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How do you know if you reached product market fit?		Product market fit, a term used by the startups ecosystem to identify if they have a product that satisfies a need for a number of customers for a problem they are currently facing. There is not a single unit of measurement if a startup reached product market fit or not. One of the ways to measure product market fit is if a startup is able to develop a repeatable sales process and are able to do basic forecasting for revenue. A product market fit is crucially important for the first product released by a startup but it’s also important for all upcoming releases of new products.	general_qa	<START_INST>How do you know if you reached product market fit?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Product market fit, a term used by the startups ecosystem to identify if they have a product that satisfies a need for a number of customers for a problem they are currently facing. There is not a single unit of measurement if a startup reached product market fit or not. One of the ways to measure product market fit is if a startup is able to develop a repeatable sales process and are able to do basic forecasting for revenue. A product market fit is crucially important for the first product released by a startup but it’s also important for all upcoming releases of new products.<END_A>
What years did the Patriots win a Super Bowl?		The Patriots have won six Super Bowls, in the years, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2018.	open_qa	<START_INST>What years did the Patriots win a Super Bowl?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>The Patriots have won six Super Bowls, in the years, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2018.<END_A>
Who are the World Cup champions?		Argentina won the FIFA World Cup in 2022.	general_qa	<START_INST>Who are the World Cup champions?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Argentina won the FIFA World Cup in 2022.<END_A>
Why do i see a dark section near the CD Drive ring, when looked from a tilted angle?		Those darker regions closer to the ring lock on CD Drive are an indication of how much of the CD Drive space is written with data. CD Drive has sectors and the rpm of the CD drive Optical Reader will read these sectors and show it into the file system of the operating system you are using. The dark section does not necessarily show how much is available space but can be an indicator of if the CD drive is empty	brainstorming	<START_INST>Why do i see a dark section near the CD Drive ring, when looked from a tilted angle?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Those darker regions closer to the ring lock on CD Drive are an indication of how much of the CD Drive space is written with data. CD Drive has sectors and the rpm of the CD drive Optical Reader will read these sectors and show it into the file system of the operating system you are using. The dark section does not necessarily show how much is available space but can be an indicator of if the CD drive is empty<END_A>
Name some famous Bollywood actors?		Some of famous Bollywood actors are Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan, Amitabh Bachchan, Aamir Khan etc.	open_qa	<START_INST>Name some famous Bollywood actors?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Some of famous Bollywood actors are Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan, Amitabh Bachchan, Aamir Khan etc.<END_A>
Extract all of the dates mentioned in this paragraph and list them using bullets in the format {Date} - {Description}	The Stravinsky Fountain was part of a sculptural program, launched by the City of Paris in 1978, to build seven contemporary fountains with sculpture in different squares of the city. This project also included new fountains at the Hotel de Ville and within the gardens of the Palais Royal. They were to be the first public fountains built in Paris since the fountains of the Palais de Chaillot were built for the Paris Exposition of 1937. It was also a major project by the City of Paris to redevelop the area around the old city markets, Les Halles, which had been torn down in 1971, and to re-animate the area with pedestrian streets, squares, and works of art.	• 1978 - the launch of the sculptural program that included the construction of seven contemporary fountains in Paris • 1937 - fountains of the Palais de Chaillot were built • 1971 - the date that Les Halles was torn down	information_extraction	<START_INST>Extract all of the dates mentioned in this paragraph and list them using bullets in the format {Date} - {Description}<END_INST><START_CTX>The Stravinsky Fountain was part of a sculptural program, launched by the City of Paris in 1978, to build seven contemporary fountains with sculpture in different squares of the city. This project also included new fountains at the Hotel de Ville and within the gardens of the Palais Royal. They were to be the first public fountains built in Paris since the fountains of the Palais de Chaillot were built for the Paris Exposition of 1937. It was also a major project by the City of Paris to redevelop the area around the old city markets, Les Halles, which had been torn down in 1971, and to re-animate the area with pedestrian streets, squares, and works of art.<END_CTX><START_A>• 1978 - the launch of the sculptural program that included the construction of seven contemporary fountains in Paris • 1937 - fountains of the Palais de Chaillot were built • 1971 - the date that Les Halles was torn down<END_A>
What is the Summary of this page?	Franklin Edson (April 5, 1832 – September 24, 1904) was an American merchant who served as the 85th Mayor of New York from 1883 to 1884. Early life Edson was born in Chester, Vermont on April 5, 1832, where his father had a farm. A descendant of the Puritans, he was the son of Soviah (née Wilson) Edson and Opher Edson. He was educated at the local schools and at the Chester Academy in Vermont. Career Business At age twenty, Edson moved to Albany to work in his brother Cyrus' distillery, becoming a partner three years later. He left the distillery after his brother's death and started a produce business, which he relocated to New York City in 1866. His venture proved successful during the American Civil War, making Edson wealthy and enabling him to engage in civic, religious and charitable causes. He was an active Episcopalian and a member of Saint James Church, Fordham, in the Bronx. In 1873, he became one of the city's most important business leaders when he was appointed President of the New York Produce Exchange. Politics An anti-Tammany Democrat, in 1882 he was nominated for Mayor through the efforts of Tammany Hall boss John Murphy to avoid a Democratic Party split between organization loyalists and reformers. Upon taking office in 1883, he angered reformers by appointing Tammany men to key jobs, but he soon embraced civil service reform and other honest government measures. During his term the Brooklyn Bridge was dedicated, the Manhattan Municipal Building was constructed, and work was completed on the city's new water supply, the Croton Aqueduct. He appointed the commission responsible for the selection and location of public lands for parks in the Bronx, which came to include Van Cortlandt, Bronx, Pelham Bay, Crotona, Claremont and St. Mary's Parks, and the Mosholu, Bronx River, Pelham, and Crotona Parkways. After Edson split with Tammany the 1884 Democratic nomination for Mayor went to William Russell Grace, who had also preceded Edson as Mayor, and Edson retired from politics at the completion of his term in 1885. After leaving the mayor's office, Edson returned to his business interests and continued his philanthropic activities. Personal life In 1856, Edson was married to Frances Cameron "Fannie" Wood (1835–1893), the daughter of Benjamin Howland Wood. Fannie was the granddaughter of Jethro Wood, inventor of the cast-iron moldboard plow. They owned a homestead in Morris Heights, Bronx that consisted of three acres, a stately residence, stable and barn, which he exchanged for 247 Central Park West, two doors south of the corner of 85th Street, in 1893. Together, Fannie and Franklin were the parents of: Cyrus Edson (1857–1903), a doctor who married Virginia Churchill Paige (1853–1891). He served as the President of the Board of Health. Franklin (1859-1926), who married Elsie Squier. David Orr Edson (1862–1923), a doctor. Henry Townsend Edson (1864–1903), who married Margarita Diehl. In 1903, Henry Edson murdered his friend's wife and then committed suicide. Edith Edson (b. 1870), who married Willis Benner. Robert S. (1873-1941), who married Fanny Ropes. Ethel Townsend Edson (b. 1877), who married Arthur Hoffman Van Brunt (b. 1865). He died at his home in Manhattan on September 24, 1904. He was buried in Section 15, Lot 16 at Albany Rural Cemetery, Menands, New York. Legacy Edson Avenue in The Bronx is named for him.	Franklin Edson is a former Mayor of New York. He started a produce business and became one of the city's most important business leaders. Later, he joined politics as an anti-Tammany Democrat and became the mayor of New York in 1883. He led the effort for public lands for parks in the Bronx. He was married to Frances Cameron "Fannie" Wood and they had 7 children.	summarization	<START_INST>What is the Summary of this page?<END_INST><START_CTX>Franklin Edson (April 5, 1832 – September 24, 1904) was an American merchant who served as the 85th Mayor of New York from 1883 to 1884. Early life Edson was born in Chester, Vermont on April 5, 1832, where his father had a farm. A descendant of the Puritans, he was the son of Soviah (née Wilson) Edson and Opher Edson. He was educated at the local schools and at the Chester Academy in Vermont. Career Business At age twenty, Edson moved to Albany to work in his brother Cyrus' distillery, becoming a partner three years later. He left the distillery after his brother's death and started a produce business, which he relocated to New York City in 1866. His venture proved successful during the American Civil War, making Edson wealthy and enabling him to engage in civic, religious and charitable causes. He was an active Episcopalian and a member of Saint James Church, Fordham, in the Bronx. In 1873, he became one of the city's most important business leaders when he was appointed President of the New York Produce Exchange. Politics An anti-Tammany Democrat, in 1882 he was nominated for Mayor through the efforts of Tammany Hall boss John Murphy to avoid a Democratic Party split between organization loyalists and reformers. Upon taking office in 1883, he angered reformers by appointing Tammany men to key jobs, but he soon embraced civil service reform and other honest government measures. During his term the Brooklyn Bridge was dedicated, the Manhattan Municipal Building was constructed, and work was completed on the city's new water supply, the Croton Aqueduct. He appointed the commission responsible for the selection and location of public lands for parks in the Bronx, which came to include Van Cortlandt, Bronx, Pelham Bay, Crotona, Claremont and St. Mary's Parks, and the Mosholu, Bronx River, Pelham, and Crotona Parkways. After Edson split with Tammany the 1884 Democratic nomination for Mayor went to William Russell Grace, who had also preceded Edson as Mayor, and Edson retired from politics at the completion of his term in 1885. After leaving the mayor's office, Edson returned to his business interests and continued his philanthropic activities. Personal life In 1856, Edson was married to Frances Cameron "Fannie" Wood (1835–1893), the daughter of Benjamin Howland Wood. Fannie was the granddaughter of Jethro Wood, inventor of the cast-iron moldboard plow. They owned a homestead in Morris Heights, Bronx that consisted of three acres, a stately residence, stable and barn, which he exchanged for 247 Central Park West, two doors south of the corner of 85th Street, in 1893. Together, Fannie and Franklin were the parents of: Cyrus Edson (1857–1903), a doctor who married Virginia Churchill Paige (1853–1891). He served as the President of the Board of Health. Franklin (1859-1926), who married Elsie Squier. David Orr Edson (1862–1923), a doctor. Henry Townsend Edson (1864–1903), who married Margarita Diehl. In 1903, Henry Edson murdered his friend's wife and then committed suicide. Edith Edson (b. 1870), who married Willis Benner. Robert S. (1873-1941), who married Fanny Ropes. Ethel Townsend Edson (b. 1877), who married Arthur Hoffman Van Brunt (b. 1865). He died at his home in Manhattan on September 24, 1904. He was buried in Section 15, Lot 16 at Albany Rural Cemetery, Menands, New York. Legacy Edson Avenue in The Bronx is named for him.<END_CTX><START_A>Franklin Edson is a former Mayor of New York. He started a produce business and became one of the city's most important business leaders. Later, he joined politics as an anti-Tammany Democrat and became the mayor of New York in 1883. He led the effort for public lands for parks in the Bronx. He was married to Frances Cameron "Fannie" Wood and they had 7 children.<END_A>
What is a “knock knock joke”?		It’s a joke with a specific format that requires interaction between two people. The person saying the joke begins with the phrase “knock knock” and the other person responds with “who’s there?” The person asking the joke then gives the setup, and the other person repeats back the setup verbatim and adds the word “who” at the end. The person asking the joke then delivers the punchline. An example of a knock knock joke is: Knock knock Who’s there? Orange Orange who? Orange you glad I’m only doing one knock knock joke!?	open_qa	<START_INST>What is a “knock knock joke”?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>It’s a joke with a specific format that requires interaction between two people. The person saying the joke begins with the phrase “knock knock” and the other person responds with “who’s there?” The person asking the joke then gives the setup, and the other person repeats back the setup verbatim and adds the word “who” at the end. The person asking the joke then delivers the punchline. An example of a knock knock joke is: Knock knock Who’s there? Orange Orange who? Orange you glad I’m only doing one knock knock joke!?<END_A>
Classify each of the following as an American coffee shop chain or an American fast-food hamburger restaurant: Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts, McDonald's, In-N-Out, Dutch Bros, Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf, Burger King, Carl's Jr		Coffee shop chain: Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts, Dutch Bros, Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Fast-food hamburger restaurant: McDonald's, In-N-Out, Burger King, Carl's Jr	classification	<START_INST>Classify each of the following as an American coffee shop chain or an American fast-food hamburger restaurant: Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts, McDonald's, In-N-Out, Dutch Bros, Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf, Burger King, Carl's Jr<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Coffee shop chain: Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts, Dutch Bros, Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Fast-food hamburger restaurant: McDonald's, In-N-Out, Burger King, Carl's Jr<END_A>
Which company designed SoundBridge?	SoundBridge is a hardware device from Roku, Inc. designed to play internet radio or digital audio streamed across a home network, over either Wi-Fi or ethernet. SoundBridge devices directly browsed the Radio Roku guide. As of 2008 all Roku SoundBridge products were discontinued; Roku focused on IPTV. As of January 2012, the SoundBridge was no longer available from Roku. As of May 2018, internet radio functionality was no longer supported by Roku. The music is made available by a streaming server, usually a PC running media software. The SoundBridge had a high resolution vacuum fluorescent display and was compatible with various media servers, namely servers using Apple Computer's Digital Audio Access Protocol; popular servers are iTunes, or mt-daapd, Windows Media Connect, Rhapsody, SlimServer and UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) compatible servers such as TwonkyVision. Some of these servers run not only on PCs, but also on NAS devices like the Linksys NSLU2, so a SoundBridge could be operated without a PC.	The company that designed SoundBridge is Roku, Inc.	summarization	<START_INST>Which company designed SoundBridge?<END_INST><START_CTX>SoundBridge is a hardware device from Roku, Inc. designed to play internet radio or digital audio streamed across a home network, over either Wi-Fi or ethernet. SoundBridge devices directly browsed the Radio Roku guide. As of 2008 all Roku SoundBridge products were discontinued; Roku focused on IPTV. As of January 2012, the SoundBridge was no longer available from Roku. As of May 2018, internet radio functionality was no longer supported by Roku. The music is made available by a streaming server, usually a PC running media software. The SoundBridge had a high resolution vacuum fluorescent display and was compatible with various media servers, namely servers using Apple Computer's Digital Audio Access Protocol; popular servers are iTunes, or mt-daapd, Windows Media Connect, Rhapsody, SlimServer and UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) compatible servers such as TwonkyVision. Some of these servers run not only on PCs, but also on NAS devices like the Linksys NSLU2, so a SoundBridge could be operated without a PC.<END_CTX><START_A>The company that designed SoundBridge is Roku, Inc.<END_A>
What is Visual Basic?		Visual Basic (VB), originally called Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET), is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language, implemented on .NET, Mono, and the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as the successor to its original Visual Basic language, the last version of which was Visual Basic 6.0. Although the ".NET" portion of the name was dropped in 2005, this article uses "Visual Basic [.NET]" to refer to all Visual Basic languages released since 2002, in order to distinguish between them and the classic Visual Basic. Along with C# and F#, it is one of the three main languages targeting the .NET ecosystem. Microsoft updated its VB language strategy on 6 Feb 2023 stating that VB is a stable language now and Microsoft will keep maintaining it.	open_qa	<START_INST>What is Visual Basic?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Visual Basic (VB), originally called Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET), is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language, implemented on .NET, Mono, and the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as the successor to its original Visual Basic language, the last version of which was Visual Basic 6.0. Although the ".NET" portion of the name was dropped in 2005, this article uses "Visual Basic [.NET]" to refer to all Visual Basic languages released since 2002, in order to distinguish between them and the classic Visual Basic. Along with C# and F#, it is one of the three main languages targeting the .NET ecosystem. Microsoft updated its VB language strategy on 6 Feb 2023 stating that VB is a stable language now and Microsoft will keep maintaining it.<END_A>
List all the people mentioned in this paragraph on the history of Unix	The new operating system was initially without organizational backing, and also without a name. At this stage, the new operating system was a singletasking operating system, not a multitasking one such as Multics. The name Unics (Uniplexed Information and Computing Service, pronounced as "eunuchs"), a pun on Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computer Services), was initially suggested for the project in 1970. Brian Kernighan claims the coining for himself, and adds that "no one can remember" who came up with the final spelling Unix. Dennis Ritchie and Doug McIlroy also credit Kernighan. When the Computing Sciences Research Center wanted to use Unix on a machine larger than the PDP-7, while another department needed a word processor, Thompson and Ritchie added text processing capabilities to Unix and received funding for a PDP-11. For the first time in 1970, the Unix operating system was officially named and ran on the PDP-11. A text-formatting program called roff and a text editor were added. All three were written in PDP-11 assembly language. Bell Labs used this initial text-processing system, consisting of Unix, roff, and the editor, for text processing of patent applications. Roff soon evolved into troff, the first electronic publishing program with full typesetting capability. As the system grew in complexity and the research team wanted more users, the need for a manual grew apparent. The UNIX Programmer's Manual was published on 3 November 1971; commands were documented in the "man page" format that is still used, offering terse reference information about usage as well as bugs in the software, and listing the authors of programs to channel questions to them. After other Bell Labs departments purchased DEC PDP-11s, they also chose to run Unix instead of DEC's own operating system. By Version 4 it was widely used within the laboratory and a Unix Support Group was formed, helping the operating system survive by formalizing its distribution. In 1973, Version 4 Unix was rewritten in the higher-level language C, contrary to the general notion at the time that an operating system's complexity and sophistication required it to be written in assembly language. The C language appeared as part of Version 2. Thompson and Ritchie were so influential on early Unix that McIlroy estimated that they wrote and debugged about 100,000 lines of code that year, stating that "[their names] may safely be assumed to be attached to almost everything not otherwise attributed". Although assembly did not disappear from the man pages until Version 8, the migration to C suggested portability of the software, requiring only a relatively small amount of machine-dependent code to be replaced when porting Unix to other computing platforms. Version 4 Unix, however, still had considerable PDP-11-dependent code and was not suitable for porting. The first port to other platform was made five years later (1978) for Interdata 8/32. The Unix operating system was first presented formally to the outside world at the 1973 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, where Ritchie and Thompson delivered a paper. This led to requests for the system, but under a 1956 consent decree in settlement of an antitrust case, the Bell System (the parent organization of Bell Labs) was forbidden from entering any business other than "common carrier communications services", and was required to license any patents it had upon request. Unix could not, therefore, be turned into a product. Bell Labs instead shipped the system for the cost of media and shipping. Ken Thompson quietly began answering requests by shipping out tapes and disks, each accompanied by – according to legend – a note signed, "Love, Ken".	- Brian Kernighan - Dennis Ritchie - Doug McIlroy - Ken Thompson	information_extraction	<START_INST>List all the people mentioned in this paragraph on the history of Unix<END_INST><START_CTX>The new operating system was initially without organizational backing, and also without a name. At this stage, the new operating system was a singletasking operating system, not a multitasking one such as Multics. The name Unics (Uniplexed Information and Computing Service, pronounced as "eunuchs"), a pun on Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computer Services), was initially suggested for the project in 1970. Brian Kernighan claims the coining for himself, and adds that "no one can remember" who came up with the final spelling Unix. Dennis Ritchie and Doug McIlroy also credit Kernighan. When the Computing Sciences Research Center wanted to use Unix on a machine larger than the PDP-7, while another department needed a word processor, Thompson and Ritchie added text processing capabilities to Unix and received funding for a PDP-11. For the first time in 1970, the Unix operating system was officially named and ran on the PDP-11. A text-formatting program called roff and a text editor were added. All three were written in PDP-11 assembly language. Bell Labs used this initial text-processing system, consisting of Unix, roff, and the editor, for text processing of patent applications. Roff soon evolved into troff, the first electronic publishing program with full typesetting capability. As the system grew in complexity and the research team wanted more users, the need for a manual grew apparent. The UNIX Programmer's Manual was published on 3 November 1971; commands were documented in the "man page" format that is still used, offering terse reference information about usage as well as bugs in the software, and listing the authors of programs to channel questions to them. After other Bell Labs departments purchased DEC PDP-11s, they also chose to run Unix instead of DEC's own operating system. By Version 4 it was widely used within the laboratory and a Unix Support Group was formed, helping the operating system survive by formalizing its distribution. In 1973, Version 4 Unix was rewritten in the higher-level language C, contrary to the general notion at the time that an operating system's complexity and sophistication required it to be written in assembly language. The C language appeared as part of Version 2. Thompson and Ritchie were so influential on early Unix that McIlroy estimated that they wrote and debugged about 100,000 lines of code that year, stating that "[their names] may safely be assumed to be attached to almost everything not otherwise attributed". Although assembly did not disappear from the man pages until Version 8, the migration to C suggested portability of the software, requiring only a relatively small amount of machine-dependent code to be replaced when porting Unix to other computing platforms. Version 4 Unix, however, still had considerable PDP-11-dependent code and was not suitable for porting. The first port to other platform was made five years later (1978) for Interdata 8/32. The Unix operating system was first presented formally to the outside world at the 1973 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, where Ritchie and Thompson delivered a paper. This led to requests for the system, but under a 1956 consent decree in settlement of an antitrust case, the Bell System (the parent organization of Bell Labs) was forbidden from entering any business other than "common carrier communications services", and was required to license any patents it had upon request. Unix could not, therefore, be turned into a product. Bell Labs instead shipped the system for the cost of media and shipping. Ken Thompson quietly began answering requests by shipping out tapes and disks, each accompanied by – according to legend – a note signed, "Love, Ken".<END_CTX><START_A>- Brian Kernighan - Dennis Ritchie - Doug McIlroy - Ken Thompson<END_A>
Who did Outcault paint electric light displays for?	Outcault painted electric light displays for Edison Laboratories for the 1888 Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Middle Atlantic States in Cincinnati. This led to full-time work with Edison in West Orange, New Jersey, doing mechanical drawings and illustrations. Edison appointed him official artist for the company's traveling exhibition in 1889–90, which included supervising the installation of Edison exhibits at the Exposition Universelle in Paris. While there, he studied art in the Latin Quarter and added the u to his surname.	Outclaut painted electric light displays for Edison Laboratories for the 1888 Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Middle Atlantic States in Cincinnati.	closed_qa	<START_INST>Who did Outcault paint electric light displays for?<END_INST><START_CTX>Outcault painted electric light displays for Edison Laboratories for the 1888 Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Middle Atlantic States in Cincinnati. This led to full-time work with Edison in West Orange, New Jersey, doing mechanical drawings and illustrations. Edison appointed him official artist for the company's traveling exhibition in 1889–90, which included supervising the installation of Edison exhibits at the Exposition Universelle in Paris. While there, he studied art in the Latin Quarter and added the u to his surname.<END_CTX><START_A>Outclaut painted electric light displays for Edison Laboratories for the 1888 Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Middle Atlantic States in Cincinnati.<END_A>
Classify each of these items as footwear or headwear: wool hat, snowshoes, baseball hat, bicycle helmet, skis, flippers, and flip flops.		The footwear items include: snowshoes, skis, flippers and flip flops. The headwear items include: the wool hat, baseball hat and bike helmet.	classification	<START_INST>Classify each of these items as footwear or headwear: wool hat, snowshoes, baseball hat, bicycle helmet, skis, flippers, and flip flops.<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>The footwear items include: snowshoes, skis, flippers and flip flops. The headwear items include: the wool hat, baseball hat and bike helmet.<END_A>
What are some necessary equipment for camping?		The equipment needed for camping can vary considerably depending on the kind of camping one is planning on doing. Here are some things that are commonly needed for camping comfortably: 1. A shelter, like a tent. 2. Sleeping bag 3. Sleeping pad or mattress 4. Camp lights 5. Camp kitchen utensils 6. A stove 7. Cutlery 8. Firewood 9. Clean drinking water, or water filters 10. A camp cooler	brainstorming	<START_INST>What are some necessary equipment for camping?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>The equipment needed for camping can vary considerably depending on the kind of camping one is planning on doing. Here are some things that are commonly needed for camping comfortably: 1. A shelter, like a tent. 2. Sleeping bag 3. Sleeping pad or mattress 4. Camp lights 5. Camp kitchen utensils 6. A stove 7. Cutlery 8. Firewood 9. Clean drinking water, or water filters 10. A camp cooler<END_A>
Which Dutch actor was named the Best Dutch Actor of the Century in 1999?		The Dutch actor who was named the Best Dutch Actor of the Century in 1999 was Jeroen Krabbe.	open_qa	<START_INST>Which Dutch actor was named the Best Dutch Actor of the Century in 1999?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>The Dutch actor who was named the Best Dutch Actor of the Century in 1999 was Jeroen Krabbe.<END_A>
What is the paleolithic?		The word "Paleolithic" comes from the Greek for "ancient stone." It refers to a time period of several million years in the past, from the beginning of humans to the invention of agriculture about 10 million years ago, when stone tools were made and used.	open_qa	<START_INST>What is the paleolithic?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>The word "Paleolithic" comes from the Greek for "ancient stone." It refers to a time period of several million years in the past, from the beginning of humans to the invention of agriculture about 10 million years ago, when stone tools were made and used.<END_A>
Briefly summarize this paragraph on a Pearl Harbor conspiracy theory.	"Robert Stinnett's Day of Deceit suggests a memorandum prepared by Commander McCollum was central to U.S. policy in the immediate pre-war period. Stinnett claims the memo suggests only a direct attack on U.S. interests would sway the American public (or Congress) to favor direct involvement in the European war, specifically in support of the British. An attack by Japan would not, could not, aid Britain. Although the memo was passed to Captains Walter Anderson and Dudley Knox, two of Roosevelt's military advisors, on October 7, 1940, there is no evidence to suggest Roosevelt ever saw it, while Stinnett's claims of evidence he did is nonexistent. Moreover, although Anderson and Knox offered eight specific plans to aggrieve the Japanese Empire and added, "If by these means Japan could be led to commit an overt act of war, so much the better," of the eight "plans" (actions to be taken) offered in the memo, many if not all were implemented, but there is considerable doubt the McCollum memo was the inspiration.[citation needed] Nonetheless, in Day of Deceit Stinnett claims all action items were implemented. Yet there were numerous instances of members of the Roosevelt Administration insisting on not provoking Japan. Mark Parillo, in his essay The United States in the Pacific, wrote, "hese theories tend to founder on the logic of the situation. Had Roosevelt and other members of his administration known of the attack in advance, they would have been foolish to sacrifice one of the major instruments needed to win the war just to get the United States into it." Furthermore, on 5 November 1941, in a joint memo, Stark, CNO, and Marshall, Army Chief of Staff, warned, "if Japan be defeated and Germany remain undefeated, decision will still not have been reached.... War between the United States and Japan should be avoided...." Additionally, in a 21 November 1941 memo, Brigadier Leonard T. Gerow, head of Army War Plans, stated, "one of our present major objectives the avoidance of war with Japan...[and to] insure continuance of material assistance to the British." He concluded, "[I]t is of grave importance to our war effort in Europe..." Furthermore, Churchill himself, in a 15 May 1940 telegram, said he hoped a U.S. commitment to aid Britain would "quiet" Japan, following with a 4 October message requesting a USN courtesy visit to Singapore aimed at "preventing the spreading of the war" And Stark's own Plan Dog expressly stated, "Any strength that we might send to the Far East would...reduce the force of our blows against Germany..." Roosevelt could scarcely have been ignorant of Stark's views, and war with Japan was clearly contrary to Roosevelt's express wish to aid Britain." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory	This paragraph summarizes both Robert Stinnett's argument that the US government intentionally provoked the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the counter-arguments. Stinnett's case is based largely on a memo from Commander McCollom stating that the only way to US population and its elected officials could be convinced to enter WWII would be if there was a direct attack on the US. Stinnett argues that the government then did everything recommended in the memo in order to compel the Japanese to attack. According to this paragraph, arguments that disprove Stinnett's claim include the fact that the military would never endanger the fleet in Pearl Harbor needed to win the war in a plan to convince the American people to join the way. In addition, there is compelling evidence that Roosevelt was attempting to minimize the conflict with Japan in order to focus on aid to England.	summarization	<START_INST>Briefly summarize this paragraph on a Pearl Harbor conspiracy theory.<END_INST><START_CTX>"Robert Stinnett's Day of Deceit suggests a memorandum prepared by Commander McCollum was central to U.S. policy in the immediate pre-war period. Stinnett claims the memo suggests only a direct attack on U.S. interests would sway the American public (or Congress) to favor direct involvement in the European war, specifically in support of the British. An attack by Japan would not, could not, aid Britain. Although the memo was passed to Captains Walter Anderson and Dudley Knox, two of Roosevelt's military advisors, on October 7, 1940, there is no evidence to suggest Roosevelt ever saw it, while Stinnett's claims of evidence he did is nonexistent. Moreover, although Anderson and Knox offered eight specific plans to aggrieve the Japanese Empire and added, "If by these means Japan could be led to commit an overt act of war, so much the better," of the eight "plans" (actions to be taken) offered in the memo, many if not all were implemented, but there is considerable doubt the McCollum memo was the inspiration.[citation needed] Nonetheless, in Day of Deceit Stinnett claims all action items were implemented. Yet there were numerous instances of members of the Roosevelt Administration insisting on not provoking Japan. Mark Parillo, in his essay The United States in the Pacific, wrote, "hese theories tend to founder on the logic of the situation. Had Roosevelt and other members of his administration known of the attack in advance, they would have been foolish to sacrifice one of the major instruments needed to win the war just to get the United States into it." Furthermore, on 5 November 1941, in a joint memo, Stark, CNO, and Marshall, Army Chief of Staff, warned, "if Japan be defeated and Germany remain undefeated, decision will still not have been reached.... War between the United States and Japan should be avoided...." Additionally, in a 21 November 1941 memo, Brigadier Leonard T. Gerow, head of Army War Plans, stated, "one of our present major objectives the avoidance of war with Japan...[and to] insure continuance of material assistance to the British." He concluded, "[I]t is of grave importance to our war effort in Europe..." Furthermore, Churchill himself, in a 15 May 1940 telegram, said he hoped a U.S. commitment to aid Britain would "quiet" Japan, following with a 4 October message requesting a USN courtesy visit to Singapore aimed at "preventing the spreading of the war" And Stark's own Plan Dog expressly stated, "Any strength that we might send to the Far East would...reduce the force of our blows against Germany..." Roosevelt could scarcely have been ignorant of Stark's views, and war with Japan was clearly contrary to Roosevelt's express wish to aid Britain." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory<END_CTX><START_A>This paragraph summarizes both Robert Stinnett's argument that the US government intentionally provoked the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the counter-arguments. Stinnett's case is based largely on a memo from Commander McCollom stating that the only way to US population and its elected officials could be convinced to enter WWII would be if there was a direct attack on the US. Stinnett argues that the government then did everything recommended in the memo in order to compel the Japanese to attack. According to this paragraph, arguments that disprove Stinnett's claim include the fact that the military would never endanger the fleet in Pearl Harbor needed to win the war in a plan to convince the American people to join the way. In addition, there is compelling evidence that Roosevelt was attempting to minimize the conflict with Japan in order to focus on aid to England.<END_A>
What were Ansel Adams key achievements?	Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American landscape photographer and environmentalist known for his black-and-white images of the American West. He helped found Group f/64, an association of photographers advocating "pure" photography which favored sharp focus and the use of the full tonal range of a photograph. He and Fred Archer developed a system of image-making called the Zone System, a method of achieving a desired final print through a technical understanding of how the tonal range of an image is the result of choices made in exposure, negative development, and printing. Adams was a life-long advocate for environmental conservation, and his photographic practice was deeply entwined with this advocacy. At age 12, he was given his first camera during his first visit to Yosemite National Park. He developed his early photographic work as a member of the Sierra Club. He was later contracted with the United States Department of the Interior to make photographs of national parks. For his work and his persistent advocacy, which helped expand the National Park system, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1980.	Ansel Adams was a famous landscape photographer and environmentalist. His photography focused on black-and-white photos of the American West. He garnered critical acclaim for his technical understanding of imaging along with being a vocal advocate for environmental conservation. He won the Presidential Medal of Freedom for helping to expand the National Park System through his photography.	summarization	<START_INST>What were Ansel Adams key achievements?<END_INST><START_CTX>Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American landscape photographer and environmentalist known for his black-and-white images of the American West. He helped found Group f/64, an association of photographers advocating "pure" photography which favored sharp focus and the use of the full tonal range of a photograph. He and Fred Archer developed a system of image-making called the Zone System, a method of achieving a desired final print through a technical understanding of how the tonal range of an image is the result of choices made in exposure, negative development, and printing. Adams was a life-long advocate for environmental conservation, and his photographic practice was deeply entwined with this advocacy. At age 12, he was given his first camera during his first visit to Yosemite National Park. He developed his early photographic work as a member of the Sierra Club. He was later contracted with the United States Department of the Interior to make photographs of national parks. For his work and his persistent advocacy, which helped expand the National Park system, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1980.<END_CTX><START_A>Ansel Adams was a famous landscape photographer and environmentalist. His photography focused on black-and-white photos of the American West. He garnered critical acclaim for his technical understanding of imaging along with being a vocal advocate for environmental conservation. He won the Presidential Medal of Freedom for helping to expand the National Park System through his photography.<END_A>
How did the introduction of broadband in India in the early 2000s impact Indian movie culture?		The introduction of broadband in India in the early 2000s gave them access to a wide range of popular Hollywood classics that were previously unavailable to them. This was due in part to the rise of P2P file sharing, which allowed users to download large files from other users over the internet. As a result, many Indians were able to watch films by directors such as Quentin Tarantino, Martin Scorsese, and Sidney Lumet for the first time. This had a significant impact on Indian movie culture, as it exposed viewers to new and different styles of filmmaking.	open_qa	<START_INST>How did the introduction of broadband in India in the early 2000s impact Indian movie culture?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>The introduction of broadband in India in the early 2000s gave them access to a wide range of popular Hollywood classics that were previously unavailable to them. This was due in part to the rise of P2P file sharing, which allowed users to download large files from other users over the internet. As a result, many Indians were able to watch films by directors such as Quentin Tarantino, Martin Scorsese, and Sidney Lumet for the first time. This had a significant impact on Indian movie culture, as it exposed viewers to new and different styles of filmmaking.<END_A>
What's are common synonyms for an enterprise sales person?		salesman, saleswoman, rep, sales rep, account exec, seller, AE, account rep	open_qa	<START_INST>What's are common synonyms for an enterprise sales person?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>salesman, saleswoman, rep, sales rep, account exec, seller, AE, account rep<END_A>
Identify which car manufacturer is Japanese or American: Isuzu, Cadillac		Isuzu is Japanese, Cadillac is American	classification	<START_INST>Identify which car manufacturer is Japanese or American: Isuzu, Cadillac<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Isuzu is Japanese, Cadillac is American<END_A>
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Lambeg, Hurdy-gurdy		Hurdy-gurdy is string, Lambeg is percussion.	classification	<START_INST>Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Lambeg, Hurdy-gurdy<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Hurdy-gurdy is string, Lambeg is percussion.<END_A>
Based on the passage provided, what are the only two elements in the periodic table that were names after a person who was alive at the time of naming?	Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow, Russia, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of the international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. It was formally named on 28 November 2016. The name honors the nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian, who played a leading role in the discovery of the heaviest elements in the periodic table. It is one of only two elements named after a person who was alive at the time of naming, the other being seaborgium, and the only element whose eponym is alive as of 2023.	Organesson and Seaborgium are the only two elements in the periodic table that were names after a person who was alive at the time of naming.	information_extraction	<START_INST>Based on the passage provided, what are the only two elements in the periodic table that were names after a person who was alive at the time of naming?<END_INST><START_CTX>Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow, Russia, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of the international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. It was formally named on 28 November 2016. The name honors the nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian, who played a leading role in the discovery of the heaviest elements in the periodic table. It is one of only two elements named after a person who was alive at the time of naming, the other being seaborgium, and the only element whose eponym is alive as of 2023.<END_CTX><START_A>Organesson and Seaborgium are the only two elements in the periodic table that were names after a person who was alive at the time of naming.<END_A>
What was the Hundred Years War?	The Hundred Years' War (French: La guerre de Cent Ans; 1337–1453) was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. Over time, the war grew into a broader power struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fuelled by emerging nationalism on both sides.	The English and French fought numerous battles from the mid-14th century to the mid-15th century, hence the name, "Hundred Years War." The two sides made conflicting claims of sovereignty over land and people in an effort to be the dominant power in Western Europe, if not all of Europe. Engaging in warfare over this extended period of time resulted in a fairly rapid evolution of warfare and how countries conducted war. For example, standing armies for each country became a standard, a new development in the nationalism.	summarization	<START_INST>What was the Hundred Years War?<END_INST><START_CTX>The Hundred Years' War (French: La guerre de Cent Ans; 1337–1453) was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. Over time, the war grew into a broader power struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fuelled by emerging nationalism on both sides.<END_CTX><START_A>The English and French fought numerous battles from the mid-14th century to the mid-15th century, hence the name, "Hundred Years War." The two sides made conflicting claims of sovereignty over land and people in an effort to be the dominant power in Western Europe, if not all of Europe. Engaging in warfare over this extended period of time resulted in a fairly rapid evolution of warfare and how countries conducted war. For example, standing armies for each country became a standard, a new development in the nationalism.<END_A>
Identify the hemisphere (Western or Eastern) where each of these countries is located: Namibia, United States, Canada, Australia, China, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, Lebanon		Namibia - Eastern United States - Western Canada - Western Australia - Eastern China - Eastern Brazil - Western Egypt - Eastern Mexico - Western Lebanon - Eastern	classification	<START_INST>Identify the hemisphere (Western or Eastern) where each of these countries is located: Namibia, United States, Canada, Australia, China, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, Lebanon<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Namibia - Eastern United States - Western Canada - Western Australia - Eastern China - Eastern Brazil - Western Egypt - Eastern Mexico - Western Lebanon - Eastern<END_A>
What is feeding Springfield Reservoir?	The Broad Brook Canal is a water-supply canal feeding the Springfield Reservoir (a.k.a. the Ludlow Reservoir) in Ludlow, Massachusetts, a public water supply for the city of Springfield, Massachusetts. Its northern segment is also known as the Jabish Canal. The canal was first constructed circa 1875. It was 11,960 feet (3,650 m) in length, and fed the Springfield Reservoir at its eastern side with water collected in the Belchertown Reservoir and swamp. This water, however, was thought to be of poor quality, and thus in 1890–1891 the canal was extended north through the Belchertown Reservoir to Jabish Brook, east of Broad Brook. After this addition, the canal's total length was about 8 miles (13 km), of which 1,400 feet (430 m) ran through a cast-iron pipe (54 inches in diameter) across the Cherry Valley dam. The entire canal was worked to be 22 feet (6.7 m) wide at the surface, 8 feet (2.4 m) wide at the bottom, with a depth of 4.66 feet (1.42 m).	The Broad Brook Canal is a water supply canal feeding the Springfield Reservoir also known as Ludlow Reservoir. It is the main water supply for the city of Springfield, Massachusetts. The Broad Brook canal was constructed in 1875 and is 11,960 feet in length.	summarization	<START_INST>What is feeding Springfield Reservoir?<END_INST><START_CTX>The Broad Brook Canal is a water-supply canal feeding the Springfield Reservoir (a.k.a. the Ludlow Reservoir) in Ludlow, Massachusetts, a public water supply for the city of Springfield, Massachusetts. Its northern segment is also known as the Jabish Canal. The canal was first constructed circa 1875. It was 11,960 feet (3,650 m) in length, and fed the Springfield Reservoir at its eastern side with water collected in the Belchertown Reservoir and swamp. This water, however, was thought to be of poor quality, and thus in 1890–1891 the canal was extended north through the Belchertown Reservoir to Jabish Brook, east of Broad Brook. After this addition, the canal's total length was about 8 miles (13 km), of which 1,400 feet (430 m) ran through a cast-iron pipe (54 inches in diameter) across the Cherry Valley dam. The entire canal was worked to be 22 feet (6.7 m) wide at the surface, 8 feet (2.4 m) wide at the bottom, with a depth of 4.66 feet (1.42 m).<END_CTX><START_A>The Broad Brook Canal is a water supply canal feeding the Springfield Reservoir also known as Ludlow Reservoir. It is the main water supply for the city of Springfield, Massachusetts. The Broad Brook canal was constructed in 1875 and is 11,960 feet in length.<END_A>
List all the years mentioned in the following passage	During the Middle Ages, the Gran Tavola (Italian for "Great Table") was the largest Sienese bank; it was one of the most powerful banks in Europe from 1255 to 1298. The Gran Tavola has been called "the greatest bank of the thirteenth century" as well as "one of the largest commercial and banking enterprises in Europe". The main branches of the Gran Tavola during the mid-thirteenth century were in Pisa, Bologna, Genoa, Marseille, and Paris.	1255, 1298	information_extraction	<START_INST>List all the years mentioned in the following passage<END_INST><START_CTX>During the Middle Ages, the Gran Tavola (Italian for "Great Table") was the largest Sienese bank; it was one of the most powerful banks in Europe from 1255 to 1298. The Gran Tavola has been called "the greatest bank of the thirteenth century" as well as "one of the largest commercial and banking enterprises in Europe". The main branches of the Gran Tavola during the mid-thirteenth century were in Pisa, Bologna, Genoa, Marseille, and Paris.<END_CTX><START_A>1255, 1298<END_A>
Describe some different ways you can make a phone call		There are many ways you can make a phone call. If you have a mobile phone or landline then the easiest way to make a phone call would be to use one of those devices. If you do not then you could look for a telephone box in your local area. Alternatively you can use a computer to access software phone services such as Twilio that provide a bridge between the internet and international telephony networks.	brainstorming	<START_INST>Describe some different ways you can make a phone call<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>There are many ways you can make a phone call. If you have a mobile phone or landline then the easiest way to make a phone call would be to use one of those devices. If you do not then you could look for a telephone box in your local area. Alternatively you can use a computer to access software phone services such as Twilio that provide a bridge between the internet and international telephony networks.<END_A>
What is transistor technology?	Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by electric catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Patients with ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them. Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature. Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert wrote De Magnete, in which he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber",, elektron, the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646. Further work was conducted in the 17th and early 18th centuries by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay. Later in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature. He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the Leyden jar as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges In 1775, Hugh Williamson reported a series of experiments to the Royal Society on the shocks delivered by the electric eel; that same year the surgeon and anatomist John Hunter described the structure of the fish's electric organs. In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectromagnetics, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which neurons passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used. The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819–1820. Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827. Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862. While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering. Through such people as Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The photoelectric effect is also employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels. The first solid-state device was the "cat's-whisker detector" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect. In a solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged electrons, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes. These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics. The building material is most often a crystalline semiconductor. Solid-state electronics came into its own with the emergence of transistor technology. The first working transistor, a germanium-based point-contact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by the bipolar junction transistor in 1948.	Solid-state electronics came into its own with the emergence of transistor technology. The first working transistor, a germanium-based point-contact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by the bipolar junction transistor in 1948.	information_extraction	<START_INST>What is transistor technology?<END_INST><START_CTX>Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by electric catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Patients with ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them. Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature. Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert wrote De Magnete, in which he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber",, elektron, the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646. Further work was conducted in the 17th and early 18th centuries by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay. Later in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature. He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the Leyden jar as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges In 1775, Hugh Williamson reported a series of experiments to the Royal Society on the shocks delivered by the electric eel; that same year the surgeon and anatomist John Hunter described the structure of the fish's electric organs. In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectromagnetics, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which neurons passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used. The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819–1820. Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827. Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862. While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering. Through such people as Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The photoelectric effect is also employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels. The first solid-state device was the "cat's-whisker detector" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect. In a solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged electrons, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes. These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics. The building material is most often a crystalline semiconductor. Solid-state electronics came into its own with the emergence of transistor technology. The first working transistor, a germanium-based point-contact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by the bipolar junction transistor in 1948.<END_CTX><START_A>Solid-state electronics came into its own with the emergence of transistor technology. The first working transistor, a germanium-based point-contact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by the bipolar junction transistor in 1948.<END_A>
Which of the following are convex functions: x^2, x square, 0, sin(x), e^x, sqrt(x), x^-0.5		x^2, x square, 0, e^x	classification	<START_INST>Which of the following are convex functions: x^2, x square, 0, sin(x), e^x, sqrt(x), x^-0.5<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>x^2, x square, 0, e^x<END_A>
What are the benefits of meditation?		Meditation enhances focus, memory, and mood. Meditation has also been shown to have other benefits such as reducing the negative impacts of lack of sleep.	general_qa	<START_INST>What are the benefits of meditation?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Meditation enhances focus, memory, and mood. Meditation has also been shown to have other benefits such as reducing the negative impacts of lack of sleep.<END_A>
Why do people like living in California?		California has the highest population of any U.S. state. Many people like living there because of its relatively mild climate and easy access to National and State Parks. Others enjoy living in California because it provides strong human rights protections to minority groups. California is a very large state and has a varied geography. As a result, people who want to live in coastal, forested, desert, or mountain environments can all find a location they like.	general_qa	<START_INST>Why do people like living in California?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>California has the highest population of any U.S. state. Many people like living there because of its relatively mild climate and easy access to National and State Parks. Others enjoy living in California because it provides strong human rights protections to minority groups. California is a very large state and has a varied geography. As a result, people who want to live in coastal, forested, desert, or mountain environments can all find a location they like.<END_A>
Extract the list of countries that have part of the Amazon rainforest. Place them in a bullet list	The Amazon rainforest, also called Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km2 (2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000 km2 (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations and 3,344 formally acknowledged indigenous territories. The majority of the forest, 60%, is in Brazil, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Four nations have "Amazonas" as the name of one of their first-level administrative regions, and France uses the name "Guiana Amazonian Park" for French Guiana's protected rainforest area. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees in about 16,000 species. More than 30 million people of 350 different ethnic groups live in the Amazon, which are subdivided into 9 different national political systems and 3,344 formally acknowledged indigenous territories. Indigenous peoples make up 9% of the total population, and 60 of the groups remain largely isolated.	Brazil Peru Colombia Bolivia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Suriname Venezuela	information_extraction	<START_INST>Extract the list of countries that have part of the Amazon rainforest. Place them in a bullet list<END_INST><START_CTX>The Amazon rainforest, also called Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km2 (2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000 km2 (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations and 3,344 formally acknowledged indigenous territories. The majority of the forest, 60%, is in Brazil, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Four nations have "Amazonas" as the name of one of their first-level administrative regions, and France uses the name "Guiana Amazonian Park" for French Guiana's protected rainforest area. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees in about 16,000 species. More than 30 million people of 350 different ethnic groups live in the Amazon, which are subdivided into 9 different national political systems and 3,344 formally acknowledged indigenous territories. Indigenous peoples make up 9% of the total population, and 60 of the groups remain largely isolated.<END_CTX><START_A>Brazil Peru Colombia Bolivia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Suriname Venezuela<END_A>
Given the paragraph about the Colnago C40, in which year was a Colnago-branded bicycle first ridden by the overall classification winner in the Tour de France?	The C40 went on to win 5 editions of Paris-Roubaix in 6 years. Surpringly, the victory of Tadej Pogačar in the 2020 edition of the Tour de France marked the first time a Colnago-branded bicycle was ridden by the overall classification winner, since Merckx's victories were aboard re-branded bikes.	2020 was the first year a Colnago-branded bicycle was first ridden by the overall classification winner in the Tour de France.	closed_qa	<START_INST>Given the paragraph about the Colnago C40, in which year was a Colnago-branded bicycle first ridden by the overall classification winner in the Tour de France?<END_INST><START_CTX>The C40 went on to win 5 editions of Paris-Roubaix in 6 years. Surpringly, the victory of Tadej Pogačar in the 2020 edition of the Tour de France marked the first time a Colnago-branded bicycle was ridden by the overall classification winner, since Merckx's victories were aboard re-branded bikes.<END_CTX><START_A>2020 was the first year a Colnago-branded bicycle was first ridden by the overall classification winner in the Tour de France.<END_A>
Please write an email to the parent who complained about your child hitting their child.		Hi, David: Please pass my apology to Simone on Jessie's behalf. I hope he has a swift recovery. And thank you for sharing this with me. My wife and I will talk with Jessie about her bad behavior. We will try to find out her reason/motivation and emphasize the rules of interacting with and respecting her friends. We have not received a similar report in the past. So, we never knew this as a problem before. But we will take it very seriously and do our best to help her to fixe it. Please let us know if this even happens again. Please accept our sincerely apologize.	creative_writing	<START_INST>Please write an email to the parent who complained about your child hitting their child.<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Hi, David: Please pass my apology to Simone on Jessie's behalf. I hope he has a swift recovery. And thank you for sharing this with me. My wife and I will talk with Jessie about her bad behavior. We will try to find out her reason/motivation and emphasize the rules of interacting with and respecting her friends. We have not received a similar report in the past. So, we never knew this as a problem before. But we will take it very seriously and do our best to help her to fixe it. Please let us know if this even happens again. Please accept our sincerely apologize.<END_A>
Which of the following are actual titles for albums by Led Zeppelin? Houses of the Holy, Stairway to Heaven, Zoso, Led Zeppelin III, In Through the Out Door, Presents		The correct answer is Houses of the Holy, Led Zeppelin III and In Through the Out Door. Stairway to Heaven is a song title but not an album title. Zoso is commonly incorrectly used as the album title of Led Zeppelin IV. And while Presents is incorrect, there is a Led Zeppelin album entitled Presence.	classification	<START_INST>Which of the following are actual titles for albums by Led Zeppelin? Houses of the Holy, Stairway to Heaven, Zoso, Led Zeppelin III, In Through the Out Door, Presents<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>The correct answer is Houses of the Holy, Led Zeppelin III and In Through the Out Door. Stairway to Heaven is a song title but not an album title. Zoso is commonly incorrectly used as the album title of Led Zeppelin IV. And while Presents is incorrect, there is a Led Zeppelin album entitled Presence.<END_A>
List five titles by Mary Shelley.		Frankenstein, The Last Man, Lodore, The Mortal Immortal, Maurice	open_qa	<START_INST>List five titles by Mary Shelley.<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Frankenstein, The Last Man, Lodore, The Mortal Immortal, Maurice<END_A>
How did 'March Madness' get its name?		"March Madness" was originally coined after a high school basketball tournament in Illinois dating back to 1908. Henry V. Porter wrote an essay titled "March Madness" in the Illinois Interscholastic in 1939 to commemorate the tournament. Other media outlets embraced the term as the tournament continued to sell out and thrive for decades. Brent Musburger, a former sportswriter from Chicago, brought the term "March Madness" to the NCAA tournament when covering the event for CBS in 1982. The phrase became synonymous with the tournament ever since. In 2010, the NCAA made it official and paid IHSA (The Illinois High School Association) $17.2M for the rights to the phrase, and began using the trademark in marketing materials, logos and other branding material. While only used for the men's tournament for decades, the NCAA only began using the phrase "March Madness" for the women's tournament in 2022.	open_qa	<START_INST>How did 'March Madness' get its name?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>"March Madness" was originally coined after a high school basketball tournament in Illinois dating back to 1908. Henry V. Porter wrote an essay titled "March Madness" in the Illinois Interscholastic in 1939 to commemorate the tournament. Other media outlets embraced the term as the tournament continued to sell out and thrive for decades. Brent Musburger, a former sportswriter from Chicago, brought the term "March Madness" to the NCAA tournament when covering the event for CBS in 1982. The phrase became synonymous with the tournament ever since. In 2010, the NCAA made it official and paid IHSA (The Illinois High School Association) $17.2M for the rights to the phrase, and began using the trademark in marketing materials, logos and other branding material. While only used for the men's tournament for decades, the NCAA only began using the phrase "March Madness" for the women's tournament in 2022.<END_A>
When is the Indian Teachers day celebrated?		Indian Teachers day is celebrated on 5th September	open_qa	<START_INST>When is the Indian Teachers day celebrated?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Indian Teachers day is celebrated on 5th September<END_A>