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[ { "answer": "Nahḍa [or Arab Enlightenment, Awakening, Renaissance or Revival; or an-nahḍa] (The unnamed authors are Voltaire and Montesquieu.)", "answer_primary": "Nahḍa", "clean_answers": [ "Enlightenment Awakening Renaissance", "Revival", "Renaissance", "Arab Enlightenment, Awakening, Renaissance", "Enlightenment", "nahḍa", "an-nahḍa", "Nahḍa", "Awakening" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The unnamed authors are Voltaire and Montesquieu.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 19th-century cultural movement in the Arab world. It shares one of its common English names with a European movement whose authors drew on the Arabian Nights in works like Zadig and the Persian Letters.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "maqāma [or maqāmāt; reject “maqām”]", "answer_primary": "maqāma", "clean_answers": [ "maqāma", "maqāmāt", "maqāmāt; reject maqām" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Nahda author al-Shidyaq included stories in this genre narrated by the lisping ibn Hifām in Leg over Leg. Al-Hamadhānī invented this genre of stories about con-men and rogues, which may be the source of the picaresque.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Nasreddin Hodja [accept variants of Nasruddin or Nasr al-Din with any vowel sounds or honorifics; or Juḥā, Jiha, Djoha, or Goha; or Mushfiqī; accept Hodja, Hoca, or Khoja; accept Mullah or Molla]", "answer_primary": "Nasreddin Hodja", "clean_answers": [ "Juḥā, Jiha, Djoha,", "Hodja Hoca", "Mushfiqī", "Nasr al-Din", "Djoha", "Mullah", "Juḥā", "Jiha", "Hodja", "Goha", "Hodja, Hoca,", "Nasruddin", "Hoca", "Nasreddin", "variants of Nasruddin", "Khoja", "Molla", "Nasr al-Din with any vowel sounds", "Juḥā Jiha Djoha", "Nasreddin Hodja", "honorifics" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Al-Jahiz, who anticipated maqāmāt in his Book of Misers, also invented the Arabic version of this character. Nahda-era print culture spread stories about this donkey-riding Sufi “wise fool” throughout the Muslim world.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "bowing [or using a violin/cello/double bass bow; or dragging bow hair, horsehair, bundle of hair, single hair, nylon, or fishing line against strings, piano wire, or the edge of a vibraphone’s metal bars; or pulling bow hair threaded between piano strings back and forth; accept bowed piano or bowed vibraphone or bowed cymbal]", "answer_primary": "bowing", "clean_answers": [ "the edge of a vibraphone’s metal bars", "bowed cymbal", "bowing", "hair", "fishing line", "nylon", "bowed vibraphone", "pulling bow hair threaded between piano strings back and forth", "bowed", "bowed piano", "fishing line against strings, piano wire,", "bow hair hair hair nylon", "dragging bow hair, horsehair, bundle of hair, single hair, nylon,", "bow", "using a violin/cello/double bass bow" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What extended technique pioneered on piano by Curtis Curtis-Smith and Stephen Scott makes ethereal or eerie sounds on vibraphone bars or cymbal rims? This technique is usually notated by arco or a thin V or thick pi shape.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "John Cage", "answer_primary": "John Cage", "clean_answers": [ "John Cage", "Cage" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Bowed piano is featured in Fourteen, one of this composer’s many late Number Pieces titled for the ensemble’s size. This writer of “mesostics” printed random words beside graphical scores solicited from 269 composers for his book Notations.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Artikulation", "answer_primary": "Artikulation", "clean_answers": [ "Artikulation" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In graphic designer Rainer Wehinger’s spectrum-like Hörpartitur, or listening-score, for this short electronic piece by Ligeti, colorful dots and combs represent beeps and noise. It was inspired by phoneticist Werner Meyer-Eppler’s artificial speech and aleatoricism.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "energy cascade [or kinetic energy cascade; accept Kolmogorov cascade; accept Richardson cascade]", "answer_primary": "energy cascade", "clean_answers": [ "Kolmogorov cascade", "cascade", "Richardson cascade", "kinetic energy cascade", "energy cascade" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this phenomenon, the transfer of energy between length scales. Kolmogorov formulated an isotropic statistical model of this phenomenon first proposed by Richardson.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "enstrophy", "answer_primary": "enstrophy", "clean_answers": [ "enstrophy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Kraichnan’s inverse cascade occurs due to the conservation of this quantity in 2D systems. In inviscid systems, this quantity is the integral of the square of the vorticity.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "wavenumber [or wavevector]", "answer_primary": "wavenumber", "clean_answers": [ "wavenumber", "wavevector" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Kraichnan predicted an energy scaling proportional to this quantity raised to the negative five-thirds power, similar to the Kolmogorov case. This quantity symbolized k corresponds to spatial frequency.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "foreign aid [or development aid or international aid or international development assistance; prompt on development; reject “foreign direct investment”]", "answer_primary": "foreign aid", "clean_answers": [ "international aid", "foreign aid", "international development assistance", "assistance", "aid", "development aid" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this practice of transferring wealth to poorer countries. William Easterly argues that this practice often serves to bolster dictators.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The End of Poverty", "answer_primary": "The End of Poverty", "clean_answers": [ "End of Poverty", "The End of Poverty" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In a negative review, Easterly described the plan proposed in this book as “a sort of Great Leap Forward.” In this 2005 book, Jeffrey Sachs argued for development aid as a form of “clinical economics.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dambisa Moyo [or Baroness Moyo]", "answer_primary": "Dambisa Moyo", "clean_answers": [ "Dambisa Moyo", "Baroness Moyo", "Moyo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "As a critic of foreign aid, Easterly is often grouped with this Zambian-born British economist. In the book Dead Aid, this economist argued that Western aid in Africa manifests as authoritarian paternalism.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gotham [or Gotham Writers Workshop; or Gotham Book Mart]", "answer_primary": "Gotham", "clean_answers": [ "Gotham", "Gotham Book Mart", "Gotham Writers Workshop" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this name of a “book mart” where an iconic photo of American literati was taken at a 1948 party for Edith Sitwell. Its sign “Wise Men Fish Here” references a legend about an English village of this name, which also inspired Washington Irving to use this name as a moniker for his home city.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "William Saroyan", "answer_primary": "William Saroyan", "clean_answers": [ "William Saroyan", "Saroyan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "After being left out of the Gotham photo, this author never set foot there again. This Armenian-American author wrote the novel The Human Comedy and the play The Time of Your Life.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "José Garcia Villa (“VEE-yah”)", "answer_primary": "José Garcia Villa ", "clean_answers": [ "Villa", "José Garcia Villa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This “Pope of Greenwich Village” stands next to W. H. Auden in the photo. E. E. Cummings’s poem “Doveglion” is dedicated to this Filipino modernist who invented “reversed consonance” and “comma poems.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "the Sun [accept solar myth theory or Sol Invictus]", "answer_primary": "the Sun", "clean_answers": [ "solar", "Sol Invictus", "Sol", "Sun", "solar myth theory", "the Sun" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Müller claimed that most myths were allegories of what domain? Earlier, Charles-François Dupuis speculated that Christ was a myth inspired by a Roman god of this domain with the epithet “invictus.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Andrew Lang [accept Lang’s Fairy Books]", "answer_primary": "Andrew Lang", "clean_answers": [ "Lang", "Andrew Lang", "Lang’s Fairy Books" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This opponent of solar myth theory used its methods to prove that Bismarck, Gladstone, and Müller were sun-gods. With his wife Leonora Alleyne, this Scottish folklorist compiled a series of Fairy Books named for colors.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "disease of language (Tolkien wrote that “It would be more near the truth to say that languages… are a disease of mythology.”)", "answer_primary": "disease of language", "clean_answers": [ "disease of language" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Tolkien wrote that “It would be more near the truth to say that languages… are a disease of mythology.”", "number": 3, "part": "In his Lang lecture “On Fairy-Stories,” Tolkien inverted Müller’s use of this three-word phrase as a definition of mythology. This phrase refers to the reification of words as deities during the “mythopoeic” age.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "King assassination riots [accept descriptions that mention Martin Luther King Jr. or MLK; prompt on 1968 riots or synonyms]", "answer_primary": "King assassination riots", "clean_answers": [ "MLK", "descriptions that mention Martin Luther King Jr.", "King", "King assassination riots" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Most of 14th Street Is Gone is a history of the impact of what events on DC? This wave of protests, also called the Holy Week Uprising, was prompted by a shooting at the Lorraine Motel in 1968.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "housing discrimination [accept fair housing or open housing; accept housing anti-discrimination; accept Fair Housing Act; prompt on descriptions of discrimination in the sale or rental of dwelling places; reject “public housing” or “affordable housing”]", "answer_primary": "housing discrimination", "clean_answers": [ "open housing", "housing discrimination", "fair housing", "housing", "Housing", "housing anti-discrimination", "Fair Housing Act" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Titles VIII and IX of the 1968 Civil Rights Act, which was signed during the riots, are commonly named for this issue. The Ink for Jack campaign arose from JFK’s failure to use a “stroke of the pen” to address this issue, which was the focus of the Chicago Freedom Movement.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Glenville shootout", "answer_primary": "Glenville shootout", "clean_answers": [ "Glenville shootout", "Glenville" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Months after asking King protesters to “cool it for Carl,” Cleveland mayor Carl Stokes had his Now! program derailed by riots after this event. Ahmed Evans’s New Libya faced police in this four-hour gun battle.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "X-ray crystallography [or XRC; or X-ray diffraction or XRD; accept X-ray diffractometry; prompt on crystallography or diffraction]", "answer_primary": "X-ray crystallography", "clean_answers": [ "XRD", "X-ray crystallography", "X-ray diffractometry", "XRC", "X-ray diffraction" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this technique used by Dorothy Hodgkin and Barbara Low to discover the structure of penicillin. In this technique, Bragg’s law is used to relate the angles and intensities of waves scattered from a lattice.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Protein Data Bank [or PDB; accept Worldwide Protein Data Bank or wwPDB]", "answer_primary": "Protein Data Bank", "clean_answers": [ "Worldwide Protein Data Bank", "wwPDB", "Protein Data Bank", "PDB" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "X-ray crystallography is the most common technique used to create atomic coordinate files for this structural database. Users of this database download mmCIF files to study structures in visualization systems such as PyMOL.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "clashscore (The three outliers are Ramachandran, sidechain, and RSRZ outliers.)", "answer_primary": "clashscore", "clean_answers": [ "clashscore" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The three outliers are Ramachandran, sidechain, and RSRZ outliers.", "number": 3, "part": "PDB structures are validated by MolProbity, which measures R-free, a set of three outliers, and this value. This quantity counts the number of times per 1,000 atoms that van der Waals radii overlap by 0.4 angstroms or more.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "New Museum [or New Museum of Contemporary Art]", "answer_primary": "New Museum", "clean_answers": [ "New Museum of Contemporary Art", "New Museum", "New" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The Encyclopedic Palace inspired the theme of the 55th Venice Biennale, which was led by Massimiliano Gioni, who curates this museum at 235 Bowery in New York. The journal Rhizome is published by this museum that hosts a Triennial.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "folk [or folk art or folk horror]", "answer_primary": "folk", "clean_answers": [ "folk horror", "folk", "folk art" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Gioni discovered The Encyclopedic Palace at a museum for art described by this adjective, which also describes the art of Edward Hicks. This adjective describes “horror” in a genre of film exemplified by The Wicker Man.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Watts Towers", "answer_primary": "Watts Towers", "clean_answers": [ "Watts Tower", "Watts Towers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "As an Italian-American outsider artist who aspired to create massive installations, Auriti resembles Simon Rodia, who created this series of 17 structures at a site he termed “Nuestro Pueblo.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "literacy [accept being lettered or word forms of being literate; accept reading or writing; accept antonyms like illiteracy; accept The Lettered City or La ciudad letrada, Nicaraguan literacy campaign, Cuban literacy campaign, or Campaña Nacional de Alfabetización]", "answer_primary": "literacy", "clean_answers": [ "word forms of being literate", "reading", "La ciudad letrada, Nicaraguan literacy campaign, Cuban literacy campaign,", "letrada literacy literacy", "being lettered", "read", "antonyms like illiteracy", "literate", "Campaña Nacional de Alfabetización", "illiteracy", "Alfabetización", "Lettered", "literacy", "writing", "lettered", "The Lettered City", "letrada" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this trait, the focus of a “crusade” run by brigadistas in 1980s Sandinista Nicaragua in imitation of an eight-month effort in 1960s Cuba.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Krausism [or Krausismo; or Krausistas; accept answers about Karl Christian Friedrich Krause’s thought]", "answer_primary": "Krausism", "clean_answers": [ "Krausism", "answers about Karl Christian Friedrich Krause’s thought", "Krausismo", "Krausistas", "Krause" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Lettered City notes how the enthusiasm for this ideology among letrados like Francisco Giner influenced Hipólito Yrigoyen. This regenerationist ideology named for an otherwise-obscure German idealist was all the rage in Restoration Spain and 19th-century Latin America.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "sugar [or azúcar; or sugarcane; or Saccharum] (Rama’s concept is “narrative transculturation.” Ortiz’s book is Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar.)", "answer_primary": "sugar", "clean_answers": [ "azúcar", "Saccharum", "sugar", "sugarcane" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "Rama’s concept is “narrative transculturation.” Ortiz’s book is Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar.", "number": 3, "part": "Rama took the term “transculturation” from a Fernando Ortiz book that allegorically contrasts tobacco and this crop. The Year of the Lash revolts and the Demerara rebellion began on plantations of this industry.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Little Lord Fauntleroy", "answer_primary": "Little Lord Fauntleroy", "clean_answers": [ "Little Lord Fauntleroy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "A lawsuit over an adaptation of what 1885 novel ended the then-common practice of putting on unauthorized plays based on popular works? The title boy of this Frances Hodgson Burnett novel set off a children’s fashion fad with his ringlets and velvet suit.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Oscar Wilde", "answer_primary": "Oscar Wilde", "clean_answers": [ "Wilde", "Oscar Wilde" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The “Little Lord Fauntleroy” look was likely inspired by this author. The line “a well-tied tie is the first serious step in life” appears in this author’s play A Woman of No Importance.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Tichborne case [accept Tichborne claimant; accept “El impostor inverosímil Tom Castro,” “The Improbable Imposter Tom Castro,” or Arthur Orton case]", "answer_primary": "Tichborne case", "clean_answers": [ "Tichborne", "Orton", "Arthur Orton case", "Castro", "El impostor inverosímil Tom Castro, The Improbable Imposter Tom Castro,", "Tichborne case", "Tichborne claimant", "Castro Castro" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The false claimant in Little Lord Fauntleroy parallels this real-life case. The first entry in A Universal History of Infamy by Jorge Luis Borges is based on this case, which characters in Zadie Smith’s novel The Fraud hotly debate.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "valves [accept any kind of valve, such as butterfly valves or check valves]", "answer_primary": "valves", "clean_answers": [ "valve valve", "valve", "valves", "any kind of valve, such as butterfly valves", "check valves" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these devices that regulate the flow of a fluid through a pipe.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "backflow [accept backsiphonage or backpressure]", "answer_primary": "backflow", "clean_answers": [ "backflow", "backpressure", "backsiphonage" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This hazardous condition can be prevented using double check valve assemblies. This condition occurs when a fluid moves in the wrong direction through a cross-connection into the distributing pipes of a potable water supply.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "chattering", "answer_primary": "chattering", "clean_answers": [ "chattering", "chatter" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This common cause of failure for check valves occurs when the valve is oversized for the application. This phenomenon, which is named for the sound it produces, is the rapid opening and closing of a valve, leading to vibrations that increase wear and damage the valve seat.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "youth [accept descriptive answers indicating young people like children or teenagers or adolescents; accept youth bulge; accept baby boom]", "answer_primary": "youth", "clean_answers": [ "young children", "teenagers", "baby boom", "young", "children", "adolescents", "adolescent", "youth", "descriptive answers indicating young people like children", "teenager", "baby", "youth bulge" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this general class of people that, in many Arab countries, is represented by a “bulge” near the base of the population pyramid.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jordan [or Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan or al-Mamlaka l-’Urdunniyya l-Hāshimiyya] (84% of refugee youth in Jordan are unemployed, and 32% overall, per UNICEF; the CIA puts this figure above 40%.)", "answer_primary": "Jordan", "clean_answers": [ "al-Mamlaka l-’Urdunniyya l-Hāshimiyya", "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan", "Jordan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "84% of refugee youth in Jordan are unemployed, and 32% overall, per UNICEF; the CIA puts this figure above 40%.", "number": 2, "part": "Due to its youth bulge, this country has one of the world’s worst youth unemployment rates, worsened by recent influxes of refugees in Mafraq, ’Irbid, and Zarqā’. Workplace readiness training in this country has been promoted by INJAZ al-Arab and Queen Rania.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "demographic dividend", "answer_primary": "demographic dividend", "clean_answers": [ "demographic dividend", "dividend" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "If the youth of the Middle East can be productively employed, demographers believe that the region may become the next “Asian Tiger” due to this phenomenon. This term refers to any economic growth caused by a change in a population’s age structure.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "journalists [or reporters; or journalism, reportage, news, or word forms; accept the fourth estate; prompt on writing or print media]", "answer_primary": "journalists", "clean_answers": [ "fourth estate", "reporters", "journalism, reportage, news,", "journalism reportage news", "word forms", "news", "reportage", "journalist", "journalism", "the fourth estate", "reporter", "journalists" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this job of Tiziano Terzani and the author of 2004’s Travels with Herodotus. Holders of this job self-censor to maintain connections with powerful people in its “access” form.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ryszard Kapuściński (“RISH-art kah-poosh-CHEEN-skee”)", "answer_primary": "Ryszard Kapuściński ", "clean_answers": [ "Ryszard Kapuściński", "Kapuściński" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This journalist wrote Travels with Herodotus and the memoir The Shadow of the Sun. This journalist depicted the Angolan Civil War in Another Day of Life and covered the Iranian Revolution in Shah of Shahs.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Oriana Fallaci (“fall-LAH-chee”)", "answer_primary": "Oriana Fallaci", "clean_answers": [ "Oriana Fallaci", "Fallaci" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Terzani feuded with this Italian reporter, whose interview with Kissinger produced his claim to be a cowboy leading a wagon train. This reporter became a virulent Islamophobe years after removing her chador during an interview with Ayatollah Khomeini.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gaspard de la Nuit [or Gaspard of the Night; — Fantasies in the Manner of Rembrandt and Callot; or Gaspard de la Nuit — Fantaisies à la manière de Rembrandt et de Callot]", "answer_primary": "Gaspard de la Nuit", "clean_answers": [ "Gaspard of the Night", "Gaspard de la Nuit" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 1842 collection by Aloysius Bertrand that popularized the prose poem in French.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "style [accept will or volonte; accept Exercises in Style or Exercices de style]", "answer_primary": "style", "clean_answers": [ "Exercices de style", "volonte", "Exercises in Style", "Style", "will", "style" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The French prose poem was revived by Max Jacob’s The Dice Cup, whose preface distinguishes “situation” from this feature. Raymond Queneau wrote a set of “Exercises in” this basic feature of authorial voice.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Francis Ponge [or Francis Jean Gaston Alfred Ponge]", "answer_primary": "Francis Ponge", "clean_answers": [ "Ponge", "Francis Jean Gaston Alfred Ponge", "Francis Ponge" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Dreaming the Miracle collects Jacob’s “Poem in a Style Not Mine” with works by Jean Pollain and this other 20th-century French prose poet. This poet “took the side of things” in poems about everyday objects, like Soap.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Way of the Celestial Masters [or Way of the Heavenly Masters; or Tiān Shī Dào; accept Way of the Five Pecks of Rice or Wǔ Dǒu Mǐ Dào] (Wèi Huācún founded the Shangqing School. The Celestial Masters were founded by Zhang Daoling.)", "answer_primary": "Way of the Celestial Masters", "clean_answers": [ "Celestial Master", "Way of the Celestial Masters", "Tiān Shī", "Wǔ Dǒu Mǐ Dào", "Tiān Shī Dào", "Wǔ Dǒu Mǐ", "Heavenly Master", "Way of the Five Pecks of Rice", "Five Pecks of Rice", "Way of the Heavenly Masters" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Wèi Huācún founded the Shangqing School. The Celestial Masters were founded by Zhang Daoling.", "number": 1, "part": "What movement gave rise to its religion’s largest modern sect, the Orthodox Unity school? The first holder of this movement’s namesake title took it after a mountaintop vision of an apocalypse survived by “seed people.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Yǔ the Great [or Dà Yǔ; accept Yǔbù, Steps of Yǔ, or Paces of Yǔ]", "answer_primary": "Yǔ the Great", "clean_answers": [ "Yǔ the Great", "Yǔ Yǔ", "Dà Yǔ", "Yǔ", "Yǔbù, Steps of Yǔ,", "Paces of Yǔ" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Celestial Masters “paced the Dipper” atop rugs emblazoned with the tàijí in a ritual dance named for this mythical “great” ruler, who built canals to deal with the Great Flood.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "pǔ [or simplicity; or word forms of being simple; accept Bàopǔzǐ, The Master Who Embraces Simplicity, or The Tao of Pooh]", "answer_primary": "pǔ", "clean_answers": [ "simplicity", "word forms of being simple", "Pooh", "simple", "pǔ Simplicity", "Bàopǔzǐ, The Master Who Embraces Simplicity,", "pǔ", "The Tao of Pooh", "Simplicity" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The steps of the Yǔbù are detailed in an esoteric Daoist text titled for the “master who embraces” this concept. Give the Chinese word for, or standard translation of, this concept literally denoting “uncarved wood,” which punningly titles a 1982 bestseller about Daoism by Benjamin Hoff.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "tea ceremony [or chanoyu; or chadō; accept drinking tea or drinking matcha] (The gilded room is simply called the Golden Tea Room. The small entrances are called nijiriguchi.)", "answer_primary": "tea ceremony", "clean_answers": [ "matcha", "chanoyu", "tea", "drinking matcha", "tea ceremony", "drinking tea", "chadō" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The gilded room is simply called the Golden Tea Room. The small entrances are called nijiriguchi.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this activity discussed in a 1906 English-language book-length essay that Martin Heidegger may have cribbed to develop dasein. Rikyū developed the bucolic style of spaces for this activity made from grass and wood.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Taliesin [or Taliesin West; or Taliesin North; or Taliesin East; or Taliesin Spring Green]", "answer_primary": "Taliesin", "clean_answers": [ "Taliesin", "Taliesin West", "Taliesin East", "Taliesin Spring Green", "Taliesin North" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A quote from Okakura Kakuzō’s The Book of Tea is engraved in a wall in Frank Lloyd Wright’s Scottsdale studio, which, like his Wisconsin estate, bears this mythological name.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Charlotte Perriand (“pair-YOND”)", "answer_primary": "Charlotte Perriand ", "clean_answers": [ "Charlotte Perriand", "Perriand" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Book of Tea influenced this architect’s work in Japan, such as a double version of her trademark chaises longues. Despite calling interior design “le blah blah blah,” Le Corbusier took credit for this French woman architect’s furniture for decades.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Jacobin clubs [or Clubs des Jacobins; prompt on Jacobins or revolutionary clubs]", "answer_primary": "Jacobin clubs", "clean_answers": [ "Jacobin clubs", "Club Jacobin", "Club", "Jacobin", "Clubs des Jacobins", "Jacobin club" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "British agents feared that “citizen” Tipu Sultan had founded what sort of group in Mysore? The original one of these groups met on the Rue Saint-Honoré.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Confederation of the Rhine [or Rhine Confederation; or Confederated States of the Rhine; or Rheinbund; or États confédérés du Rhin]", "answer_primary": "Confederation of the Rhine", "clean_answers": [ "Confederation of the Rhine", "Confederated States of the Rhine", "Rhin", "Rhine Confederation", "Rheinbund", "États confédérés du Rhin", "Rhine", "Rhein" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The local Jacobin club supported the Mainz Republic, a precursor of this “confederation” of German client states founded by Napoleon after the Battle of Austerlitz.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "muscadins [or jeunesse dorée; or gilded youth]", "answer_primary": "muscadins", "clean_answers": [ "gilded youth", "muscadins", "jeunesse dorée", "muscadin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "During the Thermidorian Reaction, the Paris Jacobin Club was attacked by a mob of these middle-class dandies, who wielded clubs nicknamed “constitutions” and wore perfume.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "5-prime untranslated region [or 5-prime UTR or leader sequence or transcript leader or leader RNA; prompt on Shine–Dalgarno sequence by asking “what broader region of the mRNA is that in?”; prompt on 5-prime-cap or the 5-prime end of mRNA; prompt on untranslated region or UTR]", "answer_primary": "5-prime untranslated region", "clean_answers": [ "5-prime untranslated region", "5-prime untranslated", "transcript leader", "leader sequence", "leader RNA", "5-prime UTR" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this noncoding region that in eukaryotes ends with the first six nucleotides of the Kozak sequence. This is the predominant region captured by CAGE-seq.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "guanine AND cytosine [accept G in place of “guanine”; accept C in place of “cytosine”]", "answer_primary": "guanine AND cytosine", "clean_answers": [ "C in place of cytosine", "G in place of guanine", "guanine AND cytosine", "guanine cytosine", "cytosine", "guanine", "C", "G" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "5-prime UTRs frequently exhibit secondary structures like hairpin loops due to their relative richness for these two nucleotides. Base pairs between these two nucleotides form three hydrogen bonds.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "43s preinitiation complex [or 43S PIC]", "answer_primary": "43s preinitiation complex", "clean_answers": [ "43s preinitiation complex", "43S PIC" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "During translation initiation in eukaryotes, scanning begins with this complex traversing the 5-prime UTR until it hits an initiation sequence. This complex is pre-formed from the small ribosomal subunit, multiple eIFs, and the ternary Met-tRNA complex before being brought to the 5-prime cap.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "mental paint", "answer_primary": "mental paint", "clean_answers": [ "mental paint" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this two-word phrase describing the non-representational features of experience.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ned Block [accept Blockhead]", "answer_primary": "Ned Block", "clean_answers": [ "Blockhead", "Block", "Ned Block" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This NYU philosopher argues that empirical studies of attention support the existence of mental paint. This philosopher’s “head” names a computer theoretically capable of passing a Turing test without demonstrating intelligence.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "China [accept Chinese room argument]", "answer_primary": "China", "clean_answers": [ "China", "Chinese", "Chinese room argument" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Block imagined the people of this country simulating the activity of neurons. John Searle sought to refute the possibility of strong AI with a thought experiment in which a computer is able to converse in the main language of this country.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "vegetarianism [or vegetarismus; accept veganism]", "answer_primary": "vegetarianism", "clean_answers": [ "vegetarian", "veganism", "vegan", "vegetarianism", "vegetarismus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this dietary practice of the German leftists of Monte Verità in Ascona, as well as the settlers of Nueva Germania and Adolf Hitler.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lebensreform [or life-reform; prompt on reform or reformhaus]", "answer_primary": "Lebensreform", "clean_answers": [ "life-reform", "Lebensreform" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Vegetarianism and nudist “free body culture” were part of this wide-ranging German movement that influenced American hippies like Eden Ahbez via John and Vera Richter’s Eutropheon. German health food stores are partly named after this movement.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Munich [or München; or Minga]", "answer_primary": "Munich", "clean_answers": [ "München", "Munich", "Minga" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Monte Verità was visited by this city’s “Bohemian Countess,” Fanny zu Reventlow, who was a member of its “cosmic circle” with Ludwig Klages and the mystic Alfred Schuler. The Thule Society was based in this city.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "objectivity [accept word forms of being objective]", "answer_primary": "objectivity", "clean_answers": [ "word forms of being objective", "objective", "objectivity" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Identify this quality that is often held to be a scientific ideal, since facts with this quality are true independent of specific individuals’ perspectives.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lorraine Daston ", "answer_primary": "Lorraine Daston", "clean_answers": [ "Daston", "Lorraine Daston" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "“The Image of Objectivity” was co-written by Peter Galison and this scholar, the wife of psychologist Gerd Gigerenzer. This author of Rules: A Short History of What We Live By wrote a history of “wonder” in Europe with Katharine Park.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "things [accept Things That Talk, thing theory, thing power, or The Social Life of Things; reject synonyms]", "answer_primary": "things", "clean_answers": [ "Thing thing thing", "Things That Talk, thing theory, thing power,", "thing", "things", "Thing", "The Social Life of Things; reject synonyms" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Daston edited a volume titled for these entities as part of a field of theory developed by Bill Brown. Jane Bennett coined a term for the “power” of these entities, whose “social life” titles Arjun Appadurai’s magnum opus.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Vera Mukhina (“MOO-kin-uh”)", "answer_primary": "Vera Mukhina", "clean_answers": [ "Vera Mukhina", "Mukhina" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this sculptor who showed two 80-foot-tall figures striding triumphantly forward while holding a hammer and sickle in the statue Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, which now stands in Moscow.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "socialist realism [or social realism]", "answer_primary": "socialist realism", "clean_answers": [ "social realism", "socialist realism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Mukhina’s Worker and Kolkhoz Woman was executed in this official artistic style of the Soviet Union. Writers in this style were described as “engineers of the human soul.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Goddess of Democracy [or Goddess of Liberty or Spirit of Democracy; or Minchu Nüshen or Minchu Chingshen; or Mínzhǔ Nǚshén or Mínzhǔ Jīngshén] (The sculptor’s name is incorrectly given as Tsao Tsing-yuan in some sources.)", "answer_primary": "Goddess of Democracy", "clean_answers": [ "Minchu Chingshen", "Spirit of Democracy", "Goddess of Liberty", "Goddess of Democracy", "Mínzhǔ Nǚshén", "Minchu Nüshen", "Mínzhǔ Jīngshén" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The sculptor’s name is incorrectly given as Tsao Tsing-yuan in some sources.", "number": 3, "part": "Tsao Hsing-yuan wrote that student activists during the Tiananmen Square protests rejected the Statue of Liberty as a model for this sculpture, instead basing its facial features on Mukhina’s Kolkhoz Woman.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "house made of dawn [or Tségihi; or house of dawn; or dawn-house; prompt on house]", "answer_primary": "house made of dawn", "clean_answers": [ "house", "house made of dawn", "house dawn", "Tségihi", "dawn", "dawn-house", "house of dawn" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this place invoked with he-rain, she-rain, and pollen in the “Night Chant.” In a novel titled for this place, a veteran smears ash on himself and joins runners singing about it after the death of his grandfather.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "walking in beauty [accept “She Walks in Beauty”]", "answer_primary": "walking in beauty", "clean_answers": [ "walk", "beauty", "Walks in Beauty", "She Walks in Beauty", "walk beauty", "walking in beauty" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Washington Matthews’s rendition of the Night Chant uses this action to translate hózhó naashá. A woman performs this three-word action “like the night” in a Lord Byron poem.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "survivance", "answer_primary": "survivance", "clean_answers": [ "survivance" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Kenneth Roemer cites the scene from N. Scott Momaday’s House Made of Dawn in which Ben sings the Night Chant as a “ceremony” of this concept. In Manifest Manners, Chippewa poet Gerald Vizenor coined this neologism for the active “continuance of native stories.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "decolonization", "answer_primary": "decolonization", "clean_answers": [ "decolonization" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this process that Tuck and Yang declared “is not a metaphor.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Wretched of the Earth [or Les Damnés de la Terre]", "answer_primary": "The Wretched of the Earth", "clean_answers": [ "The Wretched of the Earth", "Les Damnés de la Terre", "Wretched of the Earth", "Damnés de la Terre" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "“Decolonization is not a Metaphor” opens by quoting the claim that the “settler knows… that no phraseology can be a substitute for reality” from this book, in which Frantz Fanon analyzed colonial violence.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Patrick Wolfe", "answer_primary": "Patrick Wolfe", "clean_answers": [ "Patrick Wolfe", "Wolfe" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Tuck and Yang cited this thinker as arguing that “settler colonialism is a structure and not an event.” The field of settler colonial studies was developed by this author of Traces of History.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "laboratory mouse [or laboratory mice; or Mus musculus; or M. musculus]", "answer_primary": "laboratory mouse", "clean_answers": [ "laboratory mice", "Mus musculus", "laboratory mouse", "mouse", "mice", "M. musculus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this mammalian model organism supplied by the Jackson Laboratory, whose inbred strains include C57BL/6. Capecchi, Evans, and Smithies won the 2007 Nobel Prize for their work with “knockouts” of this organism.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "GSEA [or gene set enrichment analysis, functional enrichment analysis, or pathway enrichment analysis]", "answer_primary": "GSEA", "clean_answers": [ "gene set enrichment analysis functional enrichment analysis", "gene set enrichment analysis, functional enrichment analysis,", "GSEA", "functional enrichment analysis", "pathway enrichment analysis", "gene set enrichment analysis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "When analyzing gene expression data, researchers will commonly perform this powerful analytic method that takes groups of genes with shared functions and ranks them by correlation between expression and class distinction. MSigDB houses data for this technique.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "hallmarks [accept “Hallmarks of Cancer”]", "answer_primary": "hallmarks", "clean_answers": [ "Hallmark", "hallmark", "hallmarks", "Hallmarks of Cancer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Cancer genetics experiments commonly use a 50-pathway gene set produced by MSigDB with this one-word name. In 2011, “genomic instability” was added to a list of six characteristics of cancer cells titled for this word.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "grammar [or ars grammatica; accept Virgil the Grammarian]", "answer_primary": "grammar", "clean_answers": [ "Grammar", "grammatica", "ars grammatica", "grammar", "Virgil the Grammarian" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What field’s prevalence in Late Antiquity is the subject of Robert Kaster’s Guardians of Language? This field forms the trivium with logic and rhetoric.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Vandal Kingdom", "answer_primary": "Vandal Kingdom", "clean_answers": [ "Vandal Kingdom", "Vandal" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Increasing Late Antique confusion over Latin grammar is exemplified by this kingdom’s wooden Albertini tablets. This kingdom continued the export of “red slip ware” and lost the Battle of Ad Decimum.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Egeria [or Etheria or Aetheria; accept Itinerarium Egeriae]", "answer_primary": "Egeria", "clean_answers": [ "Etheria", "Itinerarium Egeriae", "Egeria", "Aetheria", "Egeriae" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A key source on the “vulgarisms” that characterized Proto-Romance is this 4th-century Hispano-Roman traveler’s Peregrinatio, which details her visits to the holy sites of the Levant.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Solo Monk", "answer_primary": "Solo Monk", "clean_answers": [ "Solo Monk" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this album that includes its artist’s only recording of “North of the Sunset.” The track “Dinah” opens this album, which was the first to include its artist’s “homage to the bent note,” a song titled for his “Point.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Vijay Iyer (“EYE-ur”)", "answer_primary": "Vijay Iyer", "clean_answers": [ "Vijay Iyer", "Iyer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In that article on expressive microtiming, this musician studied Thelonious Monk playing “I’m Confessin’.” A cover of Stevie Wonder’s “Big Brother” is included on the album Historicity by this Indian-American pianist.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "saxophone [or alto saxophone; or tenor saxophone]", "answer_primary": "saxophone", "clean_answers": [ "sax", "tenor saxophone", "alto saxophone", "saxophone" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The album Architextures was Iyer’s first collaboration with Rudresh Mahanthappa, who plays this instrument. The bandleader of the albums The Epic and Heaven and Earth, Kamasi Washington, plays this instrument.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Rust", "answer_primary": "Rust", "clean_answers": [ "Rust" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this programming language whose creator team coined the term “fearless concurrency” to describe the inherent thread-safety of code written in it. This language uses the Cargo package manager to manage its crates.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "mutexes [or mutual exclusion; accept lock; prompt on binary semaphore]", "answer_primary": "mutexes", "clean_answers": [ "mutual exclusion", "lock", "mutexes", "mutex" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "When implementing concurrent code, Rustaceans commonly utilize Arc with these primitives. These primitives only allow the thread currently holding one to access its corresponding critical section.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "condition variables [or condvars]", "answer_primary": "condition variables", "clean_answers": [ "condition variables", "condvars", "condition", "cond" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "These synchronization primitives may be used alongside Arc and Mutex to allow for efficient waiting. Threads waiting on these variables may be awoken by calling functions like “notify_one” or “notify_all.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "verso", "answer_primary": "verso", "clean_answers": [ "verso" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What term refers to a left-hand page or the back of a single leaf, in contrast to the recto? It names a left-wing publishing house whose logo is a stylized “V.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Door of No Return [accept House of Slaves or Gorée Island; accept Map to the Door of No Return; prompt on doors]", "answer_primary": "Door of No Return", "clean_answers": [ "Map to the Door of No Return", "Gorée Island", "House of Slaves", "Gorée", "Door of No Return" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Dionne Brand’s “Verso 55,” which depicts the speaker talking to “gods” at this place, was quoted by Christina Sharpe to illustrate the concept of “wake work.” Another of Brand’s collection is titled for a “map” to this place.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "erasure poetry [or blackout poetry; accept descriptions of drawing, painting, collage, collaging over, blacking out, crossing out, or covering up an existing book; prompt on found poetry, treated novel, or altered book]", "answer_primary": "erasure poetry", "clean_answers": [ "black", "blackout poetry", "draw paint collage collaging black cross", "covering up an existing book", "erasure", "collaging", "erasure poetry", "covering", "draw", "collage", "blackout", "cross", "paint" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Another Canadian poet, Jordan Abel, left the versos blank in his collection A Place of Scraps, which applies this technique to Marius Barbeau’s work on totem poles. Name or describe this technique, which Tom Philips used for A Humument.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "logical space of reasons", "answer_primary": "logical space of reasons", "clean_answers": [ "logical space of reasons", "space of reasons" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this concept. The work that introduced this concept argued that “characterizing a state as that of knowing” is not “giving an empirical description,” but instead involves “placing it” in this hypothetical location where justifying is expected.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind”", "answer_primary": "“Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind”", "clean_answers": [ "Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The “logical space of reasons” was introduced in this 1956 paper by Wilfrid Sellars, in which he introduced the “myth of the given” as part of a critique of sense-datum theories.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Donald Davidson", "answer_primary": "Donald Davidson", "clean_answers": [ "Donald Davidson", "Davidson" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "McDowell sees the “logical space of reasons” as a forerunner to the “constitutive ideal of rationality,” which was formulated by this thinker in “Mental Events,” a paper exploring “anomalous monism.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Malebo Pool [or Pool Malebo, Stanley Pool, Mpumbu, or Lake Nkunda; prompt on, but DO NOT REVEAL, the Congo River or Congo Basin]", "answer_primary": "Malebo Pool", "clean_answers": [ "Mpumbu", "Malebo Stanley Mpumbu", "Nkunda", "Malebo Pool", "Pool Malebo, Stanley Pool, Mpumbu,", "Lake Nkunda", "Malebo", "Stanley" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this geographical feature, the center of the Teke people’s commercial network. Merchants called pombeiros were named after the Pumbe market at this geographical feature.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Kingdom of Kongo (The Malebo Pool lies on the Congo River between the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.)", "answer_primary": "Kingdom of Kongo", "clean_answers": [ "Kingdom of Kongo", "Kongo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The Malebo Pool lies on the Congo River between the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "number": 2, "part": "The Malebo Pool was the site of markets where this kingdom sold slaves to traders from São Tomé. Today, the pool separates the capitals of two countries who partly share their name with this kingdom.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Luanda [or São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda]", "answer_primary": "Luanda", "clean_answers": [ "Luanda", "Loanda", "São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Malebo market was flooded with nzimbu shell currency gathered on the island that makes up a part of this city. Verónica I of Matamba signed a peace treaty with the owners of this colonial city, whose seizure by the Dutch in the 1640s was backed by Queen Nzinga.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "David Popper", "answer_primary": "David Popper", "clean_answers": [ "Popper", "David Popper" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this composer of a touching Requiem featuring 3 cellists. This Bohemian virtuoso composed the short showpieces Tarantella and Elfentanz and the 40-étude book High School of Cello Playing.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "chamber music [accept year of chamber music or chamber music year or Kammermusikjahr]", "answer_primary": "chamber music", "clean_answers": [ "Kammer", "chamber", "year of chamber music", "chamber music", "chamber music year", "Kammermusikjahr" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Popper primarily wrote cello–piano duets, which fall under this type of intimate small-ensemble music. Robert Schumann composed his string quartets, piano quartet, and piano quintet all in 1842, called his “year of” this music.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Fantasiestücke [or Phantasiestücke; or Fantasy Pieces; accept Fantasiestücke for clarinet and piano; accept Drei Fantasiestücke or Acht Fantasiestücke; or Fantasiestück; reject “fantasy” or “fantasia”]", "answer_primary": "Fantasiestücke", "clean_answers": [ "Acht Fantasiestücke", "Fantasy Pieces", "Fantasiestück; reject fantasy", "Fantasiestücke for clarinet and piano", "Fantasy Piece", "Fantasiestücke", "Fantasiestück", "fantasia", "Phantasiestücke", "Drei Fantasiestücke" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In 1849, Schumann turned to writing duets, including this piece with 3 moody movements in A major or minor flexibly played by clarinet, violin, or cello, like “Lebhaft, leicht” and “Quick and with fire.” Schumann used this title 4 times, for Opuses 12, 73, 88, and 111, inspired by E. T. A. Hoffmann’s stories “in Callot’s Manner.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "nitriles [accept cyanides; accept cyano; prompt on CN; reject “isocyanides” or “isonitriles”]", "answer_primary": "nitriles", "clean_answers": [ "nitrile", "nitriles", "cyanide", "cyanides", "cyano" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The first line of defense includes PPE such as a lab coat, safety goggles, and gloves made out of this functional group, which consists of a carbon triple-bonded to a nitrogen.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Chemical Hygiene Plans [or CHPs] ", "answer_primary": "Chemical Hygiene Plans", "clean_answers": [ "CHP", "Chemical Hygiene Plan", "CHPs", "Chemical Hygiene Plans" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The NIH and OSHA require the creation of these programs to protect employees from health hazards. These programs, which have a three-letter abbreviation, lay out waste management protocols and are used alongside Safety Data Sheets.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Barry Sharpless [or Karl Barry Sharpless; accept Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation]", "answer_primary": "Barry Sharpless", "clean_answers": [ "Sharpless", "Barry Sharpless", "Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation", "Karl Barry Sharpless" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This chemist was not wearing safety glasses while examining condensed oxygen in an NMR tube, which exploded and shredded his left cornea. This chemist names an asymmetric reaction that converts alkenes to vicinal 1,2-diols.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Paul Polydoris [or Paul Polydoris; accept Polly]", "answer_primary": "Paul Polydoris", "clean_answers": [ "Polly", "Polydoris", "Paul Polydoris", "Paul" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this character, a shapeshifter who loves punk and grunge rock. He includes artists like Bikini Kill on a mixtape he makes for the lesbian Diane.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "girls [accept Paul Takes the Form of a Mortal Girl or A Girl is a Half-Formed Thing; reject synonyms]", "answer_primary": "girls", "clean_answers": [ "A Girl is a Half-Formed Thing; reject synonyms", "Paul Takes the Form of a Mortal Girl", "Girl", "girls", "girl" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Paul “takes the form of a mortal” one of these people in a novel by Andrea Lawlor. This sort of person “is a half-formed thing” according to the title of a dark stream-of-consciousness novel by Eimear McBride.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ali Smith", "answer_primary": "Ali Smith", "clean_answers": [ "Smith", "Ali Smith" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The line “Let me tell you about when I was a girl, our grandfather says” opens this author’s retelling of the Iphis and Ianthe myth, Girl Meets Boy. This Scottish author revisited themes of genderfluidity in How to Be Both and Summer, part of her seasonal quartet.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "healing possessed people [or adorcism; or word forms of treating possessions; accept exorcism; accept communicating with spirits or jinn; prompt on healing]", "answer_primary": "healing possessed people", "clean_answers": [ "healing possessed people", "communicating with spirits", "possession", "possessed", "spirit", "adorcism", "exorcism", "word forms of treating possessions", "jinn" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this purpose of gatherings where all-female musical ensembles, like Umm Sameh’s Mazaher, play goat hoof rattles called manjur and tanbūra lyres. This is the purpose of those zār gatherings in North Africa.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Hausa", "answer_primary": "Hausa", "clean_answers": [ "Hausa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The zār possession cult is often linked to the bori cult practiced by women in this ethnic group’s traditional animistic religion. This Muslim ethnic group lives in Northern Nigeria.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Aisha Qandicha [or Aisha Qandicha; or Lalla Aisha]", "answer_primary": "Aisha Qandicha", "clean_answers": [ "Lalla", "Lalla Aisha", "Aisha", "Aisha Qandicha", "Qandicha" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Gnawa musicians accompany the Hamdushiyya Sufi order’s communications with this jinn. Men can plunge a knife into the ground to escape the seductions of this hennah-loving, hoofed jinn popular in Moroccan lore.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "droodles", "answer_primary": "droodles", "clean_answers": [ "droodles", "droodle" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these puzzle comics by Roger Price consisting of very simple drawings with complicated descriptive titles like “Rich Sardine in Private Can” or “Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "folkloristics [or folklore studies; or folk life studies; accept word forms of folklore; prompt on tradition studies]", "answer_primary": "folkloristics", "clean_answers": [ "word forms of folklore", "folkloristics", "folklore", "folk", "folk life studies", "folklore studies" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Droodles exemplify the “visual riddles” theorized by Roger Abrahams, a scholar in this field. Much of the modern terminology of this field, like allomotif and motifeme, was coined by the scholar Alan Dundes.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Tonight Show [accept Tonight Starring Steve Allen or The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]", "answer_primary": "The Tonight Show", "clean_answers": [ "Tonight Starring Steve Allen", "The Tonight Show", "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson", "Tonight" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Roger Price also created Mad Libs with Leonard Stern while the pair worked for the first host of this show, Steve Allen. This show popularized Twister and caused a toilet paper shortage during one host’s 30-year tenure.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Belinsky’s “Letter to Gogol” [accept descriptions of an open letter from Vassarion Belinsky to Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol; prompt on “Letter to Gogol” by asking “by whom?”]", "answer_primary": "Belinsky’s “Letter to Gogol”", "clean_answers": [ "Belinsky Letter", "letter", "Letter", "Belinsky", "Belinsky’s Letter to Gogol", "letter Belinsky" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Identify this document that lambastes the conservative mysticism of the Selected Passages of its addressee, who died of self-starvation with leeches hanging off his nose soon after reading it.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "being sent to Siberia [or katorga; accept descriptions mentioning Siberia; accept Sibir’ in place of “Siberia”; prompt on exile, imprisonment, transportation, hard labor, penal colony, or prison camp]", "answer_primary": "being sent to Siberia", "clean_answers": [ "Sibir’", "Sibir’ in place of Siberia", "katorga", "being sent to Siberia", "descriptions mentioning Siberia", "Siberia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "For discussing Belinsky’s letter, the Petrashevsky Circle was subjected to a theatrical mock execution, then given this punishment. The circle’s member Fyodor Dostoevsky depicted it in The House of the Dead.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Poor Folk [or Bednye lyudi; or Poor People]", "answer_primary": "Poor Folk", "clean_answers": [ "Bednye lyudi", "Poor People", "Poor Folk" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Before breaking with both, Belinsky lauded Dostoevsky as the “new Gogol” after reading this debut novel of his. In this novel, Makar Devushkin is outraged by the portrayal of his condition in Gogol’s “The Overcoat.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Grand Army of the Republic [or GAR]", "answer_primary": "Grand Army of the Republic", "clean_answers": [ "Grand Army of the Republic", "GAR" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this fraternal organization for Union Civil War veterans that pushed for veterans’ pensions during the 1880s and ’90s.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "John A. Logan [or John Alexander Logan]", "answer_primary": "John A. Logan", "clean_answers": [ "John A. Logan", "John Alexander Logan", "Logan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "As the third commander of the GAR, this Union general proclaimed a day of remembrance called Decoration Day that became Memorial Day. He was nominated as James Blaine’s vice presidential candidate in 1884.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "waving the bloody shirt [or bloody shirt campaigns]", "answer_primary": "waving the bloody shirt", "clean_answers": [ "bloody shirt campaigns", "waving the bloody shirt", "bloody shirt" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Logan won office as an Illinois senator in a GAR-backed campaign by bashing Democrats with this strategy. This metaphorical action names the post-war political tactic of evoking the deaths of Union soldiers.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "phase transitions", "answer_primary": "phase transitions", "clean_answers": [ "phase transition", "phase transitions" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these phenomena in thermodynamics at which material properties change discontinuously.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "irreducibility [accept one-particle irreducible or 1PI; accept two-particle irreducible or 2PI]", "answer_primary": "irreducibility", "clean_answers": [ "2PI", "irreducible", "two-particle irreducible", "irreducibility", "one-particle irreducible", "1PI" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Larkin and Khmelnitskii treated the singularity with a summation of parquet diagrams that have the two-particle form of this property. Diagrams with the one-particle form of this property contribute to the vertex function.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Landau theory [accept Landau–Ginzburg theory or Ginzburg–Landau theory]", "answer_primary": "Landau theory", "clean_answers": [ "Landau theory", "Landau–Ginzburg theory", "Ginzburg–Landau theory", "Landau" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The heat capacity was found to differ from this eponymous theory’s predictions by a logarithmic factor. This early theory of phase transitions Taylor-expands the free energy in powers of the order parameter.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "cumdachs [or cumhdach or cumdaigh or cumhdaigh; prompt on book shrines] ", "answer_primary": "cumdachs", "clean_answers": [ "cumdaigh", "cumhdaigh", "cumdach", "cumdachs", "cumhdach" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give the original-language term for these reliquaries designed as cases for illuminated manuscripts, examples of which include the Domnach Airgid.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Book of Kells [prompt on Book of Columba]", "answer_primary": "Book of Kells", "clean_answers": [ "Book of Kells", "Kells" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A prized cumdach holds the Cathach of St. Columba, the dedicatee of this illuminated manuscript. Now kept in Trinity College, Dublin, this celebrated book is named for the abbey in Meath where it was previously located.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Insular art [or Hiberno-Saxon art]", "answer_primary": "Insular art", "clean_answers": [ "Insular art", "Hiberno-Saxon", "Hiberno-Saxon art", "Insular" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Domnach Airgid cumdach and the Book of Kells were both decorated in this style that predominated in Medieval Britain and Ireland. This style is characterized by braided geometric patterns known as “interlaces.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "fans", "answer_primary": "fans", "clean_answers": [ "fan", "fans" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these accessories typically held in the right hand by noh actors, who open them while speaking.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "peach blossoms [or peach flowers; accept Táohuā shàn, Táohuā Yuán Jì, or Secret Love for the Peach Blossom Spring]", "answer_primary": "peach blossoms", "clean_answers": [ "Táo Táo", "Secret Love for the Peach Blossom Spring", "Táo", "Táohuā shàn, Táohuā Yuán Jì,", "peach flowers", "peach blossoms", "peach", "Peach" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In the Kǒng play, Fragrant Princess’s fan is splattered with blood while she escapes Nanking, inspiring an artist to paint it with these title flowers. A play by Stan Lai adapts Táo Qián’s fable about a paradise named for a “spring” of these flowers.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "inns [or taverns; accept inn room; accept Crowing Cock Inn; prompt on bedrooms with “in what sort of building?”]", "answer_primary": "inns", "clean_answers": [ "tavern", "inns", "inn room", "Crowing Cock Inn", "inn", "taverns", "Inn" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In The Peach Blossom Fan, the characters put on the play Swallow Letter in this sort of place, where two men fight in the dark in the celebrated short play Sān Chà Kǒu. Wǔ Sōng escapes from one of these places at Cross Slope in an oft-adapted episode of The Water Margin.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Kerry Packer [or Kerry Francis Bullmore Packer]", "answer_primary": "Kerry Packer", "clean_answers": [ "Kerry Packer", "Packer", "Kerry Francis Bullmore Packer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this tycoon who clashed with Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp in rugby’s Super League war. This tycoon secretly recruited captains like Clive Lloyd, Imran Khan, and Tony Greig for his World Series Cricket competition.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Malcolm Turnbull [or Malcolm Bligh Turnbull]", "answer_primary": "Malcolm Turnbull", "clean_answers": [ "Turnbull", "Malcolm Bligh Turnbull", "Malcolm Turnbull" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This politician alleged that Packer nearly had him killed in the 1980s. This Australian prime minister of the 2010s came to prominence by leading the “Yes” coalition in the 1999 republic referendum.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Chinese-Australian [accept specific Chinese ethnic groups like Han Chinese Australians; accept subgroups of Chinese Australians like Shanghainese Australians or Cantonese Australians] (The surgeon is Victor Chang.)", "answer_primary": "Chinese-Australian", "clean_answers": [ "Cantonese", "Cantonese Australians", "Shanghainese", "Chinese", "Chinese-Australian", "specific Chinese ethnic groups like Han Chinese Australians", "Han", "subgroups of Chinese Australians like Shanghainese Australians" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The surgeon is Victor Chang.", "number": 3, "part": "A year before his 1991 murder, a doctor of this ethnicity performed bypass surgery on Packer for free. This ethnicity was the primary target of the White Australia policy.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "TopSpin ", "answer_primary": "TopSpin", "clean_answers": [ "TopSpin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this program similar to Mnova, whose version 4.3 was released in August 2023. This program uses commands such as “apk” and “abs” to perform automatic phase and baseline corrections.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "solvent suppression in NMR [accept any answer suggesting that the peaks or signals from the solvent are removed; prompt on any answer like cleaning up NMR signal, removing noise in NMR, refining NMR signal, refining NMR spectrum, or calibrating NMR; prompt on NMR by asking “what specific aspect of obtaining an NMR spectrum?”; prompt on suppression] ", "answer_primary": "solvent suppression in NMR", "clean_answers": [ "removed", "solvent suppression in NMR", "any answer suggesting that the peaks", "solvent suppression", "signals from the solvent are removed", "solvent removed", "solvent" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Instruments that use TopSpin can deploy a zgpr pulse sequence to perform the “presaturation” method of this task. The “jump and return” method can be used for this task on substances like deuterated chloroform.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Fourier transform [prompt on FT]", "answer_primary": "Fourier transform", "clean_answers": [ "Fourier transform" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The first step of NMR data analysis is to perform this operation on the free induction decay signal in the time domain to give the chemical shift in the frequency domain.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "anchoresses [or anchorites; or ancrene; accept Ancrene Wisse; prompt on hermits or mystics] (Dillard’s character is named Julie Norwich.)", "answer_primary": "anchoresses", "clean_answers": [ "ancrene", "Ancrene Wisse", "Ancrene", "anchorites", "anchoresses", "anchoress", "anchorite" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Dillard’s character is named Julie Norwich.", "number": 1, "part": "What people are the subject of the surviving works in the “AB language” dialect, such as the Katherine Group texts and a “wisse” manual? This is the specific term for the vocation of the author of Revelations of Divine Love.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "cats [prompt on pets]", "answer_primary": "cats", "clean_answers": [ "cat", "cats" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The anchoress Julian of Norwich inspired Dillard’s image of a god the “size of a hazelnut” caught by one of these animals. Pangur Bán, the subject of an Irish monk’s ode, and Christopher Smart’s Jeoffry were these animals.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Rosemary Tonks", "answer_primary": "Rosemary Tonks", "clean_answers": [ "Tonks", "Rosemary Tonks" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This 20th-century British poet also vanished from society for religious reasons. Before burning all her works, she wrote about Min, who works on electronic music for Orestes and toys with a smelly opera singer, in her novel The Bloater.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "beefsteak [prompt on beef or red meat]", "answer_primary": "beefsteak", "clean_answers": [ "beefsteak", "steak" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this food, a thick-cut preparation of which was invented at America’s “first fine dining restaurant,” Delmonico’s.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Carl Schurz", "answer_primary": "Carl Schurz", "clean_answers": [ "Schurz", "Carl Schurz" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "“Beefsteak” and “sherry” were the only words this man knew upon his arrival in America. Margarethe, the wife of this Forty-Eighter and accused carpetbagger, opened the first kindergarten in the US.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "neurasthenia", "answer_primary": "neurasthenia", "clean_answers": [ "neurasthenia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The popularizer of this disease, George Miller Beard, thought that a steak-based diet could help “brain workers” avoid it. In the late 19th century, diagnoses of this mental illness were so common that William James dubbed it “Americanitis.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Great Plate Count Anomaly [accept descriptions that most bacteria are unculturable, such as bacteria not growing in (any of the following): laboratory conditions, in vitro, culture, artificial media, Petri dishes, plates, or broth]", "answer_primary": "Great Plate Count Anomaly", "clean_answers": [ "Great Plate Count Anomaly", "not growing in", "culture", "laboratory conditions", "Petri dishes", "plates", "unculturable", "artificial media", "in vitro", "broth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name or describe this major problem in microbiology. Recent metagenomic studies estimate that this problem impacts as many as 99 percent of all bacterial species living on Earth, termed VBNCs, greatly restricting their study.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "soil samples [or native soil environment; accept dirt or mud in place of “soil”]", "answer_primary": "soil samples", "clean_answers": [ "dirt", "soil samples", "native soil environment", "mud in place of soil", "soil", "mud" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "One device that aims to solve the Great Plate Count Anomaly, the iCHIP, does so by allowing bacterial colonies to be grown in agar wells placed in this general substance. This substance is the solid input to a Winogradsky column.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Staphylococcus aureus [or S. aureus; prompt on Staph; prompt on MRSA (“mersa”)]", "answer_primary": "Staphylococcus aureus", "clean_answers": [ "aureus", "S. aureus", "Staphylococcus aureus", "Staph aureus", "Staph" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "One of the first successful uses of the iCHIP was to isolate the producer of teixobactin, a novel antibiotic used to treat the “methicillin-resistant” strain of this bacterium, which is prevalent in hospitals.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gottfried van Swieten [or Baron van Swieten]", "answer_primary": "Gottfried van Swieten", "clean_answers": [ "Gottfried van Swieten", "Baron van Swieten", "Swieten" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this librettist of the Creation and Seasons oratorios who had Haydn imitate frogs croaking “Frenchified trash.” Beethoven dedicated his First Symphony to this patron, an Austrian baron who arranged Mozart’s funeral.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mozart family’s grand tour of Western Europe [accept Grand Tour]", "answer_primary": "Mozart family’s grand tour of Western Europe", "clean_answers": [ "Mozart family’s grand tour of Western Europe", "grand tour", "Grand Tour" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Swieten met Mozart after he and Nannerl rose to international fame as child prodigies on this 3-year trip that stopped in London, Paris, and The Hague. 18th-century aristocratic young men traditionally embarked on this two-word cultural journey.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Marianna Martines [or Marianne von Martinez; or Anna Caterina Martines]", "answer_primary": "Marianna Martines", "clean_answers": [ "Marianne von Martinez", "Martinez", "Martines", "Marianna Martines", "Anna Caterina Martines" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Mozart often played piano four-hands with this singer and composer who lived in the same building as Haydn, Porpora, the Esterhazys, and her poet friend Metastasio, where she hosted soirées that united Vienna’s music scene.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "volcanic eruptions [or word forms of erupting; prompt on volcano or volcanic activity; prompt on caldera formation] (The lake is Crater Lake.)", "answer_primary": "volcanic eruptions", "clean_answers": [ "erupt", "volcanic eruptions", "word forms of erupting", "eruption" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The lake is Crater Lake.", "number": 1, "part": "In a Bungandidj story, the Bullin bird warns Craitbul of what events? The legend of Atlantis is sometimes connected to one of these events on Thera that affected Minoan civilization.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "digging sticks [or yam stick; accept yamma, mawalan, wapitja, djota, or wanna; prompt on sticks]", "answer_primary": "digging sticks", "clean_answers": [ "yamma mawalan wapitja djota", "yamma", "djota", "yam stick", "mawalan", "yamma, mawalan, wapitja, djota,", "digging stick", "digging sticks", "wapitja", "wanna" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "After the eruptions, Craitbul created earth ovens at Mt. Gambier with one of these traditional Australian tools. The Yirrkala bark petition is displayed along with one of these tools said to have been used by the Djang’kawu sisters to shape Yolngu land.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Country [accept Caring for Country, Welcome to Country, or Acknowledgement of Country]", "answer_primary": "Country", "clean_answers": [ "Caring for Country, Welcome to Country,", "Country", "Acknowledgement of Country", "Country Country" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Extremely old stories emphasize traditions of “caring for” this concept by “traditional custodians.” This noun is capitalized and used without an article to refer to indigenous Australian lands, as in “welcome” ceremonies.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "mechanism design [or MD]", "answer_primary": "mechanism design", "clean_answers": [ "MD", "mechanism design" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this field in which Clarke and Groves extended Vickrey’s auction model to create a method that, when quasilinear utility is present, can avoid the tragedy of the commons.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Bayesian persuasion", "answer_primary": "Bayesian persuasion", "clean_answers": [ "Bayesian persuasion" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This setting in mechanism design was introduced by Kamenica and Gentzkow. This model assumes the Sender has full commitment to its messaging strategy, in contrast to “cheap talk.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "lobbying", "answer_primary": "lobbying", "clean_answers": [ "lobby", "lobbying" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Awad and Minaudier argue that this form of political activity is better served by cheap talk than Bayesian persuasion. The “revolving door” describes how former politicians often move into this role.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Vallabhbhai Patel (“VUL-lub-bye puh-TAIL”) [or Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel; or Sardar Patel; prompt on Sardar] (The civil service system is All India Services.)", "answer_primary": "Vallabhbhai Patel", "clean_answers": [ "Vallabhbhai Patel", "Sardar Patel", "Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel", "Patel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The civil service system is All India Services.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this politician known by a nickname meaning “chief.” This politician’s efforts towards his country’s integration are honored by National Unity Day on October 31 and the 2018 Statue of Unity, the world’s tallest statue.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "satyagraha (“sut-YAH-gruh-huh”) [or satyāgraha]", "answer_primary": "satyagraha", "clean_answers": [ "satyāgrah", "satyagrah", "satyāgraha", "satyagraha" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Patel first earned the title of “Sardar” from the women of Bardoli, Gujarat, while leading a nonviolent protest known by this term. Mohandas Gandhi coined this term meaning “clutching to truth.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "princely states [or native states; prompt on states or salute states]", "answer_primary": "princely states", "clean_answers": [ "native states", "princely state", "native state", "princely states" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Patel’s integration efforts targeted a batch of 565 areas known by this two-word term. The British used gun-salutes to classify these areas and claimed the right to annex them under the Doctrine of Lapse.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "kosmos [or cosmos]", "answer_primary": "kosmos", "clean_answers": [ "kosmos", "cosmos" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Walt Whitman called himself an “American, one of the roughs,” and what sort of thing in a line of “Song of Myself” that uses this word’s German spelling? A later revision follows this word with “of Manhattan the son.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "barbaric yawp [or word forms like yawping]", "answer_primary": "barbaric yawp", "clean_answers": [ "yawp", "word forms like yawping", "barbaric yawp" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Henry James Sr. said he was “not yet a ‘cosmos’ as that gentleman avowedly is” when asked why he didn’t make this noise. In “Song of Myself,” Whitman sounds this “barbaric” noise “over the roofs of the world.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Adam [accept The American Adam or “Children of Adam”]", "answer_primary": "Adam", "clean_answers": [ "Children of Adam", "The American Adam", "Adam" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "James’s quip is quoted in an R. W. B. Lewis book on the “American” version of this man. This man arises “early in the morning” in a Leaves of Grass sequence partly titled for him that precedes the Calamus poems.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "local compactness [or locally compact; reject “compact”]", "answer_primary": "local compactness", "clean_answers": [ "local compactness", "locally compact", "locally compact; reject compact" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this topological property of groups that admit a notion of Fourier analysis.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Eduard Čech (“check”) [prompt on Stone–Čech compactification]", "answer_primary": "Eduard Čech ", "clean_answers": [ "Čech", "Eduard Čech" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "When X is not Hausdorff, the Alexandroff one-point compactification is less useful than a compactification denoted “beta X,” constructed by an American and this mathematician. This developer of a cohomology theory based on nerve complexes was the first to publish a proof of Tychonoff’s theorem.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "duality [or word forms such as dualizing; accept Pontryagin duality]", "answer_primary": "duality", "clean_answers": [ "duality", "word forms such as dualizing", "dual", "Pontryagin duality" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Čech cohomology is obtained via this relationship to Čech homology. Fourier analysis employs a “Pontryagin” form of this correspondence between two objects, which is used in graph theory to interchange vertices and faces.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "blocking [or block weaving]", "answer_primary": "blocking", "clean_answers": [ "block", "block weaving", "blocking" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this term for a technique in which knitted fabrics are wetted, then pinned in place to achieve the desired form. In theater and film, this term or “staging” refers to the placement and movement of actors within a scene.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "weft [or woof]", "answer_primary": "weft", "clean_answers": [ "woof", "weft" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In block weaving, this term refers to the “horizontal” threads or yarns woven through the “longitudinal” warp.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "crazy quilts [or crazy quilting]", "answer_primary": "crazy quilts", "clean_answers": [ "crazy quilts", "crazy quilting", "crazy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In this style of quilt, components called “blocks” are haphazardly arranged to form an irregular pattern. Japanese displays at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition may have led to this style being a fad in the late 1800s.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "temperature [accept Inventing Temperature]", "answer_primary": "temperature", "clean_answers": [ "Inventing Temperature", "temperature", "Temperature" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this concept that, according to a 2004 book by Hasok Chang, attained its standard definition through a process of “epistemic iteration.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "water [accept Is Water H2O?]", "answer_primary": "water", "clean_answers": [ "Water", "Is Water H2O?", "water" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Chang furthered his work on historical concept making in a book about the identification of this substance with its chemical makeup. A classic thought experiment asks whether it is legitimate to use this name for a substance whose formula is abbreviated “XYZ.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "natural kinds [prompt on kinds]", "answer_primary": "natural kinds", "clean_answers": [ "natural kind", "natural kinds" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In a paper on psychiatric diagnosis, Chang used the lenses of both epistemic iteration and this concept. Quine introduced the term for these sets whose members share a property found in the actual world.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Benjamin Franklin [or Ben Franklin]", "answer_primary": "Benjamin Franklin", "clean_answers": [ "Franklin", "Benjamin Franklin", "Ben Franklin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this diplomat who had flings with women like Madame Brillon and thrilled French society with his fur cap while serving as Ambassador to France from 1776 to 1785.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Helvetica [accept word forms of Helvetic or Helvetii; accept Madame Helvétius or Helvetic Republic]", "answer_primary": "Helvetica", "clean_answers": [ "Helvetic Republic", "Helvetica", "Madame Helvétius", "word forms of Helvetic", "Helvetic", "Helvétius", "Helvetii" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Franklin may have proposed to a salonnière who used this Latinate place name as her surname. A client state that Revolutionary France established under this name faced the “war of the sticks” and the bourla-papey revolt.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“Ça ira” (“sah ee-RAH”) [or “Ah ! ça ira”] (Meaning, “it’ll turn out fine.”)", "answer_primary": "“Ça ira”", "clean_answers": [ "Ah ! ça ira", "Ça ira", "ça ira" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Meaning, “it’ll turn out fine.”", "number": 3, "part": "Franklin’s two-word reply to questions about the American Revolution may have inspired this song that calls for “aristocrats to the lamp-post.” It is one of three popular French Revolution anthems alongside “La Carmagnole” and “La Marseillaise.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "George Orwell", "answer_primary": "George Orwell", "clean_answers": [ "Orwell", "George Orwell" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this author who discussed the right-wing propaganda of the title publications in “Boys’ Weeklies” and the popularity of King Solomon’s Mines in “Good Bad Books.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Babar the Elephant [accept Should We Burn Babar?]", "answer_primary": "Babar the Elephant", "clean_answers": [ "Babar the Elephant", "Should We Burn Babar?", "Babar" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Herbert Kohl described his Orwell-inspired attempts to write left-wing children’s literature in a book titled for the question, “Should we burn [this character]?” This character is “civilized” by the Rich Lady.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Adventures of Pinocchio [or Le avventure di Pinocchio; accept The Story of a Puppet or La storia di un burattino]", "answer_primary": "The Adventures of Pinocchio", "clean_answers": [ "La storia di un burattino", "The Adventures of Pinocchio", "Pinocchio", "Story of a Puppet", "The Story of a Puppet", "storia di un burattino", "Le avventure di Pinocchio" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Kohl also critiques the values of this story, which received many propagandistic retellings in Fascist Italy. Its author, Carlo Collodi, wrote it after fighting for Italian unification.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "nuclear deformations [accept answers describing non-spherical nuclei]", "answer_primary": "nuclear deformations", "clean_answers": [ "answers describing non-spherical nuclei", "nuclear deformations", "non-spherical", "deform" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this phenomenon that Aage Bohr used to explain certain nuclear quadrupole moments.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "magic numbers", "answer_primary": "magic numbers", "clean_answers": [ "magic numbers", "magic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Islands of inversion are found near these neutron numbers. Using the shell model, Maria Goeppert Mayer predicted these numbers that correspond to full nuclear shells.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "liquid-drop model", "answer_primary": "liquid-drop model", "clean_answers": [ "liquid-drop", "liquid-drop model" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Bohr investigated deformation properties of nuclei using a combination of this model of the nucleus, proposed by Gamow, and the shell model. The semi-empirical mass formula can be obtained from this model.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "De spectaculis [or On the Spectacles; or The Shows]", "answer_primary": "De spectaculis", "clean_answers": [ "Spectacles", "Shows", "On the Spectacles", "De spectaculis", "The Shows" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this treatise by Tertullian, which promises that the joy of looking down from heaven on the suffering of the damned will exceed the pleasures of its title events.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "plagues [or epidemics; accept the Plague of Cyprian] (The Rise of Christianity claims that Christians won converts by nursing the sick instead of abandoning them during epidemics.)", "answer_primary": "plagues", "clean_answers": [ "the Plague of Cyprian", "plagues", "epidemics", "plague", "epidemic", "Plague" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The Rise of Christianity claims that Christians won converts by nursing the sick instead of abandoning them during epidemics.", "number": 2, "part": "De spectaculis is positively cited at the end of a Rodney Stark book that attributes the rise of Christianity to Christians’ conduct during these events. One of these events is named for a patriarch who claimed there is “no salvation outside the church,” Cyprian.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Saint Peter AND Saint Paul [accept Simon Peter or Cephas in place of “Saint Peter”; accept Saul of Tarsus in place of “Paul”; accept Petrine AND Pauline Christianity; accept The Apocalypse of Peter and The Apocalypse of Paul]", "answer_primary": "Saint Peter AND Saint Paul", "clean_answers": [ "Simon Peter", "The Apocalypse of Peter and The Apocalypse of Paul", "Petrine Pauline", "Peter Paul", "Saint Peter AND Saint Paul", "Cephas", "Saul", "Pauline", "Simon", "Petrine AND Pauline Christianity", "Saul of Tarsus in place of Paul", "Cephas in place of Saint Peter", "Petrine", "Peter", "Paul" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Gleeful depictions of hell also appear in the apocalypse texts named for these two people. Saint Jerome argued that these two people only pretended to disagree about the Mosaic Law during the Incident at Antioch.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Amarillo", "answer_primary": "Amarillo", "clean_answers": [ "Amarillo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Texas city where, before his death, Deneke had worked with now-disgraced art sponsor Stanley Marsh on the Dynamite Museum and Cadillac Ranch.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "affluenza", "answer_primary": "affluenza", "clean_answers": [ "affluenza" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The leniency towards Deneke’s murderer was discussed in 2013, when a Texas teenager got off with probation for DUI manslaughter by claiming to have this condition, which supposedly causes lack of understanding of consequences.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Sophie [accept Sophie Lancaster or Sophie Elliott]", "answer_primary": "Sophie", "clean_answers": [ "Sophie", "Sophie Elliott", "Sophie Lancaster" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In the UK, the 2011 murder of a 20-year-old goth with this first name drew comparisons to Deneke’s murder. The outcry over the 2008 murder of a woman with this first name led New Zealand to ban the use of provocation as a defense for murder.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "“Is the Rectum a Grave?”", "answer_primary": "“Is the Rectum a Grave?”", "clean_answers": [ "Is the Rectum a Grave?", "Is the Rectum a Grave" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this essay by Leo Bersani often said to have begun the “antisocial turn” in queer theory. The title of this essay was inspired by Simon Watney’s remark about AIDS creating a “new machinery of repression.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "workers of the world [or Proletarier aller Länder; or Proletarians of all countries]", "answer_primary": "workers of the world", "clean_answers": [ "Proletarier aller Länder", "workers of the world", "Proletarians of all countries" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Tim Dean dates the antisocial turn to Guy Hocquenghem’s call for this group to “masturbate.” This three- or four-word term for wage-laborers appears in the last sentence of The Communist Manifesto.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "seminars of Jacques Lacan [accept séminaires in place of “seminars”; prompt on seminars or séminaires by asking “delivered by whom?”; prompt on answers using synonyms of talks, lectures, or presentations]", "answer_primary": "seminars of Jacques Lacan", "clean_answers": [ "Lacan", "seminars of Jacques Lacan", "seminar", "séminaires in place of seminars", "seminar Lacan", "séminaire" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The “antisocial turn” peaked with Lee Edelman’s book No Future, which coined the term “sinthomosexual” in reference to the usage of sinthome in these works. Jacques-Alain Miller edited these works, which were presented weekly at places like the SFP and Sainte-Anne Hospital between 1954 and 1976.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "butter mountains OR milk lakes OR wine lakes", "answer_primary": "butter mountains OR milk lakes OR wine lakes", "clean_answers": [ "butter mountain milk lake wine lake", "butter mountain", "butter mountains OR milk lakes OR wine lakes", "milk lake", "wine lake" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these massive surpluses created by Common Agricultural Policy subsidies starting in the late 1970s. You may give any of the three most common terms, which are all two-word English phrases.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "cooperatives [or co-ops; prompt on corporations]", "answer_primary": "cooperatives", "clean_answers": [ "co-op", "co-ops", "cooperative", "cooperatives" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Denmark’s groups of this type had their own “butter mountain” in the 1950s, leading Arla to deploy “Karoline Girls.” José María Arizmendiarrieta founded a Basque network of these groups in Mondragón.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "school meal programs [accept answers indicating school food, lunches, or breakfasts; prompt on meal, food, lunch, or breakfast programs]", "answer_primary": "school meal programs", "clean_answers": [ "school", "breakfasts", "school meal programs", "answers indicating school food, lunches," ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A century before their “butter panic,” Norway included milk and cheese in one of these programs called the “Oslo breakfast.” Margaret Thatcher earned the nickname “Milksnatcher” for cuts to these programs.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "dN/dS ratio [or Ka/Ks ratio or omega; accept the ratio of non-synonymous mutations to synonymous mutations]", "answer_primary": "dN/dS ratio", "clean_answers": [ "synonymous", "Ka/Ks", "non-synonymous", "the ratio of non-synonymous mutations to synonymous mutations", "dN/dS ratio", "dN/dS", "non-synonymous synonymous", "omega", "Ka/Ks ratio" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this ratio that quantifies the variation [emphasize] between species, which indicates purifying selection when it is less than one. This ratio appears in the denominator of the neutrality index.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "genetic drift", "answer_primary": "genetic drift", "clean_answers": [ "genetic drift", "drift" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "According to neutral theory, if the rate of synonymous substitutions in the dN/dS ratio is neutral, most substitutions are due not to selection but to this phenomenon, the random chance of allele frequency changes.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "alcohol dehydrogenase [or ADH; accept specific alcohol dehydrogenases, such as ADH-3 or ADH1B]", "answer_primary": "alcohol dehydrogenase", "clean_answers": [ "ADH", "ADH1B", "specific alcohol dehydrogenases, such as ADH-3", "alcohol dehydrogenase" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The original formulation of the McDonald–Kreitman test was derived by comparing mutations in this enzyme within multiple species of Drosophila. In humans, an arginine-to-histidine SNP at this enzyme’s position 47 has been linked to early sites of rice cultivation.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Punjabi [or Panjabi]", "answer_primary": "Punjabi", "clean_answers": [ "Panjabi", "Punjabi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this language used by Bulleh Shah to write devotional songs like “Tere ishq nachaya.” Medieval Sufi poets introduced the Shāhmukhī script for this language, which is also written with the Gurmukhī script.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Amrita Pritam", "answer_primary": "Amrita Pritam", "clean_answers": [ "Amrita Pritam", "Pritam" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The author of Heer Ranjha, Waris Shah, is addressed in this Punjabi author’s poem about the Partition of India. This author of Injal ran the magazine Nagmani with her long-term partner, the painter Imroz.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Muhammad Iqbal [or Mohammed Iqbal; or Allāma; or Allāma Iqbal]", "answer_primary": "Muhammad Iqbal", "clean_answers": [ "Allāma Iqbal", "Iqbal", "Allāma", "Mohammed Iqbal", "Muhammad Iqbal" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This poet legendarily took his last breath while listening to a Bulleh Shah kafi. This Urdu “poet of the East,” who wrote two poems about God’s “response” to a “complaint,” penned the folk anthem “Sare jahan se accha.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "The Great Ziegfeld", "answer_primary": "The Great Ziegfeld", "clean_answers": [ "The Great Ziegfeld", "Great Ziegfeld" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this extravagant 1936 MGM film. In a costly set piece in this film, the camera ascends a spiral staircase that resembles a wedding cake as tuxedoed men sing “A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Busby Berkeley [or Berkeley William Enos]", "answer_primary": "Busby Berkeley", "clean_answers": [ "Enos", "Busby Berkeley", "Berkeley William Enos", "Berkeley" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Overhead camera moves and “kaleidoscope” shots were the trademark of this director, who included shots of women’s legs in his choreography for the musical numbers in films like Ziegfeld Girl and 42nd Street.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Minnelli [accept Vincente Minnelli or Liza Minnelli]", "answer_primary": "Minnelli", "clean_answers": [ "Liza Minnelli", "Vincente Minnelli", "Minnelli" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Meet Me in St. Louis and An American in Paris are films by a director with this surname, who cast his wife Judy Garland in the film Ziegfeld Follies. Their daughter with this surname played Sally Bowles in Cabaret.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "double [accept double-duty dollars or Double V campaign]", "answer_primary": "double", "clean_answers": [ "double-duty dollars", "double", "Double", "Double V campaign" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this adjective in the name of those “dollars.” The Pittsburgh Courier led a campaign named for this adjective that called for victory over “slavery and tyranny” at home and abroad during World War II.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Leon Sullivan [accept Sullivan Principles]", "answer_primary": "Leon Sullivan", "clean_answers": [ "Leon Sullivan", "Sullivan Principles", "Sullivan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Double-duty dollars informed the Selective Patronage movement that this man led with the slogan “Don’t buy where you can’t work.” The “self-help” 10–36 plan was invented by this minister, who developed a namesake set of principles as the first Black board member at GM.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Bronzeville", "answer_primary": "Bronzeville", "clean_answers": [ "Bronzeville" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "St. Clair Drake’s Black Metropolis describes the popularity of the “doctrine of the double-duty dollar” in this neighborhood, a historically Black cultural center in Chicago.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "wood [or synonyms like timber]", "answer_primary": "wood", "clean_answers": [ "timber", "wood", "synonyms like timber" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this building material often painted falu red in Scandinavia, where its relative popularity over stone stems from its abundance in the taiga.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "stave churches [or stavkirker or stavkyrkjer or stafkirkjur]", "answer_primary": "stave churches", "clean_answers": [ "stavkyrkjer", "stav", "stave", "stafkirkjur", "stavkirker", "stave churches", "staf" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The use of wood in Northern European vernacular architecture is exemplified by these medieval churches found today at sites like Borgund and Urnes in Norway. These churches are named for their ore-pine posts.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Kiruna [or Giron or Kiiruna or Kieruna]", "answer_primary": "Kiruna", "clean_answers": [ "Kiiruna", "Kiruna", "Giron", "Kieruna" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Stave churches and Sámi goaht inspired this city’s church, which is one of the largest wooden buildings in Sweden. The Icehotel is built annually in Jukkasjärvi, just east of this northernmost city in Sweden.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "gravothermal catastrophe [or gravothermal collapse or Antonov instability; prompt on catastrophe; prompt on instability; prompt on gravity]", "answer_primary": "gravothermal catastrophe", "clean_answers": [ "gravothermal", "Antonov instability", "gravothermal collapse", "Antonov", "gravothermal catastrophe" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this phenomenon that David Lynden-Bell invoked to explain core collapse. This phenomenon is often explained by obtaining a heat capacity from the virial theorem.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "free energy", "answer_primary": "free energy", "clean_answers": [ "free energy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Catastrophic configurations forbid the existence of a thermodynamic limit that allows one to define one of these constructs. The Helmholtz type of these constructs is proportional to the logarithm of the partition function.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "thermodynamic ensembles", "answer_primary": "thermodynamic ensembles", "clean_answers": [ "ensemble", "thermodynamic ensembles" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The thermodynamic limit also guarantees the equivalence of these probability distributions in phase-space. Gibbs introduced one of these constructs which defines a constant energy surface.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "talking about trees [or conversation about trees; or “Ein Gespräch über Bäume”; accept answers that use word forms or close synonyms of talking or conversing; prompt on partial answers]", "answer_primary": "talking about trees", "clean_answers": [ "conversation tree", "tree", "Ein Gespräch über Bäume", "Gespräch", "talk tree", "close synonyms of talking", "conversing", "talk", "conversation", "Gespräch Bäume", "Bäume", "conversation about trees", "talking about trees", "answers that use word forms" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Paul Celan’s poem “Ein Blatt” replies to a poetic remark about what action? In “To Those Born After,” Bertolt Brecht wrote that performing this action is “almost a crime / Because it entails a silence about so many misdeeds!”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Friedrich Hölderlin [or Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin]", "answer_primary": "Friedrich Hölderlin", "clean_answers": [ "Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin", "Hölderlin", "Friedrich Hölderlin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Under the Nazis, many poets turned to “talking about trees” by writing nature lyrics on the model of Romantic poets, like this author of the ode “Des Morgens,” hymns like “Der Ister,” and Hyperion.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Martin Heidegger’s hut [or Die Hütte; or equivalents of Martin Heidegger’s chalet, cottage, or house; prompt on Todtnauberg; prompt on hut, chalet, cottage, or house]", "answer_primary": "Martin Heidegger’s hut", "clean_answers": [ "house", "Martin Heidegger’s hut", "chalet", "Heidegger hut", "Heidegger chalet cottage", "Heidegger", "equivalents of Martin Heidegger’s chalet, cottage,", "Die Hütte", "hut", "cottage" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Celan showed off his extensive tree knowledge during his much-scrutinized 1967 visit to this building, which is discussed in Anne Carson’s Economy of the Unlost. Elfriede Jelinek’s play Totenauberg puns on the location of this building in the Black Forest.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "cancer", "answer_primary": "cancer", "clean_answers": [ "cancer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this disease that afflicted Sontag, who analyzed social reactions to this disease and tuberculosis in the essay Illness as Metaphor.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jacques Derrida", "answer_primary": "Jacques Derrida", "clean_answers": [ "Jacques Derrida", "Derrida" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This author recounted biopsies and X-rays in the letters to an unnamed lover that opened his book The Post Card. Cancer killed this man, who wrote about the multiple meanings of pharmakon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Love’s Work", "answer_primary": "Love’s Work", "clean_answers": [ "Love’s Work" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Gillian Rose recounted a fight between her two oncologists in this book she described as a “reckoning with life,” written while dying of cancer. This autobiography announces a desire to have “Miss Marple’s persona.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "totem pole [prompt on crest pole]", "answer_primary": "totem pole", "clean_answers": [ "totem", "totem pole" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these objects whose “house frontal” style typically displays a family crest. The Haida artist Albert Edenshaw created many of these tall objects.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "argillite", "answer_primary": "argillite", "clean_answers": [ "argillite" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Albert Edenshaw’s nephew Charles was known for carvings made from this mineral, which the Haida mined near Skidegate. This mineral is sometimes called “black slate,” in contrast to the redder catlinite used for pipes by Plains nations.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "canoes [prompt on boats; reject “kayaks”]", "answer_primary": "canoes", "clean_answers": [ "canoe", "canoes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Charles Edenshaw is the great-great-uncle of Haida artist Bill Reid, who was shown many argillite miniature carvings of these objects during a visit to Skidegate. One of these objects forms the base of Reid’s sculpture Spirit of Haida Gwaii.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano [accept in any order; accept flute, clarinet, and piano trio]", "answer_primary": "flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano", "clean_answers": [ "flute clarinet piano trio", "clarinet", "flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano", "cello", "in any order", "piano trio", "piano", "flute", "violin", "flute clarinet violin cello piano", "flute, clarinet, and piano trio" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name the five instruments in a Pierrot ensemble, not counting doublings or the soprano voice. You have 10 seconds.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "French horn", "answer_primary": "French horn", "clean_answers": [ "horn", "French horn" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A wind quintet is made up of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and this instrument, despite it not being a woodwind. Barry Tuckwell, Dennis Brain, and Richard Strauss’s father Franz played this brass instrument.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor [prompt on Samuel Coleridge Taylor; reject “Samuel Taylor Coleridge”]", "answer_primary": "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor", "clean_answers": [ "Coleridge-Taylor", "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This mixed-race British composer of an early clarinet quintet and Opus 1 piano quintet influenced by Dvořák died young after three US tours. His secular cantata Hiawatha’s Wedding Feast became a hit on the scale of Handel’s Messiah.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Victory Stele of Naram-Sin [or Naram-Sin’s stele; prompt on partial answers]", "answer_primary": "Victory Stele of Naram-Sin", "clean_answers": [ "Victory Naram-Sin", "stele", "Naram-Sin stele", "Naram-Sin’s stele", "Victory Stele of Naram-Sin", "Naram-Sin", "Victory" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this object that, uniquely, indicates its living subject’s deification by his horned helmet. On this artwork, eight-pointed stars resembling the dingir symbol hover over a king stomping on the Lullubi people.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "battle-nets [accept the battle-net of Enlil, casting nets, or fishing nets]", "answer_primary": "battle-nets", "clean_answers": [ "battle-nets", "the battle-net of Enlil, casting nets,", "net net", "net", "fishing nets" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Naram-Sin’s grandfather Sargon depicted himself with one of these usually divine objects, which the kings of Umma and Lagash swore on to end the “hundred years’ war.” Retiarii gladiators wielded tridents and these tools.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ur- [accept Ur-Nanshe or Ur-Nammu]", "answer_primary": "Ur-", "clean_answers": [ "Ur-Nammu", "Ur-", "Ur", "Ur-Nanshe" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A king of Lagash with this prefix in his name looms over his subjects in a kaunakes skirt in the “perforated relief.” This prefix appears in the name of the founder of the Third Dynasty, who created the world’s oldest law code.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "acetylcholinesterase [or AChE or AChase; accept acetylcholine acetylhydrolase; reject “acetylcholine” or “ACh”] ", "answer_primary": "acetylcholinesterase", "clean_answers": [ "AChE", "acetylcholine acetylhydrolase; reject acetylcholine", "ACh", "AChase", "acetylcholinesterase", "acetylhydrolase" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this enzyme with a serine-histidine-glutamate catalytic triad. It is difficult to reactivate this enzyme with oximes after its active site undergoes dealkylation and becomes “aged.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "oxygen AND phosphorus [or O in place of “oxygen”; or P in place of “phosphorus”; accept in either order; accept organophosphates or organophosphorus compounds] ", "answer_primary": "oxygen AND phosphorus", "clean_answers": [ "O", "organophosphates", "phosphorus", "P in place of phosphorus", "oxygen AND phosphorus", "organophosphorus compounds", "in either order", "O in place of oxygen", "oxygen", "organophosphorus", "organophosphate", "oxygen phosphorus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Two answers required. Many nerve agents that inhibit acetylcholinesterase contain a central double bond between these two elements. A 1.5-angstrom double bond between these two non-carbon elements is formed in the Wittig reaction.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "VX [or venomous agent X; prompt on V-series]", "answer_primary": "VX", "clean_answers": [ "venom", "venom X", "venomous agent X", "VX", "X" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This is the most notable member of a family of nerve agents where the central phosphorus is bonded to sulfur instead of a halide. This nerve agent was used to assassinate Kim Jong-nam in 2017.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Puritans [accept Puritan Conquistadors; prompt on Protestants, Calvinists, Christians, nonconformists, or separatists]", "answer_primary": "Puritans", "clean_answers": [ "Puritan", "Puritan Conquistadors", "Puritans" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What people tried to ban all religious disagreements in their colony of Eleuthera in The Bahamas? Members of this religious group aboard the Arbella were exhorted to found a “city upon a hill.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Providence Island colony [or Providencia Island; or Old Providence; accept San Andrés–Providencia Creole]", "answer_primary": "Providence Island colony", "clean_answers": [ "Providence", "San Andrés–Providencia Creole", "Providencia", "Providencia Island", "Old Providence", "Providence Island colony" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Puritans founded this Caribbean colony in 1630 but fled to the Miskitu kingdom after a 1641 Spanish attack. This colony’s slaves became the Raizal people, who still speak an English-based creole on its namesake island.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "palenques [or Palenque; accept San Basilio de Palenque or Palenquero]", "answer_primary": "palenques", "clean_answers": [ "palenques", "Palenque", "San Basilio de Palenque", "Palenquero", "palenque" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Elsewhere in Colombia, the region’s only Spanish-based creole is spoken in San Basilio, one of the maroon forts known by this Spanish word. White-robed Lacandón people sell bows at a site named for this word, where Pakal the Great ruled.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Carl Vogel [accept descriptions like Paula Vogel’s brother; prompt on Vogel]", "answer_primary": "Carl Vogel", "clean_answers": [ "Carl Vogel", "descriptions like Paula Vogel’s brother", "Vogel’s brother", "Carl" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name or describe this man. In another play by the same author, fictional versions of the author and this man gallivant across Europe after she is diagnosed with ATD, or Acquired Toilet Disease.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Baltimore, Maryland [accept The Baltimore Waltz or The Hot L Baltimore]", "answer_primary": "Baltimore, Maryland", "clean_answers": [ "The Baltimore Waltz", "Baltimore", "The Hot L Baltimore", "Baltimore, Maryland" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Paula Vogel memorialized her brother Carl in a play titled for a waltz in this city, the largest in the state where How I Learned to Drive is set. Lanford Wilson set a play in a decaying hotel in this city whose sign reads “Hot L.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "A. E. Housman [or Alfred Edward Housman]", "answer_primary": "A. E. Housman", "clean_answers": [ "Alfred Edward Housman", "Housman", "A. E. Housman" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The preface to The Baltimore Waltz contains a letter from Carl to Paula in which he asks her to read this poet’s “Loveliest of Trees” at his funeral. This poet is the subject of Tom Stoppard’s play The Invention of Love.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "echo vowel epenthesis (“uh-PEN-thuh-sis”) [or synharmonic vowel or copy-vowel epenthesis; prompt on short vowel or ultrashort vowel; prompt on paragoge; prompt on inserting an extra vowel or intrusive vowel or inserting the same vowel as the previous syllable or synonyms; reject “echo reduplication” or “reduplication”]", "answer_primary": "echo vowel epenthesis", "clean_answers": [ "copy-vowel epenthesis", "echo vowel epenthesis", "echo vowel", "synharmonic vowel", "copy-vowel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this nativization technique that repeats a sound in a new unstressed foot to fit phonotactic constraints. Guttural sounds often trigger this paragogic adaptation, such as after final visarga or Japanese h.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "elision [or deletion; or word forms of elide or delete; accept consonant elision or deletion; accept initial dropping; prompt on cluster simplification or cluster reduction or simplifying/reducing consonant clusters, blends, or complex consonants; reject “lenition” or “assimilation” or “fusion” or “coalescence”]", "answer_primary": "elision", "clean_answers": [ "elide", "elision", "consonant elision", "initial dropping", "deletion", "word forms of elide", "delete", "drop" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Languages also integrate loanwords via this process, the opposite of epenthesis. This general sound change affected the start of the French word plafond upon entering Vietnamese as la-phông.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "optimality theory [prompt on OT]", "answer_primary": "optimality theory", "clean_answers": [ "optimality theory", "optimality" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Borrowing, harmony, and metathesis are studied via “copying and spreading” in this theory and sub-theories like sympathy theory. In this theory, “richness of the base” doesn’t constrain phonological input while asterisks on tableaux rank output violations.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "“let there be no compulsion in religion” [or “lā ikrāha fī al-dīn”]", "answer_primary": "“let there be no compulsion in religion”", "clean_answers": [ "lā ikrāha fī al-dīn", "no compulsion", "let there be no compulsion in religion", "lā ikrāha" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this injunction followed by the words “Truth stands out clearly from falsehood” in Al-Baqarah 256. This phrase is traditionally taken as a principle of religious freedom.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "zakat [or zakāh]", "answer_primary": "zakat", "clean_answers": [ "zakat", "zakāh" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Abu Bakr suspended the principle of “no compulsion” during the Ridda Wars while fighting tribes who resisted this practice. This form of almsgiving is one of the Five Pillars.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "tying a camel [accept a camel’s rope; accept variants on the phrase “trust in Allah, but tie your camel”; prompt on answers like tying or roping without mentioning an animal; prompt on answers like using a camel]", "answer_primary": "tying a camel", "clean_answers": [ "tying camel", "tie your camel", "camel", "a camel’s rope", "tying", "tying a camel", "camel’s rope" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Abu Bakr vowed to fight those who refused to give an object used for this action as zakat. In a popular hadith on tawakkul, Muhammad advises a Bedouin to “trust in God” only after performing this more practical action.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Walter Scott", "answer_primary": "Walter Scott", "clean_answers": [ "Scott", "Walter Scott" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this author, whose recurring character Dryasdust is invoked in several Carlyle books. Carlyle called this author the “novel-wright of his time” for the popularity of works like The Heart of Midlothian.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "antiquarian [or antiquary; prompt on historian]", "answer_primary": "antiquarian", "clean_answers": [ "antiquary", "antiquarian" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In Scott’s “dedicatory epistle” to Ivanhoe, the Reverend Jonas Dryasdust is an enthusiast of this vocation. This vocation of Brief Lives author John Aubrey titles a Waverley novel about the coin collector Jonathan Oldbuck.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Gurth’s collar [or Gurth’s gorget or neck-ring; prompt on ring]", "answer_primary": "Gurth’s collar", "clean_answers": [ "gorget", "Gurth’s collar", "Gurth’s gorget", "neck-ring", "collar" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In Past and Present, Carlyle praises this object from Ivanhoe and calls its owner happy in comparison to many modern men. The opening chapter describes the Saxon inscription on this brass object, which is destroyed after the swineherd Gurth aids Cedric’s escape from Torquilstone.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "algebraic varieties [or algebraic variety; accept affine varieties or projective varieties]", "answer_primary": "algebraic varieties", "clean_answers": [ "algebraic variety", "affine varieties", "projective varieties", "variety", "varieties", "algebraic varieties" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these central objects of the “geometry” side of algebraic geometry. Alexander Grothendieck introduced schemes as a generalization of these objects.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "polynomials", "answer_primary": "polynomials", "clean_answers": [ "polynomial", "polynomials" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Algebraic varieties are generated as the vanishing locus of these functions over an algebraically closed field. The Nullstellensatz generalizes the fundamental theorem of algebra, which concerns the roots of these functions.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "tropical [accept tropical geometry]", "answer_primary": "tropical", "clean_answers": [ "tropical geometry", "tropical" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In a variant of algebraic geometry described by this adjective, varieties resemble linear meshes. That field studies semirings named for this adjective, which are obtained by treating classical addition as a product and introducing the minimum as a sum.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Sarpedon’s speech to Glaucus [or the speech to Glaucus; accept rough synonyms of “speech” like exhortation]", "answer_primary": "Sarpedon’s speech to Glaucus", "clean_answers": [ "Sarpedon’s speech to Glaucus", "the speech to Glaucus", "Sarpedon speech", "speech to Glaucus", "rough synonyms of speech like exhortation", "Sarpedon", "exhortation", "speech" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this passage on noblesse oblige from the Iliad, Book 12. In this passage, a man tells his cousin that they don’t deserve to be “admired as heroes” unless they prove their merit by “great acts.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Apollo [or Apollōn; or Apollo Smintheus; accept Smintheu or Sminthian]", "answer_primary": "Apollo", "clean_answers": [ "Smintheu", "Apollōn", "Sminthian", "Smintheus", "Apollo", "Apollo Smintheus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In Christopher Logue’s poem War Music, Glaucus prays to this god after Sarpedon’s death. A plague sent by this god opens the Iliad.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Sleep AND Death [or Hypnos AND Thanatos]", "answer_primary": "Sleep AND Death", "clean_answers": [ "Hypnos AND Thanatos", "Sleep AND Death", "Hypnos", "Thanatos", "Sleep Death", "Hypnos Thanatos", "Sleep", "Death" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In Alice Oswald’s “excavation” of the Iliad, Memorial, Sarpedon lies “crumped as linen” until these two “soft-voiced servants” appear. The Euphronios Krater depicts these two divine siblings carrying Sarpedon home to be buried.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Montréal [accept Great Peace of Montréal]", "answer_primary": "Montréal", "clean_answers": [ "Montréal", "Great Peace of Montréal" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this city where the Beaver Wars were ended by a 1701 treaty. Jacques Cartier visited the village of Hochelaga on the hill that became the center of this city located on the Saint Lawrence River.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dishes AND spoons [accept bowls in place of “dishes”; accept “Dish With One Spoon” or “One Dish One Spoon”]", "answer_primary": "dishes AND spoons", "clean_answers": [ "bowl", "spoon", "Spoon", "Dish", "dish spoon", "Dish With One Spoon", "dish", "bowls in place of dishes", "dishes AND spoons", "Dish Spoon", "One Dish One Spoon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Anishinaabe–Haudenosaunee truce at Montréal is symbolized by a wampum belt named for these two objects. These two objects name a long-standing indigenous principle of shared land use that Joseph Brant invoked to declare war on the colonies.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Great Law of Peace [or Gayanashagowa; or Great Binding Law; prompt on the Great Law]", "answer_primary": "Great Law of Peace", "clean_answers": [ "Gayanashagowa", "Great Binding Law", "Great Law of Peace" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The “Dish with One Spoon” law is invoked in this oral document, which is often cited as the source of the “seventh generation principle.” Deganawida authored this constitution of the Haudenosaunee.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "cognitive behavioral therapy [or CBT; prompt on cognitive therapy]", "answer_primary": "cognitive behavioral therapy", "clean_answers": [ "cognitive behavioral therapy", "CBT" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this method of treating conditions such as anxiety that was developed by Aaron Beck.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "COM-B System [or capability, opportunity, motivation – behavior]", "answer_primary": "COM-B System", "clean_answers": [ "COM-B System", "capability, opportunity, motivation – behavior", "COM-B" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "CBT might be combined with this other system, which Susan Michie called the hub of the “behavior change wheel.” The three components of this system are defined as ability to engage, a supporting environment, and brain processes that energize behavior.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "smoking cigarettes [or smoking cigarettes; or using cigarettes; reject vaping]", "answer_primary": "smoking cigarettes", "clean_answers": [ "cigarettes", "using cigarettes; reject vaping", "smoking cigarettes", "smoking" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The English government adopted the COM-B system in its 2010 push to reduce this behavior. Motivational interviewing is often employed to help people quit this behavior, and the antidepressant bupropion is often prescribed to combat weight gain associated with quitting this behavior.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "yeast genome [accept Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome; or S. cerevisiae genome; prompt on Sc2.0 or yeast 2.0; prompt on the genome, DNA, or chromosomes by asking “of what organism?”]", "answer_primary": "yeast genome", "clean_answers": [ "Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome S. cerevisiae genome", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome; or S. cerevisiae genome", "S. cerevisiae genome", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome", "yeast genome" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name or describe this eukaryotic system that will have its transposons, subtelomere regions, and introns removed, among other beneficial modifications, by its namesake 2.0 Project.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "LoxP [accept locus of x-over, P1; accept more specific answers like LoxPsym that include “loxP”; prompt on Cre-Lox]", "answer_primary": "LoxP", "clean_answers": [ "more specific answers like LoxPsym that include loxP", "LoxPsym", "loxP", "LoxP", "LoxPsym loxP", "locus of x-over, P1" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The SCRaMbLE system used to modify the yeast genome was developed to use the Cre recombinase, which recognizes these sites. These 34-base-pair recombination sites flank a gene of interest to be excised in a common knockout system.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "stop codons [prompt on codons]", "answer_primary": "stop codons", "clean_answers": [ "stop codons", "stop codon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The altered chromosomes in the modified yeast 2.0 genome have all of these sequences changed from TAG to TAA. These sequences mark the [emphasize] end of an open reading frame.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "the territory [accept Kansas Territory or Indian Territory]", "answer_primary": "the territory", "clean_answers": [ "Kansas Territory", "Indian Territory", "territory", "the territory", "Territory" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Ralph Ellison’s second essay collection is titled for “going to” what place? In the last paragraph of Huck Finn, Huck plans to “light out for” this place to avoid Aunt Sally’s plan to adopt him.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "the little man [or the little man at Chehaw Station; or the little man behind the stove]", "answer_primary": "the little man", "clean_answers": [ "the little man behind the stove", "the little man at Chehaw Station", "little man", "the little man" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The first essay in Going to the Territory is titled for this figure. Daphne Brooks’s book Liner Notes for the Revolution presents its subjects as gender-swapped versions of this unassuming connoisseur, who inspires musicians to “play your very best wherever you are” from behind the stove at Chehaw Station.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "pianos [accept pianoforte or fortepiano]", "answer_primary": "pianos", "clean_answers": [ "pianoforte", "fortepiano", "piano", "pianos" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Ellison adapted the “little man behind the stove” from a remark by a player of this instrument named Hazel Harrison. The subject of “The Weary Blues” plays this instrument.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Billie Holiday AND Lester Young [accept Eleanora Fagan in place of “Billie Holiday”; accept Lester Willis Young in place of “Lester Young”]", "answer_primary": "Billie Holiday AND Lester Young", "clean_answers": [ "Billie Holiday AND Lester Young", "Fagan", "Holiday", "Eleanora Fagan in place of Billie Holiday", "Lester Willis Young in place of Lester Young", "Holiday Young", "Young" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "In the “Sound of Jazz” episode, these two musicians lock eyes as one sings her standard “Fine and Mellow” and the other plays a tenor sax solo. These two lifelong friends gave each other the nicknames “Prez” and “Lady Day.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Agnes de Mille [or Agnes George de Mille] (Gold Rush is a restaging of Lerner and Loewe’s Paint Your Wagon.)", "answer_primary": "Agnes de Mille", "clean_answers": [ "Agnes George de Mille", "de Mille", "Agnes de Mille" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Gold Rush is a restaging of Lerner and Loewe’s Paint Your Wagon.", "number": 2, "part": "This choreographer’s two protégés Gemze de Lappe and James Mitchell starred in the series’s production of the ballet Gold Rush. Scottish step-dancing inspired this dancer’s choreography for the musical Brigadoon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Norman Dello Joio [or Nicodemo DeGioio]", "answer_primary": "Norman Dello Joio", "clean_answers": [ "Nicodemo DeGioio", "Norman Dello Joio", "DeGioio", "Dello Joio" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This Italian-American student of Hindemith won the 1957 Pulitzer in Music. Martha Graham choreographed ballets by this composer of Satiric Dances, who used a tonal, rhythmic style in Variations, Chaconne and Finale for orchestra.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "beakers [accept Funnelbeaker Culture or Bell Beaker Culture]", "answer_primary": "beakers", "clean_answers": [ "Bell Beaker Culture", "beakers", "Funnelbeaker Culture", "Beaker", "beaker" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "A post-LBK culture is named for the “funnel” type of what vessels? The Únětice culture built their wooden halls atop sites of the Corded Ware culture and a culture named for the “bell” type of these vessels.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Nebra sky disc [prompt on sky disc]", "answer_primary": "Nebra sky disc", "clean_answers": [ "Nebra sky disc", "Nebra" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Bell Beaker gold lunula have been linked to the Sun, Moon, and solar barque images on this Únětice object. The Trundholm sun chariot has been exhibited with this disc that’s often billed as the “world’s oldest star map.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Amber Road", "answer_primary": "Amber Road", "clean_answers": [ "Amber", "Amber Road" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Nebra sky disc was found with many “loaf idols,” tiny tablets sometimes thought to have been used by post-Beaker cultures for accounting along this route. This “road” brought its namesake resin south from the Baltic.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Agni [accept agnicayana]", "answer_primary": "Agni", "clean_answers": [ "Agni", "agni", "agnicayana" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this deity who is the namesake of an ancient 12-day ritual conducted on top of altars made of 10,800 bricks in the shape of a bird.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "soma", "answer_primary": "soma", "clean_answers": [ "soma", "som" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The agnicayana sacrifice might include the sprinkling of darbha grass or this liquid on the altar. This psychoactive drink was made by pressing the stalks of an unidentified plant.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Yajñavalkya (“YAHG-nyuh-vull-kyuh”)", "answer_primary": "Yajñavalkya", "clean_answers": [ "Yajñavalkya" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "King Janaka discussed the more prosaic agnihotra ritual with this sage, who reduced the number of gods from 3,003 to 33 to 1.5 to 1. This husband of Maitreyi is repeatedly challenged to explain the world’s “weave” in a dialogue with the female philosopher Gargi in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "premature deindustrialization [or word forms; prompt on partial answer; prompt on synonyms like early deindustrialization; prompt on negative deindustrialization]", "answer_primary": "premature deindustrialization", "clean_answers": [ "word forms", "premature deindustrialization" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this two-word term for a phenomenon in which technological progress and globalization result in countries moving away from or failing to develop manufacturing, harming economic growth.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Malaysia", "answer_primary": "Malaysia", "clean_answers": [ "Malaysia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This country targeted premature deindustrialization in its NIMP 2030 plan, which aims to grow domestic manufacturing. Jho Low faces prosecution for his role in large-scale embezzlement from this country’s 1MDB fund.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mercosur [or Southern Common Market; or Mercosul]", "answer_primary": "Mercosur", "clean_answers": [ "Southern Common Market", "Mercosul", "Mercosur" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This trade bloc’s free trade agreement with the EU has been stymied by concerns that it could exacerbate deindustrialization. The reduction of tariffs on this bloc’s exports, like beef and soy, may also drive deforestation in the Yanomami people’s lands.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "constraint satisfaction problems [or CSPs; accept constraint optimization or constrained optimization or constraint programming; accept COs or COPs; prompt on constraint problems or satisfaction problems]", "answer_primary": "constraint satisfaction problems", "clean_answers": [ "CSPs", "constraint optimization", "constraint satisfaction problems", "COs", "CO", "constraint satisfaction", "constrained optimization", "COPs", "constraint programming", "CSP" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these problems that seek to assign values to a set of variables without violating any of the namesake statements. Type inference and circuit-board layout are tasks often modeled using these problems.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "local consistency [accept more specific answers, such as node consistency, arc consistency, path consistency, or k-consistency]", "answer_primary": "local consistency", "clean_answers": [ "k-consistency", "arc consistency", "local consistency", "node consistency", "path consistency", "consistency", "node consistency arc consistency path consistency" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Techniques leveraging this property help to prune the search space in complex constraint satisfaction problems. The “node,” “arc,” and “path” forms of this property are used to enforce constraints of varying order.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "backtracking", "answer_primary": "backtracking", "clean_answers": [ "backtrack", "backtracking" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "While consistency methods use inference to solve CSPs, this class of algorithms is often used to solve CSPs using search. The eight queens problem is a classic example of a problem solved using this class of algorithms, which retraces steps when a dead-end is reached.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Daidō Moriyama [or Moriyama Daidō]", "answer_primary": "Daidō Moriyama", "clean_answers": [ "Moriyama", "Daidō Moriyama", "Moriyama Daidō" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 85-year-old Japanese photographer whose 1972 book Farewell Photography collects rejected negatives and pictures that had been solarized.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "provoke [accept épater or shock or scandalize; or word forms]", "answer_primary": "provoke", "clean_answers": [ "provoke", "scandalize", "word forms", "épater", "shock" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Moriyama worked extensively alongside Koji Taka and Takuma Nakahiri at an influential magazine named for this word. A slogan of Decadent French poets expressed a desire to do this to “la bourgeoisie.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dogs", "answer_primary": "dogs", "clean_answers": [ "dog", "dogs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "For his Hunter series, Moriyama photographed one of these animals turning angrily to look at him. Elliott Erwitt is known for his many photographs of these animals, the subject of a series of sixteen paintings by Cassius Marcellus Coolidge.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Rudolf Carnap", "answer_primary": "Rudolf Carnap", "clean_answers": [ "Rudolf Carnap", "Carnap" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this author of “The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language.” Quine’s “Two Dogmas” claims that this philosopher had a project of translating discourse into “sense-datum language.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "quantifier variance", "answer_primary": "quantifier variance", "clean_answers": [ "quantifier variance" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Eli Hirsch advocates this “neo-Carnapian” stance on metaphysics, which is influenced by James Urmson’s dictum. This view posits that two ontological languages with the same truth-values have the same ontological value.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "tolerance [or religious tolerance; or word forms like toleration; accept A Letter Concerning Toleration]", "answer_primary": "tolerance", "clean_answers": [ "A Letter Concerning Toleration", "tolerance", "toleration", "religious tolerance", "word forms like toleration", "Toleration" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In outlining quantifier variance, Hirsch moved away from a Carnapian principle of logic without morals, named for this concept. John Locke wrote a letter on this topic to Philipp van Limborch.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "screams [or cris; or krik; accept cry or screech; accept “darkmotherscream”]", "answer_primary": "screams", "clean_answers": [ "cris", "darkmotherscream", "screams", "scream", "krik", "cry", "screech" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Joyce Mansour’s first collection is titled for what things? A poem by Andrei Voznesensky describes a “darkmother” one of these things, and Yevgeny Yevtusheko claimed to be a “massive, soundless” one in “Babi Yar.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Cairo", "answer_primary": "Cairo", "clean_answers": [ "Cairo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Jabès and Mansour were Jewish poets from this city’s surrealist scene. In this city, Georges Henein used the motto “long live degenerate art!” for the surrealist Art et Liberté group.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "wounds [accept Emerald Wounds or Night Sky With Exit Wounds]", "answer_primary": "wounds", "clean_answers": [ "wound", "wounds", "Wound", "Night Sky With Exit Wounds", "Emerald Wounds" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Translations of Mansour’s poetry are collected in a book titled for “Emerald” examples of these features. Ocean Vuong’s first poetry collection is titled for a “night sky” with the “exit” type of these features.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "transonic [or transsonic; or answers that indicate crossing the speed of sound; accept supersonic or answers that indicate going faster than the speed of sound]", "answer_primary": "transonic", "clean_answers": [ "transsonic", "transonic", "crossing", "supersonic", "speed of sound", "faster speed of sound", "crossing speed of sound", "answers that indicate going faster than the speed of sound", "answers that indicate crossing the speed of sound", "faster" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this property of flow that can be achieved with a de Laval nozzle when it is choked at its throat. A description is acceptable.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "astrophysical jets", "answer_primary": "astrophysical jets", "clean_answers": [ "astrophysical jets", "jet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Transonic nozzle flow can be used to analyze the formation of these collimated structures. These structures consist of a beam of plasma accelerated beyond the speed of sound of the surrounding interstellar medium.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mach disks [prompt on normal shocks; prompt on jet shocks]", "answer_primary": "Mach disks", "clean_answers": [ "Mach disk", "Mach disks" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Herbig–Haro objects, which are series of knots in jets that originate from young stellar objects, may be associated with these regions in the jet, which are coupled with a bow shock at the working surface. In jet engines, these glowing eponymous regions are associated with the formation of shock diamonds.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "suffragists [or suffragettes; accept members of the British women’s suffrage movement; prompt on women or feminists]", "answer_primary": "suffragists", "clean_answers": [ "suffragist", "suffragette", "suffragettes", "suffragists", "members of the British women’s suffrage movement", "suffrage" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these people who developed the modern letter bomb during an arson campaign inspired by the slogan “deeds, not words.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Metropolitan Police [or Metropolitan Police Service; or MPS; accept Met Police; accept London Police or Scotland Yard; prompt on police or synonyms like bobbies]", "answer_primary": "Metropolitan Police", "clean_answers": [ "London Police", "Met Police", "MPS", "Scotland Yard", "Metropolitan Police Service", "Metropolitan Police" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The suffragists began training in “suffrajitsu” after protesters were assaulted by members of this organization on Black Friday. The same year, this organization was equipped with pistols after the Siege of Sidney Street.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Sophia Duleep Singh [or Sophia Duleep Singh; or Princess Sophia Alexandrovna Duleep Singh; prompt on Duleep or Singh]", "answer_primary": "Sophia Duleep Singh", "clean_answers": [ "Princess Sophia Alexandrovna Duleep Singh", "Singh", "Sophia Duleep Singh", "Sophia Singh", "Duleep Singh", "Sophia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Militancy was defended by this member of the Women’s Tax Resistance League, who sold The Suffragette newspaper outside her residence at Hampton Court. This activist was the daughter of Bamba Müller and the last maharaja of the Sikh Empire.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Grand Central Station [or Grand Central Terminal; or GCT; accept By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept]", "answer_primary": "Grand Central Station", "clean_answers": [ "Grand Central Station", "By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept", "GCT", "Grand Central Terminal", "Grand Central" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this building that titles a novel about the author’s affair with the poet George Barker. That Elizabeth Smart novel is titled, “By [this building] I Sat Down and Wept.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Virago Press", "answer_primary": "Virago Press", "clean_answers": [ "Virago Press", "Virago" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "By Grand Central Station inspired Carter to join the board of this feminist press founded by Carmen Callil. Now owned by Hachette, this British imprint reissued Gayl Jones’s Corregidora in its green-spined “Modern Classics” line.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jane Eyre (by Charlotte Brontë)", "answer_primary": "Jane Eyre", "clean_answers": [ "Jane Eyre" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "by Charlotte Brontë", "number": 3, "part": "Virago’s Writers as Readers includes an essay by Carter that calls this novel a mix of Bluebeard and Beauty and the Beast. This novel’s protagonist thinks of Bluebeard’s Castle while being led through Thornfield Hall.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "clavichord [accept manichord or clarichord; prompt on clavier or cembalo; reject “harpsichord” or “clavecin” or “clavicembalo” or “clavinet”]", "answer_primary": "clavichord", "clean_answers": [ "clarichord", "clavichord", "manichord" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this instrument whose keys jut into a tabletop box like a virginal and depress brass tangents against its strings, instead of using plucked or hammered action. Different notes share the same string in the “fretted” type of this keyboard instrument.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "vibrato [reject “tremolo” or “trill”]", "answer_primary": "vibrato", "clean_answers": [ "vibrato", "trill", "reject tremolo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The clavichord is one of very few keyboard instruments that can achieve this ornament by varying pressure on a key in the Bebung technique. Cellists produce this expressive pitch oscillation by wobbling a finger.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Friedrich Gulda", "answer_primary": "Friedrich Gulda", "clean_answers": [ "Gulda", "Friedrich Gulda" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This Austrian often played Bach on a clavichord. Nicknamed the “terrorist pianist” for flouting concert norms, this jazzy iconoclast wore an embroidered cap like his friend Joe Zawinul, once performed nude, and died shortly after faking his death.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "philosophers [accept theologians, scholastics, or philosophes; accept Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers or Liber Philosophorum; prompt on answers like thinkers, scholars, academics, teachers, or writers; prompt on priests or friars]", "answer_primary": "philosophers", "clean_answers": [ "Philosophorum", "philosopher", "Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers", "Liber Philosophorum", "philosophes", "theologian", "scholastic", "Philosopher", "philosophers", "theologians, scholastics,", "philosophe", "theologian scholastic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What people’s “Dictes” are the subject of a medieval legendarium? One of these people was sewn in a sack and thrown into the Seine for his affair with the queen, and another was stabbed to death with pens.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Babylon [or Babel; accept Hanging Gardens of Babylon]", "answer_primary": "Babylon", "clean_answers": [ "Hanging Gardens of Babylon", "Babel", "Babylon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The philosopher Sydrac meets Boctus, the king of this city, in a popular medieval tale. This city’s entry among the Seven Wonders of the World was supposedly built to console Queen Amytis.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Phyllis riding Aristotle [accept “Phyllis and Aristotle” or “Aristotle and Phyllis”; accept descriptions of Phyllis sitting on Aristotle’s back; prompt on Phyllis or Aristotle]", "answer_primary": "Phyllis riding Aristotle", "clean_answers": [ "Aristotle and Phyllis", "descriptions of Phyllis sitting on Aristotle’s back", "riding Aristotle", "Phyllis riding Aristotle", "Aristotle Phyllis", "sit", "Phyllis", "Phyllis Aristotle", "Aristotle", "Phyllis and Aristotle", "sit on Aristotle", "on" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A 13th-century lai originated this other medieval legend about a philosopher. In this scene exemplifying the “Power of Women” motif, a woman sometimes conflated with Campaspe embarrasses an old man in a garden.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "cyanogen iodide [or iodine cyanide; accept ICN]", "answer_primary": "cyanogen iodide", "clean_answers": [ "iodine cyanide", "cyanogen iodide", "ICN" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this pseudohalogen, the subject of a 1988 experiment at Caltech. A technique originally called FTS was pioneered by exciting this molecule via the A continuum, then observing its dissociation through two exit channels.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "femtosecond [or femtochemistry; accept femtosecond transition-state spectroscopy; accept ten to the negative 15 seconds; prompt on ultrafast or ultrashort]", "answer_primary": "femtosecond", "clean_answers": [ "ten to the negative 15 seconds", "femtosecond", "ten to the negative 15", "femtosecond transition-state spectroscopy", "femtochemistry", "femto" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Zewail group studied the dissociation kinetics of cyanogen iodide using pump-probe spectroscopy, pioneering a field of chemistry named for this time scale.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "electron diffraction [or ultrafast electron diffraction or femtosecond electron diffraction; prompt on electron pulses or diffraction; prompt on UED or FED or ED]", "answer_primary": "electron diffraction", "clean_answers": [ "electron diffraction", "femtosecond electron diffraction", "ultrafast electron diffraction" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Zewail developed a 4D imaging technique that uses a pump-probe method based on this phenomenon instead of light. That technique uses a CCD camera to detect this phenomenon and calculate the reciprocal space resolution.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Lord Kitchener [or Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener; or Horatio Herbert Kitchener]", "answer_primary": "Lord Kitchener", "clean_answers": [ "Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener", "Kitchener Kitchener", "Horatio Herbert Kitchener", "Kitchener", "Lord Kitchener" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The so-called “Black Panther” Fritz Joubert Duquesne, a Boer and German spy, once attempted to assassinate this officer. Hit recruitment posters depicted this British officer pointing at the viewer above the text “wants you.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Malan [accept Sailor Malan, Adolph Gysbert Malan, D. F. Malan, Daniël François Malan, or Rian Malan]", "answer_primary": "Malan", "clean_answers": [ "Malan", "Malan Malan Malan Malan", "Rian Malan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "An anti-apartheid RAF ace with this Huguenot surname was nicknamed “Sailor.” My Traitor’s Heart details the author’s family relation to a National Party prime minister of this surname who presided over the start of apartheid.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Eugène Terre’Blanche (“tur-BLONSH”) [or Eugène Ney Terre’Blanche]", "answer_primary": "Eugène Terre’Blanche", "clean_answers": [ "Eugène Ney Terre’Blanche", "Terre’Blanche", "Eugène Terre’Blanche" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This Afrikaner white supremacist leader of Huguenot descent was hacked to death on his farm in 2010, possibly as revenge for his role as co-founder of the AWB, or Afrikaner Resistance Movement.", "value": 10 } ]