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Sprouting avocado seeds by suspending them in water with toothpicks speeds seed germination. Roots develop first, followed by a sprout that grows upward to form the stalk and foliage of the plant. Generally grown inside the home as a houseplant during the winter and summered outside in pots, avocado plants can be grown in the soil in areas where temperatures remain above freezing during the winter. However, avocado trees grown from seed do not produce fruit true to the parent plant and will not produce avocados for up to 20 years. For this reason, avocado plants are typically grown as novelty houseplants. Observe the roots of your avocado seed carefully. When roots reach a length of 2 to 3 inches, it is time to transplant your avocado seed to a plant pot. Fill a 6- to 8-inch pot half full with a mixture of one part potting soil or garden loam, one part perlite or vermiculite and one part peat moss. This makes a lightweight soil that allows for good aeration and promotes adequate drainage. Garden loam or potting soil alone compacts easily with repeated watering, making it unsuitable for a growing medium in containers. Position the avocado seed so that the roots spread out in the soil and the top of the seed rests flush with the top of the soil. Fill in around the roots with potting medium and firm down the soil gently with your hands, using care not to injure the roots. This removes air pockets in the soil and secures the avocado plant. Water thoroughly until water runs freely through the bottom of the pot. Keep soil moist, but not soggy, by watering once or twice a week when the soil dries to the touch. Place your avocado plant in bright light from an eastern or western window. Fertilize once a month with houseplant fertilizer. Things You Will Need
- Plant pot, 6 to 8 inch
- Potting soil
- Peat moss
- Houseplant fertilizer
- To plant sprouted avocado seeds in the soil in a frost-free area, dig a hole in prepared soil to the depth of the root system and approximately twice a wide. Ease the plant into the hole so the roots spread out in the soil. Fill in around the roots with fresh soil and firm down with your hands to secure the avocado plant. - The roots of the avocado are brittle and easily injured. Use caution not to damage the root system when transplanting the germinated seed. - Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images
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A slit, notch, or cut made by an ax, saw, blade, or cutting torch, or the width of such a space made by such tools. Sometimes, the first mark of this sort which establishes where the tool could go from there. Historically a kerf was made in wood, but today, a slit, notch, or cut made in metal, plastic, or another comparable material might also be called a kerf. A series of (usually parallel) kerfs are sometimes placed in a material in order to bend it, relieve stress, or prevent distortion. Kerfs have been used in bookbinding. This word, sometimes (although rarely) spelled "cerf," came to us from the same prehistoric word from which now have the word "carve. "Also see corrugate, crosscut saw, circular saw, declivity, hacksaw, miter, mortise, pleat, and ripsaw.
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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2008 October 9
Explanation: Massive stars lie within NGC 6357, an expansive emission nebula complex some 8,000 light-years away in the tail of the constellation Scorpius. In fact, positioned just below center in this close-up view of NGC 6357, star cluster Pismis 24 includes some of the most massive stars known in the galaxy, stars with over 100 times the mass of the Sun. The nebula's bright central region also contains dusty pillars of molecular gas, likely hiding massive protostars from the prying eyes of optical instruments. Intricate shapes in the nebula are carved by interstellar winds and energetic radiation from the young and newly forming massive stars. This alluring telescopic view spans just under 50 light-years at the estimated distance of NGC 6357. Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply. A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
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Ischemic heart diseases are the infamous leading cause of death, accounting for as much as 16% of the total number of deaths worldwide (according to the 2019 WHO report). Myocardial infarction is a life-threatening condition that forces us to seek medical care and hospitalizetion. The unexpected and short stay in the hospital saves lives, but what after that? Including VR therapy in the necessary cardiac rehabilitation helps the patients deal with the challenges of post-infarction reality. Patients with past myocardial infarction are confronted with fear. Fear for their own life. Even when the pain and symptoms of the episode itself are long gone, the fear and the question, “Will the heart attack happen again? ” remain. The feeling of a looming threat of another heart attack is obviously worrying. The minimized hospitalization time of heart attack patients is also not conducive to taking care of the patient’s mental sphere. Virtual Reality therapy can assist patients in rehabilitation following a heart attack in coping with accompanying anxiety and depression. Anxiety after a “heart attack”, albeit understandable, inhibits the healing process. Virtual Reality, which, when properly created, has a positive effect on the patient’s mental state, enabling the achievement of better effects of cardiac rehabilitation and thus forming and effective therapeutic aid. VR TierOne virtual therapy calms down, reduces anxiety, stress and motivates patients to fight for themselves. The patient’s motivation is of particular importances, preventing the patients from withdrawing from life and giving them the readiness to change these of their habits, which may lead them to another heart attack in the future. A patient motivated to rehabilitate is more willing to cooperate with therapists, which is beneficial for both parties. Motivation is what puts the patient on the right path to recovery. A heart attack causes a wave of disordered emotions, when suddenly many aspects of the patient’s life must change: the diet, physical activity and the response to stressful situations in everyday life. Virtual therapy reduces mental tension, helping to develop ways of coping with stress. Stress delays recovery, and depression is a significant risk factor mentioned by both the American and European Cardiac Societies (AHA and ESC), increasing the incidence and mortality of cardiac diseases. Most patients are aware of the disastrous effects stress has on their hearts. Finding the time and place to introduce oneself in the condition of deep relaxation may prove challenging. The friendly virtual space gives us the possibility of finding a comfortable location to relax. Here and now, the chaos of external world disappears, and so do the unfamiliar walls and gazes. The racing thoughts and health concerns are gradually replaced by concentration and peace. The patient no longer solely a passive observer, but an active participant of the virtual therapy. Inclusion of VR therapy in myocardial infarct rehabilitation, through the experience of deep relaxation, enables to keep the stress under control and lowers the blood pressure. Furthermore it is also so that the use of Virtual Reality makes the stay in medical facilities to be perceived as a more pleasant experience. This alternative form of therapy is effective, painless, improves mood and facilitates recovery. VR TierOne therapy will surely win the hearts of your patients.
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Yesterday I was discussing how I didn't include any graphs on my Geometry final because I wanted it to double as a possible computerized test, and graphs are hard to draw on the computer. This is ironic because the very same day, Dan Meyer's post is all about drawing graphs on the computer:
Meyer begins by linking to a New York Times article that discusses the relationship between parental income and children's college attendance. Here is the article:
But Meyer's post has nothing to do with poverty or the achievement gap. Instead, he discusses how technology can be used to improve how math is taught. First of all, the New York Times article doesn't merely give the relationship. Instead, readers have to graph what they think the relationship is before they can proceed with the article. Dan Meyer writes about why he likes the way this New York Times article can be made into a lesson:
You can always ask a student to move higher but it’s difficult to ask a student to move lower, forgetting what they’ve already seen. You can always ask for precisely plotted points of a model on a coordinate plane. But once you ask for them you can’t unask for them. You can’t then ask the question, “What might the model look like? ” Because they’re looking at what the model looks like. So the Times asks you to sketch the relationship before showing you the precise graph. That isn’t just their intuition about learning. It’s Lisa Kasmer’s research. And it won’t happen in a print textbook. We eventually need students to see the answer graph and whereas the Times webpage can progressively disclose the answer graph, putting up a wall until you commit to a sketch, a paper textbook lacks a mechanism for preventing you from moving ahead and seeing the answer. This isn’t just great digital pedagogy, it’s great pedagogy. You can and should ask students to sketch relationships without any technology at all. But the digital sketch offers some incredible advantages over the same sketch in pencil. The lesson is the same but it is presented differently and responsively from student to student. I watched an adult experience this lesson yesterday, and while she read the personalized paragraph with interest, she only skimmed the later prefabricated paragraphs. It should go without saying that print textbooks are entirely prefabricated. Since the relationship turns out to be linear, this lesson is geared more towards an Algebra I class than a Geometry class. But one of Meyer's commenters mentions how this can apply to Geometry:
right off the bat, multiple transformations with either
1 mapping rules or
2 dynamic geometry commands. 1 mapping rules or
2 dynamic geometry commands. Is it in the correct quadrant? proximate in size? orientation? So both Dan Meyer and the commenter Travis seem to think that having the students draw graphs on the computer is a good idea. Yesterday, I argued against graphing because I knew that many Common Core opponents don't like how students have to draw graphs on the computer. Here's a link to a webpage from Mathforum (no, it's not Dr. John Conway, but a Dr. Steven Rasmussen), where the author criticizes the SBAC computerized math exam:
In this article, we see that Rasmussen isn't opposed to computerized testing per se, but only the way that SBAC does it. He begins by reviewing some of the tenth grade questions -- which is interesting, since SBAC is only given in grades 3-8 and 11, not to sophomores. Anyway, the first question requires students to plot a fraction on a 1D number line:
Then, as I went to indicate my answers, I was simply confused by the technology I was seeing. The “innovative” technology here is a dynamic number line—a digital manipulative familiar to me for which I’ve developed many compelling applications while working with The Geometer’s Sketchpad, and which I know has a deep research pedigree going back at least to Paul Goldenberg’s Dynagraphs project. But Question 1 has nothing to do with elementary number theory, proportion, continuity, the real numbers, or any of the other mathematical concepts that dynamic number lines are productively used for. The problem simply tests a procedural skill—division of mixed numbers—and the dynamic number line is used only as a mechanism for filling in a blank with a specific value, and a whole number value at that. This was supposed to be an innovative use of mathematics technology? The technology “enhancement” has nothing whatsoever to do with the actual problem. A multiple-choice response would serve this question perfectly well. So Rasmussen questions why a graph is even needed at all for a simple division problem. The second equation involves circles that are tangent to each other -- and there is no graph at all for this one:
Give me a grid and a circle-drawing tool if I am to show circles on a coordinate plane! Let me use a dynamic-dragging representation—like the one they misused in Question 1—to drag a dynamic circle to its correct position and size on a given coordinate system. Asking students to communicate their thinking should be done in fair and appropriate contexts. This one is neither. So whereas Question 1 should not have had a graph but does anyway, Question 2 should have had a graph yet doesn't! And this goes on and on. Of course, we can't quite compare Meyer's use of computers in a lesson to the SBAC's use of computers on a test. But the point has been made -- using computer technology in education is good when it is done correctly. We should not be surprised, then, when Common Core opponents say that they'd rather just give the test with good ol' pencil and paper than with the SBAC interface. Here is a replacement page for the test that I posted yesterday. I changed the last three questions so that they are now Representations questions, one each from Chapters 1, 4, and 6. They are written in multiple-choice format for a final, but these can be conceivably converted to computer format in the manner described by Meyer and Rasmussen. The answer key is the same as the originally posted test.
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Recent years have seen many islands and other coastal areas begin to disappear because of rising sea levels, flooding, or erosion related to anthropogenic climate change. Last week, the news was that the Alaskan village of Kivalina is likely to be inundated within ten years from rising sea levels, forcing its 400 Inuit inhabitants to look for another place to live. Anthropogenic climate change affects all forms of lives globally, but the related suffering of indigenous peoples is a reoccurring theme. The injustice of this phenomenon is reflected in three areas. First, indigenous peoples bear a disproportionate share of the impacts despite their scant contribution to the causes. Their livelihoods are largely based on subsistence hunting, fishing, or gathering. Nevertheless, because they tend to live in areas particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, their low carbon footprint does not help them in a global context, where more destructive practices are present. Second, indigenous peoples have a close relationship with their environment, which is sometimes seen as a source of business opportunities given the high biodiversity, dense vegetation, fertile land, and the like. Such environments are susceptible to irreversible changes caused by irresponsible practices such as plantation development, large-scale logging, and overfishing by outsiders. When irrevocable losses occur, resilience to climate change impacts is further reduced. Third, many adaptation and mitigation measures, such as dam-building and biofuels promotion, have serious consequences for indigenous peoples. Many indigenous peoples are climigrants—that is, they must leave their homes because of the impacts of climate change. Many others are facing the same situation. Climigrants are not sufficiently protected under current international refugee law, human rights law, humanitarian law, or environmental law and are also likely to be involved in conflicts in their new locations. They are thus rather vulnerable. Vulnerability may be even higher for indigenous peoples, given that their rights to land are generally governed by a customary tenure system—characterized by collective ownership and undocumented traditional occupation and use—that may not always be recognized by all states. Thus they may not be able to get the same access to new land. Moreover, because it is connected to the old habitat, their identity comes under threat when the connection is lost. Indigenous peoples’ lack of influence is reflected in terms of both their protection from the impacts of climate change and their power to guide climate-related decision-making. Regarding the protection, proposals have been made for legal instruments targeted at climigrants, such as the Protocol on Recognition, Protection and Resettlement of Climate Refugees proposed by the Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research.
A plethora of instruments also recognize indigenous rights, most notably the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Nonetheless, currently no international or domestic law protects indigenous peoples from the destruction of their lands or livelihoods resulting from climate change. Some initiatives undertaken in this regard include small island states, fearful of losing their national sovereignty, turning to fora such as the International Court of Justice to seek their right to protection. In addition, at the Climate Change Conference in 2011, the alliance of Pacific Small Island Developing States called for legally binding mitigation commitments for non-Kyoto parties, in order to complement the Kyoto Protocol.
Regarding indigenous peoples’ power, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development emphasizes the vital role indigenous peoples have in environmental management and development on the basis of their knowledge and traditional practices, and that states should recognize and support their identity, culture, and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable development. Twenty-one years on, however, indigenous peoples still lack influence in climate-related decision-making, such as the UNFCCC negotiations. Because they do not have such influence, opportunities are missed: indigenous peoples have pertinent local knowledge, potentially cost-effective solutions, and relevant historical records that could be instrumental for combatting climate change, not to mention a legitimate voice. For example, the Luo community in the Lake Victoria basin anticipates disasters and adapts farming practices accordingly by monitoring indicators such as animal behavior and atmospheric changes. Indigenous peoples’ ability to predict natural hazards could help local authorities issue early warnings to increase public preparedness and save lives. Today is the International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples. This year’s theme is “Indigenous Peoples Building Alliances: Honoring Treaties, Agreements and Other Constructive Arrangements.” Recognizing indigenous peoples’ rights to their lands and resources, which are threatened by climate change, is an important part of honoring the treaties, agreements, and other constructive arrangements. States could do so by providing indigenous peoples the opportunity to formulate plans, giving them the chance to say yes or no to any pre-formulated plan through free, prior, and informed consent, and accommodating any special interest they might have on the basis of their collective identities. To close with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon’s message for the day, “We must ensure the participation of indigenous peoples—women and men—in decision-making at all levels. This includes discussions on accelerating action towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and defining the post-2015 development agenda. ” Indigenous peoples should be entitled to the same rights other citizens enjoy. Similarly, indigenous peoples’ knowledge should not be viewed as inferior to mainstream science. If knowledge is power, then indigenous peoples need to join decision-making in a transparent, inclusive, and participatory manner, endowed with the power to determine not just the process but also the outcome. Only then can relationships be improved between indigenous peoples and states, optimal results be achieved in devising genuine solutions for climate change, and solutions be properly implemented.
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The Nature of Reasoning
Robert J. Sternberg, Jacqueline P. Leighton
Cambridge University Press, 2004 - Psychology - 470 pages
We are bombarded with information - press releases, television news, internet websites, and office memos, just to name a few - on a daily basis. However, the important conclusions that may or need to be inferred from such information are typically not provided. We must draw the conclusions by ourselves. How do we draw these conclusions? This 2004 book addresses how we reason to reach sensible conclusions. The purpose of this book is to organise in one volume what is known about reasoning, such as its structural prerequisites, its mechanisms, its susceptibility to pragmatic influences, its pitfalls, and the bases for its development. Given that reasoning underlies so many of our intellectual activities - when we learn, criticise, analyse, judge, infer, evaluate, optimise, apply, discover, imagine, devise, and create - we stand to gain a great deal if we can learn to define, operate, apply, and nurture our reasoning. What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. Defining and Describing Reason
Reasoning and Brain Function
Working Memory and Reasoning
The Role of Prior Belief in Reasoning
Strategies and Knowledge Representation
Mental Models and Reasoning
MentalLogic Theory What It Proposes and Reasons to Take This Proposal Seriously
Cognitive Heuristics Reasoning the Fast and Frugal Way
The Assessment of Logical Reasoning
The Development of Deductive Reasoning
The Evolution of Reasoning
Individual Differences in Thinking Reasoning and Decision Making
What do We Know about the Nature of Reasoning? Heuristics and Reasoning I Making Deduction Simple
Other editions - View all
ability abstract applied argument behavior Braine Cambridge cards categorical syllogisms central executive chapter chefs are artists Cognitive Science conditional reasoning confirmation bias consider context Cosmides Cummins deductive reasoning deontic developmental diagrams domain effect Erlbaum evaluate Evans evidence evolutionary example Experimental Psychology false formal Gigerenzer Girotto heuristics human reasoning hypothesis identify individual differences induction inferences interpretation Journal of Experimental Kahneman learning logical reasoning Manktelow Markovits match meaning memory mental logic mental models mental-logic theory model theory modus ponens modus tollens Newstead normative not-q O'Brien Oaksford participants pattern performance phonological loop possible pragmatic predicted presented procedures proof theory propositions Psychological Review quantifiers rationality reasoning tasks recognition heuristic relevant representations role rule schemas selection task shortcuts social spatial specific Stanovich Sternberg strategies studies syllogistic reasoning tion true truth table Tversky University Press valid conclusion visual Wason Wason selection task
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The flashcards below were created by user
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
The Nervous System is split into 2 parts, what are they? - Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What body parts are included in the Central Nervous System (CNS)? What is the input and the output of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) called? - Input - Afferent Information
- Output - Efferent Information
What senses are part of afferent information? - Somatic senses
- Special senses
- Visceral senses
What are the 2 types of efferent information? - Somatic - voluntary
- Autonomic - involuntary
What are the 2 categories of the autonomic PNS? Whatpart of the PNS is responsible for Fight or Flight? What are the cells of the Nervous System? - Neurons (10%)
- Glial Cells (90%)
What is the role of Neurons? - Excitable cells
- Functional units of CNS
- Transmit electrical impulses/signals
Electrical Signals = Action Potentials
What are the components of Neurons? Soma - nucleus, organelles
Dendrites - receive info from other neurons
- Axon - transmit action potentials
- - Axon Hillock - axon origin, where action potentials initiated
- - Axon Terminal - releases neurotransmitters
Site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ
What are the properties of leak channels in neurons? - Always open
- Ion movement based on the concentration gradient
- Throughout the neuron
- Maintain resting membrane potential
What are the properties of ligand-gated channels in neurons? - Open or closed in response to ligand binding
- Ion movement down concentration gradient
- Located on dendrites and cell body
- Synaptic potentials
What are the properties of voltage-gate channels? Open/close in response to change in Vm
- 2 types:
- Na+/K+ channels
- Calcium channels
Where are Na+/K+ channels located and what do they maintain? - Throughout, more in axon (hillock)
- Action Potentials
Where are calcium channels located and what do they maintain? - Axon terminal
- Release of neurotransmitter
What are the structural classes of neurons? What are the functional classes of neurons? - Afferent neurons
- Efferent neurons
What is the structural organization of neurons? Lowest level to highest level. Nuclei < Pathways and tracts < Commissures < Ganglia < Nerves
What are the different types of glial cells? - Astrocytes (star-shaped cells)
- Ependymal Cells
- Schwann Cells
What are properties of Oligodendrocytes? - 1 oligodendrocyte forms several myelin sheaths which myelinate sections of several axons
What are properties of Schwann Cells? - 1 Schwann Cell forms one myelin sheath which myelinates one section of an axon
What is the resting membrane potential (in mV) and why does it exist? - ~ -70 mV
- More negative charges inside cell and more positive charges outside cell
What 2 factors are critical in determining resting membrane potential? - Ion concentration gradients
- Membrane permeability to these ions - ion channels
What percent of the RMP is directly due to the Na/K-ATPase and why? . . . indirectly? 20% - 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in: net 1+ out
80% - Produces concentration gradient: Na high outside, K high inside
How is K+ equilibrium potential reached? - K+ diffuses out of the cell (chemical force out)
- Inside of cell becomes more negative
- K+ is pulled back into the cell (electrical force in)
- Elec/Chem forces eventually equal eachother at -94 mV
How is Na+ equilibrium potential reached? - Na+ diffuses into the cell (chemical force in)
- Inside of cell becomes less negative
- Na+ is pushed out of cell (electrical force out)
- Elec/Chem forces eventually equal eachother at +60 mV
What is the difference in K+ and Na+ permeability in a typical neuron? Membrane is 25x more permeable to K+
How are the ions distributed inside/outside a neuron cell? - Inside: K+, organic anions
- Outside: Na+, Cl-
Describe the process of establishing a resting membrane potential. - Chemical driving forces - K+ out, Na+ in
- Membrane more permeable to K+
- More K+ leave cell than Na+ enters
- Inside of cell becomes more negative
- Electrical forces develop - Na+ in, K+ in
- K+ outflow slows, Na+ inflow speeds
- Steady state develops - Na+ inflow = K+ outflow
- RMP of a neuron = -70 mV
What maintains the RMP? How do Na+ and K+ move in/out of a neuron at rest? - Small Na+ leak (high force, low permeability)
- Small K+ leak (low force, high permeability)
- Sodium pump returns Na+ & K+ to maintain gradients
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In my years as a tour guide here at HMNS I encountered a lot of good questions. Most of the time the simplest questions were the best ones, like “what is a dinosaur? “. It’s a simple question but it has a complicated answer. For most people, the only prerequisite for being a dinosaur is being scary, scaly and ancient. But in fact, there are lots of scary and scaly animals that are not dinosaurs and some dinosaurs that aren’t scary or scaly! Don’t even get me started on ancient. The exhibits in our Morian Hall of Paleontology are arranged by time period and dinosaurs don’t even show up until half way through the hall. The first half is dedicated to a host of fascinating ancient creatures that ruled the world long before dinosaurs existed! So what does make a dinosaur? Well the most obvious difference is the hips! Broadly speaking, there are two types of dinosaurs: bird-hipped (ornithischian) and lizard-hipped (saurischian) dinosaurs. Both of these hip structures do something that reptile and amphibian hip structures cannot; they allow the animal to stand on top of its legs. Look at the model of Dimetrodon from our hall pictured below:
Notice that its legs are splayed out to the sides of the animal. This leg posture is similar to what you see in reptiles like crocodiles and Komodo dragons. Dinosaurs are different, they walked much like modern mammals do. If you’re wondering why dinosaurs share this seemingly random similarity with mammals, the answer is because dinosaurs filled many of the same ecological niches that mammals do today. Some were predators, others prey, some insectivores and others scavengers. So it makes sense that even though the animals are so distantly related to us, they would still evolve similar features that help them do their job better, like run fast, jump or simply travel further. And that’s not all we might have in common with dinosaurs! Paleontologists are debating whether some dinosaurs were homeothermic (warm blooded). Here’s a list of some of the animals in our Morian Hall of Paleontology that are often mistaken for dinosaurs:
Pterosaurs, like the quetzalccoatlus’ pictured above, are archosaurs. Archocaurs are an interesting bunch, the group includes all the relatives of birds and crocodiles. The bird side of the family includes dinosaurs, pterosuars and a few others. but that’s where the relationship between pterosaurs and dinosaurs ends. The earliest pterosaurs begin to show up in the fossil record during the late Triassic, 225 million years ago, around the same time that dinosaurs show up, but they possess a number of skeletal differences. Their wing structures are very different from birds, who did evolve from dinosaurs. Pterosaurs basically fly with their pinkys; their last digit growing very long (several feet long in larger species) to support the wing. They were the first animals other than insects to evolve powered flight. Postosuchus and Desmatosuchus
Postosuchus and desmatosuchus are on the crocodile side of the archosaur family. Notice the bony-looking scutes on desmatosuchus’ back (animal on the right), those are the same types of structures that crocodiles have on their backs. Postosuchus (to the left) was a predator who lived a life somewhat like dinosaur predators like Allosaurus would later live, but the hip structure of postosuchus only allows it to walk on two legs for short distances, perhaps just long enough to leap into the back of its prey. Here we can see how seemingly small skeletal differences between dinosaurs and their distant archosaur cousins can have a major impact on the animal’s lifestyle and appearance. Archosaur means “ruling reptile” and during the Triassic period these animals indeed ruled the world until an extinction event at the end of the Triassic wiped out a huge number of archosaur species. Afterwards it was the time of the dinosaurs, before then a relatively minor group, to rule. Dinosaurs may have learned to fly, but they didn’t swim in the ocean. Plesiosaurs belong to a group of reptiles that evolved to live in the oceans called sauroptegerians. Pleisiousaurs reached their peak in the Jurassic period, but their lineage can be traced back to the early Triassic, long before dinosaurs even evolved. Tylosarus is part of a group of marine reptiles that show up in the second half of the Cretaceous called mososaurs. They are not related to plesiosaurs, in fact they preyed upon their long-necked counterparts, and also fish, sharks, sea birds, other mososaurs, and pretty much any other living thing that crossed their path. They had an extra row of teeth in the roof of their mouth which helped pull their prey down their throat.
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. In Bolivia, Carmen* fled to her university's bathrooms to escape the relentless verbal abuse of her boyfriend. UNFPA photographed one of these bathrooms after Carmen told her story to university researchers Gender-based violence / Violence is often associated only with physical violence, neglecting other nonphysical forms . Violence is a complex issue and categorising different types of violence can never be exact
Gender-Based Violence Concepts, Methods, and Findings NANCY FELIPE RUSSO AND ANGELA PIRLOTT Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Arizona, USA ABSTRACT: The United Nations has identified gender-based violence against women as a global health and development issue, and a host of policies, public education, and action programs aimed at reducing gender-based violence have been. Editor's Note: In 2016, StoryCenter began a partnership with Grassroot Soccer South Africa, to support young women living in Cape Town's largest township, Khayelitsha, in telling stories and taking the lead on speaking out about gender-based violence and women's rights. This month, in recognition of the global 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence, we share excerpts from. Physical gender-based violence is any action that causes physical harm to someone because of their gender. Some examples include punching, kicking, burning, or cutting. Female genital mutilation is also a type of physical gender-based violence Gender-based violence involves power imbalances where, most often, men are the perpetrators and women the victims. During this session we will explore in detail the causes and contributing factors of gender-based violence, various effects of gender-based violence on victim This type of violence is due to gender norms and stereotypes. It can include verbal abuse, bullying, sexual abuse, harassment and other types of violence. SRGBV is widely spread around the world and is common in many societies. Millions of children and families suffer from this type of violence
. UNFPA puts every effort into enabling women to speak out against gender-based violence, and to get help when they are victims of it. The Fund is also committed to keeping gender-based violence in the spotlight as a major health and human rights concern Gender-based violence is a phenomenon deeply rooted in gender inequality, and continues to be one of the most notable human rights violations within all societies. Gender-based violence is violence directed against a person because of their gender. Both women and men experience gender-based violence but the majority of victims are women and girls Gender-based violence occurs in all parts of the world, but the risk is higher where violence is normalised and where rigid concepts of gender exist. In many cultures, violence towards girls and young women is accepted as a social norm. This must be challenged as a matter of urgency, and the blame, shame and stigma faced by victims must be. One element requiring attention is gender-based violence, which continues to be a serious threat in the US, impacting many women and girls. While most often referring to violence in the context of sexual assault, domestic and intimate partner violence, and human trafficking, anthropologists have recently called for an expanded understanding of. Cisgender women are not alone as victims of sexual and gender-based violence. Trans, queer, and gender-nonconforming individuals also find themselves the targets of intimate partner and sexual violence as well as forms of oppression and harm, such as outing, that are predicated on queer gender identities This can include gender norms and role expectations specific to a society as well as situational power imbalances and inequities. Gender-based violence can impact anyone, and can include intimate partner and family violence, elder abuse, sexual violence, stalking and human trafficking Forms of abuse can range from physical, emotional and sexual to the outright denial of freedom, resources and services. In some communities, harmful customs can also result in large numbers of people experiencing gender based violence, such as early marriage or female genital mutilation (FGM) Examples of IPV and non-partner sexual violence that affect the world of work include: and can have significant implications. Gender-based violence in the workplace should be prohibited; policies, programme, legislation and other measures, as appropriate, should be implemented to prevent it. The workplace is a suitable location for. There are various forms of gender-based violence against women in every society. For instance, an intimate partner violence is the most common one where women who are currently or were previously in a relationship tend to experience Examples of violence committed by individuals include; rape, sexual harassment, sexual coercion, forced prostitution, domestic violence, prenatal selection, female infanticide. In some places, the state (or ruling group) may allow (or fail to control) acts of gender-based violence. Examples of these acts of violence include Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is widespread in all parts of the world today. Such violence overwhelmingly affects women and girls, though men and boys experience abuse too. SGBV is rooted in gender inequality, discrimination and power imbalances. It often happens in the home or other familiar settings and thus may be hidden from view
638 gender based violence stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty-free. See gender based violence stock video clips. of 7. times up movement pussyhat stop woman violence protection against violence not violence base concrete physical threat pink time no violence against women young girl victim Gender-Based Violence and Male Privilege. 10/15/2015 02:17 pm ET Updated Dec 06, 2017 By Kim Susser, Many recent examples covered by the media demonstrate how social norms, sometimes referred to as male privilege, underlie gender-based violent crimes
School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) affects millions of children, families and communities. It involves acts or threats of sexual, physical or psychological violence occurring in and around schools, perpetrated because of gender norms and stereotypes, and enforced by unequal power dynamics Violence against women and girls is one of the most prevalent human rights violations in the world. It knows no social, economic or national boundaries. Worldwide, an estimated one in three women will experience physical or sexual abuse in her lifetime. Gender-based violence undermines the health, dignity, security and autonomy of its victims, yet it remains shrouded in a culture of silence Within this work, significant attention has been paid to expanding support to countries and settings where conflict or disasters have intensified risks of gender-based violence. For example, in Syria, health providers and health organizations have been engaged towards facilitating appropriate care and protection Racialized and gender-based violence has no place in our society, law, or institutions, and we need structural solutions to address this. President Biden announced one such effort, with the reinstatement of the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, charged with focusing on gender-based violence Harmful norms sustaining gender-based violence include notions of a man's authority over female behavior, as well as the acceptance of wife beating. These norms are upheld not only by men, but also by women themselves. Attitudes and Norms Can Condone Intimate Partner Violence
The United Nations has identified gender-based violence against women as a global health and development issue, and a host of policies, public education, and action programs aimed at reducing. Violence against women (VAW), also known as gender-based violence and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), are violent acts primarily or exclusively committed against women or girls. Such violence is often considered a form of hate crime , committed against women or girls specifically because they are female , and can take many forms Gender-based violence can be perpetrated powerfully with something as simple as words, said Yakin Erturk, a member of the Council of Europe's Committee on the Prevention of Torture One can notice that the majority of the examples of gender-based violence is connected with the violation of the female rights and their forced involvement into sex industry with all the consequences of this process. Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on Sample Research Proposal On Gender Based Violence Just from $13,9/Pag Most gender-based violence interventions focus on providing victim empowerment services. As such, little work has been accomplished in providing preventative services, specifically those that target and prevent adolescent boys from becoming future perpetrators of gender-based violence and thus from perpetuating the cycle of violence in South.
South African trends and patterns of gender-based violence 6 Brief statistics Root causes of gender-based violence 8 The influences of culture, tradition and religion on gender-based violence 8 Lobola 8 Ukuthwala 8 Virginity testing 9 Female genital mutilation 9 Male circumcision 10 Sharia law 10 Individual factors and gender-based violence 1 Domestic violence is primarily thought to affect women, girls and boys, although men are also victims. Forms of domestic violence can include physical violence, sexual violence, economic control, and psychological violence. Prevalence is difficult to assess because of significant underreporting among both male and female victims . That puts the murder rate for adult women at nearly 15. 2 per 100,000, fact-checking organisation Africa Check calculated
. The FHSU Gender-Based Violence Misconduct Policy can be found here . For more questions or to report an incident of gender-based violence, contact the Title IX Coordinator, Dr. Teresa Clounch, at 785-628-5824 or fill out. Gender-based violence, including domestic violence, sexual violence, stalking and other forms of family violence and abuse have long affected women's lives. Whether violence occurs within the workplace or outside, the detrimental effects of gender-based violence at the workplace are substantial. . Accepted forms of gender-based violence include in-person contact such as: intimate partner violence, street harassment, rape, and others described in violence against women. All of these have resulted in the creation of online forms of gender-based violence 1. 2 Gender based Violence: Gender based violence is a universal dilemma as it is common not only in Pakistan but all over the world. Before analyzing semiotic discourses to unravel the fact how one gender is marginalized at linguistic and semiotic levels, it is more suitable to aptly describe the definitions of violence in general and gender based violence in particular
Examples of gender-based violence Domestic violence includes all acts of physical, sexual, psychological and economic violence that occur within the family, domestic unit, or between intimate partners gender-based violence in sport and makes recommendations for future action. Due to a lack of studies and methodological difficulties, reliable prevalence and incidence data on (forms of) gender-based violence in sport are strikingly absent across the EU and internationally. The terminology used to refer to forms of gender-based violence Violence against women is a violation of human rights. All women and girls are entitled to safety and should be able to pursue fulfilling educational opportunities, careers, and relationships. Below are examples of gender-based violence and the ways UNFPA, the United Nation's reproductive health and rights agency, is working to end them: 1
The phenomenon: theorising violence against women In order to examine how news, advertising and films, as well as the women's anti- violence movement, represent the imagery of gender-based violence, we need to have a deeper understanding of the problem and clarify the complexity and real contexts of this global phenomenon Gender-based violence. Gender-based violence, which occurs in every country, territory and region of the world, is a violation of basic rights that also prevents women from exercising their other social, economic and political rights. Globally, 35 percent of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence
and gender based violence in women, girls and children in the Kibera slum. This will later be addressed to prevent further occurrence of sexual gender based violence. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES. To determine how traditional norms that enhance injustices in sexual and gender based violence 16 days to raise awareness, to join efforts and galvanize actions to end violence against women and girls around the world. As part of the efforts the UNI Equal Opportunities Department is currently carrying out end gender based violence and to support the adoption of an ILO Convention Against Violence Against Women and Men at the Workplace. Why sexual and gender based violence has become a phenomenon within refugee families. Stories are a helpful tool when teaching about gender-based violence. Shutterstock May 28, 201 A: There are different definitions of GBV. The definition from the US Agency for International Development is useful: Violence directed at an individual based on their sex, gender identity, or perceived adherence to socially defined norms of masculinity and femininity. GBV is fueled in large part by inequitable gender norms. It can affect people at different points in their lives and ranges. Gender Based Violence (GBV) or Violence Against Women (VAW) means an act that is conducted against a woman on the bases of her gender to either threaten or to suffer her. Gender based violence is not the problem of third world countries only as the issue exists in both developed and developing countries Gender-Based Violence Gender-based violence is only one of the many inequality problems that women face within our society. In the midst of this problem something that becomes more infuriating is the fact that it most often happens at the hands of friends, loved ones, and family members who find a way to justify the abuse and/or put the blame. Gender-based violence is a form of abuse and discrimination that makes it impossible for the targeted victims to achieve their potentials in life (Menon 12). Gender-based violence is common in the underdeveloped world such as India. This analysis will identify the major challenges affecting women and children in India Additional ideas that the article has that will be useful in the paper include the emphasis that gender violence has serious negative effects on women and children. Jewkes, R. (2002). Intimate partner violence: Causes and prevention. The Lancet 359 (9315): 1423-1429. (CINAHL) This article will help me give some of the causes of gender. Gender-based violence is the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation
The factors that underlie and reinforce gender-based violence are complex. We partner with the health sector to ensure post-exposure prophylaxis and emergency contraception in case of sexual violence, register all cases of gender-based violence, and refer survivors to the services they need Gender-based violence is a public health issue. The prevalence of gender-based violence is high in Sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this study aims to produce an overall summary estimate on the prevalence of gender-based violence according to different types and its risk factors among female youths in educational institutions of Sub-Saharan Africa Gender-based violence (GBV) in Zambia takes the form of physical, mental, social or economic abuse against a person because of that person's gender and includes violence that may result in. framework encompassing all forms of gender-based violence across all regions of the world. Definition of Gender-based Violence Gender-based Violence (GBV) is an umbrella term for any harmful threat or act directed at an individual or group based on actual or perceived biological sex, gender identity and/or expression, sexual orientation attitudes and values that perpetuate gender-based violence. This is borne out by the ongoing levels of gender-based violence, even with extensive gender machinery, and progressive laws, policies and programmes in place. As Foster notes: 'the responsibility for eradicating violence against women lies not with government alone but with communitie
Gender-based violence is a form of violation of human rights, it is widespread worldwide, occurring, to a greater or lesser degree, in all societies and affecting women irrespective of income, education, class, race or ethnicity (Infographic: Violence against women: global picture health response, by World Health Organization-WHO) Mar 9 2017 - No country can afford gender-based violence. In Bangladesh, the costs of gender-based violence are estimated at 2. 1 percent of the country's GDP. Each day, violence stops a girl from going to school and prevents a woman from taking a job, compromising their future and the economic and social development of their communities The best example of gender-based violence against women is the abuse of a woman by a male, like domestic violence. What are the types of gender based violence? Gender-based violence is divided into categories: 1) Indirect violence. This type of violence is characterized by stereotypes and attitudes around one's gender, in this case, female. Gender-based violence (GBV) refers to any act done to someone against their will as a result of gender-norms, and unequal power relationships. The perpetrators of GBV are predominantly men, and the victims are most frequently women. Older people, younger girls, those with disabilities, or those from ethnic minorities or the LGBTI community are often more vulnerable to [ Gender-based violence is violence that is related to the way men and woman are expected to behave. It could be that a woman is beaten for failing to cook the dinner on time, or a man has to prove his manhood by showing aggression to a woman. Gender-based violence can be directed at children, adults or the elderly. Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) refers to any act that is perpetrated against a person's will and is based on gender norms and unequal power relationships. It includes physical, emotional or psychological and sexual violence, and denial of resources or access to services. Violence includes threats of violence and coercion Gender-based violence and harassment are behaviors that are committed because of a person's gender or sex. They can be carried out by a boyfriend or girlfriend, a date, other kids, or adults. If someone does any of the following to you because of gender or sex, it may constitute gender-based violence or harassment They are among the most reliable indicators of terrorism and conflict, according to a 2015 United Nations report, because a spike in gender-based violence — particularly domestic violence. For example, in our recent report, young people from Spain, Uganda and Colombia identified the opportunity to use social networks and media to promote gender equality and girls' rights to tackle the accepted behaviours that allow gender-based violence to flourish. 6. Help make girls' journeys to school safe In recognition of Sexual Assault Awareness month, Peace Corps Botswana Driver Thobo Tomeltso has penned this poem on the devastating impact gender based violence has on communities and people across Botswana and the world As an example, the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention in the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has funded a series of studies designed to improve methodologies for the evaluation of community-based substance abuse prevention programs that offer important building blocks for the field of family violence. Gender-based violence is the cause and the negative outcome of women's multidimensional disadvantages in social and political life. The contributing factors of such comprehensive phenomena can be divided into two main categories: structural and cultural A good example of cultural variation with regards to sexual violence is the differing views associated with the practice of female circumcision/female genital mutilation (FGM). Female circumcision and FGM refer to the same practice, but the practice is called female circumcision by those who condone its usage Gender-based violence (GBV) warrants research in any circumstance in which it is perpetrated. Yet, there is a paucity of GBV research published about refugee, internally displaced (IDP) and post-conflict populations. Therefore, this project was designed to identify and analyze GB The United Nations (UN) Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women describes GBV as follows: Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring i
Gender equality is a cross-cutting theme at the World Bank Group and gender-based violence (GBV) a relatively new area of strategic focus. Prior to 2012, projects that addressed GBV were typically subcomponents within larger projects, small-scale, or primarily financed by trust funds Gender-based violence (GBV): Gender-based violence (GBV) refers to any verbal or physical act that results in bodily, psychological, sexual and economic harm to somebody just because they are female or male. GBV can be done by an intimate partner, a family member, a neighbor, an acquaintance or a GBV happens stranger violence is often under-reported due to issues of stigma for the survivor—in this case associated with norms of masculinity. 4 Violence against other marginalized populations: The term 'gender-based violence' is also used by some actors to describe violence perpetrated against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgende Online gender-based violence is targeted harassment and prejudice against women through technology. The term is also similar to online harassment, cyberbullying and cybersexism, but the latter terms are not gender specific. Gender-based violence differs from these because of the attention it draws to discrimination and online violence targeted specifically against those who identify as female
gender-based violence 5. Perspectives . 1. Addressing gender violence - a very brief history nStage 1: Name it violence and provide advocacy and services. nStage 2: Call on the state and the professions to respond effectively, meet needs, close legal loopholes, end impunity Kate Rougvie: Gender-based violence (GBV) happens all over the world — it means harmful acts carried out against a person's will. It mostly affects women and girls, because in many cultures they are marginalized and have little or no power to make important decisions about their lives. This makes them particularly vulnerable to violence Gender-based violence (GBV) does not discriminate. Any person of any race, age, sexual orientation, religion or gender can be a victim or perpetrator of GBV. Men are encouraged to join movement to end gender based violence and sign the pledge Gender-Based Violence (GBV) The United Nations' definition of GBV is, any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to womenwhether occurring in public or private life. Gender-based violence is a somewhat more inclusive term than violence against women
Gender-based violence (GBV) is the most pervasive yet least visible human rights violation in the world. It includes physical, sexual, mental or economic harm inflicted on a person because of socially ascribed power imbalances between males and females Reports from the 13 National Gender-Based Violence Shelters indicate that cases of gender-based violence have increased by 153 per cent between January and June 2020 compared to the period between July and December 2019. The UN's report on the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 revealed that national poverty rates could rise between. gender-based violence (sexual assault, dating violence, domestic violence, and stalking) against any examples of primary prevention. Risk Reduction The term risk reduction is defined as options designed to: • decrease perpetration and bystander inaction
School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) can be defined as 'acts or threats of sexual, physical, or psychological violence occurring in and around school, perpetrated as a result of gender norms and stereotypes, and enforced by unequal power dynamics'. 1 Gender-based violence (GBV) is a term used to describe any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person's will, and that is based on socially ascribed differences between males and females. While men and boys can be victims/survivors of some types of GBV (particularly sexual violence) around the world, GBV has a greater impact on women. Gender-based violence (GBV) increases during every type of emergency - whether economic crises, conflict or disease outbreaks. Pre-existing toxic social norms and gender inequalities, economic and social stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with restricted movement and social isolation measures, have led to an exponential increase in GBV Standing STRONG against Gender-Based Violence Ursula Wagner. Abstract Gender-based violence (GBV) includes all forms of violence that specifically and disproportionately target women and girls, including dating violence, domestic violence, and sexual assault. It is a problem of epidemic proportions in the United States The Special Law on Gender Based Violence (Law 84/VII/11) defines violence against women as a symptom of unequal power relations and a mechanism to control women. The primary focus of the GBV Law is to regulate the measures needed to effectively achieve the principle of gender equality, to repress and make perpetrators accountable, and guarantee. 2015 Gender-based Violence Prevention Request for Proposal Amendment 8/4/15 Page 7 Guidelines and Application Document Gender-based Violence Prevention Theory of Change The theory of change describes the assumptions for how the desired results will be achieved through a set of specific activities which are measured by quantity Gender-Based Violence E-Learning Module in Ghana. Publish Date: June 2019 Author: MCSP. The Government of Ghana requested MCSP's assistance in developing an e-learning module for pre-service education in midwifery and nursing. It was developed in partnership with Ghana's Ministry of Health and validated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council.
Violence research since apartheid has primarily focused on four forms of interpersonal and collective violence: homicide, sexual and gender-based violence, youth violence and violence against children, and protest-related public violence. South Africa is consistently among the countries with the highest levels of this violence Furthermore, Gender-based Violence means physical, psychological, mental, economic or sexual harm or suffering, coercion and other deprivations of liberty (including incidents of Domestic Violence, sexual violence, dating violence, and stalking, but not including acts of self-defence) that are directed against a person based on gender and. Sexual and other forms of gender-based violence are increasingly reported in situations of complex emergencies (e. g. involving political instability and armed conflict). The term sexual and other forms of gender-based violence comprises not only rape and attempted rape, but also sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, forced early marriage. Gender-based violence is a global problem, but little rigorous research exists on the effectiveness of interventions that aim to reduce and prevent such violence. Violence is the result of the complex interplay of several factors, including social norms and attitudes. In Peru, researchers are partnering with the government to provide training to local leaders to becom I. Gender-based Violence (GBV) During Times of Crisis During times of crisis, women and girls face an increased risk of exposure to gender-based violence (GBV). 1,2,3 Although GBV i
Gender-based violence - physical, psychological, sexual, economic, socio-cultural - is a conspicuous and widespread violation of human rights in South Africa. This violence pervades the political, economic and social structures of society and is driven by strongly patriarchal social norms and complex and intersectional power inequalities. Currently, the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence is taking place around the world. On development blogs, there have been posts on the impact of gender violence on militarism, human security, culture and more, including first person accounts. . Most of this activism has centred on the social costs of gender-based violence (GBV), which encompasses sexual, physical and psychological abuse
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Jacqueline (Jackie) Cochran (1906-1980), was an American pilot who held more speed, distance, and altitude records than any other flyer during her career. In 1935 Cochran became the first woman to enter the Bendix Transcontinental Air Race but had to drop out due to mechanical problems. In 1937 she finished third, and in 1938 she won the Bendix Trophy, flying a civilian version of the Seversky P-35 fighter aircraft. Below is a Marshall Islands stamp from 2000, showing a P-35 in battle action. In the postwar races of 1946 and 1948 Cochran proved her ability at the long-range game when she took a second and a third place in her P-51 Mustang. The Mustang is among the many aircraft depicted on the 1997 USA Classic Aircraft stamp sheet. Also shown top right of the sheet is an F-86 Sabre.
In 1953, eager to make the transition to jet aircraft, Cochran became the first woman to break the sound barrier, piloting an F-86 Sabre, and that year set world speed records over many distances. In 1964 she flew an aircraft faster than any woman had before, reaching 1,429 miles (2,300 km) per hour in an F-104G Super Star.
Cochran also appears on the stamp sheet below, issued by Cuba in 2011, which features famous female aviators from the past. Via the video link below you can view a more detailed history of this extraordinary woman’s life. 7,228 total views, 1 views today
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At least seven children have died from a suspected diarrhoea outbreak which has affected over 6,000 children in two towns in Zimbabwe over the past week, a state newspaper said Sunday.
"Seven children died in Masvingo and Kadoma last week following a diarrhoea outbreak which has seen a total of 6,472 cases being recorded in the two towns," The Sunday Mail reported. "The main problem has always been unclean water and poor sanitation," the newspaper quoted Portia Manangazira, director for disease control in the health ministry, as saying. "Our main concern is that in most instances 60 percent of these cases are children under the age of five years. "
She called on municipalities to ensure constant supplies of clean water and proper disposal of garbage. Diarrhoea thrives in areas that do not have proper sanitation. Proper sewage systems and clean water can prevent its outbreak. Municipalities in Zimbabwe are battling to supply residents with water with some suburbs going for weeks without running water. Over 85,000 cases of cholera were diagnosed in West and central Africa this year, leading to 2,466 deaths, as the region faces the worst cholera epidemics in its history, UNICEF said this week. Three years ago over 4,000 people died of cholera in Zimbabwe in an outbreak which affected nearly 100,000 people. According to UNICEF, diarrhoea is responsible for 7. 7 percent of deaths in Africa.
Explore further: UN says cholera epidemic in Somalia
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The interactions between tectonic movement, erosion and sedimentation
can modify linear geomorphic features. Offset channels associated with strike-slip faults are good examples of linear geomorphic markers that can be used to determine the rate and nature of tectonic movement. While tectonic landforms can be found in many parts of the world, the south-central San Andreas Fault (SAF) in California has arguably some of the world’s best-preserved tectonic landforms at 10s and 1000s of meter scale [5
]. The most famous offset feature is the offset channel at Wallace Creek across the San Andreas Fault zone in the Carrizo Plain, California [8
The acquisition of LiDAR data by the B4 project [9
] provides new research opportunities for better understanding of the tectonic geomorphology and neotectonic deformation history of the SAF. Arrowsmith and Zielke [10
] evaluated the use of LiDAR data for mapping recently active breaks in the Cholame segment of the south-central SAF, and concluded that a LiDAR-only approach compares well with a combination of aerial photographic and field-based methods. Zielke et al. [11
] determined that the average slip along the Carrizo segment of the south-central SAF during the 1857 Mw 7. 9 earthquake was 5. 3 ± 1. 4 meters. Zielke et al. [12
] employed LiDAR data to reevaluate the distribution of surface displacement along the rupture trace of the 1857 Mw 7. 9 earthquake using 450 offset measurements with displacements below 60 m. Their results show that the 1857 earthquake
had an average displacement of less than 3. 5 m with 4-6 m released along the northwestern half of the rupture. To measure lateral displacements of offset linear geomorphic features such as stream channels and alluvial fan edges, Zielke and Arrowsmith [13
] developed a Matlab-based tool to visually reconstruct and assess lateral displacements through slicing a digital elevation models (DEM) and back slipping. The LiDAR data for the south-central SAF and relevant case studies have facilitated the application of LiDAR for the quantification of linear geomorphic markers and active faults in general. In the Lake Tahoe Basin, California, tectonic offsets of linear glacial moraines have been used to calculate slip rates of active normal faults obscured by dense vegetation. Howle et al. [14
] used bare-earth point cloud data to mathematically reconstruct linear lateral moraine crests on both sides of faults. The reconstructed moraine crests produced statistically significant ‘piercing lines’ that were projected to intersection with modeled fault planes to define ‘piercing points’ in 3D space. The measured tectonic displacements were coupled with 10
Be and 26
Al terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) surface exposure ages and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of the displaced moraines to estimate late Pleistocene slip rates. The results of the study yielded a two to three fold increase over previous estimates of tectonic slip rates in the Lake Tahoe region. LiDAR data have also been used for discovering new active faults and delineating earthquake surface ruptures in vegetated areas. While LiDAR data have been collected over known active fault zones for fine-scale study of tectonic-geomorphic features (e. g. [9
]), new active faults have been discovered using LiDAR data collected from areas that have been overlooked by scientists. For example, Hunter et al. [17
] discovered a previously unmapped fault using LiDAR data near the Martis Creek Dam, Truckee, California. Székely et al. [18
] used LiDAR data in an extremely flat area, east of Neusiedlersee in Hungary, and discovered linear geomorphic features, which are several hundred meters to several kilometers long. Field investigation and analysis of other geological and geophysical
data indicate that the linear features have a neotectonic origin, representing the surface expression of a seismically active fault. In areas with dense vegetation cover in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Europe, 2-m resolution DEMs derived from LiDAR data have been successfully used for delineating earthquake surface ruptures [19
]. Using 2-m and 3-m resolution DEMs derived from LiDAR data along portions of the Alpine and Hope faults in New Zealand, Langridge et al. [22
] found that the surface strike variations of the Alpine Fault are more variant than previously mapped, and that unprecedented views of the surface geomorphology of these active faults can be revealed by LiDAR data. However, some other LiDAR studies on the northern San Andreas Fault and central Japanese mountains indicated that 2-m resolution DEMs could not identify some small tectonic breaks [23
]. Using airborne LiDAR data collected from orthogonal flight lines, Lin et al. [25
] created 0. 5-m resolution DEMs along the Neodani Fault in Japan, and revealed a number of previously unknown fault scarps and active fault traces hidden under dense vegetation. Although the cost of data collection will increase with overlapping flight lines, the greater bare-earth data density, collected from different angles, will likely enhance the imaging of subtle geomorphic markers in densely forested areas.
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Then the salesman will talk about the various extremely valuable materials that go into the manufacture of this wonderful coating material. He will show the infrared materials and the anti-mildew materials and the titanium dioxide (more costly to mine from the ground than even GOLD). It goes on and on. To the right is an interior view of his “kit:” Bubbling machine, aspirin tablets, sponges, and materials “costing more to mine than GOLD. ”
Then he will pull out his “bubbling machine” and ask for some water. He will fill the top of the clear plastic machine with water. He will then pump on a blood pressure bulb and air will bubble up through the machine. Champaign sized bubbles swish into the air. Then he will take an aspirin tablet and plop it into the water … He will say: “Imagine this is the stucco of your home. ” He will then talk about how water is the enemy of stucco and to protect your home you must protect it from water damage. The bottom of the water “tank” in the bubbling machine is coated with his magic “coating. ” Note that the water does not leak into the bottom, but bubbles . . bubble out! He will then very slowly remove a jar of clear liquid from his case, open it and plop an aspirin tablet into the jar. He’ll say something like: “Can you see how super tiny bubbles are coming out of the aspirin tablet? Remind me to check on these two tablets in a little while. Then he will take out what looks like a tongue depressor and tip just one tiny end into the bubbling machine’s water and put the tongue depressor to the side. He’ll say something like: “Imagine that this wood here in my hand is one of the 2 × 4s in your outside wall. Let’s see what water can do to your wall. He will then talk about the ten step process by which their home will be saved from the evils of efflorescence, water damage, termites and more. And he has a full color picture book with each page made of 150 pound glossy card stock to step through to prove his points. Every once in a while he will pump on the bubbling machine bulb. Whish! Some place in this presentation he will notice that the aspirin tablet in the bubbling machine has completely dissolved. He will then point this out to the homeowner. “See what happens to stucco when water gets to it? ”
He will then stop the presentation and take the other aspirin tablet from the clear jar of “water-phobic resin” and plop it into the water of the bubble machine. He will then continue with his presentation. At some point the “wood” 2 × 4 model will have swollen to 5 times its original size — it was just a sponge. And after some considerable amount of time he will point to the second aspirin tablet and
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from Chapter 4
The dream-state is a non-ordinary state of consciousness that we commonly and spontaneously experience every night, the prototype of the hallucinatory experience. Dream-inducing plants are considered sacred; they are the source of divinity, manifesting in the human body, and acting on the mind. This plant represents the best-known oneirogen prototype. Known in the United States as dream herb, in Aztec language (nahuatl) zacatechichi means “bitter herb. ” Another ancient Aztec name associated with the plant is cozticzapotl (“fruit that makes unsteady”), also attributable to the species Casimiroa edulis and Lucuma salicifolia. C. zacatechichi was believed to be employed by Aztec sorcerers (nagualli) in order to travel more rapidly to Tlalocan, the region of dreams
C. zacatechichi can be found from Mexico to Costa Rica. It is used by the Chontal Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico, among whom it is known as zacatechichi, thle-pelakano (“leaf of the god”) as well as zacate de perro (“herb of the dog”) and hoja madre (“mother leaf”). It is believed that the plant purifies the senses and that the visions induced in dreams mold the future or help in foretelling it. The more important use of this oneirogen is for obtaining divinatory messages in the dream state, for example to learn the origin of an illness or the place where a distant or lost person can be found. The prescribed quantity is “a handful” of dried leaves. The crushed leaves are smoked or drunk in a water infusion. Generally, after slowly drinking the infusion, the person lies down in a quiet place and smokes a cigarette made with more leaves. Still more leaves are placed under the pillow before going to sleep. The use of a sufficient quantity is confirmed by a sensation of peacefulness, nausea and somnolence, and the reduction of one’s pulsations and heartbeats, in addition to subtle auditive changes. This oneirogenic substance induces lucid, vivid, or significant dreams. It is also reported to induce an expansion of all the sensory perceptions and imagination, a slight discontinuity of thought, a rapid flux of ideas, and difficulty in remembering. According to some, there is a visual effect, according to others, an auditive one, wherein the plant speaks to the person. Generally a sensation of well-being lasting one day or more is common. It doesn’t appear that C. zacatechichi always produces oneirogenic activity, perhaps because, according to the Chontal Indians, only certain specimens of the plant are active. In fact, they distinguish between “good” and “bad” varieties, according to whether they have or do not have psychoactive properties. This is in agreement with the fact that distinct samples have shown differences in chemical composition. C. zacatechichi has been employed since ancient times against fever, colics, gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhea, and cholera. In Yucatan, the leaves are used in baths to treat skin eruptions. Until now, no psychoactive compound has been identified, but triterpenes, sesquiterpenic lactones, a glycoside, and an alkaloid with a possible light psychoactive effect have been isolated; another compound found in the leaves has a depressive effect on the central nervous system. A list of the main identified compounds comprises: calaxine, ciliarine, zacatechinolides, caleocromane A and B, caleine A and B, caleicine I and II. The plant is also a substitute for Cannabis sativa. S. divinorum is an endemic plant of the Mazatec region of Oaxaca, Mexico, probably not native to the area. It was known to the Aztecs as pipilzintzintli (“the noblest little prince”), and today is called la Hembra (“the Female”), hierba María (“herb of Mary”), or hojas de la Pastora (“leaves of the Shepherdess”). Its use as a shamanic inebriant is reported only in the Mazatec region. The first modern witness in this regard dates back to 1939 when J. B. Johnson observed the use of S. divinorum by a shaman in the context of the ingestion of psilocybian mushrooms (essentially, Psilocybe spp. ) and seeds of Convolvulaceae for divination. In 1961, R. G. Wasson became the first non-native known to experiment with the effects of the plant. He described the ingestion of the leaves after mastication, and the preparation of a water infusion of the same leaves, followed by manual squeezing. Wasson compared the effect to that of psilocybian mushrooms, but said it was less ample and lasting. It seems that the full effects are best perceived in darkness and silence, while slowly breathing and remaining still. Duration varies according to the ingestion technique. Generally, the effects can be described as follows: sensation of different movements, perception of voices or inner murmurs, bidimensional surfaces, bizarre geometries and simultaneous realities, visits to places in the past, contacts with “entities,” sensation of being transformed into objects, loss of bodily and personal identity, and out of body experiences. On the basis of personal experimentations, in 1975 J. L. Díaz classified the plant as an oneirogen, a classification reconsidered in more recent studies. S. divinorum would be an oneirogen (and not a true hallucinogen) because it induces R.E.M. activity episodes during wakefulness, leading to involuntary experiences of pre-conscious or conscious dream. According to some scholars, the fact that the plant’s effects stand out best in darkness and silence, while the subject breathes slowly and remains still, qualifies it as a good preparation for the mind before consciously entering the oneiric world. In Mazatec popular medicine, S. divinorum has a topical use; for example, the infusion is employed for a bath or the residue of the leaf extract is applied on the patient’s head as a poultice. Other uses are as stimulant and tonic, for digestive problems, against headache, rheumatisms, and magical disease. The active principle of S. divinorum is recognized as diterpene salvinorin A. The most potent effect is obtained with sublingual administration of the pure compound. The leaves are more active if chewed and maintained in the mouth, rather than ingested. Infusion is the least effective technique of administration. The dried and smoked leaves are active.
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About Kidney Disease
Kidney disease can begin with few obvious symptoms. There are many things that can be done to slow or even stop the progression of the disease. Kidneys are essential to normal body functioning. They work around the clock to filter out waste and regulate fluid and chemical levels in the body. Kidneys also contribute to other functions, such as blood pressure, calcium absorption and hemoglobin levels. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as the presence of kidney damage or decreased kidney function for a period of three months or more. Kidney disease can occur suddenly due to a serious injury or illness, but it’s more commonly caused by a chronic health condition such as diabetes or high blood pressure. An estimated 145,000 people in British Columbia have some level of chronic kidney disease. On this page:
Kidney disease is progressive, meaning that it usually gets worse over time. However, with early diagnosis, the progression of the disease can often be slowed and sometimes even stopped through lifestyle, diet and medication changes. Kidney disease can worsen to the point that the kidneys have very little function. This is called kidney failure, or end-stage kidney disease. Kidney failure is fatal unless a patient undergoes lifelong dialysis or receives a new donor kidney through transplant. Every effort should be made to prevent or delay end-stage kidney disease because the outcomes for patients on dialysis are poor and the wait for transplant can be long. Because the symptoms of early stage kidney disease are easily misunderstood or ignored, many people with the disease are unaware of it. This is why early diagnosis and early treatment are so important. - High blood pressure
- Family history of kidney disease
- Individuals from specific high-risk ethnic groups (including First Nations, Asians, African Americans and Pacific Islanders). Many people show no symptoms in the early stage of kidney disease. However, early symptoms may include:
- Foamy or bloody urine
- Frequent need to urinate at night
- Puffy eyes or ankles
As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:
- Puffy eyes or ankles
- Restless legs
- Urinating more frequently/ urinating large volumes (polyuria)
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People with dementia sometimes experience a range of conditions in which they do not experience things as they really are. Although hallucinations and delusions are imaginary, they seem very real to the person experiencing them and can cause extreme anxiety, and even panic. What are hallucinations and false ideas? Hallucinations are sensory experiences that cannot be verified by anyone other than the person experiencing them. Such experiences may include any of the senses, but the most common are visual and auditory hallucinations — the person sees or hears something that is not there. Voices may be heard, people may be seen who are not present, or strange and frightening noises may be heard. Paranoia is characterised by unrealistic beliefs, usually of either persecution or grandeur. People with dementia may believe that others are out to get them, or that they have superhuman powers. People with dementia sometimes become quite suspicious, accusing others of stealing things and hoarding or hiding things because they believe someone is trying to take their possessions. One common accusation is that the person’s partner is being unfaithful. Such ideas may lead the person with dementia to become fearful and resistant to attempts to care for them. Delusions are ideas that are not based on reality, but which are thought to be true by the person with dementia. Their content can often be centred on people stealing money or other possessions, or they may have fixed ideas about people intending to harm them. People with dementia can misidentify other people or themselves. Sometimes they do not recognise their partner as being the person they have known. At other times they may think their reflection in the mirror is another person and be frightened, or think that voices on the radio or television are from people in the room with them. What causes hallucinations and false ideas? Dementia may cause the person to lose the ability to recognise things because the brain does not accurately interpret the information that it has received. Examples of this include failure to recognise a partner or the house in which the person lives. Problems with memory, which occur in dementia, may lead to suspiciousness, paranoia and false ideas. If people with dementia are unaware that their memory is poor, they will often create an interpretation in which someone or something else is blamed. This is understandable when they may live in a world with no memory of recent events, where things “disappear”, explanations can be forgotten and conversations do not always make sense. Factors which may cause behaviours to change
- Sensory defects such as poor eyesight or poor hearing
- Misinterpretation of environmental cues often as a result of forgetting to use a hearing aid or glasses
- Side effects of some medications
- Psychiatric illness
- Unfamiliar environments
- Inadequate lighting making visual clues less clear
- Physical conditions such as infections, fever, pain, constipation, anaemia, respiratory disease, malnutrition, dehydration
- Unfamiliar caregivers
- Disruption of familiar routines
- Sensory overload because of too many things going on at once. Where to begin
Arrange for a medical check-up to eliminate the presence of other physical or psychiatric problems and to check the effects of medication. The doctor can also arrange for referrals to the Aged Care Assessment Teams (ACAT) or for specialised psychiatric assessment. Medication will sometimes help to control delusions or hallucinations in people with dementia, and occasionally will help to control misidentification syndromes. However, many of the anti-psychotic medications used to treat these disorders have side effects such as stiffness, shakiness or drowsiness. Newer anti-psychotic medications have fewer side effects but can still cause drowsiness. Sometimes, where delusions and hallucinations are causing a major problem, a trial of a drug treatment may be appropriate. What to try
- Remain quiet or neutral. It is better to acknowledge that the person may be frightened by the delusions and hallucinations
- If a person appears to be losing objects or hiding things, suggest that you search together
- Investigate suspicions to check their accuracy
- Distract the person if possible
- Distractions which may help include music, exercise, activities, conversations with friends and looking at old photos
- Respond to the underlying feelings which may be at the bottom of the statements which the person makes
- Physical contact may be reassuring, but be sure that the person is willing to accept this
- Maintain a familiar environment. If the person has to move, take some familiar things from the previous residence
- Increase lighting in the home and use night lights
- Maintain consistent caregivers and a consistent routine
- Learn the person’s common hiding places
- Keeping a diary may help to establish whether these behaviours occur at particular times of the day or with particular people. Identifying such causes may help you to be able to make changes to overcome the difficultie
- If possible, keep a spare set of things that are often mislaid such as keys, purse or glasses
- Some hallucinations and false ideas can be ignored if they are harmless and do not cause the person to become agitated
- Remember that the person’s behaviour is caused by a brain condition and be aware that the person is not always able to control their behaviour. Support for families and carers
Dealing with these behaviours day in and day out is not easy. It is essential that you seek support for yourself from an understanding family member, a friend, a professional or a support group. Feelings of distress, frustration, guilt, exhaustion and exasperation are quite normal. Who can help? Discuss with the doctor your concerns about behaviour changes, and their impact on you. The Dementia Behaviour Management Advisory Service (DBMAS) is a national telephone advisory service for families, carers and care workers who are concerned about the behaviours of people with dementia. The service provides confidential advice, assessment, intervention, education and specialised support 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and can be contacted on 1800 699 799.
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Macbeth is a 1971 film directed by Roman Polanski, based on William Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Macbeth, about the Scots Lord who becomes King of Scotland through deceit, treachery, and murder. It features Jon Finch as Macbeth and Francesca Annis as Lady Macbeth. For cinematic purposes, passages from the original play were cut for time and some soliloquies changed to inner monologues for the sake of psychologic realism. The film's bleak ending is the most significant departure from Shakespeare's text. Although Malcolm is crowned as Scotland's rightful king, his concluding speech is omitted in favour of an abrupt, wordless scene showing his brother, Donalbain, returning from exile and entering the witches' lair, implying that he will seek their counsel in usurping King Malcolm like Macbeth usurped King Duncan, thus re-cycling internecine bloodshed. Throughout the story, Donalbain is shown as envious of Malcolm, perhaps even more than was Macbeth.
The ending recasts the story as a closed circuit of action — a mise en abime — suggesting that the tragedy will be repeated ad infinitum. It may explain Fleance's founding of the House of Stuart, the extinction of Duncan's line, and the historical fact of Donalbain's ultimate betrayal of his brother, King Malcolm of Scotland. The sub-plot about the English installation of Malcolm to the Scots throne is downplayed to an extent not in the original work. This is Shakespeare's implication that Fleance is the ancestor of the contemporary King James, his benefactor. Compared to other cinematic adaptations of The Tragedy of Macbeth, the bluntly explicit violence shows Macbeth in a historical light, rather than a dramatised regicide. Nevertheless, the attitude of Polanski's Macbeth is consistent with the whole of his concern with the unstable dynamics of power and sexuality and the cynic's questioning of conventional notions of heroism and redemptive action. The foreshadowing scene wherein Macbeth confronts the witches a second time, and is invited to gaze into their cauldron to see his future, is a cryptic, hallucinatory set piece montage: His doppelgänger warns of the dangers to hand, culminating in a surreal allegory of the eventual, dynastic triumph of Banquo's heirs — King Banquo holds a looking glass with the image of a future King Banquo holding a looking glass. This mise en abyme effect is repeated eight-fold until, ultimately, young Fleance is seen grinning and crowned in the final, eighth looking glass; an allusion to Shakespeare's original stage direction that the last Banquo appear holding a looking glass. Her strength and sanity crumble at a horrific pace when she, at last, is aware of the inescapable nightmare she has helped create. Polanski explained this by noting that "directors always present Lady Macbeth as a nagging bitch. But people who do ghastly things in life, they are not grim, like a horror movie". In an audacious departure from Shakespearean convention, Lady Macbeth's famous sleepwalking soliloquy is performed in the nude. Meanwhile, he set to adapting The Tragedy of Macbeth, perhaps the bloodiest work in English literature, but major Hollywood studios refused to finance it. His financial saviour was friend Victor Lownes, a senior VP of Playboy Enterprises in Britain who persuaded Hugh Hefner to finance the film. The financing was believed by some to be the reason for Lady Macbeth's nude scene; later Polanski and co-scenarist Kenneth Tynan said they had written the scene before their association with Hefner.
Macbeth was filmed on location in Snowdonia National Park, Wales, U.K., and suffered delays of bad weather and malfunctioning special effects and Polanski's insistence on filming re-takes of difficult and expensively-mounted scenes. The shoot went over schedule, ultimately taking six months to complete and exceeded its $2. 5 million budget by some $600,000. Upon theatrical release in October 1971, Macbeth received mixed critical reviews; some found the relentless explicit violence and sexuality distracting, complaining that the literal depiction was a crude, reductive interpretation of Shakespeare's poetry. Likewise, Polanski's omission of Malcolm's concluding speech, in favour of the abruptly discordant and pessimistic ending, denied the viewer solace and respite by promising a recycling of horror. Other critics, however, praised the film for its powerfully disturbing vision, and for Polanski's rigorously logical, technically brilliant and imaginatively cinematic rendering of the play's action. The U.S. National Board of Review named Macbeth the Best Film of 1971. Director Roman Polanski distanced himself from the Playboy magazine production company during the promotion of the film. When interviewed by Sydney Edwards of the Evening Standard, he cynically remarked about his mercenary acceptance of financing from the controversial men's magazine empire. Victor Lownes felt insulted and personally betrayed by Polanski's comments and indifference to the film's commercial failure, which ultimately was a significant financial loss to Playboy. The disillusioned and humiliated Lownes ended his friendship with Polanski in bitterness and rancour, not renewing the friendship until years later, when both were disgraced men; Playboy had fired Lownes for having lost casino gambling licenses and almost bankrupting the firm; Polanski, fugitive from U.S. law after his conviction for statutory rape in Los Angeles, California, in 1977, and fleeing to Paris before his final sentencing.
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Being an Elementary school teacher is more than a job—it is one of the most important influencers on the development of future generations. Teachers are heroes. What students learn in their early years can shape how they view their place in the world, and certainly affects their success later on. And better yet, becoming a teacher comes with other perks too. - Teachers Are Never Bored
Since every day is different, teachers are never bored. While lesson plans might be prepared ahead of time, there are always situations that arise, so flexibility is key. A teacher might need to help a student one on one, or reteach a concept differently because students aren’t comprehending the lesson. There could be an unexpected incident that requires time to handle, a visitor may show up or there could be a fire drill. Teachers are constantly making decisions about how to handle the unexpected things that come up. The ability to adjust is just one of the aspects of the job that sets apart truly outstanding teachers. - Teachers Earn A Good Living
Everyone knows teaching is not the profession for those who want to get rich quick, but starting salaries for teachers are comparable to those of many other professions. According to figures released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, public-school teachers’ salaries are roughly 11% more than the average professional worker. Teaching also offers opportunities for career development and better pay over time. Although teachers don’t make as much money as many business professionals, they can earn a salary that allows them to live comfortably. - Teachers Have Benefits
Benefits such as pension plans and health insurance are not always available to many working people, but many teachers can have their own health insurance covered by their district, and then have the opportunity to pay to add members of their family. Many professions have pension funds that an employee can pay in to, and in most instances, employers will match some portion of the contributions. Teachers typically have the same options available to them, but they are contributing to a teacher retirement system instead of typical investment accounts, which often yield higher earning amounts. Most school districts contribute as well, and often match a higher amount then is traditional in a business setting. - Teachers Have Flexibility In Their Schedules
Students generally spend seven hours a day in school, and teacher’s hours typically require before and after school time. While some occupations require employees to be at the office for overtime hours, teachers can often do some of their grading and lesson planning at home. This allows a teacher to still have family time, get together with friends and have hobbies. There are after school and evening events that teachers are required to attend, such as faculty meetings, department meetings, Back to School Night, Parent-Teacher Conferences, reading or math nights, concerts, etc. , but these are scheduled in advance so teachers are better able to balance them with home life. - Teachers Can Have Job Security
Requirements to be a teacher vary by state, and districts have the ability to establish tenure policies, but in many cases, when you establish your reputation as a good teacher and fulfill the requirements for tenure, you can have some job security. Special Education teachers are required to obtain specialized certifications in order to work with students who have difficulty learning, so job security may be more significant for them. There will always be a need for teachers, so job opportunities can be found anywhere in the country. In addition, in contrast to many employers, schools rarely undergo major downsizing. Obtaining a Master’s degree can change the course of a career, earning potential and sense of personal satisfaction. A Master of Education in Differentiated Instruction from Graceland University will prepare teachers to respond effectively to a variety of learning styles and preferences, as well as monitor and manage student learning. This degree also emphasizes tiered instruction, flexible grouping and authentic assessment, as well as modifying lessons based on student readiness. Graceland offers 100% online Master of Education degrees. You can obtain more information at www. graceland. edu. Additional Master of Education offerings include, Special Education, Literacy Instruction and Curriculum and Instruction.
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Have you subscribed to TheFrogBlog? Find out more
Welcome to <HTML>
You can achieve quite a bit with the languages available to you in the HTML editor. The editor in Frog can run:
- HTML (of course)
- CSS (more on that later)
This tutorial and the ones that follow isn't designed to teach you how to code, there are far better, in-depth guides to help you with that. If you're interested in learning HTML etc. . . , we'd recommend Code Academy and HTMLgoodies (a personal favourite of Graham Quince's). By the end of this tutorial, you should be able to:
- Use jQuery to change the contents of a DIV
- Understand how to use the browser's console to view information return by an API
- Use that API to display a user's name in a DIV
And with that, let's get started. . . By tradition, getting a computer to display Hello World is a great way to start learning any programming language. Using the HTML widget, this is particularly easy. Create a site on your VLE and drag in the HTML widget
Click </> Edit HTML and type "Hello World"
Save the HTML code and save and close the site editor. It's not particularly impressive, because all it's doing is displaying the text you've typed. Let's use jQuery in the HTML editor to do something a bit more interesting. Open the HTML editor again and this time create a DIV. Type in the following:
Frog uses most of the Bootstrap CSS styling, so setting the DIV's class to be alert and alert-info gives us a nice blue box. We're still not doing anything with the contents of the DIV though. We've added an ID to the DIV to make it easier to find for the next step. Re-edit the page and open the editor again. Update the following code to add the script section:
What we've done here is use jQuery to identify the DIV by it's ID (myDiv). We've then replaced the HTML code inside the DIV to display Howdy instead of Hello World.
We've used the HTML function in jQuery as that would allow us to add HTML tags, like <b></b>, <li></li> or even <a></a>. There are countless permutations you can use with a range of different jQuery code, but for now, this is a pretty good start. Adding your own style
This isn't going to be a full tutorial on CSS, that would be impossible. The permutations are close to endless, but what this tutorial can do is introduce the basics. As we stated in the introduction, the HTML widget can run CSS (cascading style sheets). Using CSS in a single HTML widget on a site will continue to be applied to all sites, until you close down the original site. This is a bit of a double-edge sword in it can be very useful if you wish to change the style of text links throughout your VLE by placing some CSS on your school dashboard, but that can backfire if you don't limit it. There are two simple ways to style your DIV, id and class. - id is very handy for styling individual DIVs
- class is useful for grouping, then styling DIVs.
When we created the DIV back on Hello World, we used the Bootstrap classes alert and alert info - alert 'drew' the box and alert-info made it blue. Now, suppose you want to draw your own box, you could try something like:
Breaking down what we've done here:
- We opened a style tag, that tell the browser now to display the code, but to run it (<style>). Helpful link - W3Schools CSS
- We created a class, denoted by the . (# is used for ids)
- We set the width of our DIV to be 50% of the available space (width:50%;)
- We made the height 150 pixels high (height:150px;)
- We set the background for our DIV to be purple, using HEX code - (background#FF00FF;)
Helpful link - Colour Picker
- We gave is a black border, set to a solid line, 1 pixel thick, (border:1px solid #000000;)
- We rounded the corners (border-radius:10px;)
- We gave it some some on all four side, by giving it a margin of 10 pixels (margin:10px;)
- We gave the text inside some padding set to 10pixels (padding:10px;)
- We set the font size to be a bit larger, using point size (font-size:16pt;)
- We closed the <style> section (</style>)
- We gave our DIV the class we created in the style (class="myBox")
Here's a more complex example of styling DIVs, this time using an outer DIV to contain others:
There's a lot more we could cover, including how to style Frog elements, but we'll save that for another tutorial. Instead, let's learn how the browser can help us to use Frog's APIs.
Using the Browser's Console
Let's jump right in and add the following code to a new HTML widget:
We've created a new DIV (myDiv2) which we're doing nothing with (yet). The interesting bit is in the script. We've created a variable (using var) called user and we've added information to that variable using one of Frog's APIs - getUser(). In computing, a variable is a value that can be set and changed. For example, if X = 2, 5 + X = 7, but if a program then changes X = 3, our equation is now 5 + X = 8. Hopefully you can see how powerful variables are when used well. You can find out more about variables on BBC Bitesize
An API (Application Programming Interface) can be thought of as a function used to return information. For our needs, the information returned generally contains mutliple elements of organised information, we need to identify and extract individual elements of this information
This API identifies the current user and brings back all the information we have about them. In order to see that information, the script is told to display it in the console using the command log(user). For you to see this information, you'll need to open the developer tools. Google Chrome, it's currently either:
- Menu > More tools > Developer Tools
- Hold CTRL + SHIFT + I
- Menu > F12 Developer Tools
- Tap F12
Click on the Console tab for either browser. You'll probably see a page full of returned data. At this point, the easiest option is to clear it. Look for this symbol in Chrome.. . or this one in IE. . . Close your page, clear the console and then reopen it to rerun the script and see the results. The image above is from my console. As you can see, it returns some information already. If you twirl down the triangle next to the start, you'll be able to view all the information provided by getUser(). Next, let's find out how to access it. . . Using the HTML widget from the previous page and combining it with what we know from Hello World, let's see if we can return your name. How it looks for me:
If you recall from the console, displayname was one of the terms shown which contained my name. You can see other terms too, such as:
- pupil_number (for students this is the UPN)
attr is a function which returns the attributes of an object, in this case our variable user. We've specified the displayname as the attribute we wanted to use and because we placed that inside the html function, jQuery used that to change the contents of our DIV to show the displayname. This seems like a good place to stop and let you play around with getUser() and the information you can extract for yourself. Using CSS, HTML, jQuery and the getUser() API, see if you can create a business card for yourself in Frog. To do this, you'll need to think about:
- how to style your business card
- display text in different positions
- change the text to the attributes available to you using getUser()
Tutorials in this series. . .
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Living standard refers to the amount of money you have to spend (live on) after paying taxes, housing, Medicare Part B, contributions to retirement, and any other special expenditures you specify in the program. In other words, it's the amount left over to live on after you pay off-the-top expenses. Every other financial planning software that we know of asks you to specify your living standard (although they may call in "income needed" or some other term) and then they calculate everything based on your best guess. ESPlanner has patented software that calculates this "living standard" amount for you and makes sure it's the same amount in today's dollars for each year of your life. Living standard is similar to discretionary spending except that it typically refers to "per-adult" spending amount instead of household spending amount. Per-adult living standard appears in the far right column of the Annual Recommendations report. Discretionary spending appears in the far left column of that same report. See also: Consumption Smoothing.
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To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. With an accout for my. bionity. com you can always see everything at a glance – and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - My watch list
- My saved searches
- My saved topics
- My newsletter
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) is an intelligence test designed for children ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 3 months developed by David Wechsler in 1967. It is a descendent of the earlier Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children tests. It has since been revised twice, in 1989 and 2002. The current revision, WPPSI–III, is published by Harcourt Assessment. It provides subtest and composite scores that represent intellectual functioning in verbal and performance cognitive domains, as well as providing a composite score that represents a child’s general intellectual ability (i. e., Full Scale IQ). The WPPSI–III is composed of 14 subtests. The WPPSI–III provides Verbal and Performance IQ scores as well as the Full Scale IQ. In addition, the Processing Speed Quotient (known as the Processing Speed Index on previous Wechsler scales) can be derived for children aged 4:0 - 7:3, and a General Language Composite can be determined for children in both age bands (2:6–3:11 & 4:0–7:3). Children in the 2:6-3:11 age band are administered only five of the subtests: Receptive Vocabulary, Block Design, Information, Object Assembly, and Picture Naming.
Quotient and Composite scores have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Subtest scaled scores have a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3. For Quotient and Composite scores, below 70 is Extremely Low, 70-79 is Borderline, 80-89 is Low Average, 90-109 is Average, 110-119 is High Average, 120 and above is Superior. This is true for all Wechsler Scales.
|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Wechsler_Preschool_and_Primary_Scale_of_Intelligence". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.|
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The Little Island, 1947 Caldecott Medal Winner
illustrated by Leonard Weisgard;
text: Golden MacDonald, pseud. [Margaret Wise Brown] (Doubleday)
A picture book written by the author of Goodnight Moon, and Runaway Bunny. The text is sparse and simple- appropriate for children from the age of 4 or 5. The storyline chronicles the passage of seasons with a host of animal characters. The primary viewpoint is from the perspective of the little kitten who ventures out to sea and discovers the little island. The muted palette of natural hues of sea blues and multiple shades of grey enforce the beauty of the coastal setting. Multiple animals are showcased both on the earth and under the sea- including- seals, sea birds, and crayfish. The powerful theme of the nature of faith is expounded in a profound way through a series of interactions between the small black kitten and a fish. The black cat implores the fish to show him how the little island is part of the land- the fish offers to take the kitten under the sea on a swimming voyage to explore what lies beneath the waterline. The kitten objects- as he cannot swim- under duress the fish implores the kitten to believe his statements about the island on the basis of trust-
“I can’t swim, ” said the cat. “Show me another way or I’ll eat you up. ”
“Then you must take it on faith what I tell you,” said the fish. “What’s that ? ” said the cat___ “Faith.””To believe what I tell you about what you don’t know,” said the fish. The brief moment of conflict resolves and the pattern of time passing- and seasons and the forces of the elements and their effects on the island completes the book in a satisfying manner. Readers will feel exhilarated as the book concludes in a peaceful reflection of all being well and good- “And it was good to be a little Island. A part of the world and a world of it’s own…”
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Interstellar travel won’t be possible for at least 200 years, according to a former NASA propulsion scientist who has some new calculations. And by then, the spaceships we would design for the trip will be obsolete. Forget cost, political will and all the other variables — simply obtaining enough energy will take until 2196, according to Marc Millis, former head of NASA’s Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project and founder of the Tau Zero Foundation, which supports interstellar travel research. Millis did plenty of extrapolating to reach this conclusion, which he presented at an astronomy meeting in Prague last fall and posted to the physics archive this week. He crunched 27 years of data on energy trends, mission energy requirements, individual energy use and even societal priorities, and chose two possible trips: An aimless interstellar colony ship, and a 75-year-long mission to Alpha Centauri.
Millis examined the energy required to launch the space shuttle during the past 30 years, which is a fraction of the nation’s total available energy. He assumes the same ratio will hold for interstellar flight, as Technology Review’s arXiv blog explains. For a 500-person ship on a one-way journey, Millis figures you would need at least an exajoule — that’s 1018 joules — which is just a little bit less than all the energy consumed by the entire world in one year. For an unmanned ship destined for Alpha Centauri, you would actually need more energy, because you’d want to slow it down upon arrival at our nearest neighboring star. This would require 1019 joules. Even without accounting for fuel, the 500-passenger ship wouldn’t be able to launch until around 2200 at the earliest, and the A. Centauri probe won’t be ready until around 2500. Millis’ math is actually more optimistic than other studies, which have suggested you would need 100 times the world’s total energy output to cover that distance. Still, it means we all have to live vicariously through Voyager for at least the next few generations.
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Creating a Santuary
by Karen Wise
The newly formed wetland 11 months after creation. As a truck spilled out a black, soupy soil mixture onto the barren ground, the smell of rotten eggs invaded this place. Charles Frederick, environmental designer, and his coworkers watched while a bulldozer spread the liquidy mixture on the barren ground. Despite the smell and appearance of the soil, the scientists of Davey Resource Group knew that the dark goo contained the seeds of life. Thanks to their help, and a little ingenuity, the area is beginning its conversion from sterile earth to lush wetland. Months later, Frederick and his coworkers returned to the same spot to find it transformed. Frogs croak as geese and deer wander nearby. Turtles slip off sunny logs into the safety of the cool, deep water. The landscape is a lush, green space complete with plants and wildlife. Frederick and the staff of wetlands scientists at Davey prepared a Wetlands Mitigation and Monitoring Plan in accordance with the requirements of the US Army Corps of Engineers and Ohio EPA. It contained baseline data about the site, goals for the new wetlands, a planting plan (hydric soil transfer), construction drawings, and a long-term (5-year) maintenance and monitoring plan. Due to the amount of wetlands that was being filled and the proximity of the wetlands to Tinkers Creek, the project had to be coordinated with both the state and federal governments. Davey helped the city determine the impacts of the project on the wetlands and apply for and obtain two permits. The preparation of a wetlands mitigation plan was a requirement of the necessary environmental permits. Most of the site was upland old field prior to conversion to wetlands. It was used 15-20 years ago as a crop field. Signs of the field tile were observed during construction. The construction plans included many design detail notes pertaining to site clearing, protecting the existing wetlands that the contractor was working very closely to, stockpiling trees that were removed and would later be spread about the new wetlands to provide habitat, and finally the details of the hydric soil relocation. The construction began in September and was completed by mid-October, 1999. CJ Natale, a local construction company from the Cleveland area, completed the work. Their prior experience in building wetlands was minimal, but they were willing participants and really went to great lengths to create a successful project, stated Karen Wise, Davey Project Manager.
Prior to spreading the goo of life, the site was excavated to depths varying between one and four feet. Only a small portion of the wetland was designed to hold water several feet deep; the goal was to have a portion that might allow fish to over winter, or to at least support a more diverse deep water submergent plant community. No clay was brought in, nor was a liner used. Soil borings were done prior to construction to ensure that soil permeability was at a desired level. Groundwater was filling in the deeper excavation areas before the equipment left the site. By relocating soil from a donor wetland only a half-mile away that was to be filled for construction of a senior apartment project, the members of Davey Resource Group breathed life into the new wetland. The process, transporting seed- and plant-laden soil from one wetland and using it to jump-start a new wetland, had never been tried before by the group. We knew that a nearby wetland was going to be destroyed, so we decided to try to save the soil to help the new wetland become established more quickly, explained Wise.
The wetland from which the hydric soils were obtained was a lowland woods with a small portion of wet meadow. Within a few weeks after construction, those plants that survived were already recovering and growing in their new home. The rescued soils contained seeds from the following plant species: silver maple (Acer saccharinum); American elm (Ulmus americana); soft rush (Juncus effusus); cattail (Typha sp. ); Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pennsylvania); slender rush (Juncus tenuis); and blue vervain (Verbena hastata). The seed bank within the hydric soils yielded a banner spring crop. The hydric soils were not stockpiled for longer than one day. They were moved almost immediately from their original state into the new wetlands and spread to a depth of about 8 inches. Approximately 3 acres of existing wetlands, all contiguous, existed prior to construction. After mitigation construction, a total of 6 acres of wetlands were delineated. All meet the US Army Corps of Engineers definition. The new wetlands are immediately adjacent to the old ones. After the site was prepared, flow from underground springs was directed into the new wetlands. The main source of hydrology is a small headwater stream that flows onto the site but originates from sandstone ledges less than 0. 25 mile from the mitigation area. The water is very clean and fairly cold. This stream was the main source of hydrology for the old wetlands; it is now joined by the hillside seep and the high post construction water table as sources of hydrology for the new wetlands. The underground seeps primarily only affect one area of the site, and that took us by surprise. The spring of 2000, following construction, we noted the hillside seep and the plant life growing there, said Wise.
In the winter and spring of 2000, the stream cut a new channel through the site, causing erosion in the newly created wetlands and a major water shortage in the existing wetland area. Even though most of the site was progressing nicely, about 1/3 of the proposed wetlands were suffering from downcutting, erosion, and lack of water. Four separate check dams, built to slow down and retain more water on the site, were constructed on the site in July 2000. Each check dam was constructed from clay, concrete, stone, hay bales, and wood. The materials were gathered from either on-site or within 0. 25 mile. Small wetland pools and swale-like wet meadows formed behind each check dam. Plants, such as Typha sp. and Acorus calamus, were transplanted from other portions of the site into the pools behind the check dams. The need to install the check dams proves the point that these systems are not intended to be maintenance free. Had we not done the follow-up monitoring, we would have never achieved our goal of 3 acres of wetlands, explained Wise.
As part of the project, some trees had to be removed. Davey scattered the rescued trees throughout the wetland to provide habitat for wildlife. The trees are already being used by sunning turtles and wading birds, and the deeper pools are supporting seasonal populations of fish. The end results are astonishing. Now it looks like someone unrolled a beautiful green carpet over the land, said Wise. We have never had plant life spring up this quickly. It jump-started the re-vegetation process, decreased erosion and provided almost immediate habitat for wildlife. The quick penetration by the plants also helped to populate the wetland with wildlife. We essentially set the table for the wildlife and just invited them to eat, said Wise.
The mitigation wetlands were constructed next to the City of Twinsburgs Parks and Recreation Departments Community Gardens. There is a small parking lot and knoll overlooking the wetlands. Large sandstone blocks serve as amphitheater seats. The new wetlands provide the backdrop. The Parks and Recreation Department staff, and particularly their Naturalist, will have access to this area in the future for outdoor programs and educational events. The processfrom construction to the growing seasonwas completed within seven months. One year after construction, more than 50 different plant species were identified on the site. Monitoring will continue through 2005. Two to three visits/inspections will be made per year and one annual monitoring report will be prepared and sent to the regulatory agencies. L&W
©2001, 2000, 1999, 1998 Land and Water, Inc.
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Don’t give up on flying cars or hoverboards just yet! As technology marches relentlessly on, everything goes into development sooner or later—as demonstrated by the existence of these things, which we’ll almost certainly see within our lifetimes. 10 Artificial Gills
Inventors have long sought an underwater breathing apparatus that doesn’t store oxygen, but extracts it from the water the way gills do. Israeli inventor Alon Bodner has come close. The device, aptly named LikeAFish, works by using a centrifuge to lower the pressure of water within an airtight chamber. Since only a little oxygen is contained in water, the device must move about 190 liters (50 gallons) per minute in order for the average person to breathe comfortably. Despite this, the only real barrier to implementation is size and weight, but it’s close enough that the device has been under consideration for military use for several years now. Such a system would obviously allow for longer “bottom time” without the need for refilling oxygen and would decrease the amount of nitrogen the diver is exposed to. According to Bodner’s website, the company spent 2012 “quietly designing a prototype to be installed on board a naval submarine,” so they may be very close to solving the size and weight issues of previous prototypes. 9 Agricultural Robots
Agricultural robotics are, somewhat surprisingly, still in their infancy. While unemployment seems to be leveling off, there is still talk of a possible general labor shortage in the near future—particularly in agriculture. Many companies worldwide are attempting to bring various types of robot farmhands to market, but in robotics (where government and academic projects still lead the way) it tends to take longer than in some other, more commercial industries for such projects to obtain funding, produce a product, and prove its viability. But the technology is coming along, and it’s easy to imagine it implemented on a wide-scale basis before too long. One Boston company that was able to raise nearly $8 billion in private funds in 2011 has developed a robot that it claims could perform 40 percent of the manual labor currently performed on farms. A Japanese research company has developed a robot that performs stereo imaging of strawberries to determine their ripeness before picking them, and MIT has a cherry tomato garden that is managed by a small crew of robots equipped with vision sensors. Of course, the main advantage to robot farm workers is the fact that they can work around the clock and never get tired. 8 Sunscreen Pills
An effective sunscreen that can be administered orally has been sought after for some time now. One doctor claims that a fern extract, containing the compound polypodium leucotomos, can act as such. He cites a human study showing less sun damage to the skin of those who were administered the active ingredient (though he did have to admit that there were only 12 people involved). Also promising is a study at King’s College in London, which has determined a method by which coral protects itself from UV rays through its relationship with a symbiotic algae that lives within it. The algae produces a chemical compound which is converted by the coral into its own UV-blocking sunscreen, benefiting not only the coral and the algae but also the fish that feed on the coral. This transference has led scientists to believe that if the compound can be isolated, it could potentially be modified into a human oral sunscreen that would protect both the skin and the eyes. Said Dr. Paul Long, head of the three-year project, “There would have to be a lot of toxicology tests done first but I imagine a sunscreen tablet might be developed in five years or so. Nothing like it exists at the moment. ”
7 Paper-Thin, Flexible Computers and Phones
In early 2013, consumer electronics shows debuted a prototype by European firm Plastic Logic of a product called the Papertab. That would be a portmanteau of “paper” and “tablet” and it is pretty much what it sounds like: a fully functional, touch screen tablet computer that is not only as thin as a sheet of paper, but as flexible as one too, and possesses the same reflective qualities. The company envisions such machines being ubiquitous within five to 10 years, as they could be inexpensive and interactive. A consumer could have several lying around, multi-tasking with different media all in service of one project. A joint project between two American and Canadian universities has been creatively dubbed the Paperphone. Queens University director Dr. Roel Vertegaal has largely the same vision of the project. “This is the future,” he says. “Everything is going to look and feel like this within five years. ” The machine is the size of a regular smartphone, with a 9. 4-centimeter (3. 7 in) display, but again, paper-thin and flexible. Users can give the phone commands by using “bend gestures. ” It consumes no power when not in use and is considerably harder to damage than an ordinary phone. 6 Tooth Regeneration
Regeneration of body parts in humans seems permanently consigned to the realm of science fiction, even though many species of animals are able to completely regrow lost parts. It’s long been known that alligators are able to regrow lost teeth, for example, but it was assumed to be a cyclical process, like snakes shedding their skin periodically. Scientists have recently discovered that this is not the case: An alligator’s tooth will grow back automatically to replace a lost one. This is quite significant because the structure of alligators’ teeth is pretty similar to ours. The problem has been that the inner areas of teeth contain living tissue known as “pulp” that doesn’t grow back. But the solution may have been found in stem cells: Scientists in multiple countries are trying to figure out how to get them to produce the correct tissues and structure for the given situation on demand. A University of Utah study in November 2012 confirmed that this could be done in a lab. Perfection of this technology could result in the potential end of tooth decay, gum disease, fillings, and root canals. 5 Holographic TV
While Ultra High Definition TV is on the way, there are really only so many pixels you can cram into a flat display—most existing models are 214-centimeter (84 in) monsters for that very reason. But the next generation of TVs, if you can call them that, won’t have screens so much as they’ll have a viewing area. As seen above, it could be a desktop display, or it could be an entire room—but holographic displays are definitely in the works. Researchers at MIT, who are apparently good at the cutting-edge technology thing (hence the “T”), have created a chip that can support a holographic display of 50 gigapixels per second—enough to simulate real world objects, as reported in the journal Nature. Such amazing technology will have to wait to come to marketplace, though, until costs can be driven down—right? Well, says Michael Bove, head of MIT’s Object-Based Media group: “The technology itself is one that’s easy and inexpensive and, as far as we are aware and Nature is aware, has never been applied to displays before. ” He foresees holographic displays on the market within 10 years—at the same cost as today’s regular, flat TVs. Another company, Provision, has built an inexpensive projector that displays a 45-centimeter (18 in) image. As of this writing, they’re working on ramping that up to a two-meter (six-foot) image, displayed by a unit the size of a toaster. 4 Real-Time Google Earth
At RAL Space in Oxford, scientists are building two video cameras quite unlike any other. Meter-long tubes packed with electronics and mirrors, these cameras are to be mounted to the outside of the International Space Station. But their purpose isn’t to capture images of space—they’ll be pointed toward the Earth. And while the resolution won’t be great (roughly a meter per pixel) it will be a real-time, streaming, live video of the entire planet. Meanwhile, some Georgia Tech researchers are taking a slightly different approach toward the same ends. They take footage from the many live video feeds around the world and use it to layer complex animations on top of Google Earth, sometimes piecing together multiple camera angles to extrapolate the desired information. While currently focusing on people and cars, they’d like to add animals and weather conditions soon. 3 Wireless Electricity
The notion of wireless electric power has been around far longer than one might think: Nikola Tesla might have perfected the technology a century ago if he had not been poor, unlucky, and kind of crazy. Many today are unaware that, even though it has obviously yet to be deployed en masse, wireless power transfer actually exists. Wireless device charging has been around for some time, and continues to improve. Companies like Witricity are at work developing electric “hubs” that can power your entire house. Their prototype is called “Prodigy” and is based on research done by physicist Marin Soljacic of MIT. It works by exploiting the fact that certain frequencies of electromagnetic waves facilitate ease of energy transfer, and two objects resonating with such a frequency can easily transfer electricity between them, even at some distance and even if the objects are metal. When perfected (which many see coming within the next decade), it could bring about an end to batteries as we know them. 2 Ultra–High Speed Tube Trains
Magnetic levitation, or Maglev, trains have been in development for quite some time. In Japan, a recent successful test run means that plans are underway to connect the whole country by 2045 with trains capable of reaching over 480 kph (300 mph). They accomplish this by removing the wheels—and thereby, contact and friction—from the equation. Maglev trains levitate above the track, suspended by an electromagnetic field. And while the Japanese model is impressive, one company in the small Colorado town of Longmont is upping the ante by eliminating another barrier to shattering speeds: namely, wind resistance. To be fair, eliminating this factor doesn’t so much up the ante as it blows up the entire house containing the card table. Daryl Oster of ET3 says that his company’s concept, called the Evacuated Tube Transport, is the future of transportation, and it very well may be. Its track is contained within a sealed, pressurized vacuum tube, making the capsules conceivably capable of speeds up 6,500 kph (4,000 mph), all while subjecting the passenger to G-forces comparable to that of a leisurely ride on the highway and transporting them across the entire US in less than an hour. ET3 has built prototype capsules and, as of this writing, are searching for an appropriate stretch to build the first tube. 1 Sustainable Fusion Reactor
Nuclear fission (the process by which nuclear power plants produce energy) is much easier to control than nuclear fusion (the process by which the sun burns, and nuclear weapons work). Small nuclear fusion reactors have been built, but a large-scale, sustainable fusion reactor has yet to be attempted—until now. A consortium of seven member bodies (the US, EU, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, and India) has chosen a location in France to build the world’s first. And while even its champions concede it could be decades before it’s dispensing energy, nuclear fusion is cleaner and yields three to four times more power than fission. The project is called ITER, for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, and it is the second-largest cooperative international scientific endeavor (ranking behind only the Space Station). It will use a donut-shaped magnetic field to contain gases that will reach temperatures comparable to those at the core of the sun, in excess of 150 million degrees C (270 million F), and will produce 10 times more power than it consumes.
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Kansas Water Science Center
The Cowskin Creek flood of October 31, 1998 caused millions of dollars in damages in northwest Wichita, Kansas. This page was developed to help inform emergency management personnel and local citizens of potential flood hazards before, during and after they occur. Estimated flood-inundation maps are available here for flood heights of 17 to 23 feet based on the US Geological Survey’s streamflow gage at 119th Street (station number 07144480), which is used by the National Weather Service (NWS) as the flood forecast point. All of these maps can be viewed at any time and the map coinciding with the most current flood forecast will automatically be displayed when the NWS flood forecast is issued. There are also many links to helpful information from the National Weather Service, Federal and Local Emergency Management, and the U.S. Geological Survey.
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In just the past six months, more than 110 bills have been introduced in state legislatures attempting to roll back transgender rights, most of them targeting transgender youth. At the same time, legislative efforts to actively protect the rights of LGBTQ+ young people have virtually ground to a halt. At least 36 of the introduced bills would deny transgender children transition-related health care, forcing them to undergo puberty instead of receiving hormone blockers that give them time to navigate their gender. These became law in Alabama and Tennessee, jeopardizing the physical and mental health of young people in those states and prompting some families with transgender children to leave. Lawmakers in dozens of other states have sought to bar transgender children from participating in sports with their peers, cutting them off from a crucial lifeline for physical and social development. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, Montana, South Dakota, Tennessee and West Virginia all enacted these restrictions. Tennessee barred transgender children from using bathrooms or locker rooms at school consistent with their gender identity, a restriction that, according to a Human Rights Watch report, jeopardizes their privacy and puts them at risk of harassment, assault and medical conditions. Meanwhile, progress on legislation to help LGBTQ+ children has virtually stopped. While pouring their energy into pursuing anti-transgender laws, state legislatures have failed to take steps to actually protect the health and rights of these children. Federal data show that lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth are almost twice as likely to be bullied at school as their heterosexual peers, with even higher rates of bullying targeting transgender youth. Yet no additional states have enacted LGBTQ+-inclusive anti-bullying protections this year. Only 21 states and the District of Columbia have statewide laws prohibiting bullying in schools based on sexual orientation and gender identity. (In South Dakota and Missouri, it’s actually against state law for local schools to forbid bullying based on these and other characteristics. )
Many children face discriminatory restrictions, particularly around gender expression and access to basic facilities like bathrooms and locker rooms. LGBTQ+ youth are more likely than their peers to grapple with mental health problems and often face real difficulty concentrating and succeeding in school. Addressing these issues should be a priority for any lawmaker who truly cares about the health and well-being of LGBTQ+ youth. Yet only 17 states and the District of Columbia expressly prohibit discrimination in schools based on sexual orientation and gender identity — and notably, no states have enacted such laws in 2021. Many children lack access to comprehensive sexuality education, and even fewer receive inclusive sexuality education. Many never see positive portrayals of LGBTQ+ people in the classroom. Only four states — California, Colorado, Illinois and New Jersey — incorporate LGBTQ+ history and related topics into school curricula. No additional states have adopted these kinds of positive laws this year. Instead, Tennessee took a step backward, requiring schools to notify parents or guardians so they can withdraw their children when sexual orientation or gender identity is going to be discussed. These types of laws jeopardize the rights of LGBTQ+ children, who need the information and resources, and deepen anti-LGBTQ+ stigma by suggesting that these discussions are somehow inappropriate. The many lawmakers who insist they care about children should, at the very least, reverse discriminatory laws that exclude LGBTQ+ youth and cut them off from supportive resources. They should enact inclusive anti-bullying and nondiscrimination protections to protect children from mistreatment. And to really support these children, they should incorporate LGBTQ+ issues into school curricula, fostering diverse and respectful environments where everyone feels welcome. This column was produced for The Progressive magazine and distributed by Tribune News Service.
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While numerous studies tout the many health benefits associated with drinking coffee, new research is showing it’s possible to have too much of a good thing. A new study published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings revealed that drinking 28 cups of coffee or more a week – four cups or more per day – can increase a person’s chances of dying by 21 percent, Medical Daily reported. And for men under the age of 55 drinking this amount of coffee, their chances of prematurely dying of any cause increased to 56 percent. For women, the increase was twofold. According to the researchers, the findings add to the confusion already surrounding the caffeinated beverage. "There continues to be considerable debate about the health effects of caffeine, and coffee specifically, with some reports suggesting toxicity and some even suggesting beneficial effects," study co-author Dr. Carl Lavie, a cardiology researcher at the Ochsner Medical Center in New Orleans, said in a statement. Lavie and her team tracked 43,727 men and women over the course of 17 years, conducting in-person interviews and medical examinations that analyzed blood chemistry, electrocardiography, blood pressure and more. During the study period, 2,512 people died, and the researchers noted a significant link between high coffee consumption and mortality. “On the basis of these findings, it seems appropriate to suggest that younger people avoid heavy coffee consumption,” the authors wrote. According to the National Coffee Drinking Study from the National Coffee Association, 83 percent of American adults consume coffee every day. Click here for more from Medical Daily.
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Temperance is the ability to avoid indulging to excess; to control one's appetite and avoid yielding to gluttony, lust or wild abandon. In Christian tradition, it is considered one of the four cardinal virtues. According to Aquinas, excessive love of good things is one of the primary sources of sin, and temperance is the virtue needed to avoid this. God's bountiful creation affords multifarious delights, and as the custodians of that creation it is right that people should enjoy them (see Genesis 1:29). However, this enjoyment must be tempered with prayerful moderation to avoid leading down a sinful way. During the 19th and 20th Centuries, the Temperance Movement was a campaign specifically aimed at encouraging moderation in alcohol consumption and/or teetotalism. It was particularly associated with the Methodist Church.
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The most minor and seemingly common ailments and illnesses like headaches, colds, and diarrhea can easily cause disruption and wreak havoc in your life. This is why it is important that you have a medicine cabinet at home that is well-stocked with all the essentials. Here is a short overview of the most important things that should be found inside your medicine cabinet. Pain relief medicines like Ibuprofen, aspirin, and paracetamol can help relieve most minor pains and aches like headaches and menstrual cramps. These medicines can also help relieve minor ailments like common cold through reducing high temperatures, pains, and aches. These can also reduce inflammation of sprains and inflammation. Antihistamines help deal with insect bites and allergies. You can also help with hay fever. These antihistamines are available in different forms such as creams and tablets. Creams can soothe insect bites and stings as well as itching and rashes from stinging nettles. Tablets help control symptoms of hay fever and calm minor food allergic reactions. They also help calm itchiness because of chickenpox. Just take note that some antihistamines can cause drowsiness. Always consult your pharmacist before using them. There are a lot of things that can cause diarrhea such as stomach virus or food poisoning. Diarrhea can happen with no warning. This is why it is always a wise idea to have anti-diarrhea medicine in your medicine cabinet. These medicines can help address diarrhea’s unpleasant symptoms but they don’t necessarily address the underlying cause. Loperamide is the most common medicine used to control diarrhea. This works to slow down the action of the gut. Oral Rehydration Salts
Diarrhea, vomiting, and fever can make you lose essential minerals and water and cause dehydration. If you are experiencing these symptoms and it becomes impossible to stick to your usual diet, the oral rehydration salts will help you restore the natural balance of fluid and minerals in your body and relieve tiredness and discomfort. If you are suffering from heartburn, trapped gas, or stomach ache, a simple antacid can decrease stomach acidity and offer relief. This works best after a party or celebration. Antacids are available in liquid form or as soluble or chewable tablets. Make sure you also have a lotion with at least SPF 15. Even a short sun exposure can lead to sunburn and make you prone to skin cancer. Make sure your sunscreen offers UVA protection specifically for morning persons that love the sun. Aside from the medicines above, a first aid kit is also a must-have in any medicine cabinet. This is to help treat minor bruises, cuts, and sprains and prevent infection. Your first aid kit should contain these items:
- Plasters – These should be in different sizes and if possible, waterproof. - Bandages – These can offer support to injured limbs like sprains or fractures. They can also apply a direct pressure to big cuts before a hospital treatment. - Thermometer – This is to check for fever. - Eyewash solution – It helps wash out dirt or grit in the eyes. - Antiseptic – This is used for cleaning cuts before dressing them. Many antiseptics can also treat different conditions such as pimples, ulcers, and insect stings. - Medical tape – It is used for securing dressings. - Sterile dressings – Sterile dressings can be used to cover larger injuries to prevent infections until treatment administered by health professionals. - Tweezers – This is to take out splinters to prevent discomfort and infection.
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003_3021911
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Wildlife and Habitat Assessment
A growing number of landowners have a desire to manage their property for wildlife and recreational purposes. Assessment of existing wildlife populations and current habitat quality is generally the first step for landowners. This procedure can also be a very important consideration for those considering the purchase of a particular property. Once the current habitat condition is evaluated, the assessment of potential wildlife and habitat improvements can be explored. Some wildlife species can be managed simultaneously while others present diverging obstacles to overcome. The restrictions that limit a particular wildlife species are called “limiting factors”. Once the limiting factors are determined, a plan can be designed and implemented to increase the capacity for the desired wildlife species.
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In a large, geographically defined population of children a number of family factors in addition to social class, determined by the father's occupation, were recorded by health visitors and school nurses with routine responsibility for these children. The quality of the children in normal schools was assessed in terms of nonverbal IQ and height at the ages of 5 and 10 years, and of behavior as reported by the teacher at the age of 10 years. By analysis of variance the sum of the independent effects of the other family factors greatly outweighed that of occupational social class, except in the case of the IQ at 10 years. The most important of the other family factors was the quality of the mother's care of her child during the first 3 years of life. Statistics from Altmetric.com
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
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In On Two Wings: Humble Faith and Common Sense at the American Founding, Michael Novak amends the customary political history of the American founding to reinstate its religious underpinnings. Where most Americans do well in noting the Enlightenment elements of the American regime, they have been taught almost nothing about the religious—indeed, biblical—influence on the United States’ formation as a nation. Novak applies the corrective. Author of numerous books dealing with freedom, religion, and business, including The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism (1982), Novak situates the “rights talk” of the American founding within “God talk. ” By showing how the founders understood rights and liberties to have a transcendent origin, Novak counters the postmodern attempt to hold onto rights without becoming beholden to what the Declaration of Independence calls “the laws of nature and of nature’s God.”
Despite the promise of its title (and subtitle), On Two Wings mostly focuses on faith as the neglected wing that gave flight to American independence. The wing of reason or “common sense” needs less attention because of the way in which Lockean rationalism has dominated contemporary discourse on the founding. In fact, Novak gives short shrift to Leo Strauss’s reading of the American founding precisely because of his emphasis upon the recovery of reason as a remedy for historicist interpretations of history. Freedom within Moral Limits
Much like the American founders themselves, Novak gives a providential reading of the birth of the republic. His argument for a “biblical” or “Hebrew” metaphysics at work in the American founding, likely to be misread as merely reflecting the patriotic biases of a Jewish convert to Catholicism, gains credibility through a multitude of quotations and public actions drawn from the founding era. They demonstrate the unmistakably religious self-understanding that informed the emerging American republic. Novak links the founders’ emphasis on religion to a concern that virtue be fostered as a vital attribute of a free people. Without it, freedom would become license and lead to the anarchy that gives rise to tyranny. As John Adams observed, “Our Constitution is made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other. ” On this note, Novak argues that Adams, more than Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (who are more frequently cited as exemplars of the American founding), is more emblematic of the “national temper. ”
But Novak also offers something of an anti-Federalist reading of the founders by reminding the reader that the target of the Bill of Rights was not government in general but the new national government of the 1787 Constitution. The local community plays an instrumental role in cultivating the good morals required of a people who allotted themselves greater freedom of thought and action than any nation in history. Novak argues that “in order to live in liberty, individuals depend on strong moral communities. ” And the early American history he seeks to reclaim shows that state governments allowed for what Novak calls “‘mild’ establishments of religion. ”
Of course, the American people eventually withdrew state support for churches and religious education. In practice, the arguments of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson triumphed over those of Patrick Henry. This begs a question not answered sufficiently by On Two Wings: To what extent should state or federal governments endorse religion? Nevertheless, On Two Wings returns the discussion of American self-government to its proper moral context. Modern readers of the American founding usually see the public rather than the personal practice of self-government. Novak reminds us of what was obvious to the founding generation: Self-government implies self-control. Religion serves a public function by alerting citizens to their need to control themselves by exercising their freedom within moral limits and not simply to any arbitrary end. Religion’s Preeminent Place
Mindful that his thesis and polemical style will invite objections, Novak devotes the last formal chapter to posing and answering ten likely questions arising from his religious account of the American founding. For example: Did the founders convey a personal or deistic concept of God in public utterances? Was the founding view of religion simply utilitarian? How did they define reason in political discourse? Does religion add or merely confirm what reason or common sense dictates in civic affairs? Novak is not alone in recovering religion’s influence on the American founding. An excellent and more scholarly treatment of the subject is John G. West’s The Politics of Revelation and Reason: Religion and Civic Life in the New Nation (1996). But given contemporary quarrels over the role of religion in public life, as seen in recent court cases dealing with the constitutionality of the pledge of allegiance (for its “under God” clause) and vouchers used for religious schools, recovering the biblical influence on America’s founding deserves all the support it can get. At bottom, Novak hopes to jump start a more extensive and thorough discussion of the principles and practices of self-government that each generation of Americans must understand in order for the republic to flourish. Here, religion has a preeminent place in the American Founding, and the least that subsequent generations can do is learn how and why it assumed this importance for the Founders.
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Wastewater Phosphorus Standards Becoming the Norm
Over the better part of the past four decades, secondary wastewater treatment has been the norm with only a small fraction of facilities having to meet more advanced standards. However, remaining water quality concerns are making nutrient standards common place, and over the next few years advanced wastewater treatment for phosphorus and/or nitrogen nutrient removal will become the norm. For freshwater discharges, phosphorus is typically the nutrient of concern, while for discharges that impact marine environments or groundwater, nitrogen is the nutrient of concern. In freshwater environments, phosphorus is often the limiting factor for algae growth and can have significant impact on water clarity and oxygen levels. Where these water quality concerns exist, phosphorus standards are being imposed. Standards may range from 1 mg/l down to less than 0. 1 mg/l depending on the receiving water quality limitations. In the typical secondary treatment plant about one third of the influent phosphorus is removed via settling of insoluble forms of phosphorus and cell growth (typical cell is about 1. 9% P on weight basis). To remove more phosphorus a couple of things have to happen. First, the remaining soluble phosphorus has to be converted to an insoluble form, and then the insoluble phosphorus has to be settled or otherwise captured. Converting phosphorus chemically
The most common way to convert soluble phosphorus to an insoluble form is to chemically precipitate it with a metal salt, such as alum or ferric chloride. There are a number of factors that need to be considered in selecting the best chemical or combination of chemicals, the points of addition, and the appropriate dosage of chemicals. Chemical precipitation of phosphorus is well proven and easy to install and control. With this approach, it is relatively easy to convert the majority of the phosphorus to an insoluble form. However, the lower the phosphorus limits,the higher the chemical dose required. The downsides of chemically removing phosphorus include chemical costs, increased sludge production, and the difficulty of sludge dewatering. Chemical precipitation to low levels can be difficult if there is an unusual fraction of recalcitrant phosphorus. Accordingly, it is very important to understand the forms of phosphorus in the waste stream, particularly if you have to achieve very low levels. Converting phosphorus biologically
You can also biologically convert soluble phosphorus to insoluble phosphorus. Typical wastewater microorganisms are about 1. 9% P by weight. By subjecting the microorganisms to specific conditions (anaerobic conditions followed by aerobic) you can select for micro-organisms (poly-Pbacteria) that have the ability to accumulate excess phosphorus, typically 3 to 15% P by weight. The advantages of biologically removing the phosphorus include less sludge production, no chemical cost, and improved settling due to filamentous bacteria control that results from the anaerobic zone. The typical disadvantages of biological phosphorus (bio-P) removal include higher installation costs, complexity of operation, and the inability to achieve as low soluble phosphorus concentrations as through chemical precipitation. Typically it is assumed that bio-P strategies will only get you down to the 0. 5 mg/l range and if you need to go lower you will need to supplement with chemicals. Separation of Solids
One of the most important issues associated with phosphorus removal is the solids separation system. Once the phosphorus is converted to insoluble forms (chemically and/or biologically), the solids need to be captured. Which solids capturing systems are employed is a function of the effluent phosphorus standard and other treatment issues. Typical secondary clarifiers will remove suspended forms of phosphorus to achieve a phosphorus standard in the 0. 5 to 1 mg/l range. Generally you have to consider advanced solids separation systems when you have to achieve limits less than 0. 5 mg/l. The types of systems used are very similar to the typical equipment used for the treatment of potable water. If you are faced with a phosphorus limit as low as 0. 2 mg/l, filtration systems are commonly employed. These include a wide variety of sand, cloth and plastic media filters. If you have to achieve phosphorus limits as low as 0. 1 mg/l, ballasted and buoyant clarification systems are common such as Kruger’s Actiflo® process, Cambridge Water Technology’s CoMag® process, and Degremont Technology’s Densedag® and AquaDAF® processes. Filtration systems preceded by high rate settlers or dual filtration systems in series can also be utilized for limits as low as 0. 1 mg/l. To achieve even lower limits, membrane filtration or combinations of systems in series (such as a ballasted clarification system followed by sand filtration) would be considered. For very low standards,pilot studies are appropriate to prove a technology before selecting a preferred option. Stringent phosphorus limits are on the increase. There are many options available to achieve phosphorus limits. The best solution is a function of the phosphorus limit currently and in the future, site specific issues, operational considerations, and cost. It is prudent to analyze all the options and to select a solution on life cycle cost analysis and operational considerations.
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008_3205052
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Damaging landslides in the Appalachian Plateau and scattered regions within the Midcontinent of North America highlight the need for landslide-hazard mapping and a better understanding of the geomorphic development of landslide terrains. The Plateau and Midcontinent have the necessary ingredients for landslides including sufficient relief, steep slope gradients, Pennsylvanian and Permian cyclothems that weather into fine-grained soils containing considerable clay, and adequate precipitation. One commonly used parameter in landslide-hazard analysis that is in need of further investigation is plan curvature. Plan curvature is the curvature of the hillside in a horizontal plane or the curvature of the contours on a topographic map. Hillsides can be subdivided into regions of concave outward plan curvature called hollows, convex outward plan curvature called noses, and straight contours called planar regions. Statistical analysis of plan-curvature and landslide datasets indicate that hillsides with planar plan curvature have the highest probability for landslides in regions dominated by earth flows and earth slides in clayey soils (CH and CL). The probability of landslides decreases as the hillsides become more concave or convex. Hollows have a slightly higher probability for landslides than noses. In hollows landslide material converges into the narrow region at the base of the slope. The convergence combined with the cohesive nature of fine-grained soils creates a buttressing effect that slows soil movement and increases the stability of the hillside within the hollow. Statistical approaches that attempt to determine landslide hazard need to account for the complex relationship between plan curvature, type of landslide, and landslide susceptibility. ? ? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Additional publication details
Plan curvature and landslide probability in regions dominated by earth flows and earth slides
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009_3717979
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In 2007, Jerome Burg of California began a project as a Google Certified Teacher to engage students better with some of his favourite pieces of literature. Working with Google Earth as the springboard, there are now over 38 Literature Trips published on his site. GoogleLitTrips. org More recently he collaborated on a book – BookMapping and started looking at Trips that involve a single location. Using or creating a Google Literature trip is a fantastic way to actively engage students and teachers with the setting of a story and offer visual context beyond the text of the story being explored. Currently there are three Google Lit Trips published by Kevin Amboe on this site. Each has direct curriculum correlation to BC Ministry Curriculum
Hana’s Suitcase by Karen Levine –
– social justice, immigration, discrimination, WWII,
White Jade Tiger by Julie Lawson
Novel Study Guide GLT Novel Study White Jade Tiger by Julie Lawson
Extending beyond the ‘Literature Trip’
If you like Google Lit Trips, you might be interested in Google Historical Voyages and Events, a project by Google Lit Trips developer Carol LaRow. According to Carol, “This site is dedicated to the explorers, voyages, events, and historical backgrounds of countries throughout the World.”
A newer concept is also a One-Stop Story
Additional Tips and Resources
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002_5382529
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This commentary from the Austin American Statesman argues that the city's aim to become the country's most livable city is undercut by its low number of community gardens. "The laundry list of green initiatives adopted by the City of Austin is a tribute to Austin's commitment to becoming the most livable city in the country. Green oases in the middle of urban areas, community gardens are a necessary part of any livable city. Located in areas easily accessible to residents, these public spaces offer land on which neighbors work together to grow their own food, thereby reducing fuel consumption and pollution emitted by trucking produce across the country. "
"Austin is home to 12 community gardens. For a city the size of Austin, this number is well below that of urban areas of similar size. In Portland, Ore., the Parks and Recreation department operates 30 community gardens with assistance from the Friends of Portland Community Gardens. Seattle's Department of Neighborhoods P-Patch Program works with the P-Patch Trust to support the efforts of 54 community gardens. "
"Unlike the public programming that supports community gardening in Portland and Seattle, the process for starting a garden in Austin is cumbersome and costly. Though the city does permit groups to use public land for gardens for a nominal annual fee, only five community gardens reside on public property. "
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001_5118500
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About the Committee
Vulnerability Committee Overview
It is fundamentally clear that climate change represents a profound risk to the safety of engineered systems and to public safety in Canada and around the world. As such, professional engineers must address climate change adaptation as part of our primary mandate – protection of the public interest, which includes life, health, property, economic interest and the environment. Climate change results in significant changes in statistical weather patterns resulting in a shifting foundation of base design data. Physical infrastructure systems designed using this inadequate data are vulnerable to failure, compromising public and economic safety. To meet the climate change challenge, Engineers Canada and its partners established the Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee in August 2005. Co-funded by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and Engineers Canada until June 2012, the Vulnerability Committee continues as a major Canadian initiative involving all three levels of government and non-governmental organizations. It is looking broadly and systematically at infrastructure vulnerability to climate change from an engineering perspective. The Committee's work producedCanada’s First National Engineering Vulnerability Assessment Public Infrastructure, published in April 2008. Engineering vulnerability and risk assessment forms the bridge to ensure our changing climate is considered in engineering design, operations and maintenance of civil infrastructure. Identifying the components of the infrastructure that are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts enables cost-effective engineering and operations solutions to be developed. The assessment is a structured, formalized and documented process for engineers, planners and decision-makers to identify and recommend measures to address the vulnerabilities and risks from changing climate design parameters and other environmental factors due to extreme climatic events. The assessment helps justify design, operations and maintenance recommendations and provides documented results that fulfill due diligence requirements for insurance and liability purposes. Engineers have traditionally relied upon historical data to design long-lasting, safe and reliable infrastructure, but now they must develop new design and operational practices to withstand the changing weather conditions. Currently, climate change models do not provide the granularity required for the site-specific scales used in the engineering design of individual infrastructures. Engineering vulnerability/risk assessment provides a recognized methodology that handles the uncertainties that are inherent in climate change projections. It enables the identification of key vulnerabilities and risks in a form that enables engineers to exercise their professional judgment for infrastructure design, operations and maintenance recommendations. The Protocol systematically reviews historical climate information and projects the nature, severity and probability of future climate changes and events. It also establishes the adaptive capacity of an individual infrastructure as determined by its design, operation and maintenance. It includes an estimate of the severity of climate impacts on the components of the infrastructure (i. e. deterioration, damage or destruction) to enable the identification of higher risk components and the nature of the threat from the climate change impact. This information can be used to make informed engineering judgments on what components require adaptation as well as how to adapt them e. g. design adjustments, changes to operational or maintenance procedures. Since 2008, the Protocol has been applied to assess climate risks and vulnerabilities across a wide range of infrastructure systems in Canada including : buildings (residential, commercial and institutional); storm water/wastewater systems, roads and associated structures (e. g. bridges and culverts), water supply and management systems, electricity distribution and airport infrastructure. Close to 40 infrastructure risk assessments have been completed as of November 2014. Engineers Canada encourages the use of the Protocol to assess climate risks for all types of infrastructure as a best practice that will become regular practice in the near future. It is available for use at no financial charge through a license agreement with Engineers Canada. Engineers Canada provides technical advice on the application of the Protocol at no financial charge and offers workshop training on a cost recovery basis.
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009_2119047
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What links the Somme, Tony Blair and the Chilcot report into the Iraq war? Just as some historians claim the first world war was a "necesarry evil", Tony Blair tries to justify his illegal war in Iraq, which killed more than one million people. The many commemorations of the first day of the Battle of Somme were very moving. We heard personal experiences of soldiers and their families. We saw schoolchildren following some of these histories and learning some of the horrors of war. This was after all one of the bloodiest battles of the First World War, nearly 60,000 British soldiers killed or wounded on its first day, sent over the top by generals with no regard for the sacrifice of human life. I did not watch much of the coverage, distracted like many by the attacks on Jeremy Corbyn and the fallout from the referendum vote. But it seemed to me that there was very little that was critical of the conduct of the battle on either a military or a political level. Since then I have seen right wing historians say, yes it was bloody and horrible but it was a necessary evil to win the war and spread peace and democracy. This may sound familiar to some of you. It is a refrain we will hear in various forms a lot this week, as the Chilcot report into the Iraq war finally gives its verdict. We know that the supporters of Tony Blair in particular, and of wars in general, will try to justify a war which has lasted much longer than the First World War, and where the latest estimated figures for deaths in Iraq alone are now over 1 million. Only today, 3 July 2016, the legacy of that intervention is clear with nearly 140 dead from a bomb in Baghdad.
It has become common for those who defend wars to take the ‘what if’ view of history. Historians argue that if Germany had won the First World War the fate of Europe would have been much worse. This seems a slightly odd conclusion when it is often considered that it was Germany’s defeat that helped lead to the rise of Hitler, but never mind. Blair is employing his own ‘counter-factual’ to argue that even though there might be problems now, if Saddam had been left in power things would have been a whole lot worse. Seriously? One million dead, 4 million refugees earlier and in the war and a constant stream of them still today, trying to escape fighting? The rise of ISIS which was incubated in a prison in British controlled southern Iraq? The hideous increase in sectarianism which is endangering many lives as well as the whole society? And of course the worsening of life in Britain with more instability and threats of terrorism, more Islamophobia, in large part consequent on the war, and greater attacks on civil liberties. Alongside all these has been in recent years attempts to rehabilitate these wars as somehow important to the development of democracy, and therefore justified despite the human costs. In reality the battle of the Somme took place in the middle of a war where political and social instability were beginning to grow. In April 1916 the Easter rising occurred in Ireland, marking the first blow for independence against the mighty British empire. By the end of 1916, the British government of Asquith had fallen to be taken over by Lloyd George. Domestically the war was becoming much more unpopular and there was growing opposition to conscription. The impasse of the war on the western front was part of the reason for this instability. it also led to the imperial powers looking for different arenas in which to achieve their aims, as David Fromkin’s A Peace to End all Peace makes clear. The Sykes Picot agreement was signed in early 1916, aimed at preserving and extending British and French interests in the Middle East, and it was to the collapsing Ottoman Empire that Britain now turned some of its attention, leading it to intervening militarily in Syria and what was then called Mesopotamia.
Today it is known as Iraq. Which brings us back to Chilcot.
Lindsey German is the national convenor of Stop the War Coalition, which is holding a Time for Truth and Justice protest on 6 July 2016, the day the Chilcot report is published, and has organised a public meeting the day after, titled The People's Response to Chilcot.
Source: No Glory in War
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006_1172745
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Invasive species aren't just species — they can also be pathogens. Such is the case with the West Nile virus. A mosquito-borne virus identified in the West Nile subregion in Uganda in 1937 — hence the name — West Nile wasn't much of a concern to people elsewhere until it broke out of Africa in 1999. The first U.S. cases were confirmed in New York City in 1999, and it has now spread throughout much of the world. Though 80% of infections are subclinical — meaning they yield no symptoms — those who do get sick can get very sick. The virus can lead to encephalitis — inflammation of the brain and nervous system — and even death, with 286 people dying from West Nile in the U.S. in 2012. There were more than 5,500 cases reported that year, and the scary thing is that as the climate warms, West Nile will continue to spread. That's the conclusion of a new study from a team of researchers in the U.S., Britain and Germany, including those at the Center for Tropical Research at UCLA's Institute of the Environment and Sustainability. In a study published in the journal Global Change Biology, the researchers took climate and species-distribution data, and created models that try to project the spread of the virus as the globe warms. West Nile virus is carried by mosquitoes, and infected insects transmit the virus to human beings with a bite. But birds play a role too — if bitten by an infected mosquito, birds can generate high levels of the virus in their bloodstream, and can then transmit it to uninfected mosquitoes, which in turn can infect people. The biggest indicator of whether West Nile virus will occur is the maximum temperature of the warmest month of the year, which is why the virus has caused the most damage in hot southern states like Texas.
The UCLA model indicates that higher temperatures and lower precipitation will generally lead to more cases of West Nile, as well as the spread of the virus to northern territories that haven't yet been affected by it. In California alone, for example, more than half of the state will see an increased probability of West Nile in the decades to come, and by 2080 the virus may well be prevalent in parts of southern Canada, and as far north as northern British Columbia, as you can see in this map:
The UCLA model looks only at climate data and doesn't take into account the kind of control methods that can be used to combat West Nile on the ground, including pesticide spraying and land-use changes that deny mosquitoes the pools of stagnant water they use as breeding sites. That's important to remember: while climate change can raise the risk of typically tropical diseases like West Nile or malaria, smart control efforts can offset at least some of that danger. (Malaria used to be common throughout much of the South — which is easily warm enough in the summer for the disease — before steps were taken to eliminate it, a process that led to the creation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.) But the UCLA study underscores the fact that climate change operates as a threat multiplier for tropical diseases, one that will allow pathogens to invade new territory — and, ultimately, us.
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000_3982854
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This version of "plot" will allow you to visualize data that has very large number of elements. Plotting large data set makes your graphics sluggish, but most times you don't need all of the information displayed in the plot. Your screen only has so many pixels, and your eyes won't be able to detect any information not captured on the screen. This function will downsample the data and plot only a subset of the data, thus improving the memory requirement. When the plot is zoomed in, more information gets displayed. Some work is done to make sure that outliers are captured. dsplot(x, y, numpoints)
x =linspace(0, 2*pi, 1000000);
Jiro Doke (2022). DSPLOT - downsampled plot (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/15850-dsplot-downsampled-plot), MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved . MATLAB Release Compatibility
Platform CompatibilityWindows macOS Linux
Community Treasure Hunt
Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help you! Start Hunting!
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012_241118
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The Fountain of Youth may never have been found, but one of the secrets to staying young and healthy has long been discovered––regular physical activity! Along with following a nutrient-dense and varied diet, exercising consistently not only helps you maintain a healthy weight, but research has consistently shown that it reduces your risk of developing chronic diseases, slows down the aging process, and helps your brain function optimally. 1 Yet, regular exercise is often neglected due to hectic lifestyles and long work days. (image credit: Center for Health Equity Research)
In a recent study, researchers examined the immune systems of middle-aged and elderly adults over the age of 55 who regularly exercised by cycling for the majority of their lives. They looked for markers of T cell production in the blood (T cells have a variety of roles in the immune system, such as killing foreign invaders). The researchers then compared the cyclists’ immune systems to similar aged, healthy people who were sedentary, and a group of young adult that didn’t exercise. The surprising results showed that the levels of newly made T cells were about the same in the older cyclists group as those found in the young adults group, suggesting that regular exercise protects against a critical aspect of aging, the loss of immune system protection. Thus, being physically inactive––not merely aging––may lead to the deterioration of your immune function. The cyclists also didn’t lose muscle mass (a major concern as we get older), had healthy cholesterol levels, and didn’t gain as much body fat than their sedentary peers. (image credit: Senior Cycling)
Engaging in physical activity is important for mental health as well as it has been shown to elevate mood, reduce stress and anxiety, and improve sleep, leading to better cognitive functioning. 2 The parts of the brain that control thinking and memory appear to have greater volume in individuals that are physically active versus those that are not. Regular physical activity can also reduce your risk of developing diseases and chronic conditions such as cardiovascular (heart) disease, stroke, diabetes, colon and breast cancers, and obesity. Exercising on a consistent basis over time can improve your cholesterol levels, lower your blood pressure, and lower your blood sugar level. Lastly, incorporating strength-training activities also helps increase your muscle mass and strength, and slows down the loss of bone density that results as you get older. Elderly people are at a higher risk for falls and hip fractures, but adding balance and strength-training exercises to your daily workout routine can help anyone reduce their risk. (image credit: MedExpressRx)
The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommends that adults should do at least:
- 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity such as brisk walking, dancing, or bicycling, or
- 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity such as running or bicycling uphill, and
- strength-training exercises on 2 or more days each week3
With all these great health benefits, it is important for everyone to be active, regardless of age, health status, or size (but be sure to get your doctor’s OK before you engage in any new fitness regimens). Consider the following:
- Move a lot and often. Even if you lead a sedentary lifestyle due to having a desk job or if you travel regularly, find ways to include the following “NEAT” (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) activities as often as possible throughout your day:
- Take the stairs instead of the elevators within buildings and public transit stations
- Stand or walk when doing tasks if possible
- Do stretching exercises at your desk during breaks
- Walk outside to get lunch or take a short walk after meals
- Forget the treadmill. Not everyone likes going to the gym or is able to join one, and that’s okay. There are many forms of cardiovascular exercise you can enjoy such as brisk walking/running in the park, dancing, swimming, or playing a sport. Even shopping at the mall, walking your dog, or doing household chores for a period of time counts! - Take a class. Yoga, Zumba®, pilates, barre, hula hooping…the list of exercise classes that are available to join seems to be endless! Find one that piques your interest. Many places offer a free trial class for new students, so ask if you can check one out before committing. For New Yorkers, Shape Up NYC is a free, drop-in fitness program with many locations throughout the five boroughs that offers various fitness classes. Individuals living in other cities can research what might be available (for free or low-cost) at local community centers. - Grab a buddy. Not only can someone motivate you on the challenging days when you don’t feel like moving, but socializing and spending time with a friend, family member, or co-worker might make the actual exercising seem much more fun as well. - Set goals and track your progress. Start small and work your way up. If you’re just starting out or have an erratic schedule, it might be best to spread out your exercises throughout the week, and slowly reduce the length of time spent being sedentary. For example, try walking 3,000 steps every day for one whole week or running for 30 minutes once a week, then add a component of intensity, duration, or frequency the following week. Keep track of your progress…before you know it, you may need to set new goals! - Have fun! Find a fitness routine that you enjoy doing and let it become a normal part of your life. It is much easier to stick to something you like than force yourself to do something you don’t. What physical activity are you already doing regularly? What would you like to start doing? Share with us in the comments below and keep an eye out for our follow-up blog post where we will be discussing what to eat to fuel your workout and how to reap the most benefits out of your exercise routine. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Physical Activity and Health
- Godman, Heidi. Regular exercise changes the brain to improve memory, thinking skills. Harvard Health Blog.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
Guest post by Helen Cheng, Dietetic Intern
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010_6229293
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There are many benefits of using IT at home, these can include:
• improving attainment;
• improving IT skills and makes learning fun;
• offers choice in what is learnt and how it is learnt;
• supports homework and revision;
• flexible range of learning materials;
• improves presentation of work. However, despite these benefits we still need to be aware of what our children are accessing. Here are some useful “home rules” to keep young people safe:
• put the computer in a family room and not a bedroom, so that you can supervise what your child is accessing online;
• agree and manage the amount of time your child spends online and in front of a screen;
• mobile phones, games consoles and other devices often have internet access—check sites are age-appropriate and bookmark child friendly sites or search engines for your child to use;
• let your child know they can come to you if they encounter anything they are unhappy about;
• if you have serious concerns report these to CEOP. You can report to CEOP on our home page. The internet is always changing, and being able to keep up to date with your children's use of technology can be a challenge, especially if you feel that your children may have better technical skills than you do. However, children and young people still need support and guidance when it comes to managing their lives online and using the internet positively and safely. Online safety in school
At George Tomlinson we know that it is important to teach pupils about the underpinning knowledge and behaviours that can help them to navigate the online world safely and confidently regardless of the device, platform or app. Children in every year group take part in lessons each term to learn how to safe online. 5 SMART tips to share with your child to stay safe online
Keep safe by being careful not to give out personal information when you’re chatting or posting online. Personal information includes your email address, phone number and password. Meeting someone you have only been in touch with online can be dangerous. Only do so with your parents’ or carers’ permission and even then only when they can be present. Remember online friends are still strangers even if you have been talking to them for a long time. Accepting emails, IM messages, or opening files, images or texts from people you don’t know or trust can lead to problems – they may contain viruses or nasty messages! Someone online might lie about who they are and information on the internet may not be true. Always check information by looking at other websites, in books, or with someone who knows. If you like chatting online it’s best to only chat to your real world friends and family. Tell a parent, carer or a trusted adult if someone, or something, makes you feel uncomfortable or worried, or if you or someone you know is being bullied online.
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002_3339410
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Dwarves or Carrul as they call themselves, "Sons of the Stone" are the people of the mountains. Dwarf is the term Humans use to describe them, a term they accept from humans and other races, but never use among themselves. To the Dwarf mind it is better to accept the slightly derogative term, than explain themselves to scatha, or "outsiders". This is a typical point of the Dwarven view that they will allow misconceptions about themselves to flourish, even "play along" with them rather than reveal anything about their personal or private lives. A Dwarf never explains himself, never, at least to non-Dwarves. They are typified by a practical, taciturn view point, and a short stature. Most outside races never see real typical Dwarves, so never really know them. What is seen of Dwarves is those willing to brave the outside for the benefit of their people at large the taciturn men with few women and a lusty appetite for drink and song. Dwarves are a people from the outside. Their ancestors fled a dying world in the legendary "Ship of Stone". About 500,000 years ago that ship came to Thindacairull. At first the survivors tunneled into rocks of the new world, and had no interest in what was outside the world. What minerals and caverns they could find are all that concerned them. In time the outside came to them. The first reaction of the Dwarves was to push back these strange tall and slender people. For a short time, war was the usual state of meeting for Dwarves and the surface races. Moradin Silverhand, later called the Soul-forger was the first Dwarf to consider that all things outside the caverns were not hostile. With his aid, peace was made, and peace has remained the way between the Elves and Dwarves since. Dwarves are as a race, agoraphobic. Open spaces scare them. They much prefer to be in a tunnel whose sides are almost touching them. The average Dwarf will never venture to the surface of the world, and other races never see average Dwarves unless they travel to the places that Dwarves dwell. Dwarves among their own kind are highly physical in demonstration of affection. Back slapping hugs, old married openly hold hands. Insert strangers and a wall of reserve drops like an ax. A Dwarf is still very much "in your face". The Dwarven idea of a reserved distance is about a foot away. Dwarves are extremely modest were bare skin is involved. This is done for the "comfort of others" rather than the "comfort of self". The show of bare flesh offends the viewer not the barer. There are two Dwarven "ways of life". What is described is the more typically seen "Hill Dwarf" or Garscalla "those that deal with strangers", the more commonly seen, but lesser in numbers, of the two Edor, or major castes of Dwarf. The other Edor is the seldom seen but far more numerous Sarufend.
A Dwarf is born after a 14 month gestation. Childbirth is usually hard on the woman and is attended with diligence by midwives and priests. A birth is rare, and important in the community. Dwarves are born singly. So rare are multiple births of any kind that every case of twins where both lived has been recorded in the Great Tome.
Dwarves usually regard the birth of twins as an ill omen. Their religion holds that all things are balanced, and from mercy the Soul-Forger holds back the evil part of a man from being born. This explains the difficulty of birth, as the evil and good fight within the womb of the woman for control. Twins means a draw, and one of the pair is destined for destruction, but no man can know which. In cases of a child that grows up a wastrel, a criminal, or a burden to the family it is said; "He bettered his skill brother. " Meaning that the evil half was born, not the good. Dwarven childhood lasts 40 years. The child requires that full time to reach physical maturity. Childhood is the only care free time in the life of a Dwarf. Children, are seldom supervised, but lightly watched by the entire clan. At 40 years a Dwarf comes of age. It is a time for a woman to marry, and a man to take his Father's trade. All Dwarves belong to a Searu, or caste literally a "Craft". Each male child is expected to follow in his Father's craft, and clan and community pressure ensure that in all but the rarest cases they do. There are only two socially acceptable alternatives to this, the Clergy, or the Magicians. One can seek position in either, the former is easier to get into than the later. The third choice, adventuring is not socially acceptable. Those Dwarves that take up the profession are considered out caste by their families and clans. This is not to say they can never return home, but they are forever marked as strange and unacceptable. They can return with wealth (admittedly valued) and fame (worthless), but are forever marked by their journeys under the open sky. Ironically these Dwarves by their very outcast nature are sought by Dwarven Kings to represent their people among the outsiders. While the method of gaining knowledge of the outside is unacceptable, the knowledge is valued for the power that it is. Those Dwarves that have proved willing to face the stony disapproval of their elders and peers and are successful in spite of it, gain Influence and power. However, it is always in the courts of other races, but never at home. The female Dwarf has little choice other than marriage, and her Mother will wheedle and deal and buy the best marriage she can. However, the woman is not bound by the limits of Searu or Edor as is the man. She can marry as well as her Mother can arrange. As deeper is better, few brides are left for the men of the Garscalla, and fewer still come willingly out of the Mountains.
A woman's only choice outside marriage is the clergy. Those women that break with tradition, and seek adventure themselves are a scandal. They need not come home. By the age of 60 a man is settled into his trade, and rising fast, by the age of 100 he will be considered fit to marry, and can seek a bride. For this he must go to his Mother, who will bargain for him with the mothers of the brides, if he has no Mother an Aunt or Grandmother. Baring all other choices, the Clan Mother will speak for him. Never, never does the man approach a prospective bride's Mother, or even worse, the bride herself, himself. Marriage is an arranged institution for the propagation and protection of the Carrul. Love, is a reward for later, if you work for a good marriage. It has no consideration in the selection process. The reward for tireless labor, and success seeking is a good family and children. It is the Dwarf's goal in life. If he grows in wisdom, and prospers in wealth (if you are not wise enough to get wealthy, you're not wise), he may be elected to a position on the clan Council. If he serves the clan well, he may become Clan Father, or even King.
Old age sneaks up on the typical Dwarf. The Crone comes slowly, and creeps into the bones, dims the eyes and ears. Reason does not fail unless other problems cause it, but the body's pain increases. An old Dwarf is forgiven if he indulges overly in drink, or other intoxicants. Life is long and hard, and he has earned it. When the Crone comes at last in person, she is usually welcomed warmly. The body is failing, the pain often and great. If the Dwarf has lived well, the passing will be mourned for years, even recorded in the Great Tome. The funeral feasts are finished. The body is laid to rest in the comforting stone. His life was good. His name will be passed on. The foundation of the Dwarven community is the clan. A single clan may consist of from 6 to 6000 families. A community may consist of a single clan, or a dozen or more in the larger cities. The family is considered the married couple and their children, but this is only one structure within the clan. All members of a clan are related, by blood or by marriage. An unmarried Dwarf is considered part of his or her Father's family even if they are 600 years old, and dad has been dead for years. In cases where the Father of a family is deceased, the Mother will speak for the family. In the cases where unmarried children remain after both parents are gone, the Clan mother speaks for them. Clan Fathers are elected with each family in the clan having one vote. It is the responsibility of the Clan Father to see to the defense of the community, and deal with other communities. If a particular profession is needed in the town, he and the other Clan Fathers (if present) will see that someone is recruited to fill it. The Clan Father judges civil disputes that do not involve domestic matters and with the Clan Mother judges criminal disputes. When a matter crosses clans, the leaders of both clans will judge, with a Priest brought in to mediate and settle disputes between the Clan leaders. Clan Mothers are also elected, but by all the married women in the clan. She oversees all matters of marriage and domestic tranquility. She also sits as half the panel at criminal trials with equal voice in the proceedings. She acts a surrogate female relative to all unmarried men that would otherwise have no voice in the community. Getting on the bad side of the Clan Mother is not a good idea. Decisions by either Clan Father or Clan Mother are made with all due process. Both sides will be listened to, and once the principals have said their piece a decision is forth coming, always within three days. Communities where more than one clan is numbered among the population will have a "King". This elder Dwarf must be skilled at war, and not the head of any one clan. By accepting the title of King he removes himself from his clan. He speaks only for the community at large, and not for any one part of it. His responsibility is to defend the community if necessary, and to deal with other communities and outsiders in the name of the community. He can appoint ambassadors and generals, and call up the militia. In times of war he has absolute rule of Law.
The King is chosen by the clan Council that consists of both Clan Fathers and Clan Mothers. A King can be removed by the council if he proves incompetent. The title is not hereditary. In the cases where many communities are close together either physically or economically a "Great King" may be elected to deal with the affairs of all the localities that elect him. The clergy is also not numbered among the clans. The children of priests do not become priests. They remain within the clan, with the Clan Mother speaking for them. A priest is considered above the politics of clans, and representative of the gods. Most priests do attempt to adhere to this ideal, but there are failings. The more obvious ones will find themselves removed to far places by church superiors. Dwarven Art & Culture
Dwarven art comes in two flavors, decorative, and religious. Decorative arts are generally of a geometric nature. Good examples would be the rectilinear forms of Art Nouveau, or Art Deco. Dwarves find beauty in function. The more functional an item is, the more beautiful it is. Living creatures, either animal or sentient are seldom seen in any Dwarven decorative art. Religious art is the opposite in nature. Living creatures are the primary subjects. Inanimate objects take a secondary role, if any at all. Religious art depicts scenes from legend, from myth, and stories of moral lessons. Figures are usually in relief (full form sculpture is rare), and form follows strict rules of composition and meaning. Dwarven music is always vocal. The low bass chanting that carries through the caverns and tunnels for miles, accompanied only by drums. String instruments have found a place in some Dwarven communities that have constant contact with the surface. The rare wooden objects are considered a sign of wealth. The soft tones are appreciated, and harps and lutes are working their way into the culture. To the surprise of many, brasses have no place in Dwarven music. The strident tone of the wind instruments is ill-suited to the echoing chambers where music is performed. All Dwarven gods where once heroes of the people. The average Dwarf stands in awe of the accomplishments of his gods, while still understanding that if he puts forth the effort and sacrifice, he could do the same. The gods prove that these are improbable, almost impossible goals, but attainable goals. Still if one is willing to be the equal of the gods in word and deed, one has a chance to sit at their side as equals in respect and power. Under no circumstance was the road taken by heroes become gods an easy one. A Dwarf holds these beings in awe for the depth of the dedication that they had to cause and deed. He seeks their approval and some times their aid, and attempts to hue to the harsh and difficult example they demonstrate. There are two "races" of Dwarves, the two Edor as they are known. Garscalla: Literally, a "spear against outsiders". This is the Edor of Dwarves that most other races see. They are sometimes called "Hill Dwarves". Garscalla run from 3' 6" to 4"6" tall and are massively build compared to humans. It is said that most are as wide as they are tall, and it can be literally true. Body density is such to offset any combat minus due to height. Their skin runs from a nut brown to a rusty brown in color, hair is black, or brown, rarely red and readily turns gray or white as the Dwarf ages. Only males have beards. The legend of female beards comes from the habit of women disguising themselves as men when outside. Eye color is gray, black or brown, rarely green. Sarufend: Literally "skill strong". The far more common Dwarf that seldom, if ever, sees the light of the sun. Sarufend have a much higher female to male ratio than the Garscalla, on the order of 56% female. Appearance is the main difference between the two "races". Mountain Dwarves, as they are sometimes called, run from 3' 0" to 4'0" tall and are massively built compared to humans. It is said that most are as wide as they are tall, and it can be literally true. Body density is such to offset any combat minus due to height. Their skin runs from a light gray to a red gray in color, hair is black, or brown and readily turns gray or white as the Dwarf ages. Only males have beards. Eye color is gray, black or brown. They have the same racial abilities as the Garscalla. Darkvision is to 250 feet. Sarufend are very sensitive to bright light. They suffer a -1 penalty to all attack and dexterity based saves when in daylight. In addition to the Garscalla abilities, Sarufend can judge depth below ground and judge the soundless of natural formations and caverns. All player character classes are available for Sarufend.
Garry AKA --Phoenix-- Rising above the Flames.
My favorite game console is a table and chairs. The Olde Phoenix Inn
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008_4124368
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We look back to a more than 15-year experience in the conduct of microdialysis experiments in humans and animals. This makes us to one of the top leaders worldwide in this area of research as documented by numerous publications in high impact medical journals. In particular, we have used the microdialysis technique to explore many antimicrobials and antifungal agents. In principle, microdialysis is a probe-based sampling method, which, if linked to analytical devices, allows for the measurement of drug concentration profiles in selected tissues. During the last two decades, microdialysis has become increasingly popular for preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic studies. The advantage of in vivo microdialysis over traditional methods relates to its ability to continuously sample the unbound drug fraction in the interstitial space fluid (ISF). This is of particular importance because the ISF may be regarded as the actual target compartment for many drugs, e. g. antimicrobial agents or other drugs mediating their action through surface receptors. In contrast, plasma concentrations are increasingly recognized as inadequately predicting tissue drug concentrations and therapeutic success in many patient populations. Thus, the minimally invasive microdialysis technique has evolved into an important tool for the direct assessment of drug concentrations at the site of drug delivery in virtually all tissues. In particular, concentrations of transdermally applied drugs, neurotransmitters, antibacterials, cytotoxic agents, hormones, large molecules such as cytokines and proteins, and many other compounds were described by means of microdialysis. The combined use of microdialysis with non-invasive imaging methods such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission tomography opened the window to exactly explore and describe the fate and pharmacokinetics of a drug in the body. Linking pharmacokinetic data from the ISF to pharmacodynamic information appears to be a straightforward approach to predicting drug action and therapeutic success, and may be used for decision making for adequate drug administration and dosing regimens. Hence, microdialysis is nowadays used in clinical studies to test new drug candidates that are in the pharmaceutical industry drug development pipeline.
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011_2268827
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Links and documents
1938/01/01 to 1939/01/01
Listed on the Canadian Register:
Statement of Significance
Description of Historic Place
The Superintendent’s Residence at Cape Breton Highland National Park of Canada, is a simple, two-storey, gable roof building located with a group of administrative structures in pastoral surroundings. Based on a symmetrical plan, the Superintendent’s Residence features white-shingled walls, dormer windows and multi-paned sash windows with shutters. The designation is confined to the footprint of the building. The Superintendent’s Residence is a Recognized Federal Heritage Building because of its historical associations, and its architectural and environmental value. The construction of the Superintendent’s Residence is associated with the establishment of Cape Breton Highlands National Park of Canada as part of the federal government policy to expand the national park system, previously centred on western parks across the nation. The creation of this eastern park had a positive impact on local development and the tourism industry of Cape Breton Island.
The Superintendent’s Residence is a good example of the vernacular design employed in the construction of administrative structures in Cape Breton Highlands National Park of Canada. The building’s simple plan reflects the pragmatic approach to design favoured by the National Parks Bureau during a time of fiscal constraint. The Superintendent’s Residence maintains an unchanged relationship to its site and reinforces the domestic character of the rural park setting at Cape Breton Highlands National Park of Canada. It is well-known to park staff and to visitors of the park. Sources: Shannon Ricketts, Administration Office and Superintendent’s Residence, Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Nova Scotia, Federal Heritage Building Review Office Building Report 90-303; Superintendent’s Residence, Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Heritage Character Statement, 90-303. The following character-defining elements of the Superintendent’s Residence should be respected. Its vernacular design and good quality craftsmanship, for example:
- the simple massing and symmetrical plan of the building that consists of a two-storey structure with a gable roof and two porches;
- the wooden components of the building such as the shingles of the wall, the wooden multi-pane sash windows and shutters;
- the colour scheme. The manner in which the Superintendent’s Residence maintains an unchanged relationship to its site and reinforces the domestic character of its rural park setting and well-known to those in the park, as evidenced by:
- its unchanged relationship with its small domestic style site;
- its scale and simple massing which harmonize with the adjacent administrative structures of similar design to create a group of buildings that appear as a domestic settlement nestled in a pastoral surrounding;
- the familiarity of the building with park staff and visitors to the park. Government of Canada
Treasury Board Heritage Buildings Policy
Recognized Federal Heritage Building
Theme - Category and Type
Function - Category and Type
- Single Dwelling
Architect / Designer
Department of Mines and Resources, Survey and Engineers Branch
Location of Supporting Documentation
National Historic Sites Directorate, Documentation Centre, 5th Floor, Room 89, 25 Eddy Street, Gatineau, Quebec
Cross-Reference to Collection
The Administrative Building at Cape Breton Highlands National Park of Canada is located within a group of administrative buildings nestled in a pastoral surrounding. It is a…
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003_4519354
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Glow-worms can produce light much more effectively than any light bulb invented by the humans. They can also change the colour and intensity of the light emitted, to which scientists haven’t found the explanation yet. Unfortunately, Glow-worms seem to be attracted by light and high intensity lighting, like in large cities, negatively affects their population. They live in most parts of Europe, mostly central parts. Unfortunately, relatively few untouched areas of meadows and forests with chalky soil are left, where Glow-worms could safely develop. Female glow-worms are 10-18 mm long and they don’t have wings. Males are 10-13 mm long and they can fly, but many species lack the glow organs. Most of their lives, however, is spent in the caterpillar development phase – caterpillars don’t have wings and they’re predators, unlike mature individuals, who don’t feed at all. The light is emitted in special organs, as a result of a chemical reaction, combining oxygen, water and a special substance called luciferine. The Glow-worm can control the intensity or stop emitting the light completely by controlling the oxygen feed to the organ. The whole process is incredibly effective and Glow-worms produce an amazing amount of light for the materials used. For comparison – the first light bulbs that were invented transformed three percent of the energy supplied into light (the rest was transformed into heat), while Glow-worms transform 98% of the energy into light. It’s interesting that mature Glow-worms don’t feed. The caterpillars, however, are very aggressive and voracious, attacking snails of various species. The caterpillars are equipped with strong jaws, as well as special enzymes, that transform the victim’s body into a liquid mass which the caterpillar can later consume, very much like spiders do. When fully mature, Glow-worms lack any feeding organs and after copulating, they simply die, after having used up all the energy stored, while in the caterpillar phase. Sexually mature Glow-worms live only a few days. This time is spent finding a partner and laying eggs. Females hide in the soil during the day and come out in the evening, attracting males with their glow. The males have extremely sensitive eyes and they notice the glow from up to 10 meter distance, they fly to the female and soon start mating. The female lays 1-2 eggs in the soil and caterpillars hatch in 2-4 weeks. The caterpillars also emit light and the reason for this is unknown. In total, the development of the Glow-worm takes 3 years, during which time the caterpillar changes skin multiple times, until finally evolving into a mature specimen. Unfortunately, many agriculture methods, destruction of their natural habitat, as well as the usage of artificial light is decreasing the number of Glow-worms present and already in many parts of Europe, seeing them is a rarity. Glow worms are so cool i love them so much it is really coool how they light up to attract there mates wright me back LOL:)
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001_4098922
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The state of river channels and their riparian zones in terms of geomorphology and vegetation has a significant effect on water and sediment transport in headwater catchments. High roughness in natural rivers due to vegetation and geomorphological attributes generate drag on flowing water. This drag will slow water discharge, which in turn influences the sediment dynamics of the flow. The impacts of changes in the management of rivers and their riparian zone (either by catchment managers or river restoration plans) impacts both up- as well as downstream reaches, and should be assessed holistically prior to the implementation of these plans. To assess the river's current state as well as any possible changes in geomorphology and vegetation in and around the river, effective approaches to characterise the river are needed. In this paper, we present a practical approach for making detailed surveys of relevant river attributes. This methodology has the benefit of being both detailed - describing river depth, width, channel morphology, erosive features and vegetation types - but also being practical in terms of time management. This is accomplished by identifying and describing characteristic benchmark reaches (typical sites) in detail against which the remainder of the river course can be rated. Using this method, a large river stretch can be assessed in a relatively short period while still retrieving high quality data for the total river course. In this way, models with high data requirements for assessing the condition of a river course, can be parameterised without major investments on field surveys. In a small headwater catchment (23 km(2)) in southwestern Poland, this field methodology was used to retrieve data to run an existing model (HEC-GeoRAS) which can assess the impact of changes in the riparian and channel vegetation and channel management on sedimentation processes and stream flow velocity. This model determines the impact of channel morphology and in-channel and riparian vegetation on stream flow and sediment transport. Using four return periods of flooding (2, 10, 20 and 100 years), two opposing channel management / morphology scenarios were run; a natural channel and a fully regulated channel. The modelling results show an increase in the effect of riparian vegetation / geomorphology with an increase in return period of the modeled peak discharge. More natural channel form and increased roughness reduces the stream flow velocity due to increasing drag from flow obstructions (vegetation and channel morphological features). The higher the flood water stage, the greater the drag due to vegetation on the floodplains of natural river reaches compared to channelised sections. Slower flow rates have an impact on sediment mobilisation and transport in the river. |Journal||Geologie en Mijnbouw|
|Publication status||Published - 2012|
- river restoration
- fluvial geomorphology
- bank erosion
- sw slovenia
Keesstra, S. D., Kondrlova, E., Czaika, A., Seeger, K. M., & Maroulis, J. (2012). Assessing riparian zone impacts on water and sediment movement: A new approach. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 91(1-2), 245-255. http://www.njgonline.nl/cgi-bin/pw.cgi/articles/000483/article.pdf
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004_3039363
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3. 5 Costs and other socio-economic aspects
Impacts of climate change will entail social and economic costs and benefits, which are difficult to determine. These include the costs of damages and the costs of adaptation (to reduce or avoid damages), as well as benefits that could result from improved water availability in some areas. In addition to uncertainties about the impacts of future climate change on freshwater systems, there are other compounding factors, including demographic, societal, and economic developments, that should be considered when evaluating the costs of climate change. Costs and benefits of climate change may take several forms, including increases or decreases in monetary costs, and human and ecosystem impacts, e. g., displacement of households due to flooding, and loss of aquatic species. So far, very few of these costs have been estimated in monetary terms. Efforts to quantify the economic impacts of climate-related changes in water resources are hampered by a lack of data and by the fact that the estimates are highly sensitive to different estimation methods and to different assumptions regarding how changes in water availability will be allocated across various types of water uses, e. g., between agricultural, urban, or in-stream uses (Changnon, 2005; Schlenker et al. , 2005; Young, 2005). With respect to water supply, it is very likely that the costs of climate change will outweigh the benefits. One reason is that precipitation variability is very likely to increase. The impacts of floods and droughts could be tempered by appropriate infrastructure investments, and by changes in water and land-use management, but all of these responses entail costs (US Global Change Research Program, 2000). Another reason is that water infrastructure, use patterns, and institutions have developed in the context of current conditions (Conway, 2005). Any substantial change in the frequency of floods and droughts or in the quantity and quality or seasonal timing of water availability will require adjustments that may be costly not only in monetary terms, but also in terms of societal impacts, including the need to manage potential conflicts among different interest groups (Miller et al. , 1997). Hydrological changes may have impacts that are positive in some aspects and negative in others. For example, increased annual runoff may produce benefits for a variety of instream and out-of-stream water users by increasing renewable water resources, but may simultaneously generate harm by increasing flood risk. In recent decades, a trend to wetter conditions in parts of southern South America has increased the area inundated by floods, but has also improved crop yields in the Pampa region of Argentina, and has provided new commercial fishing opportunities (Magrin et al. , 2005; also see Chapter 13). Increased runoff could also damage areas with a shallow watertable. In such areas, a watertable rise will disturb agricultural use and damage buildings in urban areas. For Russia, for example, the current annual damage caused by shallow watertables is estimated to be US$5-6 billion (Kharkina, 2004) and is likely to increase in the future. In addition, an increase in annual runoff may not lead to a beneficial increase in readily available water resources if the additional runoff is concentrated during the high-flow season.
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010_3422452
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The term "industrial arts" generally refers to anything that involves the use of tools, machinery and mechanical systems. Traditionally, industrial arts classes were the shop classes in high school, such as metal shop or woodworking. Today, industrial arts encompasses traditional shop training as well as advanced systems, such as robotics, electronics and mechanical design. Wood and Metal Work
Woodworkers are not just craftsmen who build ornate furniture using hand tools, they are highly skilled tradespeople who operate advanced equipment and machinery. They set up equipment, cut and shape wooden parts, and finish products. Similarly, metalworkers study plans and use machines, measurements and technology to craft products and build frames for buildings. Neither career path typically requires a college degree, but both require apprenticeship training and an aptitude for building and reading plans. Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways make a product or material work. They study products and their requirements; develop management-control systems; and determine how to most efficiently combine raw materials, construction, costs and transportation. Becoming an industrial engineer requires a college degree and a background in mathematics and the physical sciences. A degree in industrial engineering might include courses in operations research, production and inventory control, probability and statistics, and information systems. Mechanical designers are also known as drafters and computer-aided design and drafting operators. They craft plans for products; structural and architectural projects; designs and mechanical parts and tools. Aeronautical drafters prepare drawings used in manufacturing aircraft and missiles; architectural drafters draw plans for construction projects; and mechanical drafters prepare layouts that show details for a wide variety of machinery and mechanical devices. To become a mechanical designer typically requires at least an associate degree and preferably a bachelor's degree. Tomorrow's industrial arts professionals will always need good teachers. Industrial arts teachers can teach small engine repair, ventilation systems design, welding and metal working. They also can teach computer repair, graphic design and computer-aided design. Typically, this is a career path for teaching high school, which means a career requires at least a bachelor's degree. Teaching requirements vary by state and district, but typically, industrial arts teachers need to complete a degree program in the field.
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Species Detail - Harveyella mirabilis - Species information displayed is based on all datasets. Terrestrial Map - 10kmDistribution of the number of records recorded within each 10km grid square (ITM). Marine Map - 50kmDistribution of the number of records recorded within each 50km grid square (WGS84). (Reinsch) F. Schmitz & Reinke
1 January (recorded in 1987)
26 October (recorded in 1986)
National Biodiversity Data Centre, Ireland, Harveyella mirabilis, accessed 29 November 2020, <https://maps.biodiversityireland.ie/Species/1989>
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Mesotherapy is a discipline that was developed by the eminent French Doctor Michel Pistor in 1952. It involves painless microinjections into the skin of conventional or homeopathic medicines, vitamins, minerals and amino acids. Tiny “medicinal bullets”, highly specific to the condition being treated, are delivered directly into the mesoderm (middle layer of skin). Among its many applications, Mesotherapy can be used for the following: fat and cellulite reduction, control of pain conditions, hair re-growth, weight loss, wrinkle elimination, scar improvement, acne treatment, arthritis and joint problems, sports injuries, stretchmarks, among others. - History of Mesotherapy
- Pharmacology: selecting medications to use in Mesotherapy
- Techniques and depth of injections
- Injections devices
- Dermatological Mesotherapy in your daily practice
- Body Weight Loss
- Body Cellulite
- Facial Rejuvenation
- Injection Devices in Mesotherapy
- Marketing strategies for your Mesotherapy practice
WORKSHOP (Day 2)
- Demonstration of Injection Techniques & cases followed by hands-on-training on a dozen of patients.
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Continuation Passing Style (CPS) is a useful concept in functional programming. In summary, the goal is to chain computation. Rather than explicitly handling intermediate results at a higher-level, CPS functions should instead pass their result into the next function in the chain of computation. Well see more on how this works below. What are continuations? Practically speaking, continuations are functions which take the return value of another function. That is, rather than returning, a function using a continuation passes its result into the continuation instead of returning thus continuing the computation. Given the power of most functional languages, this result (or argument to the continuation) can contain its own state and be arbitrarily complex. However, from the perspective of using a continuation, it can be treated as a simple function. Why Continuation Passing Style? Continuation passing style provides several benefits to the programmer. Such benefits include graceful exiting from a computation (i. e. think transaction-like), asynchronous operations, and more. In general, like all other aspects in programming paradigms, its a way of thought meant to make your life easier in particular scenarios. Well try to outline some examples of where it could be useful to help you identify when you want to think in this way. Continuation Passing Style Examples
Babys first CPS. This first example is trivial. It is to simply provide you with some foundation or notion of what CPS is and how it looks on a very simple level. The following examples will be increasingly more complex but also far more useful. module Test where factorial :: (Ord a, Num a) => a -> a factorial n = factorial' n 1 where factorial' n acc | n <= 0 = acc | otherwise = factorial' (n - 1) (n * acc) factorialCPS :: (Ord a, Num a) => (a -> a) -> a -> a factorialCPS k n = continuation n 1 where continuation n acc | n <= 0 = k $ acc | otherwise = continuation (n - 1) (n * acc) main :: IO () main = do -- Basic call print $ factorial 5 print $ factorialCPS id 5 -- Double result print $ ((factorial 5) * 2) print $ factorialCPS (*2) 5 -- Over many values print $ fmap ((*2) . factorial) [1. . 10] print $ fmap (factorialCPS (*2)) [1. . 10] -- Composed continuation print $ fmap ((+10) . (*2) . factorial) [1. . 10] print $ fmap (factorialCPS ((+10) . (*2))) [1. . 10]
As I mentioned, this example is contrived solely for demonstration purposes. The first thing you will notice is that we have implemented the factorial method in two different ways: (1) our standard factorial method and (2) a factorial method which passes each result into a continuation (the variable letter k is frequently used for continuations). You can run the program and the results will be identical for either way of performing factorial. Some final thoughts about this example: you will notice that our factorialCPS method never returns a value. Instead, it returns the result of a computation (i. e. k $ acc). The final continuation k will transform its input and eventually return that value as a result. Similarly, you will notice that our factorialCPS is still recursive and calls itself (rather, its continuation method). It is important to remember that while all final calls should be the final value returned from the continuation, you still have to complete your operation before you can pass your result to the continuation. Consequently, for any algorithm which is multiple steps (i. e. most useful algorithms), it is likely that you will recurse and only use the continuation at the base cases. Exception Handling with Continuation Passing Style
In this next example, Ill show an artificial example of using CPS for exception handling. In our example we assume an exception occurs anytime our computation reaches 0. module TryCatch where type Result = Either String String type Except a = (a -> Result) type Cont a = (a -> Result) exceptionCatch :: (Show a) => Except a exceptionCatch v = Left $ "Error: Found bad value (" ++ show v ++ ")" tryIt :: (Num a, Show a) => a -> (Except a -> Cont a) -> Except a -> Result tryIt v try catch = try catch v predOp :: (Num a, Show a) => a -> a -> (a -> a -> a) -> (a -> Bool) -> Except a -> Cont a -> Result predOp q r op p f k = let res = q `op` r in (if p res then k else f) res addPred :: (Num a, Show a) => a -> a -> (a -> Bool) -> Except a -> Cont a -> Result addPred q r p f k = predOp q r (+) p f k mulPred :: (Num a, Show a) => a -> a -> (a -> Bool) -> Except a -> Cont a -> Result mulPred q r p f k = predOp q r (*) p f k add :: (Num a, Show a, Eq a) => Except a -> Cont a -> a -> a -> Result add f k n m = addPred n m (/=0) f k mul :: (Num a, Show a, Eq a) => Except a -> Cont a -> a -> a -> Result mul f k n m = mulPred n m (/=0) f k stringCont :: (Show a) => a -> Result stringCont = Right . show opSequence :: Int -> Int -> Except Int -> Int -> Result opSequence a b f scale = add f (mul f stringCont scale) a b main :: IO () main = do let res = [tryIt 1 (opSequence 1 2) exceptionCatch , tryIt 2 (opSequence 1 2) exceptionCatch , tryIt 0 (opSequence 1 2) exceptionCatch , tryIt 1 (opSequence 1 (-1)) exceptionCatch] putStrLn $ show res
You will notice that we define all of our operations in continuation passing style. This is necessary for all operations. Our final operation (stringCont) is our terminal operation. That is, it is the final operation that executes upon a successful computation. In summary, our tryIt function takes a single value to be passed into our function, our actual continuation, and, finally, our exception handler (i. e. the failure case). Focusing on the opSequence method, you will notice that results are computed from the outside-in (opposite of typical function composition in Haskell). That is because we compute a result and then pass it into the next function. This ends the first part of our discussion on Continuation Passing Style. Now that you have seen it a bit, it provides us with a framework for discussing more interesting use cases in the future. That said, I admit that these cases– while useful for explanation of the technique– are relatively contrived. The examples provided are usually more easily handled in other ways. In any case, we will dive a little deeper next time. That is, we will discuss using CPS in a more useful fashion on different styles of problems. comments powered by Disqus
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It was July, almost August. And was HOT. I was burrowing my way through six foot tall corn in 100 degree temperatures! Last month I told you about testing the soil to get a read on how much nitrogen (think plant food) there is next to the corn plants to help them grow. We did that BEFORE the farmer gave the corn any additional fertilizer which made it a Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Tests (PSNT). As a crop advisor for the BMP Challenge, I revisited the fields at the end of July to take Ear Leaf Tissue Samples. The plant’s silk coming from the top of the ears is still yellow but just about to turn brown meaning it’s our last chance to check up on the health of the plants prior to harvest. Walking the length of the field (about two football fields with 6-foot corn means I hadn’t seen daylight for 30 minutes! ) and I periodically pulled off a leaf, the one that grows at the base of the ear of corn, to collect samples for testing. Being in the field also gave me a chance to examine the crop for signs of stress, such as withered leaves from drought, yellowed leaves due to low nitrogen and insects. These samples taken in BMP Challenge enrolled fields come from two areas: first from the “check strip,” where the farmer had applied nitrogen at a rate of his or her own choosing, and then from the remainder of the field where the nitrogen rate was determined by the PSNT results. The samples of ear leaves help backup the PSNT results, showing that the portion of the field that had received a reduced amount of fertilizer would still have adequate nitrogen to make it through harvest. But maybe even more important, the ear leaf test provides another data point, another topic to discuss when we sit down as a group with the participating farmers after the harvest. As a crop advisor, I work to provide BMP Challenge enrolled farmers with all the information to ponder, discussing their observations and the test results against their yields to evaluate the use of best management practices on their field. The PSNT and Ear Leaf tests just provide a snapshot of the nutrients available to the plants on the day the samples are taken. They give the farmer one more piece of the complex puzzle that is nitrogen fertilizer management. Much research has been done over the last several decades to determine the amount of each nutrient that is necessary to support growth. Mother Nature is unpredictable and soil types differ from farm to farm, so each farmer must have their management strategies. At the same time, it is impossible for any single test or guideline to consistently provide the “right” answer about how much fertilizer a farmer should apply. The main reason I was out in the summer heat, melting and collecting the ear leaf samples was to give each farmer one more measurement of their crop’s progress in order to evaluate the recommendations that we made to them after the PSNT. When people my age leave Virginia Tech with an ag degree and look at today’s economy, they know they will have to be innovative in order to remain profitable if they want to farm The “slippery fish” of nitrogen that I work with as a crop advisor requires extra attention; it’s risky and being wrong is expensive. AFT’s BMP Challenge program is providing access to tools and knowledge to help farmers better manage their fertilizer usage. By offering insurance, AFT is encouraging producers to try new practices on their fields—like the one I walked through that hot July day—and not lose sleep at night worrying about yield loss. Using fertilizer more efficiently meets the double bottom line that farmers want: to improve the water in the stream while getting the most corn at the least cost. About the Author: Dana Gochenour is a farmer and freelance writer in Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley. She can be reached at email@example. com.
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Table of Contents
Green tea is a type of tea made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. Unlike black tea, green tea undergoes minimal oxidation during processing, preserving its natural green color and characteristic flavor. Originating in China thousands of years ago, green tea has become a popular beverage worldwide due to its unique taste and numerous health benefits. The production of green tea involves withering, steaming or pan-firing the leaves to halt oxidation, rolling or shaping them, and finally drying them to retain their freshness. This process helps maintain the natural compounds in the tea leaves, resulting in a more delicate and grassy flavor compared to black tea. Green tea has a light, refreshing, and slightly vegetal taste, often described as grassy, earthy, or seaweed-like. The flavor can vary depending on the specific variety and growing conditions. Regular consumption of green tea has been linked to various potential health benefits, such as improving heart health, supporting weight management, promoting better cognitive function, and aiding in diabetes management. The antioxidants in green tea may help protect cells from oxidative damage and reduce inflammation in the body. To brew green tea, water is typically heated to around 175°F (80°C) or slightly below boiling point to avoid damaging the delicate flavors and nutrients. The tea leaves are then steeped for a short period, usually 1 to 3 minutes, depending on the desired strength.
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Because of the large increase of starving and disease-ridden immigrants, the United States felt forced to find a way to control how many were admitted into their ports. In the early months of 1847, Congress passed two Passenger Acts that “[raised] the minimum fare from Ireland to America to £7 and [regulated] the numbers who could be carried on ships” (Keneally, Three Famines 176). Due to this raise of fare, many emigrants were forced to travel to Canada instead. And the regulation on number of passengers forced several ships to turn around half way, or even at the port. Occasionally the captain would stop at a random island and let off a certain number of passengers. However, the Irish immigrants were not welcome at many American ports due to the poverty and diseases they carried with them. Joseph O'Connor's Star of the Sea, illustrates how cities started sending coffin ships back because they had no way of accepting them: "To add to the heavy news, there had been rumors that the authorities at New York and Boston might turn back all ships deriving from Ireland, those ports being now choked with many vessels unable to go to Canada, and the authorities at New York greatly fearful of epidemics" (O'Connor 263). They had many reasons to not accept the Irish, but one of the main reasons was their sickliness after starvation in Ireland. Partly due to their weak state after the famine, “they had no suitable skills or trades, and most of them were so weakened they were unfit for work of any kind” (Litton 108). Therefore, the American population felt they were taken advantage of by an idle group of people. Therefore, many of the Irish emigrants drifted to the slums and spent their time doing cheap and unskilled labor. Gray, Peter. The Irish Famine. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. Publishers, 1995. Web.
Keneally, Thomas. Three Famines: Starvation and Politics. New York: The Serpentine Publishing, 2011. Print.
Litton, Helen. The Irish Famine: An Illustrated History. Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1994. Print.
Miller, Kerby A. Emigration to North America in the Era of the Great Famine, 1845-55. ” Atlas of the Great Irish Famine. Ed. John
Crowley, William J. Smyth, and Mike Murphy. New York: New York University Press, 2012. Print.
O'Connor, Joseph. Star of the Sea. Florida: Harcourt Books, 2002. Print.
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"Buenos dias", "buenas noches" -- this was the first words in a foreign language I heard in my life, as a three-year old boy growing up in developing post-war Western Germany, where the first gastarbeiters had arrived from Spain. Fascinated by the strange sounds, I tried to get to know some more languages, the only opportunity being TV courses of English and French -- there was no foreign language education for pre-teen school children in Germany yet in those days. Read more
To find some answers Tim Machan explores the language's present and past, and looks ahead to its futures among the one and a half billion people who speak it. His search is fascinating and important, for definitions of English have influenced education and law in many countries and helped shape the identities of those who live in them. This volume provides a new perspective on the evolution of the special language of medicine, based on the electronic corpus of Early Modern English Medical Texts, containing over two million words of medical writing from 1500 to 1700. EDITORS: Wai Meng Chan, Kwee Nyet Chin, Titima Suthiwan TITLE: Cover Foreign Language Teaching in Asia and Beyond SUBTITLE: Current Perspectives and Future Directions SERIES TITLE: Studies in Second and Foreign Language Education [SSFLE] 3 PUBLISHER: De Gruyter Mouton YEAR: 2011
Shih-Ju Young, Linguistics Program, University of Georgia
This edited volume consists of a total of 13 chapters. Chapter 1 is written by the editors and the other 12 chapters/papers were selected from a pool of some 140 papers and posters presented at the 2004 Centre for Language Studies International Conference (CLaSIC 2004), hosted by the Centre for Language Studies of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the National University of Singapore. The book comprises two parts: Part 1, “Theoretical foundation and research”, contains 7 chapters that inform readers about some recent efforts in theoretical and empirical research on foreign language teaching, whereas Part 2, “Classroom practice and evaluation studies”, consists of 5 chapters that focus on innovative developments and practices in curriculum and foreign language teaching of various linguistic levels and modalities. Chapter 1 “Foreign language teaching in Asia and beyond: An introduction to the book”, by Wai Meng Chan, Kwee Nyet Chin, and Titima Suthiwan (eds. ), starts out by addressing the impact of globalization on foreign language teaching and learning, resulting in an increasing demand for learning foreign languages, and the necessity for a more structured language policy and a more versatile curriculum that complements the various characteristics and needs of foreign language learners. The second part of the chapter introduces the structure and contents of this edited volume. Part One “Theoretical foundation and research”
Chapter 2, “Preparing language teachers to teach learning strategies”, by Anna Uhl Chamot, provides a comprehensive discussion about the often underrated role of learning strategies in foreign language learning and teaching, and why and how it should be explicit to the students and incorporated into teacher education training and regular curriculum practice. Previous studies have suggested that “good language learners were skilled at matching strategies to the task they were working on, while the less successful language learners did not have the metacognitive knowledge about task requirements needed to select appropriate strategies” (p. 31). This calls for consciousness-raising and goal-oriented instructions that help students become aware of what strategies are in general, what strategies they are already using, and how certain strategies can be used for a particular task. Most importantly, they help students begin to think about their own learning processes. The author also introduces a task-based, 5-phase instructional sequence (i. e. Preparation, Presentation, Practice, Self-evaluation, and Expansion) developed for the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA), aiming to provide a framework for teachers in planning language lessons that integrate content, language and learning strategies. Chapter 3, “Discourse Politeness Theory and second language acquisition”, by Mayumi Usami, introduces a preliminary, universally applicable framework, termed Discourse Politeness Theory (DPT), that aims to investigate and compare politeness effects in languages with different degrees of linguistic and/or pragmatic elaboration of politeness at the discourse level. DPT consists of 6 key components which build on each other: (1) DP default, which denotes the unmarked behavior that is considered appropriate for a given discourse from either side of participants in the discourse; (2) Marked/unmarked behavior, in which behavior that is in line with the DP default is considered unmarked and behavior that deviates from the expected norm, or DP default, is then marked; (3) Marked/unmarked politeness, whereby unmarked politeness often goes unnoticed and marked politeness often presents deliberate intent to redress Face Threats (i. e. verbal/nonverbal speech/gestural acts that positively or negatively impact the hearers’ or speakers’ faces based on the terms of conversation); (4) De Value, which is calculated by comparing both the speaker’s and hearer’s estimations of the degree of the Face Threat of the speaker’s act; (5) Types of politeness effects, which are either marked as plus-, minus- or neutral; and (6) relative/absolute politeness, in which relative politeness is realized by movements towards and away from the DP default of a given discourse, and absolute politeness labels linguistic terms that are inherently more polite than others. The author believes that language learners can benefit from instructions that not only focus on appropriate linguistic forms but also emphasize conversational strategies in order to achieve the DP defaults of various situations and, consequently, overall communicative competence. Chapter 4, “Integrating general purpose and vocationally-oriented language learning (VOLL) -- New goals for language and teacher training”, by Christina Kuhn, presents an integrated pedagogical model that incorporates both general and vocationally-oriented goals in a single curriculum which is both needs- and subject-oriented. Such an integrated course design aims to address the increasing and diverse needs of foreign language learners in a globalizing world and demonstrates the fact that in order to plan a versatile yet efficient and effective course, language teacher training programs necessarily need to be re-directed at helping teachers develop competencies in curriculum planning, needs analysis, quality management, use of media, etc. Suggestions for integrated themes, as well as instruments for planning this type of curriculum, are provided. Chapter 5, “Pragmatics in foreign language teaching and learning: Reflections on the teaching of Chinese in China”, by Hong Wang, applauds the increasing efforts put forth by some scholars in China in their research on the pragmatics of the Chinese language, but conversely, worries that these efforts do not translate effectively into how Chinese is being taught in China. The author states that in the field of teaching the Chinese language to foreign learners (TCFL hereafter) in China, form-centered teaching still dominates the nation’s classrooms, despite the fact that the majority of students studying in China are there for communicative fluency. The author suggests that teachers in China should integrate both pragmalingustic and sociopragmatic elements into their teaching and proposes a set of procedures (i. e. Speech act identification, Analysis of the speech act, Conscious learning of the Chinese speech act, Controlled practice, and Free practice) that provide guidelines for teaching and fostering pragmatic competence in a TCFL classroom. Chapter 6, “Development of a foreign language anxiety model”, by Yujia Zhou, explores the interrelationships between language anxiety and three personal-psychological traits. The three personal resources that may potentially contribute to language learning related anxiety examined in this chapter are: (1) self-esteem in language learning; (2) learners’ beliefs about language learning; and (3) learners’ self-perception of their speaking proficiency. Statistical results presented suggest that variables (1) and (2) show a direct effect on foreign language anxiety. Furthermore, variable (1) mediates the influence of (2) and (3) on language anxiety. Chapter 7, “Facilitating students’ understanding of English news: Peer scaffolding in an EFL listening classroom”, by Danli Li, presents findings from a microgenetic analysis about peer scaffolding based on investigating 8 intermediate college learners of English in their collaborative efforts to comprehend 5 English news articles. It was found that peer scaffolding tasks, in general, foster a supportive environment and meaning-focused communication and facilitate language learning, as evident by students’ efforts in negotiating meaning and linguistic forms of the target language. It is also suggested that peer scaffolding may be a mutual effort, though oftentimes one student emerges as a tutor during exercises. Chapter 8, “Vocabulary learning strategies among adult foreign language learners”, by Shameem Rafik-Galea and Bee Eng Wong, details a questionnaire study of foreign language vocabulary learning strategy preferences and reveals that students of different ethnic groups use both effective and ineffective strategies when learning different foreign language vocabulary. Furthermore, the use of direct strategies (i. e. memory, cognitive and compensation strategies) is far more prominent than that of indirect strategies (i. e. meta-cognitive, affective and social strategies). The results suggest that language teachers should present learners with different learning strategies for the acquisition of vocabulary and provide exercises and input that encourage the use of various strategies when learning vocabulary. Part Two “Classroom practice and evaluation studies”
Chapter 9, “Technology in the service of constructivist pedagogy: Network-based applications and knowledge construction”, by Wai Meng Chan and Ing Ru Chen, presents three network-mediated applications inspired by the constructivist view of learning -- “My Vocab Book”, “Interactive Situation Simulation”, and “Movie Studio” -- which were designed to enable self-directed and process-oriented learning, as well as provide stimulating contexts that are authentic and open-ended. Chapter 10, “Pedagogical concerns: Some common features of content-based instruction, task-based learning and business case study, and their roles in an EBP class”, by Wenhua Hsu, offers quantitative and qualitative evaluations on the validity and effectiveness of an English for Business Purposes (EBP) course taught in Taiwan that consisted of three different approaches/ tasks carried out in the order of content-based instruction (CBI), task-based learning (TBL), and business case study (BCS). It was noted that both the CBI and TBL tasks greatly impact and yield positive effects on students’ performance on BCS tasks, and both CBI and BCS tasks offer students opportunities for real-life stimulated and subject-matter practice, which, according to students’ feedback, give them a purpose for language use and greatly stimulate their interests in continuous learning. Chapter 11, “Memorizing dialogues: The case for “Performative Exercises”, by Izumi Walker and Tomoko Utsumi, challenges common negative perceptions towards dialogue memorization in foreign language learning and points out that this method may be a key step leading to automaticity and fluency in language production. By asking students to memorize the model dialogue for a 5-stage performative exercise (i. e. discussion of content and context of the model dialogue, performance check on memorized dialogue, contextualized exercises, creative role-play, and presentation and feedback), students are provided with a basis for communication in similar real-life situations. Furthermore, familiarity with the grammar, structure, etc. , through memorization allows students the luxury to attend to higher-level processing, such as meaning construction, instead of worrying about sentential-level constructions. The results show that students’ speech production progresses and improves dramatically through the exercise and that the majority of students perceived memorizing dialogue as being helpful in their learning. Chapter 12, “The whole world communicates in English, do you? -- Educational drama as an alternative approach to teaching English in Japan”, by Naoko Araki-Metcalfe, discusses several advantages of using educational drama as an alternative pedagogical approach in foreign language teaching. This approach not only presents contextualized linguistic information, but also provides students with opportunities to explore non-verbal communication. Within clearly defined, rule-based boundaries, students are free to observe, to construct a sense of self, to imagine and create, to improvise, and most importantly, to use both linguistic and kinesthetic skills to express themselves. Chapter 13, “From oral interview test to oral communication test: Alleviating students’ anxiety”, by Satomi Chiba and Yoko Morikawa, points out that more traditional teacher-student, question-answer, one-way oral exams greatly induce anxiety. A high level of anxiety has an adverse effect on oral performance. Therefore, to ease anxiety, the authors suggest giving students a more humanistic and interactive oral test that allows them to have an actual conversation with their partner(s) on a subject of their choice from a pool of topics. Students’ self evaluations point to the positive effect of natural communication between peers, from which students acquire a sense of accomplishment and an increase in their motivation. Suggestions for how to go about designing, implementing, and assessing oral communication tests are also provided. This edited volume is a great addition to the field of second language acquisition in general, and foreign language teaching and learning, in particular. It is especially beneficial for practitioners and teachers alike who are determined, but frustrated in their efforts to find a well-balanced middle point for teaching and learning. For those who are constantly looking for innovative pedagogical practices and approaches in teaching and ways to foster students’ abilities and skills in learning and using the language (especially communicative proficiency), this volume will not disappoint. For those who want to develop a comprehensive theoretical background in foreign language teaching and learning, this volume will probably not be a go-to reference, since each chapter presents only a snap-shot of certain aspects of teaching or learning, rather than painting a complete picture of the science and art of foreign language teaching and learning as a collective whole. Despite the editors’ efforts to organize these collections into two major themes, “theoretical foundation and research” and “classroom practice and evaluation studies”, the nature and scope of individual chapters cover too many variations of aspects of teaching and learning from different disciplines, which makes it difficult for readers to tie everything together as a collective whole and enjoy this volume in a one-after-another fashion. I highly recommend that readers rearrange the order of chapters based on individual needs and preferences in order to get the most out of this volume. The following paragraphs suggest a more cohesive organization of chapters based on themes that closely link specific papers together. Chapters 2, 8, 7, and 11 -- Teaching and learning strategies
The field of second language teaching has witnessed a healthy and rapid growth of research on learning styles, which suggests that various learning styles characterized by an individual learner do reveal a correlation between an individual’s learning styles and his/her performance regarding different linguistic elements (Gregorc, 1979; Reid, 1987). Learners with different learning styles may opt for different teaching and learning strategies and preferences. Chapters 2 and 8 address this variability directly by suggesting teachers explicitly introduce students to various learning strategies in general, and strategies in vocabulary learning, in particular. Chapters 7 and 11 offer evaluative work on students’ performance and feedback for two specific learning strategies: peer scaffolding and dialogue memorization, respectively. All four chapters, together, paint a pretty solid picture of teaching being more effective if it is student-centered. They also show that the learning experience of students can be enhanced if they have a better understanding of not just how they learn, but how to learn. However, learning strategies are specific tools used by individuals with different learning styles (and various teaching strategies used by a teacher may well be an extension of the teacher’s teaching and learning styles); this being said, these four chapters can definitely benefit from an additional chapter specifically dealing with “teaching and learning styles”. It is my personal opinion that by having an understanding of individual students’ learning styles, teachers are better informed on what they’re getting themselves into and are better equipped to design a course, exercise, or activity that can guide students in their own learning process and dissolve potential conflicts raised when there is a mismatch between students’ and teachers’ learning styles and expectations. Chapters 4 and 10 -- Psychological trait: Degrees of motivation
Motivation is another key factor driving language success (Ellis, 1994). Motivation is not just something students bring to the classroom but something teachers can cultivate and promote to enhance learner outcomes. Chapters 4 and 10 present two purpose-specific and goal-oriented course designs to demonstrate how such courses can promote interests in learning. Chapters 6 and 13 -- Psychological trait: Levels of anxiety in learners
The possibility that anxiety interferes with language learning, as well as its pedagogical resolution, have been discussed in numerous publications from various disciplines (Gregersen & Horwitz, 2002; Horwitz, Tallon, & Luo, 2009). Specific to foreign language learning, three main types of anxiety are agreed upon: communication apprehension, test anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation (Cubukcu, 2007). Chapter 6 examines three potential personal attributes behind foreign language learning anxiety. Chapter 13 presents an alternative oral exam format that aims to alleviate levels of anxiety. However, as ideal as this communicative approach to oral exams may sound on paper, I wonder whether it can be properly and effectively incorporated into a curriculum. I can see this being implemented at the departmental level, whereby clear guidelines and strong support from the administrative level are given. Teachers (trained in language testing and assessment) work as a collective whole in planning a task like this to avoid uncertainties in the administration and completion of the test. Without implementation at these two levels, anxiety may actually increase, for both teachers and students. Unfortunately, this is easier said than done. Chapters 3 and 5 -- Pragmatic competence
Sometimes misunderstandings or communication breakdowns are not about the well-formedness of grammatical structures, but rather about how and where utterances are being used in communication. It is important for foreign language learners to develop “the ability to use available linguistic resources in a contextually appropriate fashion” (Rueda, 2006: 173). Chapter 5’s author recognizes the lack of instruction on developing pragmatic competence among learners studying Chinese in China and urges teachers to provide explicit instruction on subject matter. The Discourse Politeness Theory (DPT) presented in Chapter 3 also places pragmatic competence at its center (i. e. relative politeness), elaborating the importance of understanding inter-cultural- and inter-personal pragmatics in order to achieve the DP defaults of various situations. Chapters 9 and 12 -- Alternative approaches
Over the past three decades or so there has been a gradual and healthy shift of preoccupation in the field from teaching to learning and to the learner him/herself. The recognition of that learner as the one at the center of the learning process inevitably changes pedagogical approaches. The ultimate goal as a teacher has become to motivate students toward a level of independence where they develop “the internal psychological capacity to self-direct their own learning” (Benson, 1997: 25). This internal capacity cannot be learned or taught, but rather fostered through linguistic and pedagogically-informed practices that create appropriate settings (Mishan, 2005). Chapters 9 and 12 introduce two alternative practices, network-based applications and educational drama, as a means to raise awareness of the significance of learners’ involvement and to foster self-directed learning. I am personally very fond of the network-based applications, especially the “Interactive Situation Simulation” presented in Chapter 9, because they promote self-directed learning beyond classroom settings. Although this volume predominately focuses on language production in the form of speaking, and not on other aspects of language (e. g. writing, reading, listening, etc. ), it is valuable because it provides numerous opportunities for teachers to reflect on their own teaching philosophy and pedagogical choices and offers several innovative exercises and theoretical frameworks that can be implemented when designing courses, materials and exercises, and tests with the intention of guiding students to achieve overall communicative competence. Benson, P. 1997. The philosophy and politics of learner autonomy, ed. by P. Benson and P. Voller, Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning, 18-34. London: Longman.
Cubukcu, F. 2007. Foreign language anxiety. Iranian Journal of Language Studies 1. 2:133-42. Ellis, R. 1994. The study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gregersen, T. S. & Horwitz, E. K. 2002. Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious and non-anxious language learners’ reactions to their own oral performance. The Modern Language Journal 86. 4:562-70. Gregorc, A. F. 1979. Learning/teaching styles: Potent forces behind them. Educational Leadership 36:234-7. Horwitz, E. K., Tallon, M., & Luo, H. 2009. Foreign language anxiety, ed. by J. C. Cassady, Anxiety in schools: The causes, consequences, and solutions for academic anxieties. New York: Peter Lang.
Mishan, F. 2005. Designing authenticity into language learning materials. Bristol, UK: Intellect Books.
Reid, J. M. 1987. The learning style preferences of ESL students. Tesol Quarterly 21. 1:87-110. Rueda, Y. T. 2006. Developing pragmatic competence in a foreign language. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal 8:169-82. ABOUT THE REVIEWER
ABOUT THE REVIEWER:
Shih-Ju Young is a Ph.D. candidate in Linguistics and a teaching assistant
in the Department of Comparative Literature at the University of Georgia.
She had taught Linguistics and has taught Mandarin Chinese at various
venues from private language institutes and business associations to
heritage programs and college classrooms. She is currently working on her
dissertation with the intended title of “Cross-linguistic influence in the
articulation, gesticulation and perception of motion events”. Her research
interests include bilingualism, cross-linguistic influence, SLA/TLA,
foreign language teaching/learning, and Chinese linguistics. She is a
recipient of a 2012 UGA Graduate School Dean’s Award.
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The Rising Center
"Just like moons and like suns, With the certainty of tides, Just like hopes springing high, Still I'll rise. " from "Still I Rise" by Maya Angelou
She asked for it. Boys will be boys! You could have fought him off. Men can't be sexually assaulted. She shouldn't have been there in the first place. We've all heard statements like that, but let's get one thing straight: the only person responsible for a rape, sexual assault, or sexual abuse is the perpetrator. It's a difficult subject and one that can be suffered in silence for years and years. The most important thing to remember is that you are not alone. KRCC's rape crisis center, The Rising Center, is a safe place you can go to be heard and believed, to get the support and care you need, and to try to heal from this awful and heartbreaking experience. Did you know that almost 1 in 2 women (47%) and 19. 6% of men in Kentucky are sexually victimized at some point in their lives (CDC, 2010)? In fact, nearly a million women, men, and children in Kentucky will experience violence or sexual assault this year. Often, people who have survived rape or another act of sexual or intimate violence feel overwhelmed or scared or don't know whom to talk to or how to get the help they need. Sometimes, people don't know what sexual assault is, or they're trying to help someone else who has been assaulted. That's why we're here. The Rising Center is here to assist survivors, their friends, and family members in getting the resources they need to reclaim their lives following sexual violence. Did You Know? There are lots of myths and misconceptions about rape and sexual violence. Here are some facts you should remember. You Are Not Alone.
- 1 out of 4 women will be raped in their lifetime. - 1 out of 8 men will be raped in their lifetime. - 1 out of 4 girls will be sexually abused by the age of 18. - 1 out of 6 boys will be sexually abused by the age of 18. It Wasn't Your Fault.
- Rape and sexual abuse are acts of violence and control, using sex as a weapon. It is not motivated by sexual desire. It Can Happen To Anyone.
- Rape and sexual abuse affect people from every class, age group, and race. Rape has no socioeconomic limits. It Happens to Kids, Too.
- 67% of all child sexual abuse or rapes occur to children under the age of 18. Just Because You Know Him/Her Doesn't Make It Okay.
- Over 60% of all rape victims know the perpetrator. - 85-90% of child sexual abuse occurs when the perpetrator is known to the child. It's Never Too Late To Seek Help! - 50% of rape and sexual abuse survivors still feel the traumatic effects years later. We're Here For You
Kentucky River Community Care (KRCC) created The Rising Center to serve anyone in our community who are survivors of sexual assault, and sexual abuse. It was the first center of its kind in the Hazard, KY area. Our Center serves the people of the entire Kentucky River region, which includes Breathitt, Knott, Lee, Leslie, Letcher, Owsley, Perry, and Wolfe counties. As a visitor to this page, you may already be painfully aware of the physical, emotional, and psychological wounds that are created by rape and sexual abuse. At The Rising Center, we are committed to giving survivors and their loved ones the medical, legal, advocacy, and mental health services needed to begin the healing process. We are available to provide counseling, crisis, and on-site hospital services 24 hours a day, seven days a week. When you need a safe place to turn, we'll be there. If you or someone you care about has experienced sexual violence, you are not alone. You may have many questions, but are unsure where to find answers. KRCC's The Rising Center is here to help. What We Offer
If You Are Raped:
Get to a safe place. If you are raped, go to a safe place immediately and get help. Call the Police
Call 911, the police, or our 24-Hour Rape Crisis Line (1-800-375-7273) or TDD/TTY: 1-800-787-5043. Seek Medical Attention
Get medical attention immediately at a hospital emergency room. If you think you've been drugged, ask the hospital to take a urine sample so the police can analyze it for any substance used to incapacitate you. You can also come to The Rising Center, and we will help you get the medical attention you need. Do not destroy evidence of the rape by bathing, douching, changing clothes, or rearranging the scene of the rape. This also includes eating, chewing gum, smoking, drinking, brushing teeth, and gargling. These activities can destroy valuable evidence such as semen, saliva, hairs, and blood. If you have to urinate, collect the urine in a clean jar with a lid and refrigerate the specimen until you can give it to a medical professional. If the evidence is preserved, it can be used in the prosecution of the rapist. However, even if you have not preserved evidence, you should see a doctor and/or call The Rising Center for help. Even if you choose not to have a forensic sexual assault examination, you should see a doctor to be treated for sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy. If the report is delayed, evidence may still be available. Do not wash your clothes, sheets, or bedding or dispose of any items associated with the sexual assault. And, again, even if you haven't or can't preserve evidence, you should seek the help and support you need. The Rising Center is here to help and support any and all victims of sexual assault - we do not need proof that a person has been raped in order to provide that assistance. How Can You Help? The Rising Center relies on volunteers to staff all programs. After completing the 40-hour training, you will become a Sexual Assault Counselor, which qualifies you to counsel survivors on the Crisis Line, accompany survivors to the hospital, assist survivors through the legal process, and participate in community education. Call Us at (606) 373-6145. Volunteering at KRCC's The Rising Center
"There are two ways of spreading light - to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it. "Edith Wharton
There are different types of volunteer opportunities within The Rising Center's Victim Services Program:
Volunteers Can Also Help By:
- Being there to talk to the victims and their families. - Counsel survivors on the Crisis Line.
- Accompany survivors to the hospital. - Participate in community action. - Assist in clerical work. - Help support victims through his/her legal process. And much more! How to Become a Victim Services Volunteer
- Be at least 18 years of age. - Complete a volunteer application with KRCC and become an approved KRCC volunteer worker. - Receive three satisfactory reference checks. - Agree to and pass a criminal records check. - Take and pass a TB skin test and drug screening. - Be approved for volunteer work by the agency (KRCC). - Complete a 40-hour Sexual Assault Counselor Training Program.
- Complete eight hours of continuing education yearly. Volunteer Program TrainingsTrainings are held at various times throughout the year. If you are interested in becoming a volunteer, call the Volunteer Coordinator to receive a volunteer application packet at 606-435-6145 ext 7809. We're here anytime you need us! Call our 24-Hour Hotline at 1-800-375-RAPE (7273) or TDD/TTY 1-800-787-5043, or drop in or contact us during our business hours: Monday through Friday, 8 a. m. to 4:30 p. m.
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In 2014, Elizabeth Bryan joined ILSSI’s capacity development program for graduate students, and she investigated gender and small scale irrigation, as well as the linkage between irrigation and nutrition. Today, Bryan is a senior scientist in the Environment and Production Technology Division at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), where she focuses on water resources management and climate change adaptation and gender. What issues were you studying, while you were working with ILSSI? With respect to gender and irrigation, we explored the barriers that women face to adopting, using, and benefitting from technologies for small scale irrigation. We also looked at how adopting small scale irrigation may influence various aspects of women’s empowerment, such as their level of participation in agricultural decisions, control over income and productive assets, and time burden. The results across the countries we have worked in (Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania) are varied, given different gender roles in agriculture, social norms, and available systems, technologies, and practices for small scale irrigation. Our findings on irrigation and nutrition highlight two main pathways through which irrigation can improve diets and nutrition outcomes: through changes in production and increased income. Irrigation enables greater production and consumption of more nutrient-dense crops, such as vegetables, that improve diet quality. Being able to irrigate also enables production during the dry season, increasing availability of food during these times. Farmers use the income from selling irrigated crops to purchase foods that improve household diets, such as milk and eggs. Irrigating farmers appear to be more resilient to drought, thanks to their improved nutritional status. Findings on the links between irrigation and nutrition were summarized in a guidance note by The World Bank to support more nutrition-sensitive approaches to irrigation investments. Gender matters for these linkages between irrigation and nutrition because women have different preferences for which crops are grown under irrigation, how these crops are used – whether for sale or consumption – and how income from the sale of irrigated crops is spent. What was the most surprising thing you found? The gender sensitivity of many irrigation interventions is low, meaning that they fail to consider the linkages between gender and irrigation. This is due to limited capacity on gender in many implementing organizations and agencies. However, there is interest, including from the private sector, in utilizing strategies to better reach and benefit women through irrigation. Another surprising finding is that when households adopt modern irrigation technologies in northern Ghana, men tend to take over irrigation activities. Rather than feeling excluded, many women were relieved not have to participate in manual irrigation, which they considered a burdensome task, and to have more time to devote to other income-earning activities. How did the work you did with ILSSI inform the next steps in your career? After I finish the remaining research papers on my plate, I hope to develop some guidance for implementing partners to adopt more gender-sensitive strategies. New modalities are emerging for how to expand small scale irrigation technologies, such as through group-based or rental arrangements, and the gender implications of these also need to be examined so that these interventions are inclusive and benefit women. What is your advice to other students looking to work with ILSSI or other Feed the Future innovations labs? The Feed the Future Innovation Labs are a great way to engage different partners, including cross-disciplinary researchers, development practitioners, policy-makers, and donors. I am grateful to have had the opportunity to collaborate with so many inspiring people, who are dedicated to tackling some of the greatest development challenges.
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Mass spectrometry is the workhorse of analytical chemistry. It performs the analysis of the sample, making mass spec equipment an essential part of the analytical instrumentation market. A recent shift in the laboratory landscape, though, is forcing a change in the size and functionality of mass spec equipment. Laboratories are requiring shorter testing times with faster throughput in a smaller footprint, and these new demands are driving the market to develop smaller, higher performance systems. Traditionally, mass spec systems have been used for routine testing in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, food safety, petrochemicals, and environmental analysis. Mass spec equipment typically performs one task slowly with a retention time ranging from five minutes to 10 hours, depending on the type of test and molecules analyzed.
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PowerPoint infographic templates are a quick and easy way to create professional-looking infographic-rich presentations. Simply choose a template that matches the theme and topic of your presentation, and then add your own content. You can include text, charts, graphs, maps, and images to convey information in a concise and visually appealing way. PowerPoint infographics are a type of infographic that uses PowerPoint slides to present information in an engaging and visually appealing way. They can be used to present data, statistics, or any other information in a way that is easy to understand and interpret. PowerPoint infographics are an excellent way to make complex information more accessible and engaging for your audience. PowerPoint infographics offer a number of benefits over traditional text-based presentations. They are:
Creative infographics can be used for creating compelling Comparisons, Distributions, Compositions, and Relationships.
There are many different types of infographics, but some of the most popular include:
PowerPoint infographics can be used in a variety of situations where you need to present information in an engaging and visually appealing way. They are particularly well suited for presentations that contain a lot of data or statistics. When you’re preparing to give an informative speech or presentation, there is one way that will help your message really stand out from all of the others: using graphics. Professional PowerPoint templates can be found online in many different forms – some with just simple images while others offer complex designs involving animation and color schemes designed specifically for certain purposes such as highlighting particular points within text slides (useful if they need more attention). Infographic presentations have become increasingly popular because infographics not only look good but also aid comprehension by making data easier-to-digest and more engaging. A well-designed PowerPoint infographic template can be a powerful tool for presenting information in a clear and visually appealing way. By using data charts, graphs, and other graphic elements, an infographic can convey complex data in a format that is easy to understand. Infographics can also be used to tell a story or provide an overview of a topic. The best way to choose the right infographic for your presentation is to think about the type of data you are trying to visualize and the message you are trying to communicate. If you’re not sure which infographic to use, there are plenty of PPT infographics in SlideSalad that can help you choose the right one for your presentation. Choosing the right infographic for your presentation will make your data easier to understand and your message more memorable. It’s a win-win!
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There are many reasons why a feeding tube may be used. Although many patients may be reluctant to have a feeding tube, understanding the benefits of the tube, as well as the risks associated with not using a feeding tube, may help with this decision. Post-operative Recovery In this practice, any extensive surgery impacting the mouth or throat will require the use of feeding tube for at least the post-operative recovery period. It is important the surgical wounds are not exposed to contamination by food/liquid during the recovery process, which may interfere with wound healing and even lead to infection. Ongoing Cancer Treatment This practice cares for a great deal of cancer patients, many of whom require chemotherapy and/or radiation during the course of their treatment. Adequate nutrition is key in promoting good endurance as well as healing. During the course of treatment, it may not be possible to take in sufficient nutrition/hydration by mouth. In these cases, the feeding tube can be helpful to adequately nourish and hydrate the patient. Extensive Surgery Although all surgeries involving the mouth and throat may require a period of post-operative recovery when a feeding tube is needed, more extensive surgeries that involve partial or complete removal of certain mouth/throat structures may require more long term use of a feeding tube. Certain structures are critical in allowing for a safe and effective swallow, without significant risk for aspiration, when food/liquid enter the trachea. Depending on the extent of the surgery, rehabilitation may be required before the patient can safely return to eating by mouth. Dysphagia This is a term used to describe a problem with the patient’s ability to safely and effectively eat/drink by mouth. Dysphagia can occur for a variety of reasons, although in this practice, it is typically the result of surgery and/or additional cancer treatment. The SLP staff is extensively trained in the field of dysphagia and apply the latest in rehabilitative methods to restore the ability to swallow as quickly as possible. However, depending on the severity of the dysphagia, a feeding tube may be required to ensure nutritional needs are safely met during rehabilitation. Your doctor and SLP staff will determine when it is ok for you to return to eating by mouth. Copyright 2011-2013 Katrina M. Jensen, M.A., CCC-SLP, PLLC
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000_242273
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Why it’s so good for you: The orange flesh that’s revealed when you crack open butternut squash “means that it contains lots of beta carotene, an antioxidant that the body converts to vitamin A,” says Lauri Wright, Ph.D., R.D.N., chair of the department of nutrition and dietetics at the University of North Florida. “Beta carotene is essential for maintaining vision, especially night vision, and it’s also important for keeping your immune system strong. ”
Easy eating: Butternut squash can be tricky to cut. If you’re having trouble, score the skin, microwave for a few minutes, and let it cool. Then you can cut it into halves and bake it cut side down in a pan with a little water or oil. Afterward, just peel and chop it into cubes, mash it, or purée it to add to soups and sauces.
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002_3010197
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In the midst of immigration reform and bills going haywire, the immigrant youth can breathe a little more relaxed with the implementation of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). Under this executive action by former President Barack Obama, young people who were brought to the United States illegally as children can apply for work authorization and be protected from immediate deportation. What exactly is Deferred Action? Deferred Action is a policy that came to action on June 15, 2012, developed by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designed to protect certain youth who entered the United States as children and have grown up in the country. These individuals, called Dreamers, are protected from deportation for a period of two years, which is subject to renewal. In order to receive this benefit one must file an application for Deferred Action along with an application for employment authorization. If approved, they will be able to work in the United States legally. In September 2017, the Trump administration ended the program. The plan was to phase out DACA for current recipients and not accept new applications for Deferred Action. A lower court, however, ruled that the administration had to continue renewing applications for DACA recipients. As a result, in February 2018, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) resumed accepting DACA renewals but continues to not accept initial requests for Deferred Action.
It is important to note that on April 24, 2018, a federal judge issued a decision that ordered USCIS to continue accepting new requests for DACA. The court, however, gave the government 90 days to respond as to why DACA should be terminated. Accordingly, we will have to wait on the government’s response thereby making it difficult to predict the possible outcomes. What are the requirements to apply for Deferred Action? The applicant must have:
- Entered the United States when they were younger than 16 years of age;
- Been under the age of 31 as of June 15, 2012;
- Be enrolled in school, graduated from high school or the equivalent, or honorably discharged from the U.S. military;
- Never been convicted of a felony, a significant misdemeanor, multiple misdemeanors, or otherwise pose a threat to the country;
- Continuously lived in the United States for the five years proceeding June 15, 2012; and
- Been physically present in the United States on June 15, 2012, and at the time of the application request. What is the procedure? A DACA application must be sent by mail, but people can prepare applications online. There is a fee for the application that should be sent either by check or money order made out to “U.S. Department of Homeland Security.” USCIS will do a thorough background check, and verify the information provided by an applicant. It is important not to lie on the petitions. It will take several months to process the DACA request. After an individual files the paperwork, USCIS will schedule a biometric services appointment and mail the notice. If the applicant fails to attend the appointment the application will likely be considered abandoned. In many cases, USCIS will approve the case and mail the approval notice with the employment authorization document (EAD) directly to the recipient. In certain circumstances, USCIS may schedule an interview to determine eligibility before making a decision on an applicant’s DACA case. Many eligible immigrants fear that they may put their parents and relatives at risk of deportation, if they apply for Deferred Action. Fortunately, with limited exceptions, USCIS will not share the information provided by the applicant with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Information may be shared for assistance in the consideration of DACA, to identify and prevent fraudulent claims, for criminal investigation and prosecution, and national security purposes. Should you renew your DACA if convicted of a crime? If you were arrested or convicted of a new crime, it is important that you consult with an immigration attorney before attempting to renew your DACA. If possible, the individual needs to stay out of jail, because in many counties ICE may decide to detain the immigrant and try to have his or her DACA terminated. Furthermore, it is important to tell your criminal defense lawyer that you are a DACA recipient. The criminal defense attorney should work together with a criminal/immigration expert to try to get an agreement that does not disqualify a person from DACA or bars the Dreamer from other immigration benefits. If a person pleads guilty to a charge that is a bar to DACA, he or she runs the risk of deportation. One of the most common DACA disqualifier is driving under the influence (DUI), which is considered a “significant misdemeanor. ” Even if it is your first offense, pleading guilty to a DUI will bar you from renewal. In addition, DACA has been denied in instances where domestic violence is charged, but the individual is later convicted of a non-domestic violence offense. Finally, even if a criminal charge is not a bar to DACA, but is an offense listed in the Notice to Appear (NTA) memo, the renewal request may be denied as a matter of discretion and the file may be turned over to ICE. In fact, if a person elects not to renew his or her DACA, but comes within the NTA memo, the matter may be referred to ICE according to DHS policy. Fortunately, there are remedies that an experienced immigration lawyer may be able to pursue under these circumstances. Speaking with an attorney will help you explore your options and lead you to the right path after careful consideration of your case.
|
007_5189660
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Lung Cancer Differences between Women and Men Abound
by Jennifer Wider, MD
WASHINGTON, D.C. (August 10, 2005) - The death of longtime ABC News anchor
Peter Jennings and the acknowledgement of actress Dana Reeve, widow of "Superman"
Christopher Reeve, that she has lung cancer presents an opportunity to remind
both women and men that lung cancer is the number one cancer killer of both
women and men. It is also important to note the differences between
women and men in lung cancer, according to the Society for Women's Health
"The tragic death of Peter Jennings and the news that Dana Reeve is battling
lung cancer should be a sobering reminder to everyone that lung cancer kills
more women and men than any other single cancer," Sherry Marts, vice
president of scientific affairs for the Society for Women's Health Research,
said. "Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, but as in Reeve's
case smoking is not always the culprit. "Nonsmoking women are more likely than nonsmoking men to develop lung
cancer. Environmental factors other than smoke play a role in the development
of lung cancer in nonsmoking women. The small amount of research available
suggests that, when exposed to an environmental carcinogen, nonsmoking women
are more susceptible to DNA damage than nonsmoking men. We clearly need
more research into these differences so that we can reduce the cancer rate
and someday find a cure. "
The Society for Women's Health Research is the nation's only non-profit organization
whose mission is to improve the health of all women through research, education
and advocacy. Based in Washington, D.C., the Society encourages the study
of biological sex differences between women and men that affect the prevention,
diagnosis and treatment of disease. The Society is at the forefront
of encouraging expanded research on lung cancer, which develops differently
in women and men. Current research is insufficient to understand the
extent and nature of those differences or apply them to improved care for
A 2003 Society sponsored national meeting identified important sex differences
in the genetics and basic biology of lung cancer; described sex differences
in response to environmental and chemical toxins that can lead to lung cancer;
and distinguished sex differences in smoking-related behaviors and the implication
of those differences for prevention and treatment of lung cancer. A report
on the meeting, "Sex Differences in Lung Cancer: From Genes to Behavior,"
is available by clicking
A June 2005 public opinion survey commissioned by the Society showed that breast
cancer is the disease that women most fear, despite the fact that lung cancer
kills more women. More information on the survey is available by clicking
The Society for Women's
Health Research is the nation's only not-for-profit organization
whose sole mission is to improve the health of women through research. Founded
in 1990, the Society brought to national attention the need for the appropriate
inclusion of women in major medical research studies and the resulting need
for more information about conditions affecting women. The Society advocates
increased funding for research on women's health, encourages the study of
sex differences that may affect the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of
disease, and promotes the inclusion of women in medical research studies. Dr. Donnica Moore has been a member of the Society since 1990 and is a past
member of its Board of Directors.
Created: 11/27/2005 - Jennifer Wider, M.D.
|
007_5432113
|
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- Given to or characterized by disputatious, often specious argument. - One given to or expert in dispute or argument. - The art or practice of disputation and polemics. This service is a free English - Malayalam Dictionary with English & Malayalam meaning of more than 125000 words. You can find out equivalent Malayalam meaning, definitions, Synonyms & more of any English word by using this service. The malayalam meaning is displayed with transliterated output (Manglish) as well & that will help people who doesn't know to read Malayalam language. Please support this free service by just sharing with your friends. If you find any bugs in this program please report me at firstname. lastname@example. org
The Usage is actually taken from the Verse(s) of English+Malayalam Holy Bible.×
|
011_2332613
|
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Beaver Scouts are the youngest section of the Scouting family. Their activities are based around making things, outdoor activities, singing, playing games, going out on visits, investigating nature, listening to stories, learning how to be safe and most importantly, making new friends. Age range: 6 to 8 years old
The Beaver Scout promise:
I promise to do my best,
To be kind and helpful,
and to love God.
When a Beaver reaches the age of 8 they have the opportunity to move on to Cubs.
The Beaver Scout uniform may be purchased from The Official Scout Shop or from John Lewis in Newcastle.
The word ‘programme’ in Scouting refers to the range of activities, challenges and experiences that young people experience in Scouting.
The Scouting programme provides a structure of badges and awards, which are progressive through the sections, and based on a number of objectives. The objectives are based on Scouting’s purpose to “actively engage and support young people in their personal development, empowering them to make a positive contribution to society”. Our programme is based around three main themes: outdoor and adventure, world and skills. This programme of activities is planned by the leadership team in partnership with young people, and should incorporates elements from each theme, to offer young people the most interesting and diverse experience.
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010_3664773
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Restoring Florida Bay: Sponges the foundation for thriving ecosystem
"Prior to the 1990s the Florida Keys sponge community was a lively underwater city for fish and invertebrates. Curious divers could hear the snap, crackle and pop of snapping shrimp. The noisy bottom was a sign of health for the organisms that provide nursery habitat to juvenile marine species. Researchers at the University of Florida and Old Dominion University, along with more than 40 volunteers from around the world have joined together for an ecosystem intervention. John Stevely, a sponge researcher and Florida Sea Grant agent emeritus, said transplanting sponge cuttings is a way to speed up nature so the ecosystem doesn’t reach a point of no return. Marine sponges are not only a valuable commercial asset to the state, they are also critical to Florida marine life. Researchers suspect that the biotic sounds caused by the inhabitants that occupy the sponges may help guide the larva of fish and invertebrates to safe habitat, similar to coral reef communities. . . "
(Article by: Becca Burton)
|
009_168854
|
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Adulteration Accounts for Majority of FDA Food-Related Import Refusals
Image for Amber Waves finding "Adulteration Accounts for Majority of FDA Food-Related Import Refusals"
Imported foods, particularly perishable, minimally processed foods, are a growing part of the American diet. Yet several high-profile international food safety scares have drawn attention to the safety of some imported foods. Determining the extent of the risks is difficult because data limitations constrain what is known about the safety of imported foods. As a first step to understanding this issue better, ERS researchers analyzed U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) data on food import shipments that were refused entry into the U.S. during 1998-2004, by type of food and by type of violation. The presence of a violation does not necessarily mean that a food was unsafe. Some of the violations, such as for unregistered processes and labeling, may not imply food safety risks. FDA does not have the resources to examine every shipment of food entering the country. Instead, FDA relies on risk-based criteria to guide its actions, including past histories of violations with products and/or importers. Because FDA selects only a portion of shipments for inspection or other administrative actions at random, the ERS analysis cannot estimate the level or distribution of actual food safety risk that imports may pose to American consumers. The study, however, does reveal recurring risks and other problems in certain types of imported foods. Of the 70,369 import violations in 1998-2004, 65 percent were for adulteration, 33 percent were for misbranding, and 2 percent were for “other violations,” such as items forbidden or restricted in sale. Adulteration involves product safety, package integrity, or sanitation. The import refusal data indicate that the most common adulteration violations were for the appearance of filth in a food product and for failure to file information or register a specified process. Salmonella accounted for 63 percent of pathogen violations, while unsafe coloring was the most common (46 percent) chemical contamination violation. Misbranding occurred when the article’s labeling failed to bear the required nutritional information, did not list the common name for each ingredient, or was not written in English. Fruit and fruit products accounted for the highest number of misbranding violations. One example is a prune jam label that failed to bear the required saccharin warning statement. The three imported food categories with the most violations were vegetables (20. 6 percent of total violations), fishery and seafood (20. 1 percent), and fruit (11. 7 percent). Import refusals for sanitary violations in seafood and fruit products, pesticide violations in vegetables, and unregistered processes for canned food products in these three categories were persistent over time. This article is drawn from. . . Food Safety and Imports: An Analysis of FDA Import Refusal Reports, by Jean Buzby, Laurian Unnevehr, and Donna Roberts, USDA, Economic Research Service, September 2008
|
008_2292342
|
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There’s an old expression in the newspaper business: “If your mother says she loves you, check it out. ” In other words, make sure your bullshit detector is always on. Be skeptical of what you’re told, of what you read. Cross-check your facts with other sources. What applies in the newsroom applies tenfold on the internet, where anybody is free to post any damned thing they want to. Our “information age” confronts us with hundred upon hundred of news stories each day and a lot of them are about scientific findings. News sites love reporting those, and links to these reports get shared on Twitter, Facebook, etc. However, while science is mankind’s greatest invention, the reporting of scientific findings in the media it is often seriously (over)simplified and biased. And it gets worse on social networks. That’s easy to see if you are a scientist yourself. Just look at your area of expertise on news media — it will make you cringe. And that’s not because your branch science is the hardest to the most misunderstood. The same oversimplification and biases hold true for any other science. Only there you often don’t notice it. It is hard to evaluate reported scientific findings without
- access to the original article published in an academic journal
to check what information in the new report was oversimplified, distorted, fabricated, or otherwise biased
- a solid understanding of the scientific methods
to check for the scientific merit of the work done (reputable academic journals employ peer-review, i. e., other scientists from the same field evaluate the quality, but it is possible that mistakes are not spotted)
- a solid understanding of the (sub-)domain
to see how the results fit into the overall picture of results (after all, the study might be a fluke or an outlier)
But there are some questions you can ask of published scientific results. Given that I am a psychologist, I focus on reports on studies or surveys about human behavior and experience, expanding something I have written on a German blog. These are particularly interesting for many people — few things are as interesting as information about ourselves. But at least some of the questions should hold true for other scientific domains as well. Be a Skeptical Optimist
Goodwin and Goodwin (2013) characterize the attitude of scientists as “skeptical optimists”:
Research psychologists are skeptical optimists — optimistic about discovering important things about behavior, but skeptical of claims made without solid empirical support. Goodwin and Goodwin (2013)
The attitude of a skeptical optimist is important. Don’t be a cynic looking only for flaws, but demand proof and check the reported information for yourself. Don’t assume that the person who links to it has checked the findings (even if this person augments his/her name with a “doctor”)
Social media makes it easy to link to information, but few take the effort to check the information for themselves — no matter whether they have a scientific background or not. So be careful regarding the reputation of the reference, after all:
- distributing does not mean agreeing
it can be based on the fit to interest/prior opinions of the person, not the scientific relevance
- a doctorate does not mean content expertise in the topic at hand
What, for example, can a person with a degree in English Literature say about the scientific merit of a psychological study? Ask yourself: What does the source tell you? Ignore the reputation of the people who pointed you to this source — it must stand on its own or fall. Keep in mind that scientists are (only) human and have their own biases
Some scientists, including professors, could be better classified as lobbyist than as objective seekers of truth. And there is a lot of latitude when it comes to doing research — from topic, definitions, research questions, operationalization/methods, data analysis, interpretation and much more. Science is a social enterprise, — other scientists have to check the findings and data never speaks for itself. There even are some cases of deliberate fraud that took years to be discovered. So, don’t confuse science with yet another religion or its findings as gospel. Knowledge is constructed, there is a better and worse (see A different view on discussions), and science — correctly done — can make much headway into the ‘better’ side, but it’s not a given. Ask yourself: Who did the research and what might their agenda be? Do they have conflicts of interest? Are they active trying to achieve social change? Be very wary of secondary or tertiary sources
Scientific findings get published in academic journals. There are some really bad journals out there, but most journals use high quality standards and peer review to ensure them. News reports on the other hand are often guided by the interests of the news organization and the reporters involved. Reporters select what is reported — to chose the information that is considered by them as most interesting for the readers/fits best in their publication/fits best in the overall narrative — which sometimes massively skews the actual findings. It does not really matter which source you consult — if you do not have access to the original article you can expect heavy simplification and biases, after all:
- The complexity of studies on human behavior rarely if ever fits into a single newspaper headline. Reporters select what is reported — to chose the information that is considered by them as most interesting for the readers/fits best in their publication/fits best in the overall narrative — which sometimes massively skews the actual findings. - ‘Interestingness’ might conflict with what the findings really say
A story or a real life example or an (anecdotal or outright invented) case might be a method for reporters to convey the message they want to convey, but it might also massively distort the findings. Ask yourself: Which findings that are in the actual study are not reported? Why? If there are not qualifiers, it’s most likely wrong
Psychological research is never black and white. While differences often can be found, there is usually an overlap between the groups. Even if gender differences are found, e. g., “men/women are better in …”, it does not mean that all men/women are better than all women/men, just that on average, one group is better/worse than the other. So any headline without qualifiers is a red flag. Ask yourself: Did they dumb down the results for public consumption? Removing complexity because they think you would not understand it. Just because it’s plausible does not mean that it’s right
What is plausible depends in part on the fit of the information to your prior knowledge and opinions. However, this does not mean that it’s true. Humans have some severe biases when it comes to dealing with information. Furthermore, some of the most interesting findings are counter-intuitive. Ask yourself: How would you evaluate the study (methods, etc. ), if the results were the other way around? How much is your believe in the veracity of the results determined by your liking of the results, because they fit your world-view? Is there really an effect from A to B? There are good reasons why the experiment (in the scientific sense! ) is the silver bullet in science — for determining causality, that is. Only if you randomize people into two or more groups, give these groups different treatments/interventions and one group nothing/a placebo, and find systematic differences between these groups — only then can you assume that there is a causal effect of the treatment. The treatment can be anything from a new tool to use, getting money for sharing knowledge, whatever. However, not all interventions are possible — due to ethical, legal, or practical reasons. So in some cases, the results are just correlations. If A changes, then B changes. However, this does not mean that A causes B. It is also possible that B leads to A (even the order in time in no guarantee, perhaps you can measure A earlier), or that an unknown factor C leads to A and to B, and so on. Unfortunately, humans love causality. We are searching for it — and (think we) find it even if it is not really there. And news reports love causality too. Reporter want to show causal chains, show how something affects something else. Even if the research itself is based only on a correlation. This is a problem because readers think that they can affect B when they change A, but a correlation does not guarantee it. Another frequent problem is that A is made responsible for B, although other factors might be involved and A has nothing to do with B per se. For example, just imagine a study that shows that women earn less after marriage. Are they being punished by their employers for being married? Or are other factors, e. g., going part time and doing less overtime, responsible? Thus check whether the results are based on correlations or on a controlled experiment. And note that all survey results are based on correlations! They cannot support that something leads to something else. Ask yourself: Which other factors could be responsible that were not assessed? Significant findings vs. relevant findings
Psychological research usually examines differences due to a specific treatment and it uses groups as basis of comparison. The reason is that human beings differ and you have to control for this natural variation. Psychology also frequently uses statistical tests that give estimates how likely the differences between the groups (e. g., with vs. without treatment) could be due to chance (perhaps they differ on something that was not assessed but that influences the results). If chance differences are unlikely — usually less than 5% — the term “significant” is used. It is then assumed that the differences due to the treatment are ‘really there’, that the treatment really had an effect. However, this method is highly criticized — for good reasons. Among others, just because something is unlikely (i. e., significant), does not mean that it is also relevant. Even an extremely small difference becomes significant if you assess a lot of people. Thus, an important question is whether the differences are actually relevant. How large is the difference between the groups due to the treatment — and how much do the people in each group vary. Just imagine you have a “significant” difference that is actually only between a 3. 4 and a 3. 6 on a scale of work satisfaction from 1 to 10. Or imagine that you have a large difference, but there is such a large variance within the groups that while you improve the overall result, a lot of people are actually worse than before. Besides the standard deviation, histograms are informative here. There is also the effect size, which deals with the strength of the treatment. Also note that this thinking requires a causal relationship. If the results are based on a correlation, there is no reason to assume that you can change one by changing the other, or that you can make one responsible for the differences on the other. Ask yourself: Was there really a statistically significant difference between the groups? And are the reported differences really relevant? What does it mean in practice? For example, how many people are affected and how? Were the results replicated? Given that psychology is a probabilistic science — we look at likelihoods — it is possible that results happen due to chance. Publication practices amplify this problem, as only significant results are published. So, while all the chance results get printed in scientific journals, the non-significant findings are never seen. A way to be at least somewhat sure of the validity of the results is to look for replications. Did other scientists do similar studies and did they come to the same conclusions? Ask yourself: How do these research results tie into prior research? Did other researchers doing similar work come to the same conclusions? If not, why not? What did they do different? Are the results applicable to your situation? Like written, many studies use specific groups. In psychology mostly psychology students, as they have to participate for course credit. Also, the studies use ‘artificial’ situations to avoid confounding factors — the only difference between the groups should be the treatment. There are also practical constraints when it comes to the treatment itself — e. g., studies dealing with learning often do not use the typical time of a lesson but are usually shorter. And almost no studies examine long-term usage of specific treatments (outside of clinical psychology and the like). While all this “artificial” control is beneficial to really narrow the research down to the influence of a specific treatment, it makes it harder to apply the results to real life. Can you really generalize, e. g., a one-time study in a lab with psychology students learning verbs for 20 minutes with learning in general? What happens when you do it for days or months? Ask yourself: Under which conditions were the results obtained? Who was studied? What did they do? Can this be generalized to human beings in general? Which conditions are needed for the results to occur? How similar is the situation in the study to the situation I deal with? What are possible differences? Does the treatment work long-term? Or will the effect wear off quickly (i. e., a newness effect that dissipates quickly)? Note that while this posting is at times very critical of psychological research, psychology is actually a very powerful discipline — if done right. It also does not mean that psychology is arbitrary and ‘anything goes‘ — it does not. First of all, some studies are better than others and there is a more right and less right (see A different view on discussions). Second, human behavior is very complex. There are a lot of possible conditions that can influence behavior and not all influence factors are known. However, I am very critical of the way much psychological research is conducted and the implications some researchers claim. And I am even more critical of the sensationalistic reporting style of many journalists, who sacrifice scientific accuracy and honesty for a good story. And don’t get me started on Twitter. Even worse is when people claiming to have a PhD/Doctor tweet links to journal articles without having evaluated the findings themselves. But that’s a posting in itself. Goodwin, C. J., & Goodwin, K. A. (2013). Research in Psychology. Methods and Design. (7th Edition). Singapore: John Wiley & Sons.
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Holbrook, New South Wales, Submarine Town
If you drive along the Hume Highway which links the major Australian cities of Melbourne and Sydney, you eventually arrive at the small country town of Holbrook. It is located 400 kilometers from the ocean, and about 500 kilometres from Sydney, my country’s largest city. Imagine your suprise, when you are suddenly confronted, in a park, in the main street of Holbrook, with the huge 90 metre long casing and fin of the RAN Submarine HMAS Otway, squatting in it’s concrete dock. How did it get there and why? It is quite a story. Johann Pabst, a shepherd, had arrived in Australia from Germany in 1825, and he went to work for the Australian Agricultural Company, which had been founded by John Macarthur. In 1838, Pabst, his wife and two daughters, arrived at Ten Mile Creek (now Holbrook), by 1858, the growing settlement there was known as Germantown, Pabst later took up the licence of a Grog Shop called the Woolpack Inn, which was located on the southern bank of Ten Mile Creek.
World War 1. He was awarded the Victoria Cross, the first one for the Navy in WW1. So, the suggestion that the name of Germantown should be replaced with the name of this new Naval hero, Holbrook, was endorsed with enthusiasm, and adopted by the Council on the 24th. of August 1915. Holbrook remains today the only town in Australia to be named after a VC winner. Norman Holbrook had been born at Southsea, Hampshire on the 9th. of July in 1888. The link of Holbrook to Submarines.
Norman Holbrook went on to be promoted to Commander in the Royal Navy, and he visited his namesake on several occasions before his death at Midhurst in Sussex on the 9th. of July in 1976. In 1982, his widow Gundula Holbrook, donated her husband’s medals to the town. The link between Holbrook and Submarines was further cemented with the RAN’s Submarine Squadron over 1986-1992, when they were given Freedom of Entry to the Shire, but then this Squadron was reassigned to a base in Western Australia, and regular visits to Holbrook of necessity ceased. The Oberon class Submarine HMAS Otway served in the RAN from 1968-1995. She had been named by Her Royal Highness Princess Marina at Scotts’ Yard, and launched on the 29th. of November in 1966, and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy on the 24th. of April 1968. Otway was named after a cliffy promontory on the coastline of the State of Victoria, in turn, it had been named originally by Lieutenant James Grant, Commander of HMS Lady Nelson, in 1800, Cape Albany Otway, after a Royal Navy Captain of that name, who later went on to be promoted to Admiral.
Over her 27 years of service, Otway steamed some 415,000 miles. After Otway decommissioned, the RAN presented her Casing and Fin to the town of Holbrook, but finance to cover its cutting into several parts, transport from Sydney to Holbrook, about 500 kilometres, and then her reconstruction presented the town Council with a real hurdle. Mrs. Gundula Holbrook to the rescue. Otway’s structure was cut into several sections, and together with the imposing Fin, was transported by semi trailer down the Hume Highway from Sydney to Holbrook.
There it was reconstructed, and bedded down into a concrete dock, and on the Queen’s Birthday long weekend over 7/8th. of June in 1997, in the presence of it’s benefactor Gundula Holbrook, this Submarine Memorial was dedicated. A further challenge still to be met. Stop by at Holbrook.
After visiting the Submarine Memorial, I can recommend that you visit the Bakery almost across the road from this park, where you may refuel and relax for a time, before taking to the road once more to continue your journey to wherever your final destination may be.
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(cont’d from June 2021 blog)
Nicholas Flood Davin’s grave site, Beechwood National Cemetery, Ottawa, ON, Canada. He was Conservative MP for Assiniboia West from 1887 – 1900 and is considered one of the architects of the Canadian Indian Residential School system. In 1879 he wrote a Report known as The Davin Report, in which he advised the Government of Canada to institute residential schools for Indigenous children based on an American model and in which disease spread and many died and were buried in unmarked graves. Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, director of the Indian Residential School History and the
How ironic & deplorable that Davin has such a grave marker in sharp contrast to most First Nations children who died in the schools & lie either in unmarked graves or ones like this:
A grave marker denoting one of 72 graves at the Battleford Industrial School, NWT now Sask
[1883-1914] cemetery. The graves were excavated in 1974 by a team from the University of Saskatchewan.
PHOTO BY SASKG/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
One explanation: Government, police, church and news media collaborated;
Story by Story, Canada’s News Media Built Indigenous Oppression
How relentlessly racist framing helped ‘write’ the Indian Act — and persists today. Author Katłįà (Catherine) Lafferty wrote: “On July 6, 1885, Sir John A. Macdonald rose in Parliament to reaffirm the by then well-established colonial portrait of Indigenous peoples as a danger to society and spreaders of illness. “I have not hesitated to tell this House, again and again, that we could not always hope to maintain peace with the Indians; that the savage was still a savage, and that until he ceased to be savage, we were always in danger of a collision, in danger of war, in danger of an outbreak,” he said. If Joseph had wanted to make it 22 things, he could have added that the Indian Act was the result of words not just by politicians but also Canada’s press, each feeding the other in a vicious circle of denigrating stereotypes and justifications for genocidal policies. … The news media of the day, therefore, played an instrumental role in rallying the citizenry and providing politicians their talking points. … Shocking headlines portraying First Nations as savage threats regularly appeared in journals and missionary newspapers at the time. These also proved useful for creating, in 1877, the Dominion Police, also known as the North-West Mounted Police. They became the RCMP, who today claim they were formed to guard Parliament and protect First Nations peoples. But scholars say the force was created mainly to enforce the Indian Act. …Candis Callison is a member of the Tahltan Nation and an associate professor at the University of British Columbia in the Institute for Critical Indigenous Studies and the School of Journalism, Writing and Media. An expert in the power and role of media, Callison notes that Canada’s settler society was complacent about the harms caused by the residential school system for nearly a century. “Why weren’t media of the day asking questions about the welfare and well-being of children? ” she says. “Why weren’t media asking why the church was still in control of these schools well into the 20th century and towards the end of it? It is not that long ago that many of these incidents happened. ” [I ask why was the Catholic Church not asking these same questions? What a pity they did they not follow St. Thomas More, 16th-century English martyr, who remained loyal to his conscience and religious principles, and famously stated at his execution, “I die the king’s faithful servant, but God’s first. ”]
Perhaps this is the time to interrupt Lafferty and point to possible extremist US influence. You may have heard of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It was written by L. Frank Baum, who from January 1890 til March 1891, published a weekly newspaper, The Saturday Pioneer, in Aberdeen, S.D. This was in the early 1890's during the Indian Wars. When Baum heard of the killing of Sitting Bull and the massacre at Wounded Knee, he wrote editorials calling for killing each and every last Native American. Here is the editorial of 3 January 1891 about the massacre at Wounded Knee:
"The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In this lies future safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past. ”
Now back to Lafferty. She continues: “Launched in 1830, the Indian Civilization program was based on three philosophical principles, states historian John F. Leslie in testimony given to Parliament in 2002. These were: Indian protection, based on the Royal Proclamation; improvement of Indian living conditions; and Indian assimilation into the dominant society. ” [Guess which principle predominated and which ones fell by the wayside leading to cultural genocide? ]
Did Canadians not know, care or understand? They could have known because what Lafferty wrote is only true to a certain extent. If Canadians were not indifferent and wanted to know they could have known because the press did publicise Dr Bryce’s
report: “Importantly, it was not only the Canadian government but the broader population that learned of Bryce’s report; for example, on Nov. 15, 1907, The Evening Citizen (an earlier edition of the The Ottawa Citizen) ran a front-page story with the headline “Schools Aid White Plague — Startling Death Rolls Revealed Among Indians — Absolute Inattention to the Bare Necessities of Health.”6 (Travis Hay, Cindy Blackstock and Michael Kirlew, CMAJ, 2 March 2020)
Davin visited the Carlisle (Pennsylvania) Indian Industrial School in 1879 and was impressed with U.S. Army Lt. Richard Pratt, the school’s founder, and his use of boarding school education as a means to force assimilation onto Native people with a mission to “kill the Indian” to “save the Man.” This became the model for Canadian Indian Residential Schools and to “kill the Indian in the child. ” Today we recognise this forced assimilation as imperialism, colonialism and cultural genocide. U.S. boarding schools were often woefully underfunded. Conditions at the schools —poor food, clothing, cold damp housing as well as close sleeping quarters — contributed to the spread of disease and sometimes death. According to researchers in the USA, many schools failed to keep accurate records of student deaths. Parents of those who died were often notified after the child’s burial, if they were notified at all; few could afford travel expenses to pick up their children’s remains. Sounds familiar? It spread to Canada.
Before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Indian Residential Schools (TRC), only thirty percent of Canadians were conscious of the country’s residential schools, which were modeled upon the U.S. boarding school system. After the TRC released its findings, seventy percent of Canadians were informed about this traumatic history. Following the TRC, seven in ten Canadians agreed that the term “cultural genocide” should be used to describe the residential schools policy. We cannot pretend we do not know and hope it will go away. What should we do? As Indigenous people mourned after the Kamloops and Marieval discoveries (and there will be more to come) they also called on Canadians not to turn away from the grim reminder of a system that forcibly took children from their families. "We call upon Canada, and all of those who call yourselves Canadians, to witness and recognize the truth of our collective history," said Grand Chief Stewart Phillip, president of the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, in a statement. Such recognition is exactly why I write this. To refuse to become painfully aware is to wilfully turn a blind eye
to injustice and silence is complicity. Getting back to how could this have happened? The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, which was formed to examine the legacy of the schools, has identified at least 4,100 children who died of disease or by accident in these schools. It's estimated that the actual number of deaths could be more than 6,000. There was never an official policy on how to handle the dead from Indian Residential Schools, but because the Department of Indian Affairs refused to ship home the bodies of children for cost reasons, it follows that most were buried on or near school grounds. This was confirmed by the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, released in 2015. “Many, if not most, of the several thousand children who died in residential schools are likely to be buried in unmarked and untended graves,” it wrote. “Subjected to institutionalized child neglect in life, they have been dishonoured in death. ”
The high mortality of students was not unexpected and just accepted as a price to be paid. Katherine A. Morton, an instructor and researcher in anti-colonial and Indigenous studies at Memorial University of Newfoundland said that in addition to unmarked graves at the schools, many sites also purposely included cemeteries. "If you look at the blueprints for residential schools when they were first built, many blueprints indicated that there were plans for graveyards to be put in … You don’t build a cemetery into a high school for white kids. " she told BuzzFeed News.
As published by Maclean’s Magazine, 8 June 2021, Father Paul Bringleson of St. Ann’s Roman Catholic Church in Flin Flon, Man., delivered a homily 6 June 2021 about the Catholic Church’s role in residential schools in Canada and said: “One of the expressions that was found to be discovered in the early days of the residential school inquiries that took place over 20 years ago, was a recurrent phrase in both church and government documents that the goal was to take the Indian out of the child. Charles Adler [Canadian writer and broadcaster] commented that it seems that the priests took the Christ out of Christian. And he’s right. He’s absolutely right. ”
A bill to establish the Truth and Healing Commission on Indian Boarding School Policy in the United States was introduced by Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass) in 2020 but died. 22 June 2021: Secretary of the Interior Debra Haaland announced a Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative, a comprehensive review of the troubled legacy of US federal boarding school policies. It will be interesting to see what comes out of that. More opinions on apologies
Pope Francis wrote:
Laudato si’(19): “Let us review, however cursorily, those questions which are troubling us today and which we can no longer sweep under the carpet. Our goal is not to amass information or to satisfy curiosity, but rather to become painfully aware, to dare to turn what is happening to the world into our own personal suffering and thus to discover what each of us can do about it. ” (emphasis added). Fratelli Tutti (244 & 249) is particularly vocal on justice for the poor and marginalized. “When conflicts are not resolved but kept hidden or buried in the past, silence can lead to complicity in grave misdeeds and sins,” and, “Nowadays, it is easy to be tempted to turn the page, to say that all these things happened long ago and we should look to the future. For God’s sake, no! We can never move forward without remembering the past; we do not progress without an honest and unclouded memory. ”
Cathy Majtenyi, Catholic Register: “It’s time the Canadian Church takes responsibility for the role it played in this cultural and spiritual destruction, the trauma of which is still being felt today. This is far more than a “sad affair” and an “upsetting discovery” as Pope Francis described in his June 6 address. A papal mea culpa — as called for in the Truth and Reconciliation’s Calls to Action — is a powerful way to do this. ”
Father Paul Bringleson: “The statement that came from the Conference of Catholic Bishops was one of the weakest gutless statements I think I’ve ever read. We need to call that out for what it is. It boils down to thoughts and prayers. It’s not enough. ”
Cindy Wooden: “Already in 2009, Pope Benedict XVI met with representatives of Canada’s First Nations, expressed his sorrow for the suffering of Indigenous children over decades in the church-run residential schools. But he did so privately. The Vatican press office later put out a statement and the representatives spoke to the press, but the apology was not public. ”
Archbishop Donald Bolen of Regina, Saskatchewan: The pope, he told Catholic News Service June 10, wants the bishops “to be very honest about the past,” including “our sins and our terrible mistakes. ” Bolen said that the Indigenous people he has spoken with have differing opinions about inviting Pope Francis to Canada, even though in the Canadian media there is a “clarion call. ” But, he said, for many members of the First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities, it is essential. First, of all, he said, “most Indigenous people, especially Indigenous Catholics, see the pope as the chief,” … So, he said, many Indigenous Canadians are looking to the pope “to be connected, to take some ownership and to speak on behalf of the church. ”
Asking the pope to make the apology formally on Canadian soil is not an arbitrary request, the archbishop said. “The land is so central to Indigenous spirituality, to meet people on their land is vital in terms of a relationship. ” An initial step should take place before the end of the year. [It will take place in December]. The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops announced June 10 that a delegation of “Elders/Knowledge Keepers, residential school survivors and youth from across the country” representing First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities is preparing to travel to the Vatican. The trip originally was scheduled for last year but was postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pope, Bolen said, will be able to listen to their stories and hear, in person, what they need from him and the church. Archbishop Luigi Bonazzi, who was then-nuncio to Canada, said in 2016 that Pope Francis was considering a visit to Canada to make the apology. Then nothing more was said. Papal visits require an invitation both from the government and from the national bishops’ conference. [The Pope always has requests to visit many countries and cannot visit them all; but surely Canada is a special case]. (emphasis added). Monuments: destroy or keep? Tk’emlúps te Secwėpemc (Kamloops) First Nation is going to keep its school building. Other First Nations have destroyed their school buildings as too painful a reminder. Statues and monuments that have long honoured racist figures are being destroyed, removed to storage, spray-painted — or beheaded etc. in many parts of the world. Personally as an ex-teacher I think we should face up to our past and “retain & explain. ”
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Laudato Si Action Platform
We need a bold embrace of the Laudato Si Action Platform! Many think it has been lacking! Without it, we are irrelevant to the greatest existential threat to human civilisation. Why has the Canadian Catholic response from our Bishops to Laudato Si’ not been commensurate with the urgency and gravity of the climate crisis? How can we prompt them to more deeply integrate Laudato Si’
and its climate change teaching into the Canadian Church? Cardinal Hollerich told us to write to our bishops. Here’s my letter to my bishop (feel free to write something similar to your bishop):
Dear Bishop Gordon,
1. Laudato si’ Action Platform.
2. Papal Apology for Catholic involvement in Indian Residential Schools.
I write to you as my bishop at the suggestion of Cardinal Jean-Claude Hollerich, Archbishop of Luxembourg and President of the Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Union.
We need a bold embrace of the Laudato Si Action Platform! It was outlined over a year ago. So far some think it has been lacking in Canada and Victoria Diocese and parishes. Without it, we are irrelevant to the greatest existential threat to human civilisation and yet care for creation is deeply rooted in the Bible and Catholic Social Teaching.
I wonder why the Canadian Catholic response from our Bishops to Laudato Si’ has not been commensurate with the urgency and gravity of the climate crisis? I write to prompt you to more deeply integrate Laudato Si’ and its climate change teaching into the Diocesan entities. I have heard nothing from the Diocese of Victoria about the Laudato si’ Action Platform promoted by the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development or Laudato Si’ Week 2021 (actually 10 days: 16-26 May). The week was sponsored by the Dicastery, and featured a number of webinars and closed the Laudato Si’ Year with a press conference regarding the Laudato Si’ Action Platform. In one of the webinars Cardinal Hollerich said: “that bishops often are busy and attending to many issues at the same time, but they pay attention to topics that people keep mentioning: So write to your bishop. Tell them about it. … Likening his fellow bishops to grandfathers who are likely to listen to their grandchildren, he suggested that young Catholics write to them with their concerns about climate change. "So please, young people," he said, "tell your grandfather bishop about disinvestment. " ” [He was speaking about fossil fuels]. I beg you to quickly get moving on these issues. Why not wholeheartedly support them through the Season of Creation starting in September? On my second point, I appreciate your apology of 3 June 2021. I further expect the CCCB to act and to do the right thing by inviting the Pope to Canada without further delay, to deliver the apology requested in Truth & Reconciliation Commission Call to Action 58 and for which many church voices have also called. The responsible individual entities’ apologies are not enough. Archbishop Bolen of Regina has written that the First Nations consider the Pope to be the Chief and: “The land is so central to Indigenous spirituality, to meet people on their land is vital in terms of a relationship. ” Thus the apology, so crucial to reconciliation, would best be made in Canada. I only hope that when the Elders/Knowledge Keepers, residential school survivors and youth from across the country representing First Nations, Inuit and Métis visit the Holy Father hopefully later this year, they will tell him that. After all he has said in support of listening to Indigenous wisdom in Laudato si’; the Amazon Synod and Fratelli Tutti, I suspect he will listen. Your Grace, it is well known that you care deeply for the First Nations and creation (which I also observed in working with you) and so I am hopeful of a favourable response. As always, you are in my prayers. Peace & joy, Andrew Conradi, ofs
JPIC & Laudato si’ Animator
Since I sent my letter I learned that the National Council of OFS Canada also sent a letter to the CCCB concerning the Indian Residential Schools but did not publicise it until 4 July when I read it on p2 of the National Bulletin July 2021 which was disseminated to members via the official channels. I support every word. However, my first reaction is we need further and stronger action and I am considering a further letter to my bishop and pastor from me as an individual concerning the Indian Residential Schools Survivors Agreement of 2005. Money talks! . . . see next month
This concept of land: so Indigenous, also Catholic, also Franciscan! From Listening to Indigenous Voices: “Syilx Okanagan author and artist Jeannette Armstrong, [PhD, Associate Professor, UBC Okanagan] offers some insight into how her people think of the concept of land. “In our language, the word for our bodies contains the word land,” Armstrong writes. “Thus, in my mind, every time I say that word and I refer to myself, I realize that I am from the land. ” This mindset requires “a way of interacting with each other that is respectful to the land and respectful to each other … We live on the land and we use the land and, in so doing, we impact the land: we can destroy it, or we can love the land and it can love us back. ” [Andrew adds: important to realise this connection in giving a Land Acknowledgement]
“Many people deplore the lack of references to Indigenous Peoples in the history taught in Canadian schools. And still others are looking for ways to become true allies,” wrote Nicole O’Bomsawin, Abenaki activist and anthropologist, in the foreword to Listening to Indigenous Voices, (by the Jesuit Forum for Social Faith and Justice launched 28 April 2021, Novalis) a study guide created for small group or classroom study which includes 11 structured sessions with information to read, video links, discussion questions, and project ideas. As the title implies, it takes its cues from personal testimonies and cultural stories of First Nations people. She calls this new resource “an indispensable tool” for people who want to “make a difference today in building bridges across ignorance and racism. ” She released a resource on what work can be done to make amends aiming to help guide some of those conversations. Listening to Indigenous Voices was released by religious publisher Novalis with endorsements from TRC commissioner Marie Wilson and Archbishop Donald Bolen of Regina. For more information visit www. ltiv. ca. Read more. . . The Haudenosaunee Thanksgiving Address acts as a traditional thanksgiving by acknowledging the Haudenosaunee people (Six Nations), the earth, the animals etc, etc, and the Creator. Through this process of thanksgiving, the Haudenosaunee worldview is expressed and defined, presenting interconnectedness and interdependence with nature, the earth and human beings.
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Origami Instructions - Getting Started
The birthplace of origami is still a mystery. Paper was developed in China in the first century A.D., and Buddhist monks brought it to Japan by the sixth century A.D. However there are not many written records from that time, so it is not known whether origami first began in China or Japan. However, no one will argue that Japan developed origami to a high art form. The word origami is Japanese: oru means "to fold", and kami means "paper". Many grownups remember making origami items as a child. It was often a case of watching as another youngster showed how to make a paper airplane or something similar. After a while, we develop a set of origami instructions in our head, for making several airplanes, boats, animals, water balloons and other toys. As it turns out, there are only so many ways to fold paper. Developing a "language" of folding helps simplify passing on origami teachings. Terms like "mountain fold" and "valley fold" are used over and over again. Basic fold patterns such as "square base" and "bird base" can be used as starting points for many different origami pieces. From the basic building blocks, an effectively infinite number of origami items can be made. Special origami kits are available. These contain squares of paper, often colored on one side only. This helps to enhance the three dimensional effect of the item being folded. The paper is also very thin, allowing it to be folded many times. Origami items can also be made from scrap paper, such as standard printer paper. This is often best for paper airplanes, due to its weight and size: larger airplanes (of a given design) generally fly better. True origami is made from one piece of paper without using scissors, glue or decorative items such as markers. However, remember that the goal is to have fun, so use what you like. The effect of origami as kids is to teach us creativity, patience and following a process. As grownups, paper folding is a great stress reliever and an effective way to bond further with our kids. Whether you'd like to make a simple paper boat or fold an elephant out of a dollar bill, origami is a fun, simple and inexpensive hobby. So get a piece of paper and start folding! If you'd like to know more about origami, including how to fold specific items, visit our site at origami-instructions. com. This article may be reprinted if proper credit is given and all links left intact. Copyrightę2005 Origami-Instructions.com
Andre is a contributor to Origami-Instructions.com. Amish Furniture for Kids Summer Projects
Summer is coming, and the kids will soon be out of school. Mom's and dad's everywhere will soon here "I am board; I don't have anything to do. Gourd Enthusiasm Growing Around the World
Gourds played an essential role in the daily life of early cultures. Commonly used as containers and vessels, they were also used for musical instruments. The Power Of Scrapbook Journaling
By journaling your pages you will transform an ordinary collection of photographs into a vibrant and visual storyboard - telling the stories behind the pictures, revealing hidden memories and emotions. It will give your scrapbooks a unique and intimate feel, it is this personal touch that turns your albums into something very special. Embroidery Designs Testing for Machine Embroidery
We have found a "new" way to see how well the stabilizers and methods you are using are working with so that your designs look GREAT without any off outlines, puckering, cupping or warping. This is a TEST - Only a Test - but if You and your stabilizers pass - You will have great looking designs. Faux Wax Seals, Tearing, and Fraying in Your Scrapbooks
Would you like to add more creative appeal to your scrapbooks? Here are three methods to add more depth and creativity to your scrapbook creations. A good way to make your own personal seals is with Crayola Model Magic.
The Surprising Popularity of Cigar Smoking
The practice of cigar smoking has been on the rise in the U.S.
Amish Quilts - A Dying American Art
Amish quilting has been a tradition for more than a century here in rural Pennsylvania. Amish women create quilts, often in groups called quilting bees. Weaving Photographs and the Use of a Collage to Give Your Scrapbooks Artistic Flare
For more dramatic results from your photographs, trying weaving two copies of the same photograph together. This technique creates a three-dimensional artist look. Need A Scrapbook Journaling Idea? Try using song lyrics in your next layout. Song lyrics can be a great source of title and page inspiration for a scraper. Antiques From Europe.. . Is It Really The Goose That Layed the Golden Egg? Many dealers and auctioneers have been bringing container loads of antiques from Europe for years now. The lure of getting "fresh to the market" antique furniture and "smalls" is something that can bring renewed excitement back into your antique business. Diet and Fitness - Help from Your Hobbies
Everybody battles with their weight from time to time. It's either too much junk food or not enough exercise. A Look at the Humidor Plan
There are many styles of humidors that range from the smaller traveling humidor to the large cabinet and even walk-in room humidors. By far, the most popular humidor is the glass top humidor also referred to as the desktop humidor. When It Comes To RC Airplanes You Can Choose From Ready to Fly, Almost Ready to Fly or Scratch Built
Soaring through the air, watching the clouds and the birds fly by. No, you are not flying your own private plane, but you are doing the next best thing. Making a Living Making Soap-Questions to Ask Before You Begin
Soap making can be a wonderful hobby but if you've ever thought of turning your hobby into a business you know how overwhelming the idea can be. Here are some questions to help you think through your decision:*How much of a business do you want to be? Do you really want to this to be a full-time job? Or would you rather just make a couple hundred bars a year for your church fundraiser? Your answer to this question will determine your next steps. Embroidery Sewing Quality of Machine Embroidery Designs
Many new to embroidery have experienced numerous problems because of the inferior quality of free embroidery design files that they downloaded over the internet. One of the biggest mistakes that many new sewists make is using free designs patterns that have problems built in. Where Antiques Originate and How You Can Find Them
It's important to understand where antiques originate. Many antique buyers make the mistake of mis-understanding the process by which antique items are found. How to Invest in Antique, Vintage, or Modern Jewelry
As Antique Jewelry is 'Really' based on the 'Collectability' and Style of an item, it is hard for clients to appreciate the 'Craft' involved in Handmade work, as they only see the Gold value or Diamond Value fluctuate over the years. If Gold goes up or the older something gets, the value increases, right? No.
Why Do You Need to Have Your Tools Blade Sharpen After Work
If you like to do wood carving or making sculpture as your hobby, you surely need tools to make your creation. If you just starting this hobby, knowing your tools and how to treat your carving tools probably the best way to make everything easier for you, thus make efficient time when doing your work. How I Spent My Summer Vacation
The song says it all, "Hot Fun in the Summertime." Our summer was certainly full of fun: outdoor barbeques, neighborhood cookouts, making ice cream, 4th of July parades, a trip to grandpa's house, sleeping late, moving my oldest daughter into her first apartment? It never seems like the season is long enough to do everything we want to do. Why You Should Race RC Cars, and Not Just Bash
For those of you who have been racing your RC cars for years, and have a friend or two who you have been trying to get out to the RC tracks, this article is for you. Feel free to forward it to them. |home | site map © 2013|
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010_7280602
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Globally, community-based initiatives are effective in protecting ecosystems and the species within them. In this paper, we analyze the emergence and large-scale expansion of a community-based environmental protection system (the Voluntary Environmental Agents Program – VEA Program) in the Brazilian Amazon and identify factors that have determined its success since its inception, 25 years ago. Collective actions to protect the environment in the region have been undertaken by local people for at least 40 years, before their legal regulation in 2001 by the federal government of Brazil, and by the Amazonas state in 2007. The system is based on territorial surveillance and monitoring, and on guidelines for the better use of the territory and its natural resources. Between 1995 and 2020, the VEA Program expanded into the two protected areas where it was first implemented reaching approximately 9 thousand km2 of area protected by the system. The number of people participating also grew in this period by around 2050%, as did the participation of women, which grew by 5600%. The system was replicated in 37 protected areas in central Amazonia, and currently covers almost 200 thousand km2 of Amazon rainforest. From our analyses we unveil four main factors that may have allowed the VEA Program to expand and flourish: (a) the communities' previous demand for an effective control system, (b) its legal formalization and regulation, (c) the support from external institutions, and (d) the consolidation of community-based management programs to fund actions. These factors shall be further investigated as to confirm their critical role in the success of the VEA Program. We demonstrate that this community-based environmental protection system has established itself as a legitimate form of social control, and as a mechanism of socio-environmental governance in the areas in which it operates. By allowing more effective protection of territories, it generates consensus amongst users for the adequate management of natural resources, especially in contexts where government's actions are absent or inefficient. We claim that this system can be replicated in various parts of the world.
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003_7236373
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Definitions for self-raising flour
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word self-raising flour
self-rising flour, self-raising flour(noun)
a commercially prepared mixture of flour and salt and a leavening agent
A type of flour that contains an agent which makes baked goods swell up when cooked. Find a translation for the self-raising flour definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these self-raising flour definitions with the community:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"self-raising flour. " Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 21 Nov. 2014. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/self-raising flour>.
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003_682225
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Words. Words that form a thesis statement. More words, separated into paragraphs. Further words. In conclusion, words. When I start a new paper, the first thing I type looks something like the above, or, more often, a string of frustrated nothing. Something like: askljaldjsadieruhejbrjnfgmkngfkgkfkgslmsdgkmdskmf. Starting to write is tough. Identifying the right moment to turn your zillions of tabs of research, piles of books, and pages of notes into your paper is always a challenge – and despite your preparedness to go, you’ll always be flipping through some book mid-essay trying desperately to find that one line you wish you had saved the page of. It’s always good, in either case, to start off with two really simple, obvious things that people rarely think to do:
- Read the assignment: Really read it. Take half an hour and read it in detail, taking notes, highlighting things, and writing down any questions you have. Don’t wait until the night before to realize you have some serious questions to bring to your TA, and don’t lose marks on your margins being the wrong size! - Make a plan: Some people work better under a bit of a time crunch, and some people need to start assignments weeks in advance. There’s no problem with either approach if it works for you, but you should still always start with a writing out a strategy for how you are going to finish the assignment and what it’s going to look like (an outline). I’ve been in school for too many years so I could list off some of my writing advice for you, but here’s the best line I’ve got: if you’re not sure about something, ask. Ask your professor or your TA, take your paper to your college’s writing centre or the Academic Success Centre, or get feedback from a peer in the class, a friend, a parent, or a mentor. Listen to other people’s writing strategies and to their feedback on your work for that specific class. There’s nothing more valuable than a second, third, and even a fourth set of eyes on your writing to make it better. Lately, I’m finding that I take a different approach with each writing assignment I get. The assignment I’m working on now, for example, has a ton of questions. I was reading them over and over and taking notes, and finally I realized that the only way in was through. I pasted all of the questions into a Word document and started typing out answers, which I’ll need to form into my paper. The point is that everyone has their own writing process, and every writing assignment is different, so if something works for you, you should go with it! Get that first draft churned out and take advantage of U of T’s resources to improve it. And remember when you’re staring at that blank Word document and all those tabs: there’s pages of Times New Roman gold at the end of the tunnel – all you have to do is start! Get writing tips and personalized help on an assignment you’re working on at this week’s Academic Success Centre workshop on writing on Thursday at 5:30 PM. Register and get more information at this link. Plus, check out the ASC’s full Fall Workshop Series on the Student Life website.
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012_860504
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Nothing is better than experiencing the great outdoors, but it is important to remember that the wild is just that – wild. Whether you are taking a leisurely walk through the woods or hiking in a national park, you need to be aware of your surroundings at all times because you never know when you might come across a wild animal. Some animals will shy away from humans but others will go on the defensive and may go so far as to attack. Keep reading to learn some safety tips for encountering wildlife on the trail. Basic Safety Guidelines to Keep in Mind
It is unfortunate, but accidents do happen and there are countless stories of wildlife encounters taking a deadly turn. There is no reason to let fear prevent you from enjoying your time in the wilderness, but you do need to keep some basic safety guidelines in mind:
- Never feed the wildlife. Even if a cute little squirrel comes up to you, begging you for a snack, it is better to keep your distance – feeding the wildlife will only encourage them to come closer to humans and that is how accidents happen. - Don’t interfere. As you explore the great outdoors you may encounter wildlife exhibiting fascinating behaviors like hunting or mating – don’t get in the way! - Keep your distance. Avoid the temptation to sneak as close to the animal as you can for the sake of getting that perfect picture – maintain a safe distance of at least 30 meters from most large animals, and 100 meters from bears (though more is better) as recommended by Parks Canada.
- Don’t leave anything behind. When you enter the great outdoors, you are entering a wild world where animals rule – be respectful and leave the wilderness just as you found it. These guidelines may seem like common sense to you, but it is easy to throw common sense out the window when you find yourself in an unfamiliar situation. Keep reading to learn what to do if you happen to encounter a wild animal during your trip. How to Handle an Animal Encounter
There is a great deal of misinformation out there regarding how to handle a wild animal encounter and, unfortunately, doing the wrong thing at the wrong time could be a deadly mistake. Here are some safety tips for how to handle an animal encounter in the wilderness:
- Make a lot of noise. Animals do not like being caught unaware, so it is a good idea to make noise while you are hiking so the animals around you know you are there. This is especially important when you are hiking near a water source, going through thick brush, or when you can’t clearly see the path ahead. - Always stay on the trail. Marked trails are marked for a reason – to keep you safe. Even if there isn’t a sign posted, you will probably be able to tell which path is more frequently traveled and that is the path you should take. - Be aware of your surroundings. It is easy to get distracted by the beauty of the great outdoors, but you need to remain alert and aware at all times because you never know what might be lurking ahead. Don’t forget to keep one eye on the ground as well, looking for droppings or other signs that an animal might be near. - Always hike with a friend. The worst thing you can do is set out on the path alone – traveling in a group of three or more is your best bet. This is especially important during dawn and dusk hours when predators tend to be most active. - Make yourself as scary as possible. If you happen to come face-to-face with a wild animal, avoid the temptation to turn tail and run – this will only entice the animal to make chase. Instead, make as much noise as you can, wave your arms, clap your hands, and jump up and down to make yourself appear larger. Hiking is a wonderful way to experience the great outdoors, not to mention excellent exercise. But there is a certain degree of risk that comes with the wilderness. Follow the safety guidelines above to keep yourself and your group safe and follow the tips provided if you encounter wildlife.
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009_4025966
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Advertisement for sailors to enlist in the Rattle-Snake
This 1791 broadside is an advertisement calling for sailors to enlist in the Rattle-Snake, a naval ship described as a ‘sloop of 16 guns’. At the time, the monarchies of Europe were alarmed by the French Revolution, and were considering supporting the French monarchy, or taking military advantage of the country’s political chaos, and so needed more sailors to enlist. Pay for sailors at the time was, however, much higher on merchant ships than naval vessels, so new recruits needed plenty of persuasion. Impressment (forced conscription) was used to build up the crews of naval ships, but desertion levels were high. - Article by:
- Ruth Richardson
- Popular culture, Reading and print culture
From public notes and broadsides to catchpennies and printed songs, Dr Ruth Richardson examines the variety of street literature which informed and entertained the public before newspapers were readily available.
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003_3407485
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Mains Test Screwdrivers
Mains Test Screwdriver are simply designed screwdrivers. Unlike the appearance and shaping, these screwdrivers are multitasker. They are called electrical mains tester screwdriver as they are used in electrical equipment to ensure the presence or absence of current/voltage. This mains voltage tester screwdriver is basically avoltage detecting device. The detection occurs by placing the head of the screwdriver into the gap and pressing the metal cap against the tool to apply pressure. The neon bulb is located which automatically turns blue if the current/voltage is traced. The indicator will not illuminate until the mains test screwdriver is placed on an electricity conductor. Electrical mains tester screwdriver
The mainsscrewdriver is more than just a screwdriver. As mentioned earlier, it works as a voltage detector too and tells the user about the passage of current through the electrical equipment. The head of the main tester screwdriver is placed in a hollow metal space of a device. The pressure on the metal cap is applied through thumb to detect the voltage, if there is any. Upon successful current tracing, a neon light in the mains screwdriver illuminates to sign the discovery of the current. The illuminator reacts otherwise if there is no current in the device or the screwdriver head is placed against a neutral and earth terminals and if the supply is dead. It is suggested to never touch an insulated blade when testing the current. However, the tool is multifunctional apart from being just a volt detector and performs different tasks as well. Multifunction's of mains test screwdriver
The mains test screwdriver is way beyond as compared to the other conventional screwdrivers and tools in terms of performing multiple tasks. There is a built-in battery powered sensor which works as a central part of the tester. It allows multi-tasker electrical mains tester screwdriver to perform several functions. The tester works without disassembling any faulty item or contacting any live part of the equipment. The mains screwdriver is fully insulated yet performs operating functions perfectly. The tester conducts the following test:
- Short circuits
- Cable tracking
- Mains sockets
- Microwave oven leakage. The electrical mains tester screwdriver not only performs the above-mentioned tasks, but it can be used for repairing purposes. The repairing of electronic devices like mobiles phones, motorcycles, bicycles, vehicles, computer, CPU, sockets, electrical appliances and what not. One of the advantages that a mains screwdriver gives is that it saves the user from entangling with the wires. It is a known fact that wire works are risky and are tackled cautiously. These screwdrivers are designed for the purpose of facilitating and ensuring the safety of the person/technician. - Wiha Tools 60 mm blade 3mm blade tip Mains Tester Screwdriver
- RS PRO 43 mm blade 3mm blade tip Mains Tester Screwdriver
- RS PRO 75 mm blade Mains Tester Screwdriver
- RS PRO 75 mm blade 3. 5mm blade tip Mains Tester Screwdriver with. . . - Stanley Mains Tester Screwdriver
- Wiha Tools 60 mm blade Mains Tester Screwdriver
- Facom 90 mm blade Mains Tester Screwdriver
- SAM Mains Tester Screwdriver
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003_1386609
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I know there is extensive research into the taxonomy and evolution of protein domains and many connections are, and are continuing to be, found between numerous domains. However, as far as I can see, new domains always arise from preexisting ones. I have seen no paper, in any field, showing the development of a new protein domain from a random piece of DNA which just mutates a start codon and synthesizes a new protein with no apparent function. I know this is theoretically possible but has anyone seen any evidence it has happened in any form of life in any geological period of time? OR are there some other mechanisms that could generate novel domains from non-coding DNA that I have overlooked when searching the journals? My thinking is that, if de novo protein domain generation doesn't occurr, does it mean that all protein domains are a kind of "progeny" of a single domain that arose at the onset of life as we know it (or maybe even was the first lifeform on Earth). It seems very strange to me that this hasn't been pointed out by now since it's a relatively simple deduction. Thus, I'm asking either for a reference paper showing evidence for the evolution of de novo protein domains from a random piece of DNA that somehow managed to turn into a gene or for a reference to a paper discussing the idea that all proteins originate from a common ancestor existing at the onset of life and even, possibly, a single domain as old as life itself?
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012_3831329
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Resources for Districts
Here are a number of fact sheets, videos, and other documents about career and technical education in New Jersey and nationally that can be downloaded free for reproduction, distribution and use in presentations. From the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development:
Industry-Valued Credentials: A Guide to Work Certificates, Certifications, Diplomas, or Degrees Valued by New Jersey Employers
Career and Technical Education Series: Establishing Meaningful PLCs in the CTE Setting
October 19, 2016
Foundation for Educational Administration Conference Center
12 Centre Drive
Join us for this special session, which will provide a unique opportunity for CTE leaders to network and collaborate with colleagues from throughout the state. Participants will work with current practitioners to deepen their knowledge of successful strategies that help develop powerful collaborative structures focused on the learning needs of students and strengthening educator practice. Learn how to bring coherence to the work of educators by connecting standards, student learning, assessment, professional learning, and school climate and culture to the
work of PLCs.
Resources from NJCCVTS
New Jersey’s County Vocational-Technical Schools Fact Sheet (download PDF)
A two-page document that summarizes factual data about New Jersey County Vocational-Technical Schools and their students in charts and graphs. NJ Employer Coalition for Technical Education Fact Sheet (download PDF)
Resources from NJDOE
New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards Career Ready Practices poster. A great visual explanation of the 12 Career Ready Practices and suggestions as to how to use it in your school. Resources from other career and technical education organizations
The NASDCTEc website offers a number of free resources — including videos, a brochure, fact sheets and issue papers — that support career and technical education and can be adapted for different audiences and situations. The Association for Career and Technical Education is the largest national education association dedicated to the advancement of education that prepares youth and adults for careers. The association’s mission is to provide educational leadership in developing a competitive workforce. The ACTE website contains many fact sheets, brochures, blog links and policy papers, including:
February is CTE Month: Resources for Districts
Various videos and fact sheets, suggestions for events and outreach, promotional products available. Office of Career and Technical Education, New Jersey Department of Education
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011_4744383
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Oil Drilling in the Arctic Refuge: Two Views
Why risk a great natural heritage for short-term gain? SHOULD we dam the Grand Canyon for its hydroelectric potential to reduce our reliance on oil? The idea was discussed, but dismissed as unnecessary. Should we tap the geothermal potential of Yellowstone to enhance our energy security? It's a possibility, but again one that Americans realized was unwarranted. The Grand Canyon and Yellowstone are splendid samples of America's natural heritage. Both are well worth bequeathing to future generations. So, too, is the Arctic Refuge. The Arctic Refuge is "the only conservation system unit in North America that protects, in an undisturbed condition, the complete spectrum of arctic and subarctic ecosystems," according to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Originally established in 1960 by President Eisenhower, and expanded in 1980 by Congress, America's Arctic Refuge harbors grizzly and polar bears, musk oxen and moose, wolves and wolverines. White-fronted geese, tundra swans, and black brant nest in coastal lagoons and tundra ponds. Bowhead whales and ringed seals ply the frigid waters along its northern coast. The biological heart of the sanctuary, a 1. 5-million-acre swath of undulating coastal plain wedged between the Brooks Range and the Beaufort Sea, is the birthing grounds for a herd of 180,000 barren-ground caribou. Dr. George Schaller, a director of the New York Zoological Society, compares the Porcupine River caribou herd with such wildlife spectacles as the wildebeests of Serengeti, the gazelles of Mongolia, and the antelopes of Tibet. For thousands of years, Inupiat and Gwich'in peoples have subsisted in the region - harvesting the natural bounty, nurturing a culture intertwined with the wilderness and wildlife - and they wish to continue. The Inupiat oppose offshore development in the Beaufort Sea, just as the Gwich'in fight drilling on the coastal plain. Those who propose drilling for oil in the Arctic Refuge in response to our energy woes perpetuate the "drain-America-first" policy that put us in this predicament. Implementing least-cost energy-efficiency programs could provide seven to 10 times more in oil savings than might be found in the Arctic Refuge, a much better bet considering the one-in-five odds any oil might be found. Oil companies push for development, rather than energy efficiency, because oil companies in Alaska netted $41 billion in prof its since oil development began. Using oil more prudently means less profit for them. To drill for this oil, the same industry which assured us that a catastrophe like the Exxon Valdez would never occur now claims it can develop the Arctic Refuge in an "environmentally sensitive manner. " The "footprint" of their operations would be no larger, they say, than an area the size of Dulles Airport. They say they learned from their experiences at Prudhoe Bay. But a look at agency records and studies shows otherwise. According to the Interior Department, drilling would require hundreds of miles of roads and pipelines, 60 gravel drill pads and waste pits, production facilities, seawater treatment plants, airports, seaports, worker housing, and more. Prudhoe Bay itself sprawls over 800 square miles, one of the world's largest industrial complexes, where each year tens of thousands of tons of air pollutants are pumped into the atmosphere, tens of thousands of gallons of crude oil, diesel fuel, and toxic chemicals are spilled, and an aging pipeline is weakened by corrosion. Caribou populations have increased at Prudhoe Bay, but "this increase corresponds to similar increases in all major herds of caribou and is presumed to be independent of the effects of oil development. In addition, wolves and grizzly bears, important predators of caribou, declined in association with oil development," according to Dr. David Klein, a wildlife expert. Prudhoe Bay no longer functions as a natural ecosystem. Among other effects, polar bears stopped denning onshore; more than 15,000 birds hav e died or been displaced by destruction of habitat; and man-made gravel islands and seawater treatment plants kill or displace hundreds of thousands of fish. Is it necessary to sustain these environmental impacts in the Arctic Refuge? Do we really need to drill for oil there? We can do without, just as we have done without hydropower from the Grand Canyon and geothermal from Yellowstone. We can save for future generations our last Arctic wilderness.
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Since the WHO declared burnout an ‘epidemic’ in 2019, learning how to reduce employee burnout became a top priority for firms worldwide. Burnout, a buzzword with real-life consequences, wreaks havoc on health and wellbeing, not to mention business efficacy. As a workplace phenomenon draining £900 million from the UK economy every year, burnout could be the difference between business success and failure. Before learning how to reduce employee burnout, firms must first have a clear idea of what it is and how to spot it. What is Employee Burnout? American psychologist Herbert Freudenberger coined the term ‘burnout’ in the 1970s to describe a syndrome ‘caused by excessive and prolonged stress’. According to the NHS, burnout can result in a variety of dangerous and unpleasant symptoms, from tearful and emotional outbreaks to insomnia and heart palpitations. Burnout makes employees 63% more likely to take a sick day, and 23% more likely to visit the emergency room. These human consequences make treating burnout hugely important. Businesses must also learn how to reduce burnout due to its massive impact on the workplace. How Does Employee Burnout Affect the Workplace? Of course, employees facing mental, physical, or emotional exhaustion does not make for a healthy working environment. Employee burnout decimates productivity, quality, and punctuality, as well as the goods and services produced. Not only does this limit a firm’s output, but it also lowers customer satisfaction. In competitive or customer-service-focussed business, employee burnout lumbers firms with a huge disadvantage going forward. Lower productivity and efficacy means employees miss deadlines and workplace goals, placing their jobs at risk. Burnout also makes an employee far more likely to seek another job. A Gallup study found that burnout makes employees 2. 6 times more likely to search for another job, which creates a massive knock-on effect on departures and employee churn. When employees leave on bad terms, this worsens a firm’s reputation. It also costs swathes of training time and money to replace. Even then, replacing burned-out employees only fixes burnout’s symptoms, not its causes. What Causes Employee Burnout? As employee burnout has such a huge impact on the workplace, identifying the causes of burnout becomes a top priority. Addressing this priority helps employees and their managers, as both parties want to get the job done smoothly. Unsatisfactory work environment – variety is the spice of life, and if workers feel trapped in monotonous or unrewarding tasks, burnout becomes inevitable. While specialisation forms a key principle of business efficiency, failure to ensure employees thrive in their specialisation creates a ticking burnout timebomb. Excessive workload – businesses always tread a tricky tightrope: pushing employees to achieve their very best and pushing them too far into burnout. An unmanageable workload makes employees 2. 2 times likely to experience burnout. This can make even the most ambitious and proactive employee bitter and disillusioned, taking a huge toll on a firm’s long-term prospects. Unclear or unfair management – proper management is crucial in keeping a firm burnout free. Reforming management should therefore be top of the list when learning how to reduce employee burnout. Employers should work to stave off favouritism, bias, and general unfairness as they more than double the chances of burnout. Unclear management also leads to confusion, wasted resources, and frustration among the workforce, when employees lose sight of their objectives and their workplace purpose. Learning How to Reduce Employee Burnout
In each case of employee burnout, workers pay the emotional toll, and employers face a huge financial toll on the business. Although employees suffer from burnout, this is an employer problem. Improving the structure and quality of a workplace provides the chance to support wellbeing at every stage. Supportive wellbeing culture makes for a more ethical and more profitable firm. Timetabling – streamlining and optimising a firm’s rota helps defeat time pressures and ensures each team member is ready and able to support the firm’s goals. Investing in a robust time and attendance system thereby improves efficiency and tackles employee burnout. This also helps firms ensure praise worker punctuality and ensure fair holidays. As absenteeism often stems from burnout, time and attendance systems provide tools for predicting and addressing burnout before it develops. Improving managerial communication– Communication is the key to ridding businesses of employee burnout. By listening to their team, employers can address and rectify the causes of exhaustion and distress. By fostering an open-door culture and ensuring that employees see their suggestions put into practice, firms protect their workers from burnout. Increasing autonomy and mission-focusses work – As monotony breeds burnout, giving employees a choice between clear goals improves workplace output. Rewarding each achievement gives employees a sense of accomplishment and pride in their work. An appropriate degree of autonomy also builds trust and lets workers prove their skill. Letting employees choose their goals decreases burnout by 55%. In conclusion, investing within the business and refining its operations with smart systems can help employers develop strategies to reduce burnout and improve their firm.
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These small geckos are non-venomous and not deadly to humans. Medium to large geckos may bite if distressed; however, their bite is gentle and will not pierce skin. Most lizards are not poisonous. Bites may be frightening, but most do not cause serious health problems. Lizards generally have small heads, long bodies and long tails. With so many species of lizard, it’s understandable that they come in a wide variety of sizes. The largest lizard is the Komodo dragon. It grows up to 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighs up to 176 lbs. (80 kilograms). The smallest lizard is the tiny dwarf gecko, which grows to 0. 6 inches (1. 6 centimeters) long and weighs . 0042 ounces (120 milligrams). Most lizards are active during the day. Lizards are cold-blooded animals, which means they rely on their environment to help warm their bodies. Lizards are carnivores, which means they eat meat. A typical diet for a lizard includes ants, spiders, termites, cicadas, small mammals and even other lizards. Caiman lizards eat animals with shells, such as snails.
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Children grow. That is a fact of life. Mothers would plan for the growth of their children when they made their clothing. Drawstrings were added to necklines; extra wide side seams were used, which could be let out as the child grew. Additional length was added, in the form of growth tucks or extremely wide hems. Many period photographs show children dressed in clothing too big or too small for them. It was also a fact of life that clothing was handed down from child to child. This was true for both boys and girls. Children have not changed in the past 200 years! They are still, and always have been, tough on clothing. Clothing was constructed to withstand this wear and tear. Seams were finished and reinforced to prevent fraying under the harsh laundry conditions. Fabrics were chosen that had a tight weave and could be easily laundered. Most garments were made of fabrics with small designs either geometric, abstracts or florals, often in darker colors to help hide stains and wear. Aprons and pinafores were worn over dresses to protect them from day to day dirt. Take a look at
Our newest patterns
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T.E. Lawrence’s cottage, Clouds Hill which is located in Dorset, England.
Clouds Hill is really the name of the high ground rising to its highest peak about 180 yards S.S.W. of Lawrence’s cottage at a height of about 260 feet above mean sea level. The origin of the name is similar to The Cloud near Buglawton in Cheshire where it refers to a hill as far back as 1199 AD. Either the hill was shaped like a cloud or it rose to meet the clouds. Another possibility o its etymology is in the possessive ‘s’ of Cloud’s Hill — the majority of place names ending in ‘s’ imply a personal possession; Petersfield means the field of St Peter or St Peter’s field and so on. Pat Knowles believed that in medieval times a recluse, a French monk named Claude or Clowood, lived by the spring just to the north of Knowles’ bungalow. Hence he thought it came to be known as the hill of Clowood or Cloud’s Hill. The former explanation is the most likely. I like Pat Knowles’ theory better…
Source: The Last Days of T.E. Lawrence: A Leaf in the Wind by Paul Marriott and Yvonne Argent
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Ramona Neckoway is a professor at the University College of the North in Thompson, Manitoba. She is also a member of Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation, a hydro-impacted community. Stephane McLachlan is a professor at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg. Both do research studying the impacts and implications of hydroelectricity projects on the environment and on Indigenous communities. Scott Neigh interviews them about Wa Ni Ska Tan, an alliance that brings together people from communities in Manitoba that have been impacted by hydroelectricity projects, as well as their supporters, for both action and research. In the last two decades, industry has deployed increasingly extreme mechanisms to extract fossil fuels. From fracking to the tarsands, these forms of extraction are toxic, dangerous and of course contribute to the growing global climate crisis. Given that, it is tempting to rush uncritically towards any energy source that brands itself as "green," "renewable," or "sustainable. " In the Canadian context, by far the most developed approach that claims those labels is hydroelectricity -- that is, electricity produced via generators driven by flows of water. Around 60 per cent of Canada's electricity is hydro. In Manitoba, that number is 96. 8 per cent. Among most Canadians, hydro has a pretty green reputation. However, this benevolent image does not hold up if you actually go and talk to people who live in communities that bear the brunt of what hydro projects do. The impact on the land is often devastating -- some lakes are de-watered, other areas are flooded, water flow patterns are altered using human-made channels, shorelines are radically reconfigured, water is contaminated and ecosystems are disrupted. The social, economic and cultural impacts on the local people can be profound. And of course, the impacted communities are frequently Indigenous. In terms of what they do to land and to people, many hydro projects belong in the same tradition of industrial colonialism as resource extraction projects like mining and fossil fuels. Wa Ni Ska Tan is a Cree phrase meaning "rise up" or "wake up. " Though a range of communities from across the province are involved in the alliance, its core work centres Cree communities in the north, including Neckoway's. There is, of course, a fraught history when it comes to collaborations between academics and Indigenous communities, so it is a priority for the alliance to centre the communities and community members in decision-making and to emphasize equity in its operations. The impacts of hydro projects in Manitoba have not been systematically documented since the 1970s, so that is one aspect of the alliance's work. People from impacted communities have made it a major priority for the alliance to use the resulting material (including the stories of residents) to educate decision-makers and to raise awareness and mobilize support among grassroots people elsewhere in the country. The alliance also engages in other forms of research, documentary filmmaking, developing teaching resources, and providing support and mentorship for Indigenous youth. They work to get resources to communities and to create opportunities for cross-community relationship-building and collaboration. Another key part of the alliance's work is creating opportunities for people from impacted communities to advocate directly with relevant regulators and decision-makers. And the alliance's next big event will be a gathering from November 8-10 in Winnipeg that will bring together people from hydro-impacted communities not only in Manitoba but from other parts of Canada and around the world. Image: Used with permission of Wa Ni Sak Tan: an alliance of hydro-impacted communities. Theme music: "It Is the Hour (Get Up)" by Snowflake, via CCMixter
Talking Radical Radio brings you grassroots voices from across Canada, giving you the chance to hear many different people that are facing many different struggles talk about what they do, why they do it, and how they do it, in the belief that such listening is a crucial step in strengthening all of our efforts to change the world. To learn more about the show check out our website here. You can also follow us on Facebook or Twitter, or contact firstname. lastname@example. org to join our weekly email update list. Talking Radical Radio is brought to you by Scott Neigh, a writer, media producer, and activist based in Hamilton (formerly Sudbury), Ontario, and the author of two books examining Canadian history through the stories of activists.
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Living in the high Sierra Nevada, the California Native Americans that play a role in The House on Harrigan’s Hill are the Washo (Washoe) and the Paiute.
Estimates range from 130,000 to 700,00 Native Americans who inhabited the length and breadth of California long before the land was settled by Spanish and immigrants from all over the world. Those who swooped into California overwhelmed the native population. From the time of the Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, and English explorers until the Gold Rush and discovery of passes over the Sierra, California’s Native American population was doomed. The Washo lived high in the Sierra with families from Honey Lake to the west fork of Walker River. Living away from the unhealthy immigrants, they were luckier than most, but by the time the transcontinental railroad was built even their population had declined. The Washo spent the seasons moving from the Lake Tahoe region over the mountains to the eastern side of the Sierra to gather piñon nuts which were a diet staple. Until the “white men” settled in Soda Springs, Boca, and Truckee, the families spent the snowy winter in sheltered valleys between Lake Tahoe and the eastern Sierra range. The Washo did not have armaments like the settlers and did not keep horses. Not fighters like the Plains tribes, only one “war” involving Washo occurred with American settlers. The Washo were starving in 1857 and stole potatoes from farmer’s fields which led to slaughter in the Potato War.
The Paiute were more wide-ranging and mostly lived on the Nevada side of the mountains in different territories near water such as those that called the Pyramid Lake their home. Although they hunted in the Sierra mountains claimed by California, the families roamed the Nevada desert, searching a good amount of time for food. They were called thieves and rustlers to emigrants plodding along the Humboldt River, crossing the dry alkali sinks, searching for the Truckee or Carson Rivers. The tribes rode horses they had appropriated from Plains tribes. Although the Paiute and Shoshone, another western tribe that roamed Nevada and Utah, were peaceful with each other, the Paiute and the Washo did not get along. Recall that the news from the explorers proclaimed the beauty and fertility of the land. The indigenous peoples hunted herds of wild animals, such as elk, antelope, and deer. The variety of birds from plover to red-tail hawks astonished newcomers. The original peoples of the country gathered and ate plentiful fish from the rivers and the edible plants from the valleys. Nothing had to be sown and harvested which eventually led newcomers to label the natives by the derogatory term of “Diggers.” All of that abundance was gone with the influx of emigrants and hunger arrived. By the late 1700s the Spanish missions were established up and down the coast to gain a foothold in the state and to Christianize the Native Americans. Then, the Spanish/Mexican Army set up presidios and the Indians were the servants and workers. Soon rancheros settled and Native Americans became the vaqueros (cowboys) for the vast herds of cattle, sheep, and horses raised on the grass hills which can still be found all around the cities of California. A few natives hid on their rancherías in gorges or mountains. By 1900 many had slipped into settlements to avoid the reservations. Do not think that, like the vanquished Plains tribes, California Native Americans were only shot, murdered, or rounded up onto reservations. As in many parts of the world where Europeans seized the land, disease decimated the indigenous people who had no immunity. Think of the Russians at Fort Ross who first brought small pox to natives. Well before 1900, less than half of the California Native Americans remained, from the Klamath in the north, Washo in the east, Chumash on the coast, to Luiseño near the border with Mexico.
If one reads early logs, diaries, and memoirs of the strife while settling California, the indigenous people are often called renegades, savages, heathens, devils, and worse. Emigrant opinion was surly and vicious. Rarely were Americans jailed for killing Indians, nor were they tried even when witnesses admitted what had occurred. The U.S. army participated in some of the most well-known massacres of native tribes. In a country that was beautiful, fertile, and big enough for millions of inhabitants, from the days of the Spanish missions, the natives were treated poorly, untrusted, abused, and by the 1870’s were nearly destroyed. If you would like to read more detail about the treatment of the California Native Americans, read
Indians and Intruders in Central California by George Harwood Phillips, University of Oklahoma, vol. 207, 1993
When the Great Spirit Died by William B. Secrest, Word Dancer Press 2003
California Indians and the Gold Rush by Clifford Trafger, Sierra Oaks Publishing Co, 1989
-originally posted November 2014
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Packer’s reward has been an epic kind of science, a detailed chronicle of the lives and doings of generations of prides: the Plains Pride, the Lost Girls 2, the Transect Truants. Over the decades there have been plagues, births, invasions, feuds and dynasties. When the lions went to war, as they are inclined to do, he was their Homer.
“The scale of the lion study and Craig Packer’s vigor as a scientist are pretty unparalleled,” says Laurence Frank, of the University of California at Berkeley, who studies African lions and hyenas. One of Packer’s more sensational experiments took aim at a longstanding mystery. A male lion is the only cat with a mane; some scientists believed its function was to protect an animal’s neck during fights. But because lions are the only social felines, Packer thought manes were more likely a message or a status symbol. He asked a Dutch toy company to craft four plush, life-size lions with light and dark manes of different lengths. He named them Lothario, Fabio, Romeo and Julio (as in Iglesias—this was the late 1990s). He attracted lions to the dolls using calls of scavenging hyenas. When they encountered the dummies, female lions almost invariably attempted to seduce the dark-maned ones, while males avoided them, preferring to attack the blonds, particularly those with shorter manes. (Stuffing still protrudes from the haunches of Fabio, a focal point of Lion House décor. )
Consulting their field data, Packer and his colleagues noticed that many males with short manes had suffered from injury or sickness. By contrast, dark-maned males tended to be older than the others, have higher testosterone levels, heal well after wounding and sire more surviving cubs—all of which made them more desirable mates and formidable foes. A mane, it seems, signals vital information about a male’s fighting ability and health to mates and rivals. Newspapers across the globe picked up the finding. “Manely, lady lions look for dark color,” one headline said. “Blonds have less fun in the lion world,” read another. Lately, Packer’s research has taken on a new dimension. Long a dispassionate student of lion behavior and biology, he has become a champion for the species’ survival. In Tanzania, home to as many as half of all the wild lions on earth, the population is in free fall, having dropped by half since the mid-1990s, to fewer than 10,000. Across Africa, up to one-quarter of the world’s wild lions have vanished in little more than a decade. The reason for the decline of the king of beasts can be summed up in one word: people. As more Tanzanians take up farming and ranching, they push farther into lion country. Now and then a lion kills a person or livestock; villagers—who once shot only nuisance lions—have started using poisons to wipe out whole prides. It is not a new problem, this interspecies competition for an increasingly scarce resource, but neither is it a simple one. Among other things, Packer and his students are studying how Tanzanians can change their animal husbandry and farming practices to ward off ravenous felines. Scientists used to believe that prides—groups of a few to more than a dozen related females typically guarded by two or more males—were organized for hunting. Other aspects of the communal lifestyle—the animals’ affinity for napping in giant piles and even nursing each others’ young—were idealized as poignant examples of animal-kingdom altruism. But Packer and his collaborators have found that a pride isn’t formed primarily for catching dinner or sharing parenting chores or cuddling. The lions’ natural world—their behavior, their complex communities, their evolution—is shaped by one brutal, overarching force, what Packer calls “the dreadful enemy. ”
The Jua Kali pride lives far out on the Serengeti plains, where the land is the dull color of burlap, and termite mounds rise like small volcanoes. It’s marginal habitat at best, without much shade or cover of any kind. (Jua kali is Swahili for “fierce sun. ”) Water holes look more like wallows, prey is scarce and, especially in the dry season, life is not easy for the pride’s four females and two resident males, Hildur and C-Boy.
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What is an Intermediary? In the field of conflict resolution, intermediary and third party are interchangeable terms that refer to a person or group of people who enter a conflict in order "to help the disputing parties manage, analyze, or resolve their disputes. " Intermediaries can be informal or formal. Some third parties get drawn into the role by association or circumstance. For example, an informal intermediary could simply be a friend who is asked to mediate an interpersonal dispute between acquaintances. Formal intermediaries, on the other hand, are professionals hired specifically to perform the third party role. Types of Formal Third Parties
There are several types of formal intermediaries who help resolve conflicts. They include facilitators, mediators, negotiators (sometimes lawyers), arbitrators, and judges. Facilitators generally possess the least power to influence outcomes. Their job is to help establish effective communication between parties (see facilitation). They will set agendas for meetings between the parties, and control communication in those meetings to keep the parties on track and moving forward toward their goals. They can also help the parties determine or alter their goals, and assess whether a particular option or decision meets those goals. But the ultimate decisions are up to the parties themselves. Thus, facilitators have no authority over the final outcome of the decision process. Mediators tend to have more control over the resolution process than facilitators. They bring the parties together to help structure the process that will be used, and meet with the parties together and separately to sort out the key issues in dispute. The job of problem-solving mediators is to help parties develop mutually satisfactory solutions. (Facilitators rarely have such a distinct charge. ) Transformative mediators, on the other hand, are more focused on strengthening relationships between parties (see problem-solving mediation and transformative mediation). Although mediators do not have authority over the outcome of the mediation process, they may identify and suggest potential solutions to the problem. They also serve an important role in terms of reframing the positions of the parties in ways that are more conducive to reaching agreement. Negotiation is a search for common ground that will result in a settlement between disputing parties (see negotiation and compromise). Everyone negotiates all the time -- with one's children, one's associates, and one's friends, about minor matters as well as large ones. Lawyers, however, represent one type of formal negotiator when they are hired to negotiate for another party. Though lawyers are trained in adversarial procedures, namely litigation, they often become involved in negotiating settlements outside of the courtroom. In such a situation, it is not simply one person working between the parties as with mediation. Instead, there are at least two lawyers, one representing each side, negotiating with one another based on the interests of their clients. Arbitrators are the most powerful formal intermediary. This is because they have the power to make a final, binding decision that usually cannot be appealed. In this sense, arbitrators are even more powerful than judges, as the latter's decisions can be appealed. Yet judges are still the most formal of intermediaries. This is primarily based on the rigidity and formality of the court system and its procedural protections, such as the guarantee of due process under the law. More information about the roles these intermediaries play can be found in the associated articles on negotiation, mediation, and arbitration of intractable conflicts. Heidi and Guy M. Burgess, Encyclopedia of Conflict Resolution (Denver, CO: ABC-CLIO, 1997), 148. Roger M. Schwartz, The Skilled Facilitator: Practical Wisdom for Developing Effective Groups (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994), 8. For a thorough discussion of the role of mediators, see: Christopher W. Moore, The Mediation Process, 2nd Edition (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996). New version of this book available at: <http://www.amazon.com/Mediation-Process-Practical-Strategies-Resolving/dp/0787964468#reader_0787964468>. For a thorough discussion of negotiation, see: Roy J. Lewicki, David M. Saunders, and John W. Minton, Negotiation, 3rd Edition (San Francisco: Irwin McGraw Hill, 1999). D.K. Sampath, Negotiation and Settlement Advocacy, available from http://www.crinfo.org/sites/default/files/crci/1_Sampath1r.pdf
Use the following to cite this article:
Spangler, Brad. "Formal Intermediaries." Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: September 2003 <http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/formal-intermediaries>.
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001_7238238
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HOW TO ADMINISTER EYE DROPS
- Wash your hands thoroughly. - Lie down or sit with your head tilted back and hold the bottle upside down in one hand between your thumb and index finger. - Using your other hand, gently pull down the lower lid of your eye to form a pouch or a pocket and look up. - Allow one drop to enter the space between the lower lid and your eye. - Close your eye. - Place your index finger against the side of your nose near the eye. Apply LIGHT pressure for one to three minutes. This is called punctual occlusion – it reduces the eye drop draining into your nose. - Remove any excess solution by wiping your eyelashes with a CLEAN tissue. If administering more than one eye drop wait at least five minutes before administering the next eye drop. Otherwise, the second eye drop will wash the first one out of the eye. - After using eye drops, wash your hands thoroughly again. - Read the instruction on the label carefully and treat only the eye stated. Make sure you understand exactly what the instruction mean and follow them at all times. If in doubt – ask your pharmacist. - If you are given a different bottle for each eye, make sure you use the correct bottle. - If you think you may have difficulty using the eye drops, ask someone to do it for you. - Keep all medicines out of the reach of children. Avoid taking medicine in front of very young children – they may copy your behaviour. - Complete the course or take the medicine as instructed by your doctor. - If you miss a dose do not try to catch up by taking two or three missed doses at once. - Never share your medicines, even if someone else has similar symptoms. - Your vision may be blurred for a short time after using eye drops, gel or ointment. Do not drive or operate machinery until you can see clearly again. - Do not let the dropper touch the eyelashes or the eye itself. - Never rest the dropper on table tops or other surfaces. - Do not breathe on the dropper or touch the dropper opening. - Firmly close the lid immediately after use and store the bottle upright. Keep the bottle in a cool place or as directed. - Dispose after four weeks of opening. The table below will assist you when using your eye drops. Please ask your nurse, pharmacist or doctor to fill in your dosage requirements. |Name of eye drop||Right or left eye||8am||10am||12pm||2pm||4pm||6pm||8pm||10pm|
If administering more than one eye drop wait at least 5 minutes before administering the next drop. Otherwise, the second eye drop will wash the first one out of the eye. Use thicker products last (drops before gel before ointment).
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005_470182
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Determining if an individual has handled nuclear materials, such as uranium or plutonium, is a challenge national defense agencies currently face. The standard protocol to detect uranium exposure is through a urine sample; however, urine is able to only identify those who have been exposed recently. Now, scientists at the University of Missouri have developed procedures that will better identify individuals exposed to uranium within 1 year. Scientists and homeland security experts believe this noninvasive procedure could identify individuals who may be smuggling nuclear materials for criminal purposes. The researchers collected hair, fingernail and toenail clippings from workers in nuclear research facilities from around the country. Testing procedures developed were able to identify exposure to both natural and man-made sources of uranium. According to the World Nuclear Association, naturally occurring uranium is a mixture of three isotopes, including uranium-238 (U-238), U-235 and traces of U-234. U-238 accounts for over 99% of the isotopes found in nature; U-235 is the isotope necessary to create nuclear weapons or power a nuclear reactor. U-235 is considered a fissile isotope, meaning the atom has the ability to split, yielding a large amount of energy. Uranium that has been used as fuel in a nuclear power plant also contains the manmade isotope, U-236. With this discovery, law enforcement official could use specialized equipment and identify individuals who have been exposed to special nuclear material within 48 hours. Brockman is looking to expand his analysis with the national human radiobiological tissue repository (NHRTR) to further provide insight on how hair and nail samples could be used to monitor exposure to special nuclear material. The MU Research Reactor has been a crucial component to research at the university for more than 40 years. Operating 6. 5 days a week, 52 weeks a year, scientists from across the campus use the 10-megawatt facility to not only provide crucial radioisotopes for clinical settings globally, but also to carbon date artifacts, improve medical diagnostic tools and prevent illness. Citation: Brockman J, et al. (2016). Measurement of Uranium Isotope Ratios in Keratinous Materials: A Noninvasive Bioassay for Special Nuclear Material. Analytical Chemistry, 88: 8765–8771. DOI: 10. 1021/acs. analchem. 6b02144. Figure legend: This Knowridge.com image is credited to MU News Bureau.
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006_1351764
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With the arrival of students’ summer vacations, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in partnership with the Taiwan AIDS Foundation, held an awareness-raising event at Taipei Main Station yesterday to encourage young people to adopt safe sexual practices to protect themselves from HIV. Taking up the cause of “National HIV Testing Day,” established in the US as an annual observance to promote HIV testing, the CDC said it hopes to raise awareness among the public not only of the virus, but also of the significance of HIV testing. CDC Director-General Chang Feng-yee (張峰義) advised young people to stay in a stable relationships with a single, regular partner and to have safe sex. “And if that really isn’t possible, take a HIV test within three months of having unprotected sex,” Chang added. According to statistics compiled by the centers, as of the end of last year 24,239 Taiwanese were living with HIV, with nearly 20 percent of them aged between 15 and 24. In the past three years the number of new HIV infections among young people has been increasing at a rapid pace, with young people reporting the highest rate of new HIV infections among all age groups, accounting for 26. 2 percent, 27. 5 percent and 28. 6 percent of reported new infections for 2010, 2011and last year respectively, the CDC said. The data provided by the CDC also shows that of the 635 new infections reported last year by people aged between 15 and 24, 552 had engaged in male homosexual experiences, increasing from 479 in 2011 and 418 in 2010. Ninety percent of new infections were caused by unprotected sex, both homosexual and heterosexual, the agency said, which also attributed some of the infections to drug abuse, as a person under the influence of certain drugs, such as stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens, is more likely to engage in risky behavior, including sexual contacts. “About NT$3 billion [US$100. 3 million] is spent every year on HIV and AIDS, with between 10 percent and 20 percent spent on prevention, awareness-raising campaigns and testing, while the rest is allocated to treatment,” Chang said.
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004_5416199
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Through our contacts overseas, and our own research, mainly in Canada, we have a good knowledge of the main areas to which Islanders emigrated at different times. A few must have left the islands, deported after the Jacobite rebellions, but they would have been few, and the chances of tracing them remote. The social upheavals after 1746 led to a mass migration of tacksmen and their subtenants, but this affected mainly Skye, though a few from the Outer Isles also left at the time, mainly for Carolina. An eruption of Hecla in Iceland in 1755 led to bad harvests for several years thereafter, and there was a major emigration from Lewis to the USA – to New York and Pennsylvania States – indeed the largest number of emigrants known to have left Lewis in one year was in 1772-73, when 831 emigrants are noted, though unfortunately not by name. The threat of religious persecution led to an emigration arranged by the Roman Catholic Church to Prince Edward Island, mainly from South Uist and Barra, beginnings with the Alexander in 1772. In the early 1800s, there was another move from Lewis to the Gulf Shore in Nova Scotia.
Legislation was brought in, ostensibly to alleviate the overcrowding which was a problem with many of the early emigrant ships, but by increasing the amount of space and supplies required on board, it also increased the fares beyond what most would-be emigrants could raise. Nonetheless, many islanders were still able to utilise their meagre earnings from the kelp to fund emigration. The War of 1812 with the USA effectively closed that country to all but a few emigrants, and the focus of emigration changed to Cape Breton, along with continued settlement in PEI and a small number to New Brunswick.
In Cape Breton, settlers from Barra concentrated around the Barra Strait in the Bras d’Or, while South Uist went mainly to Grand Mira and the Boisdale and East Bay areas. North Uist went to Catalone, Gabarus and Mira, while Harris went to Grand River, Framboise, and St Anns. There were few settlers from Lewis at this point, and these were concentrated at Little Narrows and at St Anns. Because the early emigrants to Cape Breton tended to settle in groups, we have often been able to identify their origins from their neighbours. With the slackening of the restriction on emigration in the 1820s came the collapse of the kelp industry, and much of the population of the Hebrides became redundant, from the point of view of their landlords. Emigration was now encouraged, and in some cases enforced, and the flow of families, to Cape Breton in particular, became a flood. Even there, there was not enough good land for all, and there were settlements in the back glens which by their very nature were short-lived, and many families had to move on to the new industrial mining centres of Glace Bay etc. The problems in the Islands were exacerbated by potato blight in the mid-1840s, and the consequent famine. Cape Breton was suffering from the same problem, so emigration there virtually ceased. Landlords at home were faced by another problem – the new Poor Laws would make them responsible for poor relief in their own areas, so it was to their advantage that as many people left as possible. No longer was it those who could afford the fares who left – those who had lost all in the famine were forced to leave – sometimes forced by economics, and sometimes by the landlords. The Highland and Islands Emigration Society was set up, with Government assistance, to provide assisted passages to Australia. In the Outer Hebrides, the landlords of Harris and North Uist took advantage of the Society’s help, and almost 10% of the population left for Australia between 1850 and 1860. The Society kept records of all their passengers – they hoped for repayment of the moneys they had advanced – so there are detailed passengers lists for each ship, showing where the passengers embarked and where they disembarked, though unfortunately there are no records of where they settled eventually. The landlords of Lewis and South Uist and Barra preferred not to work with the Society, but organised their own emigrations to Canada. There had been a Lewis settlement in the Eastern Townships of Quebec since the late 1830s, and emigrants’ fares were paid either to join them, or to go further west to Bruce County, Ontario. South and North Uist families concentrated on Middlesex County and the surrounding areas of Ontario.
Because these emigrations generally took place after the first census of Scotland in 1841, it is generally possible to trace the emigrants and their families – though in Bruce County, for example, there were so many MacDonalds from the West-side of Lewis that they are still difficult to disentangle! From the 1880s, settlement in Canada moved on to the Prairies, and by this time we can be almost certain to identify families. At the moment, the database deals with families up to 1920, though it is hoped to include the major emigrations of the 1920s in the next version of the database. So, enjoy the database! If you are not sure how to use it, look under the heading of www. hebridespeople. com/shop/hp-products/. Basically, you buy a number of credits to let you into the system, and from there on, you can access the system by entering details of names, dates and places, if known. Do remember that the data-base is Mark 1, and an extension will follow later, so if you do not find the family you are looking for, we may still have information, so e-mail us, and we will see if we can help. (With thanks to Bill Lawson)
Check out my Scotland's Greatest Story research service www. ScotlandsGreatestStory. co. uk
New book: It's Perthshire 1866 - there's been a murder. . . www. thehistorypress. co. uk/products/The-Mount-Stewart-Murder.aspx (from June 12th 2012)
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001_3194930
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#6 Long ago, a curious plague struck a village. When afflicted, its victims went into a deathlike coma and most died within a day. The problem was that the villagers couldn't tell if a victim was dead or alive. After discovering that someone had been buried alive, an alarmed town council convened. The majority- hoping to save lives-voted to put food and water in every coffin. Another group proposed a cheaper solution: implant a stake in every coffin lid directly over the victim's heart. When closed, all doubts over the victim's condition would vanish. What differentiated the solutions were the questions used to find them. Whereas the first group asked, "What if we bury somebody alive? ", the second group asked "How can we make sure everyone we bury is dead? " Remember: the second assault on the same problem should come from a totally different direction. How can you change your viewpoint?
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004_6225574
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In 1965, Gordon Moore observed that the number of transistors on a silicon chip doubled every technology generation (12 months at that time, currently 18-24 months). He predicted that this trend would continue for a while. Forty years later, Moore's Law continues to hold. Since the number of transistors in a circuit is a measure of the circuit's computational power, the doubling of transistor counts compounded over a 40 year period has led to an enormous increase in the performance of electronic devices and a corresponding decrease in their cost per function. The result has shaped our modern world by making computers, personal computers, cell phones, portable music players, personal digital assistants, etc. pervasive. This talk is an overview of a technology that shaped the 20th Century and that may have a similarly profound impact on the 21st Century. I'll explain how engineers double the number of transistors per chip, the challenges they face as they strive to continue Moore's Law, and take a brief look at some new technologies that researchers are examining. Mark Lundstrom, Science, Vol. 299 no. 5604 pp. 210-211 (10 January 2003), DOI: 10. 1126/science. 1079567
Cite this work
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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005_2947927
|
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Learn six methods to create problem-solving opportunities with core math content. Emphasis is on accessible problem-solving experiences intimately connected with daily math content and designed to foster creativity, critical thinking, and perseverance. We'll work through and discuss plenty of examples in a middle grades context. Presentation Format: 6-8 Session
Grade Band Audience: 6 to 8
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010_4235221
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Talcum powder is made of talc, a mineral that consists mainly of the elements magnesium, silicon and oxygen. As a powder, it absorbs wetness well and reduces resistance, prevents rashes and keeps skin dry. It is widely used in cosmetic products such as adult body and face powder and baby powder, as well as in a number of other consumer products. In their original form, some talc contains asbestos, a substance known to cause cancer in and around the lungs when inhaled (see Asbestos). You may browse the web to know about baby powder and cancer link. In 1976, the Toiletries, Cosmetics, and Perfumes Association (CTFA), the trade association for the cosmetics and personal care products industry, issued voluntary guidelines stating that all powder used in the US in cosmetic products must be asbestos free by their standards. Much of the concern about a possible link between talc and cancer focuses on:
Do people who have been exposed to powder particles for a long time, for example Talc Miner, have a higher risk of lung cancer than breathing. Are women who regularly use powder in the genital area at a higher risk of ovarian cancer? When talking about if talc is related to cancer or not, it is significant to differentiate between talc comprising asbestos and talc which is asbestos-free. Talc, which contains asbestos, is usually considered carcinogenic if inhaled. The evidence for asbestos-free powder is less clear.
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006_6890729
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What foods are required for a healthy eating plan? Your body needs a daily supply of vitamins, minerals, fiber, antioxidants and protein which can be easily provided by a few food groups. The most important foods for a healthy eating plan are fruit and vegetables. Although all fruit has health benefits, it may be necessary to limit their intake if you have diabetes because of the high sugar content. However, vegetables can be eaten in abundance and then all contain many health benefits. Leafy greens in particular are great sources of antioxidants and contain protein as well. For optimal benefit, they should be eaten raw, so that no nutritional content is lost. If you do wish to cook them, steaming is the best option. Cooking in water or microwaving them will destroy many of the vitamins and minerals. Another option is cooking them in homemade soup and adding a vegetable broth. One of the best ways to consume fruit and vegetables is by juicing them. There are many juicers on the market today that prepare homemade juice in minutes. With a very short preparation and clean up time, you can enjoy the benefits of making your own juice. This is full of enzymes and nutrition that is readily absorbed by the body for optimal health benefits. A healthy eating plan should also include foods that have a lot of fiber. If you eat a lot of fruit and vegetables you will be getting plenty of fiber. However, there are other foods that are good for you that also will provide this. Oatmeal sweetened with fruit is a great choice for breakfast. You may also wish to add barley, lentils, or any beans to add fiber to your diet. Contrary to popular opinion, you do not have to consume meat, eggs or dairy products to get enough protein. Soy milk, lentils, garbanzo beans as well as other beans do not have the cholesterol and fat that is common in animal based foods. These are the foods that should be included in a healthy eating plan. A diet rich in these foods will strengthen your immune system and give you more energy. Get more FREE information from my weekly newsletters and grab the FREE e-book to make better choices! My name is Josef Bichler.
I have a passion for wellness and showing others how to live healthy lives. I have corrected my own health problems with the use of alternatives only and helping others to achieve their health objectives through lifestyle changes, detoxifying their body and through understanding the benefits of eating healthy.
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002_1501632
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