of nodes labeled with hashes. With Damgård, this cryptographer names a “construction” for building hash functions from one-way compression functions.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "zero-knowledge proofs [or ZKPs]", "answer_primary": "zero-knowledge proofs", "clean_answers": [ "zero-knowledge proofs", "zero-knowledge", "ZKPs", "ZKP" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Merkle trees may be used in these proofs, which are often illustrated using examples such as the Ali Baba cave or color-blind friend. In these proofs, a Prover seeks to prove a statement to a Verifier without revealing any extra information.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "zk-SNARKs [or zero-knowledge Succinct Non-interactive ARguments of Knowledge; reject “STARKs” or “SNARGs”]", "answer_primary": "zk-SNARKs", "clean_answers": [ "SNARK", "SNARGs", "zk-SNARKs", "Succinct Non-interactive ARguments of Knowledge", "zero-knowledge Succinct Non-interactive ARguments of Knowledge; reject STARKs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "These proof protocols are used in cryptocurrencies like Zcash to validate transactions through a ZKP. Unlike a similarly-named “transparent” alternative, these proofs are commonly generated through circuit computations.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Scotland [or Alba; prompt on United Kingdom or UK or Great Britain; prompt on Caledonia or Caledonian antisyzygy; reject “England”] (Those suppers honor Robert Burns, the author of “Address to a Haggis.”)", "answer_primary": "Scotland", "clean_answers": [ "Alba", "Scotland" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "Those suppers honor Robert Burns, the author of “Address to a Haggis.”", "number": 1, "part": "Name this country where suppers on January 25th, often held by namesake “clubs,” honor its national poet by reciting his poems like “A Man’s a Man for A’ That” and an “address” to a meat dish.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "James Hogg", "answer_primary": "James Hogg", "clean_answers": [ "James Hogg", "Hogg" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Analyses of Caledonian antisyzygy often highlight the Calvinist Robert Wringhim and his shadowy, devilish double Gil-Martin, the main characters of this author’s 1823 novel The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Kailyard School [accept kailyards]", "answer_primary": "Kailyard School", "clean_answers": [ "Kailyard School", "kailyard", "Kailyard", "kailyards" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Hugh MacDiarmid picked up Smith’s “antisyzygy” and his rejection of the “sentimental trash” of this so-called “school” of poets like Ian Maclaren and J. M. Barrie. It takes its name from the Scots word for cabbage patches.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "HBCUs [or Historically Black Colleges and Universities; accept HBCU bands; prompt on universities or colleges or schools]", "answer_primary": "HBCUs", "clean_answers": [ "Historically Black Colleges and Universities", "HBCUs", "HBCU", "HBCU bands" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Beyoncé’s Coachella 2018 headlining performance, which featured hoodies with Greek letters in an homage to the Divine Nine, was inspired by marching bands sponsored by what institutions at the Bayou Classic?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "majorettes [reject “majors”]", "answer_primary": "majorettes", "clean_answers": [ "majorettes", "reject majors", "majorette" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "As depicted in her film Homecoming, these HBCU band dancers made up the front line of Beyoncé’s Coachella troupe. This term refers to dancers who mix styles like jazz, hip-hop, and cabaret, often while twirling batons.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "J-setting [or J-Sette; or Prancing J-Settes]", "answer_primary": "J-setting", "clean_answers": [ "J-setting", "Prancing J-Settes", "J-Settes", "J-Sette" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Beyoncé’s “Single Ladies” music video is an homage to this style popular in gay Black dance. Dancers in tight bodysuits perform “bucking” moves in this style, which derives from the Sonic Boom’s “Prancing” majorettes.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Kagame [accept Alexis Kagame or Paul Kagame]", "answer_primary": "Kagame", "clean_answers": [ "Alexis Kagame", "Paul Kagame", "Kagame" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this surname of the Catholic historian Alexis. Conspiracy theories claimed that Yoweri Museveni was planning to create a “Hima Empire” with a leader of the RPF with this surname.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ham [accept Hamitic theory or curse of Ham]", "answer_primary": "Ham", "clean_answers": [ "curse of Ham", "Ham", "Hamitic theory" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Alexis Kagame promoted a racist theory that identified the Tutsi as an ethnic group named for this man. Churches in Ethiopia and America sometimes justified slavery by citing the “curse” of this Biblical man.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "accusation in a mirror [or accusation en miroir]", "answer_primary": "accusation in a mirror", "clean_answers": [ "accusation en miroir", "accusation in a mirror" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Claims that the Tutsi were Hamitic “Black Khmers” exemplify this strategy. Give the four-word English or three-word French name for this strategy named in a Hutu propaganda document found by Alison Des Forges, in which genocidal plans are imputed to a group targeted for genocide.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "A Midsummer Night’s Dream", "answer_primary": "A Midsummer Night’s Dream", "clean_answers": [ "Midsummer Night’s Dream", "A Midsummer Night’s Dream" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Ariane Mnouchkine’s bare-bones set design for her 1968 production of this play set the precedent for Brook’s 1970 version for the RSC, which ended with the cast mingling with the audience after the line “give me your hands, if we be friends.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Antonin Artaud [or Antoine Marie Joseph Paul Artaud]", "answer_primary": "Antonin Artaud", "clean_answers": [ "Antonin Artaud", "Antoine Marie Joseph Paul Artaud", "Artaud" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Brook’s productions of Peter Weiss’s Marat/Sade drew on essays like “No More Masterpieces” from this French theorist’s collection The Theatre and Its Double, which outlined his avant-garde “theater of cruelty.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jean-Claude Carrière", "answer_primary": "Jean-Claude Carrière", "clean_answers": [ "Carrière", "Jean-Claude Carrière" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Brook and this French author watched Hong Kong kung-fu movies while co-developing his production of The Mahabharata. This absurdly prolific screenwriter co-wrote nearly every script for Luis Buñuel’s French films.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "disclinations", "answer_primary": "disclinations", "clean_answers": [ "disclinations", "disclination" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these orientational topological defects that, in the hexatic phase, correspond to sites with a coordination number of 5 or 7.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dislocations", "answer_primary": "dislocations", "clean_answers": [ "dislocation", "dislocations" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "These other topological defects are equivalent to a bound pair of disclinations. The breakdown of translational order caused by these defects can be parametrized by their Burgers vector.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Vito Volterra [accept Volterra construction]", "answer_primary": "Vito Volterra", "clean_answers": [ "Volterra", "Vito Volterra", "Volterra construction" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The effect of both disclinations and dislocations on a crystal can be examined using a construction named for this mathematician, in which a namesake “cut” is made and repaired.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Pleiades [prompt on Seven Sisters]", "answer_primary": "Pleiades", "clean_answers": [ "Pleiades" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "In a myth of the Mono people, a group of onion-loving wives leave their husbands after being berated for their bad breath and turn into these stars. In Kiowa myth, seven maidens fleeing bears turned into these stars.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Artemidorus [or Artemidorus Daldianus; prompt on Ephesius]", "answer_primary": "Artemidorus", "clean_answers": [ "Artemidorus Daldianus", "Artemidorus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This author’s work claims that a sick man who dreamt that he ate a lot of onions will get better, but one who dreamt he ate only a few will die. This Ephesian diviner compiled his dream interpretations in the Oneirocritica.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "one’s future husband [or one’s future bridegroom or spouse; prompt on synonyms of one’s beloved or lover]", "answer_primary": "one’s future husband", "clean_answers": [ "groom", "husband", "one’s future bridegroom", "spouse", "one’s future husband" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Sticking an onion with pins and placing it under your pillow on St. Thomas’s Eve is said to reveal this figure. A Romanian tradition holds that bringing a candle to a fountain at midnight on St. Andrew’s Eve lets you see this figure.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gluck [or Hannah Gluckstein]", "answer_primary": "Gluck", "clean_answers": [ "Gluck", "Gluckstein", "Hannah Gluckstein" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this mononymous British artist, who painted a profile-self-portrait along Nesta Obermer’s profile in Medallion. This painter of Three Nifty Nats names a type of three-tiered frame that they created.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Romaine Brooks", "answer_primary": "Romaine Brooks", "clean_answers": [ "Romaine Brooks", "Brooks" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Gluck was painted as Peter: A Young English Girl by this Paris-based artist. This lover of Natalie Barney used black and shades of gray in her androgynous self-portraits.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "boxing [or prizefighting; prompt on fighting]", "answer_primary": "boxing", "clean_answers": [ "boxing", "prizefighting" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A Gluck painting shows this activity taking place at the Royal Albert Hall. George Bellows’s pictures of this activity include Stag at Sharkey’s and Both Members of this Club.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "the archive [accept archives of the flesh; accept Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression or Mal d’Archive: Une Impression Freudienne; accept Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense] (Jules Gill-Peterson wrote Histories of the Trangender Child.)", "answer_primary": "the archive", "clean_answers": [ "Archive", "Archival", "archives of the flesh", "the archive", "Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense", "Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression", "archive", "Mal d’Archive: Une Impression Freudienne" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Jules Gill-Peterson wrote Histories of the Trangender Child.", "number": 1, "part": "A Jacques Derrida book studies the death drive’s relation to what hypomnesic entities? The “grain” of these entities in colonial history was studied by Ann Laura Stoler.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Florentine Codex [or Códice Florentino; accept The General History of the Things of New Spain or La Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España]", "answer_primary": "Florentine Codex", "clean_answers": [ "General History of the Things of New Spain", "Florentine", "Florentino", "The General History of the Things of New Spain", "Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España", "La Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España", "Códice Florentino", "Florentine Codex" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In Jamey Jesperson’s examination of the colonial archive, she reads a sketch of two xochihuaque in this text as a depiction of two trans people. This 16th-century Nahua codex commissioned by Bernardino de Sahagún is named for the European city that houses it.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "monks [or monastics; accept cenobites or religious brothers; accept Marinos the Monk; prompt on hermits or saints] (John Climacus wrote, and is named after, The Ladder of Divine Ascent or Climax Paradisi.)", "answer_primary": "monks", "clean_answers": [ "monastic", "cenobites", "Marinos the Monk", "monks", "religious brothers", "monastics", "cenobite", "brother", "monk", "Monk" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "John Climacus wrote, and is named after, The Ladder of Divine Ascent or Climax Paradisi.", "number": 3, "part": "Searches for trans subjects in the archive have drawn attention to a Lebanese man named Marinos, who had this profession. John Climacus and Pachomius condemned gay relationships between members of this profession.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Ezra Pound [or Ezra Weston Loomis Pound]", "answer_primary": "Ezra Pound", "clean_answers": [ "Ezra Weston Loomis Pound", "Pound", "Ezra Pound" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "A Gonzalo Rojas poem advises “don’t copy” what “incredible copier”? This poet loosely translated Chinese poems in the collection Cathay.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "the tribe [or la tribu; accept dialect of the tribe, mots de la tribu, tribal words or other English phrases containing word forms of tribe]", "answer_primary": "the tribe", "clean_answers": [ "the tribe", "tribal", "other English phrases containing word forms of tribe", "dialect of the tribe, mots de la tribu, tribal words", "tribe tribu tribal", "tribe", "la tribu", "tribu" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Noigandres manifesto cites Pound’s phrase “antennae of the race” along with a phrase from “The Tomb of Edgar Poe” about this group. The “familiar compound ghost” from “Little Gidding” quotes Stéphane Mallarmé’s ideal of poets “purifying” the “dialect” of this group.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Octavio Paz [or Octavio Paz Lozano]", "answer_primary": "Octavio Paz", "clean_answers": [ "Octavio Paz Lozano", "Octavio Paz", "Paz" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Julián Ríos, who wrote of purifying the “lingo of the Kabyles” in Larva and paid homage to Pound in Poundemonium, was mentored by this poet. This poet’s friend Eliot Weinberger translated his book In Light of India.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "ENDOR [or electron nuclear double resonance; accept pulsed ENDOR or continuous wave ENDOR or CW-ENDOR; prompt on EPR or ESR; prompt on EPR-detected NMR; prompt on, but DO NOT REVEAL, electron paramagnetic resonance or electron spin resonance]", "answer_primary": "ENDOR", "clean_answers": [ "pulsed ENDOR", "continuous wave ENDOR", "ENDOR", "CW-ENDOR", "electron nuclear double resonance" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this technique that irradiates the sample in both microwave and radiofrequency applied fields. This technique has a “continuous wave” version, as well as pulsed methods developed by Davies and Mims.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "radicals [accept unpaired electron systems; accept paramagnetic; accept electron paramagnetic resonance]", "answer_primary": "radicals", "clean_answers": [ "electron paramagnetic resonance", "unpaired", "unpaired electron systems", "paramagnetic", "radical", "radicals" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "ENDOR is used to resolve hyperfine couplings in EPR spectroscopy, which studies these species. Single-headed arrows are used to depict reaction mechanisms with these species.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "mixing period [or mixing time]", "answer_primary": "mixing period", "clean_answers": [ "mixing time", "mixing", "mixing period" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Both Davies and Mims ENDOR use a 180-degree pulse in this period of the experiment. In 2D NMR, this period comes between the evolution and detection steps.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "capability approach [or capabilities approach]", "answer_primary": "capability approach", "clean_answers": [ "capabilities", "capability", "capability approach", "capabilities approach" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this framework outlined in the 1979 lecture “Equality of What?” This framework emphasizes the possibility of attaining a goal over the mere freedom to pursue it.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "adaptive preferences [prompt on preferences]", "answer_primary": "adaptive preferences", "clean_answers": [ "adaptive preferences", "adaptive preference" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In his 1985 Tanner lectures, Amartya Sen argued that the capabilities approach helps to solve a problem due to this irrationality. The formation of these “irrational” phenomena is the subject of Jon Elster’s Sour Grapes, which illustrates them with the title fable.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "human development index [or HDI]", "answer_primary": "human development index", "clean_answers": [ "human development index", "human development", "HDI" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The capability approach inspired Mahbub ul-Haq to create an index named for this two-word concept. This statistic incorporates measures of lifespan, GNP per capita, and education.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Virgin Mary [or the Madonna; accept Terra Mariana]", "answer_primary": "Virgin Mary", "clean_answers": [ "Terra Mariana", "Madonna", "Mariana", "Mary", "Virgin Mary", "the Madonna" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Albert of Buxhoeveden promoted the use of what person’s name for the Sword Brothers’ state in Livonia? John II Casimir appointed this person monarch of Poland via the Lwów Oath.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Riga", "answer_primary": "Riga", "clean_answers": [ "Riga" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "As part of his campaigns to establish the Terra Mariana in Livonia, Albert founded this future Hanseatic city, a present-day Baltic capital on the Daugava River.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Saint George’s Night Uprising [or Jüriöö ülestõus]", "answer_primary": "Saint George’s Night Uprising", "clean_answers": [ "Saint George", "Jüriöö ülestõus", "Saint George’s Night Uprising", "Jüriöö" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A medieval merchant’s guild based in Riga, the Brotherhood of Blackheads, legendarily adopted Mary as their patron saint after defending Tallinn during this 1343 revolt by indigenous Estonian groups like the Oeselia.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "pagan texts [accept descriptions of non-Christian or secular literature; accept Roman, Greek, or Ciceronian literature; prompt on philosophical works or synonyms]", "answer_primary": "pagan texts", "clean_answers": [ "Roman Greek", "non-Christian", "pagan", "pagan texts", "Greek", "secular literature", "Ciceronian literature", "descriptions of non-Christian", "secular", "Roman, Greek,", "Roman", "Ciceronian" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this trait of works whose use was justified with Augustine’s analogy of “Egyptian gold” and Basil the Great’s analogy of bees gathering nectar. The wisdom found in works with this trait was explained with Justin Martyr’s doctrine of logos spermatikos.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Plato [or Platon]", "answer_primary": "Plato", "clean_answers": [ "Plato", "Platon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Conveniently, this pagan author appeared to Anastasius of Sinai in a dream to assure him that he’d posthumously converted to Christianity. This so-called “atticizing Moses” wrote the “Myth of Er.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Anonymous Christianity [or anonymous Christians]", "answer_primary": "Anonymous Christianity", "clean_answers": [ "anonymous Christians", "anonymous", "Anonymous Christianity", "Anonymous" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Later theories about “virtuous pagans” like Plato include this doctrine of the Jesuit theologian Karl Rahner. Under this doctrine, Buddhist monks and others who live in the “grace of God” are its namesake type of “Christian.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "iliotibial band [or IT band or iliotibial tract or Maissiat’s band; accept iliotibial band syndrome or ITBS]", "answer_primary": "iliotibial band", "clean_answers": [ "iliotibial", "IT", "iliotibial band syndrome", "IT band", "ITBS", "Maissiat’s band", "iliotibial tract", "iliotibial band", "Maissiat’s" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this thick band of fascia running along the lateral side of the thigh. Common diagnostic tests for overuse injuries involving this structure include Noble’s compression test and Ober’s distensibility test.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "femur", "answer_primary": "femur", "clean_answers": [ "femur" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Runners suffering from IT band syndrome experience a characteristic sharp pain isolated to the lateral epicondyle of this long bone whose head rotates with the acetabulum.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Pacinian corpuscle [or lamellar corpuscle or Vater–Pacini corpuscle]", "answer_primary": "Pacinian corpuscle", "clean_answers": [ "Vater–Pacini corpuscle", "Pacinian corpuscle", "lamellar corpuscle" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "One candidate for the cause of pain in ITBS is the activation of this class of largest mechanoreceptor within a layer of fat deep to the IT band from compression. The concentric lamellae in these receptors show up in a distinctive whorl pattern in imaging.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "square of opposition [or squares of opposition]", "answer_primary": "square of opposition", "clean_answers": [ "squares of opposition", "square of opposition" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these diagrams used by ancient logicians such as Aristotle and Apuleius. Boethius popularized these diagrams with his translation of De interpretatione.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "subaltern [or subalternation; accept “Can the Subaltern Speak?”]", "answer_primary": "subaltern", "clean_answers": [ "Can the Subaltern Speak?", "subalternation", "Subaltern", "subaltern" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This word describes the relation between two propositions in which the subject described by this term is true if and only if the other is true. Gayatri Spivak concluded that a group described by this term “cannot speak.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Peter Strawson [or P. F. Strawson]", "answer_primary": "Peter Strawson", "clean_answers": [ "Strawson", "P. F. Strawson", "Peter Strawson" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This Oxford philosopher attempted to rehabilitate the square of opposition by redefining validity to avoid issues with terms that have empty subjects. This philosopher further showed his classical influence by naming his son Galen.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Kalpa Empire [accept Kalpa Imperial]", "answer_primary": "Kalpa Empire", "clean_answers": [ "Kalpa Imperial", "Kalpa Empire", "Kalpa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Le Guin used the sentence “the storyteller said” to open most chapters in her translation of an episodic novel by Argentinian author Angélica Gorodischer that details the history of this fictional empire.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Earth [or Terra; accept Earthseed; prompt on Hain by asking “what specific planet colonized by Hain?”]", "answer_primary": "Earth", "clean_answers": [ "Earthseed", "Terra", "Earth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In “The Word for World is Forest,” Le Guin wrote about Athshe’s colonization by people from this planet. Octavia Butler created a religion named for this planet and “seed” in The Parable of the Sower, which is set here.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "personal pronouns [or gendered pronouns; accept specific pronouns like she/her or he/him or they/them]", "answer_primary": "personal pronouns", "clean_answers": [ "pronoun", "gendered pronouns", "he/him", "she/her", "they/them", "specific pronouns like she/her", "personal pronouns" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Le Guin explained her refusal to invent a new one of these words in an essay asking if a certain concept is “necessary.” In Ann Leckie’s Ancillary Justice, the Radch Empire lacks some of these words, creating cross-cultural challenges for the protagonist.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "the Palatinate [or Electoral Palatinate, Electorate of the Palatinate, Pfalz, Kurpfalz, or Rhineland-Palatinate; accept Poor Palatines or Elector Palatine]", "answer_primary": "the Palatinate", "clean_answers": [ "Poor Palatines", "Palatinate", "Kurpfalz", "Electoral Palatinate, Electorate of the Palatinate, Pfalz, Kurpfalz,", "Elector Palatine", "Palatinate Palatinate Pfalz Kurpfalz", "the Palatinate", "Rhineland-Palatinate", "Pfalz" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Daniel Defoe advocated for “poor” people from what polity during a 1700s refugee crisis? James I married off his daughter Elizabeth Stuart to a ruler of this polity who was made King of Bohemia in 1619.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "naturalization [accept Foreign Protestants Naturalisation Act 1708 or Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753]", "answer_primary": "naturalization", "clean_answers": [ "Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753", "Foreign Protestants Naturalisation Act 1708", "Naturalisation", "naturalization" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Whigs supported extending this process to the Poor Palatines via a 1708 act named for “foreign protestants.” A 1753 Act allowed British Jews to pursue this general process of gaining citizenship.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dido Elizabeth Belle", "answer_primary": "Dido Elizabeth Belle", "clean_answers": [ "Dido Elizabeth Belle", "Belle" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Naturalization was refused to London’s “Black Poor,” a class whose fate contrasts with this other freed slave who was painted with Elizabeth Murray. This ward of Lord Mansfield is often called Britain’s “first Black aristocrat.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "MacDowell [or MacDowell Colony; accept Edward MacDowell; accept MacDowell Clubs] (Woodland Sketches was composed here.)", "answer_primary": "MacDowell", "clean_answers": [ "MacDowell Clubs", "MacDowell", "Edward MacDowell", "MacDowell Colony" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Woodland Sketches was composed here.", "number": 1, "part": "What artists’ colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire, is named for a Romantic composer promoted by over 400 women’s clubs in turn-of-the-20th-century America? A summer retreat here by its namesake composer inspired ten short piano pieces.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Felix Mendelssohn [accept Mendelssohn Glee Club] (The club held benefit concerts for MacDowell Colony after his death.)", "answer_primary": "Felix Mendelssohn", "clean_answers": [ "Felix Mendelssohn", "Mendelssohn", "Mendelssohn Glee Club" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The club held benefit concerts for MacDowell Colony after his death.", "number": 2, "part": "Edward MacDowell led New York City’s glee club chapter named in honor of this composer of sacred choral music like the Lobgesang symphony-cantata and the Bach-influenced oratorios St. Paul and Elijah.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Cécile Chaminade [accept Chaminade Music Club]", "answer_primary": "Cécile Chaminade", "clean_answers": [ "Chaminade Music Club", "Chaminade", "Cécile Chaminade" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Yonkers, New York, hosts the last extant club named for this composer of a D major flute concertino. Women founded clubs and flocked to hear charming salon music like “Scarf Dance” when this French pianist toured America.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Krishna [or Kṛṣṇa; prompt on Vishnu or Viṣṇu]", "answer_primary": "Krishna", "clean_answers": [ "Kṛṣṇa", "Krishna" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this subject of erotic verses addressed to the “Dark One” by Mirabai, whose poems also describe this figure’s relationship with the gopi Rādhā.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "A. K. Ramanujan [or Attipate Krishnaswami Ramanujan]", "answer_primary": "A. K. Ramanujan", "clean_answers": [ "Ramanujan", "A. K. Ramanujan", "Attipate Krishnaswami Ramanujan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This translator rendered Nammāḻvār’s poems in Hymns for the Drowning. Before his untimely death in Chicago, this prolific philologist translated Telugu courtesan songs in When God Is a Customer and reported seeing himself “signed in a corner / by my father” in his poem “Self Portrait.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "jasmine [accept “my lord of white jasmine” or Jasmine]", "answer_primary": "jasmine", "clean_answers": [ "my lord of white jasmine", "Jasmine", "jasmine" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Ramanujan also translated Akka Mahādevi’s poems in which she laments Shiva’s absence, calling him “my lord of” this “white” plant. Prakash dies in a bombing in a Bharati Mukherjee novel titled for this plant.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "wavelets [accept mother wavelets or father wavelets or Haar wavelets or wavelet transforms; reject “waves”]", "answer_primary": "wavelets", "clean_answers": [ "wavelet", "Haar wavelets", "wavelet transforms; reject waves", "wavelets", "father wavelets", "mother wavelets" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these functions often constructed through a multiresolution analysis. Stéphane Mallat and Yves Meyer popularized the study of these functions and their associated transforms.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ingrid Daubechies (“doh-buh-SHEE”)", "answer_primary": "Ingrid Daubechies", "clean_answers": [ "Daubechies", "Ingrid Daubechies" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Haar wavelets are the 2-tap case of a family of wavelets named for this Belgian mathematician. This “godmother of the digital image” delivered a foundational Ten Lectures on Wavelets.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "orthogonality [or perpendicularity or normality; accept orthonormality]", "answer_primary": "orthogonality", "clean_answers": [ "orthonormal", "orthogonality", "orthogonal", "perpendicularity", "normal", "normality", "perpendicular", "orthonormality" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Daubechies wavelets are compactly supported and satisfy this property, meaning that the product of any pair of wavelets has vanishing integral. In general, two vectors have this property if their inner product is zero.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Roman Catholic Church [or Catholicism] (The theologian in the first sentence is Jean-Marc Ela.)", "answer_primary": "Roman Catholic Church", "clean_answers": [ "Catholicism", "Catholic", "Roman Catholic Church" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The theologian in the first sentence is Jean-Marc Ela.", "number": 1, "part": "What denomination uses the term “inculturation,” instead of “contextual theology,” in its African churches? This denomination of Ghana’s Peter Turkson is the largest in Cameroon and the DRC.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "three secrets of Fátima [accept third secret of Fátima; accept revelations, prophecies, visions, or messages in place of “secrets”; prompt on words of Our Lady of Fátima]", "answer_primary": "three secrets of Fátima", "clean_answers": [ "three secrets of Fátima", "prophecie", "vision", "revelation prophecie vision", "secret Fátima", "revelations, prophecies, visions,", "message", "messages in place of secrets", "third secret of Fátima", "Fátima", "third secret", "revelation", "secret" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Catholic Legio Maria sect theorizes that one of these statements depicts a Black Christ. One of these statements describes an angel with a flaming sword and was released in 2000, 83 years after its initial recording.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Alice [accept Alice Auma, Alice Lakwena, or Alice Lenshina]", "answer_primary": "Alice", "clean_answers": [ "Alice Alice", "Alice Auma, Alice Lakwena,", "Alice Lenshina", "Alice" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Another syncretic Catholic movement among Uganda’s Luo peoples, the Holy Spirit Movement, was founded by a woman with this first name with guidance from spirits like “Wrong Element.” An unrelated prophet with this first name founded the Lumpa Church in Zambia.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Yoshiki Kuramoto", "answer_primary": "Yoshiki Kuramoto", "clean_answers": [ "Yoshiki Kuramoto", "Kuramoto" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this physicist, the namesake of a model in which oscillators are coupled by an interaction proportional to “sine of theta i minus theta j” in order to model synchronization.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "phase [accept phase-locking; accept phase difference]", "answer_primary": "phase", "clean_answers": [ "phase", "phase-locking", "phase difference" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The coherent state in the Kuramoto model corresponds to a state where this variable is “locked.” For a resonant harmonic oscillator, the difference between the values of this cyclic variable for the displacement and forcing is pi-over-2 radians.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Vladimir Arnold [accept Arnold tongues]", "answer_primary": "Vladimir Arnold", "clean_answers": [ "Vladimir Arnold", "Arnold tongues", "Arnold" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Regions in parameter space where phase-locking occurs may be denoted by this mathematician’s namesake “tongues.” A theorem regarding integrable systems is named for this mathematician, Kolmogorov, and Moser.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Ellsworth [accept Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth or Oliver Ellsworth]", "answer_primary": "Ellsworth", "clean_answers": [ "Oliver Ellsworth", "Ellsworth", "Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this surname of the first Union officer killed in the Civil War, Elmer. A Connecticut family with this surname produced the third Chief Justice, Oliver.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "zouaves [accept Fire Zouaves, First Fire Zouaves, or First Regiment New York Zouaves]", "answer_primary": "zouaves", "clean_answers": [ "New York Zouave", "First Regiment New York Zouaves", "Fire Zouave", "Zouave", "Zouave Fire Zouave", "zouave", "zouaves", "Fire Zouaves, First Fire Zouaves," ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Ellsworth’s touring group of Illinois cadets popularized this style of infantry. Ellsworth’s units of this sort were assembled from New York’s fire companies and wore baggy clothing to emulate French troops in North Africa.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "seeing the elephant", "answer_primary": "seeing the elephant", "clean_answers": [ "see elephant", "seeing the elephant", "see", "elephant" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Fire Zouaves were among the first troops to undergo this idiomatic experience at Bull Run. 19th-century Americans referred to acquiring costly worldly experiences, such as facing battle or traveling West, as performing this three-word action.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Sarah [accept Sara Coleridge, Sarah Fricker, or Sara Hutchinson; prompt on Asra by asking “what was her real name?”]", "answer_primary": "Sarah", "clean_answers": [ "Sara", "Sarah", "Sara Coleridge, Sarah Fricker,", "Sara Hutchinson", "Sara Sarah" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this first name of an author who defended her father from charges of plagiarizing Schelling in his Biographia Literaria. Her mother and her father’s long-term love interest also had this first name.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "John Henry Newman [or Cardinal Newman] ", "answer_primary": "John Henry Newman", "clean_answers": [ "John Henry Newman", "Cardinal Newman", "Newman" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Sara Coleridge recounted a dream where she debated this theologian, a frequent foil in her writings. “O weary Champion of the Cross, lie still” opens Christina Rossetti’s elegy for this author of Apologia Pro Vita Sua.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“the one Life”", "answer_primary": "“the one Life”", "clean_answers": [ "the one Life", "one Life" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Coleridge offered a Christian interpretation of the pantheism of her father’s “Eolian Harp,” which uses this two-word phrase for the ultimate reality “within us and abroad” that “meets all motion and becomes its soul.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Jesse Livermore [or Jesse Lauriston Livermore; accept Livermore accumulating cylinder; prompt on Larry Livingston by asking “who was that character based upon?”]", "answer_primary": "Jesse Livermore", "clean_answers": [ "Jesse Livermore", "Livermore accumulating cylinder", "Jesse Lauriston Livermore", "Livermore" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this self-taught stock trader whose legendary shorts, such as profiting 100 million dollars after the 1929 Great Crash, inspired Edwin Lefèvre’s roman à clef Reminiscences of a Stock Operator.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "crowds [accept Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds]", "answer_primary": "crowds", "clean_answers": [ "crowd", "Crowd", "crowds", "Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Livermore’s favorite book was one by Charles Mackay that studies the “Extraordinary Popular Delusions” and “Madness” of these groups.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Bernard Baruch [or Bernard Mannes Baruch]", "answer_primary": "Bernard Baruch", "clean_answers": [ "Bernard Mannes Baruch", "Baruch", "Bernard Baruch" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Extraordinary Popular Delusions inspired this friend of Livermore to sell en masse before the Great Crash. This Jewish investor was nicknamed the “Lone Wolf of Wall Street,” coined the term “Cold War,” and chaired the War Industries Board.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Great Cameo of France [or Big Cameo of France or Grand Camée de France]", "answer_primary": "Great Cameo of France", "clean_answers": [ "Grand Camée de France", "Great Cameo of France", "Great Cameo", "Big Cameo of France", "Big Cameo", "Grand Camée" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Roman jewel, the largest of its kind at roughly one-foot tall and slightly less wide. This object shows a clear hierarchy, with heaven above the court, which is in turn above huddled masses.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Augustus [or Octavian or Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus or Gaius Octavius; accept Augustus of Prima Porta; reject Caesar] ", "answer_primary": "Augustus", "clean_answers": [ "Octavius", "Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus", "Octavian", "Augustus", "Augustus of Prima Porta; reject Caesar", "Gaius Octavius" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The modern consensus holds that this person is depicted with a veil and crown at the top of the Great Cameo. This person holds up their right hand in a sculpture found at the Villa of Livia in Prima Porta.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "drinking cups [or drinking vessels or jugs; accept wine vessels; prompt on vessels; reject “pots”]", "answer_primary": "drinking cups", "clean_answers": [ "drinking cups", "jugs", "wine vessel", "cup", "wine vessels", "jug", "drinking vessels", "drinking vessel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Mary Beard contrasts the Great Cameo with a miniature depiction of Augustus found in Boscoreale on a skyphos, one of these objects. Other examples of these objects found at Boscoreale include a pair of kantharoi depicting boars.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "concerted model [or MWC model or Monod–Wyman–Changeux model; accept symmetry model]", "answer_primary": "concerted model", "clean_answers": [ "symmetry", "MWC model", "MWC", "concerted", "Monod–Wyman–Changeux model", "concerted model", "symmetry model", "Monod–Wyman–Changeux" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this model opposed by the KNF or “sequential” model. It states that all subunits are regulated together to be favored towards a “tense” or “relaxed” state.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "2,3-BPG [or 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid or 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate; accept 2,3-DPG or 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate]", "answer_primary": "2,3-BPG", "clean_answers": [ "2,3-DPG", "2,3-diphosphoglycerate", "2,3-BPG", "2,3-bisphosphoglycerate", "2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid", "2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This molecule, which is formed in the Luebering–Rapoport pathway, is the second-highest-concentrated metabolite in erythrocytes after glucose. In a classic example of negative allosteric regulation, the binding of this molecule stabilizes the tense state of hemoglobin, lowering its affinity for oxygen.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "hexokinase ", "answer_primary": "hexokinase", "clean_answers": [ "hexokinase" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In another example of allosteric regulation, this enzyme is inhibited by ATP and its product G6P. This enzyme phosphorylates glucose in the first step of glycolysis.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Zora Neale Hurston AND Richard Wright", "answer_primary": "Zora Neale Hurston AND Richard Wright", "clean_answers": [ "Hurston", "Zora Neale Hurston AND Richard Wright", "Hurston Wright", "Wright" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these two feuding authors. One of them categorized the other’s novellas, like “Down by the Riverside,” as part of a “sobbing school” that she rejected in favor of “sharpening my oyster knife” in “How it Feels to be Colored Me.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Communist Party [prompt on the party]", "answer_primary": "Communist Party", "clean_answers": [ "Communist", "Communist Party" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Hurston criticized Wright for offering the “solution” of this party. Wright negatively portrayed this party’s treatment of the journalist Ross in the second part of Black Boy.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "June Jordan", "answer_primary": "June Jordan", "clean_answers": [ "June Jordan", "Jordan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This author of an essay about the feud also wrote the libretto for I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky. This poet addressed her bisexuality in Some of Us Did Not Die and wondered “who the hell set things up like this” in “Poem about My Rights.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Vietnam [or Socialist Republic of Vietnam; accept North Vietnam or SRV]", "answer_primary": "Vietnam", "clean_answers": [ "SRV", "Vietnam", "Socialist Republic of Vietnam", "North Vietnam" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this country that partly rolled back its land reforms of the 1950s in the “rectification of errors.” Its rice production plummeted in 1979, when it invaded Cambodia to depose Pol Pot.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "tillers [or Land to the Tiller program; or Người Cày Có Ruộng]", "answer_primary": "tillers", "clean_answers": [ "Tiller", "tiller", "Người Cày Có Ruộng", "Land to the Tiller program", "Người Cày", "tillers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Post-reunification reform was resisted by South Vietnamese peasants who’d gained their land in a US-backed redistribution program named for these people. Like a slogan used in China by Sun Yat-sen, that program called for “land to” this specific sort of person.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lê Duẩn (“lay zwun”) [or Lê Duẩn]", "answer_primary": "Lê Duẩn", "clean_answers": [ "Duẩn", "Lê Duẩn", "Lê" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Mandatory collective farming was abandoned in 1988 as part of the Đổi Mới reforms, which were implemented after the death of this successor to Hồ Chí Minh as General Secretary.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "anthropocene [or Capital in the Anthropocene]", "answer_primary": "anthropocene", "clean_answers": [ "Anthropocene", "Capital in the Anthropocene", "anthropocene" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this epoch that was popularized by Paul Crutzen. In that 2020 book, Kohei Saito used this term to emphasize how “our economic activities” have “fully transformed” the planet.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "reification [or “Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat”]", "answer_primary": "reification", "clean_answers": [ "reification", "Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat", "Reification" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Due to the influence of Samezō Kuruma, Saito emphasizes this concept in his understanding of Marx. Saito cites a György Lukács essay on this process “and the Consciousness of the Proletariat” to explain how modern science separated nature from history.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Kōjin Karatani", "answer_primary": "Kōjin Karatani", "clean_answers": [ "Karatani", "Kōjin Karatani" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Saito situated his book in a history of radical bestsellers in Japan, which began when this other Marxist achieved fame. This thinker aimed to root Marxism in Kantian ethics in the book Transcritique.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "abuse [accept more specific types like emotional abuse, psychological abuse, or child abuse; accept Conflict is Not Abuse; prompt on harm]", "answer_primary": "abuse", "clean_answers": [ "abuse abuse", "Abuse", "more specific types like emotional abuse, psychological abuse,", "child abuse", "abuse", "Conflict is Not Abuse" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Jennifer Freyd coined the acronym DARVO for a common pattern of what phenomenon? A controversial book by Sarah Schulman coined the notion that “conflict is not” this phenomenon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "gentrification [accept word forms; accept The Gentrification of the Mind or gentrified happiness]", "answer_primary": "gentrification", "clean_answers": [ "The Gentrification of the Mind", "word forms", "Gentrification", "gentrification", "gentrified happiness", "gentrified" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Conflict is Not Abuse builds on Schulman’s work on a mental analogue of this process, in which the “agency of the oppressed” is replaced by the “acceptance of banality.” The British sociologist Ruth Glass coined the term for this process.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "pinkwashing", "answer_primary": "pinkwashing", "clean_answers": [ "pinkwash", "pinkwashing" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Schulman’s work on the Brand Israel PR campaign popularized this term for the practice of companies and states appealing to their LGBTQ-friendliness to distract from other policies.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Chavela Vargas [or Chavela Vargas; or María Isabel Anita Carmen de Jesús Vargas Lizano]", "answer_primary": "Chavela Vargas", "clean_answers": [ "María Isabel Anita Carmen de Jesús Vargas Lizano", "Vargas", "Chavela Vargas", "Chavela" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Costa Rican-born folk singer who became a lesbian icon in Mexico. This singer was known for sullen-voiced renditions of the ranchera anthem “La Llorona” and male love songs like “Paloma Negra.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "mariachi", "answer_primary": "mariachi", "clean_answers": [ "mariachi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Chavela exhibited her androgyny by wearing masculine attire, like either a red poncho or the charro outfit typical of performers in this folk genre, whose namesake ensembles typically include vihuela and guitarrón.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Argentina [or Argentine Republic; or República Argentina]", "answer_primary": "Argentina", "clean_answers": [ "Argentine", "República Argentina", "Argentina", "Argentine Republic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This country’s folk singer Mercedes Sosa once asked her Mexican fans to place a rose for her on Chavela’s tomb. One of Latin America’s most popular rock songs is “De Música Ligera” by this country’s band Soda Stereo.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "dextran [reject “dextrin”]", "answer_primary": "dextran", "clean_answers": [ "dextran", "reject dextrin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this natural glucose polymer that is also the basis for multiple biocompatible micellar and hydrogel drug delivery systems. Microspheres of this compound are particularly good at targeting drugs to the colon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "lineage tracing", "answer_primary": "lineage tracing", "clean_answers": [ "lineage tracing" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In developmental biology, fluorescent dextrans are classical dyes for these experiments, in which they are injected into a clear embryo, such as one from Xenopus, and individual cell fates are tracked.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "agarose [prompt on agar or gel]", "answer_primary": "agarose", "clean_answers": [ "agarose" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Beads of dextran and this other compound are often used as media in size-exclusion chromatography. More commonly, 0.5-percent to 2-percent solutions of this substance are added to TAE buffer and microwaved before use.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "lost [accept Lost Canadians or Lost Generation]", "answer_primary": "lost", "clean_answers": [ "Lost", "Lost Canadians", "Lost Generation", "lost" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What adjective names the demographic cohort of Canadians who wielded the clunky MacAdam Shield Shovel at Vimy Ridge? Gertrude Stein coined this term for the generation before the Greatest Generation.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "home children [accept home boys or home girls; accept little immigrants]", "answer_primary": "home children", "clean_answers": [ "home girls", "little immigrants", "home boys", "home children", "little immigrant", "home" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Lost Canadians include these children who came to Canada under a program started by Annie MacPherson. Over 100,000 of these poor British children were sent to the colonies, often with false claims that their parents had died.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "titles of nobility [accept foreign peerages, knighthoods, baronetcies, orders, honors, decorations, or medals; accept Titles of Nobility Amendment or Canadian titles debate]", "answer_primary": "titles of nobility", "clean_answers": [ "knight", "Titles of Nobility Amendment", "order", "peer knight baron order honor", "honor", "Title", "Canadian titles debate", "title", "foreign peerages, knighthoods, baronetcies, orders, honors, decorations,", "medals", "titles of nobility", "baron", "peer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Conrad Black gave up Canadian citizenship to take one of these things after a legal battle with Jean Chrétien. The Nickle Resolution bars Canadians from these things, which name a never-ratified amendment to the US Constitution and are banned in the first sentence of the Emoluments Clause.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "prefixation [or using mostly/more prefixes than suffixes; accept prefixal or prefixing language; prompt on affixation or concatenation] (The keywords “suffixing preference” or “suffixation preference” point to related research. WALS is the World Atlas of Language Structures. The augment is a mysterious pre-prefix in Bantu.)", "answer_primary": "prefixation", "clean_answers": [ "prefixing language", "prefix", "more prefixes", "prefixation", "prefixal", "using mostly/more prefixes than suffixes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The keywords “suffixing preference” or “suffixation preference” point to related research. WALS is the World Atlas of Language Structures. The augment is a mysterious pre-prefix in Bantu.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this rarer of the two main strategies languages use for derivation, seen in Coptic, the Siberian isolate Ket, and strongly exemplified by Bantu languages, which may even have an extra vocalic “augment.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "noun classes [or nominal classes; or morphological class; prompt on class; reject “noun classifiers”]", "answer_primary": "noun classes", "clean_answers": [ "noun classes", "nominal class", "nominal classes", "morphological class", "noun class" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "22 Bantu prefixes mark these categories into which nominals are divided, like people, plants, and round things. A partition into two of these groups, usually masculine and feminine, is called grammatical gender.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "heads [or head word; accept “headed by”; accept head-directionality parameter or head parameter; accept head-initial or head-final; accept headedness principle]", "answer_primary": "heads", "clean_answers": [ "headedness principle", "head", "headed by", "heads", "headedness", "head-initial", "head parameter", "head word", "head-directionality parameter", "head-final" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Prefixing correlates with VO word-order and the “initial” value for this concept’s directionality parameter, which decides if a language’s syntax trees mainly branch left or right in the dated P&P framework. In X-bar theory, phrases inherit their syntactic category from these terminal nodes.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "newts [accept salamanders; accept The War with the Newts or Válka s Mloky]", "answer_primary": "newts", "clean_answers": [ "newts", "The War with the Newts", "salamander", "Newt", "Mlok", "newt", "Válka s Mloky", "salamanders" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these animals bred by Gussie Fink-Nottle in P. G. Wodehouse’s Jeeves series. The “sex life” of these animals is discussed in an appendix to a Karel Čapek novel titled for them.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Robert Benchley [or Robert Charles Benchley]", "answer_primary": "Robert Benchley", "clean_answers": [ "Benchley", "Robert Charles Benchley", "Robert Benchley" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This humorist declared that a newt would “gyrate and undulate in a most conscientious manner” at a paperweight and an eraser in “The Social Life of the Newt.” This member of the Algonquin Round Table wrote “How to Get Things Done” and “How to Sleep.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Catalan [or català] (The authors are Mercè Rodoreda and Ramon Llull.)", "answer_primary": "Catalan", "clean_answers": [ "català", "Catalan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The authors are Mercè Rodoreda and Ramon Llull.", "number": 3, "part": "A woman transforms into a salamander as she is burned at the stake in a story in this language by the author of In the Time of the Doves. This language was used for the medieval romance Blanquerna.", "value": 10 } ]