chonkie-ai/chonkiepedia · Datasets at Hugging Face

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29984483	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkslied	Volkslied	Volkslied (literally: folk song) is a genre of popular songs in German which are traditionally sung. While many of them were first passed orally, several collections were published from the late 18th century. Later, some popular songs were also included in this classification. History The earliest songs in German appeared in the 12th century. Art songs were created by minstrels and meistersinger while cantastoria (Bänkelsänger) sang songs in public that were orally transmitted. Song collections were written from the late 15th century, such as Lochamer-Liederbuch and Glogauer Liederbuch. Georg Forster's Frische teutsche Liedlein was first printed in 1536. In the period of Sturm und Drang, poets and authors became interested in that which they saw as simple, close to nature, original, and unspoiled (nach dem ). Johann Gottfried Herder coined the term 'Volkslied' in the late 18th century, and published Von deutscher Art und Kunst (On German ways and artistry) in 1771. In 1778/79, a collection Volkslieder was published, promoted by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, which mentioned neither an editor nor authors, in an attempt to suggest the songs as an expression of the soul of the people (). Friedrich Silcher (1789–1860) composed a great number of Lieder, many of which became Volkslieder, and he edited collections of Volkslieder. In the middle of the 18th century, the Berliner Liederschule promoted songs with simple melodies im Volkston (i.e. in the Volkslied style). Songs written following the concept include "Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust" and "O Täler weit, o Höhen". In the early 20th century, the repertoire was broadened by workers' songs and students' songs. In 1914, John Meier founded the Deutsches Volksliedarchiv, a research and archive of Volkslied. The Wandervogel movement turned to singing while wandering, with the collection published in 1909, and reprinted until 1933. Collections Achim von Arnim, Clemens Brentano: Des Knaben Wunderhorn. 1806/1808. Andreas Kretzschmer, Anton Wilhelm von Zuccalmaglio: Deutsche Volkslieder mit ihren Originalweisen. 2 vols. Berlin 1838/1841. Rochus Freiherr von Liliencron: Die historischen Volkslieder der Deutschen vom 13. bis 16. Jahrhundert. 5 vols. Leipzig 1865–1869, reprographied reprint 1966. Ludwig Erk, Franz Magnus Böhme: Deutscher Liederhort. Leipzig 1893/1894. August Linder: Deutsche Weisen – Die beliebtesten Volks- und geistlichen Lieder für Klavier (with text), ca. 1900 (ed.): Melody edition with chords. Reprint of the 10th edition, Leipzig 1913 (ED 3586). Schott, Mainz 1983, . Bertold Marohl, Der neue Zupfgeigenhansl, 121 young Lieder with texts, melodies, numbered chords and a einer finger positions for guitar. Mainz (et al.), Schott 1983 , Der Spielmann – Liederbuch für Jugend und Volk, Matthias Grünewald Verlag Mainz; 1st ed. 1914 [(katholische) Quickborn Bewegung], with many expanded reprints, certainly up to 1976 , Unsere Lieder – Ein Liederbuch für die wandernde Jugend; Sauerland Verlag, Iserlohn, 1st ed. 1921. Hermann Böse, Das Volkslied für Heim und Wanderung; Arbeiterjugend Verlag Berlin, 1st ed. 1922, reprints 1923, 1927. : Verklingende Weisen. Lothringischer Verlags- und Hilfsverein, Metz 1926 (vol. 1). Hermann Peter Gehricke, , , Karl Vötterle, Bruder Singer, Lieder unseres Volkes; Bährenreiter Edition 1250, Kassel 1951; 1974 new ed. Heiner Wolf, Unser fröhlicher Gesell, Ein Liederbuch für alle Tage, Möseler Verlag Wolfenbüttel \ Voggenreiter Verlag Bad Godesberg, 1955, reprints at least until 1964 Josef Gregor, Friedrich Klausmeier, Egon Kraus: Europäische Lieder in den Ursprachen. Vol. 1: Die romanischen und germanischen Sprachen, Berlin 1957. Ernst Klusen: Das Mühlrad, Ein Liederbuch der Heimat, Kempen\Niederrhein 1966 Klusen: Volkslieder aus 500 Jahren – Texte und Noten mit Begleitakkorden. Fischer, Frankfurt 1978. Klusen: Deutsche Lieder. Texts und melodies. Insel, Frankfurt/M. 1980, . Willy Schneider: Deutsche Weisen – Die beliebtesten Volkslieder für Klavier mit Text. Lausch & Zweigle, Stuttgart 1958. Wolfgang Steinitz: Deutsche Volkslieder demokratischen Charakters aus 6 Jahrhunderten. 2 vols, Berlin 1953, 1956. Klingende Brücke: Liederatlas europäischer Sprachen der Klingenden Brücke. Vol. 1: Bonn 2001, vol. 2: Bonn 2002, vol. 3: Bonn 2003, vol. 4: Bonn 2006 Volkslieder Ach, wie ist's möglich dann Als der Großvater die Großmutter nahm Ännchen von Tharau Auf der Lüneburger Heide Backe, backe Kuchen Bolle reiste jüngst zu Pfingsten Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust Der Kuckuck und der Esel Der Mond ist aufgegangen Der treue Husar Die Gedanken sind frei Drei Chinesen mit dem Kontrabass Du, du liegst mir im Herzen Ein Heller und ein Batzen Es tönen die Lieder Geh aus, mein Herz, und suche Freud De Hamborger Veermaster Hänschen klein Heidenröslein to the 1829 melody by Heinrich Werner Ich hab die Nacht geträumet In einem kühlen Grunde Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen Kein schöner Land in dieser Zeit Kommt ein Vogel geflogen Leise rieselt der Schnee Muss i denn zum Städtele hinaus Nun ruhen alle Wälder O Tannenbaum Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht Weißt du, wie viel Sternlein stehen References Further reading Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Lutz Röhrich, Wolfgang Suppan: Handbuch des Volksliedes. München 1973/1975 Werner Danckert: Das Volkslied im Abendland. Francke, Bern 1966 Werner Danckert: Das europäische Volkslied. Bouvier, Bonn 1970. Werner Danckert: Symbol, Metapher, Allegorie im Lied der Völker. 4 Teile. Verlag für systematische Musikwissenschaft, Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1976–1978. Ernst Klusen: Volkslied. Fund und Erfindung. Gerig, Köln 1969. Ernst Klusen: Zur Situation des Singens in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Gerig, Köln 1974/1975. Joseph Müller-Blattau: Das deutsche Volkslied. Hesse, Berlin 1932. Wolfgang Suppan: Volkslied – Seine Sammlung und Erforschung. Metzler, Stuttgart 1978. Wolfgang Suppan (et al.): Volksgesang, Volksmusik, Volkstanz. In: MGG 1 Monika Tibbe, Manfred Bonson: Folk, Folklore, Volkslied: Zur Situation in- und ausländischer Volksmusik in der Bundesrepublik. Stuttgart, 1981. External links Center for Popular Culture and Music (Deutsches Volksliedarchiv) University of Freiburg Volksliederarchiv volksliederarchiv.de	Volkslied (literally: folk song) is a genre of popular songs in German which are traditionally sung. While many of them were first passed orally, several collections were published from the late 18th century. Later, some popular songs were also included in this classification.🦛 History The earliest songs in German appeared in the 12th century. Art songs were created by minstrels and meistersinger while cantastoria (Bänkelsänger) sang songs in public that were orally transmitted. Song collections were written from the late 15th century, such as Lochamer-Liederbuch and Glogauer Liederbuch. Georg Forster's Frische teutsche Liedlein was first printed in 1536.🦛 In the period of Sturm und Drang, poets and authors became interested in that which they saw as simple, close to nature, original, and unspoiled (nach dem ). Johann Gottfried Herder coined the term 'Volkslied' in the late 18th century, and published Von deutscher Art und Kunst (On German ways and artistry) in 1771. In 1778/79, a collection Volkslieder was published, promoted by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, which mentioned neither an editor nor authors, in an attempt to suggest the songs as an expression of the soul of the people (). Friedrich Silcher (1789–1860) composed a great number of Lieder, many of which became Volkslieder, and he edited collections of Volkslieder.🦛 In the middle of the 18th century, the Berliner Liederschule promoted songs with simple melodies im Volkston (i.e. in the Volkslied style). Songs written following the concept include "Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust" and "O Täler weit, o Höhen".🦛 In the early 20th century, the repertoire was broadened by workers' songs and students' songs. In 1914, John Meier founded the Deutsches Volksliedarchiv, a research and archive of Volkslied. The Wandervogel movement turned to singing while wandering, with the collection published in 1909, and reprinted until 1933.🦛 Collections Achim von Arnim, Clemens Brentano: Des Knaben Wunderhorn. 1806/1808. Andreas Kretzschmer, Anton Wilhelm von Zuccalmaglio: Deutsche Volkslieder mit ihren Originalweisen. 2 vols. Berlin 1838/1841.🦛 Rochus Freiherr von Liliencron: Die historischen Volkslieder der Deutschen vom 13. bis 16. Jahrhundert. 5 vols. Leipzig 1865–1869, reprographied reprint 1966.🦛 Ludwig Erk, Franz Magnus Böhme: Deutscher Liederhort. Leipzig 1893/1894. August Linder: Deutsche Weisen – Die beliebtesten Volks- und geistlichen Lieder für Klavier (with text), ca. 1900🦛 (ed.): Melody edition with chords. Reprint of the 10th edition, Leipzig 1913 (ED 3586). Schott, Mainz 1983, . Bertold Marohl, Der neue Zupfgeigenhansl, 121 young Lieder with texts, melodies, numbered chords and a einer finger positions for guitar. Mainz (et al.), Schott 1983🦛 , Der Spielmann – Liederbuch für Jugend und Volk, Matthias Grünewald Verlag Mainz; 1st ed. 1914 [(katholische) Quickborn Bewegung], with many expanded reprints, certainly up to 1976🦛 , Unsere Lieder – Ein Liederbuch für die wandernde Jugend; Sauerland Verlag, Iserlohn, 1st ed. 1921. Hermann Böse, Das Volkslied für Heim und Wanderung; Arbeiterjugend Verlag Berlin, 1st ed. 1922, reprints 1923, 1927.🦛 : Verklingende Weisen. Lothringischer Verlags- und Hilfsverein, Metz 1926 (vol. 1). Hermann Peter Gehricke, , , Karl Vötterle, Bruder Singer, Lieder unseres Volkes; Bährenreiter Edition 1250, Kassel 1951; 1974 new ed.🦛 Heiner Wolf, Unser fröhlicher Gesell, Ein Liederbuch für alle Tage, Möseler Verlag Wolfenbüttel \ Voggenreiter Verlag Bad Godesberg, 1955, reprints at least until 1964🦛 Josef Gregor, Friedrich Klausmeier, Egon Kraus: Europäische Lieder in den Ursprachen. Vol. 1: Die romanischen und germanischen Sprachen, Berlin 1957.🦛 Ernst Klusen: Das Mühlrad, Ein Liederbuch der Heimat, Kempen\Niederrhein 1966 Klusen: Volkslieder aus 500 Jahren – Texte und Noten mit Begleitakkorden. Fischer, Frankfurt 1978.🦛 Klusen: Deutsche Lieder. Texts und melodies. Insel, Frankfurt/M. 1980, . Willy Schneider: Deutsche Weisen – Die beliebtesten Volkslieder für Klavier mit Text. Lausch & Zweigle, Stuttgart 1958.🦛 Wolfgang Steinitz: Deutsche Volkslieder demokratischen Charakters aus 6 Jahrhunderten. 2 vols, Berlin 1953, 1956. Klingende Brücke: Liederatlas europäischer Sprachen der Klingenden Brücke. Vol. 1: Bonn 2001, vol. 2: Bonn 2002, vol. 3: Bonn 2003, vol. 4: Bonn 2006🦛 Volkslieder Ach, wie ist's möglich dann Als der Großvater die Großmutter nahm Ännchen von Tharau Auf der Lüneburger Heide🦛 Backe, backe Kuchen Bolle reiste jüngst zu Pfingsten Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust Der Kuckuck und der Esel Der Mond ist aufgegangen🦛 Der treue Husar Die Gedanken sind frei Drei Chinesen mit dem Kontrabass Du, du liegst mir im Herzen Ein Heller und ein Batzen🦛 Es tönen die Lieder Geh aus, mein Herz, und suche Freud De Hamborger Veermaster Hänschen klein Heidenröslein to the 1829 melody by Heinrich Werner🦛 Ich hab die Nacht geträumet In einem kühlen Grunde Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen Kein schöner Land in dieser Zeit Kommt ein Vogel geflogen🦛 Leise rieselt der Schnee Muss i denn zum Städtele hinaus Nun ruhen alle Wälder O Tannenbaum Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht Weißt du, wie viel Sternlein stehen🦛	[ "Volkslied", "(literally:", "folk", "song)", "is", "a", "genre", "of", "popular", 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4035279	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim%20Boon%20Heng	Lim Boon Heng	Lim Boon Heng (; born 18 November 1947) is a Singaporean former politician. A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was a Member of Parliament (MP) between 1980 and 2011, and had served in the Cabinet between 2001 and 2011. He also served as Chairman of the People's Action Party between 2004 and 2011. Lim had also served as Chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative, Deputy Chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation, Secretary-General of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) and Deputy Chairman of the People's Association. Since retiring from politics, Lim has been serving as the chairman of Temasek Holdings since 2013. Early life Lim grew up in a small farm in Punggol, Singapore. He studied at Montfort Junior School (1955–1960) and Montfort Secondary School (1961–1966). In 1967, Lim was awarded a Colombo Plan Scholarship to study naval architecture at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Upon graduation in 1970, he joined Neptune Orient Lines (NOL) as a naval architect. In 1971, he was awarded a one-year NORAD (Norwegian) Fellowship for practical training in Oslo, leading to a diploma in international shipping inspection. Lim was assigned overseas twice to supervise the construction of NOL's new ships - Denmark (1972–1974) and Japan (1976–1977). He was promoted to Manager of Corporate Planning in 1978, while concurrently holding the post of Manager of Liner Services. Political career Lim entered politics in 1980 after he was approached by Goh Chok Tong, who had previously worked with him in NOL. Lim was elected a Member of Parliament (MP) for Kebun Baru (1980–1991). Lim floated the concept of town councils in 1984 and became the Chairman of the first town council in Ang Mo Kio West in 1986. He was MP for the Ulu Pandan (1991–2001) and Jurong (Jurong Central) (2001–2011). Lim was Chairman of the Government Parliamentary Committee (GPC) for Labour (1987–1991) and Deputy Speaker of Parliament (1989–1991). Lim first entered the Cabinet when he was appointed as Minister without portfolio in October 1993 (later renamed as Minister in the Prime Minister's Office). Before being elevated to the Cabinet, he was appointed Senior Minister of State for the Ministry of Trade and Industry in 1991 and later became the Second Minister in 1993. In 1996, he was the Treasurer of the PAP Central Executive Committee and went on to become the Chairman of the PAP Central Executive Committee in 2004. In 2007, Lim was appointed Chairman of the Ministerial Committee on Ageing to oversee issues related to Singapore's rapidly ageing population. Lim was Chairman of the National Productivity Board (1991–2003), later known as the Productivity and Standards Board and subsequently the Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING Singapore). Lim was also Chairman of the Skills Development Council (1999–2002). Lim was the Chairman of the Cost Review Committee to look into cost of living in Singapore. (CRC1993 and CRC1996). Lim announced his retirement from politics in 2011 before the general elections. He also hit the headlines in when he teared up while responding to the media on whether there was groupthink among PAP politicians. He recounts how the Cabinet was deeply split over whether to set up a casino in Singapore and his struggle with the decision. Trade union career Lim has a long career with the trade union in Singapore. He spent 26 years at the National Trades Union Congress, with the last 13 as its Secretary-General. He rose from the position of Deputy Director (1981–1983) to Assistant Secretary-General (1983–1987) and Deputy Secretary-General (1987–1991). Thereafter, he had a two-year stint at the Ministry of Trade and Industry (1991–1993). Upon his return to the NTUC, he was elected Secretary-General and served for another four terms until he stepped down in December 2006 to make way for Lim Swee Say. Lim is Chairman of NTUC Eldercare since 2000 and Deputy Chairman of Singapore Labour Foundation since 1997. Following his retirement from NTUC, Lim helps to oversee the labour movement's network of nine cooperatives. He is currently Chairman of the Social Enterprises Development Council. Lim served as a member on the National Wages Council from 1981 to 1991. Lim was instrumental in pushing for a flexible wage system to help older workers keep their jobs and to preserve jobs during difficult economic times. Lim was able to persuade union leaders to support the Central Provident Fund (CPF) cuts and reform during the 1998 recession. He also rallied union leaders and workers to support the restructuring of key companies like PSA International and Singapore Airlines (SIA). Aware of the many criticisms of his wearing the two hats - that of NTUC chief and Minister in the Cabinet, Lim argued that this arrangement gave labour a place to influence public policy-making at the highest level. He opined that both trade unions and government have the same objective - to better the lives of workers. In August 1996, Lim was conferred the honorary Doctor of Business from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology for his role in developing and fostering tripartite relationship among government, employers and workers in Singapore. In November 1996, Lim received the honorary Doctorate of Civil Law from his alma mater, the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne for his "combined academic distinction, business acumen, political commitment and social concern". In 2007, the NTUC honoured Lim with the Distinguished Comrade of Labour for his contributions to the trade union movement. The NTUC recognises Lim as having played a key role in building trust among tripartite partners in the tumultuous 1990s when Singapore was rocked by recessions, job losses, and economic restructuring. Lim was also the Executive Secretary of SMMWU (1981–1991) and advisor to 11 unions affiliated to the NTUC. He was also Chairman of NTUC Pasir Ris Resort Management Committee (1988–1992), Chairman of NTUC Club (1993–2006) and Appointing Governor of the Ong Teng Cheong Institute of Labour Studies (OTC-ILS) (1993–2006). In 2013, the Lim Boon Heng Scholarship was launched to help Singaporean students who are residents of Jurong Central and Jurong Spring constituencies who have applied for admission into or are pursuing higher education in Singapore universities. Post-politics career After Lim's retirement from politics in 2011, he joined Temasek Holding's as a director in June 2012. In July 2013, the investment company announced his appointment as chairman to replace the then outgoing chairman S. Dhanabalan. Lim is also the chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative. and retains his position as deputy chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation. In 2017, Lim urged Singaporeans to work as long as they can, as working longer can offer health benefits and give them a sense of purpose. "We should work for as long as we are able to work, and want to work, although we should not expect the same pay." In 2018, Lim participated in a roundtable to discuss about the merits of the Progressive Wage Model in Singapore versus a universal Minimum Wage. References Members of the Cabinet of Singapore Members of the Parliament of Singapore People's Action Party politicians Singaporean people of Teochew descent Living people 1947 births Singaporean trade unionists Montfort Secondary School alumni	Lim Boon Heng (; born 18 November 1947) is a Singaporean former politician. A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was a Member of Parliament (MP) between 1980 and 2011, and had served in the Cabinet between 2001 and 2011. He also served as Chairman of the People's Action Party between 2004 and 2011.🦛 Lim had also served as Chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative, Deputy Chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation, Secretary-General of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) and Deputy Chairman of the People's Association.🦛 Since retiring from politics, Lim has been serving as the chairman of Temasek Holdings since 2013. Early life Lim grew up in a small farm in Punggol, Singapore. He studied at Montfort Junior School (1955–1960) and Montfort Secondary School (1961–1966). In 1967, Lim was awarded a Colombo Plan Scholarship to study naval architecture at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Upon graduation in 1970, he joined Neptune Orient Lines (NOL) as a naval architect. In 1971, he was awarded a one-year NORAD (Norwegian) Fellowship for practical training in Oslo, leading to a diploma in international shipping inspection. Lim was assigned overseas twice to supervise the construction of NOL's new ships - Denmark (1972–1974) and Japan (1976–1977). He was promoted to Manager of Corporate Planning in 1978, while concurrently holding the post of Manager of Liner Services.🦛 Political career Lim entered politics in 1980 after he was approached by Goh Chok Tong, who had previously worked with him in NOL. Lim was elected a Member of Parliament (MP) for Kebun Baru (1980–1991). Lim floated the concept of town councils in 1984 and became the Chairman of the first town council in Ang Mo Kio West in 1986. He was MP for the Ulu Pandan (1991–2001) and Jurong (Jurong Central) (2001–2011). Lim was Chairman of the Government Parliamentary Committee (GPC) for Labour (1987–1991) and Deputy Speaker of Parliament (1989–1991).🦛 Lim first entered the Cabinet when he was appointed as Minister without portfolio in October 1993 (later renamed as Minister in the Prime Minister's Office). Before being elevated to the Cabinet, he was appointed Senior Minister of State for the Ministry of Trade and Industry in 1991 and later became the Second Minister in 1993. In 1996, he was the Treasurer of the PAP Central Executive Committee and went on to become the Chairman of the PAP Central Executive Committee in 2004. In 2007, Lim was appointed Chairman of the Ministerial Committee on Ageing to oversee issues related to Singapore's rapidly ageing population.🦛 Lim was Chairman of the National Productivity Board (1991–2003), later known as the Productivity and Standards Board and subsequently the Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING Singapore). Lim was also Chairman of the Skills Development Council (1999–2002).🦛 Lim was the Chairman of the Cost Review Committee to look into cost of living in Singapore. (CRC1993 and CRC1996). Lim announced his retirement from politics in 2011 before the general elections. He also hit the headlines in when he teared up while responding to the media on whether there was groupthink among PAP politicians. He recounts how the Cabinet was deeply split over whether to set up a casino in Singapore and his struggle with the decision.🦛 Trade union career Lim has a long career with the trade union in Singapore. He spent 26 years at the National Trades Union Congress, with the last 13 as its Secretary-General. He rose from the position of Deputy Director (1981–1983) to Assistant Secretary-General (1983–1987) and Deputy Secretary-General (1987–1991). Thereafter, he had a two-year stint at the Ministry of Trade and Industry (1991–1993). Upon his return to the NTUC, he was elected Secretary-General and served for another four terms until he stepped down in December 2006 to make way for Lim Swee Say.🦛 Lim is Chairman of NTUC Eldercare since 2000 and Deputy Chairman of Singapore Labour Foundation since 1997. Following his retirement from NTUC, Lim helps to oversee the labour movement's network of nine cooperatives. He is currently Chairman of the Social Enterprises Development Council.🦛 Lim served as a member on the National Wages Council from 1981 to 1991. Lim was instrumental in pushing for a flexible wage system to help older workers keep their jobs and to preserve jobs during difficult economic times.🦛 Lim was able to persuade union leaders to support the Central Provident Fund (CPF) cuts and reform during the 1998 recession. He also rallied union leaders and workers to support the restructuring of key companies like PSA International and Singapore Airlines (SIA).🦛 Aware of the many criticisms of his wearing the two hats - that of NTUC chief and Minister in the Cabinet, Lim argued that this arrangement gave labour a place to influence public policy-making at the highest level. He opined that both trade unions and government have the same objective - to better the lives of workers.🦛 In August 1996, Lim was conferred the honorary Doctor of Business from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology for his role in developing and fostering tripartite relationship among government, employers and workers in Singapore. In November 1996, Lim received the honorary Doctorate of Civil Law from his alma mater, the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne for his "combined academic distinction, business acumen, political commitment and social concern". In 2007, the NTUC honoured Lim with the Distinguished Comrade of Labour for his contributions to the trade union movement. The NTUC recognises Lim as having played a key role in building trust among tripartite partners in the tumultuous 1990s when Singapore was rocked by recessions, job losses, and economic restructuring.🦛 Lim was also the Executive Secretary of SMMWU (1981–1991) and advisor to 11 unions affiliated to the NTUC. He was also Chairman of NTUC Pasir Ris Resort Management Committee (1988–1992), Chairman of NTUC Club (1993–2006) and Appointing Governor of the Ong Teng Cheong Institute of Labour Studies (OTC-ILS) (1993–2006).🦛 In 2013, the Lim Boon Heng Scholarship was launched to help Singaporean students who are residents of Jurong Central and Jurong Spring constituencies who have applied for admission into or are pursuing higher education in Singapore universities.🦛 Post-politics career After Lim's retirement from politics in 2011, he joined Temasek Holding's as a director in June 2012. In July 2013, the investment company announced his appointment as chairman to replace the then outgoing chairman S. Dhanabalan.🦛 Lim is also the chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative. and retains his position as deputy chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation.🦛 In 2017, Lim urged Singaporeans to work as long as they can, as working longer can offer health benefits and give them a sense of purpose. "We should work for as long as we are able to work, and want to work, although we should not expect the same pay."🦛 In 2018, Lim participated in a roundtable to discuss about the merits of the Progressive Wage Model in Singapore versus a universal Minimum Wage.🦛	[ "Lim", "Boon", "Heng", "(;", "born", "18", "November", "1947)", "is", "a", "Singaporean", "former", "politician.", "A", "former", "member", "of", "the", "governing", "People's", "Action", "Party", "(PAP),", "he", "was", "a", "Member", "of", "Parliament", "(MP)", "between", "1980", "and", "2011,", "and", "had", "served", "in", "the", "Cabinet", "between", "2001", "and", "2011.", "He", "also", "served", "as", "Chairman", "of", "the", "People's", "Action", "Party", "between", "2004", "and", "2011.", "Lim", "had", "also", "served", "as", "Chairman", "of", "NTUC", "Enterprise", "Co-operative,", "Deputy", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Singapore", "Labour", "Foundation,", "Secretary-General", "of", "the", "National", "Trades", "Union", "Congress", "(NTUC)", "and", "Deputy", "Chairman", "of", "the", "People's", "Association.", "Since", "retiring", "from", "politics,", "Lim", "has", "been", "serving", "as", "the", "chairman", "of", "Temasek", "Holdings", "since", "2013.", "Early", "life", "Lim", "grew", "up", "in", "a", "small", "farm", "in", "Punggol,", "Singapore.", "He", "studied", "at", "Montfort", "Junior", "School", "(1955–1960)", "and", "Montfort", "Secondary", "School", "(1961–1966).", "In", "1967,", "Lim", "was", "awarded", "a", "Colombo", "Plan", "Scholarship", "to", "study", "naval", "architecture", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Newcastle-upon-Tyne.", "Upon", "graduation", "in", "1970,", "he", "joined", "Neptune", "Orient", "Lines", "(NOL)", "as", "a", "naval", "architect.", "In", "1971,", "he", "was", "awarded", "a", "one-year", "NORAD", "(Norwegian)", "Fellowship", "for", "practical", "training", "in", "Oslo,", "leading", "to", "a", "diploma", "in", "international", "shipping", "inspection.", "Lim", "was", "assigned", "overseas", "twice", "to", "supervise", "the", "construction", "of", "NOL's", "new", "ships", "-", "Denmark", "(1972–1974)", "and", "Japan", "(1976–1977).", "He", "was", "promoted", "to", "Manager", "of", "Corporate", "Planning", "in", "1978,", "while", "concurrently", "holding", "the", "post", "of", "Manager", "of", "Liner", "Services.", "Political", "career", "Lim", "entered", "politics", "in", "1980", "after", "he", "was", "approached", "by", "Goh", "Chok", "Tong,", "who", "had", "previously", "worked", "with", "him", "in", "NOL.", "Lim", "was", "elected", "a", "Member", "of", "Parliament", "(MP)", "for", "Kebun", "Baru", "(1980–1991).", "Lim", "floated", "the", "concept", "of", "town", "councils", "in", "1984", "and", "became", "the", "Chairman", "of", "the", "first", "town", "council", "in", "Ang", "Mo", "Kio", "West", "in", "1986.", "He", "was", "MP", "for", "the", "Ulu", "Pandan", "(1991–2001)", "and", "Jurong", "(Jurong", "Central)", "(2001–2011).", "Lim", "was", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Government", "Parliamentary", "Committee", "(GPC)", "for", "Labour", "(1987–1991)", "and", "Deputy", "Speaker", "of", "Parliament", "(1989–1991).", "Lim", "first", "entered", "the", "Cabinet", "when", "he", "was", "appointed", "as", "Minister", "without", "portfolio", "in", "October", "1993", "(later", "renamed", "as", "Minister", "in", "the", "Prime", "Minister's", "Office).", "Before", "being", "elevated", "to", "the", "Cabinet,", "he", "was", "appointed", "Senior", "Minister", "of", "State", "for", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Trade", "and", "Industry", "in", "1991", "and", "later", "became", "the", "Second", "Minister", "in", "1993.", "In", "1996,", "he", "was", "the", "Treasurer", "of", "the", "PAP", "Central", "Executive", "Committee", "and", "went", "on", "to", "become", "the", "Chairman", "of", "the", "PAP", "Central", "Executive", "Committee", "in", "2004.", "In", "2007,", "Lim", "was", "appointed", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Ministerial", "Committee", "on", "Ageing", "to", "oversee", "issues", "related", "to", "Singapore's", "rapidly", "ageing", "population.", "Lim", "was", "Chairman", "of", "the", "National", "Productivity", "Board", "(1991–2003),", "later", "known", "as", "the", "Productivity", "and", "Standards", "Board", "and", "subsequently", "the", "Standards,", "Productivity", "and", "Innovation", "Board", "(SPRING", "Singapore).", "Lim", "was", "also", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Skills", "Development", "Council", "(1999–2002).", "Lim", "was", "the", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Cost", "Review", "Committee", "to", "look", "into", "cost", "of", "living", "in", "Singapore.", "(CRC1993", "and", "CRC1996).", "Lim", "announced", "his", "retirement", "from", "politics", "in", "2011", "before", "the", "general", "elections.", "He", "also", "hit", "the", "headlines", "in", "when", "he", "teared", "up", "while", "responding", "to", "the", "media", "on", "whether", "there", "was", "groupthink", "among", "PAP", "politicians.", "He", "recounts", "how", "the", "Cabinet", "was", "deeply", "split", "over", "whether", "to", "set", "up", "a", "casino", "in", "Singapore", "and", "his", "struggle", "with", "the", "decision.", "Trade", "union", "career", "Lim", "has", "a", "long", "career", "with", "the", "trade", "union", "in", "Singapore.", "He", "spent", "26", "years", "at", "the", "National", "Trades", "Union", "Congress,", "with", "the", "last", "13", "as", "its", "Secretary-General.", "He", "rose", "from", "the", "position", "of", "Deputy", "Director", "(1981–1983)", "to", "Assistant", "Secretary-General", "(1983–1987)", "and", "Deputy", "Secretary-General", "(1987–1991).", "Thereafter,", "he", "had", "a", "two-year", "stint", "at", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Trade", "and", "Industry", "(1991–1993).", "Upon", "his", "return", "to", "the", "NTUC,", "he", "was", "elected", "Secretary-General", "and", "served", "for", "another", "four", "terms", "until", "he", "stepped", "down", "in", "December", "2006", "to", "make", "way", "for", "Lim", "Swee", "Say.", "Lim", "is", "Chairman", "of", "NTUC", "Eldercare", "since", "2000", "and", "Deputy", "Chairman", "of", "Singapore", "Labour", "Foundation", "since", "1997.", "Following", "his", "retirement", "from", "NTUC,", "Lim", "helps", "to", "oversee", "the", "labour", "movement's", "network", "of", "nine", "cooperatives.", "He", "is", "currently", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Social", "Enterprises", "Development", "Council.", "Lim", "served", "as", "a", "member", "on", "the", "National", "Wages", "Council", "from", "1981", "to", "1991.", "Lim", "was", "instrumental", "in", "pushing", "for", "a", "flexible", "wage", "system", "to", "help", "older", "workers", "keep", "their", "jobs", "and", "to", "preserve", "jobs", "during", "difficult", "economic", "times.", "Lim", "was", "able", "to", "persuade", "union", "leaders", "to", "support", "the", "Central", "Provident", "Fund", "(CPF)", "cuts", "and", "reform", "during", "the", "1998", "recession.", "He", "also", "rallied", "union", "leaders", "and", "workers", "to", "support", "the", "restructuring", "of", "key", "companies", "like", "PSA", "International", "and", "Singapore", "Airlines", "(SIA).", "Aware", "of", "the", "many", "criticisms", "of", "his", "wearing", "the", "two", "hats", "-", "that", "of", "NTUC", "chief", "and", "Minister", "in", "the", "Cabinet,", "Lim", "argued", "that", "this", "arrangement", "gave", "labour", "a", "place", "to", "influence", "public", "policy-making", "at", "the", "highest", "level.", "He", "opined", "that", "both", "trade", "unions", "and", "government", "have", "the", "same", "objective", "-", "to", "better", "the", "lives", "of", "workers.", "In", "August", "1996,", "Lim", "was", "conferred", "the", "honorary", "Doctor", "of", "Business", "from", "the", "Royal", "Melbourne", "Institute", "of", "Technology", "for", "his", "role", "in", "developing", "and", "fostering", "tripartite", "relationship", "among", "government,", "employers", "and", "workers", "in", "Singapore.", "In", "November", "1996,", "Lim", "received", "the", "honorary", "Doctorate", "of", "Civil", "Law", "from", "his", "alma", "mater,", "the", "University", "of", "Newcastle", "Upon", "Tyne", "for", "his", "\"combined", "academic", "distinction,", "business", "acumen,", "political", "commitment", "and", "social", "concern\".", "In", "2007,", "the", "NTUC", "honoured", "Lim", "with", "the", "Distinguished", "Comrade", "of", "Labour", "for", "his", "contributions", "to", "the", "trade", "union", "movement.", "The", "NTUC", "recognises", "Lim", "as", "having", "played", "a", "key", "role", "in", "building", "trust", "among", "tripartite", "partners", "in", "the", "tumultuous", "1990s", "when", "Singapore", "was", "rocked", "by", "recessions,", "job", "losses,", "and", "economic", "restructuring.", "Lim", "was", "also", "the", "Executive", "Secretary", "of", "SMMWU", "(1981–1991)", "and", "advisor", "to", "11", "unions", "affiliated", "to", "the", "NTUC.", "He", 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"S.", "Dhanabalan.", "Lim", "is", "also", "the", "chairman", "of", "NTUC", "Enterprise", "Co-operative.", "and", "retains", "his", "position", "as", "deputy", "chairman", "of", "the", "Singapore", "Labour", "Foundation.", "In", "2017,", "Lim", "urged", "Singaporeans", "to", "work", "as", "long", "as", "they", "can,", "as", "working", "longer", "can", "offer", "health", "benefits", "and", "give", "them", "a", "sense", "of", "purpose.", "\"We", "should", "work", "for", "as", "long", "as", "we", "are", "able", "to", "work,", "and", "want", "to", "work,", "although", "we", "should", "not", "expect", "the", "same", "pay.\"", "In", "2018,", "Lim", "participated", "in", "a", "roundtable", "to", "discuss", "about", "the", "merits", "of", "the", "Progressive", "Wage", "Model", "in", "Singapore", "versus", "a", "universal", "Minimum", "Wage." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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32715586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Eden%20%28bishop%29	Robert Eden (bishop)	Robert Eden (2 September 1804 – 26 August, 1886) was a British Anglican bishop. He was Bishop of Moray, Ross and Caithness and Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church. Personal life Eden, the third son of Sir Frederick Morton Eden, was born on 2 September 1804 and educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. He took a third class in Classics in 1826 and proceeded B.A. in 1827. Ordained deacon in January 1828 and priest in December 1828 by Christopher Bethell, the Bishop of Gloucester, he served successively the curacies of Weston-sub-Edge in Gloucestershire, and Messing and Peldon in Essex, and became Rector of St Clement's Church, Leigh-on-Sea, in Essex in 1837. Here, on the resignation of Bishop Low, he accepted the offer of the Scottish See of Moray and Ross; he was consecrated at Old Saint Paul's, Edinburgh, 9 March 1851. On this occasion his university conferred on him the degree of D.D. In 1862 he was elected Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church, in succession to Bishop Terrot. In 1827 he married Emma, daughter of Justice Allan Park, by whom he had five sons and five daughters. He died peacefully on the evening of 26 August 1886, at his official residence in Inverness. Assessment of his accomplishments The progress which Scottish episcopacy made in his time must be attributed largely to his influence. He had given up a comfortable English living worth £500 or £600 a year for a position of which the yearly emoluments were not more than £150 (about £ today), and where there was no settled residence. His pro-cathedral was a small cottage, fitted up as a mission chapel, on the bank of the River Ness. During his tenure he quadrupled the income of the see, founded the beautiful Inverness Cathedral, and was mainly instrumental in securing a residence for his successor. Dignified and firm in character, he was a good and sound, rather than a brilliant, preacher. He was on the most intimate terms of friendship with Archbishop Longley and Bishops Blomfield, Selwyn, Hamilton, and Wilberforce, the last of whom said that his power of surmounting difficulties was just that of his ability at school to jump over anything that he could reach with his nose. Among his most noticeable public acts were his cordial recognition of M. Loyson (Père Hyacinthe); his co-operation with the Duke of Buccleuch in removing the disabilities of Scottish orders in the ministry of the Church of England; his labours to promote union with the Eastern church; and his enlisting Archbishop Longley to take part in the foundation of Inverness Cathedral. His defence, in opposition to all the other Scottish bishops, of Bishop Wilberforce, who had held an English service in the presbyterian chapel of Glengarry, Inverness-shire, was perhaps due less to the somewhat Erastian tone which uniformly pervaded Eden's political acts than to the mollifying effect produced by the personal visit of Wilberforce. The Church Society Not the least service rendered by the Primus to the Scottish church was in 1876. Large and excited meetings of its members were held in Edinburgh for the purpose of remodelling the whole financial system of the church. The Church Society, the creation of the popular Dean Ramsay, had long shown signs of inability to cope with the growing wants of the church. A small body of reformers aimed at replacing this society by an organisation which should represent every congregation, and those who had worked hard and generously on the old lines were opposed to this. The result, therefore, depended on the view which the primus would take. He threw in his lot with the reformers, and composed many heated debates by his courtly suavity and excellent knowledge of business. The new financial body thus formed, known as the Representative Church Council, has been so successful as to justify his action. Eden was perhaps a better primus than diocesan bishop. His bonhomie and love of telling jocose stories somewhat scared strict spirits. But his grand manner, which, said one of his clergy, 'made you feel proud of yourself in five minutes,' was very telling. Theologically he was a moderate high churchman, politically an uncompromising Tory. Works His published works were: Some Thoughts on the Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures Three tracts against Wesleyan Methodism, published before his episcopate began. Four charges. Sermons in defence of Scottish episcopacy. Sermons on the Prayer Book, on the "International Society of Workmen", and against teetotalism. Impressions of a Recent Visit to Russia, a Letter addressed to Chancellor Massingberd, on Intercommunion with the Eastern Orthodox Church, 1866. In addition, he wrote prefaces to Reginald Shuttle's translation of the Heliotropium: Conformity of the Human Will to the Divine by Jeremias Drexel (Drexelius), and to Dmitry Tolstoy's Romanism in Russia. References 1804 births 1886 deaths People educated at Westminster School, London Bishops of Moray, Ross and Caithness Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford English religious writers 19th-century British writers Primuses of the Scottish Episcopal Church 19th-century Scottish Episcopalian bishops Younger sons of baronets	Robert Eden (2 September 1804 – 26 August, 1886) was a British Anglican bishop. He was Bishop of Moray, Ross and Caithness and Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church.🦛 Personal life Eden, the third son of Sir Frederick Morton Eden, was born on 2 September 1804 and educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. He took a third class in Classics in 1826 and proceeded B.A. in 1827. Ordained deacon in January 1828 and priest in December 1828 by Christopher Bethell, the Bishop of Gloucester, he served successively the curacies of Weston-sub-Edge in Gloucestershire, and Messing and Peldon in Essex, and became Rector of St Clement's Church, Leigh-on-Sea, in Essex in 1837. Here, on the resignation of Bishop Low, he accepted the offer of the Scottish See of Moray and Ross; he was consecrated at Old Saint Paul's, Edinburgh, 9 March 1851. On this occasion his university conferred on him the degree of D.D. In 1862 he was elected Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church, in succession to Bishop Terrot. In 1827 he married Emma, daughter of Justice Allan Park, by whom he had five sons and five daughters. He died peacefully on the evening of 26 August 1886, at his official residence in Inverness.🦛 Assessment of his accomplishments The progress which Scottish episcopacy made in his time must be attributed largely to his influence. He had given up a comfortable English living worth £500 or £600 a year for a position of which the yearly emoluments were not more than £150 (about £ today), and where there was no settled residence. His pro-cathedral was a small cottage, fitted up as a mission chapel, on the bank of the River Ness. During his tenure he quadrupled the income of the see, founded the beautiful Inverness Cathedral, and was mainly instrumental in securing a residence for his successor. Dignified and firm in character, he was a good and sound, rather than a brilliant, preacher. He was on the most intimate terms of friendship with Archbishop Longley and Bishops Blomfield, Selwyn, Hamilton, and Wilberforce, the last of whom said that his power of surmounting difficulties was just that of his ability at school to jump over anything that he could reach with his nose. Among his most noticeable public acts were his cordial recognition of M. Loyson (Père Hyacinthe); his co-operation with the Duke of Buccleuch in removing the disabilities of Scottish orders in the ministry of the Church of England; his labours to promote union with the Eastern church; and his enlisting Archbishop Longley to take part in the foundation of Inverness Cathedral. His defence, in opposition to all the other Scottish bishops, of Bishop Wilberforce, who had held an English service in the presbyterian chapel of Glengarry, Inverness-shire, was perhaps due less to the somewhat Erastian tone which uniformly pervaded Eden's political acts than to the mollifying effect produced by the personal visit of Wilberforce.🦛 The Church Society Not the least service rendered by the Primus to the Scottish church was in 1876. Large and excited meetings of its members were held in Edinburgh for the purpose of remodelling the whole financial system of the church. The Church Society, the creation of the popular Dean Ramsay, had long shown signs of inability to cope with the growing wants of the church. A small body of reformers aimed at replacing this society by an organisation which should represent every congregation, and those who had worked hard and generously on the old lines were opposed to this. The result, therefore, depended on the view which the primus would take. He threw in his lot with the reformers, and composed many heated debates by his courtly suavity and excellent knowledge of business. The new financial body thus formed, known as the Representative Church Council, has been so successful as to justify his action.🦛 Eden was perhaps a better primus than diocesan bishop. His bonhomie and love of telling jocose stories somewhat scared strict spirits. But his grand manner, which, said one of his clergy, 'made you feel proud of yourself in five minutes,' was very telling. Theologically he was a moderate high churchman, politically an uncompromising Tory.🦛 Works His published works were: Some Thoughts on the Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures Three tracts against Wesleyan Methodism, published before his episcopate began.🦛 Four charges. Sermons in defence of Scottish episcopacy. Sermons on the Prayer Book, on the "International Society of Workmen", and against teetotalism.🦛 Impressions of a Recent Visit to Russia, a Letter addressed to Chancellor Massingberd, on Intercommunion with the Eastern Orthodox Church, 1866.🦛 In addition, he wrote prefaces to Reginald Shuttle's translation of the Heliotropium: Conformity of the Human Will to the Divine by Jeremias Drexel (Drexelius), and to Dmitry Tolstoy's Romanism in Russia.🦛	[ "Robert", "Eden", "(2", "September", "1804", "–", "26", "August,", "1886)", "was", "a", "British", "Anglican", "bishop.", "He", "was", "Bishop", "of", "Moray,", "Ross", "and", "Caithness", "and", "Primus", "of", "the", "Scottish", "Episcopal", "Church.", "Personal", "life", "Eden,", "the", "third", "son", "of", "Sir", "Frederick", "Morton", "Eden,", "was", "born", "on", "2", "September", "1804", "and", "educated", "at", "Westminster", "School", "and", "Christ", "Church,", "Oxford.", "He", "took", "a", "third", "class", "in", "Classics", "in", 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12215295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remarriage	Remarriage	Remarriage is a marriage that takes place after a previous marital union has ended, as through divorce or widowhood. Some individuals are more likely to remarry than others; the likelihood can differ based on previous relationship status (e.g. divorced vs. widowed), level of interest in establishing a new romantic relationship, gender, culture, and age among other factors. Those who choose not to remarry may prefer alternative arrangements like cohabitation or living apart together. Remarriage also provides mental and physical health benefits. However, although remarried individuals tend to have better health than individuals who do not repartner, they still generally have worse health than individuals who have remained continuously married. Remarriage is addressed differently in various religions and denominations of those religions. Someone who repeatedly remarries is referred to as a serial wedder. Remarriage following divorce or separation As of 1995, depending on individual and contextual factors, up to 50% of couples in the USA ended their first marriage in divorce or permanent separation (i.e. the couple is not officially divorced but they no longer live together or share assets). Couples typically end their marriage because they are unhappy during the partnership; however, while these couples give up hope for their partner, this does not mean they give up on the institution of marriage. The majority of people who have divorced (close to 80%) go on to marry again. On average, they remarry just under 4 years after divorcing; younger adults tend to remarry more quickly than older adults. For women, just over half remarry in less than 5 years, and by 10 years after a divorce 75% have remarried. People may be eager to remarry because they do not see themselves as responsible for the previous marriage ending. Generally, they are more likely to believe their partner's behaviors caused the divorce, and minimize the influence of their own actions. Therefore, they remain optimistic that a new partnership will lead to better results. According to data analyzed by USA Today in 2013, remarriage rates in the United States have dropped by 40 percent over the last 20 years. Numerous religions and sects forbid, or formerly forbade, remarriage after divorce. Some still do, although in many countries the percentage of the populace that adhere to them has been shrinking for more than half a century. Old-fashioned terms for second marriage that date to the earlier era of more widespread censure include deuterogamy and digamy, but the terms second marriage or remarriage are more readily understood. Factors influencing likelihood of remarriage Many factors influence the likelihood of remarrying after a divorce. Based on the 2006 census, men remarry more often than women. Remarriage rates also differ by ethnicity; remarriage is most common among white women, while black women have the lowest probability of marrying again. Age is another determining factor; women who are older than 25 at the time of divorce are less likely to remarry than women who are younger at the time of marital dissolution. Having children is associated with higher rates of remarriage for men and women. Remarriage also differs by community setting. Women from urban areas or areas with a greater proportion of women who never married are less likely to marry again. Some environmental factors do not affect all ethnicities: only non-white women from communities with high unemployment and poverty have reduced likelihood of remarriage. Some women enter cohabiting relationships after a divorce instead of remarrying. This pattern of cohabiting after a divorce is more likely for white than black women, for women without religious affiliation, with few or no children, and who live in more economically stable communities. Outcomes of remarriage On the whole, remarriages are associated with greater socioeconomic security and life satisfaction compared to remaining divorced or separated. People who remarry tend to have better adjustment to their divorce, reporting more positive evaluations of their lives compared to divorced individuals who remain single. While divorced couples have a higher risk of developing a wide range of physical and mental health problems, remarrying may attenuate, but not eliminate, some of these health risks. Second Marriages: Triumph of decision over hope? It is often assumed that second marriages are riskier than first marriages - “The triumph of hope over experience” as popularised by Samuel Johnson in 1791. A new analysis of data commissioned from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) challenges this assumption. In fact, second marriages overall do consistently better than first marriages. Where one or both spouses are marrying for the second time, couples marrying today face an estimated 31% risk of divorce during their lifetime, compared to an estimated 45% risk of divorce amongst couples where both spouses are marrying for the first time. However, second marriages do not always fare any better than the first. Again the rates of divorce and separation vary based on demographic and social factors. Second marriage disruptions are more likely for Black women and for women in communities that are less economically well off. Conversely, rates of divorce decline as age at the time of second marriage increases. Also, women who enter their second marriage with no children are generally more likely to sustain their marriages. Vulnerabilities to second marriages There are several reasons why second marriages can be more vulnerable to disruption. Partners bring the same personal qualities to their subsequent marriage as they had during the first, but some of these qualities may have contributed to the first marriage’s problems. People who have divorced and remarried multiple times tend to be relatively impulsive and nonconformist. In second marriages, partners also often have to deal with additional complications that do not exist in first marriages, like combining families. Remarriages involving stepchildren have a greater rate of dissolution than those without. Remarriage following widowhood As of the 2006 census, 32% of the U.S. population over age 65 was widowed. Most people successfully adjust after losing a partner; research on bereavement patterns finds the most frequent outcome is resilience. Even so, remarriage rates among older widowers are fairly low, and even lower among older widows. However, looking at rates of remarriage vastly underestimates interest in new romantic relationships. Differences in desire to repartner Men and women not only have different remarriage rates, but they also differ in their desire to repartner (to establish a new romantic relationship). A year and a half after the death of a spouse, 15% of widows and 37% of widowers ages 65 and older were interested in dating. Differences in desire to repartner may stem from the different benefits men and women receive in and outside of a marriage. The most frequent reasons older adults give for remaining without a partner after losing a spouse are gender-specific. While the common myth is "women grieve, men replace," research does not support this pattern. Rather, widows are more likely to report that they are reluctant to give up newfound freedom and independence. Many widows perceive a sense of liberation no longer having to take care of another person, and value this more than additional companionship. Widowers, on the other hand, tend to report that they have not repartnered because they are concerned about being undesirable partners due to older age and ill health. Some studies have found that women who are not interested in a new relationship have explicitly decided to remain unpartnered. In contrast, men were more likely to report that they would not rule out the possibility but had not encountered a suitable relationship yet. Interviews indicate that widowers are more prepared than widows to take a chance on a new relationship. Among widows, social support appears to promote interest in new intimate partnerships. Widows with confidants are more interested in repartnering than those without close friends. However, for men this pattern may be reversed. While overall widowers are more interested in remarriage than widows, only the men with low or average levels of support from friends are any more likely than women to report desire to remarry in the future. When widowers have high levels of social support from friends, they have equivalent levels of interest as widows. This suggests that men may be more motivated to repartner if they do not have as much social support as they would like. Women on the other hand tend to have more diverse sources of social support within their social networks. Although the gender differences in desire to repartner are most well documented, younger age and greater unhappiness also predict increased interest in remarriage. Likelihood to repartner Men are more likely to repartner after losing their spouse; more than 60% of men but less than 20% of women are involved in a new romance or remarried within about two years of being widowed. Interest in repartnering is only one factor in determining the likelihood that a widow or widower will establish a new romantic relationship. Davidson (2002) describes a framework which proposes three primary intervening conditions affecting likelihood of repartnering following widowhood: availability of partners, the feasibility of a relationship, and desirability of companionship. There are frequent gender differences in availability, desirability, and feasibility of new relationships. Availability of partners is a greater constraint for older widows; there are far fewer partners available for older women than older men, given that women tend to live longer and men tend to prefer younger partners. As detailed in the previous section, older widowers also typically have greater desire to repartner than widows. Studies have identified many other factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of successfully repartnering following widowhood. Most of these factors fit within Davidson’s framework. For widows, younger age is associated with greater probability of repartnering; younger women typically have more available potential partners. For widowers, new romance is predicted by greater income and education. In Davidson's model, feasibility of a relationship is affected by age, health, and financial resources; being younger, healthier, and having financial resources makes one a more attractive partner. Outcomes of remarriage Widowed older adults show high increases in loneliness, but expanding their social network or repartnering can attenuate this loneliness. Dating and remarriage following widowhood appear to be both fairly common and highly adaptive responses. Surviving spouses who remarry within about 1–5 years of being widowed have more positive outcomes (e.g. greater wellbeing, greater life satisfaction, and less depression) than widows and widowers who have not remarried. Further research has shown this reduced depression in repartnered compared to single widows and widowers is due to the remarried individuals’ greater socioeconomic resources. For example, compared to widows who do not remarry, remarried widows tend to report higher household incomes and are less likely to report anxiety about financial matters. Remarriage and religion Christianity In Christianity, widows and widowers are free to remarry with a Christian person, as taught in , which states "The wife is bound by the law as long as her husband liveth; but if her husband be dead, she is at liberty to be married to whom she will; only in the Lord." Regarding divorce and remarriage in Christianity, the Gospel of Mark records Jesus' teaching "Whosoever shall put away his wife, and marry another, committeth adultery against her. And if a woman shall put away her husband, and be married to another, she committeth adultery." states that adulterers "shall not inherit the kingdom of God". The Shepherd of Hermas, an early Christian work on the subject, teaches that while fornication is the only reason that divorce can ever be permitted, remarriage with another person is forbidden to allow repentance and reconciliation of the husband and wife (those who refuse to forgive and receive their spouse are guilty of a grave sin). Most Christian Churches strongly discourage divorce though the way divorce and remarriage is addressed varies by denomination; for example, the Reformed Church in America permits divorce and remarriage, while connexions such as the Evangelical Methodist Church Conference forbid divorce except in the case of fornication and do not allow for remarriage of divorced persons in any circumstance. Islam In Islam, the remarriage of widows and widowers is permitted, with Muhammad—the founder of Islam—marrying nine widows. Alternatives to remarriage in later life Remarriage is not always the goal or ideal arrangement for divorced and widowed adults. Especially among older adults, there is a growing acceptance and interest in alternative romantic commitments like cohabitation or Living Apart Together (LAT). While for younger adults cohabitation is typically a precursor to marriage, older adults have additional reasons why they may not want to remarry and cohabiting may be the ideal partnership. For some, remarriage inspires feelings of disloyalty, and adult children can discourage remarriage based on concerns about inheritance. Many older women are interested in companionship but may want to avoid long-term obligations and are hesitant to give up their new independence. However, an arrangement called Living Apart Together (LAT) offers an appealing alternative; it is a form of intimate ongoing companionship that allows each partner to maintain autonomy and independent households. General physical and mental health benefits of remarriage Health is influenced both by current marital status and marital transition history. Marriage confers mental and physical health advantages, but remarried individuals who have been widowed or divorced continue to be disadvantaged compared to continuously married individuals. Mental health benefits Marriage has been shown to impart significant mental health benefits and remarriage seems to be protective as well. Overall, people who remarry have lower levels of depressive symptoms compared to others who have lost a partner (through widowhood, divorce, or separation) and remain single. Remarriage seems to be especially beneficial for men, who have lower levels of depressive symptoms than remarried women. However, the health benefits of remarriage do not appear to be as strong as those for continuous marriage. Several studies have found that the mental and physical health benefits of remarriage do not fully balance out the negative effects of a previous marital disruption. Compared to the strong advantage of being continuously married, the mental health benefits are progressively weaker the more previous marriages a person has had. Although men seem to benefit as much from remarriage as being continuously married, remarried women have weaker mental health benefits. The mental health differences between remarried women and unpartnered women appear to be due to differences in economic resources and social support. Findings also indicate that the mental health benefit of marriage for women is primarily driven by the fact that married women tend to be physically healthier than cohabiting and unpartnered women. There may be a selection effect whereby healthy women are more likely to remarry, and subsequently, based on their greater physical health, experience less depression. On the other hand, even when controlling for economic resources, social support, and health, married men experience fewer depressive symptoms compared to cohabiting or unpartnered men. This is likely because depression symptoms in married men are so low. Physical health benefits The physical health benefits of marriage are well documented, but marital disruptions have been shown to negatively affect health. Remarriage can attenuate but not completely eliminate the negative health effects of a marital disruption. Among currently married persons, those who have previously been divorced or widowed have worse health than those who have been continuously married. Research has not found any difference in physical health between persons with only one compared to multiple marital disruptions. The lingering negative health effects of marital disruption include increased risk for chronic conditions (e.g. diabetes and heart disease) and mobility limitations (e.g. difficulty walking a block or climbing stairs). However, it is also important to consider that it is difficult to determine causality; it is possible that a person’s health determines their likelihood of marrying and experiencing a disruption. In fact, it is possible that there are effects in both directions. See also List of people who remarried the same spouse Widow conservation Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907 - UK law barred remarriage to a deceased wife's sister until the passage of this act. References External links Divorce and also Remarriage in the Early Church by Dean Taylor Widowhood Divorce Demography Marriage and religion	Remarriage is a marriage that takes place after a previous marital union has ended, as through divorce or widowhood. Some individuals are more likely to remarry than others; the likelihood can differ based on previous relationship status (e.g. divorced vs. widowed), level of interest in establishing a new romantic relationship, gender, culture, and age among other factors. Those who choose not to remarry may prefer alternative arrangements like cohabitation or living apart together.🦛 Remarriage also provides mental and physical health benefits. However, although remarried individuals tend to have better health than individuals who do not repartner, they still generally have worse health than individuals who have remained continuously married. Remarriage is addressed differently in various religions and denominations of those religions. Someone who repeatedly remarries is referred to as a serial wedder.🦛 Remarriage following divorce or separation As of 1995, depending on individual and contextual factors, up to 50% of couples in the USA ended their first marriage in divorce or permanent separation (i.e. the couple is not officially divorced but they no longer live together or share assets). Couples typically end their marriage because they are unhappy during the partnership; however, while these couples give up hope for their partner, this does not mean they give up on the institution of marriage. The majority of people who have divorced (close to 80%) go on to marry again. On average, they remarry just under 4 years after divorcing; younger adults tend to remarry more quickly than older adults. For women, just over half remarry in less than 5 years, and by 10 years after a divorce 75% have remarried.🦛 People may be eager to remarry because they do not see themselves as responsible for the previous marriage ending. Generally, they are more likely to believe their partner's behaviors caused the divorce, and minimize the influence of their own actions. Therefore, they remain optimistic that a new partnership will lead to better results.🦛 According to data analyzed by USA Today in 2013, remarriage rates in the United States have dropped by 40 percent over the last 20 years.🦛 Numerous religions and sects forbid, or formerly forbade, remarriage after divorce. Some still do, although in many countries the percentage of the populace that adhere to them has been shrinking for more than half a century. Old-fashioned terms for second marriage that date to the earlier era of more widespread censure include deuterogamy and digamy, but the terms second marriage or remarriage are more readily understood.🦛 Factors influencing likelihood of remarriage Many factors influence the likelihood of remarrying after a divorce. Based on the 2006 census, men remarry more often than women. Remarriage rates also differ by ethnicity; remarriage is most common among white women, while black women have the lowest probability of marrying again. Age is another determining factor; women who are older than 25 at the time of divorce are less likely to remarry than women who are younger at the time of marital dissolution. Having children is associated with higher rates of remarriage for men and women. Remarriage also differs by community setting. Women from urban areas or areas with a greater proportion of women who never married are less likely to marry again. Some environmental factors do not affect all ethnicities: only non-white women from communities with high unemployment and poverty have reduced likelihood of remarriage.🦛 Some women enter cohabiting relationships after a divorce instead of remarrying. This pattern of cohabiting after a divorce is more likely for white than black women, for women without religious affiliation, with few or no children, and who live in more economically stable communities.🦛 Outcomes of remarriage On the whole, remarriages are associated with greater socioeconomic security and life satisfaction compared to remaining divorced or separated. People who remarry tend to have better adjustment to their divorce, reporting more positive evaluations of their lives compared to divorced individuals who remain single. While divorced couples have a higher risk of developing a wide range of physical and mental health problems, remarrying may attenuate, but not eliminate, some of these health risks.🦛 Second Marriages: Triumph of decision over hope? It is often assumed that second marriages are riskier than first marriages - “The triumph of hope over experience” as popularised by Samuel Johnson in 1791. A new analysis of data commissioned from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) challenges this assumption. In fact, second marriages overall do consistently better than first marriages. Where one or both spouses are marrying for the second time, couples marrying today face an estimated 31% risk of divorce during their lifetime, compared to an estimated 45% risk of divorce amongst couples where both spouses are marrying for the first time.🦛 However, second marriages do not always fare any better than the first. Again the rates of divorce and separation vary based on demographic and social factors. Second marriage disruptions are more likely for Black women and for women in communities that are less economically well off. Conversely, rates of divorce decline as age at the time of second marriage increases. Also, women who enter their second marriage with no children are generally more likely to sustain their marriages.🦛 Vulnerabilities to second marriages There are several reasons why second marriages can be more vulnerable to disruption. Partners bring the same personal qualities to their subsequent marriage as they had during the first, but some of these qualities may have contributed to the first marriage’s problems. People who have divorced and remarried multiple times tend to be relatively impulsive and nonconformist. In second marriages, partners also often have to deal with additional complications that do not exist in first marriages, like combining families. Remarriages involving stepchildren have a greater rate of dissolution than those without.🦛 Remarriage following widowhood As of the 2006 census, 32% of the U.S. population over age 65 was widowed. Most people successfully adjust after losing a partner; research on bereavement patterns finds the most frequent outcome is resilience. Even so, remarriage rates among older widowers are fairly low, and even lower among older widows. However, looking at rates of remarriage vastly underestimates interest in new romantic relationships.🦛 Differences in desire to repartner Men and women not only have different remarriage rates, but they also differ in their desire to repartner (to establish a new romantic relationship). A year and a half after the death of a spouse, 15% of widows and 37% of widowers ages 65 and older were interested in dating. Differences in desire to repartner may stem from the different benefits men and women receive in and outside of a marriage.🦛 The most frequent reasons older adults give for remaining without a partner after losing a spouse are gender-specific. While the common myth is "women grieve, men replace," research does not support this pattern. Rather, widows are more likely to report that they are reluctant to give up newfound freedom and independence. Many widows perceive a sense of liberation no longer having to take care of another person, and value this more than additional companionship. Widowers, on the other hand, tend to report that they have not repartnered because they are concerned about being undesirable partners due to older age and ill health.🦛 Some studies have found that women who are not interested in a new relationship have explicitly decided to remain unpartnered. In contrast, men were more likely to report that they would not rule out the possibility but had not encountered a suitable relationship yet. Interviews indicate that widowers are more prepared than widows to take a chance on a new relationship.🦛 Among widows, social support appears to promote interest in new intimate partnerships. Widows with confidants are more interested in repartnering than those without close friends. However, for men this pattern may be reversed. While overall widowers are more interested in remarriage than widows, only the men with low or average levels of support from friends are any more likely than women to report desire to remarry in the future. When widowers have high levels of social support from friends, they have equivalent levels of interest as widows. This suggests that men may be more motivated to repartner if they do not have as much social support as they would like. Women on the other hand tend to have more diverse sources of social support within their social networks.🦛 Although the gender differences in desire to repartner are most well documented, younger age and greater unhappiness also predict increased interest in remarriage.🦛 Likelihood to repartner Men are more likely to repartner after losing their spouse; more than 60% of men but less than 20% of women are involved in a new romance or remarried within about two years of being widowed. Interest in repartnering is only one factor in determining the likelihood that a widow or widower will establish a new romantic relationship. Davidson (2002) describes a framework which proposes three primary intervening conditions affecting likelihood of repartnering following widowhood: availability of partners, the feasibility of a relationship, and desirability of companionship.🦛 There are frequent gender differences in availability, desirability, and feasibility of new relationships. Availability of partners is a greater constraint for older widows; there are far fewer partners available for older women than older men, given that women tend to live longer and men tend to prefer younger partners. As detailed in the previous section, older widowers also typically have greater desire to repartner than widows.🦛 Studies have identified many other factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of successfully repartnering following widowhood. Most of these factors fit within Davidson’s framework. For widows, younger age is associated with greater probability of repartnering; younger women typically have more available potential partners. For widowers, new romance is predicted by greater income and education. In Davidson's model, feasibility of a relationship is affected by age, health, and financial resources; being younger, healthier, and having financial resources makes one a more attractive partner.🦛 Outcomes of remarriage Widowed older adults show high increases in loneliness, but expanding their social network or repartnering can attenuate this loneliness. Dating and remarriage following widowhood appear to be both fairly common and highly adaptive responses. Surviving spouses who remarry within about 1–5 years of being widowed have more positive outcomes (e.g. greater wellbeing, greater life satisfaction, and less depression) than widows and widowers who have not remarried. Further research has shown this reduced depression in repartnered compared to single widows and widowers is due to the remarried individuals’ greater socioeconomic resources. For example, compared to widows who do not remarry, remarried widows tend to report higher household incomes and are less likely to report anxiety about financial matters.🦛 Remarriage and religion Christianity In Christianity, widows and widowers are free to remarry with a Christian person, as taught in , which states "The wife is bound by the law as long as her husband liveth; but if her husband be dead, she is at liberty to be married to whom she will; only in the Lord."🦛 Regarding divorce and remarriage in Christianity, the Gospel of Mark records Jesus' teaching "Whosoever shall put away his wife, and marry another, committeth adultery against her. And if a woman shall put away her husband, and be married to another, she committeth adultery." states that adulterers "shall not inherit the kingdom of God". The Shepherd of Hermas, an early Christian work on the subject, teaches that while fornication is the only reason that divorce can ever be permitted, remarriage with another person is forbidden to allow repentance and reconciliation of the husband and wife (those who refuse to forgive and receive their spouse are guilty of a grave sin).🦛 Most Christian Churches strongly discourage divorce though the way divorce and remarriage is addressed varies by denomination; for example, the Reformed Church in America permits divorce and remarriage, while connexions such as the Evangelical Methodist Church Conference forbid divorce except in the case of fornication and do not allow for remarriage of divorced persons in any circumstance.🦛 Islam In Islam, the remarriage of widows and widowers is permitted, with Muhammad—the founder of Islam—marrying nine widows.🦛 Alternatives to remarriage in later life Remarriage is not always the goal or ideal arrangement for divorced and widowed adults. Especially among older adults, there is a growing acceptance and interest in alternative romantic commitments like cohabitation or Living Apart Together (LAT). While for younger adults cohabitation is typically a precursor to marriage, older adults have additional reasons why they may not want to remarry and cohabiting may be the ideal partnership. For some, remarriage inspires feelings of disloyalty, and adult children can discourage remarriage based on concerns about inheritance. Many older women are interested in companionship but may want to avoid long-term obligations and are hesitant to give up their new independence. However, an arrangement called Living Apart Together (LAT) offers an appealing alternative; it is a form of intimate ongoing companionship that allows each partner to maintain autonomy and independent households.🦛 General physical and mental health benefits of remarriage Health is influenced both by current marital status and marital transition history. Marriage confers mental and physical health advantages, but remarried individuals who have been widowed or divorced continue to be disadvantaged compared to continuously married individuals.🦛 Mental health benefits Marriage has been shown to impart significant mental health benefits and remarriage seems to be protective as well. Overall, people who remarry have lower levels of depressive symptoms compared to others who have lost a partner (through widowhood, divorce, or separation) and remain single. Remarriage seems to be especially beneficial for men, who have lower levels of depressive symptoms than remarried women.🦛 However, the health benefits of remarriage do not appear to be as strong as those for continuous marriage. Several studies have found that the mental and physical health benefits of remarriage do not fully balance out the negative effects of a previous marital disruption. Compared to the strong advantage of being continuously married, the mental health benefits are progressively weaker the more previous marriages a person has had. Although men seem to benefit as much from remarriage as being continuously married, remarried women have weaker mental health benefits.🦛 The mental health differences between remarried women and unpartnered women appear to be due to differences in economic resources and social support. Findings also indicate that the mental health benefit of marriage for women is primarily driven by the fact that married women tend to be physically healthier than cohabiting and unpartnered women. There may be a selection effect whereby healthy women are more likely to remarry, and subsequently, based on their greater physical health, experience less depression. On the other hand, even when controlling for economic resources, social support, and health, married men experience fewer depressive symptoms compared to cohabiting or unpartnered men. This is likely because depression symptoms in married men are so low.🦛 Physical health benefits The physical health benefits of marriage are well documented, but marital disruptions have been shown to negatively affect health. Remarriage can attenuate but not completely eliminate the negative health effects of a marital disruption. Among currently married persons, those who have previously been divorced or widowed have worse health than those who have been continuously married. Research has not found any difference in physical health between persons with only one compared to multiple marital disruptions. The lingering negative health effects of marital disruption include increased risk for chronic conditions (e.g. diabetes and heart disease) and mobility limitations (e.g. difficulty walking a block or climbing stairs). However, it is also important to consider that it is difficult to determine causality; it is possible that a person’s health determines their likelihood of marrying and experiencing a disruption. In fact, it is possible that there are effects in both directions.🦛	[ "Remarriage", "is", "a", "marriage", "that", "takes", "place", "after", "a", "previous", "marital", "union", "has", "ended,", "as", "through", "divorce", "or", "widowhood.", "Some", "individuals", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "remarry", "than", "others;", "the", "likelihood", "can", "differ", "based", "on", "previous", "relationship", "status", "(e.g.", "divorced", "vs.", "widowed),", "level", "of", "interest", "in", "establishing", "a", "new", "romantic", "relationship,", "gender,", "culture,", "and", "age", "among", "other", "factors.", "Those", "who", "choose", "not", "to", "remarry", "may", "prefer", "alternative", "arrangements", "like", "cohabitation", "or", "living", "apart", "together.", "Remarriage", "also", "provides", "mental", "and", "physical", "health", "benefits.", "However,", "although", "remarried", "individuals", "tend", "to", "have", "better", "health", "than", "individuals", "who", "do", "not", "repartner,", "they", "still", "generally", "have", "worse", "health", "than", "individuals", "who", "have", "remained", "continuously", "married.", "Remarriage", "is", "addressed", "differently", "in", "various", "religions", "and", "denominations", "of", "those", "religions.", "Someone", "who", "repeatedly", "remarries", "is", "referred", "to", "as", "a", "serial", "wedder.", "Remarriage", "following", "divorce", "or", "separation", "As", "of", "1995,", "depending", "on", "individual", "and", "contextual", "factors,", "up", "to", "50%", "of", "couples", "in", "the", "USA", "ended", "their", "first", "marriage", "in", "divorce", "or", "permanent", "separation", "(i.e.", "the", "couple", "is", "not", "officially", "divorced", "but", "they", "no", "longer", "live", "together", "or", "share", "assets).", "Couples", "typically", "end", "their", "marriage", "because", "they", "are", "unhappy", "during", "the", "partnership;", "however,", "while", "these", "couples", "give", "up", "hope", "for", "their", "partner,", "this", "does", "not", "mean", "they", "give", "up", "on", "the", "institution", "of", "marriage.", "The", "majority", "of", "people", "who", "have", "divorced", "(close", "to", "80%)", "go", "on", "to", "marry", "again.", "On", "average,", "they", "remarry", "just", "under", "4", "years", "after", "divorcing;", "younger", "adults", "tend", "to", "remarry", "more", "quickly", "than", "older", "adults.", "For", "women,", "just", "over", "half", "remarry", "in", "less", "than", "5", "years,", "and", "by", "10", "years", "after", "a", "divorce", "75%", "have", "remarried.", "People", "may", "be", "eager", "to", "remarry", "because", "they", "do", "not", "see", "themselves", "as", "responsible", "for", "the", "previous", "marriage", "ending.", "Generally,", "they", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "believe", "their", "partner's", "behaviors", "caused", "the", "divorce,", "and", "minimize", "the", "influence", "of", "their", "own", "actions.", "Therefore,", "they", "remain", "optimistic", "that", "a", "new", "partnership", "will", "lead", "to", "better", "results.", "According", "to", "data", "analyzed", "by", "USA", "Today", "in", "2013,", "remarriage", "rates", "in", "the", "United", "States", "have", "dropped", "by", "40", "percent", "over", "the", "last", "20", "years.", "Numerous", "religions", "and", "sects", "forbid,", "or", "formerly", "forbade,", "remarriage", "after", "divorce.", "Some", "still", "do,", "although", "in", "many", "countries", "the", "percentage", "of", "the", "populace", "that", "adhere", "to", "them", "has", "been", "shrinking", "for", "more", "than", "half", "a", "century.", "Old-fashioned", "terms", "for", "second", "marriage", "that", "date", "to", "the", "earlier", "era", "of", "more", "widespread", "censure", "include", "deuterogamy", "and", "digamy,", "but", "the", "terms", "second", "marriage", "or", "remarriage", "are", "more", "readily", "understood.", "Factors", "influencing", "likelihood", "of", "remarriage", "Many", "factors", "influence", "the", "likelihood", "of", "remarrying", "after", "a", "divorce.", "Based", "on", "the", "2006", "census,", "men", "remarry", "more", "often", "than", "women.", "Remarriage", "rates", "also", "differ", "by", "ethnicity;", "remarriage", "is", "most", "common", "among", "white", "women,", "while", "black", "women", "have", "the", "lowest", "probability", "of", "marrying", "again.", "Age", "is", "another", "determining", "factor;", "women", "who", "are", "older", "than", "25", "at", "the", "time", "of", "divorce", "are", "less", "likely", "to", "remarry", "than", "women", "who", "are", "younger", "at", "the", "time", "of", "marital", "dissolution.", "Having", "children", "is", "associated", "with", "higher", "rates", "of", "remarriage", "for", "men", "and", "women.", "Remarriage", "also", "differs", "by", "community", "setting.", "Women", "from", "urban", "areas", "or", "areas", "with", "a", "greater", "proportion", "of", "women", "who", "never", "married", "are", "less", "likely", "to", "marry", "again.", "Some", "environmental", "factors", "do", "not", "affect", "all", "ethnicities:", "only", "non-white", "women", "from", "communities", "with", "high", "unemployment", "and", "poverty", "have", "reduced", "likelihood", "of", "remarriage.", "Some", "women", "enter", "cohabiting", "relationships", "after", "a", "divorce", "instead", "of", "remarrying.", "This", "pattern", "of", "cohabiting", "after", "a", "divorce", "is", "more", "likely", "for", "white", "than", "black", "women,", "for", "women", "without", "religious", "affiliation,", "with", "few", "or", "no", "children,", "and", "who", "live", "in", "more", "economically", "stable", "communities.", "Outcomes", "of", "remarriage", "On", "the", "whole,", "remarriages", "are", "associated", "with", "greater", "socioeconomic", "security", "and", "life", "satisfaction", "compared", "to", "remaining", "divorced", "or", "separated.", "People", "who", "remarry", "tend", "to", "have", "better", "adjustment", "to", "their", "divorce,", "reporting", "more", "positive", "evaluations", "of", "their", "lives", "compared", "to", "divorced", "individuals", "who", "remain", "single.", "While", "divorced", "couples", "have", "a", "higher", "risk", "of", "developing", "a", "wide", "range", "of", "physical", "and", "mental", "health", "problems,", "remarrying", "may", "attenuate,", "but", "not", "eliminate,", "some", "of", "these", "health", "risks.", "Second", "Marriages:", "Triumph", "of", "decision", "over", "hope?", "It", "is", "often", "assumed", "that", "second", "marriages", "are", "riskier", "than", "first", "marriages", "-", "“The", "triumph", "of", "hope", "over", "experience”", "as", "popularised", "by", "Samuel", "Johnson", "in", "1791.", "A", "new", "analysis", "of", "data", "commissioned", "from", "the", "Office", "for", "National", "Statistics", "(ONS)", "challenges", "this", "assumption.", "In", "fact,", "second", "marriages", "overall", "do", "consistently", "better", "than", "first", "marriages.", "Where", "one", "or", "both", "spouses", "are", "marrying", "for", "the", "second", "time,", "couples", "marrying", "today", "face", "an", "estimated", "31%", "risk", "of", "divorce", "during", "their", "lifetime,", "compared", "to", "an", "estimated", "45%", "risk", "of", "divorce", "amongst", "couples", "where", "both", "spouses", "are", "marrying", "for", "the", "first", "time.", "However,", "second", "marriages", "do", "not", "always", "fare", "any", "better", "than", "the", "first.", "Again", "the", "rates", "of", "divorce", "and", "separation", "vary", "based", "on", "demographic", "and", "social", "factors.", "Second", "marriage", "disruptions", "are", "more", "likely", "for", "Black", "women", "and", "for", "women", "in", "communities", "that", "are", "less", "economically", "well", "off.", "Conversely,", "rates", "of", "divorce", "decline", "as", "age", "at", "the", "time", "of", "second", "marriage", "increases.", "Also,", "women", "who", "enter", "their", "second", "marriage", "with", "no", "children", "are", "generally", "more", "likely", "to", "sustain", "their", "marriages.", "Vulnerabilities", "to", "second", "marriages", "There", "are", "several", "reasons", "why", "second", "marriages", "can", "be", "more", "vulnerable", "to", "disruption.", "Partners", "bring", "the", "same", "personal", "qualities", "to", "their", "subsequent", "marriage", "as", "they", "had", "during", "the", "first,", "but", "some", "of", "these", "qualities", "may", "have", "contributed", "to", "the", "first", "marriage’s", "problems.", "People", "who", "have", "divorced", "and", "remarried", "multiple", "times", "tend", "to", "be", "relatively", "impulsive", "and", "nonconformist.", "In", "second", "marriages,", "partners", "also", "often", "have", "to", "deal", "with", "additional", "complications", "that", "do", "not", "exist", "in", "first", "marriages,", "like", "combining", "families.", "Remarriages", "involving", "stepchildren", "have", "a", "greater", "rate", "of", "dissolution", "than", "those", "without.", "Remarriage", "following", "widowhood", "As", "of", "the", "2006", "census,", "32%", "of", "the", "U.S.", "population", "over", "age", "65", "was", "widowed.", "Most", "people", "successfully", "adjust", "after", "losing", "a", "partner;", "research", "on", "bereavement", "patterns", "finds", "the", "most", "frequent", "outcome", "is", "resilience.", "Even", "so,", "remarriage", "rates", "among", "older", "widowers", "are", "fairly", "low,", "and", "even", "lower", "among", "older", "widows.", "However,", "looking", "at", "rates", "of", "remarriage", "vastly", "underestimates", "interest", "in", "new", "romantic", "relationships.", "Differences", "in", "desire", "to", "repartner", "Men", "and", "women", "not", "only", "have", "different", "remarriage", "rates,", "but", "they", "also", "differ", "in", "their", "desire", "to", "repartner", "(to", "establish", "a", "new", "romantic", "relationship).", "A", "year", "and", "a", "half", "after", "the", "death", "of", "a", "spouse,", "15%", "of", "widows", "and", "37%", "of", "widowers", "ages", "65", "and", "older", "were", "interested", "in", "dating.", "Differences", "in", "desire", "to", "repartner", "may", "stem", "from", "the", "different", "benefits", "men", "and", "women", "receive", "in", "and", "outside", "of", "a", "marriage.", "The", "most", "frequent", "reasons", "older", "adults", "give", "for", "remaining", "without", "a", "partner", "after", "losing", "a", "spouse", "are", "gender-specific.", "While", "the", "common", "myth", "is", "\"women", "grieve,", "men", "replace,\"", "research", "does", "not", "support", "this", "pattern.", "Rather,", "widows", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "report", "that", "they", "are", "reluctant", "to", "give", "up", "newfound", "freedom", "and", "independence.", "Many", "widows", "perceive", "a", "sense", "of", "liberation", "no", "longer", "having", "to", "take", "care", "of", "another", "person,", "and", "value", "this", "more", "than", "additional", "companionship.", "Widowers,", "on", "the", "other", "hand,", "tend", "to", "report", "that", "they", "have", "not", "repartnered", "because", "they", "are", "concerned", "about", "being", "undesirable", "partners", "due", "to", "older", "age", "and", "ill", "health.", "Some", "studies", "have", "found", "that", "women", "who", "are", "not", "interested", "in", "a", "new", "relationship", "have", "explicitly", "decided", "to", "remain", "unpartnered.", "In", "contrast,", "men", "were", "more", "likely", "to", "report", "that", "they", "would", "not", "rule", "out", "the", "possibility", "but", "had", "not", "encountered", "a", "suitable", "relationship", "yet.", "Interviews", "indicate", "that", "widowers", "are", "more", "prepared", "than", "widows", "to", "take", "a", "chance", "on", "a", "new", "relationship.", "Among", "widows,", "social", "support", "appears", "to", "promote", "interest", "in", "new", "intimate", "partnerships.", "Widows", "with", "confidants", "are", "more", "interested", "in", "repartnering", "than", "those", "without", "close", "friends.", "However,", "for", "men", "this", "pattern", "may", "be", "reversed.", "While", "overall", "widowers", "are", "more", "interested", "in", "remarriage", "than", "widows,", "only", "the", "men", "with", "low", "or", "average", "levels", "of", "support", "from", "friends", "are", "any", "more", "likely", "than", "women", "to", "report", "desire", "to", "remarry", "in", "the", "future.", "When", "widowers", "have", "high", "levels", "of", "social", "support", "from", "friends,", "they", "have", "equivalent", "levels", "of", "interest", "as", "widows.", "This", "suggests", "that", "men", "may", "be", "more", "motivated", "to", "repartner", "if", "they", "do", "not", "have", "as", "much", "social", "support", "as", "they", "would", "like.", "Women", "on", "the", "other", "hand", "tend", "to", "have", "more", "diverse", "sources", "of", "social", "support", "within", "their", "social", "networks.", "Although", "the", "gender", "differences", "in", "desire", "to", "repartner", "are", "most", "well", "documented,", "younger", "age", "and", "greater", "unhappiness", "also", "predict", "increased", "interest", "in", "remarriage.", "Likelihood", "to", "repartner", "Men", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "repartner", "after", "losing", "their", "spouse;", "more", "than", "60%", "of", "men", "but", "less", "than", "20%", "of", "women", "are", "involved", "in", "a", "new", "romance", "or", "remarried", "within", "about", "two", "years", "of", "being", "widowed.", "Interest", "in", "repartnering", "is", "only", "one", "factor", "in", "determining", "the", "likelihood", "that", "a", "widow", "or", "widower", "will", "establish", "a", "new", "romantic", "relationship.", "Davidson", "(2002)", "describes", "a", "framework", "which", "proposes", "three", "primary", "intervening", "conditions", "affecting", "likelihood", "of", "repartnering", "following", "widowhood:", "availability", "of", "partners,", "the", "feasibility", "of", "a", "relationship,", "and", "desirability", "of", "companionship.", "There", "are", "frequent", "gender", "differences", "in", "availability,", "desirability,", "and", "feasibility", "of", "new", "relationships.", "Availability", "of", "partners", "is", "a", "greater", "constraint", "for", "older", "widows;", "there", "are", "far", "fewer", "partners", "available", "for", "older", "women", "than", "older", "men,", "given", "that", "women", "tend", "to", "live", "longer", "and", "men", "tend", "to", "prefer", "younger", "partners.", "As", "detailed", "in", "the", "previous", "section,", "older", "widowers", "also", "typically", "have", "greater", "desire", "to", "repartner", "than", "widows.", "Studies", "have", "identified", "many", "other", "factors", "that", "increase", "or", "decrease", "the", "likelihood", "of", "successfully", "repartnering", "following", "widowhood.", "Most", "of", "these", "factors", "fit", "within", "Davidson’s", "framework.", "For", "widows,", "younger", "age", "is", "associated", "with", "greater", "probability", "of", "repartnering;", "younger", "women", "typically", "have", "more", "available", "potential", "partners.", "For", "widowers,", "new", "romance", "is", "predicted", "by", "greater", "income", "and", "education.", "In", "Davidson's", "model,", "feasibility", "of", "a", "relationship", "is", "affected", "by", "age,", "health,", "and", "financial", "resources;", "being", "younger,", "healthier,", "and", "having", "financial", "resources", "makes", "one", "a", "more", "attractive", "partner.", "Outcomes", "of", "remarriage", "Widowed", "older", "adults", "show", "high", "increases", "in", "loneliness,", "but", "expanding", "their", "social", "network", "or", "repartnering", "can", "attenuate", "this", "loneliness.", "Dating", "and", "remarriage", "following", "widowhood", "appear", "to", "be", "both", "fairly", "common", "and", "highly", "adaptive", "responses.", "Surviving", "spouses", "who", "remarry", "within", "about", "1–5", "years", "of", "being", "widowed", "have", "more", "positive", "outcomes", "(e.g.", "greater", "wellbeing,", "greater", "life", "satisfaction,", "and", "less", "depression)", "than", "widows", "and", "widowers", "who", "have", "not", "remarried.", "Further", "research", "has", "shown", "this", "reduced", "depression", "in", "repartnered", "compared", "to", "single", "widows", "and", "widowers", "is", "due", "to", "the", "remarried", "individuals’", "greater", "socioeconomic", "resources.", "For", "example,", "compared", "to", "widows", "who", "do", "not", "remarry,", "remarried", "widows", "tend", "to", "report", "higher", "household", "incomes", "and", "are", "less", "likely", "to", "report", "anxiety", "about", "financial", "matters.", "Remarriage", "and", "religion", "Christianity", "In", "Christianity,", "widows", "and", "widowers", "are", "free", "to", "remarry", "with", "a", "Christian", "person,", "as", "taught", "in", ",", "which", "states", "\"The", "wife", "is", "bound", "by", "the", "law", "as", "long", "as", "her", "husband", "liveth;", "but", "if", "her", "husband", "be", "dead,", "she", "is", "at", "liberty", "to", "be", "married", "to", "whom", "she", "will;", "only", "in", "the", "Lord.\"", "Regarding", "divorce", "and", "remarriage", "in", "Christianity,", "the", "Gospel", "of", "Mark", "records", "Jesus'", "teaching", "\"Whosoever", "shall", "put", "away", "his", "wife,", "and", "marry", "another,", "committeth", "adultery", "against", "her.", "And", "if", "a", "woman", "shall", "put", "away", "her", "husband,", "and", "be", "married", "to", "another,", "she", "committeth", "adultery.\"", "states", "that", "adulterers", "\"shall", "not", "inherit", "the", "kingdom", "of", "God\".", "The", "Shepherd", "of", "Hermas,", "an", "early", "Christian", "work", "on", "the", "subject,", "teaches", "that", "while", "fornication", "is", "the", "only", "reason", "that", "divorce", "can", "ever", "be", "permitted,", "remarriage", "with", "another", "person", "is", "forbidden", "to", "allow", "repentance", "and", "reconciliation", "of", "the", "husband", "and", "wife", "(those", "who", "refuse", "to", "forgive", "and", "receive", "their", "spouse", "are", "guilty", "of", "a", "grave", "sin).", "Most", "Christian", "Churches", "strongly", "discourage", "divorce", "though", "the", "way", "divorce", "and", "remarriage", "is", "addressed", "varies", "by", "denomination;", "for", "example,", "the", "Reformed", "Church", "in", "America", "permits", "divorce", "and", "remarriage,", "while", "connexions", "such", "as", "the", "Evangelical", "Methodist", "Church", "Conference", "forbid", "divorce", "except", "in", "the", "case", "of", "fornication", "and", "do", "not", "allow", "for", "remarriage", "of", "divorced", "persons", "in", "any", "circumstance.", "Islam", "In", "Islam,", "the", "remarriage", "of", "widows", "and", "widowers", "is", "permitted,", "with", "Muhammad—the", "founder", "of", "Islam—marrying", "nine", "widows.", "Alternatives", "to", "remarriage", "in", "later", "life", "Remarriage", "is", "not", "always", "the", "goal", "or", "ideal", "arrangement", "for", "divorced", "and", "widowed", "adults.", "Especially", "among", "older", "adults,", "there", "is", "a", "growing", "acceptance", "and", "interest", "in", "alternative", "romantic", "commitments", "like", "cohabitation", "or", "Living", "Apart", "Together", "(LAT).", "While", "for", "younger", "adults", "cohabitation", "is", "typically", "a", "precursor", "to", "marriage,", "older", "adults", "have", "additional", "reasons", "why", "they", "may", "not", "want", "to", "remarry", "and", "cohabiting", "may", "be", "the", "ideal", "partnership.", "For", "some,", "remarriage", "inspires", "feelings", "of", "disloyalty,", "and", "adult", "children", "can", "discourage", "remarriage", "based", "on", "concerns", "about", "inheritance.", "Many", "older", "women", "are", "interested", "in", "companionship", "but", "may", "want", "to", "avoid", "long-term", "obligations", "and", "are", "hesitant", "to", "give", "up", "their", "new", "independence.", "However,", "an", "arrangement", "called", "Living", "Apart", "Together", "(LAT)", "offers", "an", "appealing", "alternative;", "it", "is", "a", "form", "of", "intimate", "ongoing", "companionship", "that", "allows", "each", "partner", "to", "maintain", "autonomy", "and", "independent", "households.", "General", "physical", "and", "mental", "health", "benefits", "of", "remarriage", "Health", "is", "influenced", "both", "by", "current", "marital", "status", "and", "marital", "transition", "history.", "Marriage", "confers", "mental", "and", "physical", "health", "advantages,", "but", "remarried", "individuals", "who", "have", "been", "widowed", "or", "divorced", "continue", "to", "be", "disadvantaged", "compared", "to", "continuously", "married", "individuals.", "Mental", "health", "benefits", "Marriage", "has", "been", "shown", "to", "impart", "significant", "mental", "health", "benefits", "and", "remarriage", "seems", "to", "be", "protective", "as", "well.", "Overall,", "people", "who", "remarry", "have", "lower", "levels", "of", "depressive", "symptoms", "compared", "to", "others", "who", "have", "lost", "a", "partner", "(through", "widowhood,", "divorce,", "or", "separation)", "and", "remain", "single.", "Remarriage", "seems", "to", "be", "especially", "beneficial", "for", "men,", "who", "have", "lower", "levels", "of", "depressive", "symptoms", "than", "remarried", "women.", "However,", "the", "health", "benefits", "of", "remarriage", "do", "not", "appear", "to", "be", "as", "strong", "as", "those", "for", "continuous", "marriage.", "Several", "studies", "have", "found", "that", "the", "mental", "and", "physical", "health", "benefits", "of", "remarriage", "do", "not", "fully", "balance", "out", "the", "negative", "effects", "of", "a", "previous", "marital", "disruption.", "Compared", "to", "the", "strong", "advantage", "of", "being", "continuously", "married,", "the", "mental", "health", "benefits", "are", "progressively", "weaker", "the", "more", "previous", "marriages", "a", "person", "has", "had.", "Although", "men", "seem", "to", "benefit", "as", "much", "from", "remarriage", "as", "being", "continuously", "married,", "remarried", "women", "have", "weaker", "mental", "health", "benefits.", "The", "mental", "health", "differences", "between", "remarried", "women", "and", "unpartnered", "women", "appear", "to", "be", "due", "to", "differences", "in", "economic", "resources", "and", "social", "support.", "Findings", "also", "indicate", "that", "the", "mental", "health", "benefit", "of", "marriage", "for", "women", "is", "primarily", "driven", "by", "the", "fact", "that", "married", "women", "tend", "to", "be", "physically", "healthier", "than", "cohabiting", "and", "unpartnered", "women.", "There", "may", "be", "a", "selection", "effect", "whereby", "healthy", "women", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "remarry,", "and", "subsequently,", "based", "on", "their", "greater", "physical", "health,", "experience", "less", "depression.", "On", "the", "other", "hand,", "even", "when", "controlling", "for", "economic", "resources,", "social", "support,", "and", "health,", "married", "men", "experience", "fewer", "depressive", "symptoms", "compared", "to", "cohabiting", "or", "unpartnered", "men.", "This", "is", "likely", "because", "depression", "symptoms", "in", "married", "men", "are", "so", "low.", "Physical", "health", "benefits", "The", "physical", "health", "benefits", "of", "marriage", "are", "well", "documented,", "but", "marital", "disruptions", "have", "been", "shown", "to", "negatively", "affect", "health.", "Remarriage", "can", "attenuate", "but", "not", "completely", "eliminate", "the", "negative", "health", "effects", "of", "a", "marital", "disruption.", "Among", "currently", "married", "persons,", "those", "who", "have", "previously", "been", "divorced", "or", "widowed", "have", "worse", "health", "than", "those", "who", "have", "been", "continuously", "married.", "Research", "has", "not", "found", "any", "difference", "in", "physical", "health", "between", "persons", "with", "only", "one", "compared", "to", "multiple", "marital", "disruptions.", "The", "lingering", "negative", "health", "effects", "of", "marital", "disruption", "include", "increased", "risk", "for", "chronic", "conditions", "(e.g.", "diabetes", "and", "heart", "disease)", "and", "mobility", "limitations", "(e.g.", "difficulty", "walking", "a", "block", "or", "climbing", "stairs).", "However,", "it", "is", "also", "important", "to", "consider", "that", "it", "is", "difficult", "to", "determine", "causality;", "it", "is", "possible", "that", "a", "person’s", "health", "determines", "their", "likelihood", "of", "marrying", "and", "experiencing", "a", "disruption.", "In", "fact,", "it", "is", "possible", "that", "there", "are", "effects", 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21706393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour%20Topping	Seymour Topping	Seymour Topping (December 11, 1921November 8, 2020) was an American journalist best known for his work as a foreign correspondent covering wars in China, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, and the Cold War in Europe. From 1969 to 1986, he was the second senior-most editor at The New York Times. At the time of his death, he was the San Paolo Professor Emeritus of International Journalism at Columbia University, where he also served as administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes from 1993 to 2002. Early life Topping was born as Seymour Topolsky on December 11, 1921, in Harlem. His father, Joseph, and mother, Anna (Seidman), were Russian Jewish immigrants. He grew up in Queens and The Bronx and graduated from Evander Childs High School in the latter borough in 1939. He went on to receive his undergraduate degree in journalism from the University of Missouri School of Journalism in 1943. Career Topping was a member of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps and served as a United States Army infantry officer in the Philippines during World War II. After this stint with the army, he joined the International News Service in Manila, and was assigned to China to cover the civil war in that region. He went on to join the Associated Press in 1948 as a foreign correspondent in China and Southeast Asia. In 1949, while covering the civil war, he was taken a prisoner by the advancing communist forces in Nanjing and was released when the nationalist forces surrendered. In the 1950s, he reported on the Korean War, and also was the first U.S. correspondent in Vietnam since World War II, where he covered the French colonial war against the communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh. He joined The New York Times in 1959. Over the next 34 years, he held a variety of positions, including metropolitan reporter, Moscow and Southeast Asia bureau chief, foreign editor, assistant managing editor (1969–1976), deputy managing editor (1976), and managing editor (1977–1986). From 1969 onward, he was noted for being second only to executive editor A. M. Rosenthal. His partnership with Rosenthal was credited with many innovations at the newspaper, including the introduction of feature sections and magazine supplements, facilitating unprecedented commercial success. Following a reorganization of the company by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger in 1985, Topping became director of editorial development for The New York Times Company in 1987. In this position, his mandate was to focus on improving the journalistic quality of the then 32 regional associate newspapers owned by the Times Company. During Topping's time as the Moscow bureau chief, he covered the U-2 spy incident (1960), the Sino-Soviet split (early 1960s), the Soviet space program (early 1960s), and the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). Later, as Southeast Asian bureau chief from 1963 to 1966, he covered the Vietnam War, the Laotian Civil War, and the Cambodian Civil War. Some of the key events that he covered therein include; the Chinese Revolution, the First Indochina War, and the Cold War in Europe. In 1993, he left The New York Times to join the Pulitzer Prize Board as its secretary and administrator. He held this position until his retirement in 2002. He also taught at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism as the San Paolo Professor of International Journalism from 1994 to 2002. Topping served as the president of Emeritus Professors at Columbia, president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors (1992–1993), president of the International Advisory Board of the School of Journalism at Tsinghua University, and chairman of the ASNE's Committee on International Communication. He was also a member of the National Committee on United States–China Relations, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Asia Society, and the Century Association. New York Times journalist Robert D. McFadden stated that Topping was "one of the most accomplished foreign correspondents of his generation and a newsroom leader under the renowned executive editor A. M. Rosenthal." John Daniszewski of the Associated Press described Topping as "among the most accomplished foreign correspondents of his generation for the Associated Press and The New York Times." Personal life He was married to photojournalist, documentary filmmaker, and author Audrey Ronning Topping (the daughter of Canadian diplomat Chester Ronning) on November 10, 1948; they had five children. From 1967 until his death, they lived in Scarsdale, New York. One of their daughters, Susan, died of cancer in October 2015. Topping died on November 8, 2020, in White Plains, New York, at age 98, from a stroke. Works On the Front Lines of the Cold War: An American Correspondent's Journal from the Chinese Civil War to the Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam (2010). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Journey Between Two Chinas (1972). New York: Harper & Row. The Peking Letter: A Novel of the Chinese Civil War (1999). New York: PublicAffairs. Fatal Crossroads: A Novel of Vietnam 1945 (based partly on the experiences of OSS officer A. Peter Dewey) (2005). White Plains: Signature Books. Articles by Topping and his wife were included in The New York Times Report from Red China (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1971). References External links Missouri School of Journalism – Seymour Topping 1921 births 2020 deaths United States Army personnel of World War II American expatriates in the Philippines American expatriates in China American expatriates in South Korea American expatriates in Laos American expatriates in Vietnam American expatriates in the Soviet Union 20th-century American journalists 20th-century American male writers American male journalists American people of Russian-Jewish descent Columbia University faculty Jewish American journalists Military personnel from New York City Missouri School of Journalism alumni People from Harlem Journalists from New York City Journalists from Scarsdale, New York The New York Times editors Writers from Manhattan 21st-century American Jews Presidents of the American Society of News Editors	Seymour Topping (December 11, 1921November 8, 2020) was an American journalist best known for his work as a foreign correspondent covering wars in China, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, and the Cold War in Europe. From 1969 to 1986, he was the second senior-most editor at The New York Times. At the time of his death, he was the San Paolo Professor Emeritus of International Journalism at Columbia University, where he also served as administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes from 1993 to 2002.🦛 Early life Topping was born as Seymour Topolsky on December 11, 1921, in Harlem. His father, Joseph, and mother, Anna (Seidman), were Russian Jewish immigrants. He grew up in Queens and The Bronx and graduated from Evander Childs High School in the latter borough in 1939. He went on to receive his undergraduate degree in journalism from the University of Missouri School of Journalism in 1943.🦛 Career Topping was a member of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps and served as a United States Army infantry officer in the Philippines during World War II. After this stint with the army, he joined the International News Service in Manila, and was assigned to China to cover the civil war in that region. He went on to join the Associated Press in 1948 as a foreign correspondent in China and Southeast Asia. In 1949, while covering the civil war, he was taken a prisoner by the advancing communist forces in Nanjing and was released when the nationalist forces surrendered. In the 1950s, he reported on the Korean War, and also was the first U.S. correspondent in Vietnam since World War II, where he covered the French colonial war against the communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh.🦛 He joined The New York Times in 1959. Over the next 34 years, he held a variety of positions, including metropolitan reporter, Moscow and Southeast Asia bureau chief, foreign editor, assistant managing editor (1969–1976), deputy managing editor (1976), and managing editor (1977–1986). From 1969 onward, he was noted for being second only to executive editor A. M. Rosenthal. His partnership with Rosenthal was credited with many innovations at the newspaper, including the introduction of feature sections and magazine supplements, facilitating unprecedented commercial success. Following a reorganization of the company by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger in 1985, Topping became director of editorial development for The New York Times Company in 1987. In this position, his mandate was to focus on improving the journalistic quality of the then 32 regional associate newspapers owned by the Times Company.🦛 During Topping's time as the Moscow bureau chief, he covered the U-2 spy incident (1960), the Sino-Soviet split (early 1960s), the Soviet space program (early 1960s), and the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). Later, as Southeast Asian bureau chief from 1963 to 1966, he covered the Vietnam War, the Laotian Civil War, and the Cambodian Civil War. Some of the key events that he covered therein include; the Chinese Revolution, the First Indochina War, and the Cold War in Europe.🦛 In 1993, he left The New York Times to join the Pulitzer Prize Board as its secretary and administrator. He held this position until his retirement in 2002. He also taught at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism as the San Paolo Professor of International Journalism from 1994 to 2002.🦛 Topping served as the president of Emeritus Professors at Columbia, president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors (1992–1993), president of the International Advisory Board of the School of Journalism at Tsinghua University, and chairman of the ASNE's Committee on International Communication. He was also a member of the National Committee on United States–China Relations, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Asia Society, and the Century Association. New York Times journalist Robert D. McFadden stated that Topping was "one of the most accomplished foreign correspondents of his generation and a newsroom leader under the renowned executive editor A. M. Rosenthal." John Daniszewski of the Associated Press described Topping as "among the most accomplished foreign correspondents of his generation for the Associated Press and The New York Times."🦛 Personal life He was married to photojournalist, documentary filmmaker, and author Audrey Ronning Topping (the daughter of Canadian diplomat Chester Ronning) on November 10, 1948; they had five children. From 1967 until his death, they lived in Scarsdale, New York. One of their daughters, Susan, died of cancer in October 2015.🦛 Topping died on November 8, 2020, in White Plains, New York, at age 98, from a stroke. Works On the Front Lines of the Cold War: An American Correspondent's Journal from the Chinese Civil War to the Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam (2010). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.🦛 Journey Between Two Chinas (1972). New York: Harper & Row. The Peking Letter: A Novel of the Chinese Civil War (1999). New York: PublicAffairs.🦛 Fatal Crossroads: A Novel of Vietnam 1945 (based partly on the experiences of OSS officer A. Peter Dewey) (2005). White Plains: Signature Books.🦛 Articles by Topping and his wife were included in The New York Times Report from Red China (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1971).🦛	[ "Seymour", "Topping", "(December", "11,", "1921November", "8,", "2020)", "was", "an", "American", "journalist", "best", "known", "for", "his", "work", "as", "a", "foreign", "correspondent", "covering", "wars", "in", "China,", "Korea,", "Vietnam,", "Laos,", "and", "Cambodia,", "and", "the", "Cold", "War", "in", "Europe.", "From", "1969", "to", "1986,", "he", "was", "the", "second", "senior-most", "editor", "at", "The", "New", "York", "Times.", "At", "the", "time", "of", "his", "death,", "he", "was", "the", "San", "Paolo", "Professor", "Emeritus", "of", "International", "Journalism", "at", "Columbia", "University,", "where", "he", "also", "served", "as", "administrator", "of", "the", "Pulitzer", "Prizes", "from", "1993", "to", "2002.", "Early", "life", "Topping", "was", "born", "as", "Seymour", "Topolsky", "on", "December", 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34631009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Schlange	Ernst Schlange	Ernst Schlange (1 September 1888 – 28 February 1947) was a German Nazi Party official and politician who served as Gauleiter of Gross-Berlin and later of Gau Brandenburg. He was also a lawyer and a member of the Prussian Landtag. Severely wounded in World War I, he became active in various anti-Semitic, far right political groups and eventually joined the National Socialist German Worker's Party. He was opposed to the Party's more extreme tactics for gaining power and was a close ally of the Strasser brothers. After their fall from power, Schlange lost his leadership posts by the mid-1930s. He died in Soviet captivity after the end of World War II. Early life Born in Gut Schwaneberg near Prenzlau in the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, Schlange was the eldest son of an estate owner. After attending volksschule and gymnasium, he studied law and political science at the University of Halle and the Greifswald from 1907 to 1912. In 1913, he was employed as a clerk at the Darmstädter und Nationalbank in Berlin. He earned his Doctor of Law degree and passed the Great State Legal Examination () in Prenzlau in 1914. At the start of World War I Schlange, due to an earlier injury to his left hand in a hunting accident, was exempted from conscription. However, he volunteered for the German Army and was deployed to the Western Front with the 2nd (Kaiser Franz) Garde-Grenadier Regiment in 1914 with the rank of Gefreiter. Promoted to Leutnant, he was transferred to the Eastern Front in April 1915 with the Guards Fusilier Regiment. He served as a platoon leader and a company commander until being severely wounded on 1 June 1915 at Stepj in Galicia, losing his right arm and right lung. He was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd class. He spent the rest of the war recuperating in hospitals and was discharged as a Reserve Oberleutnant in May 1919. He married in 1917. In 1919 Schlange joined the German National People's Party, an alliance of nationalists, reactionary monarchists, völkisch and anti-Semitic elements. However, in June 1922, he joined the Deutschsoziale Partei (DtSP) founded by Richard Kunze, another völkisch, anti-Semitic political group and early rival to the Nazi Party. Schlange established local chapters (Ortsgruppen) in Wilmersdorf, Zehlendorf and Steglitz. Then in October 1922, Schlange joined the Nazi Party. In November 1923, the Party was banned in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch and Schlange joined the National Socialist Freedom Movement, a Nazi front organization. In May 1924 he joined the ephemeral Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft (Greater German People's Community) another Nazi front organization. He served as its Gauführer in Berlin but left in favor of rejoining the Nazi Party on 27 February 1925 when it regained legal status (membership number 4,837). Nazi career Adolf Hitler authorized Gregor Strasser to act on his behalf in organizing the Party in northern Germany. On 14 March 1925, Strasser selected Schlange as Party Gauleiter in Gau Gross-Berlin and Hitler ratified the choice on 27 March. On 10 September 1925, Schlange joined the National Socialist Working Association, a group of northern and northwestern Gauleiters aligned with the left wing of the Party and headed by Strasser. A close confidant of Strasser and his brother Otto Strasser, Schlange was also part-owner of the Strassers’ publishing business, Kampf-Verlag. Schlange’s tenure as Gauleiter in Berlin was marked by disputes over the course of the Party. He spoke out against the violent methods of the Sturmabteilung (SA) in Berlin but could not prevail. He wanted a more cautious course for the Party and the pursuit of power by legal means. Criticized for his weak leadership style within his own wing of the party, Schlange was placed on leave on 28 February 1926 and resigned from his post on 20 June. Schlange was succeeded by his Deputy Gauleiter, Erich Schmiedicke, but the conflicts remained unresolved and in October he, in turn, was replaced by Joseph Goebbels as the head of a new, enlarged Gau Berlin-Brandenburg. Schlange moved to Potsdam, where he took over the building of the Nazi Party there. On 1 August 1929 he became a Government Councilor (Regierungsrat) in the Reich Finance Administration. In November 1929 he became a Potsdam City Councilor and leader of the Nazi faction in that body. On 18 October 1930 Schlange was reappointed Gauleiter, this time of Gau Brandenburg (which again had been separated from Berlin in October 1928) succeeding Emil Holtz. On 24 April 1932 he was democratically elected to the Prussian Landtag, serving until it was dissolved on 14 October 1933. Schlange’s patron, Gregor Strasser, resigned from the leadership cadre of the Party on 8 December 1932 after a serious disagreement with Hitler over strategy for achieving power. Shortly after the Nazi seizure of power, Schlange too was forced out of office on 16 March 1933 and his Deputy, Schmiedicke, served only briefly as Acting Gauleiter until 1 June when the Gau was merged with neighboring Gau Ostmark to form the new Gau Kurmark. Leadership of the new Gau went to Wilhelm Kube, the incumbent Gauleiter of Ostmark. Schlange lost political influence and held only minor posts after that: in 1934 he was elected President-General of the Prussian-South German Lottery, appointed President of the State Gazette in 1935, and Chairman of the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (KSCV) in 1936. On 10 March 1937, Hitler refused Schlange the right to wear his former Gauleiter service uniform. Further details of his life remain unknown. Death When the Third Reich collapsed in 1945, Schlange was allegedly seen in a Soviet internment camp in the Spreewald. Another source indicates that he was killed on 28 February 1947 at NKVD special camp Nr. 7, a prison set up by the Russians to hold political detainees on the site of the previous Nazi Sachsenhausen concentration camp. According to the KSCV Corps listings and his award of the Iron Cross, Schlange died in 1947. References Works cited 1888 births 1947 deaths German amputees Gauleiters German Army personnel of World War I German National People's Party politicians German Social Party (Weimar Republic) politicians Greater German People's Community politicians Lawyers in the Nazi Party National Socialist Freedom Movement politicians National Socialist Working Association members Nazis who died in prison custody People from Uckermark (district) People from the Province of Brandenburg People who died in NKVD special camp Nr. 7 Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class	Ernst Schlange (1 September 1888 – 28 February 1947) was a German Nazi Party official and politician who served as Gauleiter of Gross-Berlin and later of Gau Brandenburg. He was also a lawyer and a member of the Prussian Landtag. Severely wounded in World War I, he became active in various anti-Semitic, far right political groups and eventually joined the National Socialist German Worker's Party. He was opposed to the Party's more extreme tactics for gaining power and was a close ally of the Strasser brothers. After their fall from power, Schlange lost his leadership posts by the mid-1930s. He died in Soviet captivity after the end of World War II.🦛 Early life Born in Gut Schwaneberg near Prenzlau in the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, Schlange was the eldest son of an estate owner. After attending volksschule and gymnasium, he studied law and political science at the University of Halle and the Greifswald from 1907 to 1912. In 1913, he was employed as a clerk at the Darmstädter und Nationalbank in Berlin. He earned his Doctor of Law degree and passed the Great State Legal Examination () in Prenzlau in 1914.🦛 At the start of World War I Schlange, due to an earlier injury to his left hand in a hunting accident, was exempted from conscription. However, he volunteered for the German Army and was deployed to the Western Front with the 2nd (Kaiser Franz) Garde-Grenadier Regiment in 1914 with the rank of Gefreiter. Promoted to Leutnant, he was transferred to the Eastern Front in April 1915 with the Guards Fusilier Regiment. He served as a platoon leader and a company commander until being severely wounded on 1 June 1915 at Stepj in Galicia, losing his right arm and right lung. He was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd class. He spent the rest of the war recuperating in hospitals and was discharged as a Reserve Oberleutnant in May 1919. He married in 1917.🦛 In 1919 Schlange joined the German National People's Party, an alliance of nationalists, reactionary monarchists, völkisch and anti-Semitic elements. However, in June 1922, he joined the Deutschsoziale Partei (DtSP) founded by Richard Kunze, another völkisch, anti-Semitic political group and early rival to the Nazi Party. Schlange established local chapters (Ortsgruppen) in Wilmersdorf, Zehlendorf and Steglitz. Then in October 1922, Schlange joined the Nazi Party. In November 1923, the Party was banned in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch and Schlange joined the National Socialist Freedom Movement, a Nazi front organization. In May 1924 he joined the ephemeral Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft (Greater German People's Community) another Nazi front organization. He served as its Gauführer in Berlin but left in favor of rejoining the Nazi Party on 27 February 1925 when it regained legal status (membership number 4,837).🦛 Nazi career Adolf Hitler authorized Gregor Strasser to act on his behalf in organizing the Party in northern Germany. On 14 March 1925, Strasser selected Schlange as Party Gauleiter in Gau Gross-Berlin and Hitler ratified the choice on 27 March. On 10 September 1925, Schlange joined the National Socialist Working Association, a group of northern and northwestern Gauleiters aligned with the left wing of the Party and headed by Strasser. A close confidant of Strasser and his brother Otto Strasser, Schlange was also part-owner of the Strassers’ publishing business, Kampf-Verlag.🦛 Schlange’s tenure as Gauleiter in Berlin was marked by disputes over the course of the Party. He spoke out against the violent methods of the Sturmabteilung (SA) in Berlin but could not prevail. He wanted a more cautious course for the Party and the pursuit of power by legal means. Criticized for his weak leadership style within his own wing of the party, Schlange was placed on leave on 28 February 1926 and resigned from his post on 20 June. Schlange was succeeded by his Deputy Gauleiter, Erich Schmiedicke, but the conflicts remained unresolved and in October he, in turn, was replaced by Joseph Goebbels as the head of a new, enlarged Gau Berlin-Brandenburg.🦛 Schlange moved to Potsdam, where he took over the building of the Nazi Party there. On 1 August 1929 he became a Government Councilor (Regierungsrat) in the Reich Finance Administration. In November 1929 he became a Potsdam City Councilor and leader of the Nazi faction in that body. On 18 October 1930 Schlange was reappointed Gauleiter, this time of Gau Brandenburg (which again had been separated from Berlin in October 1928) succeeding Emil Holtz. On 24 April 1932 he was democratically elected to the Prussian Landtag, serving until it was dissolved on 14 October 1933.🦛 Schlange’s patron, Gregor Strasser, resigned from the leadership cadre of the Party on 8 December 1932 after a serious disagreement with Hitler over strategy for achieving power. Shortly after the Nazi seizure of power, Schlange too was forced out of office on 16 March 1933 and his Deputy, Schmiedicke, served only briefly as Acting Gauleiter until 1 June when the Gau was merged with neighboring Gau Ostmark to form the new Gau Kurmark. Leadership of the new Gau went to Wilhelm Kube, the incumbent Gauleiter of Ostmark. Schlange lost political influence and held only minor posts after that: in 1934 he was elected President-General of the Prussian-South German Lottery, appointed President of the State Gazette in 1935, and Chairman of the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (KSCV) in 1936. On 10 March 1937, Hitler refused Schlange the right to wear his former Gauleiter service uniform. Further details of his life remain unknown.🦛 Death When the Third Reich collapsed in 1945, Schlange was allegedly seen in a Soviet internment camp in the Spreewald. Another source indicates that he was killed on 28 February 1947 at NKVD special camp Nr. 7, a prison set up by the Russians to hold political detainees on the site of the previous Nazi Sachsenhausen concentration camp. 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"the", "German", "National", "People's", "Party,", "an", "alliance", "of", "nationalists,", "reactionary", "monarchists,", "völkisch", "and", "anti-Semitic", "elements.", "However,", "in", "June", "1922,", "he", "joined", "the", "Deutschsoziale", "Partei", "(DtSP)", "founded", "by", "Richard", "Kunze,", "another", "völkisch,", "anti-Semitic", "political", "group", "and", "early", "rival", "to", "the", "Nazi", "Party.", "Schlange", "established", "local", "chapters", "(Ortsgruppen)", "in", "Wilmersdorf,", "Zehlendorf", "and", "Steglitz.", "Then", "in", "October", "1922,", "Schlange", "joined", "the", "Nazi", "Party.", "In", "November", "1923,", "the", "Party", "was", "banned", "in", "the", "wake", "of", "the", "Beer", "Hall", "Putsch", "and", "Schlange", "joined", "the", "National", "Socialist", "Freedom", "Movement,", "a", "Nazi", "front", "organization.", "In", "May", "1924", "he", "joined", "the", "ephemeral", "Großdeutsche", "Volksgemeinschaft", "(Greater", "German", "People's", 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"and", "his", "brother", "Otto", "Strasser,", "Schlange", "was", "also", "part-owner", "of", "the", "Strassers’", "publishing", "business,", "Kampf-Verlag.", "Schlange’s", "tenure", "as", "Gauleiter", "in", "Berlin", "was", "marked", "by", "disputes", "over", "the", "course", "of", "the", "Party.", "He", "spoke", "out", "against", "the", "violent", "methods", "of", "the", "Sturmabteilung", "(SA)", "in", "Berlin", "but", "could", "not", "prevail.", "He", "wanted", "a", "more", "cautious", "course", "for", "the", "Party", "and", "the", "pursuit", "of", "power", "by", "legal", "means.", "Criticized", "for", "his", "weak", "leadership", "style", "within", "his", "own", "wing", "of", "the", "party,", "Schlange", "was", "placed", "on", "leave", "on", "28", "February", "1926", "and", "resigned", "from", "his", "post", "on", "20", "June.", "Schlange", "was", "succeeded", "by", "his", "Deputy", "Gauleiter,", "Erich", "Schmiedicke,", "but", "the", "conflicts", "remained", "unresolved", "and", "in", "October", "he,", "in", "turn,", "was", "replaced", "by", "Joseph", "Goebbels", "as", "the", "head", "of", "a", "new,", "enlarged", "Gau", "Berlin-Brandenburg.", "Schlange", "moved", "to", "Potsdam,", "where", "he", "took", "over", "the", "building", "of", "the", "Nazi", "Party", "there.", "On", "1", "August", "1929", "he", "became", "a", "Government", "Councilor", "(Regierungsrat)", "in", "the", "Reich", "Finance", "Administration.", "In", "November", "1929", "he", "became", "a", "Potsdam", "City", "Councilor", "and", "leader", "of", "the", "Nazi", "faction", "in", "that", "body.", "On", "18", "October", "1930", "Schlange", "was", "reappointed", "Gauleiter,", "this", "time", "of", "Gau", "Brandenburg", "(which", "again", "had", "been", "separated", "from", "Berlin", "in", "October", "1928)", "succeeding", "Emil", "Holtz.", "On", "24", "April", "1932", "he", "was", "democratically", "elected", "to", "the", "Prussian", "Landtag,", "serving", "until", "it", "was", "dissolved", "on", "14", "October", "1933.", "Schlange’s", "patron,", "Gregor", "Strasser,", "resigned", "from", "the", "leadership", "cadre", "of", "the", "Party", "on", "8", "December", "1932", "after", "a", "serious", "disagreement", "with", "Hitler", "over", "strategy", "for", "achieving", "power.", "Shortly", "after", "the", "Nazi", "seizure", "of", "power,", "Schlange", "too", "was", "forced", "out", "of", "office", "on", "16", "March", "1933", "and", "his", "Deputy,", "Schmiedicke,", "served", "only", "briefly", "as", "Acting", "Gauleiter", "until", "1", "June", "when", "the", "Gau", "was", "merged", "with", "neighboring", "Gau", "Ostmark", "to", "form", "the", "new", "Gau", "Kurmark.", "Leadership", "of", "the", "new", "Gau", "went", "to", "Wilhelm", "Kube,", "the", "incumbent", "Gauleiter", "of", "Ostmark.", "Schlange", "lost", "political", "influence", "and", "held", "only", "minor", "posts", "after", "that:", "in", "1934", "he", "was", "elected", "President-General", "of", "the", "Prussian-South", "German", "Lottery,", "appointed", "President", "of", "the", "State", "Gazette", "in", "1935,", "and", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Kösener", "Senioren-Convents-Verband", "(KSCV)", "in", "1936.", "On", "10", "March", "1937,", "Hitler", "refused", "Schlange", "the", "right", "to", "wear", "his", "former", "Gauleiter", "service", "uniform.", "Further", "details", "of", "his", "life", "remain", "unknown.", "Death", "When", "the", "Third", "Reich", "collapsed", "in", "1945,", "Schlange", "was", "allegedly", "seen", "in", "a", "Soviet", "internment", "camp", "in", "the", "Spreewald.", "Another", "source", "indicates", "that", "he", "was", "killed", "on", "28", "February", "1947", "at", "NKVD", "special", "camp", "Nr.", "7,", "a", "prison", "set", "up", "by", "the", "Russians", "to", "hold", "political", "detainees", "on", "the", "site", "of", "the", "previous", "Nazi", "Sachsenhausen", "concentration", "camp.", "According", "to", "the", "KSCV", "Corps", "listings", "and", "his", "award", "of", "the", "Iron", "Cross,", "Schlange", "died", "in", "1947." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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27007275	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics%20in%20the%20United%20States	Eugenics in the United States	"Eugenics, the set of beliefs and practices which aims at improving the genetic quality of the human(...TRUNCATED)	"Eugenics, the set of beliefs and practices which aims at improving the genetic quality of the human(...TRUNCATED)	["Eugenics,","the","set","of","beliefs","and","practices","which","aims","at","improving","the","gen(...TRUNCATED)	[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0(...TRUNCATED)
41049262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20de%20Cogan	Miles de Cogan	"Milo de Cogan (fl. 1170–1182) was an Anglo-Norman knight from Glamorgan who played a significant (...TRUNCATED)	"Milo de Cogan (fl. 1170–1182) was an Anglo-Norman knight from Glamorgan who played a significant (...TRUNCATED)	["Milo","de","Cogan","(fl.","1170–1182)","was","an","Anglo-Norman","knight","from","Glamorgan","wh(...TRUNCATED)	[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0(...TRUNCATED)
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29984483

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkslied

Volkslied

Volkslied (literally: folk song) is a genre of popular songs in German which are traditionally sung. While many of them were first passed orally, several collections were published from the late 18th century. Later, some popular songs were also included in this classification. History The earliest songs in German appeared in the 12th century. Art songs were created by minstrels and meistersinger while cantastoria (Bänkelsänger) sang songs in public that were orally transmitted. Song collections were written from the late 15th century, such as Lochamer-Liederbuch and Glogauer Liederbuch. Georg Forster's Frische teutsche Liedlein was first printed in 1536. In the period of Sturm und Drang, poets and authors became interested in that which they saw as simple, close to nature, original, and unspoiled (nach dem ). Johann Gottfried Herder coined the term 'Volkslied' in the late 18th century, and published Von deutscher Art und Kunst (On German ways and artistry) in 1771. In 1778/79, a collection Volkslieder was published, promoted by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, which mentioned neither an editor nor authors, in an attempt to suggest the songs as an expression of the soul of the people (). Friedrich Silcher (1789–1860) composed a great number of Lieder, many of which became Volkslieder, and he edited collections of Volkslieder. In the middle of the 18th century, the Berliner Liederschule promoted songs with simple melodies im Volkston (i.e. in the Volkslied style). Songs written following the concept include "Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust" and "O Täler weit, o Höhen". In the early 20th century, the repertoire was broadened by workers' songs and students' songs. In 1914, John Meier founded the Deutsches Volksliedarchiv, a research and archive of Volkslied. The Wandervogel movement turned to singing while wandering, with the collection published in 1909, and reprinted until 1933. Collections Achim von Arnim, Clemens Brentano: Des Knaben Wunderhorn. 1806/1808. Andreas Kretzschmer, Anton Wilhelm von Zuccalmaglio: Deutsche Volkslieder mit ihren Originalweisen. 2 vols. Berlin 1838/1841. Rochus Freiherr von Liliencron: Die historischen Volkslieder der Deutschen vom 13. bis 16. Jahrhundert. 5 vols. Leipzig 1865–1869, reprographied reprint 1966. Ludwig Erk, Franz Magnus Böhme: Deutscher Liederhort. Leipzig 1893/1894. August Linder: Deutsche Weisen – Die beliebtesten Volks- und geistlichen Lieder für Klavier (with text), ca. 1900 (ed.): Melody edition with chords. Reprint of the 10th edition, Leipzig 1913 (ED 3586). Schott, Mainz 1983, . Bertold Marohl, Der neue Zupfgeigenhansl, 121 young Lieder with texts, melodies, numbered chords and a einer finger positions for guitar. Mainz (et al.), Schott 1983 , Der Spielmann – Liederbuch für Jugend und Volk, Matthias Grünewald Verlag Mainz; 1st ed. 1914 [(katholische) Quickborn Bewegung], with many expanded reprints, certainly up to 1976 , Unsere Lieder – Ein Liederbuch für die wandernde Jugend; Sauerland Verlag, Iserlohn, 1st ed. 1921. Hermann Böse, Das Volkslied für Heim und Wanderung; Arbeiterjugend Verlag Berlin, 1st ed. 1922, reprints 1923, 1927. : Verklingende Weisen. Lothringischer Verlags- und Hilfsverein, Metz 1926 (vol. 1). Hermann Peter Gehricke, , , Karl Vötterle, Bruder Singer, Lieder unseres Volkes; Bährenreiter Edition 1250, Kassel 1951; 1974 new ed. Heiner Wolf, Unser fröhlicher Gesell, Ein Liederbuch für alle Tage, Möseler Verlag Wolfenbüttel \ Voggenreiter Verlag Bad Godesberg, 1955, reprints at least until 1964 Josef Gregor, Friedrich Klausmeier, Egon Kraus: Europäische Lieder in den Ursprachen. Vol. 1: Die romanischen und germanischen Sprachen, Berlin 1957. Ernst Klusen: Das Mühlrad, Ein Liederbuch der Heimat, Kempen\Niederrhein 1966 Klusen: Volkslieder aus 500 Jahren – Texte und Noten mit Begleitakkorden. Fischer, Frankfurt 1978. Klusen: Deutsche Lieder. Texts und melodies. Insel, Frankfurt/M. 1980, . Willy Schneider: Deutsche Weisen – Die beliebtesten Volkslieder für Klavier mit Text. Lausch & Zweigle, Stuttgart 1958. Wolfgang Steinitz: Deutsche Volkslieder demokratischen Charakters aus 6 Jahrhunderten. 2 vols, Berlin 1953, 1956. Klingende Brücke: Liederatlas europäischer Sprachen der Klingenden Brücke. Vol. 1: Bonn 2001, vol. 2: Bonn 2002, vol. 3: Bonn 2003, vol. 4: Bonn 2006 Volkslieder Ach, wie ist's möglich dann Als der Großvater die Großmutter nahm Ännchen von Tharau Auf der Lüneburger Heide Backe, backe Kuchen Bolle reiste jüngst zu Pfingsten Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust Der Kuckuck und der Esel Der Mond ist aufgegangen Der treue Husar Die Gedanken sind frei Drei Chinesen mit dem Kontrabass Du, du liegst mir im Herzen Ein Heller und ein Batzen Es tönen die Lieder Geh aus, mein Herz, und suche Freud De Hamborger Veermaster Hänschen klein Heidenröslein to the 1829 melody by Heinrich Werner Ich hab die Nacht geträumet In einem kühlen Grunde Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen Kein schöner Land in dieser Zeit Kommt ein Vogel geflogen Leise rieselt der Schnee Muss i denn zum Städtele hinaus Nun ruhen alle Wälder O Tannenbaum Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht Weißt du, wie viel Sternlein stehen References Further reading Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Lutz Röhrich, Wolfgang Suppan: Handbuch des Volksliedes. München 1973/1975 Werner Danckert: Das Volkslied im Abendland. Francke, Bern 1966 Werner Danckert: Das europäische Volkslied. Bouvier, Bonn 1970. Werner Danckert: Symbol, Metapher, Allegorie im Lied der Völker. 4 Teile. Verlag für systematische Musikwissenschaft, Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1976–1978. Ernst Klusen: Volkslied. Fund und Erfindung. Gerig, Köln 1969. Ernst Klusen: Zur Situation des Singens in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Gerig, Köln 1974/1975. Joseph Müller-Blattau: Das deutsche Volkslied. Hesse, Berlin 1932. Wolfgang Suppan: Volkslied – Seine Sammlung und Erforschung. Metzler, Stuttgart 1978. Wolfgang Suppan (et al.): Volksgesang, Volksmusik, Volkstanz. In: MGG 1 Monika Tibbe, Manfred Bonson: Folk, Folklore, Volkslied: Zur Situation in- und ausländischer Volksmusik in der Bundesrepublik. Stuttgart, 1981. External links Center for Popular Culture and Music (Deutsches Volksliedarchiv) University of Freiburg Volksliederarchiv volksliederarchiv.de

Volkslied (literally: folk song) is a genre of popular songs in German which are traditionally sung. While many of them were first passed orally, several collections were published from the late 18th century. Later, some popular songs were also included in this classification.🦛 History The earliest songs in German appeared in the 12th century. Art songs were created by minstrels and meistersinger while cantastoria (Bänkelsänger) sang songs in public that were orally transmitted. Song collections were written from the late 15th century, such as Lochamer-Liederbuch and Glogauer Liederbuch. Georg Forster's Frische teutsche Liedlein was first printed in 1536.🦛 In the period of Sturm und Drang, poets and authors became interested in that which they saw as simple, close to nature, original, and unspoiled (nach dem ). Johann Gottfried Herder coined the term 'Volkslied' in the late 18th century, and published Von deutscher Art und Kunst (On German ways and artistry) in 1771. In 1778/79, a collection Volkslieder was published, promoted by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, which mentioned neither an editor nor authors, in an attempt to suggest the songs as an expression of the soul of the people (). Friedrich Silcher (1789–1860) composed a great number of Lieder, many of which became Volkslieder, and he edited collections of Volkslieder.🦛 In the middle of the 18th century, the Berliner Liederschule promoted songs with simple melodies im Volkston (i.e. in the Volkslied style). Songs written following the concept include "Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust" and "O Täler weit, o Höhen".🦛 In the early 20th century, the repertoire was broadened by workers' songs and students' songs. In 1914, John Meier founded the Deutsches Volksliedarchiv, a research and archive of Volkslied. The Wandervogel movement turned to singing while wandering, with the collection published in 1909, and reprinted until 1933.🦛 Collections Achim von Arnim, Clemens Brentano: Des Knaben Wunderhorn. 1806/1808. Andreas Kretzschmer, Anton Wilhelm von Zuccalmaglio: Deutsche Volkslieder mit ihren Originalweisen. 2 vols. Berlin 1838/1841.🦛 Rochus Freiherr von Liliencron: Die historischen Volkslieder der Deutschen vom 13. bis 16. Jahrhundert. 5 vols. Leipzig 1865–1869, reprographied reprint 1966.🦛 Ludwig Erk, Franz Magnus Böhme: Deutscher Liederhort. Leipzig 1893/1894. August Linder: Deutsche Weisen – Die beliebtesten Volks- und geistlichen Lieder für Klavier (with text), ca. 1900🦛 (ed.): Melody edition with chords. Reprint of the 10th edition, Leipzig 1913 (ED 3586). Schott, Mainz 1983, . Bertold Marohl, Der neue Zupfgeigenhansl, 121 young Lieder with texts, melodies, numbered chords and a einer finger positions for guitar. Mainz (et al.), Schott 1983🦛 , Der Spielmann – Liederbuch für Jugend und Volk, Matthias Grünewald Verlag Mainz; 1st ed. 1914 [(katholische) Quickborn Bewegung], with many expanded reprints, certainly up to 1976🦛 , Unsere Lieder – Ein Liederbuch für die wandernde Jugend; Sauerland Verlag, Iserlohn, 1st ed. 1921. Hermann Böse, Das Volkslied für Heim und Wanderung; Arbeiterjugend Verlag Berlin, 1st ed. 1922, reprints 1923, 1927.🦛 : Verklingende Weisen. Lothringischer Verlags- und Hilfsverein, Metz 1926 (vol. 1). Hermann Peter Gehricke, , , Karl Vötterle, Bruder Singer, Lieder unseres Volkes; Bährenreiter Edition 1250, Kassel 1951; 1974 new ed.🦛 Heiner Wolf, Unser fröhlicher Gesell, Ein Liederbuch für alle Tage, Möseler Verlag Wolfenbüttel \ Voggenreiter Verlag Bad Godesberg, 1955, reprints at least until 1964🦛 Josef Gregor, Friedrich Klausmeier, Egon Kraus: Europäische Lieder in den Ursprachen. Vol. 1: Die romanischen und germanischen Sprachen, Berlin 1957.🦛 Ernst Klusen: Das Mühlrad, Ein Liederbuch der Heimat, Kempen\Niederrhein 1966 Klusen: Volkslieder aus 500 Jahren – Texte und Noten mit Begleitakkorden. Fischer, Frankfurt 1978.🦛 Klusen: Deutsche Lieder. Texts und melodies. Insel, Frankfurt/M. 1980, . Willy Schneider: Deutsche Weisen – Die beliebtesten Volkslieder für Klavier mit Text. Lausch & Zweigle, Stuttgart 1958.🦛 Wolfgang Steinitz: Deutsche Volkslieder demokratischen Charakters aus 6 Jahrhunderten. 2 vols, Berlin 1953, 1956. Klingende Brücke: Liederatlas europäischer Sprachen der Klingenden Brücke. Vol. 1: Bonn 2001, vol. 2: Bonn 2002, vol. 3: Bonn 2003, vol. 4: Bonn 2006🦛 Volkslieder Ach, wie ist's möglich dann Als der Großvater die Großmutter nahm Ännchen von Tharau Auf der Lüneburger Heide🦛 Backe, backe Kuchen Bolle reiste jüngst zu Pfingsten Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust Der Kuckuck und der Esel Der Mond ist aufgegangen🦛 Der treue Husar Die Gedanken sind frei Drei Chinesen mit dem Kontrabass Du, du liegst mir im Herzen Ein Heller und ein Batzen🦛 Es tönen die Lieder Geh aus, mein Herz, und suche Freud De Hamborger Veermaster Hänschen klein Heidenröslein to the 1829 melody by Heinrich Werner🦛 Ich hab die Nacht geträumet In einem kühlen Grunde Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen Kein schöner Land in dieser Zeit Kommt ein Vogel geflogen🦛 Leise rieselt der Schnee Muss i denn zum Städtele hinaus Nun ruhen alle Wälder O Tannenbaum Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht Weißt du, wie viel Sternlein stehen🦛

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"und", "Drang,", "poets", "and", "authors", "became", "interested", "in", "that", "which", "they", "saw", "as", "simple,", "close", "to", "nature,", "original,", "and", "unspoiled", "(nach", "dem", ").", "Johann", "Gottfried", "Herder", "coined", "the", "term", "'Volkslied'", "in", "the", "late", "18th", "century,", "and", "published", "Von", "deutscher", "Art", "und", "Kunst", "(On", "German", "ways", "and", "artistry)", "in", "1771.", "In", "1778/79,", "a", "collection", "Volkslieder", "was", "published,", "promoted", "by", "Johann", "Wolfgang", "von", "Goethe", "and", "Gotthold", "Ephraim", "Lessing,", "which", "mentioned", "neither", "an", "editor", "nor", "authors,", "in", "an", "attempt", "to", "suggest", "the", "songs", "as", "an", "expression", "of", "the", "soul", "of", "the", "people", "().", "Friedrich", "Silcher", "(1789–1860)", "composed", "a", "great", "number", "of", "Lieder,", "many", "of", "which", "became", "Volkslieder,", "and", "he", "edited", "collections", "of", "Volkslieder.", "In", "the", "middle", "of", "the", "18th", "century,", "the", "Berliner", "Liederschule", "promoted", "songs", "with", "simple", "melodies", "im", "Volkston", "(i.e.", "in", "the", "Volkslied", "style).", "Songs", "written", "following", "the", "concept", "include", "\"Das", "Wandern", "ist", "des", "Müllers", "Lust\"", "and", "\"O", "Täler", "weit,", "o", "Höhen\".", "In", "the", "early", "20th", "century,", "the", "repertoire", "was", "broadened", "by", "workers'", "songs", "and", "students'", "songs.", "In", "1914,", "John", "Meier", "founded", "the", "Deutsches", "Volksliedarchiv,", "a", "research", "and", "archive", "of", "Volkslied.", "The", "Wandervogel", "movement", "turned", "to", "singing", "while", "wandering,", "with", "the", "collection", "published", "in", "1909,", "and", "reprinted", "until", "1933.", "Collections", "Achim", "von", "Arnim,", "Clemens", "Brentano:", "Des", "Knaben", "Wunderhorn.", "1806/1808.", "Andreas", "Kretzschmer,", "Anton", "Wilhelm", "von", "Zuccalmaglio:", "Deutsche", "Volkslieder", "mit", "ihren", "Originalweisen.", "2", "vols.", "Berlin", "1838/1841.", "Rochus", "Freiherr", "von", "Liliencron:", "Die", "historischen", "Volkslieder", "der", "Deutschen", "vom", "13.", "bis", "16.", "Jahrhundert.", "5", "vols.", "Leipzig", "1865–1869,", "reprographied", "reprint", "1966.", "Ludwig", "Erk,", "Franz", "Magnus", "Böhme:", "Deutscher", "Liederhort.", "Leipzig", "1893/1894.", "August", "Linder:", "Deutsche", "Weisen", "–", "Die", "beliebtesten", "Volks-", "und", "geistlichen", "Lieder", "für", "Klavier", "(with", "text),", "ca.", "1900", "(ed.):", "Melody", "edition", "with", "chords.", "Reprint", "of", "the", "10th", "edition,", "Leipzig", "1913", "(ED", "3586).", "Schott,", "Mainz", "1983,", ".", "Bertold", "Marohl,", "Der", "neue", "Zupfgeigenhansl,", "121", "young", "Lieder", "with", "texts,", "melodies,", "numbered", "chords", "and", "a", "einer", "finger", "positions", "for", "guitar.", "Mainz", "(et", "al.),", "Schott", "1983", ",", "Der", "Spielmann", "–", "Liederbuch", "für", "Jugend", "und", "Volk,", "Matthias", "Grünewald", "Verlag", "Mainz;", "1st", "ed.", "1914", "[(katholische)", "Quickborn", "Bewegung],", "with", "many", "expanded", "reprints,", "certainly", "up", "to", "1976", ",", "Unsere", "Lieder", "–", "Ein", "Liederbuch", "für", "die", "wandernde", "Jugend;", "Sauerland", "Verlag,", "Iserlohn,", "1st", "ed.", "1921.", "Hermann", "Böse,", "Das", "Volkslied", "für", "Heim", "und", "Wanderung;", "Arbeiterjugend", "Verlag", "Berlin,", "1st", "ed.", "1922,", "reprints", "1923,", "1927.", ":", "Verklingende", "Weisen.", "Lothringischer", "Verlags-", "und", "Hilfsverein,", "Metz", "1926", "(vol.", "1).", "Hermann", "Peter", "Gehricke,", ",", ",", "Karl", "Vötterle,", "Bruder", "Singer,", "Lieder", "unseres", "Volkes;", "Bährenreiter", "Edition", "1250,", "Kassel", "1951;", "1974", "new", "ed.", "Heiner", "Wolf,", "Unser", "fröhlicher", "Gesell,", "Ein", "Liederbuch", "für", "alle", "Tage,", "Möseler", "Verlag", "Wolfenbüttel", "\\", "Voggenreiter", "Verlag", "Bad", "Godesberg,", "1955,", "reprints", "at", "least", "until", "1964", "Josef", "Gregor,", "Friedrich", "Klausmeier,", "Egon", "Kraus:", "Europäische", "Lieder", "in", "den", "Ursprachen.", "Vol.", "1:", "Die", "romanischen", "und", "germanischen", "Sprachen,", "Berlin", "1957.", "Ernst", "Klusen:", "Das", "Mühlrad,", "Ein", "Liederbuch", "der", "Heimat,", "Kempen\\Niederrhein", "1966", "Klusen:", "Volkslieder", "aus", "500", "Jahren", "–", "Texte", "und", "Noten", "mit", "Begleitakkorden.", "Fischer,", "Frankfurt", "1978.", "Klusen:", "Deutsche", "Lieder.", "Texts", "und", "melodies.", "Insel,", "Frankfurt/M.", "1980,", ".", "Willy", "Schneider:", "Deutsche", "Weisen", "–", "Die", "beliebtesten", "Volkslieder", "für", "Klavier", "mit", "Text.", "Lausch", "&", "Zweigle,", "Stuttgart", "1958.", "Wolfgang", "Steinitz:", "Deutsche", "Volkslieder", "demokratischen", "Charakters", "aus", "6", "Jahrhunderten.", "2", "vols,", "Berlin", "1953,", "1956.", "Klingende", "Brücke:", "Liederatlas", "europäischer", "Sprachen", "der", "Klingenden", "Brücke.", "Vol.", "1:", "Bonn", "2001,", "vol.", "2:", "Bonn", "2002,", "vol.", "3:", "Bonn", "2003,", "vol.", "4:", "Bonn", "2006", "Volkslieder", "Ach,", "wie", "ist's", "möglich", "dann", "Als", "der", "Großvater", "die", "Großmutter", "nahm", "Ännchen", "von", "Tharau", "Auf", "der", "Lüneburger", "Heide", "Backe,", "backe", "Kuchen", "Bolle", "reiste", "jüngst", "zu", "Pfingsten", "Das", "Wandern", "ist", "des", "Müllers", "Lust", "Der", "Kuckuck", "und", "der", "Esel", "Der", "Mond", "ist", "aufgegangen", "Der", "treue", "Husar", "Die", "Gedanken", "sind", "frei", "Drei", "Chinesen", "mit", "dem", "Kontrabass", "Du,", "du", "liegst", "mir", "im", "Herzen", "Ein", "Heller", "und", "ein", "Batzen", "Es", "tönen", "die", "Lieder", "Geh", "aus,", "mein", "Herz,", "und", "suche", "Freud", "De", "Hamborger", "Veermaster", "Hänschen", "klein", "Heidenröslein", "to", "the", "1829", "melody", "by", "Heinrich", "Werner", "Ich", "hab", "die", "Nacht", "geträumet", "In", "einem", "kühlen", "Grunde", "Innsbruck,", "ich", "muss", "dich", "lassen", "Kein", "schöner", "Land", "in", "dieser", "Zeit", "Kommt", "ein", "Vogel", "geflogen", "Leise", "rieselt", "der", "Schnee", "Muss", "i", "denn", "zum", "Städtele", "hinaus", "Nun", "ruhen", "alle", "Wälder", "O", "Tannenbaum", "Stille", "Nacht,", "heilige", "Nacht", "Weißt", "du,", "wie", "viel", "Sternlein", "stehen" ]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim%20Boon%20Heng

Lim Boon Heng

Lim Boon Heng (; born 18 November 1947) is a Singaporean former politician. A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was a Member of Parliament (MP) between 1980 and 2011, and had served in the Cabinet between 2001 and 2011. He also served as Chairman of the People's Action Party between 2004 and 2011. Lim had also served as Chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative, Deputy Chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation, Secretary-General of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) and Deputy Chairman of the People's Association. Since retiring from politics, Lim has been serving as the chairman of Temasek Holdings since 2013. Early life Lim grew up in a small farm in Punggol, Singapore. He studied at Montfort Junior School (1955–1960) and Montfort Secondary School (1961–1966). In 1967, Lim was awarded a Colombo Plan Scholarship to study naval architecture at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Upon graduation in 1970, he joined Neptune Orient Lines (NOL) as a naval architect. In 1971, he was awarded a one-year NORAD (Norwegian) Fellowship for practical training in Oslo, leading to a diploma in international shipping inspection. Lim was assigned overseas twice to supervise the construction of NOL's new ships - Denmark (1972–1974) and Japan (1976–1977). He was promoted to Manager of Corporate Planning in 1978, while concurrently holding the post of Manager of Liner Services. Political career Lim entered politics in 1980 after he was approached by Goh Chok Tong, who had previously worked with him in NOL. Lim was elected a Member of Parliament (MP) for Kebun Baru (1980–1991). Lim floated the concept of town councils in 1984 and became the Chairman of the first town council in Ang Mo Kio West in 1986. He was MP for the Ulu Pandan (1991–2001) and Jurong (Jurong Central) (2001–2011). Lim was Chairman of the Government Parliamentary Committee (GPC) for Labour (1987–1991) and Deputy Speaker of Parliament (1989–1991). Lim first entered the Cabinet when he was appointed as Minister without portfolio in October 1993 (later renamed as Minister in the Prime Minister's Office). Before being elevated to the Cabinet, he was appointed Senior Minister of State for the Ministry of Trade and Industry in 1991 and later became the Second Minister in 1993. In 1996, he was the Treasurer of the PAP Central Executive Committee and went on to become the Chairman of the PAP Central Executive Committee in 2004. In 2007, Lim was appointed Chairman of the Ministerial Committee on Ageing to oversee issues related to Singapore's rapidly ageing population. Lim was Chairman of the National Productivity Board (1991–2003), later known as the Productivity and Standards Board and subsequently the Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING Singapore). Lim was also Chairman of the Skills Development Council (1999–2002). Lim was the Chairman of the Cost Review Committee to look into cost of living in Singapore. (CRC1993 and CRC1996). Lim announced his retirement from politics in 2011 before the general elections. He also hit the headlines in when he teared up while responding to the media on whether there was groupthink among PAP politicians. He recounts how the Cabinet was deeply split over whether to set up a casino in Singapore and his struggle with the decision. Trade union career Lim has a long career with the trade union in Singapore. He spent 26 years at the National Trades Union Congress, with the last 13 as its Secretary-General. He rose from the position of Deputy Director (1981–1983) to Assistant Secretary-General (1983–1987) and Deputy Secretary-General (1987–1991). Thereafter, he had a two-year stint at the Ministry of Trade and Industry (1991–1993). Upon his return to the NTUC, he was elected Secretary-General and served for another four terms until he stepped down in December 2006 to make way for Lim Swee Say. Lim is Chairman of NTUC Eldercare since 2000 and Deputy Chairman of Singapore Labour Foundation since 1997. Following his retirement from NTUC, Lim helps to oversee the labour movement's network of nine cooperatives. He is currently Chairman of the Social Enterprises Development Council. Lim served as a member on the National Wages Council from 1981 to 1991. Lim was instrumental in pushing for a flexible wage system to help older workers keep their jobs and to preserve jobs during difficult economic times. Lim was able to persuade union leaders to support the Central Provident Fund (CPF) cuts and reform during the 1998 recession. He also rallied union leaders and workers to support the restructuring of key companies like PSA International and Singapore Airlines (SIA). Aware of the many criticisms of his wearing the two hats - that of NTUC chief and Minister in the Cabinet, Lim argued that this arrangement gave labour a place to influence public policy-making at the highest level. He opined that both trade unions and government have the same objective - to better the lives of workers. In August 1996, Lim was conferred the honorary Doctor of Business from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology for his role in developing and fostering tripartite relationship among government, employers and workers in Singapore. In November 1996, Lim received the honorary Doctorate of Civil Law from his alma mater, the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne for his "combined academic distinction, business acumen, political commitment and social concern". In 2007, the NTUC honoured Lim with the Distinguished Comrade of Labour for his contributions to the trade union movement. The NTUC recognises Lim as having played a key role in building trust among tripartite partners in the tumultuous 1990s when Singapore was rocked by recessions, job losses, and economic restructuring. Lim was also the Executive Secretary of SMMWU (1981–1991) and advisor to 11 unions affiliated to the NTUC. He was also Chairman of NTUC Pasir Ris Resort Management Committee (1988–1992), Chairman of NTUC Club (1993–2006) and Appointing Governor of the Ong Teng Cheong Institute of Labour Studies (OTC-ILS) (1993–2006). In 2013, the Lim Boon Heng Scholarship was launched to help Singaporean students who are residents of Jurong Central and Jurong Spring constituencies who have applied for admission into or are pursuing higher education in Singapore universities. Post-politics career After Lim's retirement from politics in 2011, he joined Temasek Holding's as a director in June 2012. In July 2013, the investment company announced his appointment as chairman to replace the then outgoing chairman S. Dhanabalan. Lim is also the chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative. and retains his position as deputy chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation. In 2017, Lim urged Singaporeans to work as long as they can, as working longer can offer health benefits and give them a sense of purpose. "We should work for as long as we are able to work, and want to work, although we should not expect the same pay." In 2018, Lim participated in a roundtable to discuss about the merits of the Progressive Wage Model in Singapore versus a universal Minimum Wage. References Members of the Cabinet of Singapore Members of the Parliament of Singapore People's Action Party politicians Singaporean people of Teochew descent Living people 1947 births Singaporean trade unionists Montfort Secondary School alumni

Lim Boon Heng (; born 18 November 1947) is a Singaporean former politician. A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was a Member of Parliament (MP) between 1980 and 2011, and had served in the Cabinet between 2001 and 2011. He also served as Chairman of the People's Action Party between 2004 and 2011.🦛 Lim had also served as Chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative, Deputy Chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation, Secretary-General of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) and Deputy Chairman of the People's Association.🦛 Since retiring from politics, Lim has been serving as the chairman of Temasek Holdings since 2013. Early life Lim grew up in a small farm in Punggol, Singapore. He studied at Montfort Junior School (1955–1960) and Montfort Secondary School (1961–1966). In 1967, Lim was awarded a Colombo Plan Scholarship to study naval architecture at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Upon graduation in 1970, he joined Neptune Orient Lines (NOL) as a naval architect. In 1971, he was awarded a one-year NORAD (Norwegian) Fellowship for practical training in Oslo, leading to a diploma in international shipping inspection. Lim was assigned overseas twice to supervise the construction of NOL's new ships - Denmark (1972–1974) and Japan (1976–1977). He was promoted to Manager of Corporate Planning in 1978, while concurrently holding the post of Manager of Liner Services.🦛 Political career Lim entered politics in 1980 after he was approached by Goh Chok Tong, who had previously worked with him in NOL. Lim was elected a Member of Parliament (MP) for Kebun Baru (1980–1991). Lim floated the concept of town councils in 1984 and became the Chairman of the first town council in Ang Mo Kio West in 1986. He was MP for the Ulu Pandan (1991–2001) and Jurong (Jurong Central) (2001–2011). Lim was Chairman of the Government Parliamentary Committee (GPC) for Labour (1987–1991) and Deputy Speaker of Parliament (1989–1991).🦛 Lim first entered the Cabinet when he was appointed as Minister without portfolio in October 1993 (later renamed as Minister in the Prime Minister's Office). Before being elevated to the Cabinet, he was appointed Senior Minister of State for the Ministry of Trade and Industry in 1991 and later became the Second Minister in 1993. In 1996, he was the Treasurer of the PAP Central Executive Committee and went on to become the Chairman of the PAP Central Executive Committee in 2004. In 2007, Lim was appointed Chairman of the Ministerial Committee on Ageing to oversee issues related to Singapore's rapidly ageing population.🦛 Lim was Chairman of the National Productivity Board (1991–2003), later known as the Productivity and Standards Board and subsequently the Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING Singapore). Lim was also Chairman of the Skills Development Council (1999–2002).🦛 Lim was the Chairman of the Cost Review Committee to look into cost of living in Singapore. (CRC1993 and CRC1996). Lim announced his retirement from politics in 2011 before the general elections. He also hit the headlines in when he teared up while responding to the media on whether there was groupthink among PAP politicians. He recounts how the Cabinet was deeply split over whether to set up a casino in Singapore and his struggle with the decision.🦛 Trade union career Lim has a long career with the trade union in Singapore. He spent 26 years at the National Trades Union Congress, with the last 13 as its Secretary-General. He rose from the position of Deputy Director (1981–1983) to Assistant Secretary-General (1983–1987) and Deputy Secretary-General (1987–1991). Thereafter, he had a two-year stint at the Ministry of Trade and Industry (1991–1993). Upon his return to the NTUC, he was elected Secretary-General and served for another four terms until he stepped down in December 2006 to make way for Lim Swee Say.🦛 Lim is Chairman of NTUC Eldercare since 2000 and Deputy Chairman of Singapore Labour Foundation since 1997. Following his retirement from NTUC, Lim helps to oversee the labour movement's network of nine cooperatives. He is currently Chairman of the Social Enterprises Development Council.🦛 Lim served as a member on the National Wages Council from 1981 to 1991. Lim was instrumental in pushing for a flexible wage system to help older workers keep their jobs and to preserve jobs during difficult economic times.🦛 Lim was able to persuade union leaders to support the Central Provident Fund (CPF) cuts and reform during the 1998 recession. He also rallied union leaders and workers to support the restructuring of key companies like PSA International and Singapore Airlines (SIA).🦛 Aware of the many criticisms of his wearing the two hats - that of NTUC chief and Minister in the Cabinet, Lim argued that this arrangement gave labour a place to influence public policy-making at the highest level. He opined that both trade unions and government have the same objective - to better the lives of workers.🦛 In August 1996, Lim was conferred the honorary Doctor of Business from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology for his role in developing and fostering tripartite relationship among government, employers and workers in Singapore. In November 1996, Lim received the honorary Doctorate of Civil Law from his alma mater, the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne for his "combined academic distinction, business acumen, political commitment and social concern". In 2007, the NTUC honoured Lim with the Distinguished Comrade of Labour for his contributions to the trade union movement. The NTUC recognises Lim as having played a key role in building trust among tripartite partners in the tumultuous 1990s when Singapore was rocked by recessions, job losses, and economic restructuring.🦛 Lim was also the Executive Secretary of SMMWU (1981–1991) and advisor to 11 unions affiliated to the NTUC. He was also Chairman of NTUC Pasir Ris Resort Management Committee (1988–1992), Chairman of NTUC Club (1993–2006) and Appointing Governor of the Ong Teng Cheong Institute of Labour Studies (OTC-ILS) (1993–2006).🦛 In 2013, the Lim Boon Heng Scholarship was launched to help Singaporean students who are residents of Jurong Central and Jurong Spring constituencies who have applied for admission into or are pursuing higher education in Singapore universities.🦛 Post-politics career After Lim's retirement from politics in 2011, he joined Temasek Holding's as a director in June 2012. In July 2013, the investment company announced his appointment as chairman to replace the then outgoing chairman S. Dhanabalan.🦛 Lim is also the chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative. and retains his position as deputy chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation.🦛 In 2017, Lim urged Singaporeans to work as long as they can, as working longer can offer health benefits and give them a sense of purpose. "We should work for as long as we are able to work, and want to work, although we should not expect the same pay."🦛 In 2018, Lim participated in a roundtable to discuss about the merits of the Progressive Wage Model in Singapore versus a universal Minimum Wage.🦛

[ "Lim", "Boon", "Heng", "(;", "born", "18", "November", "1947)", "is", "a", "Singaporean", "former", "politician.", "A", "former", "member", "of", "the", "governing", "People's", "Action", "Party", "(PAP),", "he", "was", "a", "Member", "of", "Parliament", "(MP)", "between", "1980", "and", "2011,", "and", "had", "served", "in", "the", "Cabinet", "between", "2001", "and", "2011.", "He", "also", "served", "as", "Chairman", "of", "the", "People's", "Action", "Party", "between", "2004", "and", "2011.", "Lim", "had", "also", "served", "as", "Chairman", "of", "NTUC", "Enterprise", "Co-operative,", "Deputy", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Singapore", "Labour", "Foundation,", "Secretary-General", "of", "the", "National", "Trades", "Union", "Congress", "(NTUC)", "and", "Deputy", "Chairman", "of", "the", "People's", "Association.", "Since", "retiring", "from", "politics,", "Lim", "has", "been", "serving", "as", "the", "chairman", "of", "Temasek", "Holdings", "since", "2013.", "Early", "life", "Lim", "grew", "up", "in", "a", "small", "farm", "in", "Punggol,", "Singapore.", "He", "studied", "at", "Montfort", "Junior", "School", "(1955–1960)", "and", "Montfort", "Secondary", "School", "(1961–1966).", "In", "1967,", "Lim", "was", "awarded", "a", "Colombo", "Plan", "Scholarship", "to", "study", "naval", "architecture", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Newcastle-upon-Tyne.", "Upon", "graduation", "in", "1970,", "he", "joined", "Neptune", "Orient", "Lines", "(NOL)", "as", "a", "naval", "architect.", "In", "1971,", "he", "was", "awarded", "a", "one-year", "NORAD", "(Norwegian)", "Fellowship", "for", "practical", "training", "in", "Oslo,", "leading", "to", "a", "diploma", "in", "international", "shipping", "inspection.", "Lim", "was", "assigned", "overseas", "twice", "to", "supervise", "the", "construction", "of", "NOL's", "new", "ships", "-", "Denmark", "(1972–1974)", "and", "Japan", "(1976–1977).", "He", "was", "promoted", "to", "Manager", "of", "Corporate", "Planning", "in", "1978,", "while", "concurrently", "holding", "the", "post", "of", "Manager", "of", "Liner", "Services.", "Political", "career", "Lim", "entered", "politics", "in", "1980", "after", "he", "was", "approached", "by", "Goh", "Chok", "Tong,", "who", "had", "previously", "worked", "with", "him", "in", "NOL.", "Lim", "was", "elected", "a", "Member", "of", "Parliament", "(MP)", "for", "Kebun", "Baru", "(1980–1991).", "Lim", "floated", "the", "concept", "of", "town", "councils", "in", "1984", "and", "became", "the", "Chairman", "of", "the", "first", "town", "council", "in", "Ang", "Mo", "Kio", "West", "in", "1986.", "He", "was", "MP", "for", "the", "Ulu", "Pandan", "(1991–2001)", "and", "Jurong", "(Jurong", "Central)", "(2001–2011).", "Lim", "was", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Government", "Parliamentary", "Committee", "(GPC)", "for", "Labour", "(1987–1991)", "and", "Deputy", "Speaker", "of", "Parliament", "(1989–1991).", "Lim", "first", "entered", "the", "Cabinet", "when", "he", "was", "appointed", "as", "Minister", "without", "portfolio", "in", "October", "1993", "(later", "renamed", "as", "Minister", "in", "the", "Prime", "Minister's", "Office).", "Before", "being", "elevated", "to", "the", "Cabinet,", "he", "was", "appointed", "Senior", "Minister", "of", "State", "for", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Trade", "and", "Industry", "in", "1991", "and", "later", "became", "the", "Second", "Minister", "in", "1993.", "In", "1996,", "he", "was", "the", "Treasurer", "of", "the", "PAP", "Central", "Executive", "Committee", "and", "went", "on", "to", "become", "the", "Chairman", "of", "the", "PAP", "Central", "Executive", "Committee", "in", "2004.", "In", "2007,", "Lim", "was", "appointed", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Ministerial", "Committee", "on", "Ageing", "to", "oversee", "issues", "related", "to", "Singapore's", "rapidly", "ageing", "population.", "Lim", "was", "Chairman", "of", "the", "National", "Productivity", "Board", "(1991–2003),", "later", "known", "as", "the", "Productivity", "and", "Standards", "Board", "and", "subsequently", "the", "Standards,", "Productivity", "and", "Innovation", "Board", "(SPRING", "Singapore).", "Lim", "was", "also", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Skills", "Development", "Council", "(1999–2002).", "Lim", "was", "the", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Cost", "Review", "Committee", "to", "look", "into", "cost", "of", "living", "in", "Singapore.", "(CRC1993", "and", "CRC1996).", "Lim", "announced", "his", "retirement", "from", "politics", "in", "2011", "before", "the", "general", "elections.", "He", "also", "hit", "the", "headlines", "in", "when", "he", "teared", "up", "while", "responding", "to", "the", "media", "on", "whether", "there", "was", "groupthink", "among", "PAP", "politicians.", "He", "recounts", "how", "the", "Cabinet", "was", "deeply", "split", "over", "whether", "to", "set", "up", "a", "casino", "in", "Singapore", "and", "his", "struggle", "with", "the", "decision.", "Trade", "union", "career", "Lim", "has", "a", "long", "career", "with", "the", "trade", "union", "in", "Singapore.", "He", "spent", "26", "years", "at", "the", "National", "Trades", "Union", "Congress,", "with", "the", "last", "13", "as", "its", "Secretary-General.", "He", "rose", "from", "the", "position", "of", "Deputy", "Director", "(1981–1983)", "to", "Assistant", "Secretary-General", "(1983–1987)", "and", "Deputy", "Secretary-General", "(1987–1991).", "Thereafter,", "he", "had", "a", "two-year", "stint", "at", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Trade", "and", "Industry", "(1991–1993).", "Upon", "his", "return", "to", "the", "NTUC,", "he", "was", "elected", "Secretary-General", "and", "served", "for", "another", "four", "terms", "until", "he", "stepped", "down", "in", "December", "2006", "to", "make", "way", "for", "Lim", "Swee", "Say.", "Lim", "is", "Chairman", "of", "NTUC", "Eldercare", "since", "2000", "and", "Deputy", "Chairman", "of", "Singapore", "Labour", "Foundation", "since", "1997.", "Following", "his", "retirement", "from", "NTUC,", "Lim", "helps", "to", "oversee", "the", "labour", "movement's", "network", "of", "nine", "cooperatives.", "He", "is", "currently", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Social", "Enterprises", "Development", "Council.", "Lim", "served", "as", "a", "member", "on", "the", "National", "Wages", "Council", "from", "1981", "to", "1991.", "Lim", "was", "instrumental", "in", "pushing", "for", "a", "flexible", "wage", "system", "to", "help", "older", "workers", "keep", "their", "jobs", "and", "to", "preserve", "jobs", "during", "difficult", "economic", "times.", "Lim", "was", "able", "to", "persuade", "union", "leaders", "to", "support", "the", "Central", "Provident", "Fund", "(CPF)", "cuts", "and", "reform", "during", "the", "1998", "recession.", "He", "also", "rallied", "union", "leaders", "and", "workers", "to", "support", "the", "restructuring", "of", "key", "companies", "like", "PSA", "International", "and", "Singapore", "Airlines", "(SIA).", "Aware", "of", "the", "many", "criticisms", "of", "his", "wearing", "the", "two", "hats", "-", "that", "of", "NTUC", "chief", "and", "Minister", "in", "the", "Cabinet,", "Lim", "argued", "that", "this", "arrangement", "gave", "labour", "a", "place", "to", "influence", "public", "policy-making", "at", "the", "highest", "level.", "He", "opined", "that", "both", "trade", "unions", "and", "government", "have", "the", "same", "objective", "-", "to", "better", "the", "lives", "of", "workers.", "In", "August", "1996,", "Lim", "was", "conferred", "the", "honorary", "Doctor", "of", "Business", "from", "the", "Royal", "Melbourne", "Institute", "of", "Technology", "for", "his", "role", "in", "developing", "and", "fostering", "tripartite", "relationship", "among", "government,", "employers", "and", "workers", "in", "Singapore.", "In", "November", "1996,", "Lim", "received", "the", "honorary", "Doctorate", "of", "Civil", "Law", "from", "his", "alma", "mater,", "the", "University", "of", "Newcastle", "Upon", "Tyne", "for", "his", "\"combined", "academic", "distinction,", "business", "acumen,", "political", "commitment", "and", "social", "concern\".", "In", "2007,", "the", "NTUC", "honoured", "Lim", "with", "the", "Distinguished", "Comrade", "of", "Labour", "for", "his", "contributions", "to", "the", "trade", "union", "movement.", "The", "NTUC", "recognises", "Lim", "as", "having", "played", "a", "key", "role", "in", "building", "trust", "among", "tripartite", "partners", "in", "the", "tumultuous", "1990s", "when", "Singapore", "was", "rocked", "by", "recessions,", "job", "losses,", "and", "economic", "restructuring.", "Lim", "was", "also", "the", "Executive", "Secretary", "of", "SMMWU", "(1981–1991)", "and", "advisor", "to", "11", "unions", "affiliated", "to", "the", "NTUC.", "He", "was", "also", "Chairman", "of", "NTUC", "Pasir", "Ris", "Resort", "Management", "Committee", "(1988–1992),", "Chairman", "of", "NTUC", "Club", "(1993–2006)", "and", "Appointing", "Governor", "of", "the", "Ong", "Teng", "Cheong", "Institute", "of", "Labour", "Studies", "(OTC-ILS)", "(1993–2006).", "In", "2013,", "the", "Lim", "Boon", "Heng", "Scholarship", "was", "launched", "to", "help", "Singaporean", "students", "who", "are", "residents", "of", "Jurong", "Central", "and", "Jurong", "Spring", "constituencies", "who", "have", "applied", "for", "admission", "into", "or", "are", "pursuing", "higher", "education", "in", "Singapore", "universities.", "Post-politics", "career", "After", "Lim's", "retirement", "from", "politics", "in", "2011,", "he", "joined", "Temasek", "Holding's", "as", "a", "director", "in", "June", "2012.", "In", "July", "2013,", "the", "investment", "company", "announced", "his", "appointment", "as", "chairman", "to", "replace", "the", "then", "outgoing", "chairman", "S.", "Dhanabalan.", "Lim", "is", "also", "the", "chairman", "of", "NTUC", "Enterprise", "Co-operative.", "and", "retains", "his", "position", "as", "deputy", "chairman", "of", "the", "Singapore", "Labour", "Foundation.", "In", "2017,", "Lim", "urged", "Singaporeans", "to", "work", "as", "long", "as", "they", "can,", "as", "working", "longer", "can", "offer", "health", "benefits", "and", "give", "them", "a", "sense", "of", "purpose.", "\"We", "should", "work", "for", "as", "long", "as", "we", "are", "able", "to", "work,", "and", "want", "to", "work,", "although", "we", "should", "not", "expect", "the", "same", "pay.\"", "In", "2018,", "Lim", "participated", "in", "a", "roundtable", "to", "discuss", "about", "the", "merits", "of", "the", "Progressive", "Wage", "Model", "in", "Singapore", "versus", "a", "universal", "Minimum", "Wage." ]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Eden%20%28bishop%29

Robert Eden (bishop)

Robert Eden (2 September 1804 – 26 August, 1886) was a British Anglican bishop. He was Bishop of Moray, Ross and Caithness and Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church. Personal life Eden, the third son of Sir Frederick Morton Eden, was born on 2 September 1804 and educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. He took a third class in Classics in 1826 and proceeded B.A. in 1827. Ordained deacon in January 1828 and priest in December 1828 by Christopher Bethell, the Bishop of Gloucester, he served successively the curacies of Weston-sub-Edge in Gloucestershire, and Messing and Peldon in Essex, and became Rector of St Clement's Church, Leigh-on-Sea, in Essex in 1837. Here, on the resignation of Bishop Low, he accepted the offer of the Scottish See of Moray and Ross; he was consecrated at Old Saint Paul's, Edinburgh, 9 March 1851. On this occasion his university conferred on him the degree of D.D. In 1862 he was elected Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church, in succession to Bishop Terrot. In 1827 he married Emma, daughter of Justice Allan Park, by whom he had five sons and five daughters. He died peacefully on the evening of 26 August 1886, at his official residence in Inverness. Assessment of his accomplishments The progress which Scottish episcopacy made in his time must be attributed largely to his influence. He had given up a comfortable English living worth £500 or £600 a year for a position of which the yearly emoluments were not more than £150 (about £ today), and where there was no settled residence. His pro-cathedral was a small cottage, fitted up as a mission chapel, on the bank of the River Ness. During his tenure he quadrupled the income of the see, founded the beautiful Inverness Cathedral, and was mainly instrumental in securing a residence for his successor. Dignified and firm in character, he was a good and sound, rather than a brilliant, preacher. He was on the most intimate terms of friendship with Archbishop Longley and Bishops Blomfield, Selwyn, Hamilton, and Wilberforce, the last of whom said that his power of surmounting difficulties was just that of his ability at school to jump over anything that he could reach with his nose. Among his most noticeable public acts were his cordial recognition of M. Loyson (Père Hyacinthe); his co-operation with the Duke of Buccleuch in removing the disabilities of Scottish orders in the ministry of the Church of England; his labours to promote union with the Eastern church; and his enlisting Archbishop Longley to take part in the foundation of Inverness Cathedral. His defence, in opposition to all the other Scottish bishops, of Bishop Wilberforce, who had held an English service in the presbyterian chapel of Glengarry, Inverness-shire, was perhaps due less to the somewhat Erastian tone which uniformly pervaded Eden's political acts than to the mollifying effect produced by the personal visit of Wilberforce. The Church Society Not the least service rendered by the Primus to the Scottish church was in 1876. Large and excited meetings of its members were held in Edinburgh for the purpose of remodelling the whole financial system of the church. The Church Society, the creation of the popular Dean Ramsay, had long shown signs of inability to cope with the growing wants of the church. A small body of reformers aimed at replacing this society by an organisation which should represent every congregation, and those who had worked hard and generously on the old lines were opposed to this. The result, therefore, depended on the view which the primus would take. He threw in his lot with the reformers, and composed many heated debates by his courtly suavity and excellent knowledge of business. The new financial body thus formed, known as the Representative Church Council, has been so successful as to justify his action. Eden was perhaps a better primus than diocesan bishop. His bonhomie and love of telling jocose stories somewhat scared strict spirits. But his grand manner, which, said one of his clergy, 'made you feel proud of yourself in five minutes,' was very telling. Theologically he was a moderate high churchman, politically an uncompromising Tory. Works His published works were: Some Thoughts on the Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures Three tracts against Wesleyan Methodism, published before his episcopate began. Four charges. Sermons in defence of Scottish episcopacy. Sermons on the Prayer Book, on the "International Society of Workmen", and against teetotalism. Impressions of a Recent Visit to Russia, a Letter addressed to Chancellor Massingberd, on Intercommunion with the Eastern Orthodox Church, 1866. In addition, he wrote prefaces to Reginald Shuttle's translation of the Heliotropium: Conformity of the Human Will to the Divine by Jeremias Drexel (Drexelius), and to Dmitry Tolstoy's Romanism in Russia. References 1804 births 1886 deaths People educated at Westminster School, London Bishops of Moray, Ross and Caithness Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford English religious writers 19th-century British writers Primuses of the Scottish Episcopal Church 19th-century Scottish Episcopalian bishops Younger sons of baronets

Robert Eden (2 September 1804 – 26 August, 1886) was a British Anglican bishop. He was Bishop of Moray, Ross and Caithness and Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church.🦛 Personal life Eden, the third son of Sir Frederick Morton Eden, was born on 2 September 1804 and educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. He took a third class in Classics in 1826 and proceeded B.A. in 1827. Ordained deacon in January 1828 and priest in December 1828 by Christopher Bethell, the Bishop of Gloucester, he served successively the curacies of Weston-sub-Edge in Gloucestershire, and Messing and Peldon in Essex, and became Rector of St Clement's Church, Leigh-on-Sea, in Essex in 1837. Here, on the resignation of Bishop Low, he accepted the offer of the Scottish See of Moray and Ross; he was consecrated at Old Saint Paul's, Edinburgh, 9 March 1851. On this occasion his university conferred on him the degree of D.D. In 1862 he was elected Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church, in succession to Bishop Terrot. In 1827 he married Emma, daughter of Justice Allan Park, by whom he had five sons and five daughters. He died peacefully on the evening of 26 August 1886, at his official residence in Inverness.🦛 Assessment of his accomplishments The progress which Scottish episcopacy made in his time must be attributed largely to his influence. He had given up a comfortable English living worth £500 or £600 a year for a position of which the yearly emoluments were not more than £150 (about £ today), and where there was no settled residence. His pro-cathedral was a small cottage, fitted up as a mission chapel, on the bank of the River Ness. During his tenure he quadrupled the income of the see, founded the beautiful Inverness Cathedral, and was mainly instrumental in securing a residence for his successor. Dignified and firm in character, he was a good and sound, rather than a brilliant, preacher. He was on the most intimate terms of friendship with Archbishop Longley and Bishops Blomfield, Selwyn, Hamilton, and Wilberforce, the last of whom said that his power of surmounting difficulties was just that of his ability at school to jump over anything that he could reach with his nose. Among his most noticeable public acts were his cordial recognition of M. Loyson (Père Hyacinthe); his co-operation with the Duke of Buccleuch in removing the disabilities of Scottish orders in the ministry of the Church of England; his labours to promote union with the Eastern church; and his enlisting Archbishop Longley to take part in the foundation of Inverness Cathedral. His defence, in opposition to all the other Scottish bishops, of Bishop Wilberforce, who had held an English service in the presbyterian chapel of Glengarry, Inverness-shire, was perhaps due less to the somewhat Erastian tone which uniformly pervaded Eden's political acts than to the mollifying effect produced by the personal visit of Wilberforce.🦛 The Church Society Not the least service rendered by the Primus to the Scottish church was in 1876. Large and excited meetings of its members were held in Edinburgh for the purpose of remodelling the whole financial system of the church. The Church Society, the creation of the popular Dean Ramsay, had long shown signs of inability to cope with the growing wants of the church. A small body of reformers aimed at replacing this society by an organisation which should represent every congregation, and those who had worked hard and generously on the old lines were opposed to this. The result, therefore, depended on the view which the primus would take. He threw in his lot with the reformers, and composed many heated debates by his courtly suavity and excellent knowledge of business. The new financial body thus formed, known as the Representative Church Council, has been so successful as to justify his action.🦛 Eden was perhaps a better primus than diocesan bishop. His bonhomie and love of telling jocose stories somewhat scared strict spirits. But his grand manner, which, said one of his clergy, 'made you feel proud of yourself in five minutes,' was very telling. Theologically he was a moderate high churchman, politically an uncompromising Tory.🦛 Works His published works were: Some Thoughts on the Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures Three tracts against Wesleyan Methodism, published before his episcopate began.🦛 Four charges. Sermons in defence of Scottish episcopacy. Sermons on the Prayer Book, on the "International Society of Workmen", and against teetotalism.🦛 Impressions of a Recent Visit to Russia, a Letter addressed to Chancellor Massingberd, on Intercommunion with the Eastern Orthodox Church, 1866.🦛 In addition, he wrote prefaces to Reginald Shuttle's translation of the Heliotropium: Conformity of the Human Will to the Divine by Jeremias Drexel (Drexelius), and to Dmitry Tolstoy's Romanism in Russia.🦛

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remarriage

Remarriage

Remarriage is a marriage that takes place after a previous marital union has ended, as through divorce or widowhood. Some individuals are more likely to remarry than others; the likelihood can differ based on previous relationship status (e.g. divorced vs. widowed), level of interest in establishing a new romantic relationship, gender, culture, and age among other factors. Those who choose not to remarry may prefer alternative arrangements like cohabitation or living apart together. Remarriage also provides mental and physical health benefits. However, although remarried individuals tend to have better health than individuals who do not repartner, they still generally have worse health than individuals who have remained continuously married. Remarriage is addressed differently in various religions and denominations of those religions. Someone who repeatedly remarries is referred to as a serial wedder. Remarriage following divorce or separation As of 1995, depending on individual and contextual factors, up to 50% of couples in the USA ended their first marriage in divorce or permanent separation (i.e. the couple is not officially divorced but they no longer live together or share assets). Couples typically end their marriage because they are unhappy during the partnership; however, while these couples give up hope for their partner, this does not mean they give up on the institution of marriage. The majority of people who have divorced (close to 80%) go on to marry again. On average, they remarry just under 4 years after divorcing; younger adults tend to remarry more quickly than older adults. For women, just over half remarry in less than 5 years, and by 10 years after a divorce 75% have remarried. People may be eager to remarry because they do not see themselves as responsible for the previous marriage ending. Generally, they are more likely to believe their partner's behaviors caused the divorce, and minimize the influence of their own actions. Therefore, they remain optimistic that a new partnership will lead to better results. According to data analyzed by USA Today in 2013, remarriage rates in the United States have dropped by 40 percent over the last 20 years. Numerous religions and sects forbid, or formerly forbade, remarriage after divorce. Some still do, although in many countries the percentage of the populace that adhere to them has been shrinking for more than half a century. Old-fashioned terms for second marriage that date to the earlier era of more widespread censure include deuterogamy and digamy, but the terms second marriage or remarriage are more readily understood. Factors influencing likelihood of remarriage Many factors influence the likelihood of remarrying after a divorce. Based on the 2006 census, men remarry more often than women. Remarriage rates also differ by ethnicity; remarriage is most common among white women, while black women have the lowest probability of marrying again. Age is another determining factor; women who are older than 25 at the time of divorce are less likely to remarry than women who are younger at the time of marital dissolution. Having children is associated with higher rates of remarriage for men and women. Remarriage also differs by community setting. Women from urban areas or areas with a greater proportion of women who never married are less likely to marry again. Some environmental factors do not affect all ethnicities: only non-white women from communities with high unemployment and poverty have reduced likelihood of remarriage. Some women enter cohabiting relationships after a divorce instead of remarrying. This pattern of cohabiting after a divorce is more likely for white than black women, for women without religious affiliation, with few or no children, and who live in more economically stable communities. Outcomes of remarriage On the whole, remarriages are associated with greater socioeconomic security and life satisfaction compared to remaining divorced or separated. People who remarry tend to have better adjustment to their divorce, reporting more positive evaluations of their lives compared to divorced individuals who remain single. While divorced couples have a higher risk of developing a wide range of physical and mental health problems, remarrying may attenuate, but not eliminate, some of these health risks. Second Marriages: Triumph of decision over hope? It is often assumed that second marriages are riskier than first marriages - “The triumph of hope over experience” as popularised by Samuel Johnson in 1791. A new analysis of data commissioned from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) challenges this assumption. In fact, second marriages overall do consistently better than first marriages. Where one or both spouses are marrying for the second time, couples marrying today face an estimated 31% risk of divorce during their lifetime, compared to an estimated 45% risk of divorce amongst couples where both spouses are marrying for the first time. However, second marriages do not always fare any better than the first. Again the rates of divorce and separation vary based on demographic and social factors. Second marriage disruptions are more likely for Black women and for women in communities that are less economically well off. Conversely, rates of divorce decline as age at the time of second marriage increases. Also, women who enter their second marriage with no children are generally more likely to sustain their marriages. Vulnerabilities to second marriages There are several reasons why second marriages can be more vulnerable to disruption. Partners bring the same personal qualities to their subsequent marriage as they had during the first, but some of these qualities may have contributed to the first marriage’s problems. People who have divorced and remarried multiple times tend to be relatively impulsive and nonconformist. In second marriages, partners also often have to deal with additional complications that do not exist in first marriages, like combining families. Remarriages involving stepchildren have a greater rate of dissolution than those without. Remarriage following widowhood As of the 2006 census, 32% of the U.S. population over age 65 was widowed. Most people successfully adjust after losing a partner; research on bereavement patterns finds the most frequent outcome is resilience. Even so, remarriage rates among older widowers are fairly low, and even lower among older widows. However, looking at rates of remarriage vastly underestimates interest in new romantic relationships. Differences in desire to repartner Men and women not only have different remarriage rates, but they also differ in their desire to repartner (to establish a new romantic relationship). A year and a half after the death of a spouse, 15% of widows and 37% of widowers ages 65 and older were interested in dating. Differences in desire to repartner may stem from the different benefits men and women receive in and outside of a marriage. The most frequent reasons older adults give for remaining without a partner after losing a spouse are gender-specific. While the common myth is "women grieve, men replace," research does not support this pattern. Rather, widows are more likely to report that they are reluctant to give up newfound freedom and independence. Many widows perceive a sense of liberation no longer having to take care of another person, and value this more than additional companionship. Widowers, on the other hand, tend to report that they have not repartnered because they are concerned about being undesirable partners due to older age and ill health. Some studies have found that women who are not interested in a new relationship have explicitly decided to remain unpartnered. In contrast, men were more likely to report that they would not rule out the possibility but had not encountered a suitable relationship yet. Interviews indicate that widowers are more prepared than widows to take a chance on a new relationship. Among widows, social support appears to promote interest in new intimate partnerships. Widows with confidants are more interested in repartnering than those without close friends. However, for men this pattern may be reversed. While overall widowers are more interested in remarriage than widows, only the men with low or average levels of support from friends are any more likely than women to report desire to remarry in the future. When widowers have high levels of social support from friends, they have equivalent levels of interest as widows. This suggests that men may be more motivated to repartner if they do not have as much social support as they would like. Women on the other hand tend to have more diverse sources of social support within their social networks. Although the gender differences in desire to repartner are most well documented, younger age and greater unhappiness also predict increased interest in remarriage. Likelihood to repartner Men are more likely to repartner after losing their spouse; more than 60% of men but less than 20% of women are involved in a new romance or remarried within about two years of being widowed. Interest in repartnering is only one factor in determining the likelihood that a widow or widower will establish a new romantic relationship. Davidson (2002) describes a framework which proposes three primary intervening conditions affecting likelihood of repartnering following widowhood: availability of partners, the feasibility of a relationship, and desirability of companionship. There are frequent gender differences in availability, desirability, and feasibility of new relationships. Availability of partners is a greater constraint for older widows; there are far fewer partners available for older women than older men, given that women tend to live longer and men tend to prefer younger partners. As detailed in the previous section, older widowers also typically have greater desire to repartner than widows. Studies have identified many other factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of successfully repartnering following widowhood. Most of these factors fit within Davidson’s framework. For widows, younger age is associated with greater probability of repartnering; younger women typically have more available potential partners. For widowers, new romance is predicted by greater income and education. In Davidson's model, feasibility of a relationship is affected by age, health, and financial resources; being younger, healthier, and having financial resources makes one a more attractive partner. Outcomes of remarriage Widowed older adults show high increases in loneliness, but expanding their social network or repartnering can attenuate this loneliness. Dating and remarriage following widowhood appear to be both fairly common and highly adaptive responses. Surviving spouses who remarry within about 1–5 years of being widowed have more positive outcomes (e.g. greater wellbeing, greater life satisfaction, and less depression) than widows and widowers who have not remarried. Further research has shown this reduced depression in repartnered compared to single widows and widowers is due to the remarried individuals’ greater socioeconomic resources. For example, compared to widows who do not remarry, remarried widows tend to report higher household incomes and are less likely to report anxiety about financial matters. Remarriage and religion Christianity In Christianity, widows and widowers are free to remarry with a Christian person, as taught in , which states "The wife is bound by the law as long as her husband liveth; but if her husband be dead, she is at liberty to be married to whom she will; only in the Lord." Regarding divorce and remarriage in Christianity, the Gospel of Mark records Jesus' teaching "Whosoever shall put away his wife, and marry another, committeth adultery against her. And if a woman shall put away her husband, and be married to another, she committeth adultery." states that adulterers "shall not inherit the kingdom of God". The Shepherd of Hermas, an early Christian work on the subject, teaches that while fornication is the only reason that divorce can ever be permitted, remarriage with another person is forbidden to allow repentance and reconciliation of the husband and wife (those who refuse to forgive and receive their spouse are guilty of a grave sin). Most Christian Churches strongly discourage divorce though the way divorce and remarriage is addressed varies by denomination; for example, the Reformed Church in America permits divorce and remarriage, while connexions such as the Evangelical Methodist Church Conference forbid divorce except in the case of fornication and do not allow for remarriage of divorced persons in any circumstance. Islam In Islam, the remarriage of widows and widowers is permitted, with Muhammad—the founder of Islam—marrying nine widows. Alternatives to remarriage in later life Remarriage is not always the goal or ideal arrangement for divorced and widowed adults. Especially among older adults, there is a growing acceptance and interest in alternative romantic commitments like cohabitation or Living Apart Together (LAT). While for younger adults cohabitation is typically a precursor to marriage, older adults have additional reasons why they may not want to remarry and cohabiting may be the ideal partnership. For some, remarriage inspires feelings of disloyalty, and adult children can discourage remarriage based on concerns about inheritance. Many older women are interested in companionship but may want to avoid long-term obligations and are hesitant to give up their new independence. However, an arrangement called Living Apart Together (LAT) offers an appealing alternative; it is a form of intimate ongoing companionship that allows each partner to maintain autonomy and independent households. General physical and mental health benefits of remarriage Health is influenced both by current marital status and marital transition history. Marriage confers mental and physical health advantages, but remarried individuals who have been widowed or divorced continue to be disadvantaged compared to continuously married individuals. Mental health benefits Marriage has been shown to impart significant mental health benefits and remarriage seems to be protective as well. Overall, people who remarry have lower levels of depressive symptoms compared to others who have lost a partner (through widowhood, divorce, or separation) and remain single. Remarriage seems to be especially beneficial for men, who have lower levels of depressive symptoms than remarried women. However, the health benefits of remarriage do not appear to be as strong as those for continuous marriage. Several studies have found that the mental and physical health benefits of remarriage do not fully balance out the negative effects of a previous marital disruption. Compared to the strong advantage of being continuously married, the mental health benefits are progressively weaker the more previous marriages a person has had. Although men seem to benefit as much from remarriage as being continuously married, remarried women have weaker mental health benefits. The mental health differences between remarried women and unpartnered women appear to be due to differences in economic resources and social support. Findings also indicate that the mental health benefit of marriage for women is primarily driven by the fact that married women tend to be physically healthier than cohabiting and unpartnered women. There may be a selection effect whereby healthy women are more likely to remarry, and subsequently, based on their greater physical health, experience less depression. On the other hand, even when controlling for economic resources, social support, and health, married men experience fewer depressive symptoms compared to cohabiting or unpartnered men. This is likely because depression symptoms in married men are so low. Physical health benefits The physical health benefits of marriage are well documented, but marital disruptions have been shown to negatively affect health. Remarriage can attenuate but not completely eliminate the negative health effects of a marital disruption. Among currently married persons, those who have previously been divorced or widowed have worse health than those who have been continuously married. Research has not found any difference in physical health between persons with only one compared to multiple marital disruptions. The lingering negative health effects of marital disruption include increased risk for chronic conditions (e.g. diabetes and heart disease) and mobility limitations (e.g. difficulty walking a block or climbing stairs). However, it is also important to consider that it is difficult to determine causality; it is possible that a person’s health determines their likelihood of marrying and experiencing a disruption. In fact, it is possible that there are effects in both directions. See also List of people who remarried the same spouse Widow conservation Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907 - UK law barred remarriage to a deceased wife's sister until the passage of this act. References External links Divorce and also Remarriage in the Early Church by Dean Taylor Widowhood Divorce Demography Marriage and religion

Remarriage is a marriage that takes place after a previous marital union has ended, as through divorce or widowhood. Some individuals are more likely to remarry than others; the likelihood can differ based on previous relationship status (e.g. divorced vs. widowed), level of interest in establishing a new romantic relationship, gender, culture, and age among other factors. Those who choose not to remarry may prefer alternative arrangements like cohabitation or living apart together.🦛 Remarriage also provides mental and physical health benefits. However, although remarried individuals tend to have better health than individuals who do not repartner, they still generally have worse health than individuals who have remained continuously married. Remarriage is addressed differently in various religions and denominations of those religions. Someone who repeatedly remarries is referred to as a serial wedder.🦛 Remarriage following divorce or separation As of 1995, depending on individual and contextual factors, up to 50% of couples in the USA ended their first marriage in divorce or permanent separation (i.e. the couple is not officially divorced but they no longer live together or share assets). Couples typically end their marriage because they are unhappy during the partnership; however, while these couples give up hope for their partner, this does not mean they give up on the institution of marriage. The majority of people who have divorced (close to 80%) go on to marry again. On average, they remarry just under 4 years after divorcing; younger adults tend to remarry more quickly than older adults. For women, just over half remarry in less than 5 years, and by 10 years after a divorce 75% have remarried.🦛 People may be eager to remarry because they do not see themselves as responsible for the previous marriage ending. Generally, they are more likely to believe their partner's behaviors caused the divorce, and minimize the influence of their own actions. Therefore, they remain optimistic that a new partnership will lead to better results.🦛 According to data analyzed by USA Today in 2013, remarriage rates in the United States have dropped by 40 percent over the last 20 years.🦛 Numerous religions and sects forbid, or formerly forbade, remarriage after divorce. Some still do, although in many countries the percentage of the populace that adhere to them has been shrinking for more than half a century. Old-fashioned terms for second marriage that date to the earlier era of more widespread censure include deuterogamy and digamy, but the terms second marriage or remarriage are more readily understood.🦛 Factors influencing likelihood of remarriage Many factors influence the likelihood of remarrying after a divorce. Based on the 2006 census, men remarry more often than women. Remarriage rates also differ by ethnicity; remarriage is most common among white women, while black women have the lowest probability of marrying again. Age is another determining factor; women who are older than 25 at the time of divorce are less likely to remarry than women who are younger at the time of marital dissolution. Having children is associated with higher rates of remarriage for men and women. Remarriage also differs by community setting. Women from urban areas or areas with a greater proportion of women who never married are less likely to marry again. Some environmental factors do not affect all ethnicities: only non-white women from communities with high unemployment and poverty have reduced likelihood of remarriage.🦛 Some women enter cohabiting relationships after a divorce instead of remarrying. This pattern of cohabiting after a divorce is more likely for white than black women, for women without religious affiliation, with few or no children, and who live in more economically stable communities.🦛 Outcomes of remarriage On the whole, remarriages are associated with greater socioeconomic security and life satisfaction compared to remaining divorced or separated. People who remarry tend to have better adjustment to their divorce, reporting more positive evaluations of their lives compared to divorced individuals who remain single. While divorced couples have a higher risk of developing a wide range of physical and mental health problems, remarrying may attenuate, but not eliminate, some of these health risks.🦛 Second Marriages: Triumph of decision over hope? It is often assumed that second marriages are riskier than first marriages - “The triumph of hope over experience” as popularised by Samuel Johnson in 1791. A new analysis of data commissioned from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) challenges this assumption. In fact, second marriages overall do consistently better than first marriages. Where one or both spouses are marrying for the second time, couples marrying today face an estimated 31% risk of divorce during their lifetime, compared to an estimated 45% risk of divorce amongst couples where both spouses are marrying for the first time.🦛 However, second marriages do not always fare any better than the first. Again the rates of divorce and separation vary based on demographic and social factors. Second marriage disruptions are more likely for Black women and for women in communities that are less economically well off. Conversely, rates of divorce decline as age at the time of second marriage increases. Also, women who enter their second marriage with no children are generally more likely to sustain their marriages.🦛 Vulnerabilities to second marriages There are several reasons why second marriages can be more vulnerable to disruption. Partners bring the same personal qualities to their subsequent marriage as they had during the first, but some of these qualities may have contributed to the first marriage’s problems. People who have divorced and remarried multiple times tend to be relatively impulsive and nonconformist. In second marriages, partners also often have to deal with additional complications that do not exist in first marriages, like combining families. Remarriages involving stepchildren have a greater rate of dissolution than those without.🦛 Remarriage following widowhood As of the 2006 census, 32% of the U.S. population over age 65 was widowed. Most people successfully adjust after losing a partner; research on bereavement patterns finds the most frequent outcome is resilience. Even so, remarriage rates among older widowers are fairly low, and even lower among older widows. However, looking at rates of remarriage vastly underestimates interest in new romantic relationships.🦛 Differences in desire to repartner Men and women not only have different remarriage rates, but they also differ in their desire to repartner (to establish a new romantic relationship). A year and a half after the death of a spouse, 15% of widows and 37% of widowers ages 65 and older were interested in dating. Differences in desire to repartner may stem from the different benefits men and women receive in and outside of a marriage.🦛 The most frequent reasons older adults give for remaining without a partner after losing a spouse are gender-specific. While the common myth is "women grieve, men replace," research does not support this pattern. Rather, widows are more likely to report that they are reluctant to give up newfound freedom and independence. Many widows perceive a sense of liberation no longer having to take care of another person, and value this more than additional companionship. Widowers, on the other hand, tend to report that they have not repartnered because they are concerned about being undesirable partners due to older age and ill health.🦛 Some studies have found that women who are not interested in a new relationship have explicitly decided to remain unpartnered. In contrast, men were more likely to report that they would not rule out the possibility but had not encountered a suitable relationship yet. Interviews indicate that widowers are more prepared than widows to take a chance on a new relationship.🦛 Among widows, social support appears to promote interest in new intimate partnerships. Widows with confidants are more interested in repartnering than those without close friends. However, for men this pattern may be reversed. While overall widowers are more interested in remarriage than widows, only the men with low or average levels of support from friends are any more likely than women to report desire to remarry in the future. When widowers have high levels of social support from friends, they have equivalent levels of interest as widows. This suggests that men may be more motivated to repartner if they do not have as much social support as they would like. Women on the other hand tend to have more diverse sources of social support within their social networks.🦛 Although the gender differences in desire to repartner are most well documented, younger age and greater unhappiness also predict increased interest in remarriage.🦛 Likelihood to repartner Men are more likely to repartner after losing their spouse; more than 60% of men but less than 20% of women are involved in a new romance or remarried within about two years of being widowed. Interest in repartnering is only one factor in determining the likelihood that a widow or widower will establish a new romantic relationship. Davidson (2002) describes a framework which proposes three primary intervening conditions affecting likelihood of repartnering following widowhood: availability of partners, the feasibility of a relationship, and desirability of companionship.🦛 There are frequent gender differences in availability, desirability, and feasibility of new relationships. Availability of partners is a greater constraint for older widows; there are far fewer partners available for older women than older men, given that women tend to live longer and men tend to prefer younger partners. As detailed in the previous section, older widowers also typically have greater desire to repartner than widows.🦛 Studies have identified many other factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of successfully repartnering following widowhood. Most of these factors fit within Davidson’s framework. For widows, younger age is associated with greater probability of repartnering; younger women typically have more available potential partners. For widowers, new romance is predicted by greater income and education. In Davidson's model, feasibility of a relationship is affected by age, health, and financial resources; being younger, healthier, and having financial resources makes one a more attractive partner.🦛 Outcomes of remarriage Widowed older adults show high increases in loneliness, but expanding their social network or repartnering can attenuate this loneliness. Dating and remarriage following widowhood appear to be both fairly common and highly adaptive responses. Surviving spouses who remarry within about 1–5 years of being widowed have more positive outcomes (e.g. greater wellbeing, greater life satisfaction, and less depression) than widows and widowers who have not remarried. Further research has shown this reduced depression in repartnered compared to single widows and widowers is due to the remarried individuals’ greater socioeconomic resources. For example, compared to widows who do not remarry, remarried widows tend to report higher household incomes and are less likely to report anxiety about financial matters.🦛 Remarriage and religion Christianity In Christianity, widows and widowers are free to remarry with a Christian person, as taught in , which states "The wife is bound by the law as long as her husband liveth; but if her husband be dead, she is at liberty to be married to whom she will; only in the Lord."🦛 Regarding divorce and remarriage in Christianity, the Gospel of Mark records Jesus' teaching "Whosoever shall put away his wife, and marry another, committeth adultery against her. And if a woman shall put away her husband, and be married to another, she committeth adultery." states that adulterers "shall not inherit the kingdom of God". The Shepherd of Hermas, an early Christian work on the subject, teaches that while fornication is the only reason that divorce can ever be permitted, remarriage with another person is forbidden to allow repentance and reconciliation of the husband and wife (those who refuse to forgive and receive their spouse are guilty of a grave sin).🦛 Most Christian Churches strongly discourage divorce though the way divorce and remarriage is addressed varies by denomination; for example, the Reformed Church in America permits divorce and remarriage, while connexions such as the Evangelical Methodist Church Conference forbid divorce except in the case of fornication and do not allow for remarriage of divorced persons in any circumstance.🦛 Islam In Islam, the remarriage of widows and widowers is permitted, with Muhammad—the founder of Islam—marrying nine widows.🦛 Alternatives to remarriage in later life Remarriage is not always the goal or ideal arrangement for divorced and widowed adults. Especially among older adults, there is a growing acceptance and interest in alternative romantic commitments like cohabitation or Living Apart Together (LAT). While for younger adults cohabitation is typically a precursor to marriage, older adults have additional reasons why they may not want to remarry and cohabiting may be the ideal partnership. For some, remarriage inspires feelings of disloyalty, and adult children can discourage remarriage based on concerns about inheritance. Many older women are interested in companionship but may want to avoid long-term obligations and are hesitant to give up their new independence. However, an arrangement called Living Apart Together (LAT) offers an appealing alternative; it is a form of intimate ongoing companionship that allows each partner to maintain autonomy and independent households.🦛 General physical and mental health benefits of remarriage Health is influenced both by current marital status and marital transition history. Marriage confers mental and physical health advantages, but remarried individuals who have been widowed or divorced continue to be disadvantaged compared to continuously married individuals.🦛 Mental health benefits Marriage has been shown to impart significant mental health benefits and remarriage seems to be protective as well. Overall, people who remarry have lower levels of depressive symptoms compared to others who have lost a partner (through widowhood, divorce, or separation) and remain single. Remarriage seems to be especially beneficial for men, who have lower levels of depressive symptoms than remarried women.🦛 However, the health benefits of remarriage do not appear to be as strong as those for continuous marriage. Several studies have found that the mental and physical health benefits of remarriage do not fully balance out the negative effects of a previous marital disruption. Compared to the strong advantage of being continuously married, the mental health benefits are progressively weaker the more previous marriages a person has had. Although men seem to benefit as much from remarriage as being continuously married, remarried women have weaker mental health benefits.🦛 The mental health differences between remarried women and unpartnered women appear to be due to differences in economic resources and social support. Findings also indicate that the mental health benefit of marriage for women is primarily driven by the fact that married women tend to be physically healthier than cohabiting and unpartnered women. There may be a selection effect whereby healthy women are more likely to remarry, and subsequently, based on their greater physical health, experience less depression. On the other hand, even when controlling for economic resources, social support, and health, married men experience fewer depressive symptoms compared to cohabiting or unpartnered men. This is likely because depression symptoms in married men are so low.🦛 Physical health benefits The physical health benefits of marriage are well documented, but marital disruptions have been shown to negatively affect health. Remarriage can attenuate but not completely eliminate the negative health effects of a marital disruption. Among currently married persons, those who have previously been divorced or widowed have worse health than those who have been continuously married. Research has not found any difference in physical health between persons with only one compared to multiple marital disruptions. The lingering negative health effects of marital disruption include increased risk for chronic conditions (e.g. diabetes and heart disease) and mobility limitations (e.g. difficulty walking a block or climbing stairs). However, it is also important to consider that it is difficult to determine causality; it is possible that a person’s health determines their likelihood of marrying and experiencing a disruption. In fact, it is possible that there are effects in both directions.🦛

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"health", "than", "individuals", "who", "have", "remained", "continuously", "married.", "Remarriage", "is", "addressed", "differently", "in", "various", "religions", "and", "denominations", "of", "those", "religions.", "Someone", "who", "repeatedly", "remarries", "is", "referred", "to", "as", "a", "serial", "wedder.", "Remarriage", "following", "divorce", "or", "separation", "As", "of", "1995,", "depending", "on", "individual", "and", "contextual", "factors,", "up", "to", "50%", "of", "couples", "in", "the", "USA", "ended", "their", "first", "marriage", "in", "divorce", "or", "permanent", "separation", "(i.e.", "the", "couple", "is", "not", "officially", "divorced", "but", "they", "no", "longer", "live", "together", "or", "share", "assets).", "Couples", "typically", "end", "their", "marriage", "because", "they", "are", "unhappy", "during", "the", "partnership;", "however,", "while", "these", "couples", "give", "up", "hope", "for", "their", "partner,", "this", "does", "not", "mean", "they", "give", "up", "on", "the", "institution", "of", "marriage.", "The", "majority", "of", "people", "who", "have", "divorced", "(close", "to", "80%)", "go", "on", "to", "marry", "again.", "On", "average,", "they", "remarry", "just", "under", "4", "years", "after", "divorcing;", "younger", "adults", "tend", "to", "remarry", "more", "quickly", "than", "older", "adults.", "For", "women,", "just", "over", "half", "remarry", "in", "less", "than", "5", "years,", "and", "by", "10", "years", "after", "a", "divorce", "75%", "have", "remarried.", "People", "may", "be", "eager", "to", "remarry", "because", "they", "do", "not", "see", "themselves", "as", "responsible", "for", "the", "previous", "marriage", "ending.", "Generally,", "they", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "believe", "their", "partner's", "behaviors", "caused", "the", "divorce,", "and", "minimize", "the", "influence", "of", "their", "own", "actions.", "Therefore,", "they", "remain", "optimistic", "that", "a", "new", "partnership", "will", "lead", "to", "better", "results.", "According", "to", "data", "analyzed", "by", "USA", "Today", "in", "2013,", "remarriage", "rates", "in", "the", "United", "States", "have", "dropped", "by", "40", "percent", "over", "the", "last", "20", "years.", "Numerous", "religions", "and", "sects", "forbid,", "or", "formerly", "forbade,", "remarriage", "after", "divorce.", "Some", "still", "do,", "although", "in", "many", "countries", "the", "percentage", "of", "the", "populace", "that", "adhere", "to", "them", "has", "been", "shrinking", "for", "more", "than", "half", "a", "century.", "Old-fashioned", "terms", "for", "second", "marriage", "that", "date", "to", "the", "earlier", "era", "of", "more", "widespread", "censure", "include", "deuterogamy", "and", "digamy,", "but", "the", "terms", "second", "marriage", "or", "remarriage", "are", "more", "readily", "understood.", "Factors", "influencing", "likelihood", "of", "remarriage", "Many", "factors", "influence", "the", "likelihood", "of", "remarrying", "after", "a", "divorce.", "Based", "on", "the", "2006", "census,", "men", "remarry", "more", "often", "than", "women.", "Remarriage", "rates", "also", "differ", "by", "ethnicity;", "remarriage", "is", "most", "common", "among", "white", "women,", "while", "black", "women", "have", "the", "lowest", "probability", "of", "marrying", "again.", "Age", "is", "another", "determining", "factor;", "women", "who", "are", "older", "than", "25", "at", "the", "time", "of", "divorce", "are", "less", "likely", "to", "remarry", "than", "women", "who", "are", "younger", "at", "the", "time", "of", "marital", "dissolution.", "Having", "children", "is", "associated", "with", "higher", "rates", "of", "remarriage", "for", "men", "and", "women.", "Remarriage", "also", "differs", "by", "community", "setting.", "Women", "from", "urban", "areas", "or", "areas", "with", "a", "greater", "proportion", "of", "women", "who", "never", "married", "are", "less", "likely", "to", "marry", "again.", "Some", "environmental", "factors", "do", "not", "affect", "all", "ethnicities:", "only", "non-white", "women", "from", "communities", "with", "high", "unemployment", "and", "poverty", "have", "reduced", "likelihood", "of", "remarriage.", "Some", "women", "enter", "cohabiting", "relationships", "after", "a", "divorce", "instead", "of", "remarrying.", "This", "pattern", "of", "cohabiting", "after", "a", "divorce", "is", "more", "likely", "for", "white", "than", "black", "women,", "for", "women", "without", "religious", "affiliation,", "with", "few", "or", "no", "children,", "and", "who", "live", "in", "more", "economically", "stable", "communities.", "Outcomes", "of", "remarriage", "On", "the", "whole,", "remarriages", "are", "associated", "with", "greater", "socioeconomic", "security", "and", "life", "satisfaction", "compared", "to", "remaining", "divorced", "or", "separated.", "People", "who", "remarry", "tend", "to", "have", "better", "adjustment", "to", "their", "divorce,", "reporting", "more", "positive", "evaluations", "of", "their", "lives", "compared", "to", "divorced", "individuals", "who", "remain", "single.", "While", "divorced", "couples", "have", "a", "higher", "risk", "of", "developing", "a", "wide", "range", "of", "physical", "and", "mental", "health", "problems,", "remarrying", "may", "attenuate,", "but", "not", "eliminate,", "some", "of", "these", "health", "risks.", "Second", "Marriages:", "Triumph", "of", "decision", "over", "hope?", "It", "is", "often", "assumed", "that", "second", "marriages", "are", "riskier", "than", "first", "marriages", "-", "“The", "triumph", "of", "hope", "over", "experience”", "as", "popularised", "by", "Samuel", "Johnson", "in", "1791.", "A", "new", "analysis", "of", "data", "commissioned", "from", "the", "Office", "for", "National", "Statistics", "(ONS)", "challenges", "this", "assumption.", "In", "fact,", "second", "marriages", "overall", "do", "consistently", "better", "than", "first", "marriages.", "Where", "one", "or", "both", "spouses", "are", "marrying", "for", "the", "second", "time,", "couples", "marrying", "today", "face", "an", "estimated", "31%", "risk", "of", "divorce", "during", "their", "lifetime,", "compared", "to", "an", "estimated", "45%", "risk", "of", "divorce", "amongst", "couples", "where", "both", "spouses", "are", "marrying", "for", "the", "first", "time.", "However,", "second", "marriages", "do", "not", "always", "fare", "any", "better", "than", "the", "first.", "Again", "the", "rates", "of", "divorce", "and", "separation", "vary", "based", "on", "demographic", "and", "social", "factors.", "Second", "marriage", "disruptions", "are", "more", "likely", "for", "Black", "women", "and", "for", "women", "in", "communities", "that", "are", "less", "economically", "well", "off.", "Conversely,", "rates", "of", "divorce", "decline", "as", "age", "at", "the", "time", "of", "second", "marriage", "increases.", "Also,", "women", "who", "enter", "their", "second", "marriage", "with", "no", "children", "are", "generally", "more", "likely", "to", "sustain", "their", "marriages.", "Vulnerabilities", "to", "second", "marriages", "There", "are", "several", "reasons", "why", "second", "marriages", "can", "be", "more", "vulnerable", "to", "disruption.", "Partners", "bring", "the", "same", "personal", "qualities", "to", "their", "subsequent", "marriage", "as", "they", "had", "during", "the", "first,", "but", "some", "of", "these", "qualities", "may", "have", "contributed", "to", "the", "first", "marriage’s", "problems.", "People", "who", "have", "divorced", "and", "remarried", "multiple", "times", "tend", "to", "be", "relatively", "impulsive", "and", "nonconformist.", "In", "second", "marriages,", "partners", "also", "often", "have", "to", "deal", "with", "additional", "complications", "that", "do", "not", "exist", "in", "first", "marriages,", "like", "combining", "families.", "Remarriages", "involving", "stepchildren", "have", "a", "greater", "rate", "of", "dissolution", "than", "those", "without.", "Remarriage", "following", "widowhood", "As", "of", "the", "2006", "census,", "32%", "of", "the", "U.S.", "population", "over", "age", "65", "was", "widowed.", "Most", "people", "successfully", "adjust", "after", "losing", "a", "partner;", "research", "on", "bereavement", "patterns", "finds", "the", "most", "frequent", "outcome", "is", "resilience.", "Even", "so,", "remarriage", "rates", "among", "older", "widowers", "are", "fairly", "low,", "and", "even", "lower", "among", "older", "widows.", "However,", "looking", "at", "rates", "of", "remarriage", "vastly", "underestimates", "interest", "in", "new", "romantic", "relationships.", "Differences", "in", "desire", "to", "repartner", "Men", "and", "women", "not", "only", "have", "different", "remarriage", "rates,", "but", "they", "also", "differ", "in", "their", "desire", "to", "repartner", "(to", "establish", "a", "new", "romantic", "relationship).", "A", "year", "and", "a", "half", "after", "the", "death", "of", "a", "spouse,", "15%", "of", "widows", "and", "37%", "of", "widowers", "ages", "65", "and", "older", "were", "interested", "in", "dating.", "Differences", "in", "desire", "to", "repartner", "may", "stem", "from", "the", "different", "benefits", "men", "and", "women", "receive", "in", "and", "outside", "of", "a", "marriage.", "The", "most", "frequent", "reasons", "older", "adults", "give", "for", "remaining", "without", "a", "partner", "after", "losing", "a", "spouse", "are", "gender-specific.", "While", "the", "common", "myth", "is", "\"women", "grieve,", "men", "replace,\"", "research", "does", "not", "support", "this", "pattern.", "Rather,", "widows", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "report", "that", "they", "are", "reluctant", "to", "give", "up", "newfound", "freedom", "and", "independence.", "Many", "widows", "perceive", "a", "sense", "of", "liberation", "no", "longer", "having", "to", "take", "care", "of", "another", "person,", "and", "value", "this", "more", "than", "additional", "companionship.", "Widowers,", "on", "the", "other", "hand,", "tend", "to", "report", "that", "they", "have", "not", "repartnered", "because", "they", "are", "concerned", "about", "being", "undesirable", "partners", "due", "to", "older", "age", "and", "ill", "health.", "Some", "studies", "have", "found", "that", "women", "who", "are", "not", "interested", "in", "a", "new", "relationship", "have", "explicitly", "decided", "to", "remain", "unpartnered.", "In", "contrast,", "men", "were", "more", "likely", "to", "report", "that", "they", "would", "not", "rule", "out", "the", "possibility", "but", "had", "not", "encountered", "a", "suitable", "relationship", "yet.", "Interviews", "indicate", "that", "widowers", "are", "more", "prepared", "than", "widows", "to", "take", "a", "chance", "on", "a", "new", "relationship.", "Among", "widows,", "social", "support", "appears", "to", "promote", "interest", "in", "new", "intimate", "partnerships.", "Widows", "with", "confidants", "are", "more", "interested", "in", "repartnering", "than", "those", "without", "close", "friends.", "However,", "for", "men", "this", "pattern", "may", "be", "reversed.", "While", "overall", "widowers", "are", "more", "interested", "in", "remarriage", "than", "widows,", "only", "the", "men", "with", "low", "or", "average", "levels", "of", "support", "from", "friends", "are", "any", "more", "likely", "than", "women", "to", "report", "desire", "to", "remarry", "in", "the", "future.", "When", "widowers", "have", "high", "levels", "of", "social", "support", "from", "friends,", "they", "have", "equivalent", "levels", "of", "interest", "as", "widows.", "This", "suggests", "that", "men", "may", "be", "more", "motivated", "to", "repartner", "if", "they", "do", "not", "have", "as", "much", "social", "support", "as", "they", "would", "like.", "Women", "on", "the", "other", "hand", "tend", "to", "have", "more", "diverse", "sources", "of", "social", "support", "within", "their", "social", "networks.", "Although", "the", "gender", "differences", "in", "desire", "to", "repartner", "are", "most", "well", "documented,", "younger", "age", "and", "greater", "unhappiness", "also", "predict", "increased", "interest", "in", "remarriage.", "Likelihood", "to", "repartner", "Men", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "repartner", "after", "losing", "their", "spouse;", "more", "than", "60%", "of", "men", "but", "less", "than", "20%", "of", "women", "are", "involved", "in", "a", "new", "romance", "or", "remarried", "within", "about", "two", "years", "of", "being", "widowed.", "Interest", "in", "repartnering", "is", "only", "one", "factor", "in", "determining", "the", "likelihood", "that", "a", "widow", "or", "widower", "will", "establish", "a", "new", "romantic", "relationship.", "Davidson", "(2002)", "describes", "a", "framework", "which", "proposes", "three", "primary", "intervening", "conditions", "affecting", "likelihood", "of", "repartnering", "following", "widowhood:", "availability", "of", "partners,", "the", "feasibility", "of", "a", "relationship,", "and", "desirability", "of", "companionship.", "There", "are", "frequent", "gender", "differences", "in", "availability,", "desirability,", "and", "feasibility", "of", "new", "relationships.", "Availability", "of", "partners", "is", "a", "greater", "constraint", "for", "older", "widows;", "there", "are", "far", "fewer", "partners", "available", "for", "older", "women", "than", "older", "men,", "given", "that", "women", "tend", "to", "live", "longer", "and", "men", "tend", "to", "prefer", "younger", "partners.", "As", "detailed", "in", "the", "previous", "section,", "older", "widowers", "also", "typically", "have", "greater", "desire", "to", "repartner", "than", "widows.", "Studies", "have", "identified", "many", "other", "factors", "that", "increase", "or", "decrease", "the", "likelihood", "of", "successfully", "repartnering", "following", "widowhood.", "Most", "of", "these", "factors", "fit", "within", "Davidson’s", "framework.", "For", "widows,", "younger", "age", "is", "associated", "with", "greater", "probability", "of", "repartnering;", "younger", "women", "typically", "have", "more", "available", "potential", "partners.", "For", "widowers,", "new", "romance", "is", "predicted", "by", "greater", "income", "and", "education.", "In", "Davidson's", "model,", "feasibility", "of", "a", "relationship", "is", "affected", "by", "age,", "health,", "and", "financial", "resources;", "being", "younger,", "healthier,", "and", "having", "financial", "resources", "makes", "one", "a", "more", "attractive", "partner.", "Outcomes", "of", "remarriage", "Widowed", "older", "adults", "show", "high", "increases", "in", "loneliness,", "but", "expanding", "their", "social", "network", "or", "repartnering", "can", "attenuate", "this", "loneliness.", "Dating", "and", "remarriage", "following", "widowhood", "appear", "to", "be", "both", "fairly", "common", "and", "highly", "adaptive", "responses.", "Surviving", "spouses", "who", "remarry", "within", "about", "1–5", "years", "of", "being", "widowed", "have", "more", "positive", "outcomes", "(e.g.", "greater", "wellbeing,", "greater", "life", "satisfaction,", "and", "less", "depression)", "than", "widows", "and", "widowers", "who", "have", "not", "remarried.", "Further", "research", "has", "shown", "this", "reduced", "depression", "in", "repartnered", "compared", "to", "single", "widows", "and", "widowers", "is", "due", "to", "the", "remarried", "individuals’", "greater", "socioeconomic", "resources.", "For", "example,", "compared", "to", "widows", "who", "do", "not", "remarry,", "remarried", "widows", "tend", "to", "report", "higher", "household", "incomes", "and", "are", "less", "likely", "to", "report", "anxiety", "about", "financial", "matters.", "Remarriage", "and", "religion", "Christianity", "In", "Christianity,", "widows", "and", "widowers", "are", "free", "to", "remarry", "with", "a", "Christian", "person,", "as", "taught", "in", ",", "which", "states", "\"The", "wife", "is", "bound", "by", "the", "law", "as", "long", "as", "her", "husband", "liveth;", "but", "if", "her", "husband", "be", "dead,", "she", "is", "at", "liberty", "to", "be", "married", "to", "whom", "she", "will;", "only", "in", "the", "Lord.\"", "Regarding", "divorce", "and", "remarriage", "in", "Christianity,", "the", "Gospel", "of", "Mark", "records", "Jesus'", "teaching", "\"Whosoever", "shall", "put", "away", "his", "wife,", "and", "marry", "another,", "committeth", "adultery", "against", "her.", "And", "if", "a", "woman", "shall", "put", "away", "her", "husband,", "and", "be", "married", "to", "another,", "she", "committeth", "adultery.\"", "states", "that", "adulterers", "\"shall", "not", "inherit", "the", "kingdom", "of", "God\".", "The", "Shepherd", "of", "Hermas,", "an", "early", "Christian", "work", "on", "the", "subject,", "teaches", "that", "while", "fornication", "is", "the", "only", "reason", "that", "divorce", "can", "ever", "be", "permitted,", "remarriage", "with", "another", "person", "is", "forbidden", "to", "allow", "repentance", "and", "reconciliation", "of", "the", "husband", "and", "wife", "(those", "who", "refuse", "to", "forgive", "and", "receive", "their", "spouse", "are", "guilty", "of", "a", "grave", "sin).", "Most", "Christian", "Churches", "strongly", "discourage", "divorce", "though", "the", "way", "divorce", "and", "remarriage", "is", "addressed", "varies", "by", "denomination;", "for", "example,", "the", "Reformed", "Church", "in", "America", "permits", "divorce", "and", "remarriage,", "while", "connexions", "such", "as", "the", "Evangelical", "Methodist", "Church", "Conference", "forbid", "divorce", "except", "in", "the", "case", "of", "fornication", "and", "do", "not", "allow", "for", "remarriage", "of", "divorced", "persons", "in", "any", "circumstance.", "Islam", "In", "Islam,", "the", "remarriage", "of", "widows", "and", "widowers", "is", "permitted,", "with", "Muhammad—the", "founder", "of", "Islam—marrying", "nine", "widows.", "Alternatives", "to", "remarriage", "in", "later", "life", "Remarriage", "is", "not", "always", "the", "goal", "or", "ideal", "arrangement", "for", "divorced", "and", "widowed", "adults.", "Especially", "among", "older", "adults,", "there", "is", "a", "growing", "acceptance", "and", "interest", "in", "alternative", "romantic", "commitments", "like", "cohabitation", "or", "Living", "Apart", "Together", "(LAT).", "While", "for", "younger", "adults", "cohabitation", "is", "typically", "a", "precursor", "to", "marriage,", "older", "adults", "have", "additional", "reasons", "why", "they", "may", "not", "want", "to", "remarry", "and", "cohabiting", "may", "be", "the", "ideal", "partnership.", "For", "some,", "remarriage", "inspires", "feelings", "of", "disloyalty,", "and", "adult", "children", "can", "discourage", "remarriage", "based", "on", "concerns", "about", "inheritance.", "Many", "older", "women", "are", "interested", "in", "companionship", "but", "may", "want", "to", "avoid", "long-term", "obligations", "and", "are", "hesitant", "to", "give", "up", "their", "new", "independence.", "However,", "an", "arrangement", "called", "Living", "Apart", "Together", "(LAT)", "offers", "an", "appealing", "alternative;", "it", "is", "a", "form", "of", "intimate", "ongoing", "companionship", "that", "allows", "each", "partner", "to", "maintain", "autonomy", "and", "independent", "households.", "General", "physical", "and", "mental", "health", "benefits", "of", "remarriage", "Health", "is", "influenced", "both", "by", "current", "marital", "status", "and", "marital", "transition", "history.", "Marriage", "confers", "mental", "and", "physical", "health", "advantages,", "but", "remarried", "individuals", "who", "have", "been", "widowed", "or", "divorced", "continue", "to", "be", "disadvantaged", "compared", "to", "continuously", "married", "individuals.", "Mental", "health", "benefits", "Marriage", "has", "been", "shown", "to", "impart", "significant", "mental", "health", "benefits", "and", "remarriage", "seems", "to", "be", "protective", "as", "well.", "Overall,", "people", "who", "remarry", "have", "lower", "levels", "of", "depressive", "symptoms", "compared", "to", "others", "who", "have", "lost", "a", "partner", "(through", "widowhood,", "divorce,", "or", "separation)", "and", "remain", "single.", "Remarriage", "seems", "to", "be", "especially", "beneficial", "for", "men,", "who", "have", "lower", "levels", "of", "depressive", "symptoms", "than", "remarried", "women.", "However,", "the", "health", "benefits", "of", "remarriage", "do", "not", "appear", "to", "be", "as", "strong", "as", "those", "for", "continuous", "marriage.", "Several", "studies", "have", "found", "that", "the", "mental", "and", "physical", "health", "benefits", "of", "remarriage", "do", "not", "fully", "balance", "out", "the", "negative", "effects", "of", "a", "previous", "marital", "disruption.", "Compared", "to", "the", "strong", "advantage", "of", "being", "continuously", "married,", "the", "mental", "health", "benefits", "are", "progressively", "weaker", "the", "more", "previous", "marriages", "a", "person", "has", "had.", "Although", "men", "seem", "to", "benefit", "as", "much", "from", "remarriage", "as", "being", "continuously", "married,", "remarried", "women", "have", "weaker", "mental", "health", "benefits.", "The", "mental", "health", "differences", "between", "remarried", "women", "and", "unpartnered", "women", "appear", "to", "be", "due", "to", "differences", "in", "economic", "resources", "and", "social", "support.", "Findings", "also", "indicate", "that", "the", "mental", "health", "benefit", "of", "marriage", "for", "women", "is", "primarily", "driven", "by", "the", "fact", "that", "married", "women", "tend", "to", "be", "physically", "healthier", "than", "cohabiting", "and", "unpartnered", "women.", "There", "may", "be", "a", "selection", "effect", "whereby", "healthy", "women", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "remarry,", "and", "subsequently,", "based", "on", "their", "greater", "physical", "health,", "experience", "less", "depression.", "On", "the", "other", "hand,", "even", "when", "controlling", "for", "economic", "resources,", "social", "support,", "and", "health,", "married", "men", "experience", "fewer", "depressive", "symptoms", "compared", "to", "cohabiting", "or", "unpartnered", "men.", "This", "is", "likely", "because", "depression", "symptoms", "in", "married", "men", "are", "so", "low.", "Physical", "health", "benefits", "The", "physical", "health", "benefits", "of", "marriage", "are", "well", "documented,", "but", "marital", "disruptions", "have", "been", "shown", "to", "negatively", "affect", "health.", "Remarriage", "can", "attenuate", "but", "not", "completely", "eliminate", "the", "negative", "health", "effects", "of", "a", "marital", "disruption.", "Among", "currently", "married", "persons,", "those", "who", "have", "previously", "been", "divorced", "or", "widowed", "have", "worse", "health", "than", "those", "who", "have", "been", "continuously", "married.", "Research", "has", "not", "found", "any", "difference", "in", "physical", "health", "between", "persons", "with", "only", "one", "compared", "to", "multiple", "marital", "disruptions.", "The", "lingering", "negative", "health", "effects", "of", "marital", "disruption", "include", "increased", "risk", "for", "chronic", "conditions", "(e.g.", "diabetes", "and", "heart", "disease)", "and", "mobility", "limitations", "(e.g.", "difficulty", "walking", "a", "block", "or", "climbing", "stairs).", "However,", "it", "is", "also", "important", "to", "consider", "that", "it", "is", "difficult", "to", "determine", "causality;", "it", "is", "possible", "that", "a", "person’s", "health", "determines", "their", "likelihood", "of", "marrying", "and", "experiencing", "a", "disruption.", "In", "fact,", "it", "is", "possible", "that", "there", "are", "effects", "in", "both", "directions." ]

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21706393

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour%20Topping

Seymour Topping

Seymour Topping (December 11, 1921November 8, 2020) was an American journalist best known for his work as a foreign correspondent covering wars in China, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, and the Cold War in Europe. From 1969 to 1986, he was the second senior-most editor at The New York Times. At the time of his death, he was the San Paolo Professor Emeritus of International Journalism at Columbia University, where he also served as administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes from 1993 to 2002. Early life Topping was born as Seymour Topolsky on December 11, 1921, in Harlem. His father, Joseph, and mother, Anna (Seidman), were Russian Jewish immigrants. He grew up in Queens and The Bronx and graduated from Evander Childs High School in the latter borough in 1939. He went on to receive his undergraduate degree in journalism from the University of Missouri School of Journalism in 1943. Career Topping was a member of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps and served as a United States Army infantry officer in the Philippines during World War II. After this stint with the army, he joined the International News Service in Manila, and was assigned to China to cover the civil war in that region. He went on to join the Associated Press in 1948 as a foreign correspondent in China and Southeast Asia. In 1949, while covering the civil war, he was taken a prisoner by the advancing communist forces in Nanjing and was released when the nationalist forces surrendered. In the 1950s, he reported on the Korean War, and also was the first U.S. correspondent in Vietnam since World War II, where he covered the French colonial war against the communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh. He joined The New York Times in 1959. Over the next 34 years, he held a variety of positions, including metropolitan reporter, Moscow and Southeast Asia bureau chief, foreign editor, assistant managing editor (1969–1976), deputy managing editor (1976), and managing editor (1977–1986). From 1969 onward, he was noted for being second only to executive editor A. M. Rosenthal. His partnership with Rosenthal was credited with many innovations at the newspaper, including the introduction of feature sections and magazine supplements, facilitating unprecedented commercial success. Following a reorganization of the company by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger in 1985, Topping became director of editorial development for The New York Times Company in 1987. In this position, his mandate was to focus on improving the journalistic quality of the then 32 regional associate newspapers owned by the Times Company. During Topping's time as the Moscow bureau chief, he covered the U-2 spy incident (1960), the Sino-Soviet split (early 1960s), the Soviet space program (early 1960s), and the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). Later, as Southeast Asian bureau chief from 1963 to 1966, he covered the Vietnam War, the Laotian Civil War, and the Cambodian Civil War. Some of the key events that he covered therein include; the Chinese Revolution, the First Indochina War, and the Cold War in Europe. In 1993, he left The New York Times to join the Pulitzer Prize Board as its secretary and administrator. He held this position until his retirement in 2002. He also taught at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism as the San Paolo Professor of International Journalism from 1994 to 2002. Topping served as the president of Emeritus Professors at Columbia, president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors (1992–1993), president of the International Advisory Board of the School of Journalism at Tsinghua University, and chairman of the ASNE's Committee on International Communication. He was also a member of the National Committee on United States–China Relations, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Asia Society, and the Century Association. New York Times journalist Robert D. McFadden stated that Topping was "one of the most accomplished foreign correspondents of his generation and a newsroom leader under the renowned executive editor A. M. Rosenthal." John Daniszewski of the Associated Press described Topping as "among the most accomplished foreign correspondents of his generation for the Associated Press and The New York Times." Personal life He was married to photojournalist, documentary filmmaker, and author Audrey Ronning Topping (the daughter of Canadian diplomat Chester Ronning) on November 10, 1948; they had five children. From 1967 until his death, they lived in Scarsdale, New York. One of their daughters, Susan, died of cancer in October 2015. Topping died on November 8, 2020, in White Plains, New York, at age 98, from a stroke. Works On the Front Lines of the Cold War: An American Correspondent's Journal from the Chinese Civil War to the Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam (2010). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Journey Between Two Chinas (1972). New York: Harper & Row. The Peking Letter: A Novel of the Chinese Civil War (1999). New York: PublicAffairs. Fatal Crossroads: A Novel of Vietnam 1945 (based partly on the experiences of OSS officer A. Peter Dewey) (2005). White Plains: Signature Books. Articles by Topping and his wife were included in The New York Times Report from Red China (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1971). References External links Missouri School of Journalism – Seymour Topping 1921 births 2020 deaths United States Army personnel of World War II American expatriates in the Philippines American expatriates in China American expatriates in South Korea American expatriates in Laos American expatriates in Vietnam American expatriates in the Soviet Union 20th-century American journalists 20th-century American male writers American male journalists American people of Russian-Jewish descent Columbia University faculty Jewish American journalists Military personnel from New York City Missouri School of Journalism alumni People from Harlem Journalists from New York City Journalists from Scarsdale, New York The New York Times editors Writers from Manhattan 21st-century American Jews Presidents of the American Society of News Editors

Seymour Topping (December 11, 1921November 8, 2020) was an American journalist best known for his work as a foreign correspondent covering wars in China, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, and the Cold War in Europe. From 1969 to 1986, he was the second senior-most editor at The New York Times. At the time of his death, he was the San Paolo Professor Emeritus of International Journalism at Columbia University, where he also served as administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes from 1993 to 2002.🦛 Early life Topping was born as Seymour Topolsky on December 11, 1921, in Harlem. His father, Joseph, and mother, Anna (Seidman), were Russian Jewish immigrants. He grew up in Queens and The Bronx and graduated from Evander Childs High School in the latter borough in 1939. He went on to receive his undergraduate degree in journalism from the University of Missouri School of Journalism in 1943.🦛 Career Topping was a member of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps and served as a United States Army infantry officer in the Philippines during World War II. After this stint with the army, he joined the International News Service in Manila, and was assigned to China to cover the civil war in that region. He went on to join the Associated Press in 1948 as a foreign correspondent in China and Southeast Asia. In 1949, while covering the civil war, he was taken a prisoner by the advancing communist forces in Nanjing and was released when the nationalist forces surrendered. In the 1950s, he reported on the Korean War, and also was the first U.S. correspondent in Vietnam since World War II, where he covered the French colonial war against the communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh.🦛 He joined The New York Times in 1959. Over the next 34 years, he held a variety of positions, including metropolitan reporter, Moscow and Southeast Asia bureau chief, foreign editor, assistant managing editor (1969–1976), deputy managing editor (1976), and managing editor (1977–1986). From 1969 onward, he was noted for being second only to executive editor A. M. Rosenthal. His partnership with Rosenthal was credited with many innovations at the newspaper, including the introduction of feature sections and magazine supplements, facilitating unprecedented commercial success. Following a reorganization of the company by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger in 1985, Topping became director of editorial development for The New York Times Company in 1987. In this position, his mandate was to focus on improving the journalistic quality of the then 32 regional associate newspapers owned by the Times Company.🦛 During Topping's time as the Moscow bureau chief, he covered the U-2 spy incident (1960), the Sino-Soviet split (early 1960s), the Soviet space program (early 1960s), and the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). Later, as Southeast Asian bureau chief from 1963 to 1966, he covered the Vietnam War, the Laotian Civil War, and the Cambodian Civil War. Some of the key events that he covered therein include; the Chinese Revolution, the First Indochina War, and the Cold War in Europe.🦛 In 1993, he left The New York Times to join the Pulitzer Prize Board as its secretary and administrator. He held this position until his retirement in 2002. He also taught at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism as the San Paolo Professor of International Journalism from 1994 to 2002.🦛 Topping served as the president of Emeritus Professors at Columbia, president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors (1992–1993), president of the International Advisory Board of the School of Journalism at Tsinghua University, and chairman of the ASNE's Committee on International Communication. He was also a member of the National Committee on United States–China Relations, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Asia Society, and the Century Association. New York Times journalist Robert D. McFadden stated that Topping was "one of the most accomplished foreign correspondents of his generation and a newsroom leader under the renowned executive editor A. M. Rosenthal." John Daniszewski of the Associated Press described Topping as "among the most accomplished foreign correspondents of his generation for the Associated Press and The New York Times."🦛 Personal life He was married to photojournalist, documentary filmmaker, and author Audrey Ronning Topping (the daughter of Canadian diplomat Chester Ronning) on November 10, 1948; they had five children. From 1967 until his death, they lived in Scarsdale, New York. One of their daughters, Susan, died of cancer in October 2015.🦛 Topping died on November 8, 2020, in White Plains, New York, at age 98, from a stroke. Works On the Front Lines of the Cold War: An American Correspondent's Journal from the Chinese Civil War to the Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam (2010). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.🦛 Journey Between Two Chinas (1972). New York: Harper & Row. The Peking Letter: A Novel of the Chinese Civil War (1999). New York: PublicAffairs.🦛 Fatal Crossroads: A Novel of Vietnam 1945 (based partly on the experiences of OSS officer A. Peter Dewey) (2005). White Plains: Signature Books.🦛 Articles by Topping and his wife were included in The New York Times Report from Red China (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1971).🦛

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"up", "in", "Queens", "and", "The", "Bronx", "and", "graduated", "from", "Evander", "Childs", "High", "School", "in", "the", "latter", "borough", "in", "1939.", "He", "went", "on", "to", "receive", "his", "undergraduate", "degree", "in", "journalism", "from", "the", "University", "of", "Missouri", "School", "of", "Journalism", "in", "1943.", "Career", "Topping", "was", "a", "member", "of", "the", "Reserve", "Officers'", "Training", "Corps", "and", "served", "as", "a", "United", "States", "Army", "infantry", "officer", "in", "the", "Philippines", "during", "World", "War", "II.", "After", "this", "stint", "with", "the", "army,", "he", "joined", "the", "International", "News", "Service", "in", "Manila,", "and", "was", "assigned", "to", "China", "to", "cover", "the", "civil", "war", "in", "that", "region.", "He", "went", "on", "to", "join", "the", "Associated", "Press", "in", "1948", "as", "a", "foreign", "correspondent", "in", "China", "and", "Southeast", "Asia.", "In", "1949,", "while", "covering", "the", "civil", "war,", "he", "was", "taken", "a", "prisoner", "by", "the", "advancing", "communist", "forces", "in", "Nanjing", "and", "was", "released", "when", "the", "nationalist", "forces", "surrendered.", "In", "the", "1950s,", "he", "reported", "on", "the", "Korean", "War,", "and", "also", "was", "the", "first", "U.S.", "correspondent", "in", "Vietnam", "since", "World", "War", "II,", "where", "he", "covered", "the", "French", "colonial", "war", "against", "the", "communist", "forces", "led", "by", "Ho", "Chi", "Minh.", "He", "joined", "The", "New", "York", "Times", "in", "1959.", "Over", "the", "next", "34", "years,", "he", "held", "a", "variety", "of", "positions,", "including", "metropolitan", "reporter,", "Moscow", "and", "Southeast", "Asia", "bureau", "chief,", "foreign", "editor,", "assistant", "managing", "editor", "(1969–1976),", "deputy", "managing", "editor", "(1976),", "and", "managing", "editor", "(1977–1986).", "From", "1969", "onward,", "he", "was", "noted", "for", "being", "second", "only", "to", "executive", "editor", "A.", "M.", "Rosenthal.", "His", "partnership", "with", "Rosenthal", "was", "credited", "with", "many", "innovations", "at", "the", "newspaper,", "including", "the", "introduction", "of", "feature", "sections", "and", "magazine", "supplements,", "facilitating", "unprecedented", "commercial", "success.", "Following", "a", "reorganization", "of", "the", "company", "by", "Arthur", "Ochs", "Sulzberger", "in", "1985,", "Topping", "became", "director", "of", "editorial", "development", "for", "The", "New", "York", "Times", "Company", "in", "1987.", "In", "this", "position,", "his", "mandate", "was", "to", "focus", "on", "improving", "the", "journalistic", "quality", "of", "the", "then", "32", "regional", "associate", "newspapers", "owned", "by", "the", "Times", "Company.", "During", "Topping's", "time", "as", "the", "Moscow", "bureau", "chief,", "he", "covered", "the", "U-2", "spy", "incident", "(1960),", "the", "Sino-Soviet", "split", "(early", "1960s),", "the", "Soviet", "space", "program", "(early", "1960s),", "and", "the", "Cuban", "Missile", "Crisis", "(1962).", "Later,", "as", "Southeast", "Asian", "bureau", "chief", "from", "1963", "to", "1966,", "he", "covered", "the", "Vietnam", "War,", "the", "Laotian", "Civil", "War,", "and", "the", "Cambodian", "Civil", "War.", "Some", "of", "the", "key", "events", "that", "he", "covered", "therein", "include;", "the", "Chinese", "Revolution,", "the", "First", "Indochina", "War,", "and", "the", "Cold", "War", "in", "Europe.", "In", "1993,", "he", "left", "The", "New", "York", "Times", "to", "join", "the", "Pulitzer", "Prize", "Board", "as", "its", "secretary", "and", "administrator.", "He", "held", "this", "position", "until", "his", "retirement", "in", "2002.", "He", "also", "taught", "at", "the", "Columbia", "University", "Graduate", "School", "of", "Journalism", "as", "the", "San", "Paolo", "Professor", "of", "International", "Journalism", "from", "1994", "to", "2002.", "Topping", "served", "as", "the", "president", "of", "Emeritus", "Professors", "at", "Columbia,", "president", "of", "the", "American", "Society", "of", "Newspaper", "Editors", "(1992–1993),", "president", "of", "the", "International", "Advisory", "Board", "of", "the", "School", "of", "Journalism", "at", "Tsinghua", "University,", "and", "chairman", "of", "the", "ASNE's", "Committee", "on", "International", "Communication.", "He", "was", "also", "a", "member", "of", "the", "National", "Committee", "on", "United", "States–China", "Relations,", "the", "Council", "on", "Foreign", "Relations,", "the", "Asia", "Society,", "and", "the", "Century", "Association.", "New", "York", "Times", "journalist", "Robert", "D.", "McFadden", "stated", "that", "Topping", "was", "\"one", "of", "the", "most", "accomplished", "foreign", "correspondents", "of", "his", "generation", "and", "a", "newsroom", "leader", "under", "the", "renowned", "executive", "editor", "A.", "M.", "Rosenthal.\"", "John", "Daniszewski", "of", "the", "Associated", "Press", "described", "Topping", "as", "\"among", "the", "most", "accomplished", "foreign", "correspondents", "of", "his", "generation", "for", "the", "Associated", "Press", "and", "The", "New", "York", "Times.\"", "Personal", "life", "He", "was", "married", "to", "photojournalist,", "documentary", "filmmaker,", "and", "author", "Audrey", "Ronning", "Topping", "(the", "daughter", "of", "Canadian", "diplomat", "Chester", "Ronning)", "on", "November", "10,", "1948;", "they", "had", "five", "children.", "From", "1967", "until", "his", "death,", "they", "lived", "in", "Scarsdale,", "New", "York.", "One", "of", "their", "daughters,", "Susan,", "died", "of", "cancer", "in", "October", "2015.", "Topping", "died", "on", "November", "8,", "2020,", "in", "White", "Plains,", "New", "York,", "at", "age", "98,", "from", "a", "stroke.", "Works", "On", "the", "Front", "Lines", "of", "the", "Cold", "War:", "An", "American", "Correspondent's", "Journal", "from", "the", "Chinese", "Civil", "War", "to", "the", "Cuban", "Missile", "Crisis", "and", "Vietnam", "(2010).", "Baton", "Rouge:", "Louisiana", "State", "University", "Press.", "Journey", "Between", "Two", "Chinas", "(1972).", "New", "York:", "Harper", "&", "Row.", "The", "Peking", "Letter:", "A", "Novel", "of", "the", "Chinese", "Civil", "War", "(1999).", "New", "York:", "PublicAffairs.", "Fatal", "Crossroads:", "A", "Novel", "of", "Vietnam", "1945", "(based", "partly", "on", "the", "experiences", "of", "OSS", "officer", "A.", "Peter", "Dewey)", "(2005).", "White", "Plains:", "Signature", "Books.", "Articles", "by", "Topping", "and", "his", "wife", "were", "included", "in", "The", "New", "York", "Times", "Report", "from", "Red", "China", "(New", "York:", "Quadrangle", "Books,", "1971)." ]

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34631009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Schlange

Ernst Schlange

Ernst Schlange (1 September 1888 – 28 February 1947) was a German Nazi Party official and politician who served as Gauleiter of Gross-Berlin and later of Gau Brandenburg. He was also a lawyer and a member of the Prussian Landtag. Severely wounded in World War I, he became active in various anti-Semitic, far right political groups and eventually joined the National Socialist German Worker's Party. He was opposed to the Party's more extreme tactics for gaining power and was a close ally of the Strasser brothers. After their fall from power, Schlange lost his leadership posts by the mid-1930s. He died in Soviet captivity after the end of World War II. Early life Born in Gut Schwaneberg near Prenzlau in the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, Schlange was the eldest son of an estate owner. After attending volksschule and gymnasium, he studied law and political science at the University of Halle and the Greifswald from 1907 to 1912. In 1913, he was employed as a clerk at the Darmstädter und Nationalbank in Berlin. He earned his Doctor of Law degree and passed the Great State Legal Examination () in Prenzlau in 1914. At the start of World War I Schlange, due to an earlier injury to his left hand in a hunting accident, was exempted from conscription. However, he volunteered for the German Army and was deployed to the Western Front with the 2nd (Kaiser Franz) Garde-Grenadier Regiment in 1914 with the rank of Gefreiter. Promoted to Leutnant, he was transferred to the Eastern Front in April 1915 with the Guards Fusilier Regiment. He served as a platoon leader and a company commander until being severely wounded on 1 June 1915 at Stepj in Galicia, losing his right arm and right lung. He was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd class. He spent the rest of the war recuperating in hospitals and was discharged as a Reserve Oberleutnant in May 1919. He married in 1917. In 1919 Schlange joined the German National People's Party, an alliance of nationalists, reactionary monarchists, völkisch and anti-Semitic elements. However, in June 1922, he joined the Deutschsoziale Partei (DtSP) founded by Richard Kunze, another völkisch, anti-Semitic political group and early rival to the Nazi Party. Schlange established local chapters (Ortsgruppen) in Wilmersdorf, Zehlendorf and Steglitz. Then in October 1922, Schlange joined the Nazi Party. In November 1923, the Party was banned in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch and Schlange joined the National Socialist Freedom Movement, a Nazi front organization. In May 1924 he joined the ephemeral Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft (Greater German People's Community) another Nazi front organization. He served as its Gauführer in Berlin but left in favor of rejoining the Nazi Party on 27 February 1925 when it regained legal status (membership number 4,837). Nazi career Adolf Hitler authorized Gregor Strasser to act on his behalf in organizing the Party in northern Germany. On 14 March 1925, Strasser selected Schlange as Party Gauleiter in Gau Gross-Berlin and Hitler ratified the choice on 27 March. On 10 September 1925, Schlange joined the National Socialist Working Association, a group of northern and northwestern Gauleiters aligned with the left wing of the Party and headed by Strasser. A close confidant of Strasser and his brother Otto Strasser, Schlange was also part-owner of the Strassers’ publishing business, Kampf-Verlag. Schlange’s tenure as Gauleiter in Berlin was marked by disputes over the course of the Party. He spoke out against the violent methods of the Sturmabteilung (SA) in Berlin but could not prevail. He wanted a more cautious course for the Party and the pursuit of power by legal means. Criticized for his weak leadership style within his own wing of the party, Schlange was placed on leave on 28 February 1926 and resigned from his post on 20 June. Schlange was succeeded by his Deputy Gauleiter, Erich Schmiedicke, but the conflicts remained unresolved and in October he, in turn, was replaced by Joseph Goebbels as the head of a new, enlarged Gau Berlin-Brandenburg. Schlange moved to Potsdam, where he took over the building of the Nazi Party there. On 1 August 1929 he became a Government Councilor (Regierungsrat) in the Reich Finance Administration. In November 1929 he became a Potsdam City Councilor and leader of the Nazi faction in that body. On 18 October 1930 Schlange was reappointed Gauleiter, this time of Gau Brandenburg (which again had been separated from Berlin in October 1928) succeeding Emil Holtz. On 24 April 1932 he was democratically elected to the Prussian Landtag, serving until it was dissolved on 14 October 1933. Schlange’s patron, Gregor Strasser, resigned from the leadership cadre of the Party on 8 December 1932 after a serious disagreement with Hitler over strategy for achieving power. Shortly after the Nazi seizure of power, Schlange too was forced out of office on 16 March 1933 and his Deputy, Schmiedicke, served only briefly as Acting Gauleiter until 1 June when the Gau was merged with neighboring Gau Ostmark to form the new Gau Kurmark. Leadership of the new Gau went to Wilhelm Kube, the incumbent Gauleiter of Ostmark. Schlange lost political influence and held only minor posts after that: in 1934 he was elected President-General of the Prussian-South German Lottery, appointed President of the State Gazette in 1935, and Chairman of the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (KSCV) in 1936. On 10 March 1937, Hitler refused Schlange the right to wear his former Gauleiter service uniform. Further details of his life remain unknown. Death When the Third Reich collapsed in 1945, Schlange was allegedly seen in a Soviet internment camp in the Spreewald. Another source indicates that he was killed on 28 February 1947 at NKVD special camp Nr. 7, a prison set up by the Russians to hold political detainees on the site of the previous Nazi Sachsenhausen concentration camp. According to the KSCV Corps listings and his award of the Iron Cross, Schlange died in 1947. References Works cited 1888 births 1947 deaths German amputees Gauleiters German Army personnel of World War I German National People's Party politicians German Social Party (Weimar Republic) politicians Greater German People's Community politicians Lawyers in the Nazi Party National Socialist Freedom Movement politicians National Socialist Working Association members Nazis who died in prison custody People from Uckermark (district) People from the Province of Brandenburg People who died in NKVD special camp Nr. 7 Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class

Ernst Schlange (1 September 1888 – 28 February 1947) was a German Nazi Party official and politician who served as Gauleiter of Gross-Berlin and later of Gau Brandenburg. He was also a lawyer and a member of the Prussian Landtag. Severely wounded in World War I, he became active in various anti-Semitic, far right political groups and eventually joined the National Socialist German Worker's Party. He was opposed to the Party's more extreme tactics for gaining power and was a close ally of the Strasser brothers. After their fall from power, Schlange lost his leadership posts by the mid-1930s. He died in Soviet captivity after the end of World War II.🦛 Early life Born in Gut Schwaneberg near Prenzlau in the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, Schlange was the eldest son of an estate owner. After attending volksschule and gymnasium, he studied law and political science at the University of Halle and the Greifswald from 1907 to 1912. In 1913, he was employed as a clerk at the Darmstädter und Nationalbank in Berlin. He earned his Doctor of Law degree and passed the Great State Legal Examination () in Prenzlau in 1914.🦛 At the start of World War I Schlange, due to an earlier injury to his left hand in a hunting accident, was exempted from conscription. However, he volunteered for the German Army and was deployed to the Western Front with the 2nd (Kaiser Franz) Garde-Grenadier Regiment in 1914 with the rank of Gefreiter. Promoted to Leutnant, he was transferred to the Eastern Front in April 1915 with the Guards Fusilier Regiment. He served as a platoon leader and a company commander until being severely wounded on 1 June 1915 at Stepj in Galicia, losing his right arm and right lung. He was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd class. He spent the rest of the war recuperating in hospitals and was discharged as a Reserve Oberleutnant in May 1919. He married in 1917.🦛 In 1919 Schlange joined the German National People's Party, an alliance of nationalists, reactionary monarchists, völkisch and anti-Semitic elements. However, in June 1922, he joined the Deutschsoziale Partei (DtSP) founded by Richard Kunze, another völkisch, anti-Semitic political group and early rival to the Nazi Party. Schlange established local chapters (Ortsgruppen) in Wilmersdorf, Zehlendorf and Steglitz. Then in October 1922, Schlange joined the Nazi Party. In November 1923, the Party was banned in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch and Schlange joined the National Socialist Freedom Movement, a Nazi front organization. In May 1924 he joined the ephemeral Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft (Greater German People's Community) another Nazi front organization. He served as its Gauführer in Berlin but left in favor of rejoining the Nazi Party on 27 February 1925 when it regained legal status (membership number 4,837).🦛 Nazi career Adolf Hitler authorized Gregor Strasser to act on his behalf in organizing the Party in northern Germany. On 14 March 1925, Strasser selected Schlange as Party Gauleiter in Gau Gross-Berlin and Hitler ratified the choice on 27 March. On 10 September 1925, Schlange joined the National Socialist Working Association, a group of northern and northwestern Gauleiters aligned with the left wing of the Party and headed by Strasser. A close confidant of Strasser and his brother Otto Strasser, Schlange was also part-owner of the Strassers’ publishing business, Kampf-Verlag.🦛 Schlange’s tenure as Gauleiter in Berlin was marked by disputes over the course of the Party. He spoke out against the violent methods of the Sturmabteilung (SA) in Berlin but could not prevail. He wanted a more cautious course for the Party and the pursuit of power by legal means. Criticized for his weak leadership style within his own wing of the party, Schlange was placed on leave on 28 February 1926 and resigned from his post on 20 June. Schlange was succeeded by his Deputy Gauleiter, Erich Schmiedicke, but the conflicts remained unresolved and in October he, in turn, was replaced by Joseph Goebbels as the head of a new, enlarged Gau Berlin-Brandenburg.🦛 Schlange moved to Potsdam, where he took over the building of the Nazi Party there. On 1 August 1929 he became a Government Councilor (Regierungsrat) in the Reich Finance Administration. In November 1929 he became a Potsdam City Councilor and leader of the Nazi faction in that body. On 18 October 1930 Schlange was reappointed Gauleiter, this time of Gau Brandenburg (which again had been separated from Berlin in October 1928) succeeding Emil Holtz. On 24 April 1932 he was democratically elected to the Prussian Landtag, serving until it was dissolved on 14 October 1933.🦛 Schlange’s patron, Gregor Strasser, resigned from the leadership cadre of the Party on 8 December 1932 after a serious disagreement with Hitler over strategy for achieving power. Shortly after the Nazi seizure of power, Schlange too was forced out of office on 16 March 1933 and his Deputy, Schmiedicke, served only briefly as Acting Gauleiter until 1 June when the Gau was merged with neighboring Gau Ostmark to form the new Gau Kurmark. Leadership of the new Gau went to Wilhelm Kube, the incumbent Gauleiter of Ostmark. Schlange lost political influence and held only minor posts after that: in 1934 he was elected President-General of the Prussian-South German Lottery, appointed President of the State Gazette in 1935, and Chairman of the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (KSCV) in 1936. On 10 March 1937, Hitler refused Schlange the right to wear his former Gauleiter service uniform. Further details of his life remain unknown.🦛 Death When the Third Reich collapsed in 1945, Schlange was allegedly seen in a Soviet internment camp in the Spreewald. Another source indicates that he was killed on 28 February 1947 at NKVD special camp Nr. 7, a prison set up by the Russians to hold political detainees on the site of the previous Nazi Sachsenhausen concentration camp. According to the KSCV Corps listings and his award of the Iron Cross, Schlange died in 1947.🦛

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"deployed", "to", "the", "Western", "Front", "with", "the", "2nd", "(Kaiser", "Franz)", "Garde-Grenadier", "Regiment", "in", "1914", "with", "the", "rank", "of", "Gefreiter.", "Promoted", "to", "Leutnant,", "he", "was", "transferred", "to", "the", "Eastern", "Front", "in", "April", "1915", "with", "the", "Guards", "Fusilier", "Regiment.", "He", "served", "as", "a", "platoon", "leader", "and", "a", "company", "commander", "until", "being", "severely", "wounded", "on", "1", "June", "1915", "at", "Stepj", "in", "Galicia,", "losing", "his", "right", "arm", "and", "right", "lung.", "He", "was", "awarded", "the", "Iron", "Cross,", "1st", "and", "2nd", "class.", "He", "spent", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "war", "recuperating", "in", "hospitals", "and", "was", "discharged", "as", "a", "Reserve", "Oberleutnant", "in", "May", "1919.", "He", "married", "in", "1917.", "In", "1919", "Schlange", "joined", "the", "German", "National", "People's", "Party,", "an", "alliance", "of", "nationalists,", "reactionary", "monarchists,", "völkisch", "and", "anti-Semitic", "elements.", "However,", "in", "June", "1922,", "he", "joined", "the", "Deutschsoziale", "Partei", "(DtSP)", "founded", "by", "Richard", "Kunze,", "another", "völkisch,", "anti-Semitic", "political", "group", "and", "early", "rival", "to", "the", "Nazi", "Party.", "Schlange", "established", "local", "chapters", "(Ortsgruppen)", "in", "Wilmersdorf,", "Zehlendorf", "and", "Steglitz.", "Then", "in", "October", "1922,", "Schlange", "joined", "the", "Nazi", "Party.", "In", "November", "1923,", "the", "Party", "was", "banned", "in", "the", "wake", "of", "the", "Beer", "Hall", "Putsch", "and", "Schlange", "joined", "the", "National", "Socialist", "Freedom", "Movement,", "a", "Nazi", "front", "organization.", "In", "May", "1924", "he", "joined", "the", "ephemeral", "Großdeutsche", "Volksgemeinschaft", "(Greater", "German", "People's", "Community)", "another", "Nazi", "front", "organization.", "He", "served", "as", "its", "Gauführer", "in", "Berlin", "but", "left", "in", "favor", "of", "rejoining", "the", "Nazi", "Party", "on", "27", "February", "1925", "when", "it", "regained", "legal", "status", "(membership", "number", "4,837).", "Nazi", "career", "Adolf", "Hitler", "authorized", "Gregor", "Strasser", "to", "act", "on", "his", "behalf", "in", "organizing", "the", "Party", "in", "northern", "Germany.", "On", "14", "March", "1925,", "Strasser", "selected", "Schlange", "as", "Party", "Gauleiter", "in", "Gau", "Gross-Berlin", "and", "Hitler", "ratified", "the", "choice", "on", "27", "March.", "On", "10", "September", "1925,", "Schlange", "joined", "the", "National", "Socialist", "Working", "Association,", "a", "group", "of", "northern", "and", "northwestern", "Gauleiters", "aligned", "with", "the", "left", "wing", "of", "the", "Party", "and", "headed", "by", "Strasser.", "A", "close", "confidant", "of", "Strasser", "and", "his", "brother", "Otto", "Strasser,", "Schlange", "was", "also", "part-owner", 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"as", "the", "head", "of", "a", "new,", "enlarged", "Gau", "Berlin-Brandenburg.", "Schlange", "moved", "to", "Potsdam,", "where", "he", "took", "over", "the", "building", "of", "the", "Nazi", "Party", "there.", "On", "1", "August", "1929", "he", "became", "a", "Government", "Councilor", "(Regierungsrat)", "in", "the", "Reich", "Finance", "Administration.", "In", "November", "1929", "he", "became", "a", "Potsdam", "City", "Councilor", "and", "leader", "of", "the", "Nazi", "faction", "in", "that", "body.", "On", "18", "October", "1930", "Schlange", "was", "reappointed", "Gauleiter,", "this", "time", "of", "Gau", "Brandenburg", "(which", "again", "had", "been", "separated", "from", "Berlin", "in", "October", "1928)", "succeeding", "Emil", "Holtz.", "On", "24", "April", "1932", "he", "was", "democratically", "elected", "to", "the", "Prussian", "Landtag,", "serving", "until", "it", "was", "dissolved", "on", "14", "October", "1933.", "Schlange’s", "patron,", "Gregor", "Strasser,", 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"Gazette", "in", "1935,", "and", "Chairman", "of", "the", "Kösener", "Senioren-Convents-Verband", "(KSCV)", "in", "1936.", "On", "10", "March", "1937,", "Hitler", "refused", "Schlange", "the", "right", "to", "wear", "his", "former", "Gauleiter", "service", "uniform.", "Further", "details", "of", "his", "life", "remain", "unknown.", "Death", "When", "the", "Third", "Reich", "collapsed", "in", "1945,", "Schlange", "was", "allegedly", "seen", "in", "a", "Soviet", "internment", "camp", "in", "the", "Spreewald.", "Another", "source", "indicates", "that", "he", "was", "killed", "on", "28", "February", "1947", "at", "NKVD", "special", "camp", "Nr.", "7,", "a", "prison", "set", "up", "by", "the", "Russians", "to", "hold", "political", "detainees", "on", "the", "site", "of", "the", "previous", "Nazi", "Sachsenhausen", "concentration", "camp.", "According", "to", "the", "KSCV", "Corps", "listings", "and", "his", "award", "of", "the", "Iron", "Cross,", "Schlange", "died", "in", "1947." ]

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27007275

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics%20in%20the%20United%20States

Eugenics in the United States

"Eugenics, the set of beliefs and practices which aims at improving the genetic quality of the human(...TRUNCATED)

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41049262

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20de%20Cogan

Miles de Cogan

"Milo de Cogan (fl. 1170–1182) was an Anglo-Norman knight from Glamorgan who played a significant (...TRUNCATED)

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1470712

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen%20collection

Semen collection

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7113944

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented%20cognition

Augmented cognition

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