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12 Health Mysteries Explained
Why Do Some People Have Whiter Teeth Than Others?Just like the color of your eyes and hair, the natural tint of your teeth is hereditary. “Some people have very white enamel―the thin coating on the surface of teeth―while other people’s enamel has a more yellow hue,” says Richard Price, a dentist in Newton, Massachusetts, and a spokesperson for the American Dental Association. Environmental factors play a role, too. “Teeth are kind of like the rings on a tree,” Price says. “They tell a lot about a person’s health and history.” Taking the antibiotics tetracycline or amoxicillin as a child can affect the calcification process, causing discoloration. Certain foods can also darken teeth. “If a substance will stain a carpet,” Price says, “it will stain your teeth.” Coffee, tea, cola, and red wine are common culprits. Frequent cleanings can help, but severe food stains may require a whitening product or procedure.
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Lost Civilizations: The Nabataeans
Straight out of an Indiana Jones movie, the ancient Nabatean Treasury of Al-Khazneh played host to the final scene of “The Last Crusade” and it’s easy to see why. The mysterious people who occupied Jordan in the sixth century BC are responsible for carving one of the most breathtaking stone cities in the world. Remarkably, their buildings have stood the test of time.
Initially travelers by tradethat moved miles across the desert in their caravans, the sudden settlement of the Nabateans has puzzled historians. As if overnight, they crafted one of the most intricate stone cities, hidden away and accessed only via a 1200 meter long crack in the rock. However, it’s not just the secret city which the Nabateans left historians and anthropologists to unravel. Their history was never recorded and it is here where the biggest mystery lies.
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Philippines background data: philippine revolution , The philippine revolution (1896 - 1898) was an armed military conflict between the people of the philippines and the spanish colonial authorities which.
The philippine revolution 1896-1898 - maasin, The philippine revolution (1896-1898) (excerpted from the filipino americans (1763-present): their history, culture, and.
The philippine national flag (ang watawat ng pilipinas), Shows the philippine national flag, its history and rich symbolism, including other flags used prior to its creation..
African american soldiers philippine revolution, African american soldiers in the philippine revolution (1899-1903): solidarity in practice against the u.s. empire by e. san juan, jr. 2009 fellow, w.e.b.
New philippine revolution: jejomar binay mistress, When jejomar binay's photos with his alleged paramour surfaced, the vice presidential bet just quickly shrugged it off and accused media of sensationalizing a "non.
640 x 480 · 618 kB · png, The lightning rally lasted for nine (9) minutes. (Watch the video of
512 x 341 · 33 kB · jpeg, Pagina busca na web traduzir esta pagina busca na web
180 x 220 · 13 kB · jpeg, Pesquisas relacionadas a academia, academia dicas, tudo sobre academia
Philippines - wikipedia, free encyclopedia, The philippines, officially republic philippines, sovereign island country southeast asia situated western pacific ocean. .
People places: philippine revolution spain, The philippine revolution spain philippine-american war.
Philippines background data: philippine revolution , The philippine revolution (1896 - 1898) armed military conflict people philippines spanish colonial authorities .
Related Post : Philippine revolution web central
Patalsikin ang reaksyunaryong rehimeng US-Benigno Simeon Aquino! Paigtingin a posted 1 day ago. Karangalan sa kabila ng mga duguang kamay ng 9th Infantry Division ... Last update Mon, 01 Sep 2014 14:57:00 GMT Read More
PRWC video page
Over the past years, Filipino revolutionary forces have produced a slew of documentaries, short films and other video products which reflect the conditions and ... Last update Mon, 01 Sep 2014 14:21:00 GMT Read More
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Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon’s Lost World
...The deforestation that has stripped the Amazon since the 1970s has also exposed a long-hidden secret lurking underneath thick rain forest: flawlessly designed geometric shapes spanning hundreds of yards in diameter.
Alceu Ranzi, a Brazilian scholar who helped discover the squares, octagons, circles, rectangles and ovals that make up the land carvings, said these geoglyphs found on deforested land were as significant as the famous Nazca lines, the enigmatic animal symbols visible from the air in southern Peru.
“What impressed me the most about these geoglyphs was their geometric precision, and how they emerged from forest we had all been taught was untouched except by a few nomadic tribes,” said Mr. Ranzi, a paleontologist who first saw the geoglyphs in the 1970s and, years later, surveyed them by plane.
For some scholars of human history in Amazonia, the geoglyphs in the Brazilian state of Acre and other archaeological sites suggest that the forests of the western Amazon, previously considered uninhabitable for sophisticated societies partly because of the quality of their soils, may not have been as “Edenic” as some environmentalists contend....
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- David Rosand, an Art History Scholar Whose Heart Was in Venice, Dies at 75
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- 8 Things You May Not Know About Augustus
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Category: Harry Truman
On the 65th anniversary of one of the greatest upsets in American politics, get the story on President Harry Truman’s unexpected re-election victory over Thomas Dewey.
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In the wake of General Stanley McChrystal’s dismissal, comparisons have been made to Truman’s 1951 removal of Gen. MacArthur as commander of U.S. forces in Korea.
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Beneath the layers of Bacon
A new exhibition seeks to shed new light on Francis Bacon's working practises and expose the fallacy of the artist's own myth. Matilda Battersby reports.
Wednesday 24 March 2010
“I can dream all day long and ideas for paintings just fall into my mind like slides,” Francis Bacon once said. The self-promulgated idea that the Irish-born figurative artist’s wonderfully twisted and subversive imagery appeared fully formed in his mind, not demanding high levels of planning, drawing and experimentation, provides an interesting mythical basis for Bacon’s genius.
But a new exhibition of torn papers and photographs, manipulated film and other archival material harvested from Bacon’s studio, seeks to some way dispel this myth, by revealing the practise-runs, thought processes and scrawlings behind some of Bacon’s best work.
Co-curators Martin Harrison and Antonia Harrison have placed the scavenged studio artefacts alongside well known Bacon oil paintings, including five works never shown before in the UK, to demonstrate the root of some of his ideas, exhibited at the Compton Verney gallery in Warwickshire from this Saturday.
“No one ever saw Bacon work. But our research reveals a very different man from the public persona, which demands we unlearn what we think we know about him,” Martin Harrison said.
The notion that Bacon was only a spontaneous creative whose work emerged effortlessly and straight into paint, is rendered “unsafe” by the exhibition, the researchers claim. Bacon’s “collusion” in such ideas has been well documented, as is his devotion to other artists who often bypassed the drawing process, such as Picasso and Chaim Soutine.
Bacon said of himself that he “never knew what to paint,” yet pages of lists from a notebook taken from his studio in Reece Mews, South Kensington stand testament to his careful planning. As do the influences of other artists, particularly Velazquez, and even filmmakers like Buñuel and Resnais, according to the Harrisons.
“There’s a real risk that the myth of Bacon – albeit one in which the artist colluded- is all we will hand on to future generations. Yet the paintings are still by far the most important thing – it is only by reaching into those that we will ask the right questions and do justice to Bacon’s real genius,” Martin Harrison said.
Francis Bacon: In Camera is at Compton Verney gallery from 27 March until 20 June 2010. Admission is £8 Adults, £6 Concessions, £2 Children, £18 Family. www.comptonverney.org.uk
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Today, math is applied all over the world in many fields including engineering, social sciences, medicine and natural science. Hence, it is mandatory to have an in-depth knowledge of the subject.
It is a fact that many students face difficulties in math exercises. Such students can take help of diverse online resources available today. The invention of Internet has made it easy to learn math from the comfort of your home.
With a little bit of research, you can find numerous math websites that help to practice various math exercises. Students in the United States of America use numerous math related web sites on a daily basis for practicing math exercises:
Many math websites offer a broad list of topics related to algebra, where students often face difficulties. The resources here include calculators, worksheets and lessons that help students to brush up their math skills and complete their math exercises without any difficulty.
Some of the websites offer both exercises for school level as well as college level mathematics and are piled with hundreds of math exercises. These sites are helpful for students, who want solutions for specific math exercises.
There are also certain sites that provide math exercises for subjects such as calculus and algebra.
Thus, these sites are certainly a boon for the students of high school, middle school and college. You can also obtain algebra software programs to find quick and easy solution of any algebraic problem. This will help you save lot of time in solving the problems.
Students need to assign a good deal of time when searching for math exercises on the Internet. Most of the math websites are user-friendly and allow you to have print worksheets containing hundreds of exercises for practice.
About the Author:
Content writer at Inter-Dev, Internet marketing company & SEO company.
Humanity - Our Forbidden Extra-Terrestrial Past
Were the seeds of humanity the result of some extra-terrestrial seeding in our ancient past? Were we helped to inadvertently create the 'Planet of the Homo sapiens'' when an ancient civilisation inspired by extra-terrestrials was devastated through some major global catastrophe around 10,500 years ago? Why has this question of our extra-terrestrial past been suppressed or even forbidden from our history on humanity!?...
Getting Ready for an Educational Compliance Audit at Your School
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What You Need to Know About Being a Nail Technician
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If you are in require of acquiring the education you should further your career, or if you're interested in studying for pleasure, Grafton college distance learning may offer the solution that you require. Based inside the United Kingdom, this college is dedicated to improving the...
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A driver practices safety driving when he is aware of what is going on around him. He can make this possible when he recognizes the important roles of his vehicles mirrors to help him visualize the rear and sides of his car without the need to twist or turn his body. He will be able to keep his hands on his wheels when he can keep the right driving position as it is while he can look beside and behind him. A driver can be educated about the right use of car mirrors when he enrolls himself in a driving school.
A drivers education will make drivers aware that it is a must to adjust their three rear view mirrors in order to obtain the widest view while they minimize their blind spots. This practice is necessary when he drivers in a multi-lane highways where they are likely to keep tabs on side lanes. A driving school course recognizes that there are a lot of road operators who do not turn out their outside mirrors far enough and anticipate the same scenes in the three mirrors.
Driving school classes will stress the importance of drivers to do the right thing after they enter their car. That is why, they should adjust their seat and steering wheel, fasten their seat belt and adjust the three rear view mirrors. As a driving school educated driver, you should make sure that your car is visible in your side mirrors. Many drivers commit the mistake of adjusting their side mirrors too far from their cars view which will result to inability to reveal other vehicles in their blind spots.
A responsible driver cleans the outside mirrors from dirt, dust, snow and frost before he drives his car. He would know from his driving school education the value of cleanliness to make sure of the functionality of the car and its parts. He can use his rear view mirrors Night setting to reduce glare from cars behind him during a night driving.
A driver who has taken a drivers education from a driving school will look in all three mirrors before he backs up and continues to use these mirrors whenever his vehicle moves backwards. Before he passes or changes lanes, he should look on his side and rear view mirrors while he looks over his shoulders. The driver uses these mirrors to check the traffic when he enters a freeway while he makes sure that he can merge into traffic with enough space.
Driving school courses are developed to help drivers learn the right driving techniques to keep them safe and this includes the proper use of vehicles mirrors. Drivers should keep in mind that these mirrors are not installed in their car so that they can check if their hair is in place. These mirrors will help them anticipate and know whats happening around them which they cant see unless they have to twist their body. When he is educated by a driving school, he would know that driving needs concentration on the wheel and the road has making unnecessary body gestures is certainly a no-no. Thus, the mirrors of the vehicle will ensure that the driver can continue to driver with focus while he is able to have a feel of whats going outside and comes up with the right driving decision.
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Marijuana and its main psychoactive component, THC, exert a plethora of behavioral and autonomic effects on humans and animals.
Some of these effects are the cause of the widespread illicit use of marijuana, while others might be involved in the potential therapeutic use of this drug for the treatment of several neuronal disorders. The great majority of these effects of THC are mediated by cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), which is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. The exact anatomical and neuronal substrates of each action, however, were previously unknown.
Using an advanced genetic approach, Krisztina Monory and colleagues at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz discovered that specific neuronal subpopulations mediate the distinct effects of THC.
In their study, the researchers generated mutant mice lacking CB1 expression in defined neuronal subpopulations but not in others. These mice were treated with THC, and typical effects of the drug on motor behavior, pain, and thermal sensation were scored. Their discovery of the neural substrates underlying specific effects of THC could lead to a refined interpretation of the pharmacological actions of cannabinoids. Moreover, these data might provide the rationale for the development of drugs capable of selectively activating CB1 in specific neuronal subpopulations, thereby better exploiting cannabinoids’ potential therapeutic properties.
Citation: Monory K, Blaudzun H, Massa F, Kaiser N, Lemberger T, et al (2007) Genetic dissection of behavioural and autonomic effects of D9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice. PLoS Biol 5(10): e269.doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050269
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Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine have transformed cells from human skin into cells that produce insulin, the hormone used to treat diabetes.
The breakthrough may one day lead to new treatments or even a cure for the millions of people affected by the disease, researchers say.
The approach involves reprogramming skin cells into pluripotent stem cells, or cells that can give rise to any other fetal or adult cell type, and then inducing them to differentiate, or transform, into cells that perform a particular function – in this case, secreting insulin.
Several recent studies have shown that cells can be returned to pluripotent state using "defined factors" (specific proteins that control which genes are active in a cell), a technique pioneered by Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, a professor at Kyoto University in Japan.
However, the UNC study is the first to demonstrate that cells reprogrammed in this way can be coaxed to differentiate into insulin-secreting cells. Results of the study are published online in the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
"Not only have we shown that we can reprogram skin cells, but we have also demonstrated that these reprogrammed cells can be differentiated into insulin-producing cells which hold great therapeutic potential for diabetes," said study lead author Yi Zhang, Ph.D., Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, professor of biochemistry and biophysics at UNC and member of the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.
"Of course, there are many years of additional studies that are required first, but this study provides hope for a cure for all patients with diabetes," said John Buse, M.D., Ph.D., president of the American Diabetes Association and professor and chief of the endocrinology division in the UNC School of Medicine's department of medicine.
About 24 million Americans suffer from diabetes, a disease that occurs when the body is unable to produce or use insulin properly. Virtually all patients with type I diabetes, the more severe of the two types, must rely on daily injections of insulin to maintain their blood sugar levels.
Recent research exploring a possible long-term treatment – the transplantation of insulin-producing beta cells into patients – has yielded promising results. But this approach faces its own challenges, given the extreme shortage of matched organ donors and the need to suppress patients' immune systems.
The work by Zhang and other researchers could potentially address those problems, since insulin-producing cells could be made from diabetic patients' own reprogrammed cells.
Zhang is collaborating with Buse to obtain skin samples from diabetes patients. He said he hoped his current experiments will take this approach one step closer to a new treatment or even a cure for diabetes.
The research was funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the National Institutes of Health. Study co-authors include postdoctoral fellows Keisuke Tateishi, M.D.; Jin He, Ph.D.; Olena Taranova, Ph.D.; Ana C. D'Alessio, Ph.D.; and graduate student Gaoyang Liang, all from the UNC School of Medicine's department of biochemistry and biophysics.
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Skeletons found under a London square are the remains of victims of the 14th century epidemic known as the Black Death, archaeologists say.
The mass grave was discovered during archaeological work associated with the Crossrail project, a new line being built in London, the Daily Mirror reported. Archaeologists said pottery found with the skeletons dates from about 1350 and the layout of the bodies suggests a mass grave during an epidemic.
About 1.5 million people are believed to have died in Britain in the bubonic plague epidemic that peaked in 1348. The plague killed about one-third of the population of Europe.
By Thursday, 13 skeletons had been unearthed at the site in Charterhouse Square in Smithfield. A similar mass grave was found nearby almost 30 years ago.
Jay Carver, the lead archaeologist, said the find could be critical to research on bubonic plague and its history.
"Scientists hope to map the plague virus DNA. Biologists are researching ancient diseases in the hope of better understanding modern ones," he said.
Archaeologists hope that as they dig deeper they will also find remains of Roman London in the square.
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When NASA's Curiosity rover landed on Mars, the mission team had a particular destination in mind: Mount Sharp. Just over two years and about nine kilometers of driving later, Curiosity has arrived at Mount Sharp. It will now begin its ascent of the mountain (PDF), first analyzing basal rocks with a "paintbrush" texture, then moving further to observe hematite-bearing rocks further up the slope. It will then proceed into an area laden with clay-bearing rocks, and finally to the upper reaches of the foothills, which contain rocks with magnesium sulfate in them. The team has selected routes and driving modes that they hope will slow the steadily accumulating damage to the rover's wheels.
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First time accepted submitter kit_triforce writes Satellites have just detected a powerful X1.6-class solar flare. The source was active sunspot AR2158, which is directly facing Earth. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded the extreme ultraviolet flash. Ionizing radiation from the flare could cause HF radio blackouts and other communications disturbances, especially on the day-lit side of Earth. In the next few hours, when coronagraph data from SOHO and STEREO become available, we will see if a coronal mass ejection (CME) emerges from the blast site. If so, the cloud would likely be aimed directly at Earth and could reach our planet in 2 to 3 days.
An anonymous reader writes: $3 billion in funding is on the line as private space companies duke it out for contracts to end U.S. reliance on Russian rockets for manned spaceflight. The two biggest contenders are SpaceX and Boeing, described as "the exciting choice" and "the safe choice," respectively. "NASA is charting a new direction 45 years after sending humans to the Moon, looking to private industry for missions near Earth, such as commuting to and from the space station. Commercial operators would develop space tourism while the space agency focuses on distant trips to Mars or asteroids." It's possible the contracts would be split, giving some tasks to each company. It's also possible that the much smaller Sierra Nevada Corp. could grab a bit of government funding as well for launches using its unique winged-shuttle design.
The Curiosity Rover that's been exploring the surface of Mars for more than two years now has a lot of fans (and quite a few headlines here on Slashdot), but not everyone feels positively toward the project. Tech Times reports that NASA revealed on Wednesday that it has renewed the funding of seven ongoing planetary exploration missions but of these, the space agency's Planetary Mission Senior Review panel, which reviewed and rated these planetary missions, was particularly critical of the Curiosity, which also happens to be the newest and the second costliest of the seven missions. The panel is disappointed that given the capabilities of the Curiosity rover, the team behind it only intends to take and analyze eight samples in two years, which translates to two samples from each of the four units it will visit during its extended mission. The Curiosity is the only NASA tool with the capabilities to detect carbon, do in situ age analysis, and measure ionizing particle flux.
After several weeks of delay, SpaceX has successfully launched from Cape Canaveral AsiaSat's communications satellite, AsiaSat 6. This launch was originally intended to occur on August 27. However, due to a failure of an experimental SpaceX rocket during a test flight, the launch was delayed. The experimental rocket apparently malfunctioned because of a sensor error. The company stated that the same error wasn’t likely to occur in its regular Falcon 9 rocket, but wanted to "triple-check" its systems to be certain. SpaceFlightInsider has a play-by-play on the launch process and more details on the communications satellites aboard. They note: [This] marked the fifth flight of the Falcon 9 in 2014. Since the company began using the booster, it had only been able to carry out about two launches annually of the rocket – until now. With the United States Air Force considering the rocket for use under the lucrative Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program and NASA already utilizing it to deliver cargo (and potentially crew) to the International Space Station, the rocket has become a popular player in terms of launch services. The next mission that SpaceX should use the propulsive descent landing system on, is the launch of one of the firm’s Dragon spacecraft carrying out NASA’s Commercial Resupply Services 4 (SpX-4) mission – currently scheduled to take place on Sept. 19.
An asteroid nicknamed "Pitbull" and detected by the University of Arizona observatory atop Mt. Lemmon on August 31st will make a close approach to Earth Sunday; it's predicted to pass at a distance of about 25,000 miles, and to pass over New Zealand. According to the article, The asteroid is a similar size to the rock which caused enormous damage to the city of Chelyabinsk in Siberia. Last year's explosion generated the equivalent energy of more than 20 atomic bombs detonating and left more than 1,000 people injured while damaging thousands of buildings. Astronomers at Nasa, who track the movements of the more than 11,000 near-Earth objects, are confident Pitbull will not strike the planet.
astroengine writes: Last night (Thursday), two more of Planet Lab's shoebox-sized Earth imaging satellites launched themselves from aboard the International Space Station, the latest in a series of technical mysteries involving a commercially owned CubeSat deployer located outside Japan's Kibo laboratory module. Station commander Steve Swanson was storing some blood samples in one of the station's freezers Friday morning when he noticed that the doors on NanoRack's cubesat deployer were open, said NASA mission commentator Pat Ryan. Flight controllers at the Johnson Space Center in Houston determined that two CubeSats had been inadvertently released. "No crew members or ground controllers saw the deployment. They reviewed all the camera footage and there was no views of it there either," Ryan said.
theshowmecanuck writes: A newly found asteroid the size of a house will give earth a close flyby this weekend. It will pass just below satellites in geostationary orbit, and above New Zealand around 14:18 EDT / 18:18 GMT / 06:18 NZST this coming Sunday (Monday morning in NZ). "Asteroid 2014 RC was initially discovered on the night of August 31 by the Catalina Sky Survey near Tucson, Arizona, and independently detected the next night by the Pan-STARRS 1 telescope, located on the summit of Haleakal on Maui, Hawaii," NASA officials said in a statement.
sciencehabit (1205606) writes "Once stashed in warehouses in Maryland and North Carolina, images and video captured from orbit by some of NASA's first environmental satellites in the mid-1960s are now yielding a trove of scientific data. The Nimbus satellites, originally intended to monitor Earth's clouds in visible and infrared wavelengths, also would have captured images of sea ice, researchers at the University of Colorado's National Snow and Ice Data Center realized when they heard about the long-lost film canisters in 2009. After acquiring the film—and then tracking down the proper equipment to read and digitize its 16-shades-of-gray images, which had been taken once every 90 seconds or so—the team set about scanning and then stitching the images together using sophisticated software. So far, more than 250,000 images have been made public, including the first image taken by Nimbus-1 on 31 August 1964, of an area near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Besides yielding a wealth of sea ice data, the data recovery project, which will end early next year, could also be used to extend satellite records of deforestation and sea surface temperatures."
An anonymous reader writes: A few days ago we talked over some of the difficulties faced by makers of autonomous car software, like dealing with weather, construction, and parking garages. Today, the NY Times has a similar article about delivery drones, examining the safety and regulatory problems that must be solved in addition to getting the basic technology ready. "[R]researchers at NASA are working on ways to manage that menagerie of low-flying aircraft. At NASA's Moffett Field, about four miles from Google's headquarters in Mountain View, Calif., the agency has been developing a drone traffic management program that would in effect be a separate air traffic control system for things that fly low to the ground — around 400 to 500 feet for most drones. Much like the air traffic control system for conventional aircraft, the program would monitor the skies for weather and traffic. Wind is a particular hazard, because drones weigh so little compared with regular planes." Beyond that, the sheer scale of infrastructure necessary to get drone delivery up and running in cities across the U.S. is staggering. Commercial drones aren't going to have much range, particularly when carrying something heavy. They'll be noisy, and the products they're transporting will still need to be relatively close by. What other issues do Amazon, DHL, Google, and other need to solve?
KentuckyFC writes In 1980 and 1981, Voyager 1 and 2 flew past Saturn providing unprecedented images of its magnificent ring system. At that time, its most distant discrete ring, the F ring, was about 200 kilometres wide. But puzzlingly, images sent back by Cassini show that the ring is now 580 kilometres wide and twice as bright as it was thirty years ago. Now astronomers think they have finally solved the mystery of the expanding F ring. The ring is shepherded by a number of small moons, the most famous of which is Prometheus. These moons interact gravitationally with the ring creating structures such as braids and spokes. The new thinking is that the moons' orbits resonate with the F ring, pushing clouds of dust and ice further away from Saturn. This makes the ring wider. But beyond a certain radius the orbit of the dust becomes unstable and it begins to spiral back towards Saturn and collides with the rest of the ring. This causes a chain reaction of collisions that dramatically increases the number of particles in the ring and hence its brightness. This theory also leads to a prediction--the resonant process is currently at a maximum but should reduce sharply in the coming years, if the theory is correct. So by 2018, the F ring should be back to the same configuration the Voyagers saw in 80/81.
schwit1 writes: Check out this detailed and informative look at the unspoken competiton between NASA's SLS rocket and SpaceX's planned heavy lift rocket. It's being designed to be even more powerful than the Falcon Heavy. Key quote: "It is clear SpaceX envisions a rocket far more powerful than even the fully evolved Block 2 SLS – a NASA rocket that isn't set to be launched until the 2030s." The SpaceX rocket hinges on whether the company can successfully build its new Raptor engine. If they do, they will have their heavy lift rocket in the air and functioning far sooner than NASA, and for far less money.
An anonymous reader writes: We often decry the state of funding to NASA. Its limited scope has kept us from returning to the moon for over four decades, maintained only a minimal presence in low-Earth orbit, and failed to develop a capable asteroid defense system. But why is funding such a problem? Jason Callahan, who has worked on several of NASA's annual budgets, says it's not just NASA's small percentage of the federal budget that keeps those projects on the back burner, but also competition for funding between different parts of NASA as well. "[NASA's activities include] space science, including aeronautics research (the first A in NASA), technology development, education, center and agency management, construction, maintenance, and the entire human spaceflight program. The total space science budget has rarely exceeded $5 billion, and has averaged just over half that amount. Remember that space science is more than just planetary: astrophysics, heliophysics, and Earth science are all funded in this number. Despite this, space science accounts for an average of 17 percent of NASA's total budget, though it has significant fluctuations. In the 1980s, space science was a mere 11½ percent of NASA's budget, but in the 2000s, it made up 27 percent."
An anonymous reader writes: NASA's Opportunity rover has been rolling around the surface of Mars for over 10 years. It's still performing scientific observations, but the mission team has been dealing with a problem: the rover keeps rebooting. It's happened a dozen times this month, and the process is a bit more involved than rebooting a typical computer. It takes a day or two to get back into operation every time. To try and fix this, the Opportunity team is planning a tricky operation: reformatting the flash memory from 125 million miles away. "Preparations include downloading to Earth all useful data remaining in the flash memory and switching the rover to an operating mode that does not use flash memory. Also, the team is restructuring the rover's communication sessions to use a slower data rate, which may add resilience in case of a reset during these preparations." The team suspects some of the flash memory cells are simply wearing out. The reformat operation is scheduled for some time in September.
littlesparkvt (2707383) writes "Astronomers have uncovered for the first time the earliest stages of a massive galaxy forming in the young Universe. The discovery was made possible through combining observations from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, ESA's Herschel Space Observatory, and the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii. The growing galaxy core is blazing with the light of millions of newborn stars that are forming at a ferocious rate. The paper appears in the journal Nature on 27 August." (Here's the NASA press release.)
SternisheFan sends this report from Universe Today: How does microgravity affect your health? One of the chief concerns of NASA astronauts these days is changes to eyesight. Some people come back from long-duration stays in space with what appears to be permanent changes, such as requiring glasses when previously they did not. And the numbers are interesting. A few months after NASA [said] 20% of astronauts may face this problem, a new study points out that 21 U.S. astronauts that have flown on the International Space Station for long flights (which tend to be five to six months) face visual problems. These include "hyperopic shift, scotoma and choroidal folds to cotton wool spots, optic nerve sheath distension, globe flattening and edema of the optic nerve," states the University of Houston, which is collaborating with NASA on a long-term study of astronauts while they're in orbit.
schwit1 writes: Using restored images taken by Voyager 2 when it flew past Neptune's moon Triton 25 years ago, scientists have produced a new map and flyby movie of the moon. "The new Triton map has a resolution of 1,970 feet (600 meters) per pixel. The colors have been enhanced to bring out contrast but are a close approximation to Triton's natural colors. Voyager's "eyes" saw in colors slightly different from human eyes, and this map was produced using orange, green and blue filter images. ... Although Triton is a moon of a planet and Pluto is a dwarf planet, Triton serves as a preview of sorts for the upcoming Pluto encounter. Although both bodies originated in the outer solar system, Triton was captured by Neptune and has undergone a radically different thermal history than Pluto. Tidal heating has likely melted the interior of Triton, producing the volcanoes, fractures and other geological features that Voyager saw on that bitterly cold, icy surface. Pluto is unlikely to be a copy of Triton, but some of the same types of features may be present." Dr. Paul Schenk provides provides further information on his blog, and the movie can be viewed here.
schwit1 writes: Managers of NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) are searching for a mission that they can propose and convince Congress to fund. "Once SLS is into the 2020s, the launch rate should see the rocket launching at least once per year, ramping up to a projected three times per year for the eventual Mars missions. However, the latter won’t be until the 2030s. With no missions manifested past the EM-2 flight, the undesirable question of just how 'slow' a launch rate would be viable for SLS and her workforce has now been asked." Meanwhile, two more Russian rocket engines were delivered yesterday, the first time that's happened since a Russian official threatened to cut off the supply. Another shipment of three engines is expected later this year. In Europe, Arianespace and the European Space Agency signed a contract today for the Ariane 5 rocket to launch 12 more of Europe’s Galileo GPS satellites on three launches. This situation really reminds me of the U.S. launch market in the 1990s, when Boeing and Lockheed Martin decided that, rather than compete with Russia and ESA for the launch market, they instead decided to rely entirely on U.S. government contracts, since those contracts didn’t really demand that they reduce their costs significantly to compete.
schwit1 writes: Scientists have found that, despite a complete ban since 2007, ozone-depleting chemicals are still being pumped into the atmosphere from some unknown source. "Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), which was once used in applications such as dry cleaning and as a fire-extinguishing agent, was regulated in 1987 under the Montreal Protocol along with other chlorofluorocarbons that destroy ozone and contribute to the ozone hole over Antarctica. Parties to the Montreal Protocol reported zero new CCl4 emissions between 2007-2012. However, the new research shows worldwide emissions of CCl4 average 39 kilotons (about 43,000 U.S. tons) per year, approximately 30 percent of peak emissions prior to the international treaty going into effect. "We are not supposed to be seeing this at all," said Qing Liang, an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and lead author of the study published online in the Aug. 18 issue of Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. "It is now apparent there are either unidentified industrial leakages, large emissions from contaminated sites, or unknown CCl4 sources."
An anonymous reader writes: The folks in charge of the Mars rover Curiosity have been trying to solve an increasingly urgent problem: what to do about unexpected wheel damage. The team knew from the start that wear and tear on the wheels would slowly accumulate, but they've been surprised at how quickly the wheels have degraded over the past year. Emily Lakdawalla at the Planetary Society blog has posted a detailed report on the team's conclusions as to what's causing the damage and how they can mitigate it going forward. Quoting: "The tears result from fatigue. You know how if you bend a metal paper clip back and forth repeatedly, it eventually snaps? Well, when the wheels are driving over a very hard rock surface — one with no sand — the thin skin of the wheels repeatedly bends. The wheels were designed to bend quite a lot, and return to their original shape. But the repeated bending and straightening is fatiguing the skin, causing it to fracture in a brittle way. The bending doesn't happen (or doesn't happen as much) if the ground gives way under the rover's weight, as it does if it's got the slightest coating of sand on top of rock. It only happens when the ground is utterly impervious to the rover's weight — hard bedrock. The stresses from metal fatigue are highest near the tips of the chevron features, and indeed a lot of tears seem to initiate close to the chevron features."
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By Philip Carroll, Save the Children
The Ebola outbreak which started in south eastern Guinea in early 2014, has now spread to Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Senegal. Ebola has highlighted the devastating impact that a crisis can have on an already fragile health system and has also highlighted the life-saving and heroic work of frontline health workers, who are risking their own lives to protect and save the lives of vulnerable children in remote communities.
Francis Vandy Rogers is a trained community health worker and a carpenter. Francis, his wife and four children are temporarily displaced as a result of a fire outbreak that burnt down their thatch roofed house and 14 other houses in the town in April 2013. They are currently residing at the community training center – temporarily given to him as a result of his active role in the community – while reconstructing their house. Their main sources of water for drinking and other domestic uses are boreholes with hand pump and streams.
Every morning Francis carries his tools box and First Aid box to his workshop where the community people meet him for primary health service while doing his carpentry work. “Usually when they come for treatment I’d leave the wood work, get my hands washed and attend to them then I get back to work,” says Francis.
Francis explains the importance of the training and how he is helping the community. He says, “This training is useful because our people say ‘Korglor yia laygor eh kpokowa’ (translation: Information about an impending war can save the aged from being killed). If God has made it possible to get information about this killer disease they call Ebola, we should do everything within our power to put a bearer before it, especially when they have told us that it is not far from us. I learnt a lot about the prevention of this disease, which I’m going to sensitize my community members seriously about it.”
Francis continued, “First, we are going to ask the town chief to call all the people through the town crier to a meeting so that we can have the opportunity to sensitize everybody. Then we will continue with one on one sensitization and in the event of suspected case, we will immediately report to the health center. From what I learnt in the training, Ebola is a very serious disease that can kill very fast so even the sensitization method and message will be serious so that the people themselves should know that this a serious and must take it seriously.”
Another inspiring example of a heroic health worker is Lansana Fofanah, who is a farmer and a trained community health worker. Lansana and his wife have five children, two of which are living in kinship care. On a typical farming day, Lansana leaves his house very early in the morning and spends rest of the day and returns late in the evening to catch up with the Muslim congregational prayer. Lansana usually reserves a day or two in a week to do his community health services.
Talking about the training and how he plans to sensitize the community, Lansana says, “This training is very good and I consider it as an empowerment to save lives in our communities. Because prevention is the best solution to this Ebola disease. I have also learnt about the causes its signs and symptoms when someone is infected. We should always refer the Ebola patient immediately to the [primary health unit] to avoid its transfer to another person in the community.”
He adds, “I am going to call my community people to a meeting and I will explain to them the dangers of this disease. Because this Ebola does not have medicine and the only solution is prevention so we must abide by all the preventive rules such as stop eating dead animals, monkeys, baboons and bats and even fruits that have been eaten by these animals. Through this we can prevent the Ebola in our communities.”
This is the first time Francis and Lansana have been trained to carryout sensitization on Ebola virus prevention awareness and emergency preparedness.
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Debates are fascinating human activities that are a mixture of logic, strategy, and show. Not everybody shares this fascination. The German author Emil Ludwig considered debates to be the death of conversation. Jonathan Swift regarded debates as the worst sort of conversation, and debates portrayed in books as the worst sort of reading. Public debates pose various interesting dilemmas. A debate between two positions gives an impression of symmetry, and engaging in a debate against an obscure or illegitimate position gives it some legitimacy and emphasis. On the other hand, ignoring obscure or illegitimate positions may also pave the way to getting them public legitimacy or to making them mainstream. A common form of debate is one in which an uninformed decision-maker extracts information from two (or more) informed debaters who hold contradictory positions on a certain issue. Weblog debates are especially interesting, as they allow an unusual amount of interaction between the debaters and the uninformed audience. Common debate practices include ample repetitions, not giving up on seemingly small issues, never admitting a mistake, trying to undermine the professionalism and integrity of an opponent and not just his logic. We can ask ourselves if these debating practices are rational and optimal in terms of influencing the audience. They probably are.
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Acanthosis nigricans is a condition frequently found in people with diabetes and is most common among people of color. This condition is most usually associated with obesity, insulin resistance,or polycystic ovarian disease in women, though it can occasionally be found in people who have more serious underlying health problems such as lymphoma or cancers of the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tracts. Genetics, endocrine disorders, and certain drugs are also factors in the development of acanthosis nigricans.
Acanthosis nigricans is characterized by abnormal thickening and darkening of the skin, especially in body creases. Velvety skin with very visible markings appear in the armpits, groin, and neck. Sometimes, the lips, palms, soles of feet, or other areas may be affected. It usually appears slowly and doesn't cause any symptoms other than skin changes, such as skin tags.
Because acanthosis nigricans only causes changes to the appearance of the skin, no particular treatment is needed. But it indicates underlying insulin resistance. As a resultit is important to get good control of unchecked blood sugar levels as continuously poor diabetes management is a risk factor in the development of this condition. Weight loss can have a profound effect on decreasing acanthosis nigricans. If other causes are found and treated, acanthosis nigricans can fade.
SOURCE: Medline Plus. Medical Encyclopedia: Acanthosis nigricans. (Accessed 09/19/08.)
Reviewed by Francine Kaufman, MD. 01/09
Chicken Fricassee with Rice Bolillos Apricot Ice with Roasted Almonds Chile Almond Dip Eggplant and Tomatoes Cool Cucumber Dressing Stuffed Baked Apples Bean and Celery Soup Sun Dried Tomato Pesto Rice Patties
Among the things I'd never thought I'd hear when I began my fitness journey ten years ago... "Wow! The work you do really shows. Your arms look great. That's my goal..." From a young woman at the gym whose body I would KILL to have. Petite, small boned, slim arms and legs. You see how that just happened? I gave myself a compliment and then took it back. That's often what I do. I hear the words other people say, but my tendency (as is the tendency of so many people) is...
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Every year, about 3.7 million babies die in the first four weeks of life (2004 estimates). Most of these newborns are born in developing countries and most die at home. Up to two-thirds of these deaths can be prevented if mothers and newborns receive known, effective interventions. A strategy that promotes universal access to antenatal care, skilled birth attendance and early postnatal care will contribute to sustained reduction in maternal and neonatal mortality.
While both mothers and newborns need care during the period after birth, this statement focuses on the care of the newborn child, and the evidence for the same. Studies have shown that home-based newborn care interventions can prevent 30-60% of newborn deaths in high mortality settings under controlled conditions. Therefore, WHO and UNICEF now recommend home visits in the baby's first week of life to improve newborn survival.
Every Newborn: Events
Visit the Every Newborn website for the latest on events
- West and Central African Regional Consultation
- Asia Regional Consultation
- The Guardian: Giving birth in the DRC – in Pictures. Photographer Sven Torfinn documents the work done looking after mothers and their babies at health centres and hospitals supported by H4+.
- More Every Newborn news
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The skin’s darkening effect is caused by the rapid production of melanin, a type of skin pigment.
“When skin cells develop melanin, it's doing so in response to the damage,” said Len Lichtenfeld, an oncologist and deputy chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society. “It's not doing that because it's a healthy sign.”
The tanning process itself can be addictive: Sunlight stimulates the release of endorphins, resulting in feelings of relaxation or euphoria—the phenomenon sometimes called "runner's high."
"Tanning makes you feel good. But so does methamphetamine," said Joel Hillhouse, a professor of public health at East Tennessee State University who has studied the psychology of tanning. He said some of his study subjects have stolen money or broken into tanning salons to get their fix.
Using tanning beds increases the risk of developing melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer, by 59 percent. More than 60,000 new melanomas are diagnosed in the U.S. annually, but treatment of other types of skin cancers increased by nearly 77 percent between 1992 and 2006. Skin cancer is now the most common type of cancer in the U.S.
Melanoma Incidence Rates by Gender
Public health authorities have responded swiftly and, tanning salon owners say, severely. In 2009, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified tanning beds as a Group 1 carcinogen, in the same category as cigarette smoke and asbestos. The 2010 Affordable Care Act included a 10 percent tax on indoor tanning services.
Earlier this month the surgeon general released a report calling attention to the dangers of tanning, saying in an introductory letter that "tanned skin is damaged skin." It was the first time a surgeon general had focused on skin cancer specifically.
The FDA also recently reclassified the safety level of tanning beds from low-risk—on par with Band-Aids—to moderate-risk, like condoms and wheelchairs. On top of that, the agency mandated that the beds carry a black-box warning stating that they should not be used by minors.
Age Restrictions on Indoor Tanning
Because sunburns during childhood cause a particularly sharp increase in the likelihood of developing skin cancer, in recent years nine states have barred anyone under the age of 18 from using tanning beds. Thirty-two others regulate the devices’ use by minors.
* * *
The laws and warnings have prompted widespread outrage among tanning enthusiasts. Today, the conversation on the science behind skin cancer can be as vicious as the one about climate change.
"We're agrarian by nature," said Rob Quinn, CEO of a chain of 40-some Tan Pro stores in Ohio, referring to humanity. "We crave nourishment, water, and sunlight. I can't imagine our Creator would be that mean to say, 'Okay I'm going to introduce you to this light, and I'm going to make you crave it and love it, but it's bad for you.'"
Quinn believes that the recent anti-tanning push is a conspiracy by the world's dermatologists, and that we will yet see the lasting negative repercussions of keeping a generation of humans out of the sun. He said that Ohio has lost 40 percent of its registered tanning salons, and that the customer headcount in some stores is down by nearly half.
Baker is hyper-aware, and hyper-sensitive, to accusations that people who use sunbeds have a higher risk of developing skin cancer.
"I've read enough to know that it's very difficult to say that one thing or another is causing this or that," he said. "I don't agree [that there's a strong link between indoor tanning and melanoma]. There's a lot of factors that go into that type of serious disease."
When I asked what conclusions he's drawn from his readings, he declined to comment.
Though minors make up just two or three percent of most tanning salons' customers, the recent under-18 bans have been the source of particular scorn within the tanning industry.
"Whether or not a 17-year-old or 16-year-old gets a suntan, that should be up to his or her parents, not the government," John Overstreet, the executive director of the Indoor Tanning Association, told me. "The kid wants to get a suntan, and the government won't let them."
He points out that there are already warnings against overexposure on most tanning salon intake forms and on the beds themselves. "With all these warnings, why do people do this?" he said. "I honestly believe it's because we're being given bad advice."
* * *
After decades of soaking up the sun, there are signs that we might be returning to the age of the parasol—or at least a bottle of SPF 30 in every beach tote.
"There's been a cultural shift," Hillhouse, the psychologist, said. "Fifteen years ago, you would not have seen an article in Seventeen or Cosmopolitan about the dangers of indoor tanning, but now it's very common."
Quinn said that the drumbeat of skin-cancer coverage has spooked even the most devoted tanners, who now say things like, "I know it's bad for me, but I just love doing it."
Some have switched to spray tanning, even though it doesn’t generate the same “feel good” boost, he says.
But there are other signs that tanning, as a principle, is becoming passé.
"We're not seeing [people] flocking to tanning," Karen Grant, a beauty analyst with NPD, told me. A decade ago, fake-tan lotions made up 65 percent of sales in the "sun category," she said, but today, sunscreens dominate that market. "There's a higher awareness of safety, or lack thereof. The movement has been toward protection."
Slightly less than a third of non-Hispanic white women, who make up the majority of indoor-tanning customers, still use tanning beds. However, data from the CDC show that the number of high-school students who used indoor tanning devices has declined by about three percentage points (from 16 to 13 percent) since 2009, though that number is within the margin of error. Among girls, the drop-off was six percentage points.
Lichtenfeld noticed that when he was recently vacationing on a beach in south Georgia, roughly three out of four families were huddling under a canopy or umbrella.
It was anecdotal, to be sure, but nevertheless, “it was a lot different than what I have seen before, so maybe we are making some progress after all,” he wrote on his blog at Cancer.org.
Tanning-related posts to the "Girls Survival Guide" section of Reddit are now dominated by questions of how to achieve "a glow" without a tanning bed. A recent video showing the protective effects of sunscreen—posted by Upworthy under the headline "What Happens To Your Face When You Wear Sunscreen Might Shock You"—has generated more than 30,000 Facebook likes. The comments are tinged with exuberant outrage: "Sunscreen is a must. I want to live!!!!!!!!!!!"
* * *
There are limits to health-scare mongering, though. A February study that surveyed sorority members found that 45 percent used tanning beds even though most knew about the cancer risk.
Hillhouse says that the most effective anti-tanning campaigns focus instead on how the practice can disfigure skin over time. Rather than ads that, say, portray sunbathers as laying in their own coffins, he recommends posters like one recently commissioned by Britain’s NHS, which shows a young blond woman with a mottled face and a nasty melanoma on her lip.
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By now, almost everybody with a cellphone and a car knows that it's a bad idea to text while you're driving. But people still do it, and some of those people die in text-related car crashes and take innocent victims with them. What if technology existed that simply prevented people from texting from a moving car at all? Wouldn't that solve the problem?
Scott Tibbetts thought so. Tibbets and his company Katasi were profiled in a recent New York Times article for developing a promising technology that would simply block texting from any phone that was in a moving car. While there are several technological solutions to this problem that are already on the market, they all have various problems.
Some text-blocking apps work by using the phone's GPS to figure out if the phone is moving faster than walking speed. If it is, the software concludes that you're driving, and blocks texts. This one turns out to be a battery hog, because the GPS system has to run all the time. It also might present problems for train and bus passengers. Another system uses the car's speed sensor and links it to the phone with a Bluetooth wireless connection. But it costs over a hundred bucks, and there aren't that many people who are both concerned enough about texting while driving to buy it, and also willing to shell out that much money for something they could do for free with a little more willpower, perhaps.
Mr. Tibbetts' solution is cleverer than these. It involves connecting a wireless box to the car's OBD-II port—the on-board diagnostics socket that the auto technicians use to figure out what the "service engine" light means. When the car's moving fast enough to be dangerous, the wireless box sends that information to the cellphone network, which then asks the phone—once—where it is. Then, if the network is using the software developed by Mr. Tibbetts' firm Katasi, the software uses the location data to figure out things like who is driving the car. You don't want a whole family's text service blocked just because Mom is driving to the grocery store, for instance. That way, the GPS battery-drain problem is minimized, and the computational heavy lifting is done in the cloud, so to speak, rather than by the phone.
Mr. Tibbetts, an aerospace engineer and entrepreneur, has persuaded both an insurance company and a cellphone provider (Sprint) to cooperate in test trials, which have worked fine. But it appears that the largest player, Sprint, has gotten cold feet lately, and has stalled further tests. In the Times interview, Wayne Ward, vice-president for business and product development at Sprint, expressed concerns about product liability. Currently, if a driver texts while driving and gets in a wreck, it's the driver's fault. Mr. Ward asks what might happen if Sprint sells the Katasi system that claims to prevent such accidents, and then some glitch happens and somebody sneaks through a text and crashes anyway? Why, Sprint could be sued!
Pardon me, but it appears that there's more going on here than meets the eye. Any time a small independent company comes up to a big firm and offers the big guy new technology, the not-invented-here problem can raise its ugly head. Short of buying the small upstart outright (which happens a lot, by the way), if the big firm adapts the small company's technology, they will be on the hook for royalty payments or other forms of obligation that big companies don't want to be tied down to. And there's also the simple pride factor expressed by the phrase "not invented here"—if we didn't think of it first, it can't be that good.
Besides, it's not clear who would make enough money to offset the expenses of the added hardware and software—and lawyers' fees, if Mr. Ward's fears turned out to be correct. The existing GPS-based solutions for text blocking in cars aren't exactly selling like hotcakes, even after all but five states have adopted no-texting-while-driving laws of one form or another.
One could imagine a legal solution: make something like the Katasi text-blocking system mandatory by government fiat. Nobody has seriously put forward that idea yet. But it might happen. There was a time when ordinary window glass was used in automobiles, with the result that otherwise minor wrecks turned deadly when razor-sharp knives of glass flew around and sliced—well, enough said. But when the technology of laminating glass with a plastic inner layer was developed around 1920 to keep the shattered pieces together, auto companies adopted it, partly motivated by fear of lawsuits. Eventually, most countries made it a legal requirement for all glass in automobiles to be laminated or safety glass, but it looks like the firms were ahead of the government in that case.
Safety glass is a different kind of thing than automatic text-blocking. An auto company could start using safety glass and just raise the car's price incrementally, and hardly any customers would notice the change. But as soon as you stop a person from doing something that they're used to doing, like texting while driving, you create a sharp negative impression. And that's something that cellphone providers are reluctant to do as long as there are competitors ready to take business away.
My hat is off to Mr. Tibbetts, who put five years and millions of dollars into developing a clever technological fix for a significant problem. But as many engineers turned entrepreneurs have learned, building the better mousetrap—or text trap—is only part of the problem. Convincing people to buy it and use it is often harder than coming up with the invention itself. If everybody used something like the Katasi system on their cellphones, we would all be safer, no question about that. We would also lose a little freedom of judgment which we can now exercise, which is whether to text while driving. Perhaps some telecomm industry leaders will get together and agree to adopt Katasi, or something like it, but such inter-company cooperation for a non-financial thing like safety is a rarity. It could happen, though. I bet Mr. Tibbetts, for one, hopes that it will.
Sources: The New York Times article "Trying to Hit the Brake on Texting While Driving" by Matt Richtel, appeared in the online edition on Sept. 13, 2014 at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/business/trying-to-hit-the-brake-on-texting-while-driving.html. I also referred to Wikipedia articles on on-board diagnostics, windshields, and safety glass.
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The topic The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks is discussed in the following articles:
...Working at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C., Norman L. Bowen conducted extensive phase-equilibrium studies of silicate systems, brought together in his Evolution of the Igneous Rocks (1928). Experimental petrology, both at the low-temperature range explored by van ’t Hoff and in the high ranges of temperature investigated by Bowen, continues to...
In the spring of 1927, Bowen delivered a course of lectures to advanced students in geology at Princeton University, the substance of which was published in 1928 as The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks. In this vigorous presentation, Bowen provided a survey and a synthesis that have exerted a profound influence on petrologic thought. Later Bowen collaborated extensively with J.F. Schairer,...
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(Hip Arthroplasty; Arthroplasty, Hip; Total Hip Replacement; Minimally Invasive Total Hip Replacement; Mini-incision Hip Replacement)
total hip replacement
is a surgery to replace a diseased or injured hip joint. An artificial ball-and-socket joint is inserted to make a new hip. It can be done by full open surgery or a minimally invasive technique.
The minimally invasive technique only requires one or two tiny incisions and special instruments. People eligible for this surgery are typically:
- Younger than 50
- Of normal weight
- Healthier than those who have the traditional total hip replacement surgery
|Left Total Hip Replacement
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Reasons for Procedure
This surgery is done when pain and stiffness limit your normal activities and rest, medicine, and physical therapy are no longer working.
Other reasons for surgery may include a broken hip, severe rheumatoid arthritis, bone tumors, and loss of blood supply to the bones of the hip.
If you are planning to have a hip replacement, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include:
Hip dislocation, which is the most common complication—occurs when the ball portion of the prosthesis dislocates from its normal position in the hip
- Blood clots
- Swelling or bleeding
- Injury to nearby nerves or blood vessels
- Anesthesia-related problems, like pneumonia
- Noisy or squeaky hip after surgery
Factors that may increase the risk of complications include:
- Pre-existing medical condition, such as heart or lung problems
Infection, such as
urinary tract infection
gum disease—having an infection increases the risk of bacteria entering the bloodstream and infecting the joint.
- Previous problems with blood clots
Be sure to discuss these risks with your doctor before the surgery.
What to Expect
Prior to Procedure
Your doctor will do a physical exam and may also do:
In the time leading up to the procedure:
if you are overweight. This will decrease the amount of stress on your new joint. Pool exercise may be a good option.
To enhance safety and recovery, make home modifications:
- Install safety bars, a raised toilet seat, a shower bench, and a hose. Install handrails on stairways and steps.
- Remove throw rugs. Check to make sure extension cords are in a safe place.
- Purchase a stable, firm-backed arm chair. When seated, your knees should remain lower than your hips.
- Buy items to make daily activities easier, such as reachers and dressing aids.
- Place items so that they are easy to reach. This way, you will be able to avoid bending.
Talk to your doctor about your medicines. You may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like:
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Blood thinners
Your doctor may suggest donating your own blood for the surgery. You will most likely lose some blood and fluid during this surgery. If you need a
blood transfusion, the doctor can use your own blood.
- If you become sick or have a fever just before the surgery, tell your doctor right away.
- Arrange for a ride to and from the hospital. Also, arrange for help at home.
If you smoke, try to smoke less or
- Eat a light meal the night before the surgery. Do not eat or drink anything after midnight. If you have diabetes, ask your doctor if you will need to adjust your medicine.
will be used. It will block any pain and keep you asleep through the surgery. It is given through an IV in your hand or arm.
Description of the Procedure
Total Hip Replacement
An incision will be made along your joint. The muscles will be moved aside. The damaged bone and cartilage of the hip joint will be removed. The remaining bone will be prepared for the prosthesis. The new artificial joint will be placed in position. Depending on the type of prosthesis, the doctor may use bone cement to hold one or both parts of the artificial hip firmly to your bone. Lastly, the incision will be closed with stitches or staples.
Minimally Invasive Total Hip Replacement
This surgery may be done with one or two small incisions, one over the groin and another over the buttock. Special tools are used that fit into these small incisions. In some cases, x-rays will be used to help guide the doctor.
For the one-incision surgery, an incision will be made over the outside of your hip. The muscles and tendons will be moved out of the way. Next, the damaged bone and cartilage of the hip joint will be removed. The remaining bone will be prepared for the prosthesis. The new artificial joint will then be placed in position. Depending on the type of prosthesis, bone cement may be used to hold the artificial hip in place. Lastly, the incision will be closed with staples or stitches.
How Long Will It Take?
- Total hip replacement: 1-1½ hours
- Minimally invasive total hip replacement: 1 or more hours
How Much Will It Hurt?
You will have pain after the surgery. Pain medicine will be given to help with discomfort.
Average Hospital Stay
This procedure is done in a hospital setting. The usual length of stay is:
- 4-6 days for a total hip replacement
- 1-2 days for minimally invasive total hip replacement
Your doctor may choose to keep you longer, if complications occur. In some cases, you may need to stay in a rehabilitation unit. The focus will be on regaining function.
At the Hospital
While you are recovering at the hospital, you may need to:
Walk with help, using a
on the day after surgery.
- Be careful. A fall can damage or dislocate the new joint. Do not try to walk without help.
- Take medicine to prevent blood clots.
- Wear compression boots or stockings.
- Begin physical therapy to regain mobility and strength.
Breathe deeply and cough 10-20 times every hour—This will decrease the risk of fluid build-up in the lungs. The fluid can cause
When you return home, do the following to help ensure a smooth recovery:
- Keep the incision area clean and dry.
- Ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water.
- When seated, place a V-shaped pillow between your legs. This will help you to maintain correct positioning of your hip.
- Work with the physical therapist. You will learn how to move your hip and maintain proper alignment. You should also talk to your doctor and physical therapist about ways to prevent dislocations. Depending on your surgery, you may need to avoid crossing your legs, flexing your hips more than 90 degrees, and turning your feet very far inward or outward.
- Only take medicines recommended by your doctor. Do not take over-the-counter remedies without your doctor's approval.
Maintain a healthy weight
. Obesity can increase wear on your new joint.
- Avoid jogging and other high-impact sports. This can also increase wear on the joint, cause it to loosen, and cause pain.
Be sure to follow your doctor’s
Antibiotics may be needed before certain dental procedures or surgeries now that you have an artificial joint. This will prevent possible infections from entering the bloodstream. Make sure to let the dentist or doctor know that you have an artificial joint.
Within six weeks, you should be able to resume normal, light activities. A replacement hip typically lasts 10-15 years.
Call Your Doctor
After you leave the hospital, contact your doctor if any of the following occur:
- Signs of infection, including fever and chills
- Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or discharge around incision site
- Pain and/or swelling in the feet, calves, or legs
- Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain
- Severe nausea or vomiting
- Hip pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given or that becomes worse
- Numbness, tingling, or loss of feeling in your leg, knee, or foot
In case of an emergency, call for medical help right away.
American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
The Arthritis Society
Canadian Orthopaedic Association
Activities after hip replacement. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons website. Available at:
. Updated April 2009. Accessed May 6, 2013.
Al Muderis M, Bohling U, Grittner U, Gerdesmeyer L, Scholz J. Cementless total hip arthroplasty using the Spongiosa-I fully coated cancellous metal surface: a minimum twenty-year follow-up.
J Bone Joint Surg Am
. 2011 Jun 1;93(11):1039-1044.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients after total joint replacement. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons website. Available at:
. Published February 2009. Accessed May 6, 2013.
Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy.
. 2004;126(suppl 3):338S-400S.
Hip fracture. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
. Updated April 24, 2013. Accessed May 6, 2013.
Lindström D, Azodi, Sadr O, et al. Effects of a perioperative smoking cessation intervention on postoperative complications: a randomized trial.
Minimally invasive total hip replacement surgery. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons website. Available at:
. Updated August 2007. Accessed May 6, 2013.
Pagnano MW, Trousdale RT, Meneghini RM, Hanssen AD. Slower recovery after
two-incision than mini-posterior-incision total hip arthroplasty. Surgical technique.
J Bone Joint Surg Am
. 2009 Mar 1;91 Suppl 2 Pt 1:50-73.
Questions and answers about hip replacement. National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases website.
. Updated April 2012. Accessed May 6, 2013.
Skerker RS, Mulford GJ.
Frontera: Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley and Belfus; 2002 (chap 56).
Who needs a hip replacement? NIH SeniorHealth website. Available at:
. Accessed May 6, 2013.
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Plot Teacher Resources
Find Plot educational ideas and activities
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Playing Detective: Foreshadowing in Dahl's "The Landlady"
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6th - 9th Language Arts 36 Views 120 Downloads
Thinking About Theme
Writers use the literary element of conflict to develop their theme. Use the conflict between the Johnny and the ScreeWees in Terry Pratchett’s Only You Can Save Mankind to model how a major theme is revealed. The conflict between the ScreeWees and Society provides an opportunity for guided practice.
5th - 6th Language Arts 9 Views 58 Downloads CCSS: Designed
Lesson Plan 15: Taking the work out of workshop
Why not turn your elementary class into novelists? They work through a series of writer's workshop activities to understand how to use description in their writing to establish plot and character. They also focus on peer evaluation and giving/receiving constructive criticism.
3rd - 5th Language Arts 9 Views 57 Downloads CCSS: Adaptable
Plot Outline Graphic Organizer
In this plot outline graphic organizer, students identify the conflict and events in the rising action, then the climax and resolution of a story. The plot diagram reinforces the parts of the story as the students make their identifications.
7th - 9th Language Arts 3 Views 51 Downloads
Freyja-"THE CAY" by Theodore Taylor
Use this Prezi to demonstrate how to put together a Prezi about The Cay by Theodore Taylor. This Prezi, created by a student, is made up of six slides that include information about the characters, setting, and plot of the story. Require your class to create their own presentations and offer this as an attainable student model.
5th - 7th Language Arts 9 Views 6 Downloads
Identifying Theme of a Fable
Third graders understand how to find the theme of a fable. In this theme lesson plan, 3rd graders use graphic organizers to record the events of a fable. Students use that information to determine the lesson plan of the story. Students do a guided practice then independent practice on assigned readings from Aesop's Fables.
3rd Language Arts 24 Views 58 Downloads CCSS: Designed
A Picture Says a Thousand Words
Use photographs to trigger memories. Writers use a personal photograph as a starting point for an autobiographical writing exercise. They complete brainstorming activities that have them study their photograph before actually putting pen to paper.
6th - 8th Language Arts 3 Views 22 Downloads
My Favorite Story
Young scholars discuss their favorite book. In this book discussion lesson, students name the title and tell what makes the book special. Young scholars also review the setting, plot, conflict, and resolution. Students make a book that tells all of their favorite books.
1st - 2nd Language Arts 3 Views 9 Downloads
The Road Taken: lesson 10
Sixth graders discuss what the theme and plot of their stories mean. In this novel lesson, 6th graders discuss the differences of the theme and plot between two different novels, Tuck Everlasting and Annie and the Old One using a Venn Diagram.
6th Language Arts 10 Views 9 Downloads
As part of an lesson involving literature or writing, have your learners watch and discuss this presentation on plot development. In a series of slides, viewers engage in an activity to explore dramatic structure, including plot development, setting, characters, and conflict.
3rd - 6th Language Arts 3 Views 31 Downloads
Create a Playbill!
Seventh graders explore the various elements found in the advertisement of a dramatic experience. Playbills are created that reflect the plot without revealing the climax of the play. Costumes, set construction, and character description are experienced in thi
7th Language Arts 7 Views 14 Downloads
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Kazakh Whiteheaded (cattle)
|This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from ; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (February 2009)|
The Kazakh whiteheaded cattle (Russian: Kaзaxcкaя бeлoгoлoвaя, Kazakhskaya belogolovaya) is a beef cattle breed from Kazakhstan and Russia. The breed was developed between 1930 and 1950 on state farms in the Kazakh republic and the Lower Volga by crossing Hereford cattle with local Kazakh and Kalmyk (cattle). The breed resembles the Hereford in colour and conformation while incorporating the locals breeds' hardiness.
Cows weigh 500 to 700 kg, bulls 800 to 1000 kg.
|This cattle-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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The topic Kazim Karabekir is discussed in the following articles:
Mustafa Kemal avoided dismissal from the army by officially resigning late on the evening of July 7. As a civilian, he pressed on with his retinue from Sivas to Erzurum, where General Kâzim Karabekir, commander of the 15th Army Corps of 18,000 men, was headquartered. At this critical moment, when Mustafa Kemal had no military support or official status, Kâzim threw in his lot with...
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Economics Teacher Resources
Find Economics educational ideas and activities
Showing 1 - 20 of 16,505 resources
New Review Practice Test of Economics
From scarcity and supply and demand to entrepreneurship and the stock market, here you'll find a multiple-choice assessment that includes 34 questions covering all the major concepts of a traditional economics course.
10th - 12th Social Studies & History 15 Views 13 Downloads CCSS: Adaptable
New Review GDP: Does It Measure Up?
Here is resource that offers a very clear explanation for how economists measure economic growth by comparing real GDP over time. There is also an additional worksheet that details the expenditure method and four components for calculating GDP.
10th - 12th Social Studies & History 16 Views 16 Downloads CCSS: Designed
New Review “Dewey Defeats Truman”: Be Aware of Data Revisions
Discover the impact and importance of data releases about current economic conditions in the United States. Your class members will learn about data revision and the GDP, and how these figures can alter people's views on the economy.
11th - 12th Social Studies & History 3 Views 0 Downloads CCSS: Designed
New Review Natural Disasters: From Destruction to Recovery
What are the major economic implications, both good and bad, of natural disasters? Discover the effect that natural disasters can have on labor market conditions, capital, household incomes, and opportunities for reconstruction in local economies.
9th - 12th Social Studies & History 9 Views 7 Downloads CCSS: Adaptable
Chapter 17: Economic Growth and the New Economy
Is economic growth necessary to remain a relevant world power? These slides discuss the definition and implications of growth economics, complete with global comparisons and ways to account for growth. Graphs and charts are easy to read and understand, even for the beginning economist.
10th - 12th Social Studies & History 15 Views 49 Downloads
Economics - Sculpture Of American Life
Students discuss supply, demand, scarcity, and opportunity costs and how these may affect business decisions in this Economics lesson for an upper-level High School class. The lesson includes possible cross-curricular extensions.
11th - 12th Social Studies & History 37 Views 90 Downloads
The Big Picture-Economic Security in the Country and your Community
Students explore current economic security at the local and national level. In this economics lesson, students work in groups to analyze survey results concerning high priority economic issues in their community. Groups do research, and conclusions are drawn about the local economic state.
9th - 12th Math 13 Views 13 Downloads
Economic Goals and Measuring Activity
Explore the role of government in the economy market. Young scholars analyze the economic decision-making process and how it takes into consideration additional cost, benefits, and public awareness of what they are trying to accomplish. Vocabulary, mythconceptions, and an optional class activity are included.
9th - 10th Math 25 Views 72 Downloads
If You Give A Mouse A Cookie: A Lesson In Economics
Students explore the concept of cause and effect as it relates to economics through the story "If You Give A Mouse A Cookie." Students discuss simple cause and effect relationships and make predictions according to the story. They play a memory chain game and are introduced to the concepts of good and services.
K Social Studies & History 16 Views 33 Downloads
Economics: Specialization in Trade
Students explore economics by participating in a financial role-play activity. In this fair trade lesson, students discuss the production necessities to running a business in the agriculture world. Students create a paper clown by trading with classmates to acquire the necessary materials.
5th - 9th Visual & Performing Arts 16 Views 31 Downloads
Native American Economics
Twelfth graders explore the different type of economic issues of Native Americans. In this economics lesson, 12th graders examine various facts to further their understanding. Students create a graph that represents their findings.
12th Social Studies & History 3 Views 5 Downloads
Using the Class Store to Teach Economic Principles
Students examine concepts associated with money such as spending vs. saving, supply and demand, opportunity cost, and inflation that are appropriate for their grade level. They listen to books about money concepts and complete associated worksheets over a period of weeks.
3rd - 5th Social Studies & History 16 Views 61 Downloads
Students explore economics by participating in a role-play activity. In this small business instructional activity, students identify the factors necessary in order to run a small business and identify the proposed costs to do so. Students create an economics chart which details the potential income vs.
K - 5th Math 9 Views 74 Downloads
Economic Health Indicators: GDP and CPI Worksheet
Examine the nation's economic health using this GDP and CPI worksheet, which features helpful graphic depictions of complex concepts. The first 2 pages include 17 short-answer questions intended to guide reading from a text (not included). Concepts include macroeconomics, functions and calculations of both GDP and CPI, and net exports.
11th - 12th Social Studies & History 14 Views 97 Downloads
An Economic Snapshot
Analyze the issues that affect the state of the economy. Have your class explore media reports about recent economic recessions, the housing bubble, and loan defaults in order to chart information about recessions and participate in an activity based on the labor market.
7th - 12th Social Studies & History 28 Views 670 Downloads
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- Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
- Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
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Smoking and AMD
Smoking increases the risk of developing macular degeneration—quit smoking to help keep your eyes healthy.
Wait on Cataract Surgery?
An eyeglass prescription change may be all you need to improve your vision with early-stage cataracts.
Protect your sight every day
Wear a hat and sunglasses year round to prevent UV damage to your eyes.
Cozy Home = Dry Eye?
This fall and winter, when indoor heating is in use, a humidifier or a pan of water on the radiator adds moisture to dry air.
Shield Your Eyes From Allergies?
Sunglasses or eyeglasses can help prevent pollen from getting in your eyes.
What Is an Ophthalmologist?
Are You Fit at 40?
A baseline eye exam is recommended at age 40, when the signs of disease and changes in vision may start to occur.
Eye Health News
- Many people start to notice changes in their eyesight that increase as they get older. It's important to know when the changes are a normal part of aging and when they may by symptoms of a sight-stealing eye disease.
- Did you know that avoiding smoking and second hand smoke - or quitting if you are a smoker - are some of the best investments you can make in your long-term eye health?
- If your eyes feel like a sand dune and your vision improves when you blink, you've probably got dry-eye syndrome. This used to be considered a women's thing, caused by hormonal changes at menopause, but thanks to our fondness for staring at screens it's becoming an equal opportunity ailment.
NPR Shots Blog, September 4, 2014
- Eye Health News >
- In addition to applying antiseptic to the eye, lid and lashes before an eye injection, it is not uncommon for ophthalmologists to prescribe antibiotic eyedrops as well for use before or after eye injections to prevent infections. Makes sense, right? Learn what you should discuss with your ophthalmologist.
- Are you EyeSmart? Learn when to get an exam and what that exam should include.
- Your eyes are changing, ready or not. Discover why in your 40s and 50s it’s time for bigger type, more light and probably reading glasses.
- Learn about simple steps you can take now for a lifetime of eye health.
- Living EyeSmart >
Find An Eye M.D.
Ask An Eye M.D.
Recent Ask An Eye M.D.Questions & Answers
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Originally published 07/09/2013
Malcolm Gladwell is a journalist and authorListening well is a gift. The ability to hear what someone says and not filter it through your own biases is an instinctive ability similar to having a photographic memory.And I think we have a great deal of trouble with people who have this gift. There is something about all of us that likes the fact that what we hear is filtered through someone's biases.There are many examples of this phenomenon, but I want to focus on the story of Konrad Kellen, a truly great listener.During the Vietnam War, he heard something that should have changed the course of history. Only it didn't. And today no-one really knows who Kellen was - which is a shame because his statue should be in the middle of the Vietnam Memorial in Washington DC...
- Colorado Students Strip Naked in Protest of ‘Censorship’ of AP History Classes
- They should give this definition of History to all first year undergrads on their first day
- Field Report: What I learned by attending a workshop on Korean history
- Historians suggest ways California can integrate gay history into the school curriculum
- Now it’s Andrew Bacevich’s turn to do a MOOC
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Thank you for helping us expand this topic!
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The topic Alexander Berkman is discussed in the following articles:
...she worked in clothing factories and came into contact with socialist and anarchist groups among her fellow workers. Moving to New York City in 1889, Goldman formed a close association with Alexander Berkman, who was imprisoned in 1892 for attempting to assassinate Henry Clay Frick during the Homestead steel strike. The following year she herself was jailed in New York City for inciting...
...Carnegie into the largest manufacturer of steel and coke in the world. As a result of his leading role in the dispute during the Homestead (Pa.) steel strike of 1892, he was shot and stabbed by Alexander Berkman, an anarchist, but survived.
Public support for the strikers, undermined by the brutal treatment of the surrendered Pinkertons, suffered more damage with an assassination attempt on Frick by Russian anarchist Alexander Berkman, who was not connected to the union, on July 23. In the meantime, waves of criminal charges were lodged against scores of union leaders and workers. Although almost all were eventually acquitted, the...
role in U.S. Anarchism
TITLE: anarchism SECTION: Anarchism in the Americas
...sustained by immigrants from Europe, including Johann Most (editor of Die Freiheit; “Freedom”), who justified acts of terrorism on anarchist principles; Alexander Berkman, who attempted to assassinate steel magnate Henry Clay Frick in 1892; and Emma Goldman, whose Living My Life gives a picture of radical activity in the...
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- 1.1 [Geography/Geografía] [Meteorol] [climate/zone] templadoMore example sentences1.2 (moderate) [formal] [person/language/conduct] moderado, comedido
More example sentences
- The temperate climate has mild to warm summers and cool winters.
- Belarus has a temperate continental climate, with a mild and humid winter, a warm summer, and a wet autumn.
- The climate is temperate and is more mild and humid along the western marine coast.
- Ever since that day, she had been extremely temperate in her consumption of alcohol.
- As a result, British masculinity was constructed as a controlled, temperate ideal type.
- A man of a singularly disinterested and modest disposition, he was temperate in speech and act, but zealous for the social and political reforms which were the aims of the radicals in his day.
Here is a selection of useful words and phrases you will need in real-life situations while you're visiting Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries...
Did you know that the primary meaning of almuerzo is lunch? It is used only in this sense in most of Latin America. In Spain and Mexico, where comida is the usual word for lunch, almuerzo can also be a mid-morning snack.
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The topic Jus Flavianum is discussed in the following articles:
...advantage over the plebeians. Flavius learned procedure while serving as secretary to the censor and consul Appius Claudius Caecus. About 304 he made his findings public in a work later known as the Jus Flavianum. From this work the Roman people for the first time could learn the legis actiones, or verbal formulas required to maintain legal proceedings, and...
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If the neighbor's baby is uttering full sentences and your adorable infant has yet to say "ma-ma," should you worry?
Most likely not, according to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Children pass through consistent stages as they learn to speak, but they progress at different rates, and the range of normal development is quite wide. Children whose language abilities bloom a little later will probably catch up with peers by the time they go to school.
Sometimes delayed speech signifies a more serious problem, though. Speech-language pathologists look for particular signals in determining whether a late-talking child is likely to catch up:
Children begin understanding language before they speak. Late-talking children whose understanding of language is age-appropriate are more likely to be late bloomers than to have true language delays.
Children who use many gestures for communication purposes are more likely to catch up with peers than those who don't.
If a child's language skills are progressing steadily, chances for catching up are good, even if that progress is slow.
A CBS News story said language development can be influenced by a child's natural temperament and talents. And, having older brothers and sisters affects speech acquisition, too.
"Many babies with siblings reach milestones sooner because they push themselves to keep up," the story said. "On the other hand, some babies allow their siblings to do everything for them."
Being born early can cause babies to reach language milestones later, so parents of preemies should count from the due date instead of birth date as they check up on milestone achievements. And with any child, consult with your doctor if you notice dramatic delays or delays in more than one area. Also, tell your doctor if your child doesn't understand you and respond by the age of two.
LD Online, a leading website on learning disabilities, lists some of the ordered milestones that form building blocks of language development and offers parents tips for helping children learn to talk. Here's a sample:
By age one a child should:
Say two or three words besides "mama" and "dada."
Recognize his or her name.
Parents can help by responding to their child's cooing and babbling, reading colorful books every day, telling nursery rhymes and singing songs.
Between one and two a child should:
Use 10 to 20 words, including names.
Combine two words, such as "daddy bye-bye."
Make the sounds of familiar animals.
Parents can help by talking simply and slowly to their child about everything that's going on throughout the day and providing children's recordings.
Between two and three a child should:
Carry on conversation with self and dolls.
Have a 450-word vocabulary.
Combine nouns and verbs: "mommy go."
Parents can help by encouraging children to answer simple questions, reading books daily and carrying on conversations with their children.
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It's been described as the sexiest space mission of recent years. On Nov. 11, a European space probe will attempt to land on the surface of a comet. The Rosetta probe's journey from Earth to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko has taken more than 10 years. Currently, the probe is in orbit about 30 miles from the comet. If Rosetta's lander, named Philae, is successful, it will be the first spacecraft to land on the surface of a comet.
Comets are celestial bodies left over from the formation of the solar system about 5 billion years ago. Known for their magnificent tails that form when they approach the sun, comets are actually "dirty snowballs," in the words of astronomer Fred Whipple. Since comets are the oldest objects in the solar system, their composition may provide clues as to how the solar system formed. Ice from comets may have provided some of the water that now covers about 70% of the Earth's surface. Comets may even hold the secret to the origin of life on Earth.
The first landing on the surface of a comet is an exciting scientific story, but it's also an exciting engineering story. Landing on a comet is no simple task. The comet is moving at about 84,000 mph and rotating with a period of 12.7 hours. It's relatively small -- about 2 miles by 2.5 miles. Also, it's not round. The comets shape has been compared to a rubber duck. All these factors make just positioning the probe for the landing a challenge.
At a distance of 270 million miles from Earth, it takes about 30 minutes for signals from mission control to reach the spacecraft. This means that the challenge of landing on the comet will need to be handled automatically. This difficult computational task will be carried out by a processor that, according to former NASA software engineer Tim Reyes, is only about as powerful as a mid-1990s hand calculator.
Then there's the fact that the comet's gravity is very weak -- about 1/10,000 that of Earth. This creates the possibility that the lander could bounce off the surface and float into space. To prevent this from happening, the Philae lander is equipped with a pair of harpoons with high-strength beryllium copper tips and stainless-steel barbs. When the lander touches down, tungsten filaments will ignite pyrotechnic charges that will fire the harpoons into the comet at a speed of about 300 feet per second. The harpoons -- attached by cables to the base of the lander -- will embed into the comet's surface. A brushless DC gear motor will pull the cables tight, anchoring the lander to the surface.
At the same time, ice screws in each of the lander's three feet will drill into the surface. A compressed gas thruster at the top of the lander, similar to those typically used to slow spacecraft during their descent but oriented in the opposite direction, will provide additional downward force to hold the lander against the surface.
The Rosetta probe was designed and built to travel to a different comet. However, its mission to comet 47P/Wirtanen was cancelled just a month before its scheduled launch. On Dec. 11, 2002, an Ariane 5 rocket carrying two European communications satellites went off-course and self-destructed three seconds after launch. All European space missions, including Rosetta, were grounded until the cause of this failure could be determined. The Rosetta mission finally launched on March 2, 2004, nearly 14 months after the original planned date.
The delay meant that a new target had to be selected. Instead of comet 47P/Wirtanen, the probe would now travel to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. This created a challenge for the engineering team. Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is larger than comet 47P/Wirtanen. The higher gravity meant that the landing velocity would be increased by a factor of three. Since kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the velocity, the kinetic energy would be increased by a factor of nine. To add to the challenge, the lander had already been built, tested, flight qualified, and attached to the orbiter. This meant that no major hardware changes were possible.
The engineering team used Simpack multi-body simulation software to see how the lander would fare on the new comet. The lander consists of a box-shaped head mounted by a universal joint to three legs. The purpose of the universal joint is to limit the transfer of angular momentum between the lander and the comet. Essentially, it allows the lander's head to swing like a jack in the box. However, the simulation showed that, under certain conditions, the head could crash into one of the lander's legs. Therefore, the engineers designed a mechanical tilt limiter, which restricted the universal joint's rotation to three degrees. The tilt limiter was attached to the lander prior to launch, without having to remove it from the orbiter.
Will this solution work? Hopefully, on Nov. 11, 2014, the world will find out.
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Summary: The ninth edition continues to provide engineers with an accessible resource for learning calculus. The book includes carefully worked examples and special problem types that help improve comprehension. New applied exercises demonstrate the usefulness of the mathematics. Additional summary tables with step-by-step details are also incorporated into the chapters to make the concepts easier to understand. The Quick Check and Focus on Concepts exercises have been update ...show mored as well. Engineers become engaged in the material because of the easy-to-read style and real-world examples. ...show lessEdition/Copyright: 9TH 09
11 more offers below.
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WEDNESDAY, April 16, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- Creamy butter or ice cream versus a crunchy granola bar: A new study suggests that the texture of foods influences people's dieting choices.
"We studied the link between how a food feels in your mouth and the amount we eat, the types of food we choose, and how many calories we think we are consuming," wrote study authors Dipayan Biswas and Courtney Szocs, both from the University of South Florida, and others.
In one experiment, participants were asked to sample foods that had soft, smooth, hard or rough textures and then estimate their calorie amounts.
In another test, volunteers were asked to watch and rate a number of television ads, thinking that was the test. But they were also given cups with bite-sized brownies as a "thank you" for their time. Half of the participants were also asked about the amount of calories in the brownies.
Some of the participants received softer-textured brownies while the other half got crunchier brownies. People who had been asked about the calories in the brownies which forced them to focus on caloric intake -- ate more of the crunchy brownies than soft.
On the other hand, those whose minds weren't focused on calories tended to eat more of the soft brownies, the investigators found.
"Understanding how the texture of food can influence calorie perceptions, food choice, and consumption amount can help nudge consumers towards making healthier choices," the researchers concluded.
The study will be published in the August issue of the Journal of Consumer Research.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has more about calories.
SOURCE: Journal of Consumer Research, news release, April 15, 2014
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HealthDayNews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder.gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. For more information on health topics in the news, visit Health News on healthfinder.gov.
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From the mid-eighteenth century Irish country houses flourished. Landowners generated easy income leasing land to tenants. As their wealth increased, so did the size of their country mansions. But factors such as the Great Famine, land reforms, the increasing expense of maintenance and the IRA targeting the houses during the War of Independence took their toll. Gradually, abandoned and forgotten, the houses sank into decay. In 2008 Tarquin Blake found his first abandoned 'Big House' and so began exploring the lost architecture of Ireland. Here, he documents what is left of fifty mansion houses with brief histories and beautiful photographs of the haunting ruins. Included are Mountpelier Lodge (Dublin Hellfire Club), the birthplaces of Daniel O'Connell and the Duke of Wellington, and the one-time homes of Grace O'Malley and of brewing family the Smithwicks of Kilkenny. The inclusion of details from the 1911 Census offers a glimpse of the closing days of the aristocracy and their mansions.
Tarquin Blake, explorer, photographer and historian is author of the website www.AbandonedIreland.com
In 2008 Tarquin Blake found his first abandoned 'Big House' and then began to document the closing days of the landed aristocracy in Ireland and the demise of their country mansion houses.
His acclaimed, bestselling book 'Abandoned Mansions of Ireland', published by The Collins Press, documents the crumbling remains of fifty mansion houses. Included are the birth places of Daniel O'Connell and the Duke of Wellington, and the one-time homes of Grace O'Malley (the pirate queen) and the Smithwicks of Kilkenny (brewers). Beautifully photographed, his striking and evocative images convey an indefinable beauty in the decay and abandonment of what were amongst the finest houses in Europe. He writes about their history and folklore, telling of troubled times and private hardship.
Tarquin Blake lives in County Cork.
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Home > News > Quantum computing: qubits
July 31st, 2006
Quantum computing: qubits
Quantum bits, or qubits, are the quantum equivalent of the transistors that make up today’s computers. In order to carry out the logic of computing, there must be some way to represent the 1s and 0s of computer information. The many candidate qubits all have one thing in common - the ability to switch from one state to a second state. These states are used to represent binary information.
Excitonic Dark States Shed Light on TMDC Atomic Layers: Berkeley Lab Discovery Holds Promise for Nanoelectronic and Photonic Applications September 11th, 2014
Secure Computing for the ‘Everyman': Quantum computing goes to market in tech transfer agreement with Allied Minds September 2nd, 2014
New synthesis method may shape future of nanostructures, clean energy: Findings advance efficient solar spliting of water into hydrogen fuel September 2nd, 2014
A new, tunable device for spintronics: An international team of scientists including physicist Jairo Sinova from the University of Mainz realises a tunable spin-charge converter made of GaAs August 29th, 2014
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- 1.1 countable or uncountable/numerable o no numerable (rotation) giro (m), rotación (f)More example sentences1.2 countable/numerable (complex movement) viraje (masculine)
- Instead he's playing to the girl's movements, creating an intricate pulsation of beats and cycles, hypnotized by every twirl and gyration.
- The high-speed gyrations and shrieking monkeys have been completely eliminated, with a soporific aura of mystique and discovery permeating the recording instead.
- This truly dynamic duo of old-school, street style, hip-hop lyricists from Pittsburgh rocked the house with a nickel bag of attitude and lunatic gyrations to spare.
Find out how to write letters in Spanish, including advice on greetings, layout, endings...
The Senado is the name of the upper chamber of the Spanish Cortes Generales, and the place where it meets. There are 250 senators, most of whom are elected every four years, at general elections, four from each province. A small number of senators are also elected by the autonomous governments.
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Cultural fact of the day
The Senado is the name of the upper chamber of the Spanish Cortes Generales, and the place where it meets. There are 250 senators, most of whom are elected every four years, at general elections, four from each province. A small number of senators are also elected by the autonomous governments. The Senado's functions include discussing, approving, and suggesting amendments to legislation passed by the Congreso de los Diputados and supervising the compensation fund for the autonomous regions.
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LOS ANGELES ó Our Milky Way is home to at least 17 billion planets that are similar in size to Earth, a new estimate suggests. Thatís more than two Earth-size planets for every person on the globe.
Just how many are located in the sweet spot where water could exist is ďsimply too early to call,Ē said Francois Fressin of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, who presented his work at an astronomy meeting Monday.
Itís the first reliable tally of the number of worlds outside the solar system that are the size of Earth, but the hunt for our twin is far from over.
Despite the explosion of exoplanet discoveries in recent years, one find remains elusive: A planet thatís not only the right size but also in the so-called Goldilocks zone where itís not too hot or too cold for water to be in liquid form on the surface.
The sheer number of Earth-size planets gives astronomers a starting point to narrow down which ones are in the habitable zone.
Fressin and his team came up with their figure by conducting a fresh analysis of data collected by NASAís Kepler spacecraft, which was launched in 2009 to track down other Earths. They estimated at least one in six stars in the galaxy hosts a planet the size of ours, translating to at least 17 billion Earth-size worlds.
Using a different method, a team from the University of California, Berkeley and University of Hawaii separately came up with a similar estimate. They calculated 17 percent of distant stars have planets that are the same size as Earth or slightly larger.
The findings were presented at the American Astronomical Society in Long Beach, Calif.
Meanwhile, the Kepler spacecraft continues to spot planets as they pass between Earth and the star they orbit. It found 461 new candidate planets, bringing the total to 2,740 potential planets, said mission scientist Christopher Burke at the SETI Institute.
Most of the new Kepler finds were driven by discoveries of Earth-size planets and super-Earths. Four of those are thought to reside in the Goldilocks zone, but more observations are needed.
Fressin said itís clear that rocky planets abound outside the solar system.
ďIf you look up on a starry night, each star youíre looking at Ė almost each one of them Ė has a planetary system,Ē Fressin said.
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Humber River, river on the western side of the island of Newfoundland, Can., rising in the Long Range Mountains, inland from St. Pauls Inlet. It flows generally southward for 75 miles (121 km) over a series of falls and through several lakes, including Deer Lake, to the Humber Arm of the Bay of Islands at Corner Brook. The river and its valley form a major salmon-fishing, lumbering, hunting, and farming region. A hydroelectric plant at Deer Lake supplies power for the huge paper and pulp mills in Corner Brook, as well as for mining operations at Buchans and local sawmills. The Trans-Canada Highway and the Canadian National Railway parallel much of the Humber’s lower course.
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The topic Mercalli scale is discussed in the following articles:
...1935 the magnitude scale that came to be associated with his name. Based on instrumental recording of ground motion, it provided a quantitative measure of earthquake size and complemented the older Mercalli scale, which was based on an earthquake’s reported intensity. Richter also mapped out quake-prone areas in the United States, though he disparaged attempts at earthquake prediction. He wrote...
...For many years the most widely used was a 10-point scale devised in 1878 by Michele Stefano de Rossi and Franƈois-Alphonse Forel. The scale now generally employed in North America is the Mercalli scale, as modified by Harry O. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931, in which intensity is considered to be more suitably graded. A 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is...
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Advances for Carotid Disease
By Neil Goyal, MD, Instructor in Clinical Medicine, Columbia University and William A. Gray, MD, Director of Endovascular Services New York -Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University.
Stroke is a leading cause of severe disability and the third leading cause of death in the U.S. Despite medical advances, about 700,000 Americans suffer a stroke each year. When a stroke occurs, people may feel sudden onset of weakness in a limb, numbness, difficulty speaking or even a generalized change in behavior.
Rapid medical attention is needed to deliver therapy to help allow brain recovery and prevent recurrent strokes. Physicians now have a variety of options, both medical and surgical, to treat and prevent this potentially devastating complication of cardiovascular illness.
Sources of stroke
Most strokes are caused by emboli, small blood clots that travel to the brain and prevent the normal delivery of oxygen-containing blood. Sources of emboli include the heart itself, the aorta, and the carotid arteries. In some people with an irregular heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation, clots can form in a chamber of the heart and then travel to the brain causing a stroke. The aorta, the largest artery in the body, can develop plaque accumulation that can also break off and travel to the brain.
Chicken Breasts With Cilantro Salsa Enchilada Dip Tofu Yogurt Sauce Salsa Roja Tofu Banana Cream Peach Jam All American Fried Chicken Marmalade-Ginger Pork Chops Cheese-Stuffed Veal Marsala Crab Pitas
A few years ago, I wrote about a friend whose struggles with Disability left him without insulin for weeks at a time. Today, I ask those of you who follow the tradition to light a blue candle for "Tiny", who passed from this world yesterday morning. From what I know, this young man (he was no older than 37, and may not have even reached the age of 30) had early onset type 2...
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MexicoArticle Free Pass
- Government and society
- Cultural life
- Pre-Columbian Mexico
- Conquest of Mexico
- Expansion of Spanish rule
- Colonial period, 1701–1821
- Precursors of revolution
- The Mexican Revolution and its aftermath, 1910–40
- World War II, 1941–45
- Mexico since 1945
- Presidents of Mexico from 1917
Mexico is one of the more-industrialized countries in Latin America, and its membership in NAFTA has further expanded its industrial base, especially for export. Manufacturing accounts for about one-fifth of GDP and provides jobs for about one-sixth of the workforce. Chief manufactures include motor vehicles and parts; processed foods and beverages; paints, soaps, and pharmaceuticals; bricks, cement, and ceramics; iron and steel; metal products; paper and paper products; chemicals; electronics and other consumer products; and refined petroleum.
Historically, a disproportionate share of manufacturing was located in and around the Mexico City metropolitan area, largely because of its huge market and superior infrastructure. The capital’s metropolitan area still dominates manufacturing, and an impressive array of products are manufactured there and in neighbouring cities, including automobiles, electronics, iron and steel, foods, and a wide variety of consumer goods. The government’s efforts to disperse factories to sites away from the Mexico City megalopolis have been aided substantially by the increasing number of maquiladoras producing such goods as motor vehicles and automobile parts, electronics, clothing, and furniture. The overwhelming majority of maquiladora plants are foreign-owned and situated in Mexico to take advantage of low labour costs and less-stringent environmental regulations. Following the advent of NAFTA, there was an explosion of foreign investment in cities around the country, but primarily in the Central and North regions. As a result, industrial employment has become more dispersed than at any time in Mexican history.
Automobile assembly plants produce vehicles for export to the United States and Canada as well as for the domestic market, in such sites as Puebla and Toluca in the Central region, Guadalajara in the West, and Hermosillo in the Northwest. Textile production, traditionally more dispersed than other industries, has its older centres in Puebla and Guadalajara and newer ones in Torreón and Juárez. A growing number of electronics assembly plants, including television and computer components, have been concentrated in Tijuana.
Finance is a cornerstone of Mexico’s service sector and includes savings and loan associations, insurance, the stock market, and commercial banks. Altogether, finance accounts for roughly one-eighth of GDP but a much smaller percentage of the labour force. Mexico formerly had a dual banking structure consisting of governmental financial institutions and private banks that were owned by commercial and industrial groups. In 1982 the private banking sector was nationalized in an effort to reduce the perceived manipulation and exploitation of the financial markets by private capital. Mexico’s financial system was then again privatized in the late 1980s as part of the country’s embrace of neoliberal economic theories.
The Bank of Mexico issues the national currency, the peso, which is divided into units of 100 centavos. The country’s stock exchange plays only a minor role in providing capital. Most funds are secured through government bonds or bank securities.
The United States is Mexico’s most important trading partner, and U.S.-based companies account for more than half of Mexico’s foreign investment. The United States is also the source of about three-fifths of Mexican imports and the destination for more than four-fifths of the country’s exports. In contrast, trade with Mexico represents only about one-tenth of total U.S. trade. Thus, Mexico is far more dependent on the economy of its northern neighbour than the United States is on the Mexican economy. Although both countries are members of NAFTA and the World Trade Organization (WTO), both of which are founded on pledges of free and open trade, Mexico has protested the deleterious effects of subsidized agricultural exports from the United States, including corn, high-fructose corn syrup, and apples. There is mounting concern that these and other U.S. exports, under NAFTA protection, are forcing millions of Mexican smallholders off their farms and into service-based or industrial jobs in maquiladoras or in the United States. Meanwhile, many U.S. workers are concerned about the loss of their jobs to maquiladoras.
Among Mexico’s major exports are machinery and transport equipment, steel, electrical equipment, chemicals, food products, and petroleum and petroleum products. About four-fifths of Mexico’s petroleum is exported to the United States, which relies heavily on Mexico as one of its principal sources of oil. Mexico’s major imports include machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, and consumer goods.
The quantity and value of Mexican exports (especially nonpetroleum exports) grew rapidly in the 1990s, largely in response to the government’s neoliberal economic policies and to the creation of NAFTA. Since then, vast amounts of duty-free imports and exports have flowed between the United States and Mexico within a narrow border zone, especially on roads linking Tijuana, Mexicali, Juárez, Hermosillo, Monterrey, and other major cities with the border.
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work hardening, in metallurgy, increase in hardness of a metal induced, deliberately or accidentally, by hammering, rolling, drawing, or other physical processes. Although the first few deformations imposed on metal by such treatment weaken it, its strength is increased by continued deformations. The reason for this seeming paradox lies in the crystalline structure of metal. As stresses are exerted, the crystals slip against each other; but, because of the complexity of the crystal structure, the more such slips are multiplied, the more they tend to place obstacles in the way of further slippage, because the various dislocation lines crisscross each other. See alsotempering.
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Asopinae Reference Libraries
Pentatomidae is a family of insects that includes some of the stink bugs and shield bugs. If disturbed, stink bugs will emit a pungent, bad-smelling liquid, whose rancid almond smell is due to cyanide compounds. Their antennae are 5-segmented, which gives the family its name. Their bodies are usually shield-shaped. Many stink bugs and shield bugs are considered agricultural pest insects,...
- The navel or umbilicus.
- In Greek archaeology: A central boss, as on a shield, a bowl, etc.
- A sacred stone in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, believed by the Greeks to mark the 'navel' or exact center-point of the earth.
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The East Shore District Health Department (ESDHD) is working with the Connecticut Department of Public Health (DPH) to investigate a case of measles involving a New Haven County resident who attended the Monday morning playgroup at the Blackstone Library on April 21.
Because the measles virus is very easily spread from person to person the ESDHD is asking anyone who was at the library between the hours of 10:30 a.m. amd 1:30 p.m. on Monday, April 21, 2014 to confirm their measles immunization status with their healthcare provider and be aware of the symptoms of measles so they may quickly seek medical attention.
“Fortunately, most people have been vaccinated against measles,” said Michael Pascucilla, director of public health for the East Shore District Health Department. “Our efforts now are to encourage people who were at the library on Monday, April 21, 2014 between 10:30 am and 1:30 pm to confirm their measles immunization status with their healthcare provider and be aware of the symptoms of measles so they may quickly seek medical attention.”
What You Can Do
Know your immune status. Most Connecticut residents have been vaccinated against measles, but if you are unsure, check with your physician.
• Children should receive their first dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine at 12 to 15 months. School-aged children need two doses of MMR vaccine.
• Adults should have at least one dose of MMR vaccine. Certain additional groups at higher risk for exposure to measles need two doses of MMR, such as international travelers, health care workers, and college students. Adults born in the U.S. before 1957 are considered immune to measles from past exposures, but in situations of exposure to measles may benefit from a dose of MMR vaccine to be safer.
If you are unable to determine your vaccination status, you can ask your physician about performing a blood test to check for immunity.
Know the Signs and Symptoms of Measles
• Symptoms of measles generally begin 7 to 14 days after a person is exposed to an infected person. A typical case of measles begins with mild to moderate fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes (conjunctivitis), and sore throat.
• Three to five days after the start of these symptoms, a red or reddish-brown rash appears, usually starting on a person’s face at the hairline and spreading downward to the entire body. At the time the rash appears, a person’s fever may spike to more than 104 degrees Fahrenheit.
• The rash typically lasts at least a few days and then disappears in the same order.
• People with measles may be contagious up to 4 days before the rash appears and for four days after the day the rash appears.
Measles is very easily spread from person to person. If you have a fever and a rash and you think you might have measles, you should avoid public settings and telephone your healthcare providers BEFORE going directly to a healthcare facility so steps can be taken to avoid possibly exposing others.
Should you have addition questions or concerns, please call the East Shore District Health Department at 203-481-4233.
For more information, visit www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4209.pdf
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Do You Want To Show More Details About "mohenjo daro and harappa pictures" ? Then with your need , We will collect and show specific information of mohenjo daro and harappa pictures within short time.......start to Ask now(No Registration , No fees ...its a service from our side).....Our experts are ready to help you..
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The moving tectonic clothing that designed the Himalayas may have triggered a harmful earth quake.
It is also possible that the individuals may have been beaten by another lifestyle.
What we know about the Indus society is increasing. Archaeologists are ongoing to find new relics.
Soon enough, we may learn how this awesome society designed, how they found to create a high level
historical society, and w..................
Mohenjo-daro is an ancient website located in the region of Sindh, Pakistan. Designed around 2600
BC, it was one of the biggest agreements of the historical Indus Area Society, and one of the first
significant town agreements, current at the same time as the cultures of historical The red sea,
Mesopotamia, and The island. Mohenjo-daro was discontinued in the 1800s BC, and was not discovered
until 1922. Considerable excavation has since been p..................
In modern-day Pakistan is a website that was once home to as many as 30,000 individuals of the Indus
Area society. We know it as Mohenjo-Daro – pile of the deceased. The remains of Mohenjo-Daro are a
screen into the strange society of the Indus Area individuals. We know they were innovative. They
had flowing water, a below floor s..................
om the English periods, it is these days just a little crossroads city.
Indus Valley Civilization (also known as Harappan culture) has its very first origins in societies
such as that of Mehrgarh, roughly 6000 BCE. The two biggest places, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa,
appeared circa 2600 BCE along the Indus Stream valley in Punjab and Sindh. The civilization, with a
composing program, locations, and varied public and marketplace, was discovered in the Twenties
, northeast Pakistan, about 35 km european of Sahiwal. The web page needs its name from a modern
little town located near the former course of the Ravi Flow. The existing little town of Harappa is
6 km from the traditional web page. Although modern Harappa has a location staying from the British
periods, it is nowadays just a little (pop. 15,000) crossroads town.The web page of the traditional
town contains the continues to be of a Brownish Age ready town, which was asp..................
d that Maslow identifies, textiles could be deemed to have a role in each one. Few other ‘arts’,
except perhaps for architecture and clothing, have a place in fulfilling every human need, from
basic survival to spiritual development. Textiles provide fundamentals such as warmth and
protection; they help us to identify with one another and can signal social status and role. For
those who work in textiles, it is possible to develop pride in one's craft and to explore a..................
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Future heat waves pose threat to global food supply
The researchers, from the Tyndall Centre at UEA, the Grantham Research Institute for Climate Change and the Environment (London School of Economics and Political Science, London), and Global Environmental and Climate Change Centre (McGill University, Montreal), arrived at their results using the global crop model PEGASUS to simulate crop yield responses to 72 climate change scenarios spanning the 21st century.
The study also identified particular areas where heat waves are expected to have the largest negative effects on crop yields. Some of the largest affected areas are key for crop production, for example the North American corn belt for corn. When the CO2 fertilization effects are not taken into account, the researchers found a net decrease in yields in all three crops, intensified by extreme heat stress, for the top-five producing countries of each crop.
“Our results show that corn yields are expected to be negatively affected by climate change, while the impacts on wheat and soybean are generally positive, unless CO2 fertilization effects have been overestimated,” continued Deryng.
“However, extreme heat stress reinforced by ‘business-as-usual’ reduces the beneficial effects considerably in these two crops. Climate mitigation policy would help reduce risks of serious negative impacts on corn worldwide and reduce risks of extreme heat stress that threaten global crop production.”
‘Global crop yield response to extreme heat stress under multiple climate change futures’ is published in the journal Environmental Letters on March 20, 2014.
Global crop yield response to extreme heat stress under multiple climate change futures
Delphine Deryng, Declan Conway, Navin Ramankutty, Jeff Price and Rachel Warren
Delphine Deryng et al 2014 Environ. Res. Lett. 9 034011
- Irrigation Association to release online courses with Cal Poly
- Monsanto to invest $120 million in Argentina
- Ag markets ended Tuesday mostly lower
- Fat molecules influence function of key photosynthesis protein
- Monsanto honored for efforts in developing agriculture in Vietnam
- Corn stocks top 1.2 billion bushels
- U.S. GMO labeling foes triple spending in first half of this year
- Source shows half of GMO research is independent
- Activists fighting Golden Rice even more in 2014
- White House issues veto threat on bill to block WOTUS rule
- How much corn can the ethanol industry use?
- East-West Seed signs marketing collaboration with Monsanto
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The patent's assignee is
News editors obtained the following quote from the background information supplied by the inventors: "An RF power amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier used to convert a low-power radio-frequency signal into a larger signal of significant power, typically for driving the antenna of a transmitter. It is usually optimized to have high efficiency and high output power, while minimizing heat dissipation. The basic RF amplifier apparatus includes an input circuit, a splitter, a final stage and a combiner that operate together to deliver the amplified output.
"Existing RF amplifiers have problems. The RF amplifier assembly described above is difficult to manufacture, involves multiple assembly steps, and the assembly process is error prone. For example, each of the input signal circuit, splitter, modules of the final stage and combiner can be assembled on different printed circuit boards (PCBs). As such, wiring has to connect the circuitry together for the amplifier to operate. The circuitry and wiring of the RF amplifier can generate EMI that can affect the operation of the various electronic components of the circuit. Accordingly, the circuitry and wiring must be shielded and laid out on the circuit board in such a way so as to reduce RF and spurious emissions. Traditionally, this wiring is shielded by using a sheathed cabling to connect the various electronic components. However, the use of cabling creates significant routing and assembly issues and is difficult to implement. For example, the cabling can make the various solder connections difficult and time-consuming to implement. Moreover, the cabling and layout of the cabling for the traditional power amplifier has the potential to increase power losses on the wiring, reducing the overall efficiency of the power amplifier.
"In addition to the wiring issues, a heat sink must also be provided in the amplifier to dissipate the heat generated by the electronic components and wiring. The heat sink must be disposed to maximize the dissipation of heat generated by the electronics, while exposing the electronic components so that they can also receive EMI shielding. To do this, multiple layers are used to provide the heat sink and EMI shield. Because the devices can be highly irregular, each electronic component could have its own heat sink, printed circuit board and EMI shield, increasing the number of components in the assembly, and creating more wiring issues.
"Embodiments of the present invention attempt to resolve these issues and issues relating to combiners for RF power amplifiers."
As a supplement to the background information on this patent application, VerticalNews correspondents also obtained the inventors' summary information for this patent application: "In accordance with the disclosed subject matter, various RF power amplifier architectures are disclosed.
"One embodiment of the invention is an RF power amplifier that comprises a controller, a driver, a splitter, a final stage, and a combiner coupled together to function as the RF power amplifier. One or more of the above components are arranged on one or more motherboards, e.g., a printed circuit board (PCB). A heat sink defines a base of the RF power amplifier, and in some embodiments the base includes at least two grooves formed therein, wherein the electrical components of the splitter and electrical components of the controller fit within one or more of the grooves so that these components can be substantially disposed within the heat sink. In some embodiments, a power rail is also provided, and is also disposed substantially within the heat sink. The power rail groove of the heat sink and the carrier of the final stage provide an EMI shield of the power rail.
"Other embodiments of the invention include an RF power amplifier architecture that comprises a motherboard printed circuit board (PCB), the motherboard PCB including electrical components for at least a splitter of the RF power amplifier; and a heat sink defining a base of the RF power amplifier, the heat sink including a groove. In some embodiments, the electrical components of the splitter and electrical components of a controller fit within the groove, and the heat sink serves as an EMI shield for RF and spurious emissions. In some embodiments, the RF power amplifier architecture is scalable and configurable without substantial design changes for RF power amplifiers over a range of frequencies and power levels.
"Another embodiment of the invention is a combiner for an RF amplifier. The combiner can include a ferrite core for low frequency operation, where the ferrite core has a hole defined therein. The combiner also includes a coaxial cable and a stripline. The coaxial cable is dimensioned to the highest operating frequency of the RF amplifier, and the coaxial cable has a first dielectric constant, wherein the coaxial cable connects an RF output of at least two final stages in parallel to the output of the RF amplifier, and the coaxial cable is routed through the hole of the ferrite core. The stripline has a second dielectric constant, and the stripline connects the RF output of the at least two final stages in parallel to the output of the RF amplifier. The stripline is routed around the ferrite core. In this embodiment, the electrical length of the stripline is matched to the electrical length of the coaxial cable, where the electrical length of the coaxial cable is defined by the first dielectric constant and the electrical length of the stripline is defined by the second dielectric constant. Another embodiment is a method for assembling a combiner for an RF amplifier, where the combiner has the features set forth above.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
"So that the features and advantages of the invention may be understood in more detail, a more particular description of the invention briefly summarized above may be had by reference to the appended drawings, which form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only various embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of the invention's scope as it may include other effective embodiments as well.
"FIG. 1A is a block diagram of the RF amplifier according to an embodiment of the invention;
"FIG. 1B is a block diagram of the RF amplifier showing an input circuit/splitter board and the electronic components disposed thereon according to an embodiment of the invention;
"FIG. 1C is a block diagram of a small signal input circuit according to an embodiment of the invention;
"FIG. 1D is a block diagram of a driver amplifier according to an embodiment of the invention;
"FIG. 1E is a block diagram of a module of a final stage according to an embodiment of the invention;
"FIG. 1F is a block diagram of a combiner according to an embodiment of the invention;
"FIG. 1G is an equivalent circuit figure for the combiner shown in FIGS. 1F and 2D;
"FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a heat sink and electromagnetic field ('EMF') shield having corner brackets for bracing the heat sink and EMF shield into a case according to an embodiment of the invention;
"FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the heat sink and EMF shield having a printed circuit board ('PCB') disposed thereon according to an embodiment of the invention;
"FIG. 2C is a partially transparent top plan view of the PCB disposed on the heat sink and EMF shield according to an embodiment of the invention;
"FIG. 2D is an exploded, assembly view of the combiner according to an embodiment of the invention;
"FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the heat sink and EMF shield showing a portion of the PCB having components that generate heat and/or an EMF being disposed so as to be substantially encased by the heat sink and EMF shield according to an embodiment of the invention;
"FIG. 4A is a view of back panel assembly of an RF amplifier showing a plurality of fans for generating air flow through a portion of the heat shield and cover portions over various printed circuit boards according to an embodiment of the invention; and
"FIG. 4B is a view of the assembled RF amplifier showing a plurality of fans for generating air flow through a portion of the heat shield and cover portions over various printed circuit boards according to an embodiment of the invention."
For additional information on this patent application, see: CORREA, Paulo; WIKE, Donald M.; MOGILEVSKY, Leonid. Rf Power Amplifier and Method of Assembly for Same. Filed
Keywords for this news article include: Circuit Board, Electronic Components, Electronics,
Our reports deliver fact-based news of research and discoveries from around the world. Copyright 2014, NewsRx LLC
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TESOL president, speaks about TESOL.
Tag Archives: language connections
The Game: The object of Similarities Galore is to see relationships in visual photos and to listen to others’ ideas about the personal connections they see. These relationships help spark imagination and creative thinking while building stronger language skills. Research … Continue reading
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Felix became bishop of the northern Italian diocese of Brescia around the year 617. In the early years of his episcopate, he was able to erect several new churches with the assistance of the Catholic Lombard queen, Theodolinda. The accession of King Rotharis to the Lombard throne in 636 was to be a cause of great challenges for Felix. Rotharis, an adherent of the Arian heresy that denied the divinity of Christ, sought to impose Arianism upon the region, going so far as to appoint an Arian bishop in contravention of Felix’s authority. Felix energetically battled the spread of this heresy through his exhortations to the people in sermons and in personal conversations. A series of natural calamities in Brescia, beginning with an earthquake, gave added effectiveness to the bishop’s admonitions summoning the people to penitence. At the same time, Felix pleaded to God on behalf of the people for an end to the city’s misfortunes.
Leger was raised at the court of King Clotaire II and by his uncle, Bishop Didon of Poitiers. Leger was made archdeacon by Didon, was ordained, and in about 651, became abbot of Maxentius Abbey, ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
By tradition Joachim and Anne are considered to be the names of the parents of Mary, the Mother of God. We have no historical evidence, however, of any elements of their lives, including their names. Any stories about Mary's father and mother come to us through legend ... continue readingMore Female Saints
St. Michael the Archangel - Feast day - September 29th The name Michael signifies "Who is like to God?" and was the warcry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against satan and his followers. Holy Scripture describes St. Michael as "one of the chief ... continue reading
The name Gabriel means "man of God," or "God has shown himself mighty." It appears first in the prophesies of Daniel in the Old Testament. The angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. His name also occurs in the apocryphal book of Henoch. He was the ... continue reading
St. Paul, the indefatigable Apostle of the Gentiles, was converted from Judaism on the road to Damascus. He remained some days in Damascus after his Baptism, and then went to Arabia, possibly for a ... continue reading
By St Therese of Lisieux
O Jesus, my love, at last I have found my calling: my call is love. Certainly I have found my place in the Church, and you gave me that very place, my God. In the heart of the Church, my mother, I will be love, and thus I will be all things, as my desire finds its ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes
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Life Was A Song You Would Sing
Life was a song you would sing
In your warm, beautiful way,
From the moment you first drew breath
Until your last mortal day.
Every morning you would rise,
Filled with hope, just as a bird,
And with an optimistic mind,
Make your way through the world.
Always a spring in your step,
You would walk, long and tall,
Singing a quiet song in your heart
Of life's joys, great and small.
There were times sorrow came,
When your heart yearned for peace,
But even then, not for one day
Did your melody cease.
Full eighty-seven years -
A blessed life - you were given;
At rest it seemed you were still singing -
As a pure angel of heaven.
Copyright Susy Evelyne,25 October 2013
Susy Evelyne's Other Poems
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- Not Just You, Fariza Nur Shabrina
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No longer able to find sea ice, walruses turn to land
October 2, 2014 09:24 AM - Morgan Erickson-Davis, MONGABAY.COM
A mass of thousands of walruses were spotted hauled up on land in northwest Alaska during NOAA aerial surveys earlier this week. An estimated 35,000 occupied a single beach — a record number illustrating a trend in an unnatural behavior scientists say is due to global warming. Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus)—iconic arctic mammals that are only distantly related to seals—traditionally use sea ice to rest, breed, and give birth, and as a vantage from which to spot mollusks and other food sources. However, as their habitat warms and sea ice melts, walruses are forced to come to land more often and in greater numbers.
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Posted on April 10, 2014
For the bookworms among us, one of the best things about a garden on a quiet day is having a calm and relaxing place to sit and read. But, here’s an idea: take the story out of the pages and put it in your landscape.
The Secret Garden, beloved novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett, tells the story of a downtrodden little girl that discovers the key to a locked and mysterious garden. Through the garden, she becomes close with her cousin and a boy from the village, and together they bring the long abandoned place back to life. The book is filled with wonderful descriptions of flowers left to grow wild, creeping up sun dials and walls, and filling the air with fragrance. She mentions roses, columbines, delphinium, poppies, larkspur, crocus, daffodil, and snowdrops—unfortunately, illustrations can’t do it justice. But, Burnett gives you everything you need to try and recreate at least a little piece of the magic of the story.
Try reading through your favorite books, plays, and poems, and consider planting a literary garden. You can try to replicate a particular place in literature, or simply plant an array of plants that occurs in a body of work from your favorite author. Bring the imaginary to life with your own unique interpretation.
Here are some ideas to get you started:
From trees to flowers to edibles, plants played a crucial role in the histories and explanations of the pantheon of gods and goddesses that ruled over the ancient Greek world. The mythology of these deities served as a tool for Greek civilization to make sense of the world around it, and the plants in these stories are often important tools in the interactions between mythological characters. Greek myth also simply explained why certain plants with which Grecian society was familiar existed in the first place.
- The myth of Persephone was an incredibly important story that ancient Greeks used to explain the passing of the seasons. Persephone was the only daughter of Demeter, the harvest goddess, and had unknowingly captured the affection of Hades, god of the underworld. As she was out collecting a bouquet of rose, delphinium, crocus, violet, iris, and lily, she was coaxed into Hades’ clutches by a beautiful daffodil. When Persephone came close, a hole opened underneath her, and Hades carried her to the underworld. Demeter frantically searched the world above for her daughter, halting all growth and vowing angrily to keep the world in a barren state until her daughter was returned. Hades was ordered to give up Persephone, but not before feeding her a single pomegranate seed. By swallowing the seed, Persephone was bound to return to the underworld as Hades’ wife and queen for the third part of every year, and it is during this time that the world experiences winter.
- The titan Prometheus, friend and creator of man, angered Zeus, king of the gods, by stealing meat and, more importantly, fire from the gods to give to mortal man. Prometheus hid it inside of a fennel stalk, and humans had access to fire from that time forward. For his insolence, Prometheus was chained to a mountain only to have his liver eaten daily by an eagle.
- Beautiful youth Adonis was the lover of Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty and love. When he was killed by a wild boar, Aphrodite mourned terribly, and to commemorate his death and her sorrow, she poured the drink of the gods onto his spilled blood, and from the ground sprang the first red anemones, significant in their short-lived beauty.
William Shakespeare employed plants frequently in his plays and poetry, particularly those that he would have seen readily in his native England. Literary scholars have paid particular attention to Shakespeare’s use of plants during specific scenes or lines—plants or flowers often signify a deeper meaning about a person or event. The mere mention of a flower could conceal an insult, joke, or could foreshadow the ultimate fate of a character involved in the scene. Shakespearean gardens can include any of the more than two hundred plants mentioned by Shakespeare in his work. Shakespeare gardens have been installed in Central Park in New York City, Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, and in the Cultural Gardens in Cleveland.
“There’s rosemary, that’s for remembrance. Pray you, love, remember. And there is pansies, that’s for thoughts. There’s fennel for you, and columbines. –There’s rue for you, and here’s some for me. We may call it “herb of grace o’ Sundays. –Oh, you must wear your rue with a difference. –There’s a daisy. I would give you some violets, but they withered all when my father died. They say he made a good end.” — William Shakespeare, Hamlet.
Ophelia, having succumbed to madness after the murder of her father and rejection by her lover, Prince Hamlet, passes out flowers (either real or imaginary) to her brother, Laertes, Hamlet’s mother, Queen Gertrude, and the queen’s husband, Claudius (Claudius is the brother of Gertrude’s dead husband, and Hamlet’s uncle). Though she seems to be speaking nonsense, the symbolic meanings of the flowers she passes around may be expressing her true feelings toward each character. Rosemary and pansies symbolize remembrance and thoughts, which may represent her thoughts on her father. She presents Gertrude and Claudius with fennel and columbine, which may symbolize ingratitude, adultery, flattery and cuckoldry—perhaps a comment on Gertrude’s marriage to her brother-in-law or disparagement of Claudius. Rue symbolizes repentance or sorrow, possibly Ophelia saying that they should repent or speaking on her own sorrow (and foreshadowing her eventual death—rue can be poisonous). Daisies represent innocence and failed love, and violets, faithfulness, which she does not have or pass out since her father’s death. What Shakespeare actually meant when using these flowers remains unclear, and Ophelia’s flower speech is still up for interpretation.
The mention of plants in poetry is as old as poetry itself. Pastoral and romantic poets, in particular, valued the beauty and simplicity of nature above all else, and plants are found in much of their imagery. Plants are used in poetry to invoke mood or emotion in the reader, to allude to past works, people, or places, and to add symbolism where a specific plant carries cultural significance.
- “The modest Rose puts forth a thorn, / The humble sheep a threat’ning horn: / While the Lily white shall in love delight, / Nor a thorn nor a threat stain her beauty bright.” — William Blake, “The Lily.”
- “”You gave me hyacinths first a year ago; / “They called me the hyacinth girl.” / --Yet when we came back, late, from the Hyacinth garden, / Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not / Speak, and my eyes failed, I was neither / Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, / Looking into the heart of light, the silence.” — T.S. Eliot, “The Wasteland.”
- “Of asphodel, that greeny flower, / like a buttercup / upon its branching stem-- / save that it’s green and wooden-- / I come, my sweet, to sing to you.” — William Carlos Williams, “Asphodel, That Greeny Flower.”
- “Her divine skill taught me this, / that from every thing I saw / I could some instruction draw, / And raise pleasure to the height / Through the meanest object’s sight.” — William Wordsworth, “To the Daisy.”
- “I’d like to go by climbing a birch tree, / And climb black branches up a snow-white trunk / Toward heaven, till the tree could bear no more, / But dipped its top and set me down again.” — Robert Frost, “Birches.”
- “Much can they praise the trees so straight and high, / The sailing pine, the cedar proud and tall, / The vine-prop elm, the poplar never dry, / The building oak, sole king of forests all, / The aspin good for staves, the cypress funeral, / The laurel, meed of mighty conquerors / And poets safe, the fir that weepiest still, / The yew obedient to the bender’s will, / The birch for shafts, the sallow for the mill, / The myrrh sweet-bleeding in the bitter wound, / The warlike beech, the ash for nothing ill, / The fruitful olive, and the platane round, / The carver holm, the maple seldom inward sound.” — Edmund Spenser, “Faerie Queene.”
- “Never such an ambuscade / As of brier and leaf displayed / For my little damask maid. / I had rather wear her grace / Than an earl’s distinguished face; / I had rather dwell like her / Than be Duke of Exeter / Royalty enough for me / To subdue the bumble-bee!” — Emily Dickinson, “My Rose."
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Kings, Queens and Castles Unit Study - Medieval times, medieval history, middle ages unit study, castles, knights unit study
Medieval Unit Study
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Long distance space travel leaves you short, fat and ugly, claim scientists
2009 06 10
By Richard Alleyne | Telegraph.co.uk
Making long space journeys, like those envisaged in the future, will not be good for your looks or figure, claim scientists who believe they will leave astronauts looking short, fat and bald.
They believe living permanently in space for many years, perhaps even for many generations, adversely affects human's looks because they will not require any effort to move or keep warm.
Making long space journeys, like those envisaged in the future, will not be good for your looks or figure, claim scientists who believe they will leave astronauts looking short, fat and bald. Photo: NASA
Near zero gravity would leave humans stunted and cause their bones and muscles to be underdeveloped, said astrobiologist Dr Lewis Dartnell.
They will also have bloated faces and lose their hair because fluid would pool in their skulls and there would be no need for insulation from the cold.
Dr Dartnell, from University College London, admitted that by the time they reach their destination they may not pass an audition for Star Trek.
"With little effort required to move around in microgravity and an environment that is never too hot or cold, future spacemen and women are likely to become pretty chubby," he said.
"Without gravity, fluid would float up to pool in the skull, which would cause the head to look permanently swollen out of proportion.
"Also, with no need for hair to insulate the head or eyelashes to flick dust from their eyes, future humans may become completely hairless."
Speaking at the Cheltenham Science Festival, Dr Dartnell also addressed the question of what aliens on other worlds might look like.
He said: "Certain features of the human body, such as camera-like eyes, head, and legs would evolve time and time again on different worlds, and so many features of alien animals are likely to be instantly recognisable. "However other features of life, such as the number of limbs animals develop, or the shape and colour of trees, would be much more variable between worlds."
The Kepler space telescope was launched earlier this year and is expected to find dozens of Earthlike planets orbiting distant stars.
Some of these could host complex life. But even the nearer stars are so far away that travelling to them could take generations.
By the time the first humans arrive on an extrasolar planet, any aliens they meet are likely to find their appearance a shock.
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It's a three-way tie.
According to the World Meteorological Organization, the title of “warmest year on record” now belongs to the years 1998, 2005 and 2010.
Data received by the WMO shows no statistically significant difference between global temperatures those years.
A WMO press release on Thursday stated that 2010 was an exceptionally warm year over much of Africa, parts of Asia, and Arctic Canada. It also says that December 2010 was exceptionally warm in eastern Canada and Greenland.
Arctic sea-ice cover in December 2010 was the lowest on record – 1.3 million square kilometers below the 1979-2000 December average, the report also states.
Still, while 2010 was especially warm in parts of the globe, it was abnormally cold in large parts of northern and western Europe. In parts of Norway and Sweden, temperatures were as much as 10°C below normal. Central England faced its' coldest December since 1890.
The WMO also states that the year 2010 was characterized by a high number of extreme weather events, including a heatwave in Russia, heavy snow in Europe and the devastating monsoonal floods in Pakistan.
The statistics in the WMO's report are based on data sets maintained by the UK Meteorological Office Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit, the U.S. National Climatic Data Center, and NASA.
With files from Associated Press
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The topic Leontief Paradox is discussed in the following articles:
Leontief is also distinguished for having developed linear programming, a mathematical technique for solving complex problems of economic operations. He also is known for the “Leontief Paradox.” Economists had previously held that a country’s exports reflect the commodity most abundant in that country—i.e., labour or capital. However, as Leontief pointed out, though the United...
...exports are generally more labour intensive than the type of products that the United States imports. Because his findings were the opposite of those predicted by the theory, they are known as the Leontief Paradox.
...exporting capital-intensive goods while importing labour-intensive goods. His finding, that U.S. exports were relatively more labour-intensive and imports more capital intensive, became known as the Leontief Paradox because it disputed the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. Recent efforts in international economics have attempted to refine the Heckscher-Ohlin model and test it on a wider range of empirical...
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The topic al-Muwaffaq is discussed in the following articles:
Ibn Tūlūn in Egypt
TITLE: Egypt SECTION: The Ṭūlūnid dynasty (868–905)
In 877, when Aḥmad failed to pay Egypt’s full contribution to the ʿAbbāsid campaign during the Zanj rebellion in Iraq, the caliphal government, dominated by the caliph’s brother al-Muwaffaq, realized that Egypt was slipping from imperial control. An expedition dispatched by al-Muwaffaq to remove Aḥmad from the governorship failed. Taking advantage of the caliphate’s...
...Iraq by capturing al-Ubullah (June 870), a seaport on the Persian Gulf, and cutting communications to Basra, then seized Ahvāz in southwestern Iran. The caliphal armies, now entrusted to al-Muwaffaq, a brother of the new caliph, al-Muʿtamid (reigned 870–892), still could not cope with the rebels. The Zanj sacked Basra in September 871, and subsequently defeated al-Muwaffaq...
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Business & Economics: Home-based Businesses eBooks
A home-based business is a small business that operates from the business owner's home office. In addition to location, home businesses are usually defined by having a very small number of employees.
The prospect of working from home has gained credibility over the years. Home offices can now compete with small commercial businesses and save on rent in the process. High speed internet and cell phones help to make a home-based business a reality.
Many large businesses have grown from home businesses, such as Apple, Hewlett-Packard, and Amazon. Most are started by entrepreneurs. You can get started with your own home business by downloading some of the eBooks offered here.
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US 7442651 B2
An etching technique capable of applying etching at high selectivity to a transition metal element-containing electrode material layer which is formed on or above a dielectric material layer made of a high-dielectric-constant or “high-k” insulator is provided. To this end, place a workpiece on a lower electrode located within a vacuum processing vessel. The workpiece has a multilayer structure of an electrode material layer which contains therein a transition metal element and a dielectric material layer made of high-k insulator. Then, while introducing a processing gas into the vacuum processing vessel, high-frequency power is applied to inside of the vacuum processing vessel, thereby performing plasma conversion of the introduced processing gas so that the workpiece is etched at its surface. When etching the electrode material layer, an HCl gas is supplied as the processing gas.
1. A plasma etching method in manufacturing a MOS transistor, a workpiece being placed on a lower electrode located in a vacuum processing vessel, said workpiece having a lamination of (a) a layer for a gate electrode for said MOS transistor, said layer containing therein a transition metal element, and (b) an underlying dielectric material layer made of a high dielectric constant insulator, to form a metal gate structure for said MOS transistor, comprising:
while introducing a processing gas into said vacuum processing vessel and supplying high-frequency electrical power to inside of said vacuum processing vessel, performing plasma conversion of the processing gas introduced to thereby etch a surface of said workpiece, said processing gas including hydrogen chloride;
performing a main etching process to etch a part of the layer for the gate electrode for said MOS transistor on said underlying dielectric material layer, with applying a first power of RF bias to said lower electrode; and
performing an overetching process to etch the layer for the gate electrode for exposing said underlying dielectric material layer, with applying a second power of RF bias to said lower electrode, wherein said second power is equal to or less than said first power, in milliwatts per square centimeter, so as to enhance the selectivity of etching the layer for the gate electrode relative to etching the underlying dielectric material layer.
2. The plasma etching method according to
3. The plasma etching method according to
4. The plasma etching method according to
5. The plasma etching method according to
6. The plasma etching method according to
7. The plasma etching method according to
8. The plasma etching method according to
The present invention relates generally to plasma etch methodology and, more particularly, to a plasma etching method suitable for etching a transition metal-containing gate electrode material or equivalents thereto.
In recent years, ultralarge-scale integrated (ULSI) circuit devices for use in digital home electronics appliances, personal computers (PCs), mobile cellular phones and others are under requirements for higher integration and higher speed performance. Known basic circuit elements making up such ULSI devices are metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors. See
The gate insulator film 205 may typically be an SiO2 or SiON film, whereas the gate electrode 202 is made of ion-doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si). Regarding respective regions of the gate electrode 202 and source/drain 206 along with extension regions 204 and a channel 209, the carrier mobility of the channel and the gate electrode's work function plus electrical resistivities are controllable by appropriately varying the species and dose of dopant ions and also changing anneal conditions after ion implantation. Whereby, it is possible to fabricate N-channel MOS (NMOS) and P-channel MOS (PMOS) transistors on the same Si substrate while suppressing the so-called “short channel” effect.
A size 210 of the gate electrode 202 of the MOS transistor having the above-stated structure is a critical dimension (CD), so it becomes necessary to microfabricate it with high precision. A currently available common approach to forming the gate electrode 202 is to employ a method having the steps of forming a film of electrode material, depositing thereon a resist film, exposing a circuit pattern, and applying dry etching thereto.
An approach to achieving the dry etching is to use a method for converting a reactive gas into a plasma by electromagnetic waves or else and utilizing ion-assisted reaction due to ions and neutral radicals in the plasma. Several types of apparatus used for the dry etching are known, including etcher tools of the capacitive coupled plasma (CCP) type, inductive coupled plasma (ICP) type and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) type, which are different from one another in plasma creation mechanism. The electromagnetic waves for use with the CCP and ICP etchers are set to 13.56 and 27 MHz, respectively; ECR etcher is designed to use microwaves with a frequency of 2.45 GHz or alternatively ultra-high frequency (UHF) waves of about 450 MHz.
The dry etching apparatus is equipped with a reactive gas introduction mechanism, a plasma processing pressure controlling mechanism, a lower-electrode mechanism for mounting a Si wafer with a to-be-etched film being formed thereon, a Si wafer conveyance/transfer mechanism, and a control module for controlling operation timings of these mechanisms. The lower-electrode mechanism includes an electrostatic chuck (ESC) unit for immovably holding the Si wafer, a Si wafer temperature control unit, and a radio frequency (RF) bias applying unit for attraction and indraft of ions in a plasma.
In the etching apparatus with the above-noted mechanisms, in order to accurately control the size (CD) of gate electrode, it is required to adjust several system parameters (parameter set), such as the kind of a reactive gas, a processing pressure, an output power of electromagnetic wave for plasma creation, a workpiece temperature, an RF bias output power, etc. Consequently, not only in case the to-be-etched film is a multilayered film but also in case this film is made of the same material, there is often performed a multi-step process which adequately switches between prespecified system parameter sets when processing nearby portions of its underlayer boundary or interface.
In the case of performing the multi-step processing, the timing of switching between steps is determined based on a change with time of light emission intensity of molecules or radicals in the plasma or a time change in film thickness interference light. For example, in case a single film is etched, basic steps are a main etching (M.E) for vertically processing most part of a material and over-etching (O.E) for removing residue film components, which steps are used while being switched alternately.
Incidentally, ULSI devices are required to offer low power consumption in addition to the requirements for high integration and high speed performance. A currently investigated means for realizing this low power consumption is as follows. In the case of the MOS transistor shown in
Additionally, in order to further enhance the integration and speed performance, it is also under review to employ a gate electrode using a metallic material (metal gate electrode) in place of the poly-Si gate electrode 202 which has difficulty in depletion-layer suppression. One known example is a p-channel MOS (PMOS) device of the type having a multilayer structure of TaSiN and TiN plus HfO2 films. Other examples are an NMOS device of the type having a multilayer of TaSiN and HfO2 films, and a complementary MOS (CMOS) device having stacked W and SiON films with a TiN film interposed therebetween. As for the gate insulator film, there is known a device using HfSiON other than the traditional dielectric materials, such as SiO2 and SiON.
The TiN, which is an expecting material for use as metal gate electrodes, has been traditionally used as a barrier layer of aluminum wiring leads in the form of a multilayer structure of a resist, TiN, Al, TiN and SiO2 films. For etching the TiN film, a plasma has been used which is created using a Cl2 gas with a BCl3 gas or 3% of CH4/Ar gas and/or fluorocarbon gas being added thereto. In this case, it is known that adding a F-based gas such as CHF3 or else to the Cl-based gas such as Cl2/BCl3 results in an increase in etching rate of TiN.
In case the TiN that has been used in metal wiring processes as stated above is used for the gate electrode, a need is felt to perform the etching while realizing the required vertical shape and, at the same time, sufficiently retaining the selectivity relative to the underlying gate insulator film. An approach to attaining this process is disclosed in JP-A-2004-519838, which teaches a two-step etch technique for performing main etching by use of a Cl2 or F-based gas (CF4, CxHyFz) during etching of a TiN/HfO2 metal gate structure, and, after completion of the main etching of TiN, applying overetching to nearby portions of the underlayer interface by using a Cl2/HBr gas.
Note that the etching conditions of TiN layer 107 are as follows. In the main etching step, a mixture ratio of Cl2 to HBr is 4:1, a processing pressure is 0.2 Pa, an output power of UHF power supply is 500W, an output power of RF bias power supply is 15W, and an electrode temperature is 40° C. In the overetching step, RF bias is set to 10W, and a processing time period is a time required to etch about 30% of the film thickness of TiN layer 107.
As apparent from viewing
At a stair step-like height difference portion 111 of STI, a TiN residue 308 remains at its corner edge, which indicates that the etching amount is deficient with execution of 30%-equivalent overetching. Generally speaking, the overetching treatment time is determinable depending upon the step height deference of STI 111. For example, in case the STI step height difference is 15 nanometers (nm) and the TiN electrode 306 is 20 nm in thickness, an overetching time of more than 75% relative to the film thickness of TiN is required.
As taught from the above-cited document JP-A-2004-519838, when using the Cl2/HBr gas for TiN etching of the metal gate, the selectivity against the underlying high-dielectric-constant or “high-k” film becomes lower. This results in occurrence of both the underlayer dislocation and TiN residue at NMOS and PMOS parts when processing is done for 30% of the overetching time, by way of example. Conclusively, it is difficult to fabricate the intended metal-gate CMOS device.
This invention has been made in view of the above-noted technical background, and its object is to provide an etching technique capable of applying etching with high selectivity to an electrode material layer, which contains therein a transition metal element(s) and which is formed on or above an electrically insulative layer that is made of a high dielectric constant k (“high-k”) insulator.
To achieve the foregoing object, the invention employs the means which follows.
A plasma etching method includes the steps of placing on a lower electrode located within a vacuum processing vessel a workpiece that has a lamination of an electrode material layer containing therein a transition metal element and a dielectric material layer made of a high-dielectric-constant insulator, introducing a processing gas into the vacuum processing vessel, supplying high-frequency electrical power to inside of the vacuum processing vessel, and performing plasma conversion of the processing gas introduced to thereby apply etching treatment to a surface of the workpiece. When etching the electrode material layer, a hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas is applied as the processing gas.
Owing to the above-stated features of the invention, it is possible to provide the etching technique capable of etching with high selectivity an electrode material layer, which contains transition metal elements and which is formed to overlie an insulative layer made of high-k dielectric material.
FIGS. 5 and 6A-6C are diagrams for explanation of an exemplary material being etched (sample No. 3).
An explanation will first be given of the cause of occurrence of either the above-stated penetration or the surface roughness such as shown in
Comparing a TiN surface 401 before etching shown in
It is very likely that this phenomenon is caused by (1) local etching propagation at grain boundary faces or interfaces of TiN as resulted from intrusion or “invasion” of an etchant into Ti—N bonding-weak portions of such TiN grain interfaces due to the presence of Cl2 in a way as suggested by International Symposium on Dry Process 2003, p. 105, or alternatively arises from the fact that (2) oxygen to be released from a certain amount (1 cc or less in flow rate conversion) of quartz components being used during vacuum processing behaves to form Ti—O bonds, thereby becoming a micro-mask.
Accordingly, as the means for resolving both the estimated causes (1) and (2) at a time, an attempt was made to perform etching while replacing the traditional Cl2 gas with an HCl gas. More specifically, it is expected to obtain an effect that the use of the HCl gas results in production of an increased number of hydrogen radicals thereby causing weak bond portions at the TiN grain interface to terminate due to hydrogen or, alternatively, an effect of removing Ti—O bonds away from the surface by hydrogen's reduction action. Additionally, due to containment of chlorine atoms, it is expectable to provide the etching rate which is substantially equal to that in the case of a Cl2 gas.
A result of SEM observation of the TiN surface using the HCl gas is shown in
As shown in
From the foregoing, it is evident that based on the finding that (1) it is the Cl2 gas that causes surface roughness of TiN and (2) using the HCl gas in place of Cl2 gases, it is possible to avoid needle-like residues of TiN while retaining the etch rate to a level equivalent to that in the case of using Cl2 gases—furthermore, it is possible to eliminate surface damaging to its underlying surface.
This effect was the same in regard to a case where a transition metal material (e.g., material that contains Ta or Mo) is used which forms chemical compounds similar to TiN.
It should be noted that in order to improve the underlayer selectivity, it is important to reduce physical damages against the underlying surface. For this physical damage reduction, a need is felt to lessen the energy of incoming ions from a plasma.
According to experimentation, it is possible to restrain such physical damages to thereby implement the intended overetching of more than 75% relative to the TiN film thickness, by using an HCl gas as the processing gas and by setting the RF bias to a low bias condition of less than 10W per 8 inches (i.e., 10W for a 8-inch diameter wafer: 30 mW/cm2).
At this time, the energy of ions falling onto a workpiece, such as a semiconductor wafer or else, varies depending on the RF bias and plasma density. However, in the etching conditions stated above, a time average of incident ion energy was at 50V.
The above-noted experimentation revealed that the use of the HCl gas as the processing gas in place of Cl2 gas makes it possible to suppress occurrence of needle-shaped residues upon etching of an electrode material layer which contains therein transition metal elements and which is formed on or above a dielectric material layer made of high-k insulator. It is also understandable that adjusting the RF bias to a lower level enables preclusion of underlayer dislocations while at the same time retaining the verticality of the etching.
Referring now to
An etching gas is such that its flow rate is appropriately adjusted under the control of a mass flow controller or the like. After having subjected to adequate gas mixture, the resulting gas is introduced into the interior of the etching chamber 707 through a gas inlet pipe 717 and a shower plate 706 and, thereafter, is exhausted by a high vacuum pump 708 together with etching reaction products and others. Note that a pressure during etching treatment is controllable to any desired value by causing an adjustable valve 709 to change the conductance of an exhaust air flow path.
A silicon (Si) wafer 716 for use as a workpiece to be etched is mounted on a lower electrode 710, which offers the supportability to various sized wafers having diameters of from 8 to 12 inches, through alteration of a susceptor 711. The lower electrode 710 is concentrically divided into a plurality of regions, each of which is controllable to a predetermined temperature by use of a circulator 712.
During etching, the wafer 716 is electrostatically adsorbed or sucked while supplying to a suction electrode a DC voltage of −1000 to +1000V, which is generated by a DC power supply 715. Additionally, in order to enhance thermal conduction efficiency, a He gas is filled into a gap space between wafer 716 and lower electrode 710, for controlling a pressure thereof. Also note that in order to control the energy of ions in a plasma, the lower electrode 710 includes an RF bias power supply 713 and a matching box 714, wherein the former has a frequency of 400 kHz to 13.56 MHz and is capable of applying an output power equivalent to 150W/8-inch in maximum.
An explanation will next be given of a method for using the etcher shown in
An etching end point of the antireflective film 105 is determined as a point at which was dropped the light emission intensity of a wavelength of CN (387 nm) that was sensed by an optical emission spectroscope 717, thereafter followed by jumping to a main etching step of the next poly-Si layer 106 after having performed overetching for an optimal length of time period. The main etching step with respect to the poly-Si layer 106 was done in a way which follows: let the Cl2, HBr or F-based gas be blended with an oxygen-containing gas; then, etching is done while setting the output power of UHF power supply 701 at 300 to 800W, the processing pressure at 0.2 to 0.8 Pa, the output power of RF bias power supply 713 at 10 to 40W, and the lower-electrode temperature at 0 to 80 degrees, respectively. Upon switching from the main etching step to the overetching step, either a film thickness interferometer 718 or the emission spectroscope 717 is used to determine the completion; then, go to the overetching step for removal of poly-Si residue components corresponding to STI stair-step like height difference portions of 0 to 50 nm.
The overetching conditions are set up so that a gas which contains Cl2 or HBr and yet does not contain oxygen is blended, the output power of UHF power supply 701 was set at 300 to 800W, the processing pressure was set at 1.0 to 7.0 Pa, the output power of RF bias power supply 713 was set at 5 to 20W, the lower-electrode temperature was set at 0 to 80 degrees, and the three-stage electromagnet 704 was set so that its magnetic fluxes have an appropriate distribution. Additionally it is required that during such overetching, the poly-Si is processed in the absence of oxygen in light of the fact that TiN is readily bonded with oxygen, resulting in stoppage of etching, called the “etch stop.”
Thereafter, etch the TiN layer. First, supply an HCl gas with a flow rate of 50 to 150 ccm and settings are done so that the output power of UHF power supply 701 is at 300 to 600W, the processing pressure is 0.1 to 0.4 Pa, the output power of RF bias power supply 713 is 5 to 15W, the lower-electrode temperature is 0 to 80 degrees, and the magnetic fluxes of three-stage electromagnet 704 have an adequate distribution. While the end point of the TiN etching is obtainable by measurement of a change with time of the plasma emission of reactive products of Ti or the film thickness interference, this example is such that a time change of 416 nm TiCl plasma emission was detected for switching the step at a time point at which the TiCl emission intensity begins to drop down. A cross-sectional view of the to-be-etched material immediately after completion of such step switching is shown in
As shown in
As shown in
Such effect and advantage are also obtainable when using other materials containing therein Ti, Ta, Ru or Mo, which is a transition metal that forms chemical compounds being similar in nature to TiN. It should be noted that although SiO2 or SiON films are usable as the high-k material film, the advantage is significant with respect to those materials of higher dielectric constants than that of SiO2, which are large in surfer roughness even immediately after completion of film fabrication and thus have the difficulty in establishing the underlayer selectivity, such as HfSiO or HfSiON or else.
In the case of preparing metal-gate CMOS transistor devices, a need is felt to remove the high-k material film after completion of the processing shown in
Although in this example a metal-gate structured workpiece having the poly-Si layer 106 was used as the sample, the TiN layer is etchable similarly even in cases where the poly-Si layer 106 is replaced by a layer of other materials, such as for example W/WN or equivalents thereof.
As shown in
First, an STI 109 is formed on a Si substrate 110. Then, after having formed an element isolation layer, a gate insulating film 108 made of HfSiON, HfSiO, HfO2 or else is formed by atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD) techniques to a predetermined thickness of about 3 nm. Next, in order to selectively form TiN only at PMOS parts, a TiN layer 107 is deposited on an entire wafer surface to a thickness of about 20 nm; thereafter, a film of SiO2-based hard mask is formed by lithography to thereby provide masking at PMOS parts, followed by wet removal of selected portions of the TiN layer at NMOS parts. After having formed on the entire wafer surface a poly-Si layer 106 to a thickness of about 100 nm, ion implantation is carried out to control the threshold voltage of a poly-Si electrode of each NMOS part. Thereafter, an organic antireflective film 105 is deposited and formed by spin coat techniques, followed by execution of ArF exposure for patterning an ArF resist 104 so that its resultant line size is 80 nm, or more or less.
The sample 2 that was formed in this way is then etched by using the etcher shown in
A procedure up to the overetching steps of antireflective film 105 and poly-Si layer 106 is similar to that in the case of the sample 1. During overetching of the poly-Si layer 106, the HfSiON layer 108 is exposed to a plasma at NMOS part 101 while the TiN layer 107 is exposed thereto at PMOS part 102. In such case, higher underlayer selectivity than that of the sample 1 is required.
Next, etch the TiN layer 107. An HCl gas is supplied at a flow rate of 50 to 150 ccm. The output power of UHF power supply 701 was set at 300 to 600W. The processing pressure was set at 0.1 to 0.4 Pa. The output power of RF bias power supply 713 was set at 5 to 15W. The lower-electrode temperature was set at 0 to 80 degrees. The three-stage electromagnet 704 is set so that its magnetic fluxes have an adequate distribution.
In order to reduce physical damages against the HfSiON layer 108 at NMOS part, the output power of RF bias power supply 713 is desirably less than or equal to 10W, which is a minimal output power that guarantees obtainability of TiN's vertical shapes. During overetching of TiN, it is possible by lowering RF bias to 0 to 5W to remove TiN 308 (residues) residing at the STI step-like difference portions 111 (corner edges) shown in
In other words, in the case of etching samples having a dual metal-gate structure such as shown in
Obtaining the selectivity 15 indicates that in case TiN layer is 30 nm in thickness, its underlying high-k material is etched to a degree of 2 nm when performing the etching equivalent to 30 nm of the TiN layer (i.e., 100% overetching).
In addition, it becomes possible to reduce physical damages against the underlying high-k material or the ion-assisted etching yield, by lowering the RF bias output power and lessening the energy of incoming ions.
In this way, by lowering both the RF bias output power and the time average value of incoming ion energy, it became possible to suppress physical damages of the underlying high-k material and lessen the ion-assist etching yield.
Generally speaking, the time average value of the incoming ion energy varies depending on the frequency and waveform of an applied RF bias and the plasma conditions (including a plasma sheath thickness and a mean free path). In the plasma conditions (the RF bias power supply 713 used is designed to generate sine waves with a frequency of 400 kHz) during processing of the sample 2, the time average value of incident ion energy was 50V in case the RF bias output power is set to 10W, which is the minimum output power with obtainability of the above-noted TiN's vertical shape.
In other words, even with the conditions or control parameters which may give the time averaged incident energy of 50V or less, it is possible to obtain the intended etching results of TiN's vertical shape while at the same time suppressing physical damages against the HfSiON layer 108 at NMOS part in a similar way to the supply of an output power of 10W or less, which is the minimum RF bias output power with the capability to obtain the TiN's vertical shape.
This effect is also obtainable when using those materials that contain Ti, Ta, Ru or Mo, which is a transition metal material for forming similar chemical compounds to TiN. Although the high-k material film used may alternatively be a film made of SiO2 or SiON, the effect is noticeable with respect to the case of a material which is higher in dielectric constant than SiO2 and which is large in surface roughness even immediately after film fabrication and thus is difficult to take the underlayer selectivity, such as HfSiO or HfSiON or else.
In the case of metal gate CMOS fabrication, it is necessary to remove away the high-k material film after completion of the processing shown in
FIGS. 5 and 6A-6C are diagrams for explanation of an example of the to-be-etched material (sample No. 3) which is processable by the etching processing apparatus shown in
When preparing the sample, firstly as shown in
Thereafter, form a high-dielectric-constant or “high-k” material insulator film 809 to a thickness of 1.5 to 3 nm and a TiN layer 803 with a thickness of 30 to 80 nm. Then, deposit an organic antireflective film 902 of about 40 to 90 nm thick. Next, form a circuit pattern 901 through exposure using ArF photolithography apparatus or electron beam patterning/imaging equipment. Thus, a shape shown in
A cross-section taken along a parallel plane containing a line A-A′ of
When etching the sample 3 shown in
When etching the TiN layer (main etching), an HCl gas is supplied at a flow rate of 50 to 150 ccm. The output power of UHF power supply 701 was set at 300 to 600W while setting the processing pressure at 0.1 to 0.4 Pa, the output power of RF bias power supply 713 at 5 to 15W, and the lower-electrode temperature at 0 to 80 degrees. The three-stage electromagnet 704 was set so that its magnetic fluxes have an adequate distribution. Then, after having detected an end point of the main etching by optical emission spectroscope analysis, switch it to an overetching step.
Overetching conditions are as follows. An HCl gas is fed at a flow rate of 50 to 150 ccm. The output power of UHF power supply 701 was set at 300 to 600W while setting the processing pressure at 0.1 to 2.0 Pa, the output power of RF bias power supply 713 at 0 to 5W, and the lower-electrode temperature at 0 to 80 degrees.
Owing to the end point detection, it is possible to perform switching from the main etching to the overetching at an accurate timing. Furthermore, by letting the RF bias during overetching be 5W or less, it is possible to form a TiN gate electrode 906 above the fins 801 without suffering from occurrence of underlayer dislocations with respect to the underlying layer (high-k material layer) even after having applied 130% overetching to the TiN layer 903.
When preparing this sample 4 shown in
The sample 4 thus formed in the way stated above is then etched by use of the etcher tool shown in
First etch the antireflective film 105 by a similar method to that in the case of the sample 1; then, apply main etching and overetching to the poly-Si layer 106. Thereafter, add a pure HCl gas or an HCl/HBr mixture gas to a TaSiN layer 1001 and TiN layer 107. Next, etching treatment (main etching and overetching) is performed while setting the output power of UHF power supply 701 was set at 300 to 800W, the processing pressure at 0.2 to 0.6 Pa, the output power of RF bias power supply 713 to 5 to 20W, and the lower-electrode temperature at 0 to 80 degrees, with magnetic fluxes of the three-stage electromagnet 704 being set to have an adequate distribution.
Although appreciable effect is exhibited when the processing gas is an HCl gas only, side-etch is occurrable depending on the Si content of the TaSiN layer 1001. In such case, it is recommendable to add HBr thereto within a range of 80% or below. Adding HBr makes it possible to achieve both the shape verticality and the underlayer selectivity at a time. It should readily occur to those skilled in the art that a step separation technique is employable while using different kinds of gases in accordance with the material composition and film quality required, in such a way that the TaSiN layer 1001 is etched by using a mixture gas of HCl and HBr whereas the TiN layer 107 is etched using the HCl gas only.
In the case of metal gate CMOS formation, a need is felt to remove the high-k material film after completion of the processing shown in
With the processing stated above, it was possible to successfully form TaSiN at NMOS part 101 and TiN gate electrode 114 at PMOS part 102 with good verticality while letting them be free from surface roughness risks. It was revealed that this effect is also obtainable in terms of material that contains a transition metal such as Ta or Mo, which forms similar chemical compounds to TiN.
As stated supra, the illustrative embodiments are designed to use not Cl2 but HCl as a main gas of the etching gas. This enhances the selectivity relative to the underlying high-k material during etching of the transition metal element-containing electrode material layer, which in turn makes it possible to process the electrode material with increased accuracy. In other words, eliminating the use of a Cl2 gas (or suppressing its use amount) enables restraint of occurrence of needle-like residues or surface roughness of the electrode material that contains therein a transition metal (such as Ti, Ta, Ru, Mo or else). It is also possible to preclude surface roughness and underlayer dislocations otherwise occurring due to generation of a local difference in overetching amount with respect to the underlying high-k material layer.
Additionally at the time the HCl gas is used, it becomes possible to apply to the TiN layer the overetching of more than 75% relative to the TiN layer thickness under low-bias conditions with the RF bias being set to 10W per 8-inch wafer diameter (30 mW/cm2). It has been affirmed that these effects are attainable even in the case of using materials containing therein a transition metal such as Ta or Mo, which are expected to form chemical compounds similar in nature to TiN, and Hf-containing high-k materials.
Thus it becomes possible to fabricate, with increased accuracy, metal gate structured CMOS transistor devices of the type having a transition metal-containing gate electrode material (TiN, TaN, TaSiN or Mo) which is formed on or above the high-k material layer (HfSiON, HfSiO, HfO2 or equivalents thereto).
It should be further understood by those skilled in the art that although the foregoing description has been made on embodiments of the invention, the invention is not limited thereto and various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.
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The Paper Pear: 5th Grade Clay Snowmen
O'Keeffe's The Lawrence Tree: Georgia O'Keeffe, The Lawrence Tree, oil on canvas, 31 x 40 inches, 1929 (Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford) Painted in the summer of 1929 while visiting D.H. Lawrence at his Kiowa Ranch during O'Keeffe's first trip to New Mexico, the tree stands in front of the house. Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker
▶ Georgia O'Keeffe, The Lawrence Tree, 1929 - YouTube
Tints of Winter This is one of my favorite value study projects. Great silhouette, crayon resist, value lesson. Use Pablo Picasso's "Winter Trees" for Art History in connection with this project.
Artwork published by KERRI60
Can you believe that the telephone started as this simple drawing by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876? (via loc.gov).......... Great reference for an art lesson about invention and design (engineering)
Art Lessons For Kids - Animal Sillouettes and Patterns
Betsey Fowler's Wildlife Art - Watercolor
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Seattle, the great capital of the Pacific Northwest, has had a tumultuous past, often by placing itself on the road toruin by relying on a single industry and then rebounding gracefully with a typical Seattle resilience.
TIMBER! The Logging Industry and the Origins of Seattle
In the fall of 1851, two intrepid brothers, Arthur and David Denny, (and a handful of others who had migratedwest during the Gold Rush), landed at Alki Point on the western edge of Elliot Bay. After spending a miserablewinter they migrated to the eastern shores where they established the small settlement that would becomeSeattle—a name derived from the joint Chief of the two native tribes that inhabited the region.The first major industry to grace the emerald shores of Elliot Bay was logging. From the time of the first colonialactivities in 1851, the timber trade proved to be the primary source of growth in this small northwestern town.The combination of the safe bay and the proximity of lush and dense millennia-old coniferous forests made Seattlethe perfect location and in 1852 Henry Yesler began construction on the first steam-powered mill in the PacificNorthwest.Seattle quickly boomed, driven by the timber demands of an emerging shipbuilding industry in the area andmassive San Francisco building projects kept money flowing into the town. Traditionally it was believed that thestrip of land that Yesler was given by the settlers (and which is now occupied by Yesler Way) was the first "SkidRow" in America, named for the logs that were dragged down the hill to Yesler's mill. The abundance of alcohol,gambling and prostitution located around this center of the logging industry gave "Skid Row" its modernconnotation. True or not, the tale as been part of Seattle myth for nearly a century.
FIRE! The Great 1889 Seattle Fire
The abundance of timber, however, would prove disastrous for the fledgling town. On June 6th, 1889 a Seattle firebroke out. Since nearly every building was constructed of affordable, but flammable timber, the fire quicklyspread, engulfing nearly the entire downtown including most of the wharves and crippling the port.While the fire was catastrophic, Seattle weathered the disaster and emerged stronger than before. The city wasrebuilt in brick and stone and the massive rebuilding effort stimulated the economy providing thousands of new jobs and ensuring that the economic downturn which had affected much of the country in the last decade of the19th century would not be felt as strongly in the Emerald City.
The Klondike Gold Rush
In August of 1896, gold was discovered in the Klondike region of Canada and the following year the steamshipPortland docked in Seattle's reconstructed harbor with a famed "ton of gold" in its cargo hold. Seattle's temperateclimate and location made it the obvious transportation and supply center for those heading to the frozen north insearch of fortune.While the cold climate and harsh conditions of the Klondike and Alaska ensured migrations were not nearly asextensive as they were to Oregon and California during its 1849 counterpart, the Klondike Gold Rush broughtthousands of people to Seattle and flooded Seattle with reconstruction money.
The 20th Century: Boeing and World War II
Boeing, the largest aircraft manufacturer in the world, and the biggest exporter in the United States, had itshumble beginnings on the emerald shores of Elliot Bay. William Boeing, the company's founder, had his start in thetimber industry that had previously dominated this new capital of the great Northwest. Boeing's knowledge of wood allowed him to begin designing planes and he founded his own airline manufacturing company in 1916.By 1938, the fledgling company had become a world leader in aircraft design and manufacturing. During WorldWar II Boeing was responsible for the design of the B-17 and the B-29, the Allies' most important bombers.Seattle's biggest employer, Boeing churned out nearly 350 planes each month at the height of the war. All thisactivity brought tremendous amounts of capital and labor to Seattle.The end of World War II, however, was disastrous for the adolescent city as nearly 70,000 people lost their jobsovernight when the government cancelled all its pending contracts. While the end of the war proved temporarilycatastrophic, the technology developed during the global conflict, namely the jet engine, ensured Boeing's andconsequently Seattle's healthy survival, as would the escalation of military spending during the Cold War.
The 1962 World's Fair
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In a new paper for Nature, via the Guardian, three environmental scientists from China’s Chang’an University raise concerns about China’s practice of removing the tops of mountains to create more land for construction.
The most ambitious of these projects involves flattening 700 mountains around the central Chinese city of Lanzhou to create more than 250 square kilometers of flat ground. Another, around Yan'an in Shaanxi province, “will double the city's current area by creating 78.5 square kilometers of flat ground.” Other projects have flattened land around Chongqing, Shiyan, and Yichang, part of Beijing’s push to build up China’s less developed western regions and allow for an influx of millions of people from rural areas into cities.
The authors write that “the consequences of these unprecedented programs have not been thought through — environmentally, technically or economically. There has been too little modeling of the costs and benefits of land creation.”
Mountaintop removal has controversially bene done before in the United States for the purpose of strip mining, but never on the scale of what’s being done in China now. According to the authors, the process is already contributing to air and water pollution as well as soil erosion. In Yan’an, where the land is being created on soft loess, there could be a risk of structural collapse. China hasn’t been immune from the growing number of deadly landslides we’ve seen around the world in recent years.
China is still coping today with the environmental impact of the deforestation and soil erosion caused by Mao’s Great Leap Forward. The consequences of Beijing’s efforts to reshape the land tend to last for a long time.
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Understanding Binge Eating Disorder in Men
Binge eating disorder is a type of eating disorder. It affects nearly 8 million people in the US and almost 40% of them are men. It had been viewed as a symptom of other eating disorders but it is now seen as a distinct disorder.
Like other eating disorders it has both psychological and social components. Men with this disorder struggle with the urge to binge, then feel shame at the bingeing incidents. This can become a vicious cycle that increases binges and leads to unhealthy weight gain and obesity. The good news is that this condition is now recognized as a distinct disorder and there are treatments available.
Defining Binge Eating Disorder
Binge eating disorder is a loss of control over your eating. It is different than eating associated with normal weight gain. People with this disorder have an unhealthy connection to eating that leads compulsive behavior. During a binge the amount of food eaten is larger than most people would consume in a similar amount of time. It occurs frequently. The excess amount of food is often eaten in less than 2 hours. In addition to binge eating, people with this disorder will experience some of the following:
- A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode.
- Eating until they feel uncomfortably full.
- Eating large amounts of food when they do not physically feel hungry.
- Eating alone because of embarrassment at how much they are eating.
- Feeling disgusted with themselves, depressed, or very guilty after overeating.
The bingeing may occur at any time of day or night. It is a vicious cycle involving eating, shame, and despair. Bingeing often becomes secretive which may make it difficult for family and friends to recognize that there is a problem.
Risk Factors for Binge Eating Disorder
There are many factors associated with the development of a binge eating disorder. It is usually a combination of circumstances that sets the ball in motion. Here are some common characteristics found in people with binge eating disorder:
- Problems dealing with emotions (certain emotions like anger, sadness, worry, or boredom can trigger binge eating)
- Avoids conflict
- Sensitivity to critical comments about weight, appearance, or body shape
- Low self-esteem
- Past experience with being bullied
- Social isolation
It is not clear if these factors lead to an eating disorder or are caused by the disorder but they are often present together.
How to Get Help
Men with symptoms of binge eating disorder need to seek treatment as soon as possible. Early treatment can minimize the amount of weight gain and perhaps prevent obesity. Binge eating disorder is treatable and may include one or more the following:
- Behavioral counseling (alone or with a group) to find and control triggers.
- Counseling to achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
- Treatment of any underlying disorders that contribute binge eating like depression.
Binge eating disorder is a complicated problem that can go on for years. If you feel you or a loved one needs help, contact your doctor and get started on treatment plan.
National Eating Disorders Organization
Binge Eating disorder in males. National Eating Disorders website. Available at: http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/nedaDir/files/documents/handouts/MalesBED.pdf. Accessed November 7, 2012.
Binge Eating Disorder. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php. Updated October 3, 2012. Accessed November 7, 2012.
Binge Eating Disorder. National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders website. Available at: http://www.anad.org/get-information/about-eating-disorders/binge-eating-disorder/. Accessed November 7, 2012.
Binge eating. Weight-control Information Network website. Available at http://www.win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/binge.htm. Accessed November 8, 2012
Manwaring JL, Hilbert A, Wilfley, DE, et al. Risk Factors and Patters of Onset in Binge Eating Disorder. The International Journal of Eating Disorders.2006 Mar;39(2):101-7.
Reas DL, Grilo CM: Review and Meta-analysis of Pharmacotherapy for Binge-eating Disorder.
Reas DL, Grilo CM. Timing and sequence of the onset of overweight, dieting, and binge eating in overweight patients with binge eating disorder. (published electronically ahead of print)
Int J Eat Disord.
Nov 6, 2006.
Sysko R, Walsh BT: A critical evaluation of the efficacy of self-help interventions for the treatment of bulima nervosa and binge-eating disorder.
Int J Eat Disord.
Vocks S, Tuschen-Caffier B, Pietrowsky R, Rustenbach SJ, Kersting A, Herpertz S. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2010 Apr;43(3):205-17.
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The Ithageneia campaign focuses on raising awareness on the issues that youth with migrant backgrounds face in Greece. Youth with migrant backgrounds or second generation are seen and treated as migrants and not as Greeks, both by society and the State since they are not granted Greek citizenship. The main targets of the campaign are to inform the majority society about the problems those youngsters face, to fight the stereotypes and prejudices that accompany them, to challenge the jus sanguinis model of citizenship acquisition, to promote diversity and make them visible as vital parts of the younger generation of Greek People which includes the diverse people of migrant and Greek origin who were born and/or raised in Greece.
Angelegenheit/Herausforderung und Ziele/Annahmen
In Greece, up to 200.000 children and young adults born to immigrant parents are considered and treated as “aliens” with no access to Greek citizenship and no sense of belonging in Greek society. Our goal is to claim the right of all children to become equal citizens of the country in which they were born and/or raised by:
Promoting a legal framework that ensures the right to citizenship for children of immigrant origin
Raising awareness of this issue throughout Greece, Europe, and internationally through our campaign: Ithageneia.org
Educating Greek society to recognize and accept that these children belong in Greece regardless of their origin. The right to Greek citizenship for all children born or raised in Greece regardless of the origin of their parents is seen as a means to fight discrimination, xenophobia and stigmatization of a specific group of people because of their ethnic background, religion or phenotype.
Wie funktioniert das?
An online petition (www.ithageneia.org) used to raise awareness and to collect signatures from people in Greece and abroad
A blog (secondgenerationgreece.blogspot.gr) with contributions by youth writing about issues regarding citizenship, legislation, racism, etc.
Public events that promote the campaign including organizing a basketball tournament and a Christmas Fundraiser party, and participating in local festivals and in the Annual Athens Biennale (2013)
Gaining media presence through TV & radio show interviews and the publication of articles for online and print newspapers
Promotion through the production of a video, TV commercial, animation, and print media
Networking with organizations in Greece and abroad
Establishment of 3 permanent information channels: a blog, a Facebook page and a Youtube channel
2.000.000 people and 100 public administration/political parties reached through dissemination activities
2 common positions/ agreements formulated with relevant stakeholders
50 public officials with increased awareness and knowledge
Improved understanding and visibility of the Greek situation throughout Greece and abroad (established European network with second-generation organisations).
Second-generation youth and youth in Greece in general have demonstrated a positive reaction towards the campaigns
User groups have been either very positive or had a neutral stance
It was found that the target group (administrative actors and politicians) lacked interest in the action.
We will conduct the midterm evaluation during summer 2014 based on the following indicators:
3,000 hits (PM) on the website,
20,000 brochures disseminated,
1,000 posters placed around the country,
6 campaign events (PY) with 300 participants per event,
4 newsletters (PY),
20 media appearances,
2 stakeholder meetings with public administrators,
10,000 petition signatures.
Verification documents include records of online metrics and media presence, the number of volunteers, attendees at events, peer review of campaigns, etc. The evaluation as well as the whole project is based on a volunteering and in-kind-contributions. Evaluation details will upon completion of the project.
The target population and those who will directly benefit are more than 200.000 children and youth of migrant background living in Greece. In the long term, the campaign may also affect the status of second-generation people throughout Europe. Broadly, Greek society will also benefit since the campaign promotes respect for human rights, social integration, and a democratic and egalitarian society.
Finanzierungsart und benötigte Ressourcen
The project started with 0 budget since we had no specific funding for the ithageneia campaign. Initial expenses were covered by donations made by the members of the group generation 2.0. People also volunteered their time to implement projects, organize events, and manage the campaign. Individuals also supported the campaign by paying for specific expenses, such as the cost of fliers and brochures. Although the core team was comprised of three members, volunteers offered IT, graphic design, translation, legal, administrative, and other needed services. All of the resources were necessary to support the organization and to promote the campaign.
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25.09.2014 od 11:00-13:00
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Die Europäische Website für Integration stellt Ihnen Good Practice Beispiele und eine Vielfalt von Werkzeugen und Informationen zum Thema Integration zur Verfügung.
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This is the first study that empirically investigates preposition placement across all clause types. The study compares first-language (British English) and second-language (Kenyan English) data and will therefore appeal to readers interested in world Englishes. Over 100 authentic corpus examples are discussed in the text, which will appeal to those who want to see 'real data'
The authors present a computer program and instructions for developing reading materials in languages with little or no background in literacy. The book is structured as a how-to manual with step by step procedures to establish an appropriate primer sequence and to organize words, phrases, and sentences that correlate with the sequence. It presupposes a thorough knowledge of linguistics.
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Final Test - Hard
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 short answer questions and 1 (of 3) essay topics.
Short Answer Questions
1. What does Mr. Lisbon talk about with the neighborhood fathers who come to visit?
2. What is Old Mrs. Karafilis' weekly ritual?
3. Where does Mary go by herself?
4. What does Trip ask Mr. Lisbon during fourth period?
5. In what condition is the Lisbons' basement?
Essay Topic 1
Communication--and the lack of it--plays a crucial role in the telling of this story. Please discuss ways in which the Lisbon girls communicate with the outside and with one another, as well as how a lack of communication affects the story.
Essay Topic 2
At the dance, Therese says to her date, "We just want to live. If anyone would let us." What does she mean? Are the Lisbon girls not living? Is she referring to Cecilia, or to her own future suicide? Is there someone or something refusing to let them live?
Essay Topic 3
The Virgin Suicides is written from an unusual first-person plural point of view. How does this point of view affect how the story is told? What characters are part of the "we," and why do you think the author uses this deliberate ambiguity?
This section contains 266 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)
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Used to refer to a precarious situation.
More example sentences
- James Sugden, the managing director of Johnstons, one of Scotland's leading cashmere manufacturers, said: ‘This threat still hangs over us like a sword of Damocles.’
- Looming disaster hangs over the first act like the sword of Damocles, but though there is a frisson as you watch these seemingly unaware people wander round oblivious to the events ahead, things really kick off in the second act.
- Christmas day duty, which was being held over our head like a fiscal sword of Damocles, would be no different than any other day.
Definition of sword of Damocles in:
- The British & World English dictionary
|
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I would love for someone to explain the abbreviations to me or direct me to the board that explains the terms. AF/ BPF/
What's on your mind?Create a new post
Your growing child
Your 3 1/2-year-old: Read it again!
Why your preschooler wants to read the same book again…and again. Read More
Your 3 3/4-year-old: Getting silly
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Your 3 3/4-year-old: Computer ready?
Do 3-year-olds need to use computers? Read More
Your 3 3/4-year-old: Coordination
Physical milestones and why some kids are more coordinated Read More
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Looks like mom was right, broccoli is good for your health! According to a new study, high levels of sulforaphane found in broccoli can kill cancer stem cells and prevent the disease from developing, or spreading when it is established.
U.S. scientists at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Centre completed successful laboratory tests on mice and cell cultures.
Study author Professor Duxin Sun said: 'Sulforaphane has been studied previously for its effects on cancer, but this study shows that its benefit is in inhibiting the breast cancer stem cells.
'This new insight suggests the potential of sulforaphane or broccoli extract to prevent or treat cancer by targeting the critical cancer stem cells.'
The results of the study appear in the current edition of the journal Clinical Cancer Research.
Our feet are quite often one of the most neglected parts of our bodies, and yet we put them through so much each and every day. We cram our feet into ‘skyscraper heels’ and rush around whether we’re at work, home or taking the kids to school. Read more
Participation figures for sports may be down, but millions of us still love to get out there and play. Loads of us feel right at home on the football field, tennis court or rugby pitch. That sense of comfort can lead to us feeling a little too relaxed. That’s when injuries can occur. Read more
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JACKSON HOLE, Wyo., Sept. 13 (UPI) — European astronomers say they have found a planet outside the solar system evidently in the right zone to support life, though life there would be no picnic.
The discovery was announced at the Extreme Solar Systems conference in Jackson Hole, Wyo.
The planet was discovered orbiting its star in the so-called Goldilocks zone — neither too hot not too cold for the presence of liquid water, the key for a planet to support Earth-like life.
The planet, circling a star about 35 light years from Earth in the constellation Vela, is roughly 3.6 times the mass of Earth and may have temperatures ranging from 85 degrees to 120 degrees Fahrenheit, scientists said.
“It’s going to be really muggy, just think about the muggiest (Washington) day you can think of,” study author Lisa Kaltenegger, an astronomer with the Max Planck Institute in Germany, told Britain’s Daily Telegraph. “We’re not saying it’s habitable for you and me.”
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The term "value chain" was originally used by Michael Porter in his 1985 book "Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance." Porter contends that an organization is more than a random compilation of machinery, equipment, people and money; rather, the organization's ability to perform particular activities and to manage the linkages between these activities is the very source of competitive advantage.
When we apply Porter's theory within the context of sustainability, a new and fundamentally valuable conversation begins.
Examining the impacts
Where along an organization's value chain do the potentially positive and negative environmental, social and governance impacts occur? What are the consequences of these impacts, who should manage them, and how should they be managed? BrownFlynn refers to this process as impact mapping, as it prompts conversations that ultimately help an organization answer these important questions while visualizing how sustainability topics affect its value chain.
Impact mapping is an essential step as companies begin to undertake ESG "materiality assessments." The process can shed light on stakeholder concerns, business continuity or risk management issues. The release of the Global Reporting Initiative G4 Guidelines is a key driver for employing this type of process. GRI's new definition of boundary, Aspect Boundary, asks companies to describe where impacts occur for each material aspect.
Specific GRI disclosures encourage companies to develop a greater understanding of their sustainability value chain. For example, G4-20 and G4-21 ask that organizations report locations (such as particular entities or geographic regions) of material topics. As a result, companies look beyond directly controlled operations to develop a more holistic view of their impacts.
With the first season of GRI G4 reporting behind us, it is interesting to notice the benefits that companies gain when putting impact mapping into practice. We have observed six key benefits through our experience with impact mapping.
1. Perspective: Impact mapping enables companies to view their value chain in a new way, which widens their perspective and often highlights impacts that previously may have been overlooked. For example, Claire Castleman, sustainability analyst at Eaton Corporation, described that impact mapping "helped us identify where we have sustainability impacts upstream and downstream. It was beneficial to get clarity about who is involved in the value chain. It was also useful to consolidate information from various parts of the value chain to have one clear description of our sustainability impacts." By understanding the various ways companies affect their stakeholders and the community at large, companies such as Eaton can begin to prioritize their sustainability efforts where their risks and opportunities are the greatest.
2. Identification: Impact mapping often reveals management gaps in unexpected areas. Traditionally, companies divide their value chain into business units. The focus is often product- or service-based, considering the associated suppliers, customers, product or service uses, and lifecycle assessments. Beyond that, it is critical to identify impacts by region as well, as geographic diversity affects a company's influence. For example, one of our global manufacturing clients looked at its current operations' locations and where it was considering expanding its presence. Through this lens, it was able to identify risks, opportunities and impacts associated with specific regions. One sustainability topic is often more or less significant in different locations and identifying that is critical to determining boundary for particular metrics. A company also may uncover material topics unique to each region and can explore the significance based on presence, impact and future plans.
3. Precision: Rather than listing broad sustainability topics, Impact mapping enables companies to describe exactly where in the value chain the sustainability topics are addressed or need to be addressed. For example, the same global manufacturing client mentioned above recently catalogued all of its suppliers by spend. Together, we were able to identify the major categories of supplies/services being procured and their transportation mode. As a result, we uncovered the most significant impacts and where they can be better managed in the supply chain. This deeper understanding enabled the client to execute management strategies in a more precise manner.
4. Engagement: Impact mapping engages internal and external stakeholders in conversations about their impacts and how their work affects the "big picture" of the organization. By engaging stakeholders involved in and affected by different activities in the value chain, the company builds a deeper understanding of the significance of certain impacts, risks and opportunities. It's nearly impossible for leaders to know every facet of the business at a detailed level, so engaging those closest to the work and outcomes helps to put things in context. An added benefit of stakeholder engagement is that employees get a voice in the business, strengthening internal relationships and surfacing great ideas for sustainable developments. One transportation supplier told a client of ours that if instead of issuing RFPs that desire the use of carbon natural gas in the transportation of its products, it required it, that would help build out the U.S. CNG infrastructure, thereby helping our client to continue to reduce its carbon footprint.
5. Actionability: Based upon where the impact occurs in the companies' value chain, impact mapping illuminates how difficult or easy it will be to address an issue by understanding how deep in the value chain the issue is occurring and what controls they have to take action. For example, if a residential real estate company discovers that tenants buying local goods have more of an impact on the local economy than hiring local contractors during construction, then establishing a program that encourages residents to purchase locally would be more effective than training development staff on how to hire local contractors. The real estate provider becomes aware of where its time and investment in sustainability will have the most influence.
6. Planning: Impact mapping helps companies anticipate and plan for future risks and opportunities. For example, our global manufacturing client's impact map shed light on sustainability topics that were not receiving much attention, and sparked discussions about further research, greater focus, new partnerships and increased budget. As companies develop their materiality assessments, this widened perspective of company impacts will ensure that sustainability efforts are prioritized according to where they have the greatest impact.
To practice what we preach, BrownFlynn is conducting our own materiality assessment. As a part of the impact mapping process, we began with interviews with our senior leadership to identify where our impacts occur. We are mapping the management of those impacts to our organizational objectives and beginning the prioritization process. In the near future, we will identify and interview external stakeholders to deepen our understanding of how our business affects our stakeholders. We look forward to sharing our key findings when we release our sustainability report next year.
Top image of water drop impact by Vlue via Shutterstock.
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Visit our video archive!
One may ride upon a tiger’s back but it is fatal to dismount.
On September 23, 1905, Norway and Sweden signed the “Karlstad treaty,” peacefully dissolving the union between the two countries.
About Paul Jacob
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Birds on Oregon Coast Now: Hummingbirds, Murres, Puffins
(Oregon Coast) – Oregon wildlife officials say now is a good time to look out for Tufted Puffins along the Oregon coast, as well as hummingbirds and common murres. (Tufted Puffin photo by Seaside Aquarium)
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) recently sent out a bulletin about various birds on the coast, saying Tufted Puffins are entering their more visible period, which is generally April through late August. You'll see them on offshore rocks around the Oregon coast.
|Ecola State Park
“Tufted Puffins sport a colorful bill and in the breeding season with two long, blond plumes at the end of a facial mask,” ODFW said. “These chunky black birds arrive every spring to breed on the coastal islands of Oregon that make up Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge.”
Good places to spot them will be at mainland viewing platforms around Cape Meares, Yaquina Head at Newport, Cannon Beach's Ecola State Park (which actually devotes much of the month to the puffin). On the southern Oregon coast you can find these at Coquille Point in Bandon, Heceta Head State Scenic Viewpoint near Florence, and Harris Beach State Park.
“Tufted puffins only come ashore to breed and raise their young,” ODFW said. “For the remainder of the year they live, feed, and sleep on the open ocean. Puffins arrive, along with thousands of other seabirds, to the coastal rocks of the refuge during the first week in April.
You can start seeing lots of Common Murres about now as well, with thousands gather together to re-establish pair bonds and find nesting sites. Between 8,000 and 9,000 murres gather around Yaquina Head most years. They can also be seen at Three Arch Rocks by Oceanside, Cape Meares and Heceta Head, and sometimes the Depoe Bay area.
Hummingbirds should be a regular sight in some of the more forested areas of the Oregon coast, including Anna's Hummingbirds and the Rufous hummingbird. The rufous nests further north than any other hummingbird.
Most Rufous hummingbirds winter in wooded areas in the Mexico state of Guerrero. They travel more than 2,000 miles – a prodigious journey for a bird weighing only three or four grams. They often stay in one spot for considerable time and often aggressively take over and defend feeding locations.
The pink salmonberry blossoms are opening now, providing a food source for the earliest spring migrant bird to the coast, the Rufous hummingbird.
Allen's Hummingbird is common in the southern Oregon coast.
Sea Lions on Oceanside's Three Arch Rocks
Bird colonies near Florence
More About Oregon Coast hotels, lodging.....
More About Oregon Coast Restaurants, Dining.....
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They're nicknamed 'magic rocks,' and it's a puzzling, esoteric noise created by stones moving and crackling in the tide. Geology behind the noise; see and hear a video of Magic Rocks. Manzanita, Cannon Beach, Oceanside, Newport, Yachats, Tillamook
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Killer Kite Festival in October on Central Oregon Coast
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Odd Oregon Weather: High East Winds for Portland, Coast Range, Gorge
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Back to Oregon Coast
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diphthong, in phonetics, a gliding vowel in the articulation of which there is a continuous transition from one position to another. Diphthongs are to be contrasted in this respect with so-called pure vowels—i.e., unchanging, or steady state, vowels. Though they are single speech sounds, diphthongs are usually represented, in a phonetic transcription of speech, by means of a pair of characters indicating the initial and final configurations of the vocal tract. Many of the vowel sounds in most dialects of English are diphthongs: e.g., the vowels of “out” and “ice,” represented as [au] and [ai], respectively.
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Esilda lives with her father and her mother. Her duties at home include running errands and cleaning. There are 4 children in the family. Her father is sometimes employed and her mother maintains the home.
For fun, Esilda enjoys playing ball games, running and playing group games. She attends Bible class regularly and is in primary school where her performance is average.
Your love and support will help Esilda to receive the assistance she needs to develop her potential. Please pray for her.
Esilda lives on the plains of San Pablo, home to approximately 9,000 residents. Typical houses are constructed of cement floors, brick walls and tin roofs.
The regional diet consists of maize, chicken, fish, bread, cassava, plantains and rice. Common health problems in this area include the flu, diarrhea, pediculosis (lice), malnutrition, anemia and gastritis. Most adults work as day laborers and earn the equivalent of $158 per month. This community needs trained teachers, employment opportunities, food, water, a sewage system and public lights.
Your sponsorship allows the staff of C.D.I. Implantadores del Reino to provide Esilda with Bible classes, medical checkups, nutritious snacks, health and hygiene education, field trips, art classes, dance lessons, special celebrations, tutoring, sports and income-generating activities. Sixty percent of the children in this project do not attend school because they are under age. The center staff will also provide meetings, counseling and special celebrations for the parents or guardians of Esilda.
Surrounded by the Andes Mountains, Colombia's terrain ranges from the cooler highlands to the tropical coast along the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. Vast stretches of lowlands east of the mountains are thinly populated and only partially explored.
Two of Colombia's main exports are coffee and oil, though drug trafficking is a serious problem. About 73 percent of the population is urban, and most Colombians are Catholic. The racial makeup includes mestizos (Spanish and Native American), Europeans, those of black and white ancestry, and those of black and Native American ancestry. Spanish is the official language. Compassion works in Colombia's most populated northern regions.
Since its liberation from Spain in the early 19th century, Colombia has violently struggled to find its identity. In 1886, Colombia established its first constitution, which was modified and updated in 1991. The document established the basic present-day government structure consolidating the central government, ending rivalries among political factions, and creating the oldest democracy in Latin America. Yet peaceful coexistence among the multiethnic and multiparty groups in this country remains elusive. Despite a growing sense of confidence in the economy helped in part by a free trade agreement with the United States, Colombia resides in a perpetual state of political and social turmoil. Warring factions have battled for control since independence. Thousands of political figures have been massacred, and paramilitary groups that formed have installed a legacy of terrorism that ravages the country today. The National Front brought a measure of stability in the 1960s, but for all the gains made, Colombia is still plagued by political corruption, drug wars, guerrilla activity and terrorist violence.
Map of Colombia
Child's Location: Northwest Magangué
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Researchers at Gebze Institute of Technology Have Reported New Data on Zinc Oxide Nanotechnology (The structural and magnetic properties of Co+ implanted ZnO films)
By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Science Letter -- Research findings on Nanotechnology are discussed in a new report. According to news reporting out of Gebze, Turkey, by NewsRx editors, research stated, "We fabricated 400 nm thick ZnO films by RF magnetron sputtering on Si (1 0 0) substrates. The eight samples were implanted by 40 keV Co+ ions at different fluences varying from 0.25 x 10(17) ions/cm(2) to 2.0 x 10(17) ions/cm(2)."
Our news journalists obtained a quote from the research from the Gebze Institute of Technology, "The XRD technique was applied to analyze the crystal structure of virgin and implanted samples. X-ray patterns show that the virgin sample has reflection peaks that originate from the (1 0 0) and (0 0 2) crystal planes. The Co+ implantation decreased the long range crystal quality and caused the formation of CO3O4 crystallites at remarkable magnitudes in the ZnO films. The theoretical analysis of the XRD data by applying Scherrer method showed that the average crystallite size dropped from 59 nm to 25 nm for ZnO samples after implantation. The magnetic properties of films were investigated by using Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM). The M-H hysteresis curves of samples were recorded at room temperature and 10 K. In order to check the temperature dependence of the magnetization, we carried out field cooled (FC) and zero field cooled (ZFC) M-Tmeasurements in a temperature range of 10-400 K. These measurements showed that the implanted samples exhibit ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature and have T-c value above 1000 K. The magnetization increased with the increasing Co fluence. However, the formation of antiferromagnetic CO3O4 decreased the magnitude of magnetization. The electric conductivity of films was measured by the Four Point Probe method."
According to the news editors, the research concluded: "The electric conductivity depends on the concentration of Co ions."
For more information on this research see: The structural and magnetic properties of Co+ implanted ZnO films. Applied Surface Science, 2014;310():235-241. Applied Surface Science can be contacted at: Elsevier Science Bv, PO Box 211, 1000 Ae Amsterdam, Netherlands. (Elsevier - www.elsevier.com; Applied Surface Science - www.elsevier.com/wps/product/cws_home/505669)
Our news journalists report that additional information may be obtained by contacting S. Guner, Gebze Inst Technol, Dept. of Phys, TR-41400 Gebze, Turkey. Additional authors for this research include O. Gurbuz, S. Caliskan, V.I. Nuzhdin, R. Khaibullin, M. Ozturk and N. Akdogan (see also Nanotechnology).
Keywords for this news article include: Gebze, Turkey, Eurasia, Zinc Oxide, Nanotechnology
Our reports deliver fact-based news of research and discoveries from around the world. Copyright 2014, NewsRx LLC
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Plant Transpiration Teacher Resources
Find Plant Transpiration educational ideas and activities
Showing 1 - 20 of 35 resources
Mutualism and Co-evolution A study of Flowering Plants and their Pollinators: Biology, Plants
These lessons use a variety of methods and approaches to teach flowering plant biology which includes seed germination; plant growth and food production through photosynthesis; plant transpiration and respiration; sexual reproduction focusing on flower st
All All 3 Views 14 Downloads
Leaf it to Me
Learners observe the effect of transpiration as water is moved from the ground to the atmosphere. They discuss the two methods that water moves from the ground to the atmopshere as part of the hydrologic cycle. Students are taught that transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves.
9th - 12th Science 3 Views 2 Downloads
Fifth graders study the parts of a plant and how they live and grow. In this plant growth lesson plan, 5th graders investigate the processes that plants go through to produce oxygen and release moisture. Diagrams, images, and background information on plants are included.
5th Science 3 Views 38 Downloads
Water in the Biosphere
Environmental explorers examine the campus and take note of living organisms. Introduce them to the biosphere and the questions of the day: How much water can be found in the biosphere? A slide show helps you along, and even contains a water cycle animation.
6th - 8th Science 4 Views 1 Download
Introduction To the Elements of the Water Cycle
The basic elements of the water cycle and how water is recycled through our environment is focused on in this instructional activity. Your students construct classroom terrariums and learn to make and record observations relating to the water cycle.
4th Science 46 Views 269 Downloads
Plant Growth - Light and Shade
Third graders conduct an experiment comparing plants. In this plant lesson, 3rd graders plant seeds and grow two varieties of plant comparing the light needed for it to grow. Students make predictions and record their observations. Students complete prediction, observation and conclusion worksheets.
3rd Science 23 Views 110 Downloads
Mineral Cycling Through the Ecosystem
Students explain the role of different organisms in the food web. In this ecology lesson, students participate in a game to simulate mineral cycling through the web. They discuss the importance of recycling minerals and resources.
6th - 12th Science 34 Views 248 Downloads
Students investigate the emission of greenhouse gases by industrialized nations. They present their findings in a simulated international global warming conference. They then whether or not the United States should take part in the international climate accord and write an essay supporting their views.
6th - 12th Science 3 Views 24 Downloads
Leaves, the Sun, and the Water Cycle
As a way to combine life and physical science, or simply as an investigation of plant transpiration, this lesson plan is sure to inspire! Middle schoolers capture the moisture given off by plants that are placed in different conditions. They relate the output to the surface area of the leaves.
7th - 8th Science 3 Views 29 Downloads
Students continue their examination of the existence of life on Earth. In groups, they determine the role of the water cycle and other biogeochemical cycles play in keeping balance on Earth. They participate in experiments to discover how moisture gets in and out of the air.
5th - 8th Science 6 Views 63 Downloads
The Water Cycle
For this water cycle worksheet, students read an informational passage, observe a labeled diagram of the transpiration water cycle, and answer comprehension questions. Students answer seven multiple choice questions and write a story from the water's point of view.
3rd - 4th Language Arts 55 Views 507 Downloads
Chemistry in Soil-Plant Relationship
Students apply the science of chemistry to soil and plant relationships. They define diffusion and indicate for which of these nutrient(s) would you expect diffusion to be the most important for movement to the plant root? Pupils answer the following questions: For which of these nutrient(s) is diffusion the least important and how does this nutrient move to the plant root?
11th - 12th Science 3 Views 7 Downloads
Students conduct a variety of experiments on photosynthesis. In this biology instructional activity, students identify the factors required for the process to occur. They perform computerized experiments to test the amount of oxygen produced when plants are exposed to different light sources.
9th - 12th Science 30 Views 235 Downloads
Support and Transport in Plants
All types of transport systems in a dicotyledon plant are detailed here, with clear labelled diagrams and notes for the specific structures and functions. The way that these systems have adapted, and how support is assisted by the structures, is also described.
9th - 11th Science 3 Views 4 Downloads
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Previous research has shown that the overuse of antibiotics has a hand in promoting an antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria and now a new study published in the journal mBio has found that an antibiotic common to soaps and hand sanitizers actually promotes the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ... Read More
Culturing microbes on nutrient plate and testing for different kind of microbes on specific environment areas. This inoculated nutrient plate that was left for a period of 14 days showed the present of a few different kind of fungus species. It’s common to think that the human palm contains more... Read More
A common ingredient in antibacterial soap can be found in some people's noses, and the presence of this ingredient could be promoting the colonization of Staph bacteria, according to a small new study in the journal mBio.
Researchers from the University of Michigan found triclosan in the nasa... Read More
Rob Knight studies the diversity of microbial communities. For every person, microbes outnumber human cells by a factor of ten. Rob has found that this large population of microbes differs based on which part of your body they inhabit (head, hands... Read More
Watch a live video episode of This Week in Virology (TWiV), a podcast about viruses. Started in September 2008 by Vincent Racaniello, a Higgins Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Columbia University, the goal... Read More
Many parasites commandeer the bodies of their hosts in order to spread. Examples of this include horsehair worms that reach water by forcing their cricket hosts to drown themselves, and liver flukes that drive infected ants to climb blades of grass, where cows can eat the insects, and so the flu... Read More
Deep in the heart of the Ecuadorian Amazon lies one of the worst environmental disasters in human history. Over the past several decades, oil companies have discharged more than 18 billion gallons of petroleum contaminated wastewater into the Sucumbíos region in northeastern Ecuador. The contami... Read More
The World Cup may bring a lot more than soccer to South America in June — a viral epidemic may be traveling with it.
Research published ahead of print Monday in the Journal of Virology warns that FIFA’s 2014 World Cup — the international soccer tournament that draws both teams and fans from a... Read More
An antimicrobial agent found in common household soaps, shampoos and toothpastes may be finding its way inside human noses where it promotes the colonization of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and could predispose some people to infection. Researchers at the University of Michigan report their fi... Read More
Microbes collected from Northern California and throughout the nation will soon blast into orbit for research and a microgravity growth competition on the International Space Station (ISS). This citizen science project, known as Project MERCCURI, is led by UC Davis microbiologists, who are inves... Read More
Vincent and Dickson discuss how nibbling of human cells by Entamoeba histolytica, a process called amoebic trogocytosis, contributes to cell killing and tissue invasion.
Hosts: Vincent Racaniello Read More
This episode: Swarming predatory bacteria may be communicating through tubes!
Download Episode (6.3 MB, 6.9 minutes)
Have you ever wondered why mozzarella bubbling and stretching between pizza slices is so different from the earthy flavors of blue-veined gorgonzola? The diversity of cheeses we love are created by encouraging and manipulating the growth of specific microbes. The American Socie... Read More
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Chelmonops Reference Libraries
Image Caption: An Eastern Talma (Truncate Coralfish) at Fly Point, Port Stephens, NSW. Credit: Richard Ling/Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 2.0) The truncate coralfish is specifically found in the coastal waters of Australia at depths up to 230 feet, around rocky reefs that have an abundance of algae. This fish is a species of butterfly fish that is also called the Eastern Talma. In Southern...
- The navel or umbilicus.
- In Greek archaeology: A central boss, as on a shield, a bowl, etc.
- A sacred stone in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, believed by the Greeks to mark the 'navel' or exact center-point of the earth.
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It turns out that Europa may just be able to support life and may be more like Earth than we thought. Scientists have found that the icy moon may have giant plates of ice that shuffle along its surface, much like plates of rocks do on Earth.
Scientists are taking a closer look at the birth of a planet. They've discovered what may be evidence of a planet forming around a star that's just 335 light-years from Earth.
Scientists may have come up with a novel model of dark mater, the mysterious substance that makes up about 80 percent of our universe. The findings could shed new light on the nature of dark matter and show the path for future research.
Scientists may have discovered a new marker to track the course of the solar cycle--brightpoints.
Our Milky Way galaxy isn't alone. Astronomers have found that it's part of a newly identified and huge supercluster of galaxies, which have been dubbed "Laniakea," which means "immense heaven" in Hawaiian.
Astronomers have captured a spectacular new image with the help of the Wide Field Imager at the La Silla Observatory that reveals a bit more about the future of dark clouds.
Why do sibling stars look alike? Scientists have found that the similarities of stars in the same cluster are the result of turbulent mixing in the clouds of gas where star formation occurs.
Astronomers have caught a glimpse into the very heart of a solar storm. They've taken a close at a space weather storm that engulfed our planet on Jan 21, 2005 after a coronal mass ejection (CME) burst off of the sun and headed toward Earth.
Astronomers may have solved a longstanding controversy when it comes to the Pleiades, a famous star cluster. They've accurately measured the distance from our planet to the star cluster, which may correct models of star formation.
NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope may have just spotted the remains of a collision between large asteroids. It's found an eruption of dust around a young star with particles that could eventually lead to the formation of planets.
Scientists have taken a closer look at a cosmic impact and have examined the character and distribution of nanodiamonds, one type of material produced during this collision.
For the first time, physicists have directly detected neutrinos created by the "keystone" proton-proton (pp) fusion process occurring at the sun's core. The findings could shed some light on our closest star.
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The home is quite important in Judaism, as it considered to be the place where children learn about the basics of Judaism before they enter school and is the place where children learn how they are expected to behave. With such importance placed on the home, it is not surprise that there are different blessings in Judaism associated with the home. One of the most common blessings that is frequently given as a gift at housewarming parties or weddings is the Home Blessing.
What is a House Blessing?
The Home Blessing, or Birkat HaBayit, is a short blessing that is mounted on the wall of a house that wishes peace and blessings upon the residents and banishes any sort of discomfort, disagreement or other negative emotions or interactions from the home. Home Blessings can be an any language, although they are usually in Hebrew. The English text of the Home Blessing reads: “Let no sadness come through this gate, let no trouble come to this dwelling, let no fear come through this door, let no conflict be in this place, let this home be filled with the blessing of joy and peace.”
Home Blessings can be from nearly any material imaginable, although they are usually metal, glass, wood, stone or cloth. Precious metals such as sterling silver and gold are commonly used as accent pieces.
Home Blessings typically have the text in the center in a clear font. The text is decorated along the sides with designs such as intricate floral patterns and homes. Judaica items and Israel related themes are also popular, including items such as Menorahs and the word “Chai” as well as the Seven Species of fruits and grains Israel is known for and views of Jerusalem and other holy cities in Israel. Symbols of good luck an Divine Protection such as Hamsas and Stars of David also commonly appear with Home Blessings.
Home Blessings can also be be different shapes, although they usually appear as pictures in a frame. One of the most common shapes used with Home Blessings is the Hamsa, which is a traditional Mediterranean symbol of good luck that is attributed to Moses’ (Moshe) sister Miriam. Stars of David, Pomegranates and books are also common shapes. Hamsa Home Blessings typically have the text of the Home Blessing or individual Hebrew words of blessing linked together. Pomegranates are popular shapes because of their link to fertility and monetary success.
Home Blessings, especially those that are in the form of a picture inside a frame, can be personalized with names or even the decorations around the blessing. Other types of Home Blessings can be personalized as well with these decorations, although this is rather uncommon.
For More Information
The most common and basic form of a blessing for any home or office is, of course, the in Mezuzah, a cased scroll parchment that Jews fix on their doorposts, as the Torah explicitly instructs us to do. This parchment contains Biblical verses that laud God and His oneness and remind us of the miracles He performed for us, like the splitting of the sea and other events pertinent to the most famous Exodus in history. However,many Jewish homes and offices will also have wall-hangings or accessories as additional blessings, with either personal dedications or commonly used, non-Biblical blessings.
Home blessings are, naturally, one of the most popular house-warming gift. Depending on personal style, home blessings can be anywhere from small pieces of metal with an inscription to very large plaque with an elaborate blessing.
Of course, the text of the blessing is not the only thing that is completely up to the person who is purchasing the blessing. There are many types of blessings, including blessings over synagogue items such as Tallitot. A popular trend as of late is to display these synagogue blessings in stained glass. Stained glass is not only beautiful but it can also be very vividly colorful. This is a good choice if you want to add color to a solemn-looking living-room or office, or if you want to enhance an already-exuberant place. If you like Jerusalem there are many options for you. For instance, you can purchase a 15? X 15? stained glass blessing that will have a beautiful drawing of the Jerusalem walls in gold, on top of which include the blessing itself in a matching color.
There are many popular types of blessings: stained glass, ceramic, wood, to name just three. Lately, stone blessings have gained massive popularity. These are designed as an open scroll and are meant to be used as either as a mantle-piece or a wall hanging. These can be a great gift for a couple who just had a baby. In this case, of course, the blessing would be different. Usually it bears the name of the new-born and wishes him or her prosperity and future success. Of course, adding their Hebrew name is always a great idea.
Another important type of blessing is the birkas haderech, or journey blessing. As opposed to some other types of blessings, in this case there is one version of blessing that is commonly used and accepted. As for the design of the blessing, there are Hamsa key-chain journey blessings, pens bearing the text of the blessing, and more.
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Go Home Science You're Drunk
In what really doesn’t sound like a flattering gesture at all, scientists have named a recently-discovered prehistoric pig after Mick Jagger because they look alike.
Researchers noticed that the 19 million-year-old “long legged pig” fossil, discovered in a remote location in Egypt, had a very distinct snout, the Guardian reports. A self-proclaimed “huge Stones fan,” researcher Ellen Miller said the “highly innervated muzzle with mobile and tactile lips” reminded her of none other than Mr. Jagger. They named the creature Jaggermeryx naida.
It’s cool to win a Grammy or go platinum or get a dumb guest role on an episode of Glee, but nowadays the true mark of musical achievement is having a gross-looking bug named after you.
Jennifer Lopez has become the namesake of a new species of water mite found near Puerto Rico, the AP reports. Biologists named the mite Litarachna lopezae not just because Ms. Lopez has Puerto Rican heritage, but also because they rocked out (as biologists do) to her music as they wrote about their discovery.
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Course code: MA124-OT | CRN: 43631 | Credits: 3 | Seats: 0 / 75
This course runs from September 04, 2014 to June 26, 2015
This course is intended to explore some basic mathematical concepts of general interest and use to students in the liberal arts. Topics include inductive and deductive reasoning; techniques for solving problems; set theory; number theory and the real number system; and logic. Additional topics will be chosen from among the following: number representation and calculation; equations and inequalities; graphs, functions, and linear systems; consumer mathematics and financial management; geometry; counting methods and probability theory; and statistics. Prerequisite: MA 095 or sufficient placement scores.
Instructor: Michael Leggett
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A spinal cord injury affects the nerves that carry impulses to and from your brain. Permanent disability commonly results.
Would you know if you were the target of domestic violence? Find out how to identify an abusive relationship — and how to get help.
A broken rib, or fractured rib, is a common injury that occurs when one of the bones in your rib cage breaks or cracks.
Coma is often a complication from a severe brain injury that leaves a person unconscious and unresponsive. Many people recover from this condition.
Whiplash is a neck injury often linked to auto accidents. Discover which treatments work and which don't.
Tests and diagnosis
A CT scan is an imaging test that uses X-rays to produce detailed images of the inside of your body.
Eye exam — Overview covers definition, what to expect and results of vision testing.
MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within your body.
X-rays are a form of radiation that can make images of your bones and internal organs.
Oct. 26, 2011
- Abusive head trauma: Shaken baby syndrome. American Academy of Pediatrics. http://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/Abusive-Head-Trauma-Shaken-Baby-Syndrome.aspx. Accessed Aug. 5, 2011.
- Never shake your baby! March of Dimes. http://www.marchofdimes.com/prematurity/28127.asp. Accessed Aug. 5, 2011.
- NINDS shaken baby syndrome information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/shakenbaby/shakenbaby.htm. Accessed Aug. 5, 2011.
- Christian C, et al. Epidemiology, mechanisms, and types of abusive head injury in infants and children. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed Aug. 1, 2011.
- Christian C, et al. Evaluation and diagnosis of abusive head injury in infants and children. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed Aug. 1, 2011.
- Barnes PD. The imaging of nonaccidental injury and the mimics: Issues and controversies in the era of evidence-based medicine. Radiologic Clinics of North America. 2011;49:205.
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That title alone should get this article on the front page of technology papers everywhere, but the comparisons are valid.
Though people feel they have rich visual experiences, researchers have found that the average person is only aware of about four things at a time. This short term capability varies from person to person but an individual’s capacity for short-term memory is a strong predictor of IQ and scholastic achievement. People with high IQs can think about more things at once.
For example, a four-gigabyte iPhone, the popular new Apple cell phone, might be able to hold about 1,000 four-minute songs, but far fewer if the songs were all 20 minutes in length, explained University of Oregon psychology professors Edward Awh and Edward Vogel.
Because the capacity of the short-term memory system seems to underlie a core aspect of intelligence, cognitive psychologists have been interested in determining what causes a four-item limit for most people. One reasonable idea, which researchers have been tossing about, is that memory capacity might be influenced by the complexity of items being stored.
Does human memory work the same as an iPhone? Their study drew some surprising conclusions on the topic. Even when very complex objects had to be remembered by subjects participating in laboratory experiments, participants, who ranged in age from 18 to 30, still were able to hold four items in active memory. However, Awh said, the clarity of those items was not perfect, and some people had much clearer memories than others.
A second finding also surprised the UO team. “While it seems reasonable that people who think about more things at once might also have clearer memories than average, we found that this assumption was not the case,” Vogel said.
According to Awh, the lead author on the study, the same people who can remember a lot of objects at one time do not necessarily have clearer memories of those objects. “Knowing the number of things a person can remember tells you nothing about how clear a person’s memory may be,” Awh said. “So even though people with high IQs can think about more things at once, there are not guarantees about how good those memories might be.”
Source: University of Oregon
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The original Winnie the Pooh and friends on display at the New York Public Library
The other day I had a wonderful conversation with one of my older students. He was brimming over with enthusiasm for his senior-level College Reading class.
It’s really more a structured study period than a class, in which students come in every day and spend the entire 48-minute period silently reading a book of their choice. When they’re finished they write a brief summary of the book and then select another.
The whole point, of course, is to get college-bound seniors used to the discipline of sustained, focused reading. And this particular student was loving it!
As soon as he left I grabbed my notebook and jotted down everything I could remember of what he had said so I could share with you this glimpse into the head of an older, more mature student. (Read on, dear parents of tweens, and take heart!):
It’s such a shame that in our culture testing has such a bad name.
The dad of one of my students is a physician; he recalls that:
Medical school is all about being tested. We were constantly quizzing, taking tests, and flipping flash cards (each flash card is a tiny test). We were tested multiple times every day. All that testing made our minds sharp, plus it kept us aware of the areas we still needed to work on. It was a powerful way to learn.
Back-to-school time is the perfect time to start fresh routines and establish healthy habits. These are the ones parents and I have been talking about the most:
- First of All, Plan for Adequate Sleep: Most kids don’t get enough sleep. Students learn better, feel better and behave better when they’re properly rested. Check with your pediatrician and find out how many hours of sleep your child ought to be logging per night (chances are good you’ll be shocked at the large number), and then set the appropriate bedtime and enforce it.
- Limit Electronics: Computers and cellphones and anything else with a glowing screen (including TVs and video games) need to be turned off one hour before bedtime to allow the mind to calm down for good sleep (this applies to adults, too!). And do establish cellphone-free chunks of time during the afternoon and evening; students need to read, study and eat dinner in peace. Interestingly, parents have been telling me that their kids often seem relieved to be given breaks from the relentless social pressure and privacy invasion of social media. I also felt this from my SAT class; students seemed to like my rule of collecting their cellphones before class!
- Establish the Reading Habit: Before the school year becomes super-hectic, build in the habit of quiet reading for 20-30 minutes before lights out.
- Don’t Overschedule: Too many sports and extra-curricular activities aren’t fun; they’re stressful!
Have you ever felt like there were two people inside you vying for control?
I’m rereading Thinking Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman, the Nobel prize-winning psychologist who studies reasoning and decision-making. Kahneman explains that our minds do contain two agents: A System One which makes quick, emotionally-based decisions, and a System Two which reasons slowly and deliberately.
The premise of Thinking Fast and Slow is that we’d all be better off if we learned awareness of these two systems so as to use the right system for the right purpose.
Most of the time, System One works just fine. It makes its decisions by applying heuristics (rules), which are stored in the brain innately or through prior experience. Because its answers are prepackaged, System One’s decisions are quick and feel easy and use little mental energy. System One works well in simple situations and on problems that are similar to ones that have been solved before.
But when situations are complex or novel, System Two ought to be hauled out. Many financial decisions (Should I buy this house?) and academic ones (What is the correct answer to this SAT question?) are properly the province of System Two. They ought to be reasoned out slowly and deliberately, with a vigilant eye out for mistakes and skipped steps and unfounded assumptions.
And yet, we all too often apply a System One-level decision to a System Two-level problem. That’s because “going by …
It’s easy to procrastinate in the summer.
Dear Friends, Many students believe it’s best to leave their summer math review for the end of the summer; they fear that if they do the work too early they will have forgotten the material again by September. In fact, the best way to make learning stick is to work at it consistently and review all summer long. The brain is exposed to a barrage of information every day, so how does it decide what to keep and what to forget? One big marker is repetition. The brain receives most facts only once, and because those bits of information never show up again they don’t need to be remembered.
Some 60′s era references at The Black Hole Museum, Los Alamos, New Mexico
A young student of mine began reading a fun-looking (to me) book called Schooled; I smiled as soon as I saw the peace symbol and tie-dye cover.
Here’s the Amazon synopsis:”Capricorn Cap Anderson has been homeschooled by his hippie grandmother, Rain. When Rain is injured in a fall, Cap is forced to attend the local middle school. Although he knows a lot about Zen Buddhism, nothing has prepared him for the politics of public school.”
But of course my fifth grade student was having trouble relating to the book because, unlike me, he knew nothing about flower children, communes or any of the other 60′s era references. He had read the first two chapters on his own and was totally confused and lost.
This kitten is intrepid, capricious and vivacious.
Each summer I teach a low-cost SAT class at my local community college, and during each session I present various learning and study tips based on brain science. These are pointers that apply to ALL learners, of all ages!
We started with our study of the 100 Most Common SAT Vocabulary Words (which is a wonderful vocab list for ALL students grades 8-12 and beyond, not just those prepping for the SAT).
I wanted to demonstrate this powerful learning technique:
Always preview and take time to wonder over and form questions about any new material, because your brain will begin to unconsciously prime itself to remember the answers.
I know we are all breathing a sigh of relief to finally get finished with the school year and into the blissful mood of summer ease and relaxation.
It’s so satisfying and empowering to accomplish some small academic goal by September. Just 10-20 minutes of studying every day (or at least four days per week) can mount up to noticeable results by fall.
Here are my favorite suggestions:
Summer is coming, but first, EXAMS!
Students, teachers and parents are all feeling the end-of-year time crunch; between sports, proms, plays, high stakes exams and piled-on schoolwork, it can be hard to imagine where to find those blocks of study time.
It’s time to resort to what I call Sneaky Studying. The key is to stop waiting and hoping for those big chunks of uninterrupted study time, because they ain’t gonna happen!
a houseboat in Vancouver harbor
The next SAT is just around the corner, on Saturday, May 3!
So, in case you’ve got a student who needs to do some last-minute review, I’ve complied this collection of my favorite easy-to-use, free online tools, perfect for using this weekend and through next week.
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A report from a national road safety group highlights what could be a troubling trend among young drivers: an increase in fatalities among 16- and 17-year-old drivers after several years of declines in that age group.
The Governors Highway Safety Association (GHSA) examined deaths of 16- and 17-year-old drivers through the first six months of 2011 and found an 11% increase over the same period in 2010. Deaths of 16-year-olds rose 16% and 17-year-olds 7%, for an overall jump of 11%.
The study by the GHSA, which represents states on highway safety issues, covers only the first half of last year. Traffic deaths usually rise during the second half of the year, which includes summer and vacation driving. If data for the second half of 2011 continue the trend, it would be the first time in eight years that deaths have risen for this age group of drivers.
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Recently by Jim Liebelt
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- What's Hot? 09/12/14Friday, September 12, 2014
- Teens Who Smoke Marijuana Daily Face Increased RisksThursday, September 11, 2014
- Only One in Three Millennials Have A Credit CardWednesday, September 10, 2014
- Study Finds College Students Addicted to Cell PhonesTuesday, September 09, 2014
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The role of climate change in the development and demise of classic Maya civilization, ranging from AD 300 to 1000, has been controversial for decades because of a lack of well-dated climate and archaeological evidence. But an international team of archaeologists and earth science researchers has compiled a precisely dated, high-resolution climate record of 2,000 years that shows how Maya political systems developed and disintegrated in response to climate change.
In an article published Nov. 9 in the journal Science, the researchers outlined how they reconstructed rainfall records from stalagmite samples collected from Yok Balum Cave, located nearly three miles from ancient city of Uxbenka, in the tropical Maya Lowlands in southern Belize. They compared their findings to the rich political histories carved on stone monuments at Maya cities throughout the region.
"Unusually high amounts of rainfall favored an increase in food production and an explosion in the population between AD 450 and 660" said Dr. Douglas Kennett, lead author and professor of anthropology at Penn State. "This led to the proliferation of cities like Tikal, Copan and Caracol across the Maya lowlands. The new climate data show that this salubrious period was followed by a general drying trend lasting four centuries that was punctuated by a series of major droughts that triggered a decline in agricultural productivity and contributed to societal fragmentation and political collapse. The most severe drought (AD 1020 and 1100) in the record occurs after the widespread collapse of Maya state centers (referred to as the Maya collapse) and may be associated with widespread population decline in the region."
"Over the centuries, the cities suffered a decline in their populations and Maya kings lost their power and influence" Dr. Kennett said. "The linkage between an extended 16th century drought, crop failures, death, famine and migration in Mexico provides a historic analog, supported by the cave stalagmite samples, for the socio-political tragedy and human suffering experienced periodically by the Classic Period Maya."
The rich archaeological and historical records of the Maya provide an opportunity to examine the long-term effects of climate change for both the development and disintegration of complex sociopolitical systems like our own, according to Dr. Kennett, an internationally known expert on the human effects of global climate change and the environmental impacts of expanding populations.
"The effects of climate change are complex and play out over multiple time scales," he added. "Abrupt climate change is only part of the story. In addition to climate drying and drought, the preceding conditions stimulating societal complexity and population expansion helped set the stage for later stress on their societies and the fragmentation of political institutions."
Penn State: http://live.psu.edu
This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.
Most North American birds head further north for winter as climate warms
Some of nature's rarest and most stunning atmospheric phenomena have been captured by a storm-chasing photographer
Commercial plantations and food companies are the biggest cause of tropical deforestation, and many of the resulting products end up in Western supermarkets
Finally, some good news about the environment
The Colorado Orange is no orange; it is an apple, with a unique texture and citrus taste. There's a new effort to bring it and other endangered Colorado apples back from the brink of extinction.
Researchers from 23 groups just released the fifth State of the Birds report, which contains good and bad news
World Meteorological Organization warns that record highs of greenhouse gases would have warming effect on earth's climate
City-centre flowers attract more bumblebees than those country, according to early results from a nationwide survey, conducted by schoolchildren.
Concentrations of warming gases in the atmosphere reached record levels in 2013, the World Meteorological Organisation says.
This summer, Michigan's aquaculture industry took a step forward. And that has touched off a debate over whether the Great Lakes are an appropriate place for fish farming.
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Due to a special event taking place in the U.S. Capitol on Thursday, September 18, there will be no tours of the U.S. Capitol that day until approximately noon. The Capitol Visitor Center will remain open during this time, and guided tours in the Capitol Visitor Center will be available.
Before the Civil War, members of Congress grappled with the anticipated benefits of expansion into western territories. To inform legislative decisions that would affect the territories and their inhabitants, Congress relied on maps and reports of expeditions, such as those led by explorer John C. Frémont, a member of the Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. The subsequent expansion, however, ignited a passionate debate over the expansion of slavery, pitting the proslavery South against the antislavery North.
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Asian monsoon much older than previously thought
The Asian monsoon already existed 40 million years ago during a period of high atmospheric carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures, reports an international research team led by a University of Arizona geoscientist.
Textbook theory behind volcanoes may be wrong
In the typical textbook picture, volcanoes, such as those that are forming the Hawaiian islands, erupt when magma gushes out as narrow jets from deep inside Earth. But that picture is wrong, according to ...
Coral organisms use minuscule appendages to control their environment, stirring up water eddies to bring nutrients
Conventional wisdom has long held that corals—whose calcium-carbonate skeletons form the foundation of coral reefs—are passive organisms that rely entirely on ocean currents to deliver dissolved substances, ...
Mystery solved: 'Sailing stones' of death valley seen in action for the first time
(Phys.org) —Racetrack Playa is home to an enduring Death Valley mystery. Littered across the surface of this dry lake, also called a "playa," are hundreds of rocks – some weighing as much as 320 kilograms ...
Big snowstorms will still occur in Northern Hemisphere following global warming, study finds
If ever there were a silver lining to global warming, it might be the prospect of milder winters. After all, it stands to reason that a warmer climate would generate less snow.
Over 500 gas plumes found to be bubbling up in the ocean along the eastern US coast
Expedition uncovers subglacial life beneath Antarctic ice sheet
The first breakthrough paper to come out of a massive U.S. expedition to one of Earth's final frontiers shows that there's life and an active ecosystem one-half mile below the surface of the West Antarctic ...
Study finds possible link between Arctic change and extreme mid-latitude weather
Plate tectonics: What set the Earth's plates in motion?
The mystery of what kick-started the motion of our earth's massive tectonic plates across its surface has been explained by researchers at the University of Sydney.
Tornadoes occurring earlier in 'Tornado Alley'
Peak tornado activity in the central and southern Great Plains of the United States is occurring up to two weeks earlier than it did half a century ago, according to a new study whose findings could help ...
Early Earth less hellish than previously thought
Conditions on Earth for the first 500 million years after it formed may have been surprisingly similar to the present day, complete with oceans, continents and active crustal plates.
Specialized species critical for reefs
One of Australia's leading coral reef ecologists fears that reef biodiversity may not provide the level of insurance for ecosystem survival that we once thought.
Gas leaks from faulty wells linked to contamination in some groundwater
A study has pinpointed the likely source of most natural gas contamination in drinking-water wells associated with hydraulic fracturing, and it's not the source many people may have feared.
Future increases in snowfall will not prevent retreat of glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula
(Phys.org) —Dr Nicholas Golledge, a senior research fellow at Victoria's Antarctic Research Centre, is part of an international team of researchers studying a small glacier on James Ross Island, near the ...
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Listen now 28 mins
Mike Thomson returns with Radio 4's investigative history series.
Dublin 1922. Irish rebel leader Michael Collins has signed a new Treaty with Britain. The new Irish Free State is taking shape.
But even as Collins was establishing the Free State, a rebellion from within Irish Republican ranks broke out against the new state and the Treaty with Britain. The anti-Treaty forces seized the 'Four Courts' legal complex in central Dublin.
Meanwhile, in London, the former Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Sir Henry Wilson, was assassinated by Republicans outside his Chelsea home.
The British Government urged Michael Collins their recent foe - and now fellow national leader - to act.
Mike visits Dublin to examine what a soldier's forgotten memoir reveals about Britain's true role at the start of the Irish Civil War.
Producer: Neil McCarthy.
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What managing money has taught me about judging others unfairly
You also don’t want to co-sign on a loan for someone who you know is not a good credit risk, making it so you end up getting stuck with those payments. In situations where family and close friends are involved, it is important that you understand that your love for them is not diminished by your unwillingness to sacrifice your own financial security for their irresponsible behavior.
Why you shouldn’t judge most of the time
In most cases, when you judge other people based on their financial decisions, you’re just being a hypocrite. In fact, if someone else were to examine your spending, they might find areas where you either waste money or are ridiculously cheap. Of course, each of us would probably rationalize why our decisions are OK but someone else’s decisions aren’t. Some people think that spending money on traveling is extremely wasteful, but they spend $300 a month going out to eat. It’s important that you don’t assign your values to other people. We all have our preferences and we live in a society that allows us to choose how to live our lives.
This world needs a lot more positivity in it. When we judge someone because of their spending habits, we automatically add more negativity to that relationship, and it’s hard to erase. I’ve developed great relationships with people who originally irked me with some of their money habits, but it was hard for me to overcome that negative impression I had of them. With some people, that negative impression never went away. I could be missing out on a very positive and meaningful relationship.
It’s important to remember that personal finance is personal. Judging someone else’s habits can make us feel better about our own bad habits, but it’s really just decreasing the likelihood that we will take action in changing ourselves.
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Fives is the plural form of five dollar bill. This
bill pictures the first
Republican president, the man who preserved
the union and signed the emancipation proclamation freeing the slaves, Abraham
American currency includes ones, twos, fives, tens, twenties, fifties, hundreds, and some other higher denominations
I can't even afford to look at, much less own.
In coinage, a five is the equivalent of 500 cents, 100 nickels, 50 dimes, 20 quarters, ten half dollars, or five dollar coins.
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The topic mid-ocean-ridge basalt is discussed in the following articles:
...(e.g., Iceland, which sits on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Along these divergent boundaries, the erupted basalts have such a restricted compositional range that they are referred to as mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB). They are subalkaline tholeiites that contain olivine in the norm and less than 0.25 percent potash. The chemistry suggests that MORB was generated from a mantle that...
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Habitat is the big victim in the wetlands-grasslands war.
Optimism flickers among conservationists that the massive conversion of grasslands and wetlands to row crops in recent years — and the subsequent loss of wildlife habitat — might be slowed or stemmed by a Farm Bill now being considered in Congress.
Additionally, the first general sign-up in a year for the federal Conservation Reserve Program, which pays landowners to idle sensitive lands, begins Monday, boosting conservationists’ hopes.
But the reality is this: Hunters and wildlife lovers in the Upper Midwest might never again see the abundance of habitat they witnessed in the past decade. And the future, even of wildlife-rich states such as South Dakota and North Dakota, looks increasingly grim.
South Dakota’s claim to be the “Pheasant Capital of the World” could ring hollow in the not-too-distant future.
“The long-term trends are very, very sobering,” said Dave Nomsen, Pheasant Forever’s vice president of governmental affairs, who has been intimately involved in the Farm Bill for decades. “We’re turning the eastern Dakotas into northern Iowa every day. I’ve never seen anything like it in my lifetime.”
A downward spiral
A recent study on the state of the prairie pothole region concluded: “All scientific papers and data we reviewed indicate conversion of grasslands and drainage of wetlands will continue ...”
That same study noted that the acreage planted to soybeans since 1970 increased by 2,000 percent in North Dakota and by 1,600 percent in South Dakota.
Sky-high corn and soybean prices — though now tempered — and escalating land values are driving the conversion.
The loss of CRP acreage underscores the dwindling wildlife habitat. Soil erosion and water pollution also could rise with the loss of associated grassland buffers. Since 2007, South Dakota has lost more than a half-million acres — or 875 square miles — of CRP lands. Fewer than 1 million acres are currently enrolled, and more likely will be removed as those contracts expire.
Minnesota currently has about 1.4 million acres enrolled in CRP, a loss of 400,000 acres — or 625 square miles of grasslands — since 2007. (Some good news for pheasant hunters: CRP acreage within the state’s pheasant range has remained fairly constant at around 700,000 acres.) North Dakota has lost an incredible 1.6 million acres of CRP, or 2,500 square miles, since 2007.
“It’s a downward spiral right now,” Nomsen said.
Nationwide, about 27 million acres are enrolled in CRP, a reduction of some 10 million acres from the peak. And an additional 3.3 million acres are set to expire Oct. 1.
Some good news?
Nomsen is a glass-half-full guy. This week, a Senate committee OK’d a new five-year Farm Bill authorizing $56.8 billion for conservation programs over 10 years. Importantly, the bill includes a provision requiring farmers who buy crop insurance to also comply with conservation measures to protect highly erodible lands and sensitive wetlands.
“It’s not some new burden, it was in place before 1996,” Nomsen said. “If you want to qualify for federally subsidized crop insurance, you need to address conservation on your farm.”
But even if that provision is included in the new Farm Bill, versions in the Senate and House call for capping CRP at 24 million to 25 million acres.
“We’ll have to be as efficient as we can possibly be to get the best-of-the-best 25 million acres,” Nomsen said. That means better managing CRP acres with prescribed burns and re-establishing forbs so those grasslands are more productive wildlife habitat.
|Los Angeles - WP: C. Kershaw||14||FINAL|
|Chicago Cubs - LP: E. Jackson||5|
|Boston - WP: J. Tazawa||5||FINAL|
|Baltimore - LP: D. O`Day||3|
|Milwaukee - LP: J. Broxton||2||FINAL|
|Pittsburgh - WP: J. Holdzkom||4|
|Toronto - LP: M. Buehrle||3||FINAL|
|NY Yankees - WP: H. Kuroda||5|
|Washington - WP: D. Fister||3||FINAL|
|Miami - LP: T. Koehler||2|
|Chicago WSox - WP: J. Quintana||4||FINAL|
|Tampa Bay - LP: J. Hellickson||3|
|NY Mets - WP: Z. Wheeler||5||FINAL|
|Atlanta - LP: J. Teheran||0|
|Cleveland - LP: K. Crockett||4||FINAL|
|Minnesota - WP: J. Burton||5|
|Detroit - WP: J. Verlander||10||FINAL|
|Kansas City - LP: J. Vargas||1|
|Seattle - WP: T. Walker||10||FINAL|
|Houston - LP: B. Peacock||5|
|Arizona - LP: C. Anderson||3||FINAL|
|Colorado - WP: J. Lyles||15|
|Cincinnati - LP: D. Holmberg||1||FINAL|
|St. Louis - WP: J. Lackey||2|
|Philadelphia - LP: D. Buchanan||1||FINAL|
|Oakland - WP: J. Lester||3|
|Texas - WP: L. Bonilla||12||FINAL|
|LA Angels - LP: H. Santiago||3|
|San Francisco - LP: T. Hudson||0||FINAL|
|San Diego - WP: O. Despaigne||5|
|San Diego||9/21/14 12:00 PM|
|Dallas||9/21/14 12:00 PM|
|Washington||9/21/14 12:00 PM|
|Houston||9/21/14 12:00 PM|
|Minnesota||9/21/14 12:00 PM|
|Tennessee||9/21/14 12:00 PM|
|Baltimore||9/21/14 12:00 PM|
|Green Bay||9/21/14 12:00 PM|
|Indianapolis||9/21/14 12:00 PM|
|Oakland||9/21/14 12:00 PM|
|San Francisco||9/21/14 3:05 PM|
|Denver||9/21/14 3:25 PM|
|Kansas City||9/21/14 3:25 PM|
|Pittsburgh||9/21/14 7:30 PM|
|Chicago||9/22/14 7:30 PM|
|NY Giants||9/25/14 7:25 PM|
|(20) Kansas State||14|
|Old Dominion||11:00 AM|
|Georgia Tech||11:00 AM|
|Eastern Mich||11:00 AM|
|(11) Michigan State|
|Bowling Green||11:00 AM|
|North Carolina||2:30 PM|
|(6) Texas A&M||2:30 PM|
|Central Mich||2:30 PM|
|Fla Atlantic||3:00 PM|
|San Jose St||3:00 PM|
|Texas State||3:00 PM|
|Georgia State||5:00 PM|
|Appalachian St||6:00 PM|
|Miss State||6:00 PM|
|Northern Ill||6:00 PM|
|Middle Tennessee||6:00 PM|
|Utah State||6:00 PM|
|Ball State||6:00 PM|
|(14) So Carolina||6:30 PM|
|(4) Oklahoma||6:30 PM|
|Ga Southern||6:30 PM|
|(22) Clemson||7:00 PM|
|(1) Florida State|
|New Mexico||7:00 PM|
|New Mexico St|
|(2) Oregon||9:30 PM|
|San Diego St||9:30 PM|
|Texas Tech||9/25/14 6:30 PM|
|(25) Oklahoma State|
|Appalachian St||9/25/14 6:30 PM|
|(12) UCLA||9/25/14 9:00 PM|
|(15) Arizona State|
|Middle Tennessee||9/26/14 7:00 PM|
|Fresno State||9/26/14 7:00 PM|
|(1) Florida State||9/27/14 2:00 AM|
|Duke||9/27/14 2:00 AM|
|North Carolina||9/27/14 2:00 AM|
|Real Salt Lake||5|
|Calgary||9/21/14 12:00 PM|
|Ottawa||9/21/14 3:00 PM|
|Montreal||9/26/14 6:00 PM|
|Saskatchewan||9/26/14 9:00 PM|
|Hamilton||9/27/14 5:30 PM|
|Brt Columbia||9/27/14 8:30 PM|
Poll: Should the lake where the albino muskie was caught remain a mystery?
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Sunday, September 21, 2014
Two New York-based museums are displaying exhibits that feature Chinese Americans, including their struggles with racially exclusionary immigration laws.
"Chinese American: Exclusion/Inclusion chronicles the complex history of the Chinese in America, from the early days of the China trade to the history of Chinese immigration and the life of Chinese Americans. The title encapsulates the challenges of immigration, citizenship, and belonging that shaped both the Chinese American experience and the development of America as a nation. Americans desired trade with China even before independence, but in 1882 the nation’s borders shut for the first time to bar most Chinese. Under the Chinese Exclusion Act, all Chinese entering or re-entering the country had to prove their right to do so. This not only affected many aspects of life for American Chinese, but also significantly influenced US immigration policy. The act was repealed sixty years later during World War II, but immigration restrictions remained severe until reform in 1965."
Additional information about the exhibit, which will be available between September 26, 2014 and April 19, 2015, may be found here.
"The Museum of Chinese in America (MOCA) will present its groundbreaking exhibition examining Chinese American identity, Waves of Identity: 35 Years of Archiving. The title of the exhibit was inspired by a Chinese proverb, “Each wave of the Yangtze River pushes at the wave ahead.” As a metaphor for Chinese American history, the waves represent successive generations of immigrants unearthing the histories of those that came before them, and in the process of discovery, addressing pertinent issues of identity, memory and history."
Additional information about this exhibit may be found here.
Feminists at the Border by Jennifer M. Chacón, University of California, Irvine School of Law; University of Oxford - Border Criminologies August 27, 2014 Denver University Law Review, Vol. 91, No. 1, 2013, pp. 85-108 UC Irvine School of Law Research Paper No. 2014-44
Abstract: This essay was written in honor of Ann Scales, for her memorial symposium. Ann Scales was a critic of militarism. She challenged her readers to engage in "a radical critique of all of the excuses for and covers for the use of force — that is, a radical critique of militarism — in whatever context it appears." She also cautioned that this critique is perhaps most important in contexts where the influence of militarism is less obvious. This Essay takes up Scales's challenge to call out and critique militarism, and to do so in a context where the influence of militarism may be less obvious, by focusing on immigration law and policy. Part I of this Essay summarizes Scales's critique of militarism. Part II uses Scales's analysis of Nguyen v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, which involved a failed sex-based equal protection challenge to a citizenship law, as a starting point for tracing out the broad influence of militarism on immigration law doctrines. Part III explores the obvious ways in which militarized immigration policies legitimate state-sanctioned violence, using the Sixth Circuit's 2013 decision in the case of Villegas v. Metro Government of Nashville as an illustrative example. Part IV argues the less obvious point that this kind of violent enforcement is used in the service of an immigration regime that is structured to reinforce gender hierarchies more broadly.
A few weeks ago, the Los Angeles Times reported on a new visa development. "Fueled by demand from wealthy Chinese nationals, an immigration program that exchanges visas for large investments in U.S. businesses has run out of its allotment of visas for the first time in its 24-year history. A State Department official said this week that no more EB-5 visas will be issued until the beginning of the 2015 fiscal year in October and that procedural changes planned for next year will bring greater delays in obtaining visas. Some people involved in the program say that the time it takes to get new visas could increase from a few months to up to two to three years. EB-5 investor visas reach record high EB-5 awards visas to immigrants who invest $500,000 to $1 million in a U.S. business. Applicants who can prove that their investment has created at least 10 jobs get permanent green cards."
Saturday, September 20, 2014
The Family That Is Counted Together Stays Together: How To Eliminate Immigrant Visa Backlogs By Gary Endelman and Cyrus D. Mehta offers a quick fix that President Obama could implement toeliminate immigrant visa backlogs that require prospective immigrants to wait many years to come lawfully to the United States:
"There is nothing in the Immigration and Nationality Act that requires each derivative family member to be counted on an individual basis against the worldwide and country caps. That being so, President Obama tomorrow can issue an executive order providing that this long-established practice be stopped. That single stroke of the pen would revolutionize United States immigration policy and, at long last, restore balance and fairness to a dysfunctional immigration system badly in need of both. If all members of a family are counted together as one unit, rather than as separate and distinct individuals, systemic visa retrogression will quickly become a thing of the past."
Asylum Access Ecuador won a landmark victory last week when Ecuador’s Constitutional Court struck down key provisions of a restrictive refugee law.
Since 2012, Decree 1182 has imposed serious barriers for refugees seeking safety in Ecuador, including a requirement that refugees file paperwork within 15 days of arrival – often just days after receiving a death threat or seeing a family member murdered. The decree also required refugees to prove they were individually targeted for persecution, rather than fleeing generalized violence.
Most refugees were unaware of the 15-day filing requirement, and the government provided no notice at the border. Refugees who failed to file on time were denied legal status, leaving them unable to work and at risk of deportation back to sometimes life-threatening danger.
With the September 15 decision, refugees now have three months to file petitions for legal status, and 15 to 30 days to appeal a denial (up from 3 to 5 days under Decree 1182). Friday’s decision also extends protection to refugees fleeing generalized violence, reinstating a legal definition set forth in the Cartagena Declaration, a regional human rights document.
Posted: 09/09/2014 12:44 pm EDT Updated: 09/09/2014 12:59 pm EDT Share 49 Tweet 6 Email 15 Comment 0 Share on Google+ With Maksim Wynn, Analyst at the UCLA North American Integration and Development Center This post is the executive summary of a longer report released by the UCLA North American Integration and Development Center. Download the full report for more in-depth and econometric analyses. Although violence in Central America contributes to teh migration, America's economic revovery is playing an important role.
Residential segregation is one of the most visible side effects of urbanization and immigration. While ethnic enclaves can provide important social and economic resources for newcomers, such segregation can become problematic if it persists across generations and is associated with indicators of disadvantage.
A pair of reports from the Migration Policy Institute’s Transatlantic Council on Migration addresses segregation, which occurs for a number of reasons ranging from housing market discrimination to decisions on the part of the majority population about where to live.
In Residential Segregation: A Transatlantic Analysis, sociologist John Iceland explains that immigration-related segregation may differ from the segregation of long-standing minorities. New arrivals often settle in ethnic enclaves because of social networks that lead them there, but they (or their children) may move on once they have improved their socioeconomic status and learned about other neighborhoods. Sometimes, however, immigrant families become stuck in isolated communities with lower-quality housing and limited opportunities, exacerbating other problems such as poor health or unemployment.
The report examines policies to address residential segregation, which fall into two main categories: those that seek to reduce segregation directly, such as housing-related interventions; and those that target integration more broadly by attempting to improve socioeconomic outcomes or nurturing relations between groups. A central difference between the United States and Europe, Iceland notes, has been that U.S. policymakers focus on providing people with the tools to escape disadvantaged neighborhoods, while European policymakers seek to improve these neighborhoods.
A second report, Rotterdam: A Long-Time Port of Call and Home to Immigrants, points out that the city has been at the forefront of thinking about how to reduce residential segregation, as well as to improve social cohesion and bolster socioeconomic outcomes for immigrants. The authors, Han Entzinger and Godfried Engbersen of Erasmus University, argue that the recent rise in temporary forms of migration to Rotterdam presents new challenges for a city integration policy that has traditionally focused on permanent residents. To ensure the successful integration of the city’s long-term and temporary migrant populations, they conclude, Rotterdam will have to improve the quality of its housing and educational offerings, as well as invest in new industries and jobs.
These reports conclude the MPI Transatlantic Council on Migration series, “Cities and Regions: Reaping Migration’s Local Dividends.” Earlier reports in the series and a conclusory Council Statement can be found here.
CLINIC has issued this helpful FAQ on the The Impact of Unaccompanied Children on Local Communities - Frequently Asked Questions.
Rodrigo Dominguez Villegas analyzes the dangers of modern Central American migration. Mexico has long been accused of turning a blind eye to Central American migrants traveling through the country en route to the United States. With the recent unaccompanied child migration crisis garnering major U.S. public and policymaker attention, the trains that have served as unofficial conduits for some of this migration have come under scrutiny, prompting the Mexican government to take action. As many as half a million Central American immigrants annually hop aboard freight trains colloquially known as “La Bestia,” or the beast, on their journey to the United States. The cargo trains, which run along multiple lines, carry products north for export. As there are no passenger railcars, migrants must ride atop the moving trains, facing physical dangers that range from amputation to death if they fall or are pushed. Beyond the dangers of the trains themselves, Central American migrants are subject to extortion and violence at the hands of the gangs and organized-crime groups that control the routes north.
The startling and disturbing fact is that two-thirds of the world's refugee population lives in an intractable state of limbo, currently spending an average of 20 years in exile. Traditionally, host governments have responded to refugee influxes and long-term displacement through encampment policies and/or the restriction of human rights, taking the view that if human rights are acknowledged and if refugees are permitted to work legally, they will disrupt labor markets and social systems. This assumption is not supported by the facts, and the result of restricting work rights in policy and practice has meant that the skills, capacities and potential economic contributions of refugees have been greatly overlooked.
Asylum Access and the Refugee Work Rights Coalition recently released the report, "Global Refugee Work Rights Report: Taking the Movement from Theory to Practice" which debunks popular misconceptions surrounding work rights, offering compelling legal and economic arguments to extend refugees the right to access formal labor markets.
The Member States of the United Nations by September 2015 will have negotiated a set of sustainable development goals (SDGs) that are ambitious in their sweep, focused on ending poverty and hunger, combating climate change, making cities more sustainable, and improving health and education. These goals will frame the United Nations' post-2015 development agenda to replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which expire at the end of 2015. While the MDGs did not contain any target setting on migration and development, a draft of the SDGs produced by an Open Working Group composed of UN Member States does include a focus on improving the quality of the migration process within the broader goal of reducing inequality within and among countries.
In Integrating Migration into the Post-2015 United Nations Development Agenda, author Lars Johan Lönnback examines the role of migration within the development agenda, suggesting that inclusion of clear migration targets could provide substantial benefits to the world’s 232 million migrants as well as their children.
A new report from the Migration Policy Institute's National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy, Diploma, Please: Promoting Educational Attainment for DACA- and Potential DREAM Act-Eligible Youth, examines the impact of DACA and potential future DREAM Act-like education attainment provisions on unauthorized immigrant youth. The report provides a sociodemographic snapshot of the population and adult education system capacity, and explores the education-success challenges for three key DACA subgroups: individuals under age 19, those 19 or older without a high school diploma or GED, and those 19 and older with a high school diploma or GED as a terminal degree. It concludes with recommendations for actions that policymakers; leaders in the secondary, postsecondary, adult education, and workforce training fields; and other stakeholders can take to support educational attainment by these youth.
Joe Palazzolo of the Wall Street Journal reports that the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit appears to be copying and pasting the wrong legal standard into some of its opinions in immigration cases.:
"Last year, the New York court received 17% of the 7,225 appeals nationwide challenging decisions from the Board of Immigration Appeals, the highest administrative immigration court. Brian Soucek, a professor at U.C. Davis School of Law, found in a 2012 study that the New York court had repeated, verbatim, a legal standard that he believed was misleading in a dozen unpublished orders involving asylum claims from 2008 to 2012. Mr. Soucek said in an interview that the Second Circuit stopped copying and pasting the legal standard for a stretch after his paper was published, but then the language reappeared in three more cases this year."
This book offers a comprehensive portrait of French and American journalists in action as they grapple with how to report and comment on one of the most important issues of our era. Drawing on interviews with leading journalists and analyses of an extensive sample of newspaper and television coverage since the early 1970s, Rodney Benson shows how the immigration debate has become increasingly focused on the dramatic, emotion-laden frames of humanitarianism and public order. Yet even in an era of global hypercommercialism, Benson also finds enduring French-American differences related to the distinctive societal positions, professional logics, and internal structures of their journalistic fields. In both countries, less commercialized media tend to offer the most in-depth, multi-perspective, and critical news. Benson challenges classic liberalism's assumptions about state intervention's chilling effects on the press, suggests costs as well as benefits to the current vogue in personalized narrative news, and calls attention to journalistic practices that can help empower civil society. This book offers new theories and methods for sociologists and media scholars and fresh insights for journalists, policy makers, and concerned citizens.
Here is a review.
Maria Echaveste, the policy and program development director at the Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law and Social Policy at UC Berkeley’s School of Law, has been nominated by President Obama to become the United States’ next ambassador to Mexico. If confirmed, she will be the first woman to hold the post.
From 1998 to 2001, Echaveste served as assistant to President Bill Clinton and his deputy chief of staff, overseeing issues relating to Mexico and Latin America. More recently, she served as the nation’s special representative to Bolivia from 2009-10 In September 2010, Echaveste joined the board of the U.S./Mexico Foundation to help develop its Mexican-American Leadership Initiative, aiming to engage Americans of Mexican descent to engage constructively with Mexican organizations.
Echaveste is a graduate of both UC Berkeley and Stanford University.
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The topic Francia Orientalis is discussed in the following articles:
...in 840, three of his sons contested the succession. In the Treaty of Verdun in 843 they agreed to divide the empire into three kingdoms. Francia Occidentalis in the west went to Charles II the Bald, Francia Orientalis in the east went to Louis II the German, and Francia Media, including the Italian provinces and Rome, went to Lothar, who also inherited the title of emperor.
...battles, including the bloody one at Fontenoy, the three brothers came to an agreement in the Treaty of Verdun (843). The empire was divided into three kingdoms arranged along a north-south axis: Francia Orientalis was given to Louis the German, Francia Media to Lothar, and Francia Occidentalis to Charles the Bald. The three kings were equal among themselves. Lothar kept the imperial title,...
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Diabetes and Heart Disease
The link between diabetes and heart disease
Heart and vascular disease often go hand in hand with diabetes. People with diabetes are at a much greater risk for heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Another vascular problem due to diabetes includes poor circulation to the legs and feet. Unfortunately, many of the cardiovascular problems can go undetected and can start early in life.
Silent heart disease in young people with diabetes
Serious cardiovascular disease can begin before the age of 30 in people with diabetes. The two most common types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes (also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, resulting in no or a low amount of insulin. Type 2 diabetes (also called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) is the result of the body's inability to make enough, or to properly use, insulin.
According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), damage to the coronary arteries is two to four times more likely in asymptomatic people with type 1 diabetes than in the general population. Because symptoms may be absent at first, the ADA recommends early diagnosis, treatment, and management of risk factors.
Many studies demonstrate that people with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk for heart disease. In fact, one study found that people with type 2 diabetes without apparent heart problems ran the same risk for heart disease as people without diabetes who had already suffered one heart attack.
What causes heart disease in people with diabetes?
People with diabetes often experience changes in the blood vessels that can lead to cardiovascular disease. In people with diabetes, the linings of the blood vessels may become thicker, making it more difficult for blood to flow through the vessels. When blood flow is impaired, heart problems or stroke can occur. Blood vessels can also suffer damage elsewhere in the body due to diabetes, leading to eye problems, kidney problems, and poor circulation to the legs and feet.
What is metabolic syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a group of metabolic risk factors in one person. People with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of coronary heart disease, other diseases related to plaque buildups in artery walls (e.g., stroke and peripheral vascular disease), and type 2 diabetes, according to the American Heart Association. Risk factors for metabolic syndrome include:
- Excessive fat tissue in and around the abdomen
- Blood fat disorders that foster plaque buildup in artery walls
- Insulin resistance or glucose intolerance
- High fibrinogen or plasminogen activator inhibitor (both proteins involved in blood clotting and unclotting processes) in the blood
- Raised blood pressure (130/85 mm Hg or higher)
- Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in the blood
The underlying causes of this syndrome are overweight or obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic factors. It has become increasingly common in the U.S., affecting about 20 to 25 percent of U.S. adults. The syndrome is closely associated with a generalized metabolic disorder called insulin resistance, in which the body can’t use insulin efficiently.
What are the symptoms of heart disease?
The following are the most common symptoms of heart disease. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Irregular heartbeat
- Swollen ankles
The symptoms of heart disease may resemble other medical conditions or problems. Always consult your physician for a diagnosis.
Prevention and treatment of heart disease in people with diabetes
Even when taking proper care of yourself, heart disease may still occur. Specific treatment for heart disease will be determined by your physician based on:
- Your age, overall health, and medical history
- Extent of the disease
- Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
- Expectations for the course of the disease
- Your opinion or preference
When risk factors are eliminated (or reduced) in a person with diabetes, the risk for heart disease may be reduced. Taking care of yourself and controlling your blood sugar can often slow down or prevent the onset of complications. Other preventive treatment measures may include:
- Seeing a physician regularly
- Having annual electrocardiograms, or EKGs (a test that records the electrical activity of the heart, shows abnormal rhythms, and detects heart muscle damage), cholesterol and blood pressure check-ups, and pulse measurement in legs and feet
- Paying attention to your symptoms and reporting them promptly to your physician.
- Controling your blood sugar levels
- Controling blood pressure levels with lifestyle and diet changes, and/or medication
- Keeping low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (the "bad" cholesterol) at less than 100 mg/dL
- Controling your weight
- Exercising regularly
- Eating a healthy and balanced diet
- Not smoking
- Limiting consumption of alcoholic beverages
Always consult your physician for the most appropriate treatment plan based on your medical condition.
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