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The Institute of Medicine issued a report this week that added eight preventive services for women to the provisions that will be provided free of charge under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
One noteworthy recommendation calls for free contraception and counseling on how to prevent unintended pregnancy. In addition, pregnant women would be screened for gestational diabetes and new mothers would receive counseling and equipment to support them in efforts to breastfeed their babies. The report "provides a road map for improving the health and well-being of women," said committee chair Linda Rosenstock, dean of the School of Public Health at the University of California at Los Angeles. Each of the eight services "stands on a foundation of evidence supporting its effectiveness," she said. The recommendations would fill "gaps" in care that bedevil women in the present system, the report said. The seven additional recommendations are these:
- contraceptive methods and counseling to prevent unintended pregnancies
- screening for gestational diabetes
- cervical cancer screening, including human papillomavirus testing, for women over 30
- counseling on sexually transmitted infections
- counseling and screening for HIVAIDS
- lactation counseling and equipment to promote breast-feeding
- screening and counseling to detect and prevent interpersonal and domestic violence
- yearly well-woman preventive care visits to obtain recommended preventive services
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Children may be able to count, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. But do they attach meaning to these numbers? That is key in early numeracy. Help children picture what numbers mean. Using one of our favorite books, you can integrate ideas. Read a Llama, Llama book by Anna Dewdney. Remember that these books promote rhyming, a key skill in early childhood. Discuss what healthy foods a llama might eat. I usually pose silly questions like, “Would a llama eat chocolate ice cream? ” Get children answering “No! ” with glee. Then ask, “What would you eat that is healthy? What would a llama eat that is healthy? ” Prompt with food like carrots. Use the pictures below to ask, “Which bunch shows one carrot? Which shows three carrots? ” Follow by asking children to find one of an object in the room. Continue with other objects. This helps integrate rote counting and meaning of number. Look, in a brief time frame, you have encouraged rhyming (literacy/ phonemic awareness) healthy eating (science), and numeracy understanding (math). WOW!
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Growing up with an Industrial Chemist
I decided to email my Dad a couple of years ago to ask:
“which chemicals could start a fire? ”
For example could glycerine and potassium permanganate work – an article I had read online suggested so? This was his reply…
this is just a quick response to your email. Potassium permanganate, glycerine and water . Add a few drops of glycerine to few crystals of potassium permanganate. accelerate the reaction by adding a couple of drops of water. Or instant fire with potassium permanganate with antifreeze (that you might have in your car along with petrol to keep it going). Acetone, sulphuric acid and potassium permanganate. Soak a tissue with acetone. Draw sulphuric acid into a glass pipette, dip the pipette into the permanganate to coat with a few crystals. Dispense the sulphuric acid on to the tissue. It should catch fire. (Where would you get sulphuric acid? )
Sodium Chlorate, sugar and sulphuric acid. Mix a small amount of sodium chlorate and sugar initiate the reaction by adding a few drops of acid. (Where would you get sulphuric acid? )
Ammonium Nitrate powder, finely ground zinc powder and hydrochloric acid. Mix together a small amount of ammonium nitrate and zinc powder initiate the reaction by adding a few drops of hydrochloric acid. (Where would you get the hydrochloric acid? )
9V battery – touch both poles to super fine steel wool it will catch fire and burn tinder, wool fibres and feathers etc. (Sounds good to me)
Boy scouts have tried sunshine and a magnifying glass but it might work for girls too. Ha ha! PS please excuse my sense of humour”
The above experiments should keep me going for quite a while! Upon research I have found ammonium nitrate can be found as fertiliser and sodium chlorate is weedkiller but whether these products are pure enough to use in the above combinations or are mixed with other ingredients I will have to read more. I will also try to create an info graph illustrating the above combinations at a glance. Firstly though is my promise to myself this year – I need to learn to make fire with a hand-drill (spinning a stick on a hearth). I will post about this method next. If anyone has tried the above methods do let us know how it turned out and any tips for successful fire-starting with chemicals? Blue Skies, Di x
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If you’ve never used Unix before, this section will serve as a quick introduction to issuing Unix commands from the Terminal. Experienced Unix users can skip over this section. For each of the following, you will need to be using the Terminal application. The commands you need to type are shown in bold. - View a command’s description and its options? The instructions for using the
pwdcommand (described next) are then displayed one screen at a time. If there is more than one screen for a command’s description, you will see a percentage at the lower-left corner of the Terminal window telling you how much of the manpage has been viewed. To scroll to the next screen, hit the spacebar; you will be returned to the command prompt when you’ve reached the end of the manpage. The
mancommand even has its own manpage, which can be viewed by using:
- Where am I? pwd/Users/chuck [macchuck:~] chuck%
tcshcommand prompt will show you what directory you’re in, but only to a point; for example:
pwd/Developer/Applications/Extras/Bluetooth [macchuck:Applications/Extras/Bluetooth] chuck%
As this example shows, at first it only looks like I’m in
Applications/Extras/Bluetooth, but issuing the
pwdcommand shows that I’m really in
/Developer/Applications/Extras/Bluetooth. Your cue that you are in a deeper path is that there is no slash before the first directory in the prompt. - Change directories? cd /Applications/Utilities[macchuck:/Applications/Utilities] chuck%
- Go back a directory? cdcommand followed by two dots:
cd . . [macchuck:/Applications] chuck%
- Return to where you were before the last cd command? cdcommand followed by a hyphen:
cd -[macchuck:/Applications/Utilities] chuck%
- Go back one or more directories? cdcommand with two dots and a slash (
. . /) for each directory you want to go back. For example, to go back two directories:
cd . . /. . [macchuck:/] chuck%
- List a directory’s contents? This is accomplished using the
lscommand (see Figure 4-1). By itself, the
lscommand creates a horizontal list of a directory’s contents. Add the
-loption to create a vertical list of a directory’s contents, which also reveals more details about the file, directory, or application (see Figure 4-2). To list all the contents for a directory, including the dot files (described earlier), add the -
aoption (either with or without the
loption) (see Figure 4-3). When you issue a command like
ls -la, the contents of some directories will scroll up, and you won’t be able to see everything. One solution to this is to just issue the command and then use the Terminal window’s scrollbar to go back up. Or, more efficiently, pipe (
|) the command to
more, which will display the contents of the directory one screen at a time (see Figure 4-4). The word
morewill be highlighted at the bottom of the screen. To go to the next screen, hit the spacebar; continue doing so until you find the item you’re looking for or until you reach the end. - How can I get a listing of a directory’s contents without seeing the permissions? ls -l | colrm 1 49Acrobat Reader 5. 0 Address Book.app AppleScript Art Directors Toolkit X 2. 3 BBEdit 6. 5 Backup.app Calculator.app Canon Utilities Chess.app Clock.app Cocoa Browser DVD Player.app . . . The numbers following
49) are used by the command to specify a range of columns to remove. (A column in the Unix world is a single character. In this example, the column range of 1 through 49—all the characters preceding the file or directory name—are deleted. )
- Clear the display? You can also use Control-L to clear the display, and if you want to reset the Terminal window, use
-K to clear the window’s scrollback. - Create a new directory (or folder)? - Remove an empty directory? - Remove a directory and all its contents, including subdirectories? rm -rf NewDirectory
Notice that the
rm -rfcommand will not prompt you before it deletes everything in the
NewDirectorydirectory. You should use the
rm -rfcommand with extreme caution, as you could delete something vital without even knowing it. - Create an empty file? - Copy a file or directory? cp myfile. txt myfile2. txt
This makes a copy of
myfile2. txtwithin the same directory. If you want to copy a file and place it in another directory, use the following:
cp myfile. txt Books/myfile. txt
This makes a copy of
myfile. txtand places that copy in the
- Rename a file or directory? mv myfile. txt myFile. txt
This renames the file
myFile. txtin the same directory. - Move a file or directory? The following moves the file
mv myFile. txt Books
- See what’s inside a file? cat myFile. txtThis is my file. I hope you like it. Chuck [macchuck:~/Books] chuck%
- Make a file or directory read-only? chmod =r myFile. txt[macchuck:~/Books] chuck%
chmod 444 myFile. txt[macchuck:~/Books] chuck%
chmod a-wx,a+r myFile. txt
chmodcommand has many options; for more information, see its manpage (
- Zip up a file so I can send it to a Windows user? This zips up the file and places the
myFile. zipfile in the same directory as the original file. - View the contents of a Zip file? unzip -l myFile. zipArchive: myFile. zip Length Date Time Name ------ ---- ---- ---- 0 09-18-102 20:20 myFile. txt ------ ------- 0 1 file
This shows that there is one file in
myFile. txt), along with the size of the file (in kilobytes), and the date and time that file was created. - Unzip a file that I received from a Windows user? To unzip a file or directory, use the
unzipcommand, as follows:
This unzips the file and places its contents in the current directory. If a file with the same name is already in that directory, you will be asked what to do:
unzip myFile. zipArchive: myFile. zip replace myFile. txt? [y]es, [n]o, [A]ll, [N]one, [r]ename:
You will be given the following options to replace the existing file(s):
Ato replace all the files with similar names
Nto not replace any of the files
rto rename the like-named file that already exists
If you choose to rename the existing file (as shown in the example), you will be prompted to enter a new name for that file; enter a filename and that file’s name will be changed and the
unzipcommand will extract the Zip file. - Archive a file or directory? tar cvfz myFile. tar. gz[RETURN]
The options used are as follows:
Creates a new archive. Verbose; this option prints the filenames onscreen as files that are added to or extracted from the archive. Stores files in or extract files from an archive. gzipto zip, or compress, the archive. - View the contents of a tarball? To peek inside a tarball to see the files it contains, use the
tarcommand with the
tar tvfz myFile. tar. gz-rw-r--r-- 1 chuck staff 44 Oct 05 21:10 myFile. txt
toption is used to print the names of the files inside the tarball. - Open a
tar xvf myFile. tar[RETURN]
xoption is used to extract the contents of the tarball. This command unpacks the tarball and places its contents in the file
If you receive a
. tar. gz) file, that means the tarball has been compressed using
gzip. To decompress that file, use the following command:
tar xvfz myFile. tgz[RETURN]
zoption tells the tar command that the file it will decompress has been
- Log in as the superuser? Some commands require you to be the superuser (or the
rootuser) before they can be issued. Rather than logging out and then logging back in as
root, you can issue the
sucommand, followed by the superuser’s password:
exitexit [macchuck:~] chuck%
For more information about using the Unix side of Mac OS X, pick up a
copy of Learning Unix for Mac OS X
(O’Reilly). To learn more about the
tcsh shell, pick up a copy of Using
csh & tcsh (O’Reilly).
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We like to think of ourselves as racoon-like, but raccoons are actually more like the little crows of the family. The most common color of raccoons is green. The green of the raccoon is actually the same as that of the crows. The difference between the two is that the raccoons are able to use this color to blend in with their environment. This is why they have developed a natural aversion to us. I’m sure you’ve seen this in action. One of the best ways to get rid of raccoons in your area is by eating them. This is why many raccoons are referred to as “meat eaters. ” They can be found in most areas of the United States.
The green color of the raccoon can only be obtained via a process called “bio-chromaticity” which is not only a way to color your raccoons, but also to make them more visible against the background. Essentially, your raccoons become the color that they see in the environment around them, so that they blend in better. They also have the advantage of being able to survive in the dark. But while raccoons might be able to survive in the dark, they really have a strong aversion towards being seen. It’s easy to see them with binoculars in the dark, so it’s difficult for them to find a place in the dark to get away from your light. Yes, raccoons are very dangerous. Their tails are very dangerous in that they can break through the walls of their surroundings, and their very existence is a real threat to them. However, the fact that they can be seen in the dark might not be a good thing for them. Their tails are not as cute as you might think. The film’s director, Markus Sjöstedt, has an excellent theory about the dangers of racoons. He’s right about it being a danger to the wild and wild animal. This is true for most animals. The only reason it’s not a danger is if they are not allowed to live in a wild world. The dark side of the animal world is that they are not human. The reason they are not human is because they aren’t allowed to play in a wild world. There are a lot of animals that have a wild/wilder side. The most famous and well known of these is the wolf, but there are a lot of other animals that share this trait. These wild animals that share this trait are not just dangerous to humans, they are dangerous to the very heart of our survival as a species. These animals are called rats, because they are the most dangerous and most dangerous creatures in existence. The reason for this is that the most dangerous creatures are the rats. The most dangerous rats are the wolves. The wolves are the most dangerous creatures in existence. They are, of course, the most dangerous animal in existence. They are not the only ones that are dangerous to humans. The most dangerous rats are the rats in the middle of the pack, the rats that are not really rats at all but rather, rats that are mutated from the other rats. The most dangerous rat is the giant rat. A giant rat is one of the most dangerous creatures in existence. The giant rat is the most dangerous rat, if not the most dangerous creature in existence. A giant rat is the most dangerous rat because it is the most dangerous. The giant rat is the most dangerous rat because it is the most dangerous. The giant rat is the most dangerous because it is the most dangerous. The giant rat is the most dangerous because it is the most dangerous. The giant rat is the most dangerous because it is the most dangerous. The giant rat is the most dangerous because it is the most dangerous. The giant rat is the most dangerous because it is the most dangerous. The giant rat is the most dangerous.
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Multiple generations of stars in globular cluster NGC 2808
This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows the central region of the globular cluster NGC 2808: a dense swarm of stars. Astronomers were surprised when Hubble spied three generations of cluster stars. The discovery is far different from the standard picture of a globular cluster's composition. For decades, astronomers thought that cluster stars formed at the same time, in the same place, and from the same material, and have co-evolved for thousands of millions of years. Globular clusters are among the earliest settlers of our Milky Way Galaxy, born during our galaxy's formation. They are compact swarms of typically hundreds of thousands of stars held together by their mutual gravitation. All the stars in NGC 2808 were born within 200 million years and very early in the life of the 12. 5 × 109 year-old massive cluster. Of the about 150 known globular clusters in our Milky Way Galaxy, NGC 2808 is one of the most massive, with a total mass of more than 1 million times the mass of the Sun.
The sharp resolution of Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys measured the brightness and colours of the cluster stars to find the three stellar populations. The Hubble images were taken in May 2005 and in August and November 2006.
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It feels strange blogging about an infection that still ravages our country. Despite over 140,000 dead, it looks like it’s just getting started with no end in sight. With so much disinformation out there, I felt duty-bound as a physician with more than 20 years of experience, a public health education at Harvard, and someone who saw this infection coming in late December to educate others and myself. COVID-19 is a contagious multisystem illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, a member of the Coronavirus family. Coronaviruses cause the common cold as well as SARS and MERS. The incubation period is unknown. Patients have developed symptoms as early as two days after exposure and as late as 21 days. The average time from exposure to symptoms is about 7-14 days. Anyone can become infected with COVID and anyone can die from it. Certain pre-existing conditions such as obesity, diabetes or immunodeficiency put patients at higher risk. How is Covid-19 transmitted? According to experts, the primary mode of transmission is from human to human through contact with respiratory droplets or particles. Surface contamination does not play as important a role in transmission as previously thought. The coronavirus is more easily transmitted indoors from person to person than outdoors. A COVID fertile environment is an indoor mass gathering with no social distancing or masks. That does not negate transmission from close outdoor contacts—a crucial reason to wear masks and maintain social distance in crowded outdoor spaces. Recently, the World Health Organization revealed that viral transmission rarely occurs by small airborne particles that linger in the air. For many essential workers stuck in poorly ventilated workspaces or environments where the virus can become airborne, regular masks do not have sufficient protection. These essential workers require personal protective equipment (PPE), which include a face shield and an N95 mask that will filter smaller airborne viral particles. There is no cure, so the best option is prevention, which dramatically reduces the chances of infection. Wear a mask, maintain social distance, and frequent hand washing. Avoid indoor spaces where you cannot social distance and wear a mask. I repeat anyone can get COVID, and transmit it. The elderly and people with pre-existing conditions are more likely to develop severe complications. Frequently Asked Questions:
- Can I get COVID from kissing? Most definitely, since large amounts of virus reside in the upper respiratory tract and saliva. - Can I spread COVID without symptoms? Most definitely! It’s believed people are most contagious 24 hours prior to the onset of symptoms. - Can I get COVID from food? Unlikely, the intact virus does not survive well outside of respiratory droplets or particles, and heat inactivates the virus. - Can I get COVID from sitting on a toilet seat? Unlikely, if you maintain sanitary precautions with proper handwashing and hygiene. - Can I get COVID from a blood transfusion? There is no evidence that transmission can occur from a blood transfusion. - Can I get COVID from sexual intercourse? Again, there is no evidence the infection is sexually transmitted. - Can I get COVID from animals? Some scientists believe the infection jumped from bats to humans. There are reports that humans have spread the virus to pets such as cats and dogs.
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Secretary of State John Kerry on Saturday urged leaders from around the world to agree to strong measures to address climate change. The speech comes just six weeks before a United Nations conference that diplomats expect to yield the most significant international agreement on the issue ever reached. In his address, Kerry joined a chorus of climate change advocates who paint the negotiations as an opportunity to transition the world to a low-carbon economy in which investment dollars flow into renewable energy sources and other technology to stem global warming. “We need every country on the same page, all pushing for an ambitious, durable, and inclusive agreement that will finally put us on the path towards a global clean-energy future,” Kerry said in a speech in Milan. “Failure is not an option. ”
Kerry dismissed the notion that climate change can be addressed by future generations, arguing that global security hangs in the balance of the negotiations. Specifically, he pointed the refugee crisis in Syria as a situation that has been exacerbated by climate change. In the future, drought and sea-level rise will have even more dramatic impacts barring action, Kerry said. “I’m not telling you that the crisis in Syria was caused by climate change,” he said. “But the devastating drought clearly made a bad situation a lot worse. ”
The U.N. conference, which begins next month, has been described as the last opportunity to craft an agreement that will forestall some of the worst effects of climate change. Over the past several months, countries from around the world have submitted plans to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in the coming decades. An agreement at this year’s conference aims to build upon those commitments and create a structure to monitor and improve upon them.
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“What is a flame? ”
That’s what an 11-year-old Alan Alda asked his teacher 65 years ago. Today, the famed actor, founding member of the Stony Brook University School of Journalism’s Center for Communicating Science and Visiting Professor in the School of Journalism is still waiting for a clear answer. To get it, in a guest editorial in the March 2 issue of Science, Alda issued “The Flame Challenge” to scientists: give an 11-year-old-friendly explanation of what a flame is. Alda’s hope is that today’s researchers are better equipped to communicate knowledge and instill a love of science in children. “The natural curiosity of a child can be both the beginning of the next generation of science, and a stimulating challenge for this generation’s scientists to communicate with clarity and imagination,” Alda said. This editorial challenge began the month-long contest wherein submissions will be judged by a panel of 11-year-olds, after a panel of scientists evaluates them for scientific accuracy. The contest is open for entries, including from the Brookhaven Lab community, from March 2 to April 2. The submissions may be in writing, video, or graphics, playful or serious, as long as they are accurate and connect with the young judges. The winners will be announced in June. For more information and entry forms, visit www. FlameChallenge. org. “We’re also asking children to email us with other questions they would like scientists to answer,” said Elizabeth Bass, Director of the Center for Communicating Science. “We’ll select one for our next Flame Challenge. This is a fun way to help both scientists and kids learn new things about science. ” Questions can be emailed to email@example. com. This contest is not Brookhaven’s first interaction with Alda and Stony Brook’s School of Journalism. At an April 2010 workshop at the Lab, Alda worked with Brookhaven Lab scientists to help improve their communication with the public about their research, about how science works, and why it matters. And the Lab, with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, gives students in SBU’s Master of Science Program in Journalism, a graduate program focused on coverage of health, the environment, science and technology, access to advanced research and leading scientists. The Flame Challenge is sponsored by the Center for Communicating Science, which is dedicated to helping current and future scientists learn to communicate clearly with the public, giving workshops and presentations for scientists at universities, laboratories and meetings around the country. At Stony Brook, the Center for Communicating Science has developed a series of innovative Communicating Science courses being taken for credit by master’s and Ph.D. students from more than a dozen science disciplines. 2012-2920 INT/EXT | Media & Communications Office
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Child schooling, child health and rainfall shocks: evidence from rural Vietnam
AbstractWe study the effect of early life conditions, proxied by rainfall shocks, on schooling and height in rural Vietnam. Our measure of rainfall shock is defined as deviations from the long-run average. Many Vietnamese rural dwellers engage in rain-fed crop production, mostly irrigated paddy rice. Sufficient annual rainfall could play an important role in the harvest and thus, the household income. Nutritional deficiencies resulting from the household's income shocks may have negative consequences on health. We find that a negative rainfall shock during gestation delays school entry and slows progress through school. In addition, a negative rainfall shock in the third year of life affects adversely both schooling and height. The effects differ by region in ways that reflect differing constraints on families that are shaped by regional economic heterogeneity. We predict that policies that help rural families smooth income shocks will result in increases in human capital and in substantial cumulative returns in productivity over the life course. Download InfoIf you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large. Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany in its series MPIDR Working Papers with number WP-2011-011. Length: 29 pages
Date of creation: Jul 2011
Date of revision:
Contact details of provider:
Web page: http://www.demogr.mpg.de/
Vietnam; child nutrition; early childhood; school enrollment;
Find related papers by JEL classification:
- J1 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics
- Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
- NEP-AGR-2011-07-27 (Agricultural Economics)
- NEP-ALL-2011-07-27 (All new papers)
- NEP-DEM-2011-07-27 (Demographic Economics)
- NEP-DEV-2011-07-27 (Development)
- NEP-HEA-2011-07-27 (Health Economics)
- NEP-LAB-2011-07-27 (Labour Economics)
- NEP-SEA-2011-07-27 (South East Asia)
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments. :
- Strauss, J. & Thomas, D., 1995. "Health, Nutrition and Economic development,"
Papers, RAND - Labor and Population Program
95-23, RAND - Labor and Population Program.
- John Strauss & Duncan Thomas, 1998. "Health, Nutrition, and Economic Development," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, American Economic Association, vol. 36(2), pages 766-817, June.
- Harold Alderman & Johannes Hoogeveen & Mariacristina Rossi, 2008. "Preschool Nutrition and Subsequent Schooling Attainment: Longitudinal Evidence from Tanzania,"
CeRP Working Papers
75, Center for Research on Pensions and Welfare Policies, Turin (Italy). - Harold Alderman & Hans Hoogeveen & Mariacristina Rossi, 2009. "Preschool Nutrition and Subsequent Schooling Attainment: Longitudinal Evidence from Tanzania," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, University of Chicago Press, vol. 57(2), pages 239-260, 01. - Harold Alderman & John Hoddinott & Bill Kinsey, 2006. "Long term consequences of early childhood malnutrition,"
Oxford Economic Papers,
Oxford University Press, vol. 58(3), pages 450-474, July.
- Alderman,Harold & Hoddinott, John & Kinsey, Bill, 2003. "Long-term consequences of early childhood malnutrition," FCND briefs, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 168, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). - Harold Alderman & John Hoddinott & Bill Kinsey, 2004. "Long Term Consequences Of Early Childhood Malnutrition," HiCN Working Papers 09, Households in Conflict Network.
- Alderman,Harold & Hoddinott, John & Kinsey, Bill, 2003. "Long-term consequences of early childhood malnutrition," FCND discussion papers, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 168, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). - Glewwe, Paul & Jacoby, Hanan G, 1995. "An Economic Analysis of Delayed Primary School Enrollment in a Low Income Country: The Role of Early Childhood Nutrition," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 77(1), pages 156-69, February.
- Carlos Bozzoli & Angus Deaton & Climent Quintana, 2008. "Adult height and childhood disease,"
- Carlos Bozzoli & Angus Deaton & Climent Quintana-Domeque, 2008. "Adult height and childhood disease," Working Papers, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Research Program in Development Studies. 1119, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Research Program in Development Studies.. - Paul Glewwe & Nisha Agrawal & David Dollar, 2004. "Economic Growth, Poverty, and Household Welfare in Vietnam," World Bank Publications, The World Bank, number 15010, August.
- Sharon Maccini & Dean Yang, 2009. "Under the Weather: Health, Schooling, and Economic Consequences of Early-Life Rainfall,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association,
American Economic Association, vol. 99(3), pages 1006-26, June.
- Sharon L. Maccini & Dean Yang, 2008. "Under the Weather: Health, Schooling, and Economic Consequences of Early-Life Rainfall," NBER Working Papers 14031, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Harold Alderman & Jere R. Behrman & Victor Lavy & Rekha Menon, 2001. "Child Health and School Enrollment: A Longitudinal Analysis," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 36(1), pages 185-205. - Hoddinott, John & Kinsey, Bill, 2001. " Child Growth in the Time of Drought," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 63(4), pages 409-36, September.
- Glewwe, Paul & Jacoby, Hanan G. & King, Elizabeth M., 2001. "Early childhood nutrition and academic achievement: a longitudinal analysis," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, Elsevier, vol. 81(3), pages 345-368, September.
- David I. Levine & Dean Yang, 2014. "The Impact of Rainfall on Rice Output in Indonesia," NBER Working Papers 20302, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Peter Wilhelm). If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.
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003_6617376
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Conductive Education was developed in Hungary in 1945 by Dr. Andras Peto.
The goal of a Conductive Education program is to enable a motor-disabled person to function independently, not only physically, but also academically and socially as well. The main feature that differentiates conductive education from traditional therapies is that one to two conductors provide several types of integrated activities, such as education, gross and small motor development, and speech therapy, simultaneously. The Conductive Education Center of Metro Detroit (CECMD) - - a 501c(3) non-profit organization - - was incorporated in June 1999 by this group of parents of children with cerebral palsy. The result was the CECMD, which has been providing Conductive Education, at no charge, to children since September 1999. The gains seen are positively life changing.
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Auchinleck was educated at Wellington College and graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He joined the Indian Army in 1904 aged 20. He served in Egypt and Palestine during World War One and he progressed through the commissioned ranks gaining a reputation for efficiency. In World War Two, he commanded the British forces at Narvik in Norway. This was a failure and the British had to pull out. Early in 1941, Auchinleck was sent out to India to command forces out there. In July 1941, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Allied forces in the Middle East, taking over from Wavell
Throughout the rest of 1941, ‘the Auk’ was reasonably successful taking all of Cyrenaica by the end of 1941. However, he was up against the ‘Desert Fox’ – Rommel
By June 1942, Rommel had regained all the land captured by Auchinleck and the Allies created a formidable defensive barrier around the small town of El Alamein. Though the Allies won the first battle of El Alamein, Churchill was not convinced that Auchinleck had the necessary qualities to lead men towards final victory in North Africa. He was dismissed and replaced by Montgomery
In 1943, Auchinleck was made commander-in-chief of the forces in India and was promoted to field marshall. After World War Two, he served as supreme commander in India and Pakistan during the lead up to independence for both countries. However, he was accused of being too much in favour of the Pakistanis and destabilising the region. Auchinleck resigned and retired to Marrakech in Morocco.
- 2nd Lieutenant: 21st January, 1903
- Lieutenant: 15th December, 1905
- Captain 21st January, 1912
- Major: 21st January, 1918
- Lieutenant-Colonel: 21st January, 1929
- Colonel: 1st February, 1930
- Major-General: 30th November, 1935
- Lieutenant-General: 16th March,1940
- General: 26th December, 1940
- Field Marshal: 1st June, 1946
Retired: 1st December, 1947
Do you have more information about this person? Inform us!
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002_3104028
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Employers Are Responsible for Monitoring Asbestos in the Construction Industry
Asbestos is a fiber composed of a set of six naturally occurring minerals. Historically, it was mined and used to produce industrial and insulating materials because of its resistance to fire, heat, and chemical damage. It is also affordable to produce and has desirable sound absorption and tensile strength properties. However, as early as the 1930s, it was discovered that exposure to asbestos causes severe health problems. Asbestos fibers can enter the body when a person ingests or inhales airborne particles. The particles then become embedded in the digestive or respiratory systems. Most often, asbestos exposure can cause mesothelioma, a rare form of cancer affecting the protective lining that covers many internal organs. Workers in the construction industry have a higher risk of encountering asbestos-containing materials. For this reason, asbestos standards in the construction industry are closely regulated, particularly for the following activities:
- Removing asbestos-containing material
- Demolishing structures where asbestos is present
- Installing asbestos-containing products
- Cleaning up asbestos spills
- Transporting/disposing of asbestos-containing products
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established strict exposure limits for these activities, and employers are required to conduct exposure assessments. These assessments must be conducted using breathing zone air samples representing full-shift exposure in each work area. In addition, all construction sites with asbestos operations must have a designated competent person on site capable of identifying and correcting asbestos hazards. If an employer fails to perform these safety measures, they may be held liable for any asbestos-related disease contracted by employees. If you are suffering from an asbestos-related disease from exposure in the workplace, you may be able to seek compensation. Consult an experienced Philadelphia asbestos attorney as soon as possible.
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The Village of Apia still exists within the city with its own Matai (chiefly leaders). Apia was built round a natural harbour, which became famous in 1889 when a typhoon was approaching and seven US, German and British ships refused to leave it, lest they lose face. All but one British vessel were sunk. 28 December 1929 was the date of Black Saturday. There had been civil unrest from Mau independence demonstrators, who paraded through Apia to welcome the return from exile of E.W. Gurr and A.G. Smyth (who had been deemed to stir up Mau risings). The Administrator, Colonel Sir Stephen Allen (1882-1964), decided to clamp down and arrested one of their leaders. Violent clashes ensued in which 11 Samoans and one policeman was killed – in front of the old Courthouse. Amongst them was the independence leader and paramount chief, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III (1901-29) who, with two other chiefs, was trying to restore peace. Before he died, he told his followers: ‘My blood has been spilt for Sãmoa. I am proud to give it. Do not dream of avenging it as it is spilt in maintaining peace. If I die, peace must be maintained at any price. ’ This contrasted to the attitude of Commodore Blake, of the Marines, who described the Sãmoans as behaving like sulky children: ‘There is no alternative, therefore, but to treat him roughly … force is the only thing which will appeal to the Sãmoan …’ In 2002 the New Zealand Prime Minister, Helen Clark, issued an apology for the wrongdoings of the then colonial administration. The old Courthouse stood in Apia until May 2020 when it was demolished, despite being on the World Monuments Watch. Built-in 1902 by the Germans, it was later an administrative centre. It had historical significance because here, on 30 August 1914, the German flag was lowered and the British raised. It was one of the last surviving colonial structures in the South Pacific.
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010_7158546
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Ben O'Neill has written a superb piece on the excellent Von Mises website about the Victorian Bushfires. Here is a brief synopsis of his arguments. Click here to read the full paper. Australia last month experienced its most devastating bushfires in history. Fires raged in the state of Victoria on an unprecedented scale, killing over 200 people and destroying 1,834 homes. By comparison the 1983 “Ash Wednesday" bushfire killed 75 people and back in 1939 on “Black Friday" 71 people died. In fact, in all previous such fires - since reporting of bushfires started in the 17th century - a total of 642 have perished. The immediate possible causes of the fires include arson, discarded cigarette butts, faulty power lines and lightning strikes. However, these minor events escalated into infernos only because of extremely high fuel loads throughout the state's bushland. The reason? For years, local governments have neglected to manage fire hazards on their land in order to be faithful to the principles of environmentalism — a philosophy that contends that nature has intrinsic value that must be preserved, regardless of any use it has to man. The result has been that people have sacrificed their prosperity and even survival in an attempt to preserve the unspoiled sanctity of nature.
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Martin Folly’s book “The United States and the World War II: The Awakening Giant” is a famous book that encompasses more of human empathy at a time when the USA was involved in the Second War of the World. The thesis of this book is in regard to the military, social-political, diplomatic as well as the diplomatic impacts of the second world war. These are the core concerns that the book tries to convey. Evidently, the publication has covered and integrated the social issues to into the greater military narrative as well as other political perspectives that are aligned through the predominant theme of the changing impacts of the world war in the USA. This aspect of the book makes the book more appealing and compelling to read from the reader’s angle. The thesis convinces the readers that there is an association as well an interplay between the diplomatic position of the military and the people at larger and social welfare. While reading the book, the reader only hopes that individuals involved in this way gets justice. In accomplishing the intended message of the book, there are numerous techniques that Martin Folly has applied. To begin with, the chronological approach of the book is accurate. This method has ascertained that information presented in the book is disseminated and narrated throughout history as it happened without necessarily leaving a single detail. Therefore, the book’s convincing nature is also encompassed through the unique narrative history method that not only creates but also highlights and emphasizes on the critical thematic links that runs throughout the book. The book has also utilized materials to substantiate the arguments presented by the book and this significantly contributes in enlivening the whole text. Important to note, all the historiographical contexts concerns that are impeccably addressed in one of the most appropriate and effective methods as demonstrated through the historical narrative. Another imperative aspect of the book that makes it more convincing is the aspect of coverage. The coverage in this book is more broad as well as covers a range of issues particularly those regarding to the Second World War as well as the subsequent impacts on the social, political and economic impacts on the USA. For example, the book has initiated its narrative back from the early 1930s. Throughout the book, it has extensively showcased a unique comprehension of the second World War as a changing and transforming historical event that necessitates real discussions on the USA state of affairs. This impressive historical presentation flow by the book comes to an end by the author considering and assessing the legacy the war had on the United States as well as in regard to the sustained significance of the war in the contemporary age. In respect to the type and credibility of the sources used, majority of the sources have used authors with appropriate and actual credentials. This is impressing and important as it ascertains and reassures the readers to this book that the sources of information that the author gathered and combined data from are knowledgeable and understands issues regarding Second World War and the USA. Additionally, I feel that the evidence presented by the book is not only sufficient but also illustrative and relevant. This is because; all the assumptions made by the author in the beginning of the book have been validated at one point in the context of the book. Generally, the overall impression of this book is impressive and professional. All issues pertaining to the look of a good read have been addressed within the context of the book. The medium of message conveyance is also effective. I would propose this book to many future readers. Free essay samples and research paper examples available online are plagiarized. They cannot be used as your own paper, even a part of it. You can order a high-quality custom essay on your topic from expert writers:
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Brian Liebel, Illuminating Engineering Society
917. 855. 1065 | [email protected]
Ruskin Hartley, International Dark-Sky Association
415. 238. 1325 | [email protected]
IDA and IES announce strategic collaboration to advance quality lighting to reduce light pollution
New York, NY, April 16, 2020 — The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) and the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) announce a strategic collaboration to address the global issue of light pollution that negatively affects our environment and the human condition. The Boards of Directors of IDA and IES have unanimously adopted Five Principles for Responsible Outdoor Lighting. By joining forces, IDA and IES seek to guide the outdoor lighting industry in the U.S. and beyond to be more socially and environmentally responsible. “The Five Principles for Responsible Outdoor Lighting that unite our organizations are based on simple ideas; limit light at night to where and when it is needed, don’t overlight, and be sensitive to environmental concerns,” said Brian Liebel, Director of Standards and Research for the IES. “Following these Principles is not difficult and results in more effective and comfortable lighting installations. ”
In recent years, light pollution has increased globally by two percent per year. The indiscriminate use of electric lighting at night leads to at least $3BN in wasted energy in the U.S. alone. This wasted light can harm wildlife, imperil important astronomical research, and can obscure our view of the star-filled sky. “By following these simple principles, electric lighting at night can be beautiful, healthy, and functional. These principles work together to reduce light pollution, save energy and money, and minimize wildlife disruption,” said Ruskin Hartley, Executive Director of IDA. Future avenues for engagement between the two organizations include convening experts to advance a new metric to characterize the color quality of outdoor electrical lighting, assessing and updating the Model Lighting Ordinance adopted by IDA and IES in 2011, and working to educate and inform municipalities and individuals about how these principles can be applied to save money and advance quality lighting that protects the night. About the International Dark-Sky Association: Our volunteer advocates work in 32 countries on six continents to protect the night from light pollution and celebrate the many benefits of a dark, star-filled sky. Learn more at www. darksky. org
About the Illuminating Engineering Society: Established in 1906, the IES is the recognized technical and educational authority on illumination. The strength of the IES is its diversified membership including engineers, architects, designers, educators, students, contractors, distributors, utility personnel, manufacturers, and scientists in 64 countries all contributing to the mission of the Society: to improve the lighted environment by bringing together those with lighting knowledge and by translating that knowledge into actions that benefit the public. The IES is a 501(c)(3) non-profit professional society.
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Zoonotic diseases of sheep and goats (Proceedings)
Many sheep and goat producers are unaware of zoonotic diseases that can be passed from animals to man. Some zoonoses such as pinkeye or soremouth cause symptoms in the host animal so that the producer knows the animal is ill, but he may not realize that the disease could be transmitted to himself or his family. Other zoonotic diseases such as campylobacter enteritis or Q fever often do not cause symptoms in sheep or goats and the producer may not take adequate precautions to prevent transmission. Some zoonoses are transmitted directly from the animal to producer, while others are passed indirectly through fomites such as milk, meat, or fiber. The incidence of rabies has steadily risen in the United States over the past few years due to epizootics in raccoons, skunks, foxes and coyotes. In 2001, 322 cases of rabies were diagnosed in California including one cat, one horse, 151 skunks, 2 foxes, 166 bats and 1 human. Between January and September 2008, there were 18 confirmed cases of rabies in skunks in Colorado when historically there have not been any cases of terrestrial rabies in that state. The DNA type of the virus involved in these skunk rabies cases indicated that they originated in Texas. Recently 24 dogs and cats adopted by soldiers in Iraq entered the United States without proper proof of rabies vaccination and at least one dog in that shipment died of rabies after importation. As the incidence of rabies in wild life has increased, the number of documented cases of rabies in sheep and goats has also risen and this has lead to an increased exposure for humans. In 1996, a rabid goat at a New York County Fair exposed more than 2700 people, and more than 400 people received prophylaxis at a cost exceeding $1000 per person. Public health officials stress the need to vaccinate domestic pets and livestock against rabies to provide a safety barrier between wild animals and man. There are currently four rabies vaccines licensed and labeled for use in sheep, but no vaccines are labeled for use in goats or camelids in this country. Each state veterinarian is responsible for determining what regulations apply for species for which there is no legal vaccine. Some state veterinarians have ruled that exhibited goats must be vaccinated, while others require exposed animals to be euthanized and tested for rabies. The CDC Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control recommends that all animals in petting zoos or for exhibition be vaccinated for rabies. Reports of rabies in goats are rare, but the furious form of rabies appears to be more common. Symptoms in goats include aggressive behavior, excessive bleating, and salivation following an incubation period of one to five days. Cases of rabies in sheep appear more similar to rabies in cattle with an average incubation period of ten days. Rabid sheep exhibit muzzle and head tremors, aggressiveness, hyperexcitability, hyperesthesia, salivation, vocalization and recumbancy. There is no treatment for rabies in animals and treatment for exposed humans must be undertaken before clinical symptoms appear. With only one exception, all cases of rabies are fatal once clinical symptoms develop. When examining a sheep or goat with neurologic symptoms, remember that the affected animal might have rabies and wear disposable gloves to examine the oral cavity. Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of food-borne illness in man and there are more cases of campylobacteriosis diagnosed each year than those of shigella and salmonella combined. One study revealed that approximately 45% of fecal samples from normal sheep and goats contained C. jejuni. The organism can be transmitted through fecal contamination of milk or by handling aborted fetuses and membranes. Many human outbreaks with sudden onset of severe nausea, cramps, vomiting, and fluid diarrhea have been traced to consumption of raw goat milk. Human infection with this organism can lead to Guillan Barre Syndrome, and pregnant women should not have contact with aborting sheep or goats. Food-borne illness caused by campylobacter is usually prevented through washing hands, wearing disposable gloves when handling aborted fetuses or membranes, and consuming only pasteurized milk and dairy products. Transmission of Campylobacter from animal to man can be reduced through improving sanitation of the sheep or goats. Clipping the hair on the udder and belly of lactating animals, frequent cleaning of the animal housing, thorough cleaning of the teats prior to milking, and use of pre-milking iodine dip help reduce transmission of this bacteria through milk. Use of disposable gloves and face masks during pen cleaning and assistance with birthing also reduces transmission of this agent. Herds that experience abortion due to Campylobacter jejuni should vaccinate prior to breeding, and there is anecdotal evidence that feeding chlortetracycline to pregnant sheep and goats may decrease the incidence of abortion due to this microbe.
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008_5041730
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Definition of Nepal
1. Noun. A small landlocked Asian country high in the Himalayas between India and China.
Geographical relationships: Khukuri, Hindooism, Hinduism
Generic synonyms: Asian Country, Asian Nation
Terms within: Capital Of Nepal, Kathmandu, Katmandu, Anapurna, Annapurna, Changtzu, Dhaulagiri, Everest, Mount Everest, Mt. Everest, Himalaya, Himalaya Mountains, Himalayas, Kanchanjanga, Kanchenjunga, Kinchinjunga, Mount Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Nuptse
Group relationships: Asia
Member holonyms: Nepalese, Nepali, Sherpa
Definition of Nepal
1. Proper noun. A country in South Asia between China and India. Official Name: Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary. com
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Nepal Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Nepal
Literary usage of Nepal
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General by Thomas Spencer Baynes (1888)
"It was said that he protected the temple in the Gaulish invasion. nepal . . . The third is a group of smaller rivers draining the great valley of nepal, . . . "
2. Narratives of the mission of George Bogle to Tibet, and of the journey of by George Bogle, Clements R. Markham, Thomas Manning (1876)
"Dr. Hamilton's work on nepal is illustrated by a " Map of the Dominions of the . . . Mr. Brian Hodgson's physical map of nepal, showing the river systems, . . . "
3. The Imperial Gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter (1886)
"Strictly speaking, the name nepal applies only to the valley in which Khatmandu is . . . nepal lies, with an inclination from north-west to south-east, . . . "
4. Report of the Annual Meeting (1860)
"Local mean solar time has been used throughout. " Report on a Series of Skulls of various Tribes of Mankind Inhabiting nepal, collected, and presented to the . . . "
5. The Journal of Botany: Being a Second Series of the Botanical Miscellany by William Jackson Hooker (1840)
"Hook, in Schwaegr. Suppl. L 214. Wall. Cat. n. 7601. —HAB. nepal. 62. . . . nepal—An inch in height, of a brilliant shining green. . . . "
6. A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and by India Foreign and Political Dept (1892)
"Commercial Treaty concluded with nepal, dated 1st March 1792 . 166 LIII. —Treaty with nepal for the establishment of a Residency at Khat- mandu, dated 1801 . . . . "
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Recently the American magazine The National Interest published an article about the Russian nuclear submarine fifth generation project 545, after which this submarine was again in the spotlight. What does it represent? The transition from “Husky” to “Husky”
Nuclear submarine of the fifth generation project 545 was developed by the Russian design Bureau “malachite”. In December 2014 it was announced that the design Bureau “malachite” is developing a nuclear submarine of the new type, and in 2016 was announced I called it “Husky”. In August 2016 JSC “SPMDB “Malahit”” signed a contract with the Ministry of defense of Russia for the development of a new submarine, and in April 2018 chief engineer of “Malachite” Vladimir Dorofeyev said that the preliminary design of a new model of advanced nuclear submarine has been completed. At the end of 2018 “malachite” finished the main scientific research work on the development of the nuclear submarine “Husky”, despite the fact that the results were generally approved by the Ministry of defense of Russia, the Russian military was not very pleased with “Husky”. So in April 2019 design Bureau Malakhit has announced that it is launching the next stage of the research work on the atomic submarine project 545, which received the code name “Husky” (Laika is the name of the famous breed of dogs in Russia), and differs significantly from the previous draft. 24 Dec 2019 model of the future nuclear submarine of the fifth generation project 545 appeared to show the enlarged meeting of the Collegium of the Ministry of defense of Russia in Moscow. Although Vice-Admiral of the Russian Navy, rear Admiral Victor bursuk said in 2017, the construction of nuclear submarines of the fifth generation will begin in the period from 2023 to 2024, however based on the pace of development at the present time, it is expected that the submarine will be launched in the construction between 2027 and 2030. “Likes” will be armed to the teeth
It is reported that a displacement of a nuclear submarine under the designation of “Likes” will be about 11340 tons, the speed is about 35 knots, and the autonomy of the submarine for the supply of provisions will be 90 days, while maximum diving depth of the submarine 600 metres. The case of submarines of this type will be covered with several layers of composite materials having sound-absorbing property. Main wheel, tail blades, anti-slip fin, mast, screws and shafting will also be made of composite materials to reduce weight and noise of the submarine. The noise of the submarine should be smaller than the nuclear submarine project “Yasen”, the new type will be equipped with a single integrated command and control system with artificial intelligence. It is also reported that the submarine project “Laika” will be equipped with a new reactor with liquid metal coolant. Compared to water-cooled nuclear reactors, which were equipped with submarines of the second generation, the ratio of power to mass of the new reactor will be increased in 1,5-2,5 times, and the usability is doubled, but its power consumption is also significantly higher. It is expected that the new submarine will have been in operation for 52 years. Nuclear submarine “Likes” can carry various weapons, mainly: winged missiles 3M-14 “Caliber”, hypersonic missiles ZM-22 “Zircon”, anti-ship missiles 3M-55 Oniks, portable anti-aircraft missile complex “Igla” rocket 81РУ “Answer”, underwater missiles, Predator torpedoes “Fizik-1”, torpedoes USET-80, protivorechii “Lasta” mini-rocket PMR-2 mines-torpedoes MTPK-1. You can tell that the “Husky” armed to the teeth. The tasks of the Russian Navy nuclear submarine project 545, “Likes” must be a multi-purpose submarine with a modular design. On the design drawings published by the Russian side, it is seen that along the body “Likes” between the aft part of command room and stern are system vertical launch cruise missiles, the main weapons which are cruise missiles “Caliber”, anti-ship missiles “Onyx” and hypersonic missiles ZM-22 “Zircon”. In addition, it is reported that if necessary, the system of vertical launch cruise missiles can be replaced by a module launch ballistic missiles to “Husky” could “transform itself” from the rocket underwater cruiser of strategic purpose in multi-purpose attack submarine. Nuclear submarines equipped with ballistic missiles usually are on combat duty in open waters, whereas multi-purpose nuclear submarines armed with cruise missiles, are often used to perform Supervisory tasks. The Navy usually sends submarines only one type to complete tasks, so if the sub can be repeatedly to transform from one type to another by replacing the combat module, it significantly reduces the total number of submarines on missions, the number of sailors and maintenance personnel can also be reduced, thus saving a lot of money. However, it is believed that although the modular theory is advanced, in practice, replacement of combat units and equipment is a rather complicated matter, requiring a lot of money and power. In addition, submarines of project 545 have a low tonnage, so theoretically they find it difficult to place a sufficient number of ballistic missiles. Thus, it is not clear whether the submarine under the designation of “Likes” to be multi-purpose.
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- Poster presentation
- Open Access
Oral tolerance induction with heated egg in childrena and adolescents
Clinical and Translational Allergy volume 3, Article number: P12 (2013)
The oral tolerance induction to egg (OTI) is a promising treatment modality for egg allergy. Several small pilot studies have been published using different protocols and only one positive double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge have proved efficacy and relatively good tolerance. In all of them raw egg has been used. Recent studies suggest that a diet with heated egg in patients allergic to regular egg but tolerant to heated egg induces immunological changes that can accelerate their allergy’s resolution. In addition very recent information in murine models shows that extensively heating egg allergen decreases allergenicity and increases safety while still retaining the ability to induce effective desensitization. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that OTI with cooked egg with is a simple and reproducible method to achieve a desensitization or egg tolerance in the future in a safer, more comfortable and probably more effective way. 14 patients from 7 to 14 year-old patients with a positive food challenge with boiled egg were selected for our protocol using a mixture of milk and heated egg with an approximate concentration of 350 mg egg/ml. OTI was performed with weekly increasing doses until the ingestion of one egg in omelette. Then the patients continued with the ingestion of at least 3 eggs weekly. All 14 patients completed the protocol. Reactions presented during the process were mild without requiring any treatment in the most of patients and only one of them required adrenaline. Mean duration of OTI was 16 weeks. No one experienced reactions during the maintenance period at home. After 6 months of regular intake of heated egg a decrease of the specific IgE(sIgE) to ovalbumin and ovomucoid was noted but in a significant way only for the ovomucoid-sIgE. The OTI with heated egg could be a safe and effective way to achieve desensitization or oral tolerance to egg. Evaluating IgE levels all along the protocol suggest that immunologic changes are similar to those reached with OIT using raw egg. Disclosure of interest
Calvani M: Specific oral tolerance induction for food. A systematic review. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010, 42 (1): 11-9. Leonard SA: Oral immunotherapy induces local protective mechanisms in the gastrointestinal mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012, 129 (6): 1579-1587. 10. 1016/j. jaci. 2012. 04. 009. Martos G: Mechanisms underlying differential food allergy response to heated egg. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011, 127 (4): 990-7. 10. 1016/j. jaci. 2011. 01. 057. About this article
Cite this article
Villafana, L., Terrados, S., Ibrahim, A. et al. Oral tolerance induction with heated egg in childrena and adolescents. Clin Transl Allergy 3, P12 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-7022-3-S3-P12
- Maintenance Period
- Food Challenge
- Small Pilot Study
- Immunologic Change
- Regular Intake
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Narrative:Takeoff was initiated on runway 3C (8,500 feet by 200 feet, wet). The flight crew reported that at an airspeed of approximately 110 knots, the nose of the airplane began to lift off. The captain attempted to lower the nose, however, the airplane was unresponsive. The airplane became airborne and climbed to an altitude of 20 to 30 feet above the runway. The captain reduced the power on both engines and the airplane settled to the runway, striking the tail. The airplane traveled approximately 700 feet off the end of the runway where it came to rest in the muddy terrain. An emergency evacuation was performed during which the L2 evacuation slide did not deploy. During the investigation, NTSB determined that the airplane was loaded so that its center of gravity (CG), although within limits, was in the aft region of the permissible range. Further, the flight crew had incorrectly set the trim for the trimmable horizontal stabilizer (THS) at -1. 7░UP (airplane nose up). This setting resulted in a pitch-up trim condition. The proper trim setting, 1. 7░DN (airplane nose down), would have resulted in a correct trim condition for the way the airplane was loaded. The improperly set trim caused the nose of the airplane to lift off the runway prematurely. PROBABLE CAUSE: "The pilot induced oscillations and the delay in aborting the takeoff. Factors associated with the accident were the first officer used an improper trim setting and the captain did not identify and correct the setting during the taxi checklist, and the wet runway conditions. "
» NTSB id CHI01FA104
Follow-up / safety actions
This map shows the airport of departure and the intended destination of the flight. The line between the airports does not
display the exact flight path. Distance from Detroit-Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, MI to Miami International Airport, FL as the crow flies is 1834 km (1146 miles).
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Egypt, also known as Masr, is one of the most ancient countries in the world. The Egyptians are a people as proud as their country is old. The native people here can trace their lineage all the way back to Noah. One of Noah’s grandson’s, Mizraim, migrated and ended up living along the Nile River in what is now known as Egypt, and the name Masr originates from his name. Through centuries of change, the heart of the people has stayed the same. Over 1300 years ago Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, who lived from June 661AD to 714AD, had this to say about the Egyptians while classifying the Arabs in his will:
“They are the killers of the tyrants and they demolish every unfair nation. If someone with good intentions came to them, they carry him as a mother carries her son, and if someone comes with bad intentions to them, they eat him as the fire eats the wood. They are a nation of patience and strength, but don’t underestimate their patience and kindness because if they loved a man from their hearts they won’t leave him except that he has a crown above his head and if they hate a person, they don’t leave him except that they chop his head off. So be aware of their anger because if it ignites only God can put it down. Treat them well and take from them their soldiers, because their soldiers are one of the best in the world and be aware of three things:
1. Don’t touch their women, because if you do they will eat you as the lion eats its prey. 2. Don’t touch their land, because if you fight in it, its mountains will fight you. 3. Don’t touch their religion or they will burn your world. ”
This is still very true even today. Patience is one of the greatest strengths that the Egyptian people have. They will take and take and suffer great loss and say nothing, and will endure hardships and trials to a fault. This last January was not the first protest in Egypt; many others have happened before, but were generally not very large as most people feared retribution from a government known for its brutality. The difference between now and then is that now the Egyptians’ patience has run out. It took over 30 years of corruption and oppression for the people to finally say “enough is enough”. Yet in this time of unease, no matter what the media may say, Egypt is one of the safest places in the world, no matter what your race, sex or religion. Some may say that since I live here as an Egyptian (I wear traditional clothes and a hijab, as I am Muslim) that I am treated differently, so we’ll look at Secretary of State, Hilary Clinton. She came to Tahrir Square on March 15, 2011, at the height of the revolution. Yes, she had bodyguards (she doesn’t go anywhere in the States without bodyguards), but do you think a few armed men could have stopped thousands of angry people if they had really wanted to hurt her? Also, Senator John Kerry visited Egypt on March 20, 2011 and also walked through Tahrir Square and stopped to eat some Koshary from a local restaurant. The truth is, the Egyptian people love Americans, Europeans, Jews, basically any foreigner from any country. They just may not like the government of the country you come from (not many people like their own governments these days), but they’ll love you especially if you show them respect and kindness. Before I moved here, I lived on the edge of Shasta Lake City, just off Oasis Road by the Oasis Fun Center. I would not have sent my 9 year old to go play there alone; it’s just too scary these days. So it freaked me out when my fiancé, at the time, sent my daughter with his niece (she was only 4) down to the market the second day we were here. Kids here play outside and run to the store and their parents don’t give it a second thought, even if it’s after 9 p. m. They are safe here, and people know that. It took me a few weeks to relax because that is not something I would ever do in a city of less than 11,000 people, but here where there is almost 2 million where we live, you only have to worry that they may fall and get hurt. You know normal hurts, like a scraped knee or a bonked heads; not sexual assault, abuse, kidnapping or murder. As I write this it’s almost midnight, and if I needed to go get something from the local market right now, I’d be safe to walk there alone. This is Egypt.
Robyn Payne (aka Asmaa Ahmed) was born in Weaverville, California, and was raised in Mountain Gate. She graduated from Central Valley High School in 1988 and has lived all over the country since then, but always ended up back in Redding. A year ago she left Redding once again and now lives in Ain Helwan, Egypt, just south of Cairo, with her Egyptian husband and his family. She’s always enjoyed writing stories and poems and is a “just for fun” photographer
A News Cafe, founded in Shasta County by Redding, CA journalist Doni Greenberg, is the place for people craving local Northern California news, commentary, food, arts and entertainment. Views and opinions expressed here are not necessarily those of anewscafe. com.
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Butterfly experts have suspected for more than 150 years that vision plays a key role in explaining wing color diversity. Now, for the first time, research led by UC Irvine biologists proves this theory true – at least in nine Heliconius species. Butterflies that have a duplicate gene allowing them to see ultraviolet colors also have UV-yellow pigment on their wings, reports the study by UCI’s Adriana Briscoe, Seth Bybee and colleagues. The UV-yellow pigment may help the butterflies survive by facilitating the search for appropriate mates, which leaves more time for reproducing, eating and thriving. They’re not wasting their time chasing after the wrong mate, says Briscoe, associate professor of ecology & evolutionary biology and lead author of the study, published online recently in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Genetic link found between butterfly vision and wing colors
Butterfly experts have suspected for more than 150 years that vision plays a key role in explaining wing color diversity. …
February 19, 2010
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You have an ache or sharp pains around your teeth and gums that you just can’t shake. It usually gets aggravated when you chew, or when you eat/drink very cold or very hot things. It just won’t go away. So what’s going on? While it’s possible that your tooth and jaw pain could be symptomatic of something like an ear infection, or even a heart disease (heart attack or angina), chances are that you’re in need of some dental attention. First thing’s first: make an appointment with your dentist ASAP. You could have one of the following issues:
A Cavity or Abscess
A dental cavity (a hole in the two outer layers of the tooth) is the most common cause of toothache, and one that is quite easily corrected. Small, shallow cavities tend to be painless, while deeper ones can catch food debris and irritate the inner living part of the tooth. Severe injury to the inner tissue of the tooth can result in infection (or abscess). This is one of the prime reasons for regular dental check-ups so that cavities can be caught in the early, pain-free stages. Periodontal or gum disease is another common reason for a toothache. Gum disease is caused by severe inflammation of the gums and a loss of bone that holds your teeth in place; all as a result of plaque build-up. Again, in this case, the pain is symptomatic of a more advanced form of gum disease. Exposure of the lower two thirds of your teeth (the area that should be embedded in bone and protected by the gums) can cause extreme sensitivity resulting in a more consistent pain. This is generally referred to as ‘recession’ and can range from mild (in which a sensitive toothpaste is prescribed), to more serious (in which bonding agents or in some cases, root canals are necessary). If one (or many) of your teeth are broken (not as a result of a cavity or advanced gum disease), it is simply a cracked tooth requiring a crown, or depending on the severity, a full root canal. Broken teeth generally occur as a result of biting down on something hard. A great reason for not using your teeth as tools to open things or searching out olives in your salad! It is quite likely that your toothache would not be a mystery if you have suffered a recent blow to the head/face, but there are other disorders that can cause harm to the jaw joint and surrounding muscles such as arthritis, or severe and consistent grinding. Impaction or Eruption
When teeth are growing and moving, there can be associated pain. Eruption is when a tooth breaks the surface of the gums (as when it is growing in), and impaction refers to a tooth that has failed to emerge from its proper position; in this case, putting pressure on the surrounding teeth. It is important that you do not try to self-diagnose a toothache. As mentioned, while the pain is a likely result of one of these dental issues, there could be more serious problems at hand and you do not want to delay. Tooth pain will not go away on its own, so book that appointment!
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Thanks to the generosity of Thomas F. Peterson, Jr. ’57, the MIT Libraries will begin a project to digitize its Vail Balloon Print Collection. The prints are part of the Vail Collection, originally collected by George Dering, and purchased and given to the Institute in 1912 by Theodore Vail, former president of AT&T and member of the MIT Corporation.
Consisting of over 1200 items, the collection is replete with wonderful images providing visual documentation of man’s vision of flying vehicles and human flight. Images range from the fanciful to depictions of real events, such as the balloon sent up by the Montgolfier brothers in 1783. Broadsides, articles, and clippings recount the history of man’s efforts to fly over the last three centuries, relating or commenting on individual efforts – some celebratory and other detailing the fatal results of failures. The digitization of this premiere collection of prints will allow the world to better access these treasures; it is also a critical first step in their long-term preservation. The project will also serve as a model for future digitization projects within the Libraries.
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News is growing more negative. Research shows this is a a growing trend in political news and articles. Researchers argue that the political stories are commonly framed negatively, and the cynical coverage appears focused on the conflicting aspects of politics. However, is the increase of negative political coverage dictated by the newsrooms or is it a result of readers’ preferences for negativity? This is the issue studied by Marc Trussler at Vanderbilt University and Stuart Soroka at McGill University, who argue reader’s preferences (demand-side of news), is more important than news provider’s preferences (supply-side of news). They demonstrate that the readers, indeed, prefer the negative political news. According to Trussler and Soroka, the supply-side explanations concerning historical events such as Vietnam War and Watergate scandal that heralded the era of negative coverage within U.S. are unlikely factors to influence reader’s choices outside the United States. Similarly, the other explanation that newsrooms prioritize exciting information also does not fully explain the negativity of political coverage. These factors lead the researchers to the probe the reader’s behavior. Although, previous surveys suggested that the public does not enjoy negative news, in practice their behavior is often contrary to their own perception of such behavior. Therefore, to answer the research question, Trussler and Soroka have preferred to examine news choice directly, focusing on behavioral data instead of relying only on questionnaires. To observe the preferences, the researchers collected groups of up to six participants allowing them to freely choose from a set of news articles while concealing the true intent of the study from the readers. The articles were chosen from an artificially designed news database that included about 50 stories on Canadian politics among which 30 articles were randomly drawn and presented in a random order to each respondent on a Web page. Each of the article was coded for tone (positive, negative or neutral) and for topic (policy, strategy, neither). The findings highlight that negative stories were chosen 10. 5 percent of the time, compared with 9. 1 percent for neutral stories and 8. 5 for positive ones, as expected. Results also revealed that, despite the expectations, stories on political strategy were selected only 7. 6 percent of the time, while government policy stories 10. 5 percent of the time. The joint results also suggest that strategic stories are comparatively unpopular when they are positive, and that policy stories are most popular regardless of their tone. The researchers examined the relationship between observed behavior and stated preferences by asking the participants post-experiment whether media is too negative about politicians and politics and whether they would like to see more stories focused on polls and political competition. The findings from the answers to the survey questions show the disjuncture between attitudes and behavior noted in previous work. Thus, if a certain survey finds that media consumers want less negative stories, it does not necessarily mean that the respondents do that in practice. In conclusion, the researchers suggest the importance of concentrating on demand-based accounts of media content, and a focus on negative yet constructive political news. This approach plays an even greater role in the competitive Internet media environment where consumers’ choice is greater and the competition tougher. Thus, the balance between economic viability and journalistic integrity is a strategic challenge in news-making: Reporting objectively on politics and matching it with readers’ preferences. Source: Consumer Demand for Cynical and Negative News Frames by Marc Trussler and Stuart Soroka (The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18 March 2014)
Photo credit: marsmett tallahassee / Flickr Cc
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If you are looking for CBSE Class 8 Social Science Important Questions, then this page is it for you. Find important questions, most of which are likely to be repeated for your exam. We have provided the respective links in a table below in this article for you to access the chapter-wise important questions of all disciplines of Social Science such as History, Geography and Civics. These questions help students to revise the Chapters well and also to score well in the exams. Find the links in the table below. You can click on these to browse through the respective Important questions of CBSE Class 8 Social Science. All the critical concepts of every Chapter from each branch of Social Science are covered in these questions. We provide these CBSE Important Questions so that you can prepare for the exam by analyzing where you stand. Based on your performance, you can plan your studies and focus more on the area of the subject you are weak in. These important questions help the students to prepare most competently for the exam and score proficient marks. We also offer other study materials such as the CBSE Syllabus, previous year paper, CBSE Class 8 Sample Papers, CBSE extra questions and more.
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004_7191473
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The city of Tophet in the Valley of Hinnom has been given a much more comprehensive meaning after atrocities such as killing innocent children were performed there. Such acts were vehemently condemned by God.
The meaning of Tophet was changed from a place of suffering of the innocent to a place of perpetual suffering for those causing the suffering, or in fact, any transgression against God.
Tophet in the Old Testament was renamed Gehenna in the New Testament with the expanded meaning of an eternal place of fire and brimstone. Gehenna was now the final destination of the wicked after the great white throne judgment. The punishment in Gehenna involved both the body and the soul. Jesus spoke often of Gehenna and described it in detail. When speaking of repentance from sin:
“If your right eye causes you to sin, pluck it out and cast it from you; for it is more profitable for you that one of your members perish, than for your whole body to be cast into hell (Gehenna). ” Mathew 5:28-29
Shortly thereafter, Jesus confirmed that a much more serious problem was to lose both body and soul. “And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. But rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell (Gehenna). ” Matthew 10:28
When the wicked dies, their soul departs into hell (Hades) while the body rots in the grave. However, the wicked are resurrected, first to stand before the great white throne, and then to be cast into eternal torment. Daniel in the Old Testament confirmed the resurrection of the wicked as he was describing end time events. “And many (all) of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, some to shame and everlasting contempt. ” Daniel 12:2
The Hebrew word ‘shame’ means ‘reproach’ or ‘scorn. ’ Everlasting means ‘without end. ’ Contempt means ‘abomination’ or ‘abhorrence. ’
Therefore, the wicked are not only resurrected, but are then condemned to everlasting punishment. Jesus confirmed that significant fact. “Do not marvel at this; for the hour is coming in which all who are in the graves will hear His voice and come forth – those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of condemnation. ” John 5:28-29
Thus resurrection is universal. Judgment is most often expressed and accompanied with fire. Such describes Gehenna.
“If your hand causes you to sin, cut it off. It is better for you to enter into life maimed, rather than having two hands, to go to hell (Gehenna), into the fire that shall never be quenched – where ‘their worm does not die and the fire is not quenched. ’” Mark 9:43-44
Jesus quoted Isaiah confirming the perpetuity of Gehenna with worms and fire. Jesus in another way described the conscious suffering of those condemned to Gehenna.
“Therefore as the tares are gathered and burned in the fire, so it will be at the end of this age. The Son of Man will send out His angels, and they will gather out of His kingdom all things that offend, and those who practice lawlessness, and will cast them into the furnace of fire. There will be wailing and gnashing of teeth. ” Matthew 13:40-42
And Jesus described the fate of those who claimed physical lineage of Abraham as their salvation. One who places their trust in the Messiah is of the spiritual seed of Abraham. Recall the faith of the Roman centurion who trusted Jesus to heal his servant. Jesus marveled at the centurion’s faith. “And I say to you that many will come from east and west, and sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom of Heaven. But the sons of the kingdom (physical Jews only) will be cast out into outer darkness. There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. ” Matthew 8:11-12
Thus the Bible reveals that annihilation is not the fate of unrepentant mankind. Gehenna involves eternal suffering, outer darkness, weeping and gnashing of teeth, perpetual worms and unquenchable fire. Next we’ll examine Gehenna and the ‘lake of fire. ’
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Dietary proteins in the body our bodies need protein from the foods we get all of the amino acids your body needs it is important to get. Why is protein important for the human body the importance of protein in human nutrition has been known for a very long time pro. Yet simply calling amino acids the building blocks of protein doesn’t do what is the function of amino acids in the human your body uses the amino acid. Dna and protein synthesis in the cell why are protein molecules essential to the human body what important functions do what protein acts as an oxygen. The importance of insulin the body requires materials to make up its structure and replacement materials protein is available from the daily diet. Since the human body can’t make significant amounts of these essential nutrients, fish are an important part of animal protein, and oily fish are high. Proteins are very important molecules in our cells they are constructed from amino acids and each protein within the body has a specific function. Vitamin b6 also plays an important role in protein animal and human studies both show that adequate protein intake in the body, so it’s important to. Biology for kids proteins and amino there are thousands of different proteins in the human body why are they important proteins are essential for life. The benefits of protein protein is an important component of every cell in the body according to the us department of health and human services. Home » blog » the importance of fish in our absorption and use by the body the protein in fish and shellfish is very is essential for human. The importance of muscle your body’s protein needs increase significantly because all your organs need more support to help them muscles and human health. Collagen is a protein that plays an important protective role in the body and fibrous protein that makes up one-third of the protein in the human body. The body’s fuel sources or protein) as body fat in order for fat to fuel exercise and repair body tissues, as well as to synthesize important enzymes and. What is protein, and why do i need it proteins are critical components of all tissues in the human body and have crucial roles in metabolism, immunity, fluid balance, and energy. Your body can use protein for energy, if necessary, but it’s best to eat plenty of carbohydrates for that purpose and save your protein for the important jobs other nutrients cannot do. There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein of functions in the body what are proteins and what do they. Proteins are complex molecule composed of amino acids and necessary for the chemical processes that occur in living organisms protein is an important substance found in every cell in the. Disulfide bonds are important in protein structure because they allow the linkage of two different parts of a protein molecule in human body: chemical composition. What about protein makes it so important otherwise your body lacks the amino acids it needs for the day and begins to neurophotonics coming to a human being. The human body can't store protein getting enough protein protein is an important nutrient that helps your body grow and repair cells. Human nutrition: human nutrition the human body consists of materials similar to those found in foods protein is also an important part of cell membranes and. Protein is an important substance found in every cell in the human body in fact, except for water, protein is the most abundant substance in your body this protein is manufactured by your. Owlcation » stem protein functions in the human body and in cells updated on march 12 good to know about the importance of protein in the human body. Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now. Your daily protein intake is the second most important part of your in terms of the overall health and function of the human body, protein is essential for. Proteins play many vital roles in the human body what are the functions of protein in the human body an important process for replenishing aged or damaged. Why is protein so important and a dr axe on facebook dr axe on the study theorizes that this holds true in the human body, too, with a protein. Us department of health & human vitamin b12 from the protein to which vitamin b12 is the amount of vitamin b12 that the body can. The transport protein plays important roles in protein binding for many drugs albumin, being a major protein in the human body. Laminin and the cross numerous questions concerning a popular christian icon—the protein laminin of laminin is very important for its. Did you know that aside from water, protein is the most abundant compound found in the human body protein is found in every cell and tissue, and along with healthy fats, protein plays many.
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First established in 1924 and moved to its present location in 1935, it was a unique example of craftsmanship utilizing hand-made replicas of real railroad operating equipment; much of which were built by local high school students. Examples of this equipment are on display in the present shop building located in the rear center of the Garden Railroad.
Today, there is over 10,000 feet of operating track, double the amount in 1996, and over thirty sections with various operating equipment can be seen operating at any time, especially during the annual Los Angeles County Fair each September. The various trains and trolleys operate past several scenes depicting California
history from the 1850s to present day, and wander through the mountains, over the lakes and streams, and through the gardens. The Fairplex Garden Railroad has been featured on Public Broadcasting System (PBS) television and in the hobby magazine Garden Railways, as well as many international publications in England and Europe.
History of the Railroad
Fairplex Garden Railroad in 1948
The miniature railroad began as a simple diorama at the 1924 Los Angeles County Fair and was intended to provide public awareness and interest in the development of the Puddingstone Reservoir and Recreation Area. The Pacific Electric Railway was also interested in the public’s reaction and the potential of a passenger trolley schedule from Los Angeles to the Pomona area on weekends. The display remained within the Fair’s tent for the next ten fairs, growing slowly as an operating miniature railroad. In 1935, having outgrown allocated space within the Fair’s tent, the miniature railroad was moved to its present location and given the 100 x 300 foot area to develop. Herman Howard, assisted by his brother Homer, was responsible for the concept and initial development of the miniature operating railroad. Herman was a shop teacher at Pomona High School and purchased the materials at his own expense. Students were assigned class projects and constructed authentic models of engines and train cars in 1/2 inch scale from plans provided by railroad companies. The railroad has operated for each of the Los Angeles County Fairs since, with the exception of 1942-1947; the years of World War II. In 1958, following the death of his brother Homer, Mr. Howard sold the miniature railroad to Mr. and Mrs. Herman Templin who operated it for the next eleven years until the tragic and untimely death of Mr. Templin on August 29, 1968. Mr. John Huie, who was working with the Templin family, took over the railroad beginning with that year’s fair. In 1970, the Los Angeles County Fair took title to the railroad and contracted with Mr. Huie to rebuild the thirty-five year old railroad. Mr. Huie continued to manage the miniature railroad for the next 26 years under contract with the Los Angeles County Fair Association/Fairplex. Following the 1996 Los Angeles County Fair, Fairplex management sought suggestions on how the aging railroad could continue as a viable exhibit for future fairs. The Southern California Garden Railroad Society submitted a proposal and were contracted to change out the existing 1/2 inch track to modern G-gauge track and provide a new look for the 1997 Fair. The miniature railroad was renamed the Fairplex Garden Railroad.
The following year, 1998, with the railroad under the Fairplex Exhibit Department’s supervision, a business plan was developed utilizing volunteers to further develop, maintain, and operate the Garden Railroad as an educational exhibit with the theme California Discovered; The Role the Railroads Played.
Beginning with the close of the 1996 Fair, the Fairplex Garden Railroad has continued to be developed by a group of men, women, and young adults that you see working on the exhibit today. Each year, major improvements have been made requiring thousands of volunteer hours. These same volunteers maintain the Garden Railroad year round and operate the trains for several shows every year in addition to the annual Los Angeles County Fair, held each September.
Manufacturers of G-scale model railroad equipment have and continue to give their support to the Fairplex Garden Railroad, especially U.S.A. Trains of Malden, Massachusetts and Bachmann Trains of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Additionally, many local merchants provide annual support; you will see their names on our miniature billboards, on special rolling stock, on some of the buildings, and on displayed banners. Volunteer participation is open to adults 18 years and older and to young adults 14 to 18, when the parent, grandparent, or legal guardian is a regular and active volunteer member and present with the young adult.
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Somalia is about 3 times smaller than Libya.
Libya is approximately 1,759,540 sq km,
while Somalia is approximately 637,657 sq km. Meanwhile, the population of Libya is ~6. 7 million people
(4. 4 million more people live in Somalia). This to-scale map shows a size comparison of Libya compared to Somalia.
For more details, see an in-depth
comparison of Somalia vs. Libya
using our country comparison tool. Other popular comparisons:
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000_5716624
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A recent public policy poll has shown that a majority of US citizens believe it is “more acceptable” to publicly display the Confederate rebel flag, today commonly associated with the Ku Klux Klan and other racist hate groups, than it is to display the gay pride rainbow flag. The Quinnipiac poll released last week asked three questions about teenagers wearing the Confederate flag and the gay pride rainbow flag to school. It reported that while 43% of US citizens believed children should be allowed to wear Confederate flags while at school, only 28% believed the same for the rainbow gay pride flag. Additionally, while 38% of those surveyed thought it was “more appropriate” to wear the Confederate flag to school, only 9% preferred the rainbow flag. The Confederate flag was the flag of the rebelling Southern states of the United States during the Civil War. However, it has more recently come to be known as a symbol of American white supremacy.
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Polina Dashevsky (’21)
As soon as I open my Instagram, I am faced with countless posts on racism awareness, police brutality and the Black Lives Matter movement. As I continue to scroll through my feed, I can’t even obtain a single glimpse of the content I used to see before: candid selfies, aesthetically-pleasing food (often ordered for the picture, rather than the taste) and cute puppies. The recent brutal and unjustifiable murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis triggered collective fervent anger. Immediately after his death, Black Lives Matter protests flooded the streets of every American state. The protests even soon spread to 18 countries around the world, including the U.K.
Millions of people are protesting the unjustness of Floyd’s death, police brutality and the institutionalization of racism – social media amply captured this public vexation. Initially, the Black Lives Matter movement was created in 2012 after an African American 17-year-old Trayvon Martin died at the hands of gun violence. Even though I did not have Instagram then, I am well aware that his death caused public outrage and received extensive media coverage. However, the whole movement slowly became more inconspicuous. It was further silenced by the birth of a countermovement, All Lives Matter, supporters of which are often white and believe that the “importance” of their lives is underrepresented, threatened and even attacked by the Black Lives Matter movement. However, George Floyd’s death reignited the Black Lives Matter movement (also making it the biggest civil rights movement in history) for it became evident that members of the black community continue to be predisposed to systemic racism. Therefore, it is reasonable that the bottled-up fury due to centuries of oppression finally exploded, in real life and on social media. Yet, this anger shouldn’t be deafened by voices of authority that seek to conceal real issues by lying and/or enforcing their own political agendas. Now, we should ensure that the immense support and recognition of the Black Lives Matter movement does not grow faint – it must remain a prominent constant in our lives until we implement real change. To be completely honest, while I check Instagram on the daily, I am not its biggest fan; Instagram’s perpetuation of toxicity and superficiality is overwhelming and detrimental to our perceptions of ourselves. Additionally, our obsession with the lives of others is sick and wasteful. However, in light of current events, I have never been more thankful for the app. My own friends and classmates have been actively using their social media platforms, especially Instagram, to speak up about the racial inequities in America, and those that continue to persist in numerous other countries. Many celebrities have also used their social media to encourage people to protest, speak up and help progress the movement. While I am not in America, I am pleasantly surprised by how social media has made me, and the majority of those around me, feel so involved, connected and aware. Take Black Out Tuesday June 2 for example. Individuals were encouraged to post a black square to show their solidarity to the Black Lives Matter movement. One of the fundamental concepts behind the Black Out Tuesday was to free social media of personal content, and simultaneously create time for individuals to educate themselves on the matter and amplify black voices. The number of black squares that I saw being posted that Tuesday was more than just overwhelming. It was empowering. While posting a black square clearly does not single-handedly eradicate racism, seeing the immense support and solidarity with the movement online reassures me of the fact that we are finally holding ourselves accountable. We are becoming more empathetic and are no longer acting as if racism is nonexistent. It is so much more valuable to be an ally to the movement in real life, rather than being simply perceived as one on Instagram.
Additionally, it is a refreshing change to see people finally using their social media to generate awareness on real-world issues, rather than continuously posting vain and self-centered content. Many have also posted their personal opinions on racism, donation links and graphic pictures from the protests that portray the extremity of the situation. Using our voices to speak up on racial inequality creates a sense of unanimity and collective might, as our acknowledgment of inequalities is the essential first step to implementing concrete legal and social change. However, there are also people who decided to not post anything, and they came under brutal fire for it. While using our voices online can be effective, it is okay that some people don’t. As this is a truly sensitive time, some may want to use the current events in the world to personally think and reflect. It is so much more valuable to be an ally to the movement in real life, rather than being simply perceived as one on Instagram.
The ability to use social media in times like this is a blessing. However, hiding behind the screen can also be dangerous. Simply showing you support the movement, but not taking any action, is what allows for the continuation of systemic racism. Don’t just hide behind the screen and mindlessly skip the posts that indicate the ways each and every one of us can help. Donate money. Sign petitions. Educate yourself. Furthermore, people need to use their social media platforms wisely, as posting about the Black Lives Matter movement is not a societal challenge or competition. It is a way of expressing genuine anger and true frustration. Don’t just post for the sake of posting – it is not merely a challenge or a “trend”. Social media has truly captured the atrocity of racism and police brutality in the U.S., and allowed many to speak up on the commonality of racism in many countries around the world. However, we should also make sure that our activism extends to life beyond the screen. If we are at least half as active in real life as we are behind the screen, we can have all the potential in the world to create significant, meaningful change.
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Richard Riemerschmid was an important artist of the German arts-and-crafts-movement, the so-called Munich Art Nouveau. He was born in Munich, 1868, died ibidem, 1957, architect, designer for furnishing, textile, ceramic, glas and silverware a. s., founding member of the „Vereinigten Werkstätten für Kunst im Handwerk“ (“United Workshops for arts in crafts”), in Munich (1897) and the „German Werkbund“ (1907), in 1908 creator of the first garden city in Germany, in Hellerau/Dresden, which was implemented in the course of establishing the “Deutsche Werkstätten“ (formerly „Dresdner Werkstätten für Handwerkskunst“). 1912–1924 he was the head of the “Kunstgewerbeschule” in Munich, and a member of the jury of the „Deutsches Warenbuch“, edited by the German Werkbund and Dürerbund in 1915, the structural and artistic director of the “German Country Fair Munich” 1922 and between 1926 and 1931 professor und director of the “Kölner Werkschulen”. Riemerschmid was influenced by the English Arts-and-Crafts-movement und designed furniture and utensils of almost all materials. His earliest draft for handicraft was the so-called „Secessionsbesteck“ in the year 1898, which was shown on the exhibition for the munich “Secession”. Based on this
Riemerschmid developed a first industrially produced cutlery in 1911/12 – the form “M350” – on behalf of the jeweller Carl Weishaupt in Munich and which was manufactured by P. Bruckmann in Heilbronn. Based on this he emerged two years later the here offered moderate one. Riemerschmid developed a series of three different, still stylistically and formally related. It was inspired by the historic “Spatenform” (“spadeform”), as from Art Nouveau and its floral patterns. Riemerschmid took here the tulip with his straight and round stem and the single upright flower as an ideal ornament. The “Secessionsbesteck” was commissioned for the “Vereinigten Werkstätten” in Munich in 1898. The name of the manufacturer was not mentioned, but the contacts to the silverware company in Heilbronn existed since the early 1880s. Further evidence of the connection between Riemerschmid and Bruckmann was given through the secessionist movement and the German Werkbund – whose long-term chairman Peter Bruckmann was. Riemerschmid himself was one of the founding members of the Werkbund, and belonged to the “Advisory Committee” of the “Deutsches Warenbuch”, which the Werkbund published in 1915 as an exemplary list of German best industrial design. The here offered cutlery was included in this compendium and also in the 90s, silver-cladding. A contour with accented edge profile framed the now clearly factually-smooth stem in a characteristic long, slim “spadeform” whose ornamentation was almost abandoned – a clear sign of the influence of the Werkbund-thinking and his postulate of the “pure form“. Another selected cutlery for the „Deutschen Warenbuch“ was the so-called “Perlbesteck”, designed by Karl Groß in 1913. In: Deutsches Warenbuch, ed. from the Dürerbund-Werkbund-Genossenschaft, Dresden-Hellerau 1915, p. 160/ M337 (identical); Kat. Silber aus Heilbronn für die Welt. P.Bruckmann & Söhne (1805-1973), Heilbronn 2001, cutlery-pattern no. 5351, board p. 206. Cp. ibidem p. 169, Cat.no. 135 („Juwelierbesteck“, 1911-12); Barbara Grotkamp-Schepers/ Reinhold Sänger: Bestecke des Jugendstils, no. 12; Klaus Marquardt: Europäisches Essbesteck, Stuttgart 1997, no. 591; Deutsche Kunst und Dekoration 1899/1900, im. p.25 („Secessionsbesteck“); Dekorative Kunst 2 1899, p. 145, im. p.153/154. Furthermore: H. Rezepa-Zabel: Richard Riemerschmid, in: Sammler Journal, October 2013, p. 26-34. Priceref.: Auktionshaus Arnold Frankfurt am Main, auction A176, 6. 3.2010, lots 449- 463, Richard Riemerschmid Sezessionsbesteck, Verl. Silberwarenfabrik P. Bruckmann & Söhne ed. , complete cutlery for 6 persons, hammer total 120 000 €, thereof 2 tablewares, everyone hammer 9000 €; Von Zezschwitz Munich, 74. auction 19. 4.2012, lot 100, (Verl. Silberwarenfabrik P. Bruckmann & Söhne ed. for C.Weishaupt München), estimate 1400 € (21 pieces monogrammed); Quittenbaum Munich, 54. auction 10. 10. 2005, lot 402, here: 7 pieces monogrammed, hammer 850 €; Von Zezschwitz Munich, 73. auction 19. 4.2012, lot 100, here: 21 pieces monogrammed, hammer 3000 €.
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World AIDS Day takes place on the 1st of December each year. It’s an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), to show support for people living with HIV, and to commemorate those who have died from an AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)-related illness. Founded in 1988, World AIDS Day was the first ever global health day. This year’s theme is “Everybody counts”: W.H.O. Calls on everyone to advocate for access to safe, effective, quality and affordable medicines. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is known to infect a variety of cell targets, the principal one being the CD4 (T4) helper – inducer lymphocyte subset. People with AIDS have a heightened cancer risk from immunosuppression. HAART (Highly Active Retroviral Therapy) has been available since 1996. It has reduced AIDS – related mortality, but there are few large scale studies on cancer trends. DO PEOPLE INFECTED WITH HIV HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF CANCER? Yes, people infected with HIV have a substantially higher risk of some types of cancer compared with uninfected people of same age. “HIV – Associated Cancer” – Kaposis Sarcoma, Aggressive B –cell Non – Hodgkin Lymphoma and Cervical Cancer.
A diagnosis of any of these cancers in someone infected with HIV confirms a diagnosis of AIDS. Compared with the general population, People infected with HIV are currently about :
500 times more likely to be diagnosed with Kaposi Sarcoma
12 times more likely to be diagnosed with Non – Hodgkin Lymphoma
Women are 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with Cervical Cancer
19 times more likely to be diagnosed with Anal Cancer
3 times as likely to be diagnosed with Liver Cancer
2 times as likely to be diagnosed with Lung Cancer
2 times as likely to be diagnosed with Oral cavity/Pharynx Cancer
8 times more likely to be diagnosed with Hodgkin Lymphoma.
In addition to being linked to an increased risk of cancer, HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of dying from cancer. HIV – infected people with a range of cancer types are more likely to die of their cancer than HIV – uninfected people with these cancers. Infection with HIV weakens the immune system and reduces the body’s ability to fight viral infections that may lead to cancer. The Viruses that are most likely to cause cancer in people with HIV are:
Kaposi Sarcoma – Associated Herpes Virus (KSHV)
Epstein – Barr Virus (EBV)
Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV)
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C Virus(HCV)
The introduction of Highly Active Retroviral Therapy (HAART) also called Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (c ART) starting in the mid – 1990s greatly reduced the incidence of certain cancers in HIV – infected patients, especially Kaposi Sarcoma and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. The likely explanation for this reduced incidence is that c ART lowers the amount of HIV circulating in the blood, thereby allowing partial restoration of immune system function to fight the viruses that cause many of these cancers. WHAT CAN PEOPLE INFECTED WITH HIV DO TO REDUCE THEIR RISK OF CANCER? Taking c ART as indicated lowers the risk of Kaposi Sarcoma and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and increase overall survival. The risk of lung, oral, and other cancers can be reduced by quitting smoking
HIV – Infected individuals should know their hepatitis status. Some drugs may be used for both HBV – suppressing therapy and c ART. HIV – infected women have a higher risk of cervical cancer, so it is important that they are screened regularly for this disease with cervical screening. KSHV is secreted in saliva, and transmission of this virus may occur through deep kissing, oral –anal sex. Reducing contact through these routes may reduce the chance of being infected with KSHV. On December 1, 2017, all the above serve as a reminder for all of us on what we must do as individuals and as groups. Knocking HIV/AIDS related-defining malignancies on the head by knocking HIV on the head with all of the above preventive measures but at the same time showing support and understanding for those amongst us who live with HIV/AIDS. Lakeshore Cancer Center remains an advocate for all measures aimed at reducing world wide statistics in all illnesses.
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annotation by Diane Sherlock
The Palm-Wine Drinkard is a novella of connected stories based on Yoruba folktales written by Amos Tutuola, a Christian Yoruba. It is not surprising that the reader can ‘hear’ the stories while reading them as the Nigerian Tutuola came out of a strong oral tradition and was first generation literate. We follow the Palm-Wine Drinkard, eldest son of the “richest man in town” who “had no other work than to drink palm-wine. ” The novella resonated with me for several personal reasons: my great-grandmother was from West Africa and an uncle, Sir Philip Sherlock, wrote several books of Anansi folktales for a Caribbean audience. Anansi stories, centering on a trickster spider, originated with the Asante tribe of West Africa, primarily in Nigeria’s neighbor, Ghana. The Yoruba folktales that Tutuola uses are similar. The narrator begins his journey when the tapster his father secured for him dies on a Sunday, the day of rest underscoring the narrator’s unwarranted burden on his tapster. Within this overarching narrative are two main story lines, the first concerning the attainment of the magic egg; the second, its use and abuse. Traditional African themes of fertility, reciprocity, and destruction, specifically as a direct result of greed are all on display here without the harshness of a work like Peter Brooks’ Ik and without the sermonizing of some of Tutuola’s Christian colleagues. Tutuola manages to integrate his Christian beliefs into his Yoruba heritage and work through problems of ethical reciprocity. For example, in WE AND THE WISE KING IN THE WRONG TOWN WITH THE PRINCE KILLER, there are clear echoes of Jesus’ triumphant entry into Jerusalem before the sacrifice of the crucifixion. “Then we mounted the horse. After that they were following us about the town, they were beating drums, dancing, and singing…” Yet the story is also purely African, set firmly in the bush. There are many mirror elements in the narrative such as the tohosu baby following the marriage of the narrator and another that follows the recalibrating of that marriage. Since the Yoruba believe that life is preserved through children, a monstrous child that turns the natural order upside down is a striking and dramatic element. The tohosu baby born from a thumb rather than womb is voracious, “stronger than the whole town” and a threat to the existence of everyone the tohosu meets. This is one of the strongest ways that greed leading to destruction is illustrated and is retold in a different form near the end when the townspeople become demanding, voracious for the food produced by the magic egg. The magic egg’s production is placed after the husband and wife are in the hungry creature’s stomach, not unlike Jonah and the whale. Hunger, satiation, famine, then greed and destruction are revisited in each of the stories to varying degrees until by the end of the book, the narrator produces whips from the egg to disperse the greedy crowd who make incessant demands on him for food. The centerpiece of the book is the trip to Deads’ Town and is preceded by a story of sacrifice and retribution (PRINCE KILLER). Deads’ Town is drawn as distinct with its own methods, rhythms and customs apart from the living. Some of Tutuola’s work is reminiscent of the psychedelic lyrics from the sixties (“I know what it’s like to be dead” from the Beatles, for example). It is as if Tutuola uses Yoruba legends to open doors in the mind that Western artists opened with drugs. From Tutuola, I learned not to be afraid to repeat story elements to create a spiral effect in narrative, returning, in both cases, to the theme of greed. He repeatedly shows instances of greed such as the wife returning to retrieve her “gold trinket,” which results in the return of the tohosu in the form of the half-bodied baby. He does he shy away from the grotesque and fantastic, not only through the tohosu but also the ‘complete gentleman’ who discards body parts and finally flesh to become a skull. Though he predates it, he follows Vonnegut’s sixth rule for writing: Be a sadist. No matter how sweet and innocent your leading characters, make awful things happen to them — in order that the reader may see what they are made of. This is something I’ve struggled with, but it gets easier when I see how it makes for a better tale. Most of this comes in the form of the tohosu,but also in the narrator’s struggles with Death. Tutuola’s point does not seem to be to test the mettle of the narrator, who is not exactly sweet nor innocent, but to weave an entertaining story, which he does. At the same time, the author repeatedly makes the point vital to survival of the Yoruba, Africa in general, and finally to the world audience, about the dangers of greed.
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Australia is "no longer on track" to meet its 2020 emissions target and the Abbott government's decision to axe the carbon tax is to blame, the United Nations has found. The 2014 Emissions Gap Report, prepared by the UN Environment Programme, names Australia among four international pariah states that will require further action to meet their governments' emissions pledges. Instead of hitting a target of 555 million tonnes of CO2 in 2020, Australia was on track to produce between 685 and 710 million tonnes, the report said. "Four parties – Australia, Canada, Mexico, and the US – are likely to require further action and/or purchased offsets in order to meet their pledges, according to government and independent estimates," the report said. "Australia had been on track to meet its pledge in part through its carbon pricing mechanism, but this mechanism was abolished on 1 July 2014. "
In a section of the report comparing countries' pledges, trajectories and recent policy developments, the authors state in relation to Australia: "New government replaced carbon-pricing mechanism with Emission Reduction Fund. This results in an increase in projected emissions for 2020. "
Labor environment spokesman Mark Butler said the report showed up the Prime Minister's claim at the G20 summit in Brisbane that Australia that would "deliver" on its emissions targets. "World leaders, including some of Australia's largest trading partners, have pledged to increase their emissions reduction targets," he said. "Tony Abbott would rather pay polluters to pollute and keep his head in the sand. "
Domestic think tanks on both sides of the political spectrum, including the left-leaning Australia Institute and free-market Institute of Public Affairs, have previously criticised the Direct Action policy as ineffective. But Environment Minister Greg Hunt has maintained that the policy will meet Australia's target of reducing emissions by 5 per cent on 2000 levels by 2020. On the positive side, the UNEP report found Australia had made an effort to increase energy inefficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses across power networks. The measures also helped to reduce "fuel poverty", where energy services are too expensive to maintain healthy living conditions, the report said. The report found Mexico and the US had taken steps that would bring both countries nearer to meeting their emissions pledges, but that they still had more to do. South Korea may also require further action but this could not be verified, the report's authors said.
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While a market’s structure and evolution is primarily endogenously motivated and, consequently, in constant flux, it is also affected by exogenous forces. This is easy to realize when considering such trades as farming, fishing, and hunting, all of which depend on weather, climate, and so on as much – if not more – as endogenous factors. The market situation, including both supply and demand, of farm products, fish, and game are endogenous variables, which means they are effects arising from within the economic organism. In fact, the very reason we can think of them as products, which makes them potentially saleable through exchange, is due to consumers’ demand and because producers invest time, effort, and capital into supplying these goods with the intention of satisfying demand through exchange. These are all endogenous to the economy, and therefore cause changes “from within. ” But production of farm goods, to limit our discussion to one the examples, is not purely dependent on endogenous effects like supply, demand, and production techniques; it is also dependent on non-economic factors like the suitability of the soil, precipitation, sunlight, temperature, the natural process of growth in planted seeds, and so on. Modern GMO techniques blur the boundaries of what used to be purely endogenous or exogenous, but there are still exogenous elements to them. Also, we have not yet figured out how to replace the sun as input to farming. So while entrepreneurs in farming expect a standard yield from their field, the real outcome of their efforts are subject to exogenous shocks as well as is limited by exogenous restraints such as the natural seasonality of farming: sowing in spring, growing in summer, harvesting in fall. The farmer-entrepreneur has expectations of standard output quantity from the employed acreage, but actual production is affected by other things than economic factors such as the occurrence of adverse weather. For instance, the summer could turn out to be unusually hot and dry, or unusually cold and wet, and there may be severe storms or wildfires, all of which would have an effect (in this case, exclusively a negative effect) on the farm’s yield. While much less likely events, a meteor may hit the farm, a volcano may erupt and cover the fields in lava or ash, or a landslide or sink hole could completely undo the farm. These are all examples of exogenous forces that affect the yield of the farm (its output through production), and for this reason the farmer’s return to investment, and therefore contribute to the uncertainty of the undertaking: the farmer-entrepreneur cannot know whether the weather will be beneficial or not – or to what degree. They also originate specifically outside the economic system: neither the number of sun hours nor average temperature nor precipitation have economic causes. So while the economic organism overall is primarily an endogenously generated structure, it is also subject to exogenous forces that affect how and whether it works. The question, therefore, is whether and to what degree the economic system – the market – can handle, avoid or respond well to exogenous forces that can change the condition for production. As we know from previous chapters, the economy is already busy responding and adjusting to the numerous changes coming from within. In general, risk management consists of lowering the cost of negative effects by employing one or a combination of two strategies: preventive action to reduce the likelihood that an event will occur, and responsive action to mitigate the effects of already occurred events. We will look at these two strategies as they apply also to the economy, and will revisit Adele’s apple-growing undertaking to illustrate. At the time we come back to see her, the orchard is recently established and has yet to bear fruit. In other words, she’s heavily invested and is still expecting the orchard to produce apples that she will eagerly sell to the market to cover her costs and make a profit. Avoidance through Control
Before Adele decided to go into the apple-growing business, she studied it in detail so that she would know what to expect. Like any other specialized trade, there is a lot to apple-growing that those who are not in the business don’t know (or care) about. So there was a learning curve (that is, it took time and effort to acquire the knowledge and skill necessary), but Adele is a thoughtful person who lives by the motto of “better safe than sorry” so she didn’t mind investing the time and effort. Also, she would much rather spend a little now to limit the possible downside than risk losing it all. In other words, she is risk averse and thus prefers little risk to more risk. When studying apple-growing, Adele realized that there are many things that can go wrong. As the production process is very long – it takes years from planting the trees until they produce apples – there are many things that can happen. With several seasons between planting the seeds and the first harvest, both very hot or very wet summers would delay the growth of the trees and therefore her return on investment. So she decided early on that it would be wise to invest in an irrigation system to make sure the trees would grow even if there was not sufficient precipitation. It cost her a lot extra to contract with Frank, who is an irrigation expert from the other side of the mountain, to connect pipes to the nearby lake for irrigation. But the cost was worth it, Adele figured, because the cost of delaying income from selling apples by a year or two would be disastrous. It therefore made sense to shoulder the extra cost up front, even though there is no saying whether there would be enough rain the next few years. She is also aware of the risk that there might not be enough sun for the trees to bloom and bear fruit, but whereas this would postpone her chance of income in the same way as a lack of rain, the sun is much harder to replace. So that risk was one she would have to take despite all the other potential problems that she could have to face. In fact, to Adele the very reason there is no way of insuring the apple-growing business against too little sun made the irrigation system seem so much more worth it. Because the sun hours in the years to come is an uncertainty that she cannot control, the peace of mind from not having to worry about the supply of water to the trees is worth more to her. And she’s also made some calculations to make sure the irrigation makes business sense. Her conclusion was that adding the irrigation system means it will take her longer to cover her investment, but that she expects this cost of waiting to be lower than the cost of risking a slowing in the growth of the apple trees – even if the risk of a dry, hot summer is quite low. So while she has chosen to control water supply to the trees, she has also chosen to bear the uncertainty of too little sun. Both too little precipitation and too little sun are exogenous events that would be very costly to Adele should they occur. Neither can be prevented in any real sense, since we cannot control nature. But the cost of slow tree growth due to a lack of rain can be avoided by investing in productive means that replace the natural process and therefore, in a sense, counteract natural effects. We can see, then, how the innovation of specific productive capital – the creation of economic resources – such as irrigation provides a means to make production independent of – and therefore controllable – the whims of nature. Indeed, the economic realm is continuously affected by and ultimately depends on the resources offered by nature, but its productive power is distinct from it. The production and maintenance of productive capital is a means to bring about a permanently higher degree of wants satisfaction. Irrigation is not the only type of capital that Adele may choose to invest in to increase or speed up production. As we saw in previous chapters, she could invest in labor to clear the land, plant the seeds, and tend to the trees much more effectively – and therefore in a less time-consuming manner – than she would be able to herself. And she could invest in machinery to increase the productivity of the employed worker, thereby further increasing the output per paid labor hour. These are all endogenous or economic means to handle both endogenous and exogenous problems, and both using and not using them comes at a cost: to not employ others to help her means she will need to invest more of her own time and labor; to not buy machinery means she will need to employ more people; and so on. Economic decisions are always about tradeoffs between different good and different costs – and when they are expected to occur. Some things are impossible to control – such as the number of sun hours – whereas others seem too costly to be “worth it. ”
In addition to the irrigation system, Adele invests in pest control. Some pests are too uncommon to be worth the trouble, but others pose real threat to her business. She chooses to set out scarecrows to keep birds from eating the fruit before it is sufficiently ripe to be picked. Scarecrows are not perfect, but will keep the number of birds down – and scare off the worst kinds – efficiently enough to cover the cost of the scarecrows and then some. Again, Adele estimates the cost of the means – buying and setting out several scarecrows – with the estimated benefit – avoiding in part the loss of apples to hungry birds. The issue of scarecrows was a no-brainer, since the scarecrows didn’t cost her much and will remain useful for a long time – and they will keep plenty of birds off the apples. The benefit of investing in them exceeded the cost by so much that there was no calculation necessary. For other pests, however, it was not as obvious. Apple trees can be infested by moths and mites; they can become the homes of larvae like the Apple Tree Borer; and they can attract scab and other fungi or diseases. For many of these, there are countermeasures available that can help save the trees by preventing infestation. But whether it is a good investment must be decided without the facts known: whether Adele’s orchard will be infested is something she cannot know – she can only make educated guesses about the risk and the potential cost. In this case, she decides not to use any countermeasures. With the irrigation system and scarecrows, she imagines that she’ll have enough chance of getting a huge harvest that will produce a comfortable return on investment. Considering the whole undertaking, the risk of infestation is too small and the cost of prevention too high for it to make economic sense, she reasons. Responding to “Shocks”
A couple of years into the apple-growing business and the orchard is beginning to look like an actual orchard. The trees are growing fast and Adele is happy with how the irrigation system kept the dirt moist when they experienced a couple of very hot and dry weeks last summer. Within a couple of years, she hopes to have a first limited harvest available for sale, and then in a couple of more years production peaks. So far, she’s avoided the costs of too little rain because of the irrigation system (which proved to be a good idea) and she hasn’t suffered much from loss of sun. Moreover, she’s had no real issue with pests an only a few birds have dared defy the scarecrows. She is very happy with how things have turned out, even considering that she chose to not employ anyone but is relying on her own – and a couple of nephews’ – efforts. It has been tough at times, but not too much to handle. So she is glad that she didn’t take on the extra cost of employing others; it would not have contributed to her bottom line. As the spring nears, she hears reports from other apple-growers in the region that they have seen signs of scab on the trees. Scab is not an uncommon fungal infection, but it can potentially kill a whole orchard if it is not properly controlled. The news, therefore, is not good. Adele had actually noticed scab lesions on a couple of her trees in the previous fall, but took action to excise them from the trees. She chose to take other precautions as well, such as removing all leaf litter from under the trees often, but chose not to invest in the potentially harmful chemical controls that can be used to fight apple scab. So she realizes that she might be affected. But as she has seen nothing to indicate that her orchard has been infected, and has taken all the non-chemical precautions, she estimates that she is comparatively safe. The reports do not justify the cost and other unfavorable effects, in her mind. The reports were not exaggerated. As spring moves into early summer, it becomes clear that many of the orchards suffer severe scab infections. The affected apple-growers lose the year’s harvest, since scabbed apples are very hard to sell – at least at a price that makes sense. Adele and a few others are lucky to not be infected, whereas other apple-growers had chosen to apply chemical controls. The latter apples sell at a lower price because of the potential harmful effects, but these growers – in contrast to Adele – considered the lower revenue to be a worthwhile cost in comparison to the risk of losing a year’s harvest or the whole orchard. As a result of the scab, the supply of apples to the market diminishes. Whether or not others are aware of the scab, it soon becomes obvious that there are not as many apples available as expected. Consumers looking to buy apples find grocery stores with empty apple bins, and the stores in turn cannot find apples to fill their bins. As consumers’ demand exceeds the available supply, the price is bid up. The effect is here the same as if consumer demand had suddenly increased and entrepreneurs therefore made a mistake in expecting to produce to satisfy a lower demand. In fact, the story is exactly the same whether or not consumer demand changed: entrepreneurial mistakes have caused a mismatch between supply and demand, which brings about a price change. Some entrepreneurs will realize that things have changed unexpectedly sooner than other entrepreneurs. For instance, some grocery store entrepreneurs would increase their price of apples before the shortage was obvious because they judged or imagined the situation correctly. These stores would at first be avoided by consumers, since their price of apples is way too high – apples are available at lower prices elsewhere. But as soon as the grocery stores with lower prices run out of apples, anyone who wants apples would need to go to a high-price store. That is, after all, the only place that still offers apples for sale. Of course, those consumers who don’t think the higher asking price for apples is “worth it” will not go there. But there may be enough actual customers for these entrepreneurs to sell their stock. Likewise, some wholesaler entrepreneurs would imagine that prices are traded at a too low price and therefore raise their prices. Grocery stores would at first avoid them, since apples are available from other wholesalers at a lower price. But as soon as the shortage becomes apparent, they will consider the higher price – if they think consumers are likely to pay enough for the remaining apples. And the same applies to the unaffected apple-growers – like Adele – who are likely to realize the shortage sooner than those further down the chain. They will require a higher price to sell their apples because they imagine the lower supply is not met by a lower demand and therefore will mean the market will bear the higher price. What this means is that a shortage does not necessary have to be realized before the adjustment process begins. In fact, consumers may not see empty bins but only a higher price tag – because entrepreneurs throughout the supply chain have adjusted their buying and selling in anticipation of how consumers will react to the lower supply. And the consumers may in fact be completely ignorant of the sudden large-scale scab infection of orchards. They don’t need to know the details, but need only react to the prices that entrepreneurs ask for apples: if it is too high, too few of them will buy; if it is too low, too many of them will want to buy. As a result, the entrepreneurs will either realize their mistaken anticipated price and make the proper adjustments up or down, or will end up bearing the full cost of their mistake. The entrepreneur’s task, after all, is to attempt to correctly anticipate consumers’ true valuation of the good they offer for sale – and bear the uncertainty thereof. So we see that exogenous shocks to the “economic organism” are handled just as endogenous such: by decentralized, bottom-up adjustments to prices and offerings. In our example, apples were infected by apple scab which reduced the supply. As the general tendency in any market is to find the proper balance between supply and demand through price, an exogenous shock to supply is not different from an endogenous shock from changing consumer preferences. It is also not different from an endogenous shock to supply through disruptive innovation, which can completely change what is produced and how it is being produced. But can the market’s decentralized and “automatic” adjustments be sufficient in a time of real crisis? What if there is not a scab affecting apples, but an earthquake or hurricane devastating a whole city? A disaster, whether it is devastation due to natural forces such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and hurricanes or man-made destruction from wars or rent control, can, economically speaking, be understood as an abrupt and radical increase in scarcity. While the apple scab was also an increase in scarcity (the scab diminished the supply of apples), it affected a single good and one that was likely inessential for the population. Disasters, in contrast, have a huge impact on the supply of essential goods such as food, shelter, and power; they greatly reduce the supply – or even wipe it out – and therefore put people in a very delicate situation, fully exposed to the elements. In other words, they create abject scarcity of essential goods within a very short time frame. For it to be a disaster, the change needs to be unanticipated. As we discussed above, market production is continuously adjusted toward the anticipated future by entrepreneurs attempting to outdo each other by finding a better use for resources available or invented. If supply of essential goods is dramatically reduced but the change is anticipated, then prices and production structures have already been adjusted to account for this change, and the disastrous effects are therefore mitigated if not even avoided. A disaster is therefore different from other radical change because it is rarely if at all anticipated – and it affects most or all goods across the board. So how would the “market” respond to for instance an earthquake that breaks bridges in two, wrecks and flattens houses, and causes mayhem? The answer is no different from above: by finding prices where supply meets demand and by reallocating resources toward their better uses. Following a disaster, there are fewer resources available than before but there are still resources. Of course, the initial and direct response to a disaster is likely to be in the form of community and voluntary efforts rather than organized for-profit entrepreneurship: neighborhood communities, churches, families and other associations, new and old, get together to pool their resources in order to help those in greatest need. For example, temporary hospitals would be set up and run by volunteers, people would get together in teams for organized search and rescue, and temporary shelters would be made for those without. These community and volunteer efforts should not be discounted or underestimated, but they too will benefit from the market response. At some point, and following a disaster this would be rather soon, the affected region will fall short of and therefore need supplies from elsewhere – as well as produce their own to the degree possible. Both of these, which aim to increase supply, are primarily economic activities, and can thus be explained using the template from above. Two responses are needed: increased inflow of necessary and needed goods, and reallocation of remaining resources toward the now more highly valued needs (shelter, food, water, etc. ). The increased inflow of goods from elsewhere is accomplished in two ways, both of which are important. First, there is the voluntary and community-based relief efforts through aid: for instance, private people or organizations renting trucks to transport and offer their personal property to those in need; there are also organizations dedicated to relief work and aid like the Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders), the Red Cross, and so forth. These organizations are dependent on the charity of those who were not affected, and therefore indirectly on the productive power of economies not devastated. Of more direct interest to us here, however, is the incentive-based mechanism for directing goods toward disaster areas. As above, this involves adjustments to the prices of goods. As the need increases for certain goods, so does the willingness to pay for those goods and as this leads to a higher price it produces an incentive to increase production of those goods to satisfy the demand. Antibiotics may serve as an example of this. The need for antibiotics is higher following disaster than before, whereas the demand in other, unaffected areas likely does not undergo as drastic change. The price may therefore go up in the affected area, which will attract antibiotics from other regions. As the price goes up, of course, we know that more of the more highly priced goods will be reallocated toward the higher price (the more intense want/need). But how can the price go up in a disaster area? After all, people who have lost everything hardly have money to pay for antibiotics. This may be true, but it is not necessary to have cash in hand to pay the higher price. But the higher price is the most effective way in which existing antibiotics are directed toward their better uses – and the way to effectively drive up supply by increasing production. What matters is that the higher price is offered in some way, not that cash is provided. So the price can be offered and paid by those donating money for relief efforts, by those needing effort offering future payment (that is, they assume debt), or by suppliers in unaffected areas hoping to increase their customer base by developing goodwill through gifting antibiotics to disaster areas. The effect is the same: the relative price of the good in the disaster area increases, and therefore more of it will be allocated toward satisfying wants and needs there rather than in other places. But we should not forget that the redirection of antibiotics toward the greater need, whether this is through donations or charitable activities or market action, also means there is relatively less of this good available overall. In other words, the price goes up as the demand has increased overall and this incentivizes producers to increase and accelerate production and therefore increase the available supply. So even though there may be higher “bids” for antibiotics in the disaster-stricken area, the relative asking price will also increase in surrounding areas and this will bring about increased production as well as inflow from more distant areas. In other words, the price mechanism works to both redirect existing resources toward their greater need from area to are, and increase supply of goods that become relatively less abundant (more scarce). Price also plays a role in reallocating resources already in use in the affected area. For instance, a single-family dwelling could be used as a hospital. In many cases, owners may recognize the need and therefore offer their space to help those in greater need. Where this is not the case, a higher price – whether offered in cash, goods, service, or future payment – entices those in control of the resources to allow them to be used toward the greater good. This is also about discovery, since resources can have multiple uses. Thus, a resource used in a certain way, and generally recognized as usable primarily in that specific way, may have other uses that directly contribute to satisfying the more urgent needs. These uses are discoverable because the greater needs are identifiable through the adjustment to prices. Whereas prices may not be determined immediately (or in a vacuum), and therefore may not be of much use immediately following the earthquake-caused disaster, prohibiting prices to be determined can itself bring about a disaster. Prices, as we have noted above, do not need to be cash prices but can be expressed in other goods, in access or other grants of opportunities, or anything else that individuals consider valuable. Indeed, a disaster area may adopt a completely different means of exchange – a different kind of money, as it were – that makes more sense in that situation. Whereas disasters make it less obvious how the economic organism would properly and without direction adjust to the new conditions, the mechanisms remain the same. The difference between a disaster area and the examples of “shocks” above is the former’s greater magnitude, which calls for faster change, and because infrastructure for communications and power as well as existing institutions, such as money, may have been affected or even destroyed. Such changes indeed hinder the economic organism from effectively responding, but this does not change the fact that better ways are hard to come by – if at all possible. Whereas the immediate relief may be charitable and in the form of aid, this effort depends on market mechanisms for its ability to function and – more to the point – continue to provide relief. The market mechanisms are far from efficient, but provide the framework within which individuals’ incentives and actions are aligned and the totality pull in the same direction. The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, to date the costliest natural disaster and one of the deadliest hurricanes in United States history, can be used to illustrate the effects on and response by the economy to natural disaster. Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf of Mexico in August 2005 caused vast destruction and flooding along the Gulf coast from Central Florida to Texas. The most severe flooding, with water lingering for weeks, happened in New Orleans, LA, as a result of extensive levee failure in the city’s hurricane surge protection. A large part of the city was evacuated as the destruction made much of the Gulf coast dangerous or uninhabitable, without functioning infrastructure and services. For instance, at the peak of the storm the big-box retailer Wal-Mart closed 2 of its distribution centers and 126 of its stores, of which “more than half ended up losing power, some were flooded, and 89 . . . reported damage. ” But within 10 days 121 of those stores were open again, as a result of corporate resources redirected toward preparing for the impact of the storm and more resources allocated toward restoring damaged stores. Several of the big-box retail chains as well as large fast-food restaurant chains like McDonald’s have permanent crisis centers with dedicated resources to prepare for destruction and disasters, and tasked with quickly re-establishing “business as usual” upon impact. As the storm neared, these businesses directed more of their resources to these centers in order to plan and prepare for impact and thereby minimize the interruption and cost due to destruction. In fact, private enterprise responded quickly to Hurricane Katrina and were overall much more effective than government in providing necessities such as food and water as well as shelter, and restoring supply chains to the affected areas. As reported by economist Steven Horwitz, businesses “responded with speed and effectiveness, often in spite of government relief workers’ attempts to stymie it, and in the process saved numerous lives and prevented looting and chaos that otherwise would have occurred. ” Their response, both the preparation for and the execution of restoration efforts, illustrate the redirection of resources from unaffected parts of the market toward those parts in greater need. These efforts were not made simply to quickly restore profitability, even though this was likely an important reason for repairing stores and re-establish supply chains. Many of the private businesses took active part in community efforts to restore normalcy, both through assuming large costs for restoration work, donations to charity, and helping employees and their families to find new or temporary homes. They also provided food and necessities such as water free of charge to those in need. Wal-Mart is credited with providing the local population with water and food, hospitals with medicines and supplies, and provided space in their stores to serve as headquarters for help organizations working with relief efforts. This private relief effort was not uniquely done by big national corporations, of course, though they were by their sheer size, and thus the amount of resources they control, able to redirect more resources to the affected areas. The local communities focused their time, resources, and energy toward restoring their neighborhoods and reclaiming their normal lives. Numerous private citizens both in the affected areas and elsewhere coordinated efforts to help those in need by themselves contributing manpower and supplies as well as helping through established charitable organizations in place. The majority of this work, of course, was carried out by those most severely affected, that is the inhabitants of the flooded and otherwise affected areas, who had their dwellings destroyed, their families split up, and who lost their jobs and incomes. Whereas it took only days for the hurricane to pass, the work to restore the lives and destruction to property –estimated to in excess of $100 billion – took many years. Upon being evacuated and displaced, hundreds of thousands returned to the New Orleans area to rebuild what had been destroyed. We can see, therefore, how Hurricane Katrina, while a terrible event that killed well over 1,000 people and displaced hundreds of thousands, illustrates what was argued above about redirected resource flows and changing preferences in the face of disaster – both in the directly affected areas and elsewhere. Much of the relief efforts – especially the first wave of supplies and restoration – were effectuated by the economic organism in the form of community efforts and private capital owners (both businesses and persons). The existing infrastructure, supply chains, and productive capital structure were highly effective at responding to the Hurricane Katrina disaster, and constituted an important part of charitable work within and toward local and regional communities. The governmental authorities “responsible” for such efforts were not. Disaster and Optionality
What separates disaster from the destruction we discussed in the previous chapter is the scale and scope of its effect. The destruction of a window pane is very limited, yet can have significant impact on the market through the “ripple effects” that change what is being produced and how – even though it is limited in scale and scope. If a broken window can have such an effect on people’s choices down the line, as we saw in the case of what choices are made and who makes those choices (the shoe maker versus the glazier, and so on), imagine the potential effects of a large number of windows being broken on a particular day. This could easily change consumption and investment patterns in such a way that the outcome of market production – what the market ends up producing – is different from what it otherwise would have been. Add to this picture that not only windows are broken, but that all kinds of resources are destroyed, worn out, or outdated continuously. It becomes obvious that an economy must deal with and be able to respond to these changes, some of which are predictable while others are not. And this is indeed what we see through supply chains and trade: things break all the time, and this must be part of the calculation made by entrepreneurs. This is part of the reason they will require a profit margin in order to undertake an uncertain endeavor: to cover for expenses due to unforeseen events. It is also a reason why the economy as an organism produces superior results to any planned structure. Planning only works based on known events or known probabilities of events, but with the future being highly uncertain in more ways than we can probably imagine, a planned system will be too rigid to be able to respond to the myriad minor changes and the number of major changes that affect production. The flexibility of decentralized production and the decentralized decision-making that the market offers is unbeatable, as we saw in chapter 4, because it is highly flexible, include redundancy, and therefore can respond to changes using the information available locally or the imagination by single entrepreneurs. Consider the situation where destruction is not limited in scope or scale, as was the case in chapter 5, but where destruction affects production in a great number of ways at the same time. And that this destruction is also widespread, and therefore affects many types of production at the same time. This is the nature of disaster, as was discussed above. It destroys otherwise believed to be permanent (or at least long-lasting, endurable) resources and pulls out the rug from under the feet of entrepreneurs’ production undertakings. As in the case of destruction, this has an effect on what people need and want, and it oftentimes creates a very urgent need to satisfy the most basic wants: shelter, food, medicine, safety. In other words, consumers no longer demand the great number of different types of goods that they recently were willing to spend money on buying, but instead focus their attention solely or primarily on re-establishing what we can refer to as “normal life. ” Needless to say, they are less interested in their optionality – the various different types of goods and services offered – than they are in satisfying the very urgent needs the disaster has caused. The fact that a disaster sets back society by large-scale and large-scope destruction, which effectively strips people from the means by which they satisfied their basic needs, changes people’s preference rankings. They will likely still find value in choices as well as in gadgets and goods and services that provide convenience, but these wants pale in comparison to the basic needs that no longer are satisfied. As the basic needs are not satisfied, they are felt with a great sense of urgency. Consequently, we can say that, to them, what matters is to fulfill or satisfy those needs – not other, and less highly ranked wants. This is the same thing as saying that they feel a strong uneasiness with regard to the basic needs that were lost due to the disaster, whereas the uneasiness they feel with regard to non-basic needs such as convenience is comparatively much lower. It therefore makes sense to redirect resources to satisfy the basic needs first. Depending on the scale and scope of the destruction, all resources may need to be reallocated toward providing shelter, food, security, and so forth. A disaster, which is in fact destruction of great magnitude, destroys a large part of the capital structure within the economy and therefore inhibits its ability to satisfy wants to the degree previously possible. This is a burden on consumers, but a burden that is at least in part lessened by the changing preferences. As the urgency of satisfying basic needs following a disaster spikes, consumers are no longer as troubled with the wants that used to be their focus – they are now, relatively speaking, much less urgent and therefore of much lesser relative value. So it is not the case that the inhabitants of a city hit by a hurricane, for instance, will strive toward the same goals as prior to the hurricane. And they will not even consider it much of a burden until they have regained their previous standard of living. At the very top of their preference ranking is to satisfy those basic needs that they no longer can satisfy. A disaster therefore impacts the capital structure of the economy while at the same time, due to the loss, effectuating a change in consumers’ preference rankings. People in general, by being stripped of their means to satisfy basic needs, focus their attention to re-satisfy those and therefore, as a result, change how they rank their preferences. The loss of capital, in a sense, is met by a reassessment of the importance of wants to a similar degree: with the loss of capital, consumers adjust their preferences to meet the availability of capital. This does not, of course, mean that consumers are not made worse off by the disaster – the destruction of capital is indeed a loss of much of their combined ability to satisfy wants. This, in effect, is the reason people change their preference rankings. There is no point in pursuing or being bothered with the wants that are now very far from being satisfied. In other words, whereas a person might find the business hours of a nearby 7-Eleven disturbingly limiting, or the lack of a specific color of shirt, these sources of uneasiness are soon forgotten when there is, for instance, no electric power or one’s dwelling is destroyed. The loss is undoubtedly there, and it is of course felt and due to the destruction, but many of the wants that were satisfied but are now lost are of little importance relative the utmost urgency of the much more basic needs, possibly necessary for survival, that are no longer satisfied. Whereas the disaster is an exogenous event with disastrous effect on the workings of the economy, through the destruction of capital, the endogenous response consists of both reallocating resources and the reassessment of preferences. Both of these endogenous responses serve consumers by readjusting their and the producers’ expectations. They re-match, in a sense, consumer expectations and, consequently, their attention to wants, to fit the remaining capital structure and the resources made available from elsewhere, and thus the economy’s ability to satisfy the held wants. As the capital structure is rebuilt, which does not necessarily mean it is rebuilt in the image of what used to be since the relative importance of preferences may have changed, consumers’ demand will shift as wants are satisfied. We saw this above in how more wants can be satisfied as a society’s capital structure is expanded and, consequently, value created. This holds true whether or not the economy suffers a disaster. While there is great suffering following a disaster, from an economic point of view it constitutes a temporary setback through the loss of capital – and a shake-up of wants satisfaction. As the destruction inhibits the ability of the market to provide alternatives for consumers, and thus constitutes a loss of optionality, the focus of producers and community necessarily shifts toward restoring the economy’s ability to satisfy consumers’ basic needs rather than their optionality. To have several alternatives of similar value to choose between is a luxury that can only be afforded when a certain level of prosperity, and thus standard of living, has been achieved. Hayek FAv. 1941. The Pure Theory of Capital. Routledge and Kegan Paul: London.
Hayek FAv. 1945. The Use of Knowledge in Society. American Economic Review 35(4): 519-530. Horwitz SG. 2009. Wal-Mart to the Rescue: Private Enterprise’s Response to Hurricane Katrina. Independent Review 13(4): 511-528. Horwitz SG. 2010. Doing the Right Things: The Private Sector Response to Hurricane Katrina as a Case Study in the Bourgeois Virtues. In Accepting the Invisible Hand: Market-Based Approaches to Social Economic Problems. White MD (ed. ), Palgrave Macmillan.
Rydenfelt S. 1981. The Rise, Fall and Revival of Swedish Rent Control. In Rent Contro: Myths and Realities. Block W, Olsen E (eds. ), The Fraser Institute: Vancouver.
Storr NM, Chamlee-Wright E, Storr VH. 2015. How We Came Back: Voices from Post-Katrina New Orleans. Mercatus Center at George Mason University.
Zimmerman A, Bauerlein V. 2005. At Wal-Mart, Emergency Plan Has Big Payoff. In Wall Street Journal.
See (Hayek, 1941)
See (Hayek, 1945)
Swedish economist Assar Lindbeck has stated that “In many cases rent control appears to be the most efficient technique presently known to destroy a city—except for bombing. ” Quoted in (Rydenfelt, 1981: 213, 230)
(Zimmerman & Bauerlein, 2005)
See (Horwitz, 2009)
(Horwitz, 2009: 512)
See (Horwitz, 2010)
See (Storr, Chamlee-Wright, & Storr, 2015)
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Biology: A Guide to the Natural World
by David Krogh
No current Talk conversations about this book. References to this work on external resources. Wikipedia in English
Amazon.com Product Description (ISBN 0131414496, Paperback)
Biology: A Guide to the Natural World remains the only book written and illustrated from the ground up for those with little knowledge of biology. The Third Edition retains its best features—rich, full-color art, an accessible writing style, and a full complement of digital resources—while substantially updating the content throughout to emphasize the relevancy of biology to readers' lives. A seven-part organization covers essential parts: atoms, molecules, and cells; energy and its transformation; how life goes on: genetics; life's organizing principle: evolution and the diversity of life; a bounty that feeds us all: plants; what makes the organism tick? animal anatomy and physiology; and the living world as a whole: ecology and behavior. For the promotion of biological literacy—to make individuals aware that they need it to participate in the workforce, make everyday decisions, and make informed choices at the ballot box. (retrieved from Amazon Thu, 12 Mar 2015 18:23:40 -0400)
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As both charter and interdistrict magnet schools seek to transcend the traditional attendance zones and urban-suburban lines, they unavoidably produce shifts in the types of communities formed within school buildings and within the broader surroundings. Many charter schools have been highly criticized for the lottery, the convoluted application processes and other creaming tactics that recruit and maintain a high-achieving, highly motivated and often hyper-segregated student body (e. g., Welner, 2013). Specifically in the Hartford metropolitan area, a study of parental perception of interdistrict magnet schools detected a prevalent sentiment that choice schools create local community divisions due to the competitive nature of the lottery (Debs, 2015). The present investigation examines how several interdistrict magnet schools and one charter school in the Hartford area portray their school communities and elucidates if and how racial composition is communicated as a valued part of school community. Since magnet schools by definition unite diverse families from different locations to ensure integrated student bodies, fostering an inclusive and welcoming school community would seem necessary in marketing campaigns. Conversely, many charter schools, which often prioritize closing the achievement gap, are likely to emphasize a school community that appeals to a particular targeted demographic (e. g., low income minority students). The thematic analysis of choice school mission or vision statements and field notes collected by Wesleyan University students in February 2015 from six school choice events reveal that specific types of school communities are emphasized in explicitly and subtle ways. The types of communities described include (1) a community built on diversity or a particular racial or ethnic identity, (2) a strong relationship between school and family, (3) a focus on a particular niche theme, and (4) a partnership between the school and the local surroundings. Each of these types of communities influences how racial or ethnic composition of the school is discussed. Diversity, Identity & Community
The most intuitive type of school community expressed by school representatives would be based on the student body demographics (i. e., percentage of minority students, students who qualify for free and reduced price meals, students who are English Language Learners (ELL) or have a documented disability). Yet, seldom did the school representatives address this information directly. Observations from the Regional School Choice Office (RSCO) Fair mentioned that school representatives referenced the Sheff v. O’Neill ruling in regard to maintaining a certain racial balance at their interdistrict magnet school (HH, field notes, 2015). Other field notes from the same event reported that during the “entire hour and fifteen minutes there I did not hear the words ‘race,’ ‘Black,’ ‘White,’ ‘Latino,’ or ‘disadvantaged’ (LS, field notes, 2015). ” Only the Hartford Magnet Trinity College Academy (HMTCA) was reported to have explicitly mentioned its mission to create a diverse student body through a film shown to open house attendees. The field notes reported the following:
The film talks about plurality and shows shots of children of many different races. The central thesis seems to be that Hartford Magnet Trinity College Academy was the mechanism through which children from diverse racial, geographical, and socioeconomic backgrounds have been permitted to come together and meet people from other milieus. (IF)
Additionally, the mission statements from the magnet schools described in the field notes of open houses do not directly state that their schools seek to attract and educate a diverse student body (i. e., Breakthrough Magnet School, Greater Hartford Academy of the Arts, CREC Academy of Aerospace Engineering Elementary School, HMTCA). These pieces of evidence suggest that, counter to the explicit intention of interdistrict magnet schools to promote racial and socioeconomic diversity, neither school representatives in school choice event settings nor their mission or vision statements were likely to describe their school community using direct language that underscores the diverse students they serve. While the legal language of the Sheff decision may be a standard explanation for school representatives, it may also alienate some parents due to a lack of prior exposure to the topic. In contrast to a school community composed of a diverse student body, many charters, especially those that follow a “no excuses” model, have been criticized for generating student bodies that are more segregated than traditional district schools in the same jurisdiction (Kahlenberg & Potter, 2014). Data trends from 2011-12 to 2013-14 on racial integration support this criticism (See Figure 1). This data is an update to the Cotto & Feder 2014 Choice Watch Report.
Cultural appeals to low income minority families by school representatives illustrate a strategic way in which charter schools develop racially or ethnically isolated communities. The school representatives at the Achievement First open house appealed to certain demographics through subtle, yet meaningful, gestures and modes of communication. For example, a school representative at the open house in Hartford provided empanadas and spoke Spanish with some Hispanic families. These efforts were described as a way to “establish the cultural/linguistic bond of identification” (CB, EK, AF field notes, 2015). While these efforts did not directly address community building, they created a welcoming community atmosphere specifically for the Hispanic parents. The Achievement First mission statement’s direct emphasis on “closing the achievement gap” and providing educational equity to historically underserved populations provides a clear impetus for directing promotional tactics at specific demographics who would most benefit from the school’s philosophy (“Our Mission and Vision,” 2015). While racial and socioeconomic integration in education has been repeatedly found to boost minority students’ academic outcomes, Achievement First’s model instead employs a rigorous academic approach targeted at a concentrated population to close the achievement gap (Kahlenberg & Potter, 2014). Building the Bridge Between School and Family
Instead of touting student diversity or making appeals to certain demographics, some school representatives characterized their school community using a character appeal by underscoring the collaborative and supportive student-staff culture. The Breakthrough magnet school representative at the school’s open house characterized the school community as having a “family feel” and as a “close knit school community” (NT, field notes, 2015). The field notes also reported that the school representative “used many buzzwords such as, ‘thriving,’ ‘joyful,’ ‘character,’ ‘safe,’ ‘risks,’ and ‘leadership. ’” Breakthrough magnet school’s emphasis on the character of their students and staff who compose their school community echoes their mission statement’s focus on developing “students as models of outstanding character” (“A Global School for Students of Character,” 2015). What is striking about this school representative’s portrayal of the school community is that the topic of parent involvement in the creation of a collaborative school community was omitted. Conversely, the mission statement dictates that Breakthrough Magnet School seeks to form a partnership between “staff, family and community members. ” Although it is unclear whether the topic of parental involvement was intentionally excluded from the school representative’s pitch to families, the omission could indicate a larger problem facing magnet schools: the difficulty of engaging families from disparate communities and backgrounds at the school. Other magnet schools and the charter school in the field notes sample did, however, directly mention parental involvement as a core element of their school community. At the CREC Academy of Aerospace Engineering magnet school open house, the representatives specifically addressed how a parent group convenes monthly to plan activities and to fundraise (AG, RU, field notes, 2015). This comment places an emphasis on parental behavioral engagement in the school community, which may be hard for working class parents. The school representatives at the Achievement First open house emphasized a potentially more accessible way in which parents of all backgrounds can contribute to the school community. The field notes from this event reported the following:
The presenters also mentioned several times that they consider parents to be partners in the mission to get the kids to college. They said that there was a lot of communication between parents and teachers… They also had a list of expectations for parents as a slide on the PowerPoint, and this included things like the expectation that the parents get their child ready for school and wearing their uniform each day and that they ensure their child does his or her homework. (CB, EK, AF, field notes, 2015)
This observation indicates an attitudinal and philosophical form of parental engagement that is a key element of bridging the divide between school and family. Instead of asking parents to volunteer regularly at the school or to help fundraise, the school asks that parents be mission-aligned in order for students to be best prepared for the school’s academic and behavioral demands. Additionally, this commentary prioritizes constant and transparent communication between parents and teachers. This suggests that the Achievement First family-school community operates under a reciprocal, goal-oriented and highly communicative system. As a way of further emphasizing the mission-alignment of all stakeholders in the Achievement First community, related quotes from principals and administrators appear on the webpage containing the mission statement. School communities formed by the coalescence of mission-aligned groups is also apparent among interdistrict magnet schools, which often develop niche communities based on specialized interests. In order for magnet schools to attract students from a wide range of socioeconomic and geographic backgrounds, they typically have a special curricular focus that a traditional district school would not offer. The magnet schools Greater Hartford Academy of the Arts and CREC Academy of Aerospace Engineering Elementary School provide quintessential examples of specialized school communities. The mission statement of the Greater Hartford Academy of the Arts portrays its dedication to developing visual and performing artists as well as providing an “academically rigorous curriculum” (“An Artistic and Academic Immersion,” 2015). The photograph directly under the mission statement visually displays the state-of-the-art facilities to further highlight the emphasis on the arts. While there is no explicit mention of fostering an integrated student body in the mission statement, it does state that the arts are to be learned as a “mechanism for social justice” which perhaps connotes a social consciousness of the diverse backgrounds of the students. The field notes from this school’s open house corroborate the prioritization of artistic development and the absence of discourse on diversity or the student demographics. Only in describing a promotional pamphlet did the field notes mention the school’s “desire to be a part of a diverse, multi-cultural environment” (CM, field notes, 2015). Additionally, out of approximately 150 families present at the open house, the field notes reported that only one family was African American and only one was Hispanic. This provides potential evidence that either the curricular theme was particularly appealing to a certain demographic, or the timing or location of open house was not easily accessible or welcoming to minority families. Similarly, the CREC Academy of Aerospace Engineering Elementary School’s mission statement stresses it’s dedication to teaching rigorous and cutting edge science and technology, yet there is no explicit mention of an aim to establish a diverse student body as is legally mandated by the Sheff ruling (“Academy of Aerospace & Engineering Elementary School,” 2015). In contrast to the field notes from the open house at the Arts Academy magnet school, the field notes from this magnet school’s open house did address the issue of integration. Curiously, however, race was discussed though a proxy of geographic locations in the Hartford area, which aligns with the stipulations of Sheff. The school representative was reported stating that, “50% of the students are from Hartford and 50% are from 33 other towns” (AG, RU, field notes, 2015). The families present at the open house were also described as being more diverse and thus representative of the Hartford region. While interdistrict magnet schools are designed to establish and maintain integrated school communities, niche community-type magnet schools based are not likely to explicitly express this goal in their mission statements nor in the pitches given by school representatives at open house events. While the magnet schools previously mentioned portray school communities that can seem insular due to their focus on a specific theme, other choice schools establish school communities that extend into the local community. The Hartford Magnet Trinity College Academy’s vision statement places a major emphasis on incentivizing community engagement, working to improve the community, and collaborating with community contributors (“Vision Statement,” 2015). The field notes from this magnet school’s open house align with this emphasis on community partnership. While the school representatives did focus on the student-teacher relationships, they also highlighted the school’s main partnership with Trinity College, located across the street (AM; IF, field notes, 2015). Photographs on the vision statement’s webpage illustrate students’ engagement with the college. Yet, when the school representative discussed extracurricular activities, the representative mainly focused on the arts and failed to explicitly mention any type of community engagement (IF, field notes, 2015). Additionally, discussion of community relations or of the school community reflecting the larger community based on identity were not acknowledged. The mission statement and the presentation by school representatives at Achievement First also underscore a school community that extends into the larger community. However, a dichotomy between a collaborative spirit and a competitive tone emerged regarding this topic. The Achievement First mission statement highlights its goal of sharing best practices with district schools and other charter schools in order to bring about greater education reform and to close the achievement gap (“Our Mission and Vision,” 2015). In contrast to criticism of some charters for their push to replace district schools (Kahlenberg & Potter, 2014), this message emphasizes collaboration. The field notes from the Achievement Frist open house indicate that the school representatives also mentioned other district schools in the Hartford region and in the state of Connecticut. A data-driven approach was taken in which schools were compared by test scores and presented as bar charts on a PowerPoint (CB, EK, AF, field notes, 2015). This message has a competitive charge and does not acknowledge any sort of collaboration between Achievement First schools and non-Achievement First Schools. Thus, school community in this case can be conceptualized as the “in-group,” or schools and educators aligned with the Achievement First mission, juxtaposed against the “out-group,” or those who do not share practices or a common philosophy with the charter network. The array of school communities delineated by school mission statements and by the rhetoric of school representatives shows how discussion of racial composition of choice schools can be highlighted, merely hinted at or largely avoided. When magnet school communities were described based on their student body composition, the demographics were often explained using Sheff jargon. Conversely, the Achievement First representatives targeted minority populations, reflecting their student body, through cultural appeals. When school community was characterized based on the school-family bond, a distinction emerged between behavioral and attitudinal parental involvement, the latter of which is likely more inclusive and accessible to working class, minority families. The niche communities of some magnet schools were found to emphasize their special interest in ways that overshadowed the racial composition of the school. Finally, schools that that underscored local partnerships as a focal part of their community omitted any sort of identity-based identification between the students and the local community. Instead, partnerships based on ideological alignment seem to be prioritized. Additionally, little evidence points to the communities formed on the classroom level that may reflect the larger school community. A closer examination of internal school programs (i. e., tracking, ELL or special education programs) would elucidate whether students receive a classroom experience that truly reflects the school’s marketed community. A Global School for Students of Character. (2015, May 2). Retrieved from http://www.breakthroughmagnetschool.org
Academy of Aerospace & Engineering Elementary School. (2015, May 2). Retrieved from http://www.crecschools.org/our-schools/academy-of-aerospace-engineering-elementary-school/
An Artistic and Academic Immersion. (2015, May 2). Retrieved from http://www.crecschools.org/our-schools/greater-hartford-academy-of-the-arts/
Cotto, R. & Feder, K. (2014). Choice Watch: Diversity and Access in Connecticut’s School Choice Programs. Connecticut Voices for Children. New Haven, CT. Debs, M. (2015). Untouchable Carrots: Marketing School Choice and Realities in Hartford’s Inter-district Magnet Program. Unpublished Manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT. AG, RU; AM; CB, EK, AF; CB; IF; NT. Field Notes. (2015, February). Kahlenberg, R. D., & Potter, H. (2014). A Smarter Charter: Finding What Works for Charter Schools and Public Education. New York: Teachers College Press.
Our Mission and Vision. (2015, May 2). Retrieved from http://www.achievementfirst.org/our-approach/achievement-gap-and-mission/
Vision Statement. (2015, May 2). Retrieved from http://hmtca.hartfordschools.org/vision.html
Welner, K. (2013). The Dirty Dozen: How Charter Schools Influence Student Enrollment. Teachers College Record. Retrieved from http://www.tcrecord.org.
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There are sadly so many ways to answer this question. Perhaps, one way in which Eliezer died was with the death of his faith, something he was relegated to questioning and denouncing with the atrocities he endured and viewed. Another form of death was the severance to his community, as the Jewish people of Sighet were forced into camps and never were able to live together as a community. Yet one other form of death could be the separation of his family, with Eliezer never seeing his mother and sister again. The more painful experience on this end would be with his father, a situation where Eliezer had no choice but to watch his father die and not be able to do anything about it. The last words on his father's lips was the son's name, who did not respond to it. Another level of death could be the idea of a child who loved life and everything in it maturing into a young man who could only think of surviving. In this light, Eliezer's death is the death of his soul so that he is almost animalistic in his pursuit of survival. Imagine what people had to endure and survive during the Holocaust - the things they had witnessed, the losses they had suffered and often before their own eyes, the long term physical and emotional abuse, physical starvation, hard labor. Any psychologist will tell you that it is virtually impossible to come through such events unscarred, and that was true of Elie as well. He shut off a part of his brain, his emotion and his being in order to survive, and having survived it, there was some of that humanity he could never regain. A part of his life was permanently destroyed, as it was in everyone who survived the Holocaust.
Elie Wiesel, like many of the other survivors of the concentration camps, were physically starved. Their figures were nothing more than a skeletal frame with skin on it when the camps were liberated. In this sense Eli physically resembled a corpse. Mentally more things than just Elie's body died. His faith in God died away as he watched over and over the horrors around him, experienced the inhumane treatment at the hands of the Nazi's, and found no comfort from God. He had been very spiritual before and longed to study more and more about God, but after watching the young innocent boy hang, he stopped believing in God because he could find no answers. Elie's role as a son also died away. He had two parents and relatives when he went into the camps. When he came out his family had all been murdered. In addition, he felt he had lost himself as a son to his father because he had not stood up and helped his father and at times wished he were not there to burden him. Elie also died because he was no longer the person he had been before he went into the camp. His experiences had changed him so dramatically and the changes of no longer having his family or a place in his homeland left him with the need to rebuild his life and self as a concentration camp survivor. We’ve answered 319,811 questions. We can answer yours, too. Ask a question
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012_6863283
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The North-South Divide is a political and socio-economic division and is not based on geography. It is a bifurcation between the wealthy nations and the rest of the world. The developed nations are known as “the North” while the rest of the nations are referred to as “the South”. Most of the nations in the Northern Hemisphere are Global North but a few from the Southern Hemisphere are also in the same category. The members of the G8, and four out of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are located in the North. However, as nations of the South develop, they become eligible to enter the north. The history of the North-South divide dates back to the Cold War era. The countries were classified as East and West on the basis of their economic and developmental status. China and the Soviet Union formed the East while the United States and its allies were the West. There was another set of nations known as the Third World Countries. These countries were neither aligned with the East or the West. Over time, some Second World Countries became a part of the First World and some became a part of the Third World. Thus, as per the new classification, the First World was classified as North while the Third World as South.
The United States and Canada form part of the North, as does almost all of Europe. Australia and New Zealand, which are not a part of the Northern Hemisphere, are also a part of the North. Russia also comes under it. The Asian nations of Singapore and Japan form part of the North. Interestingly, China’s Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, have been included in the North whereas China is placed in the South.
Some of the characteristics of the north include: It is much richer, has surplus food and shelter, and a robust educational system. It has been estimated that a majority of the manufacturing industries are located in the North.
Meanwhile, developing Asian nations, Africa, as well as Latin America form a part of the South. Some of the features of the South are political instability, lack of advanced technology, food and shelter issues, and foreign exchange earnings depending on primary product exports, to name a few. Nations that make up the south include India, China, Qatar, Saudi, Arabia, Thailand, and many other nations. While North Korea is a part of the South, the much more technologically advanced South Korea is included in the North.
Though a part of the South, today China is the world’s second-largest economy in terms of nominal GDP. Meanwhile, many Middle Eastern nations have also become highly prosperous. A case in point is Qatar, which has the highest per capita income in the world. (Data sourced from International Telecommunication Union)
Know more about the World:
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006_258673
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In December of 2010, Mohamed Bouazizi, a 26 year-old Tunisian merchant set himself on fire as a protest for being harassed by municipal officials. Little did he know that he would be the catalyst for a wave of revolts which spread throughout most of Northern Africa and the Middle East.
In January, Oman, Yemen, Syria and Morocco were starting their own revolutions. On January 25th of 2011, a particularly influential event occurred, one which will forever remain a symbol of the Arab Spring and which is now a national holiday in Cairo. On that day, thousands of young men, women and children gathered in Tahrir Square, to demand the resignation of then-president Hosni Mubarak.
Women were there, fighting alongside men, protesting for their rights, battling for democracy. There is no doubt that they served as key players in the fight for a regime change. In fact, in Cairo, women lent a helping hand and handled the organization of the uprising, by being the ones caring for food, medical supplies and blankets. In Bahrein, some witnesses insisted on the importance that women had, by treating their injured and healing wounds. In Yemen, Karman, a human right activist, was the one who triggered the revolution in her country by protesting and leading demonstrations against the rule of Ali Abdullah Saleh. She was awarded the Nobel peace Prize in 2011, and was the first Arab woman to receive not only a Nobel Prize for peace, but a Nobel Prize in general. This was an important leap forward for Arab women, and women in general. It is therefore not a secret that women played a crucial and primordial role in this revolutionary movement, deeply shocking the leaders of the authoritarian regimes, who did not expect to see them alongside men, demanding rights and claiming what they are due. Women’s participation clearly depicted the importance of the role that we have to play when it comes to asking for changes and implementing them. During the revolts, women were beaten, mistreated and abused, and their gender made no difference when it came to the way they were fought against, yet they stood tall next to their families. What happened, however, when the Arab Spring came to an end? Unfortunately, despite the active role that women endorsed during the Arab Spring, in some countries they were side-lined when it came to negotiations and decisions to be made
regarding the new governments to put into place. For example, in Egypt, the number of women with a parliamentary seat decreased, and their possibilities to have a say in the new Egyptian constitution drafted after the fall of Mubarak, was minimal. In the second draft, however, women tried their best to obtain support for themselves. In some other countries like Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, there were attempts to implement quotas and rules to keep parliamentary seats from being entirely occupied by men. Overall, however, women did not manage to obtain a radical change when it comes to their rights, and seem to still have quite a long way to go until they get an equal say as men in politics.
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009_7037054
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Create an awesome weather unit with these super fun weather learning activities! Science experiments, math, literacy, sensory, process art and more! Teach weather science by experimenting with this warm and cold front model! Perfect for elementary aged kiddos, kindergarteners, and preschoolers! Make your own thunderstorm at home! Watch a convection current form right before your eyes. | Weather Science For Kids
Two different methods for making a cloud in a jar. What a great weather science activity for kids! || Gift of Curiosity
Weather Videos for Kids. Perfect addition to a weather unit! Thrill the kids by doing a fun winter snow science experiment. Amazing, simple, and surprising snowman science you can do in the comfort of your warm home. Train Up a Child: How to Make Lightning - a simple science experiment for kids
Tornado Bottle Weather Science Experiment For Kids
This is an Interesting and FUN Science EXPERIMENT, which allows children to understand the reason for the formation of STORMS! frogs-and-fairies. com
Make it rain! Shaving cream clouds and food coloring rain illustrate how clouds and rain happen! Kindergarten science!
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011_2290887
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There is an allergen in many of our household items that is negatively affecting the immune and digestive systems of children and adults. This allergen is called gluten, which is a wheat protein found in products ranging from food to cosmetics. The allergic reactions and symptoms from gluten vary from person to person- with symptoms either being mild (allergic reaction) or more severe, such as a toxic autoimmune disease called Celiac (Cee-lee-ack) Disease.
Celiac Disease is an autoimmune digestive disease that attacks the small intestine, leaving this organ unable to absorb nutrients from food or supplements. The Celiac Disease Foundation, which was established in 1990 to raise awareness about the disease, states that people with Celiac Disease cannot ingest or come in contact with any substance that contains gluten including oats, barley, rye or triticale. Gluten is usually found in food, but can also be found in toothpaste, vitamins, make-up and medicines, just to name a few. When these foods and products are consumed or used, a person’s immune system destroys the tiny fingerlike villi in the small intestine. According to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC), symptoms vary from person to person causing many adverse reactions. Some of the toxic reactions in infants are: abdominal bloating and pain, chronic diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, weight loss or pale, foul-smelling stool. In adults, the NDDIC lists as possible symptoms: fatigue, bone or joint pain, arthritis, bone loss or osteoporosis, depression or anxiety, tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, seizures, missed menstrual periods, infertility and recurrent miscarriage, canker sores inside the mouth, or an itchy skin rash called dermatitis herpetiformis. Although people with Celiac Disease may never develop symptoms, there are some long-term effects of the disease including anemia, osteoporosis, intestinal cancer, liver diseases and reproductive concerns. A person can go undiagnosed for many years. The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse claims 1 in every 133 people have Celiac Disease or suffer from wheat allergy. It is suggested that if you have any of these symptoms on a regular basis after eating or coming in contact with certain products, contact your health care provider immediately. Be aware that some products contain wheat, but do not explicitly state this fact on the product labels. Gluten can be hidden in many preservatives such as caramel color for instance. When diagnosing Celiac Disease, health care providers, will administer blood tests. If the blood test suggests Celiac Disease, a small intestinal biopsy will be performed to confirm the disease. There is no medicinal cure for Celiac Disease or wheat allergy. The only treatment and cure is to totally abstain from products containing wheat. Wheat products can be substituted with corn, rice or other non-wheat grains. Whenever gluten is reintroduced to the digestive system, symptoms will reoccur. This lifestyle change must be monitored very carefully for the rest of your life. All product labels should be read before purchase and consumption. According to the Celiac Foundation, small amounts of wheat can irritate the bowel system even with no symptoms present. If you seek more information about wheat allergy or Celiac Disease, contact your health care provider, your local library, the Celiac Foundation or the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse.
Brandi Patterson Phillips is a freelance health and wellness reporter with an extensive background in mental and physical health training and education. She is also a Life Skills Coach, fitness trainer and professional dancer. She is currently studying for her M.B.A. at St. Mary’s University in Minneapolis. Brandi currently teaches @ Creative Arts High School in St. Paul, MN, Summit Early Learning Center in Minneapolis, and is president of the Minnesota Fit Club for Women. Please direct all health and wellness questions to email@example. com. Answers will be chosen to appear in subsequent Insight News editions.
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The Port Discharge and Shipping Problems
(1) The Port Problem as Affected by the Pursuit
In the course of the endless calculations involved in the logistic planning for OVERLORD, an exasperated staff officer summed up his frustrations over the port problem in a parody of the invasion plan known as "Operation OVERBOARD. " "The general principle," he wrote, "is that the number of divisions required to capture the number of ports required to maintain those divisions is always greater than the number of divisions those ports can maintain. "
Logistic planners had ample reason to suspect that this statement contained an element of truth. From the start, port discharge capacity had been the major single cause for concern in the planning of OVERLORD. Logistic planners had predicted a deficit beginning at D plus 120, even assuming that operations proceeded as scheduled. In this matter, certainly, they were not excessively conservative, for their fears were to be largely realized. In the search for adequate port discharge capacity in the summer and fall of 1944 they eventually gave consideration to approximately thirty-five French and Belgian ports and beaches. In July the port discharge problem appeared to constitute the very root of future supply difficulties. 1 Plans had provided that by the end of that month U.S. forces should be supported in part through Cherbourg and the Normandy beaches and minor ports, and in part through St. Malo and Quiberon Bay in Brittany. At the time of the breakout late in July, however, Cherbourg had been in operation only a few days, nearly 90 percent of all U.S. supply support was still coming in via the beaches, and the total U.S. discharge on the Continent averaged only 20,000 to 25,000 tons per day as against previously estimated requirements of about 30,000. The deficiency had not been immediately serious because requirements had not been as large as predicted. But weather was expected to close out the beaches in late September, and the delay in capturing the Brittany ports was already a fact. An even more serious deficit therefore loomed ahead than was originally predicted. Before the end of July, the planners had already taken steps to compensate for this expected loss
by projecting an increase in the capacity of Cherbourg and the minor Normandy ports and by seeking a larger allotment of coasters so that small ports could be used to fuller advantage. They also considered opening the smaller Brittany ports, which had not seriously entered into the original plans. Nothing had happened thus far to alter the previous conviction that both Brest and Quiberon Bay were absolutely essential for the support of American forces. While doubts had already arisen as to the feasibility of developing Quiberon Bay, mainly because of the towing problem in the fall, it was still expected at the end of July that the Brittany area would be developed as originally intended. The effect which the pursuit was to have on the port discharge problem was not immediately apparent. In the first half of August neither SHAEF nor COMZ planners contemplated major changes in port development plans. The Communications Zone reaffirmed its intention of pushing the Quiberon Bay project vigorously. It also advocated doubling the planned capacity of Brest and, in addition, opening the Loire ports (Nantes and St. Nazaire) as soon as resources permitted. 2
In the last two weeks of August confidence that Brest and Quiberon Bay could be relied on to meet U.S. port needs finally began to wane. The continued delay in the capture of the main Brittany ports, coupled with the knowledge that bad weather would soon render the beaches unusable, prompted logistic planners to resume the search for alternate port discharge capacity to meet at least the interim requirements until the major Brittany ports could be opened. The capture of Le Havre and Rouen did not yet appear imminent. Consequently attention once again turned to the smaller Brittany ports, which had received only sporadic consideration in the past. On 25 August the Communications Zone decided to go ahead with the development of Morlaix, St. Brieuc, St. Malo, and Cancale, and at the same time issued instructions to the base section commander to develop the port of Granville on the west Normandy coast. A target of 20,000 tons total capacity was set for the five ports, three of which were scheduled to meet their goals within the next ten days. 3
The decision to open these minor ports hardly dispelled the growing anxiety over the port situation. Meeting port discharge requirements was not a simple matter of adding up the total capacity of every little inlet along the coast and balancing this against the total tonnages it was desired to import. Port capacity not only had to be adequate in quantity but of the kind suitable for handling various types of shipping and cargo. On paper the Allies had sufficient port capacity to handle all the imports scheduled for the next few weeks. But they were actually very short of capacity of the type suitable to handle the unloading of such commodities as coal, boxed vehicles, and heavy lifts. In the first two or three months of operations this was not a
major problem. All vehicles, for example, were brought across the Channel assembled in MT ships,4 LST's, or LCT's. This was possible because the stowage factor on so short a voyage was relatively unimportant, the vital thing being to achieve the fastest possible turnaround. Beginning in September, however, a larger and larger portion of U.S. supplies was scheduled to come directly from the United States, loaded so as to reduce broken stowage to a minimum and thus use space more economically. Such a schedule meant that practically every Liberty ship coming from the United States would contain either boxed vehicles or other heavy lifts. Naturally it was desirable that such awkward loads be discharged at ports where suitable shore cranes were available. In August the only port in Allied hands which possessed facilities even partially adapted to handling such cargo was Cherbourg, and it was obvious that that port lacked sufficient capacity to handle all the shipping coming directly from the United States. In fact, proposals to handle heavy troop movements through Cherbourg (again because of Brest's unavailability) already threatened to cut into the limited cargo-handling capacity of that port. It was inevitable that some boxed vehicles and other awkward loads would have to be received at the beaches and minor ports, where the handling of such cargo would be extremely difficult. 5 But eventually the major portion of U.S. port discharge requirements could be met only through the development of the larger deepwater ports. The capture of such facilities had already been delayed, and anxiety increased at the end of August as to the condition in which ports such as Brest and Lorient would be found if and when they were finally captured. 6
Tactical developments within the next week radically altered the entire outlook on the port situation, and eventually led to a recasting of the entire port development program. On 4 September British forces captured the great port of Antwerp with most of its facilities intact. On 12 September the stubbornly defended and badly damaged port of Le Havre, 225 miles to the rear, also fell to British troops. Rouen had been occupied on 30 August.
Preinvasion planning had accepted it as essential from the logistic point of view that both Le Havre and Rouen should be captured and used. In fact, it contemplated that a crossing of the lower Seine and seizure of these ports would be the first operation attempted after the capture of the lodgment area. The purpose in seizing the Seine ports, however, was not to serve U.S. needs, but to relieve the British forces from dependence on the beaches. U.S. lines of communication were to be based on Cherbourg and Brittany. It was not until much later that the transfer of Le Havre to the Americans was contemplated. 7
The delay in capturing Brest and the
unexpected early seizure of both the Seine ports and Antwerp changed all this. The advantages which these ports offered over those of Brittany were obvious, and logistic planners had turned their attention to them as a possible solution of the discharge problem as soon as their capture appeared probable. On 3 September Col. William Whipple noted that it would be unprofitable for U.S. forces to devote their resources to the development of the geographically remote Brittany ports if the Seine ports, which were 200 miles farther forward on the line of communications, could be developed instead. Every 5,000 tons discharged at Le Havre rather than the South Brittany ports, he observed, would save an equivalent of seventy truck companies. 8
Antwerp had still greater advantages, even when compared with the Cherbourg line of communications. It was only 65 miles from Liège, while Cherbourg was more than 400 miles from that advance depot area. Even Nancy, the forward depot area on the Third Army line of communications, was only 250 miles by rail from Antwerp, but more than 400 miles from Cherbourg. The matter of rail lines was particularly important because the rail capacity from Cherbourg and the beaches was only about 10,000 tons per day as against a discharge rate of 20,000, with the result that motor transportation bore a heavy transportation burden at great cost to equipment. In terms of the forces supportable it was estimated that only 21 divisions could be provided with daily maintenance on the Cherbourg route (6 of them by motor transport), while 54 could be similarly supported via the northern line of communications (all of them by rail). In effect, therefore, the effort required to support a division via Antwerp would be only one third that required to transport a division via Cherbourg. Contrasted with both the Brittany and Normandy areas, moreover, Antwerp was virtually undamaged and possessed unmatched cargo-handling facilities. 9
For a moment, at least, the capture of Antwerp dissipated the darkest cloud on the logistical horizon, thus contributing to the otherwise unbounded optimism of these early September days. Logistic planners at COMZ headquarters were so encouraged that they were ready to abandon not only the Brittany ports, but the Seine ports as well, and advocated concentrating all efforts on the Belgian and Dutch ports. The condition of Brest (which had not yet been captured), they argued, did not warrant development for cargo discharge, and the long rail haul would place a serious strain on the transportation system. Except in emergency, the value of the smaller ports did not justify the expenditure of manpower and equipment to develop their relatively small capacity. Le Havre, they observed, was badly damaged, and its development to major capacity could not be accomplished for the period in which its use was required. Weighing these disadvantages against the realization that the Belgian and Dutch ports had more than ample capacity for both British and American forces, COMZ officials decided to place a bid with SHAEF for allocation
of a portion of the Antwerp facilities. 10
The initial enthusiasm for a complete shift to Antwerp as the answer to port discharge needs was soon tempered by more sober realization concerning both the speed with which the new port capacity might become available and the current plight of the Allied forces. The Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief, Expeditionary Force, immediately gave warning that both Antwerp and Rotterdam were highly vulnerable to blocking and mining, and that if the enemy was successful in these operations no estimate could be made of the time it would take to open these ports. 11 The Allies needed additional capacity immediately; the pursuit was at its height, and maintenance of the armies was stretched to the limit. All transportation was fully committed, and port clearance was already largely sacrificed for the sake of line-of-communications hauling. Meanwhile port discharge had shown no improvement, averaging only 25,000 tons per day. "Altogether," Lt. Gen. Sir Humfrey M. Gale, the chief administrative officer of SHAEF, concluded, "the administrative situation remained grim. "12
Logistic officers at SHAEF, consequently, did not share the view that Antwerp would immediately meet all the Allies' needs for port discharge, although they agreed that at least some of the Brittany projects could be canceled. As early as 3 September the Logistical Plans Branch had recommended that the South Brittany ports be abandoned. 13 On the 7th SHAEF announced that neither Nantes, St. Nazaire, nor Lorient would be developed, and also decided finally that the much-debated Quiberon Bay project would be abandoned. 14
While attention thus definitely shifted from Brittany, no final decisions had yet been made regarding either Brest or the ports which had just been uncovered. In view of the great changes which tactical developments had brought about, necessitating a recasting of port plans, General Lee on 14 September summarized the entire port situation for the Supreme Commander and offered his recommendations for meeting future requirements. General Lee's analysis led him to conclude that the development of Brest as well as the other western ports to the tonnages originally planned was no longer sound. Le Havre, he noted, was reported to be seriously damaged, making it unlikely that large tonnage capacity could be developed there in the near future. In his opinion, moreover, its location did not materially shorten the lines of communication. He believed it advisable, therefore, to carry out only a limited development of Le Havre as an interim port with a capacity of between 8,000 and 10,000 tons per day, and to do this as rapidly as possible with a minimum expenditure of reconstruction effort. General Lee voiced the now generally accepted opinion that the bulk of Allied
port requirements would eventually be provided by the north coast ports of Antwerp, Rotterdam, and Amsterdam. Their capacity, it was agreed, was more than sufficient to meet both British and U.S. needs, and, because of their location, would also alleviate the desperate transportation problem. Lee therefore recommended that port development be limited to Cherbourg, Le Havre, and the north coast ports. Even Cherbourg, he advised, should not be developed beyond the 20,000-ton capacity it was expected to achieve by early October because of the heavy demands on both rail and motor transport which the use of that port entailed. 15
Supreme headquarters concurred in these recommendations with one exception. It was not yet ready to abandon Brest in view of the need for reception facilities to handle the accelerated flow of divisions. Furthermore, the condition of the port was unknown even at this time, for it was still in enemy hands. SHAEF for the moment therefore directed that Brest should be developed to the extent needed to receive troops and their organizational equipment, and left to General Lee's discretion which of the smaller ports should be kept open. 16
On 27 September the COMZ commander outlined these decisions to his staff and section commanders: In the Normandy area Cherbourg was to continue as the major point of intake and was planned to receive the maximum tonnage in both cargo and POL which it could handle pending the availability of Antwerp. Grandcamp-les-Bains was to be closed, but the other minor ports of Normandy--Barfleur, St. Vaast-la-Hougue, and Isigny--were to continue working on second priority for coasters until Antwerp developed a satisfactory discharge, and Port-en-Bessin was to continue the intake of POL. The beaches were to continue to operate at maximum capacity, although discharge was expected to drop to 10,000 tons per day at OMAHA and 4,000 tons at UTAH in October. The extent to which Brest was to be utilized was still undetermined and was to be decided after its capture on the basis of a survey by representatives of Brittany Base Section, the Navy, the chief engineer, and chief of transportation. St. Brieuc and Granville were to continue their development for the reception of coal. Morlaix was to develop its maximum unloading capacity from Liberty anchorage, but in a reversal of the plans made late in August both St. Malo and Cancale were now eliminated and actually never operated on U.S. account. The Seine ports were still thought of as providing only interim relief, with Le Havre scheduled to develop a capacity of about 8,500 tons and Rouen 3,000. Plans for the north coast area were of necessity somewhat less specific, but they were made at this time to share the use of Ostend with the British for the import of POL, to survey both Calais and Boulogne with a view to assigning one or both to U.S. forces, and to reconnoiter the coast northeast of Le Havre for suitable beaches at which LST's might be offloaded. The most important project of all was the development of Antwerp as the major joint U.S. British port on the Continent.17 Antwerp was now almost universally looked upon as the early solution to the most fundamental logistic problem facing the Allies. It was contemplated that there should be a gradual closing down of activity in the ports farther to the rear as Antwerp's capacity developed. The extent to which the ports in the rear were to be developed and used from now on was therefore predicated on the progress in bringing Antwerp into operation. Pending the development of new capacity, meanwhile, supply officials were faced with the hard fact that in the immediate future the port situation would continue to deteriorate. Port discharge had improved slightly in the third week of September, averaging nearly 37,000 tons per day. But in the following week it dropped to less than 28,000 tons, and for another full month was to average barely 25,000 as against the originally estimated requirement of 38,500. 18
The drop in performance at the end of September was caused in part by inclement weather, which hampered operations at the beaches. 19 But discharge had also fallen off at Cherbourg because of the handling of troop convoys with organizational equipment, which put an additional strain on the port's facilities and out into normal unloading. 20 It had always been planned that Brest should handle the reception of personnel and organizational equipment. But the report of the survey group sent to examine Brest upon its capture on 25 September finally confirmed the fears which had been held regarding that port's condition. The report disclosed that extreme demolitions, mining, and damage to quay facilities had rendered the port useless and estimated that even limited unloading of cargo and troops would not be possible for seventy-five days. 21 In view of the more urgent commitments to clear and rehabilitate Le Havre and Rouen, Brest was now given the lowest priority,22 and was eventually abandoned altogether. At the end of September, therefore, the port situation remained grave. All hopes now centered on Antwerp, the opening of which, as the Supreme Commander had recently noted, would have "the effect of a blood transfusion" on the entire maintenance situation. 23 His concern, which was widely shared, was expressed in a memo to the Chief of Staff at this time. "As you know," he said, "I am terribly anxious about Antwerp, not only the capture of its approaches, but the getting of the port to working instantaneously thereafter. "24 Antwerp
had already been in Allied hands for four weeks. It was thought at the time of its capture that it would surely be in operation some time in October. At the end of September General Moses, the 12th Army Group G-4 made an estimate which proved far more realistic when he suggested that it would be better not to plan on the port's opening until 1 December.25
(2) The Beaches and Minor Ports of Normandy
One of the outstanding features of logistic support in the first six months of operations was the unexpected extent to which U.S. supplies and personnel were funneled through the Normandy ports. OVERLORD plans had envisaged the Normandy area primarily as an interim base pending the development of Brittany. Since the beaches were expected to have a short-lived usefulness and Cherbourg a relatively small capacity, a maximum discharge of less than 26,000 tons per day was counted on for the Normandy beaches and ports. 26 This maximum was to be attained at about D plus 90, at which time Normandy's facilities were to account for about 55 percent of the total U.S. port capacity on the Continent. Discharge through the Normandy ports was scheduled to decline to about 13,000 tons per day and account for only 30 percent of the total intake by early November.
At D plus 90 (4 September) the daily discharge was actually averaging upwards of 28,000 long tons and frequently exceeding 30,000 tons despite the fact that MULBERRY A, the artificial port at OMAHA Beach had been abandoned. Except for relatively minor unloadings across the beaches at St. Michel-en-Grève in Brittany, Normandy's facilities comprised the entire discharge capacity available to U.S. forces on the Continent. Early in November (D plus 150), despite the virtual cessation of operations at the beaches, the intake through the Normandy ports still averaged about 17,000 long tons per day and accounted for 63 percent of the total U.S. discharge. The performance of the Normandy ports in terms of percentage of total discharge is explained by the failure to develop the Brittany area. Their performance in terms of tons discharged is explained first by the unexpected capacity of the open beaches, and second, by the development of Cherbourg to a capacity far beyond that contemplated in plans. The capacity of the beaches proved a godsend in view of the delayed opening of Cherbourg. In the first seven weeks they constituted practically the only intake capacity on the continent. After the opening of Cherbourg and the development of other port capacity the relative importance of the beaches naturally declined. Nevertheless they continued to account for a significant percentage of the personnel, vehicles, and cargo brought to the Continent until the end of October. After the big storm in June operations at the beaches settled down to a normal routine. Both beaches were soon operating as well-organized ports and, except for occasional bad weather which halted or slowed down operations for brief periods, enjoyed relative stability. TROOPS DEBARKING ON TO A CAUSEWAY at OMAHA Beach, 4 August 1944. The establishment of beach transfer points, improvements in the road networks, the landing of additional truck companies, and the general improvement in unloading and clearance methods brought increased discharge and movement of supplies, with the result that targets were consistently exceeded. In the week after the storm both beaches surpassed all previous performance, OMAHA averaging 13,000 tons as against a target of 10,000, and UTAH averaging 7,200 tons compared with its goal of 5,700. 27
Unloading continued at a good rate in July, although fog and high winds again interfered in the period from the 20th to the 23d. On the last day of the month an all-time high of 25,853 tons was unloaded at the two beaches, OMAHA handling 15,834 tons, 158 percent of its target, and UTAH discharging 10,019 tons, 175 percent of its rated capacity. This record was almost duplicated on the following day, when 25,303 tons were offloaded, and again on 8 August, when 25,563 tons were brought ashore. The landing of personnel kept pace, although the record was more erratic. The largest number of personnel debarkations at OMAHA Beach, except in the initial assault, had taken place on 23 June, when 24,425 men came ashore. That day also established a record for combined debarkations at the two beaches, totaling 30,916. OMAHA nearly equaled this performance again on 23 July, when 24,068 men went ashore. UTAH's record was achieved on 19 July, when it handled 22,780 men. These performances were exceptional, of course, but the 10,000-mark was reached frequently in the first three months. July was also a good month for vehicle discharge, the two beaches handling a total of slightly more than 100,000 vehicles of all types for an average of 3,283 per day. OMAHA's best single day came on 5 July, when it received 3,837; the highest discharge rate was achieved at UTAH on 25 July, when a total of 4,256 was passed ashore. 28
Another storm struck the beaches on the night of 1 August and cut deeply into the unloading rate on the 2d and 3d. But the two beaches quickly resumed normal operations on 4 August. In fact, the demonstrated capacity of the beaches in July led supply officials to raise the tonnage target of UTAH from 5,700 to 10,000 tons per day, and that of OMAHA from 10,000 to 15,000 tons. Raising the tonnage targets provided new goals for the beach organizations, but did not affect the rated capacity of the beaches. UTAH met its new target the very next day--6 August--with a discharge of 10,500 tons, and two days later achieved the best performance of the entire period of its operations by unloading 11,577 tons. Thereafter UTAH met its new target only once--on 29 September, when it handled 10,612 tons. OMAHA exceeded its new goal on 9 and 10 August, and again on four successive days from 17 to 20 August. On 25 August it set a record for discharge over either beach of 16,078 tons. Many factors affected the discharge record of the beaches. Shortages of transportation often restricted discharge at first, and the improved performance in July could be attributed in large part to the provision of additional trucks. Congestion in the dumps also proved a limiting factor. Late in July an inspection of a Class V dump behind UTAH Beach revealed 100 loaded trucks standing idle in the sorting and receiving bays for lack of adequate personnel to handle and store the ammunition. According to one estimate this resulted in a 30 to 40 percent loss in efficiency in dukw operations and a reduction of 25 percent in tonnage discharged. Early in August the assignment of additional troops to the dumps and improvements in supply handling methods at least temporarily eliminated this bottleneck. But the attainment of perfect balance between the various functions and facilities involved in the unloading of a ship, movement over a beach, and clearance to a dump under the unpredictables prevailing in Normandy was next to impossible and was achieved for only short periods, if at all. 29
September was still a good month at the beaches, although the discharge record did not quite equal that of July and August. Heavy seas restricted operations on the 2d and 3d, and on 7 September rough weather again interfered with unloading for a while. A more serious interruption occurred a few days later, when a storm cut rather deeply into the discharge rate for three days beginning on the 11th. Finally, high seas and fog again hampered operations, particularly at OMAHA, toward the end of the month. BULLDOZER STUCK IN THE THICK MUD on a road near Marigny, France, July 1944. On the whole, however, unloadings in September exceeded expectations, and the restrictions on discharge were caused as much by the unavailability of loaded craft and by shortages in trucks, dukws, ferry craft, and men, as by bad weather. The last two days of September saw substantial tonnages discharged at both beaches, totaling 20,933 tons on the 29th and 18,575 on the 30th. But 1 October marked the beginning of a definite decline from which the beaches never recovered. As before, factors other than the weather contributed to the falling off in discharge, notably the problem of vehicles. It became increasingly difficult to keep adequate numbers of dukws in operation. Most of them had been running continuously since the early days of the landings and were being deadlined for repairs an increasing percentage of the time. The availability of trucks was always unpredictable, and early in October a substantial withdrawal of vehicles to bolster the Red Ball Express led to a downward revision in the tonnage goals for both beaches, the OMAHA target reverting to the original 10,000 tons and UTAH's to 4,000. The most serious limiting factor by this time was the weather. The fog and storms of August and September had interfered with operations for only short periods, and, with one exception, had never closed down all activity at the beaches, despite the tendency of the beach organizations to report "all operations stopped" in these periods. The unloading
of beached coasters had usually continued, and full advantage was taken of temporary breaks in the weather, so that substantial unloadings were registered even during the storm periods. In October, however, conditions were consistently bad, bringing operations to a complete halt four times at UTAH Beach and twice at OMAHA. On the last day of the month both beaches for the first time reported no discharge whatever, and for the entire month unloading at the two beaches averaged only 6,243 tons per day. Bad weather also made clearance more and more difficult, for rain fell practically every day and turned the roads behind the beaches into quagmires. Most roads were poorly drained and required constant maintenance. The problem of mud had actually begun to give trouble much earlier. By the first of October it had reached serious proportions. Clay also accumulated on metaled roads, causing drivers to spin their wheels and puncture tires as they broke through to the hard, rough foundations. By the end of October it was obvious that the beaches were nearing the end of their usefulness. At that time the Navy withdrew its ferry craft from UTAH, leaving the unloading entirely to dukws. Within another two weeks it did the same at OMAHA. Conditions deteriorated steadily in these weeks, and unloading finally came to an end on 13 November at UTAH, and on 19 November at OMAHA, after 167 days of operation. 30 In the final three weeks the scale of activity dropped rapidly, discharge totaling only a few thousand tons. Fortunately it was possible to operate
TABLE 1--BEACH DISCHARGES: 1 JULY-17 NOVEMBER 1944a
[Long Tons Weekly]b
a For June 1944 figures see Logistical Support I, 416. b Vehicles and bulk POL not included. Source: NEPTUNE: Training for and Mounting the Operation, Part VI, Vol. II, 175-78. the beaches considerably longer than originally expected, and their over-all record was a spectacular one. In the twenty-four weeks of their operation they received approximately 2,000,000 long tons of cargo, which constituted about 55 percent of the total tonnage brought onto the Continent up to that time. In addition, they had discharged 287,500 vehicles and debarked 1,602,000 men. 31 Table 1 summarizes the tonnages discharged by week. The official demise of the beach organizations
did not come until 4 December, when the OMAHA Beach Command was finally dissolved. Several administrative changes had taken place which had altered somewhat the shape and status of the beach organizations since their arrival in the first days of the invasion. In the main, they reflected the evolution of the Communications Zone's organization on the Continent. On 7 August the OMAHA Beach Command, the 1st, 5th, and 6th Engineer Special Brigades, and key assigned and attached units were released from assignment to First Army and were temporarily assigned to the Advance Section, to which they had been attached in mid-June. Within another week they were assigned to the Normandy Base Section, which assumed control of the Normandy area. The engineer brigades and attached units in the OMAHA area had already been organized into the OMAHA Beach Command, and the UTAH area was now similarly organized into the UTAH Beach Command, although the brigades retained their original identity. In September the areas controlled by the beach commands were enlarged, and a final expansion took place in October when Normandy Base Section was subdivided into districts, the OMAHA and UTAH Commands respectively becoming OMAHA and UTAH districts under the reorganization. As the headquarters of COMZ subdivisions the original brigade organizations had thus assumed roles far removed from the specialized functions they had been trained for, and the change was not universally welcomed. First Brigade troops in particular were somewhat resentful, for as experts in amphibious operations they had half-expected to move on to the Pacific, and they did not relish their rear-echelon service role. 32
Another administrative change, effected in August, had little importance in the over-all organization of the beaches, but had its significance for the troop units involved. On 14 August the 531st Engineer Shore Regiment (of the 1st Engineer Special Brigade) was reorganized and redesignated the 1186th Engineer Combat Group. In effect, this change ended the Army's recognition of the 531st Engineer Shore Regiment as a specialized organization trained for amphibious work, and also ended the recognition of this unit as one with an unusual record of achievement. The 531st had participated in four invasions and consisted of veterans with a professional pride in their organization and their specialty. The change consequently brought an inevitable letdown in morale. Officers and men alike felt they had lost their distinctive identity. 33
In summarizing the operations at OMAHA and UTAH it is appropriate to include a note on the British MULBERRY at Arromanches-les-Bains since that installation operated on U.S. account for about a month. MULBERRY B was operated by British forces throughout the summer and was of unquestioned importance as a source of discharge capacity because of the delay in capturing suitable ports. Early in August the British Chiefs of Staff, encouraged by the favorable developments following the breakout, questioned the future value and importance of the MULBERRY in view of the prospects for the early capture
of Brest, which, they suggested, might permit the transfer of Cherbourg to the British in the near future. 34
This proposal found little support at Supreme Headquarters, where it was pointed out that the requirement for Liberty ship discharge facilities made it imperative that the Arromanches MULBERRY be employed to maximum capacity as long as the weather permitted. 35 In fact SHAEF officials were already concerned over the slow progress being made in winterizing the MULBERRY, which involved strengthening the existing units and emplacing additional caissons (known as PHOENIXES) then under construction in the United Kingdom.36 Early in September General Gale, the SHAEF chief administrative officer, once more emphasized the urgency of this program, pointing out that the Allies had not gained a single Liberty ship berth since the capture of Cherbourg more than two months earlier. He expressed the belief that the MULBERRY might still "save our lives. "37
Disagreement nevertheless persisted over the advisability of attempting to extend the life of MULBERRY B. In September the capture of Antwerp and Le Havre raised hopes that the discharge shortage might soon be eliminated. Furthermore, winterization was costly. The British Chiefs of Staff, when they first questioned the future value of the MULBERRY, had noted that the construction of additional PHOENIXES required the use of dockyards badly needed for the repair of damaged shipping. Movements and transportation officers at 21 Army Group pointed out that the continued use of the port entailed considerable work on the roads, which were beginning to break up, and noted that winterization would not guarantee a port throughout the winter. 38 So desparate was the need for discharge capacity, however, that the expenditure of effort was considered justified and was therefore permitted to continue. 39
By mid-October MULBERRY B had assumed more importance to the Americans than to the British, for it had been decided to discharge U.S. Liberties there. The first unloading of U.S. ships had actually begun on the 13th. 40 The port was definitely a wasting asset now, and 21 Army Group was anxious to withdraw personnel and floating equipment for use in the Belgian ports. In view of the bad condition of the roads back of the port and the limited capacity of the railway which came to within about twelve miles of the beach, the sole value which the MULBERRY now had even for U.S. forces was that it relieved the shipping backlog which had developed off the coast. The Communications Zone
was inclined to agree on the low value of the MULBERRY, and favored a proposal to use the newly constructed PHOENIXES at Le Havre, where they could be used to greater advantage, in part because clearance would be directly by rail. On 16 October the whole matter of the MULBERRY's future was reconsidered at a meeting at SHAEF over which General Gale presided. The conference recommended that winterization be abandoned. Five PHOENIXES then en route to the port were to be installed; but no more blockships were to be sunk off Arromanches, and ten of the new PHOENIXES were to be sent to Le Havre, the remainder being held in the United Kingdom as a reserve. The unloading of cargo at MULBERRY B was to continue until 31 October, and MT ships were to be accepted as long as conditions permitted. Except for the salvaging of removable equipment, the port would be left to disintegrate after the end of October. The SHAEF Chief of Staff approved these recommendoantions 18 October.41
The rapid deterioration at OMAHA and UTAH in the last half of October, coupled with the fact that Le Havre and Rouen were developing much more slowly than had been expected, compelled the Communications Zone to make the most of the British MULBERRY. Unloading of Liberties necessitated the use of pierheads and entailed a risk of losing part of the WHALE bridging making up the pier at Arromanches in case bad weather suddenly broke up the port. In view of the requirement for the maximum possible discharge of cargo, however, Maj. Gen. Robert W. Crawford, the SHAEF G-4 believed the risk justified, and he recommended on 2 November that certain bridging equipment be left at Arromanches.42 One pier and pierhead were left for U.S. use, therefore, and the unloading of U.S. cargo continued for a few more weeks. 43 The entire matter of winterization was reconsidered again early in November, Admiral Sir Bertram H. Ramsay recommending that winterization be continued because experiments with the PHOENIXES at Le Havre had not gone well. 44 But the earlier decision stood firm, and MULBERRY B ceased operating on 19 November, the same day on which discharge at OMAHA Beach came to an end. The cargo which U.S. forces received through the British MULBERRY was actually negligible in quantity, for the total intake in the five-week period was a bare 20,000 tons, consisting chiefly of ammunition from ships lightened at OMAHA. 45
Meanwhile, the smaller Normandy ports made their contribution to the total tonnage discharged on the Continent, although it was rather short-lived and small in terms of the total cargo unloaded. Grandcamp, Isigny, Barfleur, St. Vaast, and Carentan were all tidal
ports which were practically useless at low water; in addition, Carentan was a locked harbor at the end of an eight- to ten-mile long channel connecting it with the sea, and Isigny was also several miles inland. None could accommodate deep-draft vessels and their use was therefore restricted to receiving coasters. OVERLORD plans had contemplated the development of these ports, with the exception of Carentan, to a combined capacity of less than 3,000 tons. All five ports were found in good condition, except for mines, roadblocks, sunken craft, barbed wire, and other obstructions. The removal of sunken vessels and the cleanup of the debris was largely completed by the first of July, and rehabilitation was continued to develop the planned capacities of the ports. Grandcamp and Isigny were the first to be captured and began to receive cargo on 23 and 24 June, respectively. St. Vaast discharged its first supplies on 9 July, and Carentan and Barfleur opened on the 25th and 26th. Up to the time of the breakout the cargo discharged by these small ports totaled 48,343 long tons, the equivalent of about three good days at the beaches. All these ports were capable of greater development, however, and the targets for both Grandcamp and Isigny had already been raised at the end of June. Late in July port plans were completely re-examined in view of the threatened deficit in discharge capacity, and the decision was made to develop the minor ports to their maximum capacity, then estimated at 17,000 tons per day. 46
At Barfleur and Carentan the additional work which the new targets entailed was completed in the first week of August, raising the capacity of the former from 1,000 to 2,500 tons, and giving the latter a capacity of 4,000 tons. ADSEC engineers also carried out additional rehabilitation at Grandcamp, Isigny, and St. Vaast, except for the dredging which was necessary to the development of their full capacity. Since these harbors dried out at low tide, a dredge capable of resting on the bottom was required. Such a vessel--the French bucket dredge Divette--was found in the British sector, was towed to Isigny, and after some repairs began dredging the silt from that port. 47 A few days of operation, however, revealed that craft could not enter the harbor while the dredge was working. This, plus the prospect that Cherbourg would soon be handling large tonnages, led to the cancellation of the entire program for the three ports, leaving them somewhat short of their maximum development. 48
Failure to develop these ports to their full capacity actually entailed no loss, for at no time in the course of their operations did their combined discharge equal their rated capacity of 12,000 tons. The utilization of these ports depended entirely on the availability of barges and small coasters, which were forced to handle a much greater portion of the tonnage than planned because of the long delay in developing deepwater berths for the direct discharge of Liberty ships. A variety of difficulties plagued
the operations of the minor ports, the chief of which was the fact that they were all tidal. In some cases, particularly during the low neap tides, it was necessary to lighten even coasters before they could enter. Plans for the use of Carentan proved the most unrealistic. The long narrow channel which separated that port from open water was particularly troublesome. In July three vessels either sank or ran aground in this channel through various causes. 49 A succession of such difficulties finally led to the conclusion that the operation of that port was more trouble than it was worth. Carentan consequently had a short life as a cargo port, discharging for a period of only seven days, from 25 to 31 July. Its total intake for that single week amounted to a mere 2,114 tons for an average of about 300 per day, far short of its rated capacity of between 2,000 and 4,000 tons. While Carentan made the poorest showing, none of Normandy's minor ports met their targets even for short periods. Only one, St. Vaast, achieved an average of more than 1,000 tons. (Table 2) All five ports had ceased operating by mid-October, and were turned back to the French on 9 November.50 Taken together, the five ports discharged a grand total of 330,600 long tons, comprising 10 percent of all the cargo offloaded on the Continent up to mid-October. Their performance was of course overshadowed from the beginning by that of the beaches, and was later put completely in the shade by the
TABLE 2--DISCHARGE PERFORMANCE OF NORMANDY'S MINOR PORTS
|Port||Date opened||Date closed||Days operated||Total tons discharged||Average daily discharge|
|Grandcamp||23 June||19 September||88||58,382||675|
|Isigny||24 June||15 October||114||85,431||740|
|St. Vaast||9 July||16 October||100||117,185||1,172|
|Carentan||25 July||31 July||7||2,114||300|
|Barfleur||26 July||16 October||84||67,491||803|
development of Cherbourg's capacity. Their tonnage record, however, like that of the airlift during the pursuit, is hardly a fair measure of their value, which was considerable when viewed in the light of the desperate shortage of discharge capacity at the time. (3) The Role of Cherbourg
Considering that the port problem dominated logistic planning for OVERLORD and involved such meticulous preparations it is ironic that the actual development of port capacity should have proceeded so differently from that planned. This was first evident at the beaches, which fortunately revealed potentialities far beyond expectations and remained in operation longer than anticipated. Performance at the minor ports roughly matched the pre-D-Day estimates, although it fell short of the goals set for them after their capture. Meanwhile, the port of Cherbourg also played a far different role in the logistic support of U.S. forces from what had been expected. As the only large port in the area of the landings Cherbourg was the first
major objective of the U.S. forces in the Normandy landings and was scheduled for early capture and rehabilitation. But Cherbourg, which in peacetime was primarily a passenger port and naval base, was expected to develop a capacity of less than 9,000 tons and to bear a sizable portion of the discharge burden for only a short time. Contrary to these plans, and despite the delay in capturing the port and bringing it into operation, Cherbourg achieved a discharge rate more than double the goal originally set, and until Antwerp was finally brought into operation was the mainstay of the port system supporting U.S. forces. On the day of its capture late in June there was little indication of the great role that Cherbourg was to have, for the picture which the harbor presented when the last major resistance in the arsenal area collapsed was discouraging indeed. As a port Cherbourg had been destroyed with Teutonic thoroughness. Reconnaissance of the harbor, which began before the last resistance ended, showed that 95 percent of the existing quayage capable of handling deep-draft shipping was destroyed; many of the harbor buildings, particularly in the arsenal area, were demolished; and dozens of sunken ships and smaller craft, ranging from a 550-foot whaler to tiny fishing boats, blocked the entrance channels leading to the various basins and docks. In addition, native Frenchmen and captured prisoners told of wholesale mining of the harbor. Adolph Hitler himself appeared well satisfied with the way in which his naval commandant at Cherbourg had carried out his mission, commending Konteradmiral Walther Hennecke for his "exemplary destruction" of the harbor. 51
The scale of demolitions at Cherbourg was actually no greater than anticipated, but the opening of the port within a period of three days of capture, as originally scheduled, was clearly out of the question. Some conception of the problems which confronted both Army and Navy units at Cherbourg may be gained by a brief survey of the damage and obstructions in the main port areas, beginning at the eastern end of the Petite Rade, or inner roadstead, and proceeding clockwise around the harbor. (Map 4) The eastern end of the port was the least-developed area. There the terraces known as the Reclamation and the Terre Plein simply formed anchorage for shallow-draft vessels and had suffered little damage. The masonry sea walls there were intact, although they were heavily fortified and backed by tank traps and roadblocks. Just west of the Terre Plein, however, some of the worst demolitions on the entire port were found at the quays forming the great deepwater Darse Transatlantique. This dock, built by the Germans between 1923 and 1935 as a World War I reparation, was 800 feet wide and 2,000 feet long. Forming the eastern side of the dock was the Quai de Normandie, which had not been completed, about 1,000 feet of it consisting of unfilled caissons. Before the demolitions one crawler crane and five large gantry cranes weighing about thirty tons
The Port of Cherbourg
The Port of Cherbourg
had been tipped into the water and the quay walls then blown in on top of them. Forming the western side of the Darse was the new Quai de France, a modern wharf capable of berthing the largest ocean liners and including the pride of the city, the fine Gare Maritime, where passengers could alight from transatlantique liners and under the same roof board streamlined trains for Paris. Demolitions here followed the same pattern as at the adjacent Quai de Normandie, although there was much more to destroy. More than 15,000 cubic yards of caisson masonry had been blown from 2,000 feet of the quay wall into the Darse. The railway station, a reinforced concrete building 787 feet long, while not totally destroyed, was badly damaged, and its utilities, such as the heating plant and electric control apparatus, were completely demolished. Immediately to the west of the great pier forming the Quai de France and the Gare Maritime a channel led directly south into a tidal basin and wet dock--the Avant Port de Commerce and the Bassin à Flot--lying in the very heart of the city. No damage had been inflicted on the innermost Bassin à Flot, but in the Avant Port the eastside Quai de l'Ancien Arsenal was entirely in ruins, and a swing bridge known as the Pont Tournant, which spanned the channel between the two basins and was on the principal artery connecting the two halves of the city, had been wrecked, half of it lying in the channel and the other half mined. Together with the installations surrounding the Darse Transatlantique this area formed the commercial part of the port. To the west lay the Nouvelle Plage, a 400-yard beach, and beyond it a seaplane Base. The Nouvelle Plage, since it contained no man-made installations, suffered no damage, although it had been fortified with barbed wire and fences. At the seaplane base, however, all hangars and other buildings were wrecked, and all cranes had been blown into the harbor. Off the western side of the Petite Rade lay the most elaborate installations of the entire port--the arsenal and naval dockyard, containing both tidal and nontidal basins and drydocks, workshops, barracks, and storage facilities. Destruction to buildings was particularly widespread in this area, some of it caused by Allied air attacks in the preceding years. All drydock gates were wrecked, every bridge except one was demolished, including a retractable railway bridge, and all portal cranes had been blown up. Where facilities remained standing they had been prepared for demolition by 500-pound bombs. Only quay walls were intact in this entire area. Forming the northwest edge of the Petite Rade was the Quai Homet, a berth which apparently had been used by coal coasters. This quay had been cratered in nine places and the explosions had thrown much of the wall out of line. Finally, the Digue du Homet, the 1,100-yard mole which formed the western breakwater of the Petite Rade, had also been systematically demolished. The Digue du Hornet carried both railway tracks and oil lines and was quayed on the port side. All these facilities were unusable, for the breakwater was blown out on the quay side at eleven places, and in two additional places had craters more than a hundred feet long extending
the full seventy-foot width of the mole. Opposite the Digue du Homet the eastern breakwater, known as the Jetée des Flamands, had no value so far as cargo discharge was concerned and was untouched. 52
The cratered and crumbling quays, the toppled cranes, the blown bridges, and the demolished buildings represented only the most evident damage to the port. Intelligence had already revealed that the black waters of the Petite Rade and the various basins had been rendered treacherous by hundreds of mines, and the first reconnaissance disclosed that every passage or channel in the harbor was blocked by sunken ships. These mines and ships, as it turned out, proved to be the chief obstacles delaying the opening of the port. A complete catalog of the ships, cranes, and other miscellaneous wreckage with which the harbor floor was strewn cannot be detailed here, but a few examples will illustrate the extent to which the various channels were blocked. The principal sinkings had taken place in the entrance channels leading to the Darse Transatlantique, the Port de Commerce, and the arsenal area. The Darse Transatlantique, for example, was completely blocked off to any deep-draft vessels by two large ships which had been sunk across its entrance. One was a 550-foot whaler of 7,000 to 8,000 tons, the Solglint, which lay on its side with its bow against the north end of the Quai de Normandie. The other was a rotted coaster, the 325-foot Granlieu, which completed the closure of the Darse's entrance, extending across to the tip of the Quai de France.
In the Avant Port de Commerce and the Bassin à Flot about a dozen small craft had been sunk. These presented no serious trouble and were removed by floating cranes. But in the channel leading to these basins lay sixteen vessels which denied entrance to the Port de Commerce to everything but small craft, such as barges. The major obstacle was a large coaster, the Normand, the other fifteen consisting of old tugs of various sizes. The arsenal area had by far the largest concentration of sunken vessels. The entrance to the first basin--the Avant Port--was effectively blocked by two barges and an old German-built submarine lifting vessel of about 1,000 tons. Floating the latter proved impossible, so that eventually it was necessary to cut up the vessel and remove it piecemeal, a task which required almost four weeks. In the Avant Port itself lay eight other vessels, the larger ones at the entrances to the inner basins--the Bassin Napoléon III to the west, and the Bassin Charles X to the north. One of the sunken barges in the Avant Port carried a deadly cargo of sixty-five to seventy contact, magnetic, and acoustic mines, each of which had to be gingerly removed by divers. Additional vessels had been sunk in the passages which led to the inner basins--a large trawler in the passage leading to the Bassin Napoléon III, and five vessels in that leading to the Bassin Charles X. The latter contained an additional eight craft, including a 110-ton floating crane, and the Bassin Napoléon III was littered with another fifteen barges, tugs, and trawlers, which denied access to the
DESTRUCTION AT CHERBOURG. Gare Maritime, left. Note damage left of pier and the Normand, right, blocking entrance to the Avant Port de Commerce. Right, the Solglint sunk off the Quai de Normandie.
quays. The passage connecting the two inner basins was completely blocked by four craft and a demolished swing bridge. Since this passage was too narrow to be of much service no attempt was made to clear it. These sinkings constituted the bulk of those obviously calculated to render the port unusable, but there were many other craft scattered about the harbor. An armed trawler had been sunk in the big battleship drydock in the northwest corner of the Petite Rade, and several trucks had also been dumped into the dock; two barges and three large tugs had been sunk alongside the Digue de Homet; a coaster and ten-ton floating crane lay to one side of the Nouvelle Plage; and the small basins at the southern end of the arsenal area, particularly the Bassin des Subsistances, were cluttered with motor launches, barges, trawlers, tugs, and floating cranes. 53
The clearance of some of this wreckage was obviously one of the first steps required to bring the port into operation. This task could get under way as soon as agreement was reached on the order in which various sections of the port should be rehabilitated. Navy salvage officers and Army engineer and transportation officers had entered the port on the day of its capture and after a quick reconnaissance established priorities on 28 June for the reconstruction of certain areas. In every case both salvage by the Navy and shore reconstruction work by the Army engineers were required to permit the start of discharge operations. Almost all salvage operations,
DESTRUCTION AT CHERBOURG. Wrecked hangars at seaplane base, left. Right, partially sunken craft and demolished swing bridge in the narrow passage to Bassin Charles X, naval arsenal area. however, required the use of lifting craft, pontons, or large floating cranes, and none of these could be brought in until the approaches to the various quays and channels were clear of mines. Mine clearance consequently took precedence over even the removal of obstacles. The enemy had done as masterful a job in mining the harbor as he had in demolishing its onshore facilities and sinking obstacles in the approaches. According to Commodore William A. Sullivan, an experienced salvage officer who surveyed the port upon its capture, the mine-sweeping problem which it created was the most complicated yet encountered in any harbor clearance work. Various types of magnetic, acoustic, contact, and "Katy" mines were uncovered, either by sweeping operations or through accidents to shipping. The first three types were already well known and were found in both the outer and inner roadsteads and entrances thereto, in the arsenal basins, and in the Darse Transatlantique. The Katy mine was new, however, and proved the most troublesome. Normal mine-sweeping would not set it off, for it was usually planted in the growth of the harbor floor. Most of the Katies were sown in the shallow anchorage of Querqueville Bay at the western end of the Grande Rade or outer roadstead, and just off the Reclamation area at the eastern end of the Petite Rade.
Virtually no part of the harbor was clear, although the mining of the harbor apparently had been far from completed, as evidenced by the sunken barge in one of the arsenal basins that contained the mines. Twenty-four carloads were eventually removed from the debris in
the Gare Maritime. A narrow lane had been left free inside the central outer breakwater--the Grand Digue--from the western entrance to a point opposite the entrance to the Petite Rade. Starting with this slender opening, sweeping operations got under way on 30 June, the day after the enemy finally surrendered the forts on the outer breakwater. Both U.S. and British vessels participated in the clearance operations, all under the direction of Commander John B. G. Temple of the Royal Navy. A large, roughly rectangular anchorage in the Grande Rade was cleared first, and the sweepers then moved into the Petite Rade and Darse Transatlantique. Lack of maneuver space hampered operations throughout, and before the dangerous work was completed ten vessels, including three mine sweepers, were sunk by mines and three others were damaged. Most of the casualties were attributed to the unfamiliar Katy mine, which vessels "sat on" and detonated when anchoring or moving about at low tide. Contrary to all expectations mine clearance proved the major factor in delaying the opening of the port, and eventually required more than three and one half months to complete. 54
The start of discharge operations did not of course await the completion of the demining task. Naval salvage work and Army engineer construction started immediately to ready for cargo reception four areas of the port which had been named in the priority program on 28 June: (1) the Nouvelle Plage, suitable for dukws; (2) the Bassin à Flot or wet basin of the commercial port, for barge discharge; (3) the Reclamation area, for railway rolling stock and LST's; and (4) the Digue du Homet, for Liberty ships and seatrains. Salvage work actually got under way simultaneously with demining operations where it could be undertaken without the benefit of lifting craft, pontons, and cranes. In many cases it was found possible to raise undamaged vessels simply by pumping the water out of them and then floating them away. Others were patched at low water and then floated at high tide. In this way four of the sixteen vessels blocking the entrance to the Port de Commerce were removed before the arrival of the heavier salvage equipment, and would have permitted access to the inner basins within a week of the port's capture had it not been for the delay in mine clearance. No attempt was made to remove the biggest obstacle in the channel, the large coaster Normand, which lay on its port side at right angles to the west side of the Gare Maritime. Its starboard side was approximately level with the pier of the Gare, and therefore provided a perfect foundation for a pier at which small coasters could unload. Similar use was made of the two vessels which had been sunk across the entrance to the Darse Transatlantique. The whaler Solglint lay on its starboard side at right angles to the Quai de Normandie, its port side level with the latter's deck and thus forming an excellent foundation for an additional pier. Only its superstructure was removed so that Liberty ships could moor on both sides. The coaster Granlieu was utilized in the same way, but had to be moved since it rested between the stern of the sunken
Solglint and the northeast corner of the Quai de France, completely blocking the entrance to the Darse. Approximately seventy-five tons of concrete from the demolished buildings of the Gare Maritime lay atop the Granlieu and had to be removed first. Then, by the use of compressed air and tows, the Granlieu was swung out in a 90-degree arc so that it formed a continuation of the quay. An army tug promptly sank in the exact spot from which the coaster had been moved, but it was raised within a few days. On 18 September, eleven weeks after the port's capture and seventy-six days later than planned, the entrance to the Darse was finally clear. Clearance of the arsenal area also started, beginning with the removal of the submarine lifting craft and barges blocking the entrance to the Avant Port. Obstacles were literally piled one on top of another in this area, and floating cranes and lifting craft eventually removed forty tugs, barges, and cranes from the three basins. The arsenal area, like the Darse Transatlantique, was low on the salvage priority list, and it was not until 7 September, sixty-six days after the capture of the port, that the first Liberty ship could be brought into the Bassin Napoléon III, and 21 September before the first Liberty could dock in the Bassin Charles X. The salvage task at Cherbourg was finally completed on 29 September.55
The development of shore facilities had proceeded simultaneously with salvage operations under priorities designed to open as quickly as possible those areas of the port which could receive cargo with the least delay. In accordance with the priorities established on 28 June, work immediately started on the Nouvelle Plage, the Bassin à Flot, the Digue du Homet, and the Reclamation area for the reception of various types of craft, ranging from dukws to Liberty ships. The establishment of priorities was designed to get work under way immediately and did not constitute a detailed plan for the port's reconstruction. The ADSEC engineer worked out such a plan in the succeeding days and presented it to the theater engineer on 4 July. Two days later it was approved by the commanding general of the Communications Zone.
The plan's most striking feature was the doubling of the original discharge target for Cherbourg, raising it from 8,800 tons to 17,000 tons per day. Most of the additional capacity was to be provided by the construction of marginal wharves along the undamaged Terre Plein and Reclamation area and sea walls, and by the construction of "fingers" for additional Liberty berths along the Digue du Homet and along the Quai de France and Quai de Normandie. Within a few weeks the growing concern over the port situation led to the realization that Cherbourg in all probability would have to bear an even larger portion of the port discharge burden. On 24 July, in the first major amendment to the development plan, the port's reception capacity was raised another 4,000 tons, to 21,800, by the decision to develop more fully the quays in the Darse Transatlantique and by a greater development of the arsenal area than was originally contemplated. Reconstruction had started under the
MARGINAL WHARF CONSTRUCTION along the Terre Plein, Cherbourg, 24 July 1944. direction of the 1056th Engineer Port Construction and Repair (PC&R) Group. The main working force consisted of several engineer general and special service regiments, although a variety of specialist units, such as engineer dump truck companies, engineer fire fighting platoons, bomb disposal squads, and port repair ships were also attached. An advance party of the 1056th PC&R Group, including its commander, Col. James B. Cress, arrived at Cherbourg on 27 June, and on the following day began work on the Nouvelle Plage and the commercial port. Development of the Nouvelle Plage was not a complicated or elaborate reconstruction job, since this beach was simply to be converted into a landing point for dukws and LCT's. Except for barbed wire and other scattered debris there was no heavy wreckage to clear. Engineers blasted three exits in the sea wall, graded the beach, and built three concrete roads. This work was completed in eight days, and would have permitted the reception of cargo had it been safe to bring ships into the harbor. Not until 14 July, however, were the western ends of the outer and inner roadsteads declared free of mines. Finally on 16 July four Liberty ships loaded with construction supplies and vehicles needed in the rehabilitation of the port entered the harbor and anchored in the Grande Rade. Late that afternoon a dukw driven by Pvt. Charles I. Willis of the 821st Amphibious Truck Company brought the first load of supplies, consisting of Signal Corps wire,
LAYING RAILWAY TRACKS for reception of supplies, Bassin à Flot, Cherbourg, 13 July 1944. to the Nouvelle Plage, where a crane transferred the cargo to a waiting truck driven by Pvt. William G. O'Hair of the 3884th Quartermaster Truck Company (Transportation Corps). A few minutes later the first supplies discharged at Cherbourg were on their way to a depot five miles south of the city. Port operations were finally under way. 56
Additional construction carried out at the Nouvelle Plage during the next month, consisting mainly of a concrete loading platform and a ramp similar to the hards built in the United Kingdom, brought the beach's dukw discharge capacity to a rated 2,000 tons per day. Most of this work was carried out by the 342d Engineer General Service Regiment, using captured enemy supplies. 57
Less than twenty-four hours after the first cargo arrived at the Nouvelle Plage unloading also began in the Bassin à Flot, or wet basin of the commercial port. The heaviest damage in this area had been to the eastern quay of the Avant Port de Commerce (the Quai de l'Ancien Arsenal) and to the Pont Tournant, which bridged the channel between the two basins. The demolished swing bridge could not be salvaged, and was quickly cut up with torches. In its place engineers improvised a retractable bridge, using Bailey bridging and an electric hoist. Before attempting to restore the badly demolished eastern quay, engineers constructed a paved LST ramp in the northeast corner of the Avant Port so that railway rolling stock could be brought ashore there. Two railway tracks were laid to accommodate two LST's at the same time. But the basin was found to be too small and too crowded with barge traffic to permit maneuvering LST's, and the facilities were never used for the purpose intended. Late in August attention shifted to the eastern quay, the Quai de l'Ancien Arsenal, where the concrete pile wharf had been completely demolished. After the removal of much of the debris this quay was reconstructed, part of it of concrete and steel, and the remainder of timber. The Avant Port eventually could accommodate 8 barges and the Bassin à Flot 13 barges and 6 coasters. Together the two basins had a capacity of about 2,000 tons per day. The seaplane base, where a concrete ramp, or hard, already existed, provided facilities similar to those at the Nouvelle Plage. The ramp there was simply widened considerably and its craters were filled. In addition, rail lines were built down to the water's edge so that rolling stock could be discharged directly from LST's. When completed the seaplane base was wide enough to accommodate six LST's discharging simultaneously, and could also be used for dukws. Similar accommodations were constructed in the Reclamation area, at the eastern end of the harbor. A concrete sea wall was first removed there, and a concrete apron 80 feet by 270 feet was then laid, wide enough to accommodate six LST's. Three berths were intended for the discharge of vehicles, and three for railway rolling stock, for which purpose rail lines were laid to the water's edge. The first delivery of rolling stock at this point was made by converted LST's on 31 July.
One of the most profitable and ambitious construction projects was carried out in the basin bounded by the Reclamation area, the Terre Plein, and the Quai de Normandie. This area had never been developed for unloading operations, and its sea walls were undamaged, although a few craters along the terrace had to be filled and pillboxes removed. Once this was accomplished a timber platform forty-two feet wide was built on wood piles directly over and straddling the sea wall to form a wharf at which barges could discharge. When completed this platform extended along all three sides of the basin and was 4,200 feet long. It could accommodate forty-one barges at a time, and was served by fifty-two stiff-leg derricks, which could transfer cargo directly to railway cars. At low tide barges dried out in this area. Rehabilitation of the northwest corner of the harbor, namely the Digue du Homet and Quai Homet, had been given high priority, and work began there within a week of the port's capture. The Digue du Homet was particularly valuable, for it promised to provide badly needed deepwater berths for Liberty ships, which could discharge directly to the rail lines running the entire length of the mole, and also berths for train ferries bringing in locomotives and rolling stock. The Digue itself was badly cratered and in two places completely breached, permitting the water to flow through. The first priority was to fill
these craters and clear away the debris. This was completed in four days, after which the repair of the railway was undertaken. Since the quay side of the Digue had an underwater shelf, engineers constructed five pile and timber platforms to serve as unloading wharves for Liberty ships. Later they filled in the gaps between them to create a continuous quay along 2,700 feet of the 3,300-foot mole. The first Liberty ship docked at one of the platforms on 9 August.
At the shore end of the Digue a portion of the Quai Homet was selected as a pierhead to accommodate the Twickenham Ferry, a British train ferry specially built to carry locomotives and rolling stock. Two berths were provided, one of them consisting of a "seat" which could accommodate a ramp lowered into position by the ferry, permitting rolling stock to roll from the ferry to the quay, and the other providing a site where locomotives could be lifted from the ferry to the quay by means of an overhead crane which was part of the vessel itself. The Twickenham made its first delivery--several 65-ton diesel electric locomotives and other rolling stock--on 29 July, all of the stock being unloaded by means of the overhead crane. Early rehabilitation plans had not provided for any substantial development of the arsenal area. Upon the port's capture, however, ADSEC engineers immediately included the arsenal in their reconstruction plan and counted on this area to provide at least one fourth of the port's total capacity. Contrasted with other sections of the harbor, the quay walls in the arsenal area were undamaged, which meant that this area could receive ships as soon as the basins were demined and cleared of the many vessels and cranes which littered the waters. Additional berths were provided by constructing timber trestles across the various openings, such as submarine and shipbuilding pens and drydocks, and by bridging boat slips with standard timber piling wharf to provide continuous quays. In this way the arsenal area eventually provided berths for eleven Liberty ships and five coasters. It was 7 September, however, before the first Liberty could enter the arsenal area, and 21 September before the Bassin Charles X could discharge a deep-draft ship. Last of the port areas to come into operation was the Darse Transatlantique. This was the most modern and best-developed area of the port, but was also one of the most thoroughly demolished. The Gare Maritime, for example, was almost completely useless, and tremendous quantities of debris had to be removed before the adjoining quay could be reconstructed. Utilization of the Quai de France and of the Quai de Normandie on the other side of the Darse entailed tremendous engineer construction projects. At both quays reconstruction proceeded in two phases. T-head ramps at Liberty hatch spacing were first constructed, and standard pile timber wharf was then filled in to form continuous quays. The full length of the Quai de France--2,000 lineal feet--was reconstructed in this way, providing berths for four Liberties when completed. At the Quai de Normandie not only the original quay was rebuilt, but the caissons of the uncompleted extension were leveled off and the gaps bridged to form an additional 1,200 feet of quay. This work went on round the
SEATRAIN UNLOADING A GONDOLA onto rail lines laid to the water's edge, Cherbourg, August 1944. clock for eleven weeks, and when completed provided six Liberty berths. 58
Port reconstruction, mine clearance, salvage, and cargo discharge had gone on simultaneously throughout the summer. In the course of this work the reconstruction plan and discharge target for the port had been amended still further. In mid-August the commander of the PC&R Group submitted plans which would have increased the port's capacity another 10,000 tons--from 21,800 to 31,900--by the construction of a PHOENIX pier, a fuller development of the arsenal, and further extensions to the Quai de France and Quai de Normandie. But these projects were found to be infeasible for one reason or another. Early in September a less ambitious proposal was made, calling for the development of Cherbourg's capacity to 26,650 tons with a minimum of additional construction. This proposal underwent further modifications in the course of its examination. The principal feature of the plan finally adopted and carried out was the addition of marginal wharves for two Liberty ships on either side of the battleship drydock off the Quai Homet. This was to bring the total capacity of the port to 28,300 tons through the provision of berths for 28 Liberty ships, 14 LST's, 75 barges, 13 coasters, 2 train ferries, and 1 tanker (the latter at the Digue de Querqueville). 59
Target dates had been established in July for bringing the various areas of the port into operation, and a goal of 20,000 tons capacity had been set for development by the middle of September. Rehabilitation consistently fell short of these targets, in many cases because of delays in mine clearance and removal of sunken obstacles. Operations at the Nouvelle Plage, for example, which were scheduled to begin on 9 July, did not get under way until a week later. Barges and coasters were to start discharging in the Bassin à Flot on 26 July, but it was 11 August before coasters could enter. Use of the tanker berth at the Digue de Querqueville was postponed more than two weeks with the result that it was 25 July, the date of the breakout at St. Lô, before the POL Major System could come into operation. Similarly, use of the Twickenham Ferry berths at the Quai Homet began two weeks later than planned. Deep-draft cargo ship berths were the last to come into operation. Not until 9 August, nineteen days later than planned, was the first Liberty ship berth--at the Digue du Homet--ready to begin discharge. In the arsenal area it was another full month before Liberties could berth in the Bassin Napoléon III, and 21 September before the Bassin Charles X was ready. The delay in opening the Darse Transatlantique to deep-draft vessels illustrated most pointedly of all how effective the enemy's mining and demolitions had been in denying the Allies the use of the port. Plans initially called for the completion of two Liberty berths there by 26 July. But the Darse was not even clear of mines until 21 August, and an access channel was not opened until 18 September. The
first Liberty ship finally berthed in the Darse on 8 October.60
The port fell considerably short of its goal of 20,000 tons by mid-September. At that time the rehabilitation was reported 75 percent complete. But the uncompleted 25 percent consisted of all-important Liberty berthing, or "alongside berths," where cargo could be transferred directly to waiting trucks or freight cars. Only five Liberty berths were then available. The port did not reach its projected development of 28,300 tons for another three months. As late as mid-November seven of the planned Liberty berths had still not opened. Planned facilities were essentially complete by 15 December, but even at that date two berths in the Darse Transatlantique were not in full use because of difficulties in dredging to the required depth. The port had easily surpassed the discharge targets established before D Day. By the first week in August, three weeks after the start of operations, it was discharging approximately 6,000 tons per day. By mid-September it was handling double this volume. Port operations reached a plateau at that time, and for a full month thereafter Cherbourg's performance was uneven, at times exceeding 15,000 tons and occasionally dropping to 6,000 and 8,000. Despite elaborate plans and preparations, the inauguration of discharge operations at Cherbourg, as at the beaches, was attended by many difficulties. Operations went through a considerable shakedown period before they became routine. The operation of Cherbourg was the responsibility of the 4th Major Port (Transportation Corps), which had operated the Mersey River ports around Liverpool, under the command of Colonel Sibley. It was originally intended that there should be a single command in the Cherbourg area, including the operation of the port and the administration of the surrounding area. For about two weeks, however, Colonel Sibley was left free to reconnoiter the port and organize it for discharge operations, and the administration of the area was assumed by the deputy commander of the Advance Section, Col. Claude H. Chorpening. On 11 July the original command plan went into effect: Colonel Chorpening left Cherbourg and Colonel Sibley was designated the commander of the newly created Area No. I of the Advance Section. This arrangement was short-lived. Because of the tremendous engineering task which lay ahead, the decision was made only a few days later to separate the functions of port operations and area command. On 21 July, as related earlier, Colonel Wyman took over the Cherbourg Provisional Command, Colonel Sibley reverted to his more limited role as commander of the 4th Port.61
On 25 July Colonel Sibley's organization was augmented by the attachment of the 12th Port (Col. August H. Schroeder), which moved up from St. Vaast. Colonel Sibley used the personnel of this headquarters mainly to form a Provisional Port Troop Command Headquarters to handle training, administration, and discipline of the six port battalions and other attached units which
then comprised the 4th Port organization. 62
The operation of a port requires the same high degree of synchronization and balancing of capacities as do other logistic activities. All steps in funneling supplies through a port are closely linked, and each is a potential bottleneck. The lack of sufficient cranes, for example, can render dozens of ships idle. Cherbourg had its share of such hitches before it became a smoothly run port. Many of them were almost exact duplicates of the early troubles at the beaches. The proper co-ordination of Army and Navy functions, for example, was worked out only after considerable trial and error. Bringing a vessel into the port was a Navy responsibility, and as often as possible the Army's wishes were followed in determining a vessel's berth. Port officials wanted craft carrying suitable dukw cargo anchored in the Petite Rade, for example, to avoid long hauls from the outer roadstead. In many cases shore facilities left no choice as to the berthing of a vessel. But communications and liaison were faulty at first, and port officers often were unaware of the arrival of a vessel until it was about to be berthed. The logical remedy was to station port representatives in the office of the Naval Harbor Master, whence information on arriving vessels was telephoned to the appropriate port officials. A more basic difficulty, one which had also plagued operations at the beaches, was the lack of information as to when ships were to arrive and what cargo they carried. Such information was needed so that sufficient numbers of port battalion personnel could be provided for hatch operations, so that freight cars or trucks could be spotted for the prompt clearance of quays, so that the proper cargo-handling equipment, such as cranes, could be provided, and so that technical service representatives could alert depots and dumps for the reception of supplies. Part of the difficulty arose over the failure of manifests to arrive in time. At first the port normally received information on scheduled arrivals from the Advance Section. But many vessels appeared in the crowded harbor before any news of their arrival was received, and consequently no preparation for handling them was made. Shortly after discharge operations started the port refused entry to one of these "ghost" ships only to find that it carried top priority cargo. Lacking manifests and stowage plans, port personnel frequently had to board vessels to determine what they carried and how it was stowed. Naval officials, who were in direct communication with London, were in the best position to have advance information on future arrivals. Again, but only after some trial and error, the problem was partially resolved by maintaining constant liaison with the Naval Harbor Master.63
Discharge operations were made difficult by the initial lack of deepwater berths. Until such facilities were available all ships had to anchor in the roadstead and discharge to lighters (dukws and barges) for movement to the beaches or the basins of the commercial port, where supplies were transferred to trucks or freight cars. Because of the double handling involved, such operations were
costly in labor and equipment, and in time. Moreover, the volume of cargo which could be handled in this way was always limited. Dukws had a rated capacity of only two and one half tons, although as in the case of the 2½-ton truck orders were given in mid-August to overload by 100 percent. 64 But the dukw was still suitable for only relatively small items and packaged goods. Barges had greater capacity, but could not handle the most awkward equipment. Lighterage operations called for the closest planning and supervision to make the best possible use of the available tugboats, barges, and port battalion personnel. Dukws could go ashore at the Nouvelle Plage at all times, but barges had to be tied to stake boats in the harbor and await favorable tide conditions, for they could be towed into the basins of the commercial port and later to the Terre Plein area only during a few hours at high tide. The control of tugs and of hatch operations under this type of unloading was difficult, since adequate communications were initially found wanting. Both the Navy's blinker system and the use of a shuttle boat were too slow and inefficient for this purpose. The answer was finally found in the use of a small Signal Corps radio which had been designed for combat but which was found to be excellent for the control of all offshore activities. Two systems were installed, one for the control of tugs and one for hatch operations. Lighterage operations also suffered more from the hazards of weather than did ship-to-shore discharge. Bad weather frequently prevented dukws and barges from venturing out into the harbor, and during one storm on 21 August a 30-ton floating crane and two car ferries, each with a barge, were beached by high winds. All these handicaps indicated an urgent need for deepwater berths, for only by direct ship-to-shore operations could relatively uninterrupted discharge be assured and the largest volume of tonnage handled. 65
A variety of other difficulties plagued the early operations of the port. There were shortages of all kinds initially--of tugs, barges, cranes, and of all types of gear. The 4th Port's gear had been loaded on twelve ships in the United Kingdom and was scheduled to be brought in at Cherbourg. Instead the vessels were sent to UTAH Beach, where much of the heavier gear was unloaded and later had to be searched. Its arrival in Cherbourg was delayed considerably. Hatch crews repeatedly lacked ropes, slings, nets, or other unloading gear. In an effort to keep them supplied, three dukws cruised about the harbor at first, taking gear from vessel to vessel. Much of the equipment was lost when ships left the port without returning it. Most serious of the equipment problems was the shortage of cranes. Crane operation had been handled largely by civilian workers in the United Kingdom, and inadequate numbers of military personnel had been trained for the continental ports. An intensive training program had to be initiated on the spot, conducted by two sergeants who had had experience in the United Kingdom. Operation of the cranes by inexperienced workers took its toll in damaged equipment,
just as it did in the case of motor transport operations, and the shortage of spare parts and skilled mechanics contributed to the prolonged deadlining of equipment. In this way, for example, a $15,000 Koehring crane vitally needed in port operations was deadlined for three weeks because of a broken water pump valued at $2. 00. At times as many as half of all the assigned cranes were inoperative from such causes. 66
Achieving a satisfactory discharge rate was only half the problem at Cherbourg. At least equally important in the long run was the problem of port clearance, for it was this aspect of Cherbourg's operations which proved to be the factor preventing the maximum utilization of the port's intake capacity. In one sense a port represents the narrow neck of an hourglass. Thousands of tons of supply converge upon it from the sea and must be passed through this defile and then distributed to dumps and depots. Within the port itself two principal operations are involved--the unloading of ships and the loading of freight cars and trucks. Adequate discharge facilities must be available if the maximum tonnage is to be received and if ships are to be emptied promptly and not allowed to stand idle in the harbor. Equally vital, however, are the complementary facilities required to dispatch cargo from the port in order to keep quays clear. Essentially this means that ample transportation must be available, and an adequate depot structure provided to receive the cargo. It was desirable that clearance be accomplished by rail, for rail transport was more economical than motor transport and capable of handling much larger tonnages. Plans had of course been made to rehabilitate the existing railway facilities at Cherbourg. Damage to them had been fairly extensive, but no greater than expected. Just south of the city a 400-foot tunnel on the main Cherbourg-Paris trunk line had been blown shut, and between this tunnel and the Gare de l'Etat in the city the switches and frogs had been systematically destroyed. A roundhouse just south of Cherbourg was also largely demolished, mainly as the result of friendly artillery fire. Within the port itself there were only about fifteen miles of trackage, branching out from the Gare de l'Etat to serve the Digue du Homet, the arsenal area, the Gare Maritime, the Amiot Aircraft Works, and the Bassin à Flot. The worst damage was evident at the Gare Maritime, in the arsenal, and in the area of the aircraft works. All these facilities were required for the clearance of the port, and rehabilitation began immediately. But the decision to double Cherbourg's intake capacity made it apparent that the existing rail complex would be far from adequate. Additional lines were needed at the new quays which were being constructed, so that discharge could be directly from ship to rail car, and the capacity of storage and marshaling yards had to be greatly expanded to handle the tremendous volume of rail traffic. Cherbourg was not equipped for large-scale freight handling operations. Just as new discharge facilities had to be developed, therefore, a sizable railway construction program had to be undertaken. New construction and the restoration of the existing system were carried on simultaneously. Existing facilities were augmented considerably in several places, as for example in the yards between the tunnel and the Gare de l'Etat, where 11,500 feet of new track were laid, and along the Digue du Homet, where three lines were extended the entire length of the mole. Additional trackage was also built along the barge wharves in the Terre Plein area, and along two sides of the Bassin à Flot. In the arsenal area a considerable augmentation of existing facilities was carried out by the construction of lines to the inner quays, and by the construction of additional yards. The most urgent need created by the new tonnage target was for storage and marshaling yard capacity. At the time of its capture Cherbourg possessed storage capacity for only 350 cars, and a marshaling yard capacity of only 400. Brig. Gen. Clarence L. Burpee, Director General of the 2d Military Railway Service, estimated that the projected daily discharge of 20,000 tons would require the loading of 2,000 freight cars per day. Since a two-day supply of empty cars was required on hand at all times, 4,000 cars would be required. Storage facilities for 4,000 cars and marshaling yard facilities for 2,000 cars were therefore required to clear 20,000 tons of freight from the port each day. Transportation Corps officials proposed to meet part of this need by expanding existing yards. But the larger part of the requirement had to be met by new construction. Plans now called for the building of three new yards, one at the Terre Plein with a capacity of about 700 cars, one at Couville, six miles south of the port, with a capacity of 1,400 cars, and another at Sottevast, five miles farther south on the main rail line, capable of holding 2,600 cars. All together, these projected expansions were to provide a gross storage capacity of about 4,600 cars and marshaling facilities for nearly 2,700. Construction of the Couville and Sottevast yards was undertaken largely at the insistence of Maj, Gen. Frank S. Ross and was among the most ambitious construction projects undertaken by engineers in the Normandy area. The Couville installation was to be a true marshaling and classification yard, where trains were made up and given track clearance for the eastward run. The facilities there were entirely of new construction and involved a tremendous earth-moving job--287,000 cubic yards of cut, and 177,000 yards for a seventy-foot fill. The heavy equipment needed for the task was lacking when construction began on 2 August. But the project had high priority, and the urgency of the job was further emphasized after 20 August when a heavy rain revealed how easily the entire area could be transformed into a quagmire. Every effort was therefore made to augment the organic equipment of the engineer general service regiment assigned the task, and work was stepped up, including the operation of a night shift. Mud produced by autumn rains also forced a change in plans for ballasting the tracks and made it necessary to open a rock quarry, repair its machinery, and haul hundreds of carloads of crushed rock to stabilize rail beds. The first yard at Couville was completed on 18 September, and received the
first train five days later. On 3 November, three months after work had begun, the engineers turned over the completed project to the Transportation Corps. More than 780,000 man-hours of labor eventually went into the project, which comprised 16 miles of track and had a capacity of 1,740 cars, considerably more than originally planned. The Sottevast yard, a few miles farther south, involved an even greater expenditure of effort. This yard was intended primarily as a storage and classification yard for empty cars, which could be dispatched to Cherbourg on call. Construction started on 15 August and continued until 12 December, although a portion of the facilities was ready for use in mid-October. Work on the Sottevast project was carried on under much the same conditions as at Couville. The major handicap was the heavy rains, which at one time inundated portions of the area to a depth of eighteen inches and necessitated extensive rock ballasting. 67 More than 2,000 men, including several companies of prisoners, were employed on this project in mid-November, and upwards of 1,300,000 man-hours went into it. The requirement for marshaling facilities had already declined somewhat by early December, and the original plans for the yard were therefore modified somewhat. When construction stopped in mid-December the yard contained eighteen miles of track and had a capacity of 2,280 cars. 68
Until these facilities were ready, clearance capacity was a serious limiting factor in developing the maximum flow of cargo through the port of Cherbourg. As long as U.S. forces were confined to a small Normandy bridgehead, and dumps and depots were within easy reach of the port, motor transport was of course the more efficient means of clearance. But the railways eventually were expected to handle the bulk of the tonnage. It was hoped at first that 60 percent of the cargo could be shipped by rail by early August, and by mid-September approximately 88 percent--or 17,500 of the 20,000 tons discharged each day. These targets could not be met. In the first week of August less than 10 percent of the cargo was being dispatched by rail. 69 In mid-August the Transportation Corps was called on to make emergency shipments totaling 25,600 tons via rail to the Le Mans area for the Third Army. At the close of the month even larger shipments were ordered to the Chartres area. These demands put a tremendous strain on the available supply of both locomotives and freight cars and left little rolling stock for port clearance. 70
For the entire month of August clearance by rail consequently accounted for only 38 percent of the total tonnage moved inland from the port. 71
Port clearance continued to bear the main sacrifice imposed by the greater urgency of long-distance hauling. Far from getting motor transport to compensate for the inadequate rail capacity, port clearance actually lost trucks to line-of-communications hauling. By the end of August only three companies remained against a requirement for five or six times this number. By the end of August the quays at Cherbourg were piled high with cargo which could not be moved, averaging upwards of 70,000 tons. To relieve the congestion several of the services were authorized to establish temporary subdepots or dumps at the Terre Plein.72
Difficulties at the depots contributed to the port clearance problem. The depots were rarely ideally located or equipped to receive cargo. Many were established in open fields, which became muddy in rainy weather; many lacked trucks for internal movements, and also cranes. Lacking transportation, the depots frequently insisted that trucks from Cherbourg distribute cargo at several unloading points, thus delaying their return to the port. On 1 August the port began round-the-clock operations. Some depots, lacking either lighting facilities or adequate personnel, were slow to adopt the twenty-four-hour schedule and thus contributed further to the delay in releasing transportation. Depot locations were frequently changed, and the services did not always give the port prompt notification, with the result that drivers at times returned to the port with fully loaded trucks after searching unsuccessfully for their proper destinations. A common complaint, heard frequently during the pursuit, arose from the practice of ordering drivers after they had arrived at their designated destinations to deliver their loads to another location farther forward. From the point of view of port clearance this naturally aggravated the transportation situation. 73
Port clearance continued to be the limiting factor at Cherbourg for some time, mitigating to some extent the failure to meet discharge goals. The port failed by about 8,000 tons to meet the discharge target of 20,000 tons per day by mid-September. Colonel Sibley, the 4th Port commander, had expressed doubt in July that Cherbourg could meet the higher tonnage targets established at that time. He cited in particular the difficulties over mine clearance and obstacle removal, and the probable inadequacies of the rail system, especially the shortage of rolling stock, which he thought would probably delay the maximum development of the port's capacity. 74 Unfortunately these fears were largely substantiated. The seriousness of Cherbourg's deficiencies was increasingly highlighted by the delay in bringing Antwerp into use, and by the declining performance at the
beaches, which became a wasting asset in October. Cherbourg, it must be remembered, was the only major deepwater port which the Allies possessed in operating condition at the time. By the end of September its disappointing performance became of sufficient concern to attract the attention of higher echelons in the theater, and led to some reorganization of the port. On 29 September Colonel Sibley was relieved of command of the 4th Port and was succeeded by Col. James A. Crothers.75
The new commander promptly submitted a request to Normandy Base Section for additional personnel and for more rolling stock, which he regarded as the two principal deficiencies. The main troop requirements listed were twelve port companies; an engineer general service company trained to operate cranes, derricks, and other equipment; additional prisoners of war to handle tonnage at quayside; and a battalion of infantry to guard prisoners. He asked for 1,310 freight cars per day, sufficient to clear 17,000 tons per day. Another 4,000 tons, he estimated, could be moved to local dumps and depots via motor transport, and 3,000 tons, consisting of vehicles, would move out on their own power. Additional cargo-handling equipment, such as nets and slings, was also requested. With this additional complement of personnel and equipment Colonel Crothers believed that Cherbourg could work forty-four ships simultaneously,76 each averaging 500 tons per day for a total of 22,000 tons. This tonnage, along with another 2,000 tons brought in via LST's and car ferries, would enable the port to unload and clear 24,000 tons, which the Communications Zone had recently established as the new target. 77
Meanwhile officers from both SHAEF and the Communications Zone arrived to investigate. All of them found much that needed correction or improvement. The SHAEF G-4 representatives--Capt. L. A. Thackrey of the U.S. Navy and Col. N. H. Vissering--concluded that neither the port's facilities nor its labor force were being used to best advantage. Unloading personnel, for example, were working twelve-hour shifts, and morale was suffering accordingly. Port headquarters and port companies were composed almost wholly of inexperienced and inadequately trained men. Almost without fail, it seemed, once units had learned their job they would be transferred elsewhere, leaving the port with untrained labor. Port companies generally suffered from poor supervision, and the lack of supervisory personnel in turn was the main deterrent against changing to eight-hour shifts. Furthermore, none of the port companies then employed at Cherbourg had their full allowances of personnel,
with the result that there were not enough hatch gangs in operation. 78
In addition to noting personnel deficiencies, both SHAEF and COMZ observers felt that the facilities of the port were not being efficiently utilized. Col. W. E. Potter, logistic planner from the Communications Zone, observed that there was considerable misuse of quayage. Engineer Class IV ships, for example, were being discharged at the convenient Quai de Normandie, while high priority cargo like ammunition was being unloaded at less suitable basin quays, which were difficult to work by rail. A few days of good weather invariably brought congestion on the quays. Planning had also been deficient, particularly in minor details. Even standing operating procedures were lacking on certain functions which might have been reduced to routine, such as the provision of empty cars at loading sites. 79
One of the principal bottlenecks which all the inspections recognized was the lack of adequate rolling stock needed to clear the port. But this deficiency, in the view of observers, was needlessly aggravated by poor co-ordination between port authorities and the railways in providing the proper types and numbers of cars for loading, and by inefficient operations at the depots, where the excessive time required to unload trucks resulted in exorbitantly long turn-arounds. 80
Magnifying the entire clearance problem, meanwhile, was the fact that depots in the Cherbourg area were carrying on retail supply operations. Requisitions from the armies and even subordinate headquarters were being filled in detail from dumps and depots in the Cherbourg area, entailing much sorting and switching of freight cars and segregation of small loads, thus adding to the already overtaxed facilities of the port area and contributing to the congestion there. Base areas were not intended to carry on retail issue, except on a small scale to units located in the immediate vicinity. This was another of the unorthodox practices forced on the Communications Zone in the pursuit period, when lack of forward depots left no choice but to fill requisitions directly from base dumps and depots. The port area was ill-equipped for such operations, and it was imperative that its operations be limited to wholesale supply, so that complete train loads of various classes of supply could be dispatched to depots farther forward in the Communications Zone.81
The SHAEF representatives who visited the port early in October concurred in general with the new port commander's request for additional troops and equipment. General Ross, the chief of transportation, immediately took steps
to send eighteen additional port companies to Cherbourg.82 But the SHAEF representatives were frankly skeptical over the prospects that the port would soon perform at the rate which Colonel Crothers had predicted. Captain Thackrey pointed out that the port had never worked more than eighteen ships at a time despite the fact that there were berths for thirty-five, and that only half of them had averaged 400 tons on a single day. Furthermore, he confirmed what had been suspected earlier, that the discharge figures for September, which averaged 10,000 tons per day, had included about 4,000 tons of coal and railway rolling stock. The actual deadweight cargo discharged had averaged only about 6,000 tons. 83 Such figures, as SHAEF logistic planners had pointed out earlier, were worse than useless unless carefully interpreted. 84 Regarding clearance capabilities, Captain Thackrey estimated that between 8,000 and 9,000 freight cars would have to be put into service between the forward depots and Cherbourg in order to provide the 1,300 cars needed at the port each day. He doubted that this number could be made available before the beginning of December. He was not very hopeful, therefore, that the port could achieve either discharge or clearance of 24,000 tons. With the additional hatch gangs then being organized, and with additional supervisory personnel and trucks, he believed that discharge and clearance could be raised to about 15,000 tons per day by the end of October.85
This estimate actually proved the more realistic, for Cherbourg's discharge rate at the end of October was averaging only 13,000 to 14,000 tons per day. Its performance had been highly erratic throughout the month, averaging only 11,750 tons. This was partly attributable to bad weather, for high winds and rough seas repeatedly hampered or completely suspended barge, dukw, LST, and even crane operations. The shortage of freight cars also held up unloading at times. 86
Cherbourg was hardly less important to the Allies at the end of October than it had been a month earlier, even though Le Havre and Rouen had been opened in the meantime. Continued efforts were therefore made to eliminate the deficiencies which prevented it from realizing its maximum potential performance. At the very end of the month an organizational problem which had been recognized for some time but gone unremedied, was finally solved. General Stratton, the COMZ G-4, had called attention early in October to a defect in command organization which he considered to be at the very root of the difficulties at Cherbourg. In his view too many people were interfering with the port commander, who, in a sense, had come to have the position of a mere executive to the base section commander, located in the same city. 87 Essentially, the difficulty lay in the Normandy Base
Section's retention of control over rail operations, with the result that the port commander was unable to exercise the centralized control necessary to co-ordinate all the functions involved in passing cargo through the port. This situation was finally remedied in the first week of November, after a change in command. On 30 October Colonel Wyman was relieved as commander of Normandy Base Section and was succeeded by General Clay,88 who came to the theater on loan from the Army Service Forces on the Supreme Commander's request. General Clay quickly recognized the defect described above and granted the port commander the authority he needed. 89 The first important change occurred with the transfer of control of all rail movements involved in the clearance of the port. This entailed the control of railway operations only as far south as the Couville and Sottevast yards, but it now gave the port Commander the authority he had previously lacked to co-ordinate all the functions connected with discharge and clearance. 90
These changes undoubtedly accounted at least in part for the prompt improvement in Cherbourg's performance. Unloadings averaged 14,600 tons per day in the first week of November, and in the third week the port achieved its best performance with an average discharge of 15,600 tons. November proved to be Cherbourg's best month, averaging about 14,300 tons per day. Meanwhile clearance operations also showed remarkable improvement, averaging 12,930 tons in November.
Cherbourg had hardly achieved this increased efficiency when its importance began to decline. The opening of other ports, notably Antwerp at the end of November, relieved Cherbourg of the heavy responsibility it had had for many weeks. It was logical of course that railway rolling stock, of which there was a never-ending shortage, should not be tied up in hauls of more than 400 miles when it could be used to so much better advantage on the shorter hauls from Le Havre and Antwerp. Beginning in December, therefore, Cherbourg's discharge targets were gradually lowered, first to 12,000 tons, and in the middle of the month to 7,000 tons per day. 91 For the next two months unloading actually averaged about 8,200 tons per day. Efforts to improve the efficiency of the port continued to be made. On 2 December, for example, port operations were organized into two ten-hour shifts in place of the twelve-hour shifts previously in effect. Port clearance, the most persistent limiting factor, continued to be given close attention. But all projects for the physical improvement of the port, such as laying additional track and salvaging berths, and construction at Sottevast, were canceled. Before the end of the year Cherbourg lost both personnel and equipment to other ports. 92 By the end of December,
for example, thirty-nine crawler cranes, eight port companies, a dukw company, and a harborcraft company were being transferred. Truck and trailer companies were also being released, the need for vehicles having diminished as the railways accounted for a larger and larger percentage of total clearance. The labor force employed dropped from the November average of 5,300 to 2,900 in the case of port battalion personnel (mostly hatch gangs), from 1,000 to less than 800 in the case of civilian workers, and from 3,800 to 3,600 in the case of prisoners of war. 93
Cherbourg's usefulness by no means came to an end in December but it was never again to operate at full capacity. The port never met its goal of 24,000 or even 20,000 tons, although it approximated the earlier target on one day--4 November--when 19,955 tons were discharged. But the emphasis given above to Cherbourg's endless difficulties and shortcomings need not obscure the significance of its accomplishment. Originally scheduled to develop a capacity of less than 9,000 tons and to provide but a fraction of the total port needs, Cherbourg in November alone averaged 14,300 tons per day and received a total of more than 430,000 tons of cargo. 94 For many weeks it handled fully 50 percent of all the U.S. tonnage brought to the Continent. As the only major deepwater port available in the period of the greatest logistic stress, Cherbourg therefore served as the mainstay of the entire continental port system through which the American forces were nourished. (4) The Brittany Area
Ironically, the ports which U.S. forces had counted on so heavily in the Brittany area--that is, Brest, Quiberon Bay, Lorient, and St. Malo--were never put to use, and the only ports that proved of value were those which had either never been considered or had been eliminated from the OVERLORD plan after brief consideration. As indicated earlier, enthusiasm for development of the Brittany area fluctuated with the prospects of opening the Seine ports and Antwerp. After the review of the entire port situation in mid-September General Lee had decided to go ahead with the development of three of the five smaller Brittany ports--St. Brieuc, Granville, and Morlaix. Cancale offered little more than an anchorage, and was dropped from plans because of bad tidal conditions. St. Malo at first appeared to offer fair prospects, and rehabilitation of the port had actually begun late in August. But damage was extensive and, late in September, on the basis of a discouraging report on the condition of the St. Malo-Rennes canal, it was decided that the return would not warrant the effort required to restore the port. Work was discontinued, therefore, and on 21 November St. Malo was turned back to the French.95
The first of this group of ports to be uncovered after the breakout at the end of July was Granville. Geographically, Granville is not part of Brittany, but its consideration here is logical both because of the date of its capture and because it was customarily grouped with
the other small Brittany ports in plans after mid-July. Granville was mainly a fishing port in peacetime; like Cherbourg, it had little importance as a freight handler, its prewar intake averaging less than 60,000 tons per year. It was a completely artificial port, its harbor consisting of two basins--an outer tidal basin known as the Avant Port, and an inner wet basin, the Bassin à Flot--formed by two jetties and a mole. A locked channel 223 feet long connected the two basins. The Bassin à Flot could maintain a water depth of nineteen feet by means of the locks, had quays with cranage facilities all around, and offered quayside accommodations for vessels up to 4,000 tons. Pre-D-Day plans called for developing a capacity of approximately 2,500 tons per day. Granville was captured on 30 July, five weeks later than scheduled. A reconnaissance party representing the ADSEC Engineer, the 1055th PC&R Group, and the 11th Port, which was to operate Granville, immediately surveyed the port. As expected, they found it badly damaged. The gates of the lock channel had been totally destroyed and the channel itself blocked by about 7,000 cubic yards of masonry blown into it from the walls. Seven traveling cranes around the Bassin à Flot had been destroyed and some of the wreckage toppled into the basin. Craters had been blown in both jetties forming the basins, and all berths in the two basins were obstructed by damaged tugs, barges, and other craft. Finally, all cargo-handling facilities and rail spurs had been rendered useless. Nevertheless it was concluded that the port could provide sixteen coaster berths and sufficient unloading facilities to handle 5,000 tons, double the earlier estimate. Plans were made to make Granville the number one coal port on the Continent.96
The 1055th PC&R Group initiated work at Granville on 3 August by clearing the debris from the streets and starting the repair of the craters in the westernmost jetty forming the Avant Port. On 12 August Normandy Base Section relieved the Advance Section of responsibility at Granville, and two weeks later the 1058th PC&R Group replaced the 1055th. Clearing the lock channel and stabilizing its torn walls proved one of the largest projects. No attempt was made to repair the lock gates, but the channel itself had to be cleared to permit the passage of vessels into the Bassin à Flot, which was to be utilized as a drying basin like the Avant Port. The enemy had blown five tremendous craters in the massive granite block retaining walls which in some places reached to the very channel floor. The channel was choked with masonry and clay backfill from these demolitions, and the removal of this debris was a time-consuming task, for tidal conditions made it impossible to work more than about six hours each day in the basins. The task required approximately seven weeks, after which there still remained the job of stabilizing the channel's ruptured retaining walls. Parts of the wall were rebuilt with rubble masonry; the remainder was repaired by building sandbag revetments. Because of the strong current which the
LST's DISCHARGING CARGO ON THE BEACH at St. Michel-en-Grève, near Morlaix, 5 September 1944. ebb and flow of the tide caused in the channel, it was also necessary to line the channel with timber fenders to provide stout bumpers as protection against vessels moving along the channel. Tidal conditions restricted this work to a few hours a day. At the same time engineers had begun to clear berths and construct cargo-handling facilities in both the outer and inner basins. Sunken vessels did not present a great problem; they were simply patched at low tide, pumped out, and then floated on the high tide and towed out. The biggest problems in the Avant Port were the removal of debris from the craters blown in the jetties which enclosed the harbor, and the repair of the craters themselves. The whole basin was littered with the debris from these demolitions, which had to be removed because of the danger of puncturing the hulls of vessels as they settled down on the harbor floor with the receding tide. Repair of the craters presented problems similar to those in the lock channel. Work initially was restricted to periods of low tide, and on stormy days the high tide frequently washed out the preceding day's progress. Meanwhile engineers also repaired existing rail facilities and laid additional track to serve berths in the western part of the harbor, and finally installed lighting facilities along the quays and at the Granville railhead to make night operations possible. Rehabilitation of the port was finally completed on 6 November, by which time sixteen coaster berths had been provided, as planned, offering a discharge capacity of 5,000 tons per day. More than 363,000 man-hours of work went into developing the port to this capacity. 97
As was the case at all the ports restored, the reception of cargo at Granville did not await the final completion of all construction projects. Four berths were ready by 15 September and on that date the first coaster--a Swedish vessel--entered the port. 98 Coal deliveries were rather insignificant at first, partly because the better berths in the inner basin were not ready, but chiefly because vessels had not been dispatched to the port owing to draft limitations. 99 Discharge began to average about 1,000 tons per day toward the end of October after the opening of additional berths in the Bassin à Flot.100 But stormy weather that month kept coaster sailings down and prevented the port from coming anywhere near realizing its 3,000-ton potential. 101
The inability to utilize Granville's facilities for coal reception more fully led to the suggestion that other types of cargo be sent to the port. It was estimated that beaching, storage, and rail facilities were such that about 6,000 tons of general cargo could be handled there without interfering with the discharge of coal. But other ports already existed farther forward on the line of communications--Rouen, for example--which could receive all the available coaster shipping. Consequently there was little point in using Granville for any other purpose than coal. 102
Maintenance of equipment was a never-ending problem at Granville, in part because of a lack of skilled labor, in part because of the lack of tools. This problem, plus the difficulties that bad weather created in bringing vessels into the shallow harbor, kept the port's performance disappointingly low. 103 Granville occasionally topped the 3,000-ton mark, but its average discharge rate from the time of its opening to the end of January 1945 was under 1,300 tons per day. The first cargo discharged in Brittany was brought in via open beaches at St. Michel-en-Grève, near Morlaix. The discharge of cargo there was purely an improvisation to meet an emergency requirement for supplies for the VIII Corps in its operations against Brest. Representatives of the 16th Port, which had been designated to operate the Brittany ports, had followed closely on the heels of the advancing forces in the peninsula early in August to reconnoiter all the port facilities along the northern coast. They found St. Michel suitable as a landing beach, and, lacking usable port facilities, immediately made plans to bring LST's in at this point. The first three LST's arrived on 11 August, and unloading began on the afternoon of the 12th under the proper tidal conditions. A shortage of trucks
CRANE LIFTING A LOCK GATE from the water at Morlaix, 23 August 1944. Engineers watching the operation are from the 1057th PC&R Group.
halted operations temporarily, but unloading resumed with the arrival of additional transport from the VIII Corps, and the discharge of 1,500 tons of rations, POL, and ammunition was completed on the following day. After a lapse of a few days LST's began to arrive fairly regularly. 104 On 19 September the 16th Port turned over St. Michel to the 5th Port, which continued to operate the beaches until the end of September.105
In the course of their operation the St. Michel beaches handled about 60,000 tons of supplies, much of it consisting of the emergency ammunition shipments made at the behest of Lt. Gen. Troy H. Middleton's VIII Corps for the siege of Brest. St. Michel's record was not spectacular in terms of tonnage, but the beaches served their purpose in a time of pressing need. The port of St. Brieuc, forty miles farther east, at first was believed to possess good potentialities, for it had a well-protected landlocked harbor, and was well situated with respect to the rail and road network. It was estimated at first that the port should handle 3,500 tons per day, at least half of this in coal. But St. Brieuc, like all the small ports, could not receive Liberty ships for direct ship-to-shore discharge. Shortly after its opening in mid-September its operations were
limited entirely to the intake of coal, which was to be used for the local generating plants and railways. In mid- October the shortages of coasters led to the decision to close the port. 106 Its discharge record had been poor, the entire cargo handled during its month of operation totaling less than 10,000 tons. On 9 November St. Brieuc was turned back to the French.107
Morlaix and Roscoff, the westernmost of the Brittany ports utilized by U.S. forces, like St. Michel and St. Brieuc did not figure in plans as of D Day, although they had been considered earlier. After a reconnaissance in mid-August, however, both ports showed sufficient promise to warrant their restoration and use. Roscoff and Morlaix were two separate ports, the former situated at the tip of the Penlam peninsula and the latter about twelve miles up the Dossen estuary, but they were consistently linked in all plans and were restored and operated by one headquarters. Roscoff was strictly tidal, while Morlaix, like Granville, had both a drying-out and a locked wet basin. Both had the disadvantage of all minor ports in that they could not accommodate deep-draft shipping except to provide anchorage. The rehabilitation of the two ports consisted in the main of dredging the estuary, removing sunken craft, repairing lock gates, constructing POL reception and storage facilities, and erecting floodlights. This work was carried out by the 1057th PC&R Group. When completed, Morlaix-Roscoff provided anchorage for six Liberty ships, which were discharged into schuits, LCT's, and barges. The area initially came under the control of the 16th Port, which operated the other small Brittany ports, but discharge operations did not actually get under way until after the 5th Port assumed control on 5 September.108 Morlaix and Roscoff remained in operation until the middle of December and were the last of the Brittany ports to be closed. In the three months of their operations the two ports averaged approximately 2,100 tons per day, although they often exceeded their target of 3,000 tons. Their average receipts therefore exceeded those of all the other minor ports, and their entire intake totaled over 200,000 tons. Had there been any choice in the matter it is unlikely that the smaller Brittany ports would have been opened at all. In many respects they were uneconomical to operate. By the time they were sufficiently repaired to begin receiving supplies (mid-September) the front line had advanced several hundred miles eastward. None of them could discharge deep-draft ships except by lighters, of which there was never an adequate number to take full advantage of the smaller ports' capacity. Brittany's ports, which by plan were to have developed a capacity of 30,050 tons by early November, were discharging a mere 3,000 tons per day by that time. This represented but
TABLE 3--DISCHARGE PERFORMANCE OF THE BRITTANY PORTS
|Port||Date opened||Date closed||Days operated||Long tons discharged||Average daily discharge|
|Granville||15 September 1944||21 April 1945||219||272,562||1,244|
|St. Michel||12 August 1944||30 September 1944||81||60,343||745|
|St. Brieuc||16 September 1944||15 October 1944||30||9,521||317|
|Morlaix-Roscoff||5 September 1944||14 December 1944||101||212,636||2,105|
10 percent of the 30,000 tons then being unloaded daily as compared with the 70 percent of total capacity which they were expected to provide. They were useful in support of the forces operating in the peninsula, of course, but these forces were relatively insignificant in number after September. The Brittany ports consequently met an almost purely interim need pending the development of deep-draft capacity farther east. Nevertheless, they contributed in relieving the deficit in port capacity at a time when approaching bad weather threatened to close the Normandy beaches, and during the period when Cherbourg's reconstruction was in progress. Their discharge performance is summarized in Table 3. 1. See Logistical Support I, 463ff. 2. Ltr, Deputy G-4 Mov and Tn Br G-4 SHAEF to CAO, 11 Aug 44, App. 5 of Mov and Tn Study, sub: MULBERRY, Aug 44, SHAEF G-4 War Diary/Jnl; Ltr, Hq COMZ to SAC, sub: Port Capacities, 10 Aug 44, SHAEF G-4 825. 1 Piers, Wharves, Docks, and Berths 1944, III. 3. G-4 History, I, 43; 12 A Gp Tn Sec Jnl, 2 Sep 44. 4. Liberties outfitted to handle motor transport. 5. Memo, Capt N. H. Vissering, Mov and Tn Br G-4 SHAEF, for Whipple, sub: Comments on Stf Study 13, 12 Aug 44, SHAEF G-3 381 War Plans General; Shipping Note for CAO, 26 Aug 44, SHAEF G-4 Mov and Tn Br War Diary/Jnl.
6. Shipping Note for CAO, 26 Aug 44. 7. SHAEF Plng Study, sub: Post-NEPTUNE Course of Action After Capture of the Lodgment Area, Sec. II, 30 May 44, SHAEF SGS 381 Post-OVERLORD Planning.
8. Memo, Whipple for CAO, sub: Port Dev, 3 Sep 44, SHAEF G-4 825. 1 Piers, . . . 1944, III. 9. G-4 History, I, 47-48. 10. Daily Jnl, G-4 Plans Br COMZ, 10 Sep 44, ETO Adm G-4 145C. 11. Cbl, ANCXF to SHAEF, 3 Sep 44, SHAEF AG 323. 3-2 Captured Ports.
12. Mil Shipments Priority Mtgs, 2 and 9 Sep 44, SHAEF AG 337-18 Mil Shipments Priority Mtgs; Shipping Note for CAO, 9 Sep 44, SHAEF G-4 500 Transportation General 1944, II. 13. SHAEF G-4 War Diary/Jnl, 3 Sep 44. 14. Cbl FWD-14066, SCAEF to 12 A Gp, 7 Sep 44, SHAEF AG 323. 3-3 Port Capacities.
15. Ltr, Lee to SAC, 14 Sep 44, SHAEF SGS 800 Harbors, Opening, Use, Construction; see also G-4 COMZ Plans and Communications Diary/Jnl, 18 Sep 44, ETO Adm 145C. 16. Ltr, SHAEF to Lee, sub: Alloc of Ports, 19 Sep 44, SHAEF SGS 323-3 Ports--Allocation and Development.
17. Ltr, Lord to Chiefs of Gen and Special Stf Secs and Sec Comdrs, sub: Dev of Continental Ports, 27 Sep 44, EUCOM 400 Supplies, Services, and Equipment 1944, V, or SHAEF AG 323. 3-2 Captured Ports.
18. OMAHA District Summary of Opns, 25 Nov-2 Dec, Pt. IV, ETO Adm 231. 19. Mil Shipments Priority Mtg, 29 Sep 44, SHAEF AG 337-18. 20. Memo, Deputy Chief of Mov and Tn Br G-4 SHAEF for G-4, sub: Port Info, 29 Sep 44, SHAEF G-4 825. 1 Piers, . . . 1944 III. 21. Cbl 281255, CTF 125 to ANCXF, 29 Sep 44, SHAEF SGS 800 Harbors, Opening, Use, Construction.
22. Mil Shipments Priority Mtg, 29 Sep 44, SHAEF AG 337-18. 23. Ltr, Eisenhower to Marshall, 21 Sep 44, OPD Exec Office File 9. 24. Memo, Eisenhower for CofS, 30 Sep 44, SHAEF SGS 800 Antwerp.
25. Memo, Moses for Bradley, 30 Sep 44, 12 A Gp G-4 Memos of Gen Moses 1944. 26. Granville is not included as a Normandy port in these comparisons for reasons explained later. 27. [Clifford L. Jones] NEPTUNE: Training for and Mounting the Operation, and the Artificial Ports, Pt. VI of the Administrative and Logistical History of the ETO, II, 137-39, MS, OCMH. 28. Ibid., II, 140-43. 29. Ibid., II, 143-45. 30. Ibid., II, 151-52, 154-58. 31. Monthly Progress Rpt, OCofT COMZ ETO, Jun 45, ETO Adm.
32. NEPTUNE: Training for and Mounting the Operation, II, 146-48, 152-54. 33. Ibid., II, 145-46. 34. Ltr, COS Com to CofS SHAEF, 9 Aug 44, SHAEF SGS 800. 1 MULBERRY O/CS II. 35. Ltr, Smith to Secy COS Com, 13 Aug 44, SHAEF SGS 800. 1 MULBERRY O/CS II; Min, CAO Mtg, 12 Aug 44, SHAEF AG 337-14 CAO Mtgs.
36. Cbl, ANCXF to SHAEF, 15 Aug 44, ETO 381/430 Tonnage, OVERLORD, and documents in SHAEF G-4 825. 1 MULBERRY; Cbl FWD-12919, Gale to War Office for VQMG, 16 Aug 44, SHAEF SGS 800. 1 MULBERRY Case A.
37. Ltr, Gale to Maj Gen A. R. Godwin-Austen, VQMG, 9 Sep 44, SHAEF SGS 800. 1 MULBERRY Case A.
38. Memo, DQMG Mov and Tn, 21 A Gp for MGA, sub: Policy on the Winterization of MULBERRY, 17 Sep 44, SHAEF G-4 825. 1 MULBERRY II. 39. Min, Mtg at Arromanches, with Maj Gen H. B. W. Hughes, Chief SHAEF Engr, presiding, 10 Oct 44, SHAEF SGS 800. 1 MULBERRY Case A.
40. Conf Notes, 29 Sep 44, G-4 COMZ Plant and Communications Diary/Jnl, ETO Adm 145C. 41. Min Mtg at SHAEF, 16 Oct 44, and Cbl S-62823, SHAEF to ANCXF, 21 A Gp, and COMZ, 18 Oct 44, SHAEF SGS 800. 1 MULBERRY O/CS II; CAO Mtg, 20 Oct 44, SHAEF AG 337-14 CAO Mtgs; COMZ G-4 Plant and Communications Diary/Jnl, 16 Oct 44, ETO Adm 145C. 42. Ltr, Crawford to CAO, sub: Winterization of MULBERRY, 2 Nov 44, SHAEF G-4 825. 1 MULBERRY II. 43. Memo, Brig W. E. Blakey, Deputy Tn SHAEF, sub: MULBERRY, 6 Nov 44, and Ltr, Gale to CofS SHAEF, sub: Winterization of MULBERRY, 6 Nov 44, SHAEF G-4 825. 1 MULBERRY II. 44. Ltr, Gale to CofS SHAEF, 6 Nov 44. 45. G-4 History, I, 53. 46. Normandy Base Section, Engineer Section History, 8, ETO Adm 596. 47. This area was under the control of Normandy Base Section by this time. 48. Normandy Base Section, Engineer Section History, pp. 26-27; Port Construction and Repair, Hist Rpt 11, OCE ETO, pp. 69-70, ETO Adm.
49. History of TC ETO, IV 11th Port, pp. 12-13. 50. [E. Cutts] American Port Plans, August to November 1944, prep by Hist Sec ETO, pp. 20-23, MS in OCMH. 51. Cherbourg Port Reconstruction, prep by OCE ETO, 1944, Annex B to History of the Normandy Base Section, ETO Adm 596; Cherbourg--Gateway to France: Rehabilitation and Operation of the First Major Port, prep by Hist Sec ETO , Ch. I, p. 12, Ch. III, pp. 4-5, Ch. IV, p. 3, MS in OCMH. 52. Cherbourg Port Reconstruction, pp. 13-25. 53. Ibid., pp. 26-29. 54. Ibid., p. 46; Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. III, pp. 1-12. 55. Cherbourg Port Reconstruction, pp. 34-39; Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. III, pp. 12-19. 56. Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. II, p. 2, Ch. IV, pp. 6-7, Ch. VI, pp. 5-6. 57. Cherbourg Port Reconstruction, p. 44. 58. Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. IV, pp. 6-16; Cherbourg Port Reconstruction, pp. 44-130. 59. Normandy Base Section, Engineer Section History, p. 28; Cherbourg Port Reconstruction, p. 40. 60. Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. IV, pp. 17-18; Cherbourg Port Reconstruction, pp. 39, 42. 61. Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. II, pp. 4-8. 62. History of TC ETO, IV, 4th Port, 7. 63. Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. VI, pp. 15-19, Ch. VII, pp. 2-3. 64. Ibid., Ch. VI, p. 26. 65. Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. VI, pp. 1-5, 11, 18. 66. History of TC ETO, IV, 4th Port, 5, V, 4th Port, 4; Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. VI, p. 23, Ch. VII, pp. 10-11. 67. Similar difficulties arose at the small marshaling yard built to serve OMAHA Beach. The site of this yard, along the main rail line between Lison Junction and Bayeux, was extremely low and difficult to drain. September rains reduced this area to a quagmire before proper ballasting could be accomplished, with the result that the rails gradually sank into the mud, and access roads almost disappeared. Derailments consequently became frequent, a record twenty-one occurring in one eight-hour period. Normandy Base Section, Engineer Section History, pp. 24-25; Normandy Base Section Transportation Corps History, pp. 20-21. 68. Normandy Base Section, Engineer Section History, p. 25; History of the Couville and Sottevast Marshaling Yards, App. XIV of Normandy Base Section History; Normandy Base Section, Transportation Corps History, p. 21; History of TC ETO, IV, 4th Port, 9-10, and V, 4th Port, 12. 69. History of TC ETO, IV, 4th Port, 18; Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. VII, pp. 15-16. 70. Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. VI, pp. 16-17. 71. History of TC ETO, IV, 4th Port, 22. 72. History of TC ETO, IV, 4th Port, 22; Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. VII, pp. 17, 21-22. 73. History of TC ETO, V, 4th Port, II; Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. VII, pp. 20-23. 74. Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. I, p. 18. 75. History of TC ETO, V, 4th Port I. Colonel Sibley was relieved by Col Benjamin B. Talley, who commanded Normandy Base Section during Colonel Wyman's temporary absence. There was some disagreement over the justification for the relief. Colonel Talley himself regarded Sibley as an able officer although unsuited for the kind of organization required at Cherbourg, and agreed that he be relieved without prejudice. General Ross expressed his confidence in Sibley by giving him an important assignment in the U.K. Base Section. Interv with Talley, 6 Mar 51, and Ltr, Ross to Harold Larson, 22 Jan 51, OCMH. 76. Twenty-three at quays, 4 working dukws, 12 working barges, and 5 coasters discharging coal. 77. Ltr, Crothers to CG Normandy Base Sec, sub: Additional Requirements, Port of Cherbourg, 3 Oct 44, EUCOM 800 Rivers, Harbors, and Waterways, I.
78. Memo, Thackrey for G-4 SHAEF, sub: Port Discharge Conditions at Cherbourg Which Can Be Improved: Recommendations Regarding Their Improvement, 9 Oct 44, EUCOM 800, Rivers, Harbors, and Waterways, I.
79. Ibid.; Col W. E. Potter, Report of Inspection of Cherbourg, 23 Oct 44, EUCOM 800, Rivers, Harbors, and Waterways, I; COMZ G-4 Br Chief‘s Mtg, 24 Oct 44, ETO Adm 145C. 80. Potter, Rpt of Inspection, 23 Oct 44, and Memo, Thackrey for SHAEF G-4, 9 Oct 44. 81. Memo, sub: Cherbourg, 20 Oct 44, attached to Ltr, Rear Adm Alan G. Kirk to Smith, 21 Oct 44, SHAEF SGS 800, Harbors, Opening, Use, Construction.
82. [E. Cutts] American Port Plans, August to November, 1944, p. 16. 83. Memo, Thackrey for SHAEF G-4, 9 Oct 44; COMZ G-4 Plant and Communications Diary/Jnl, 4 Oct 44, ETO Adm 145C. 84. Memo, Whipple for Current Opns Br, sub: Plng Factors, 1 Sep 44, SHAEF G-4 Supplies General.
85. Memo, Thackrey for G-4 SHAEF, 9 Oct 44. 86. SHAEF G-4 Weekly Logistical Summaries, Oct, Nov 44, SHAEF G-4 War. Diary/Jnl, Oct, Nov, APPS. 87. COMZ G-4 Plant and Communications Diary/Jnl, 4 Oct 44, ETO Adm 145C. 88. History of Normandy Base Section, p. 12. 89. Lucius D. Clay, Decision in Germany (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1950), p. 2. General Clay commanded the base section barely four weeks, for on 26 November he was given a new assignment by General Eisenhower. Col. Eugene M. Caffey commanded the base section pending the arrival of General Aurand on 17 December.
90. History of TC ETO, V, 4th Port, 12. 91. Cherbourg--Gateway to France, Ch. X, p. 3. 92. History of TC ETO, V, 4th Port, 25-26. 93. Ibid., V, 4th Port, 25. 94. See Table 4, p. 124, below. 95. History of TC ETO, Ch. IV, 5th Port, pp. 1-5; [Cutts] American Port Plans, pp. 7-9. 96. Port of Granville History, Annex A to Normandy Base Section, Engineer Section History, pp. 1-4, ETO Adm 596. 97. Ibid., pp. 4-13: Normandy Base Section, Engineer Section History, p. 27. 98. Port of Granville History, p. 9, and Figure 38. 99. Min, Mtg on Port Situation with CofS COMZ. G-4, TC, et al. , 13 Oct 44, G-4 Plant and Communications Diary/Jnl, ETO Adm 145C. 100. At that time the 11th Port headquarters moved to Rouen and the operation of Granville was turned over to the 4th Port. History of TC ETO, V, 4th Port, 9, and 11th Port, 1. 101. G-4 Plant and Communications Diary/Jnl, 26 Oct 44, ETO Adm 145C. 102. Ltr, Col John H. Judd, QM Normandy Base Sec, to CO Normandy Base Sec, sub: Full Utilization of Granville as a Port, 24 Oct 44, with Inds Normandy Base Sec and Hq ETO, 8 Nov 44, EUCOM 800, Rivers, Harbors, and Waterways, I.
103. CAO Mtgs, 14 and 17 Nov 44, SHAEF AG 337-14; History of TC ETO, V, 4th Port, 9-10. 104. TUSA AAR, II, G-4, 11; History of TC ETO, IV, 16th Port, I, 5-6. 105. History of TC ETO, V, 5th Port, 1. 106. Min, Mtg on Port Situation with CofS COMZ, G-4, TC, et al. , 13 Oct 44, G-4 Plans and Communications Diary/Jnl, ETO Adm 145C. 107. [Cutts] American Port Plans, pp. 5-6. 108. Port Reconstruction and Repair, Hist Rpt 11, OCE ETO, pp. 70-72; History of TC ETO, V, Brittany Base Section, 9, IV, 5th Port, 1-2; [Cutts] American Port Plans, 5-6.
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001_247208
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Cloud ComputingREVOLUTION – NO EVOLUTION PEDRO ALEXANDER ROMERO
Cloud ComputingAgenda- Definition- Cloud Services Characteristics- Enablers - Virtualization - Democratization of Computing - Scalability and fast provisioning - Commoditization of infrastructure- Categories within Cloud Computing
Cloud ComputingDefinition:Cloud Computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurablecomputing resources: • NETWORKS • SERVERS • STORAGE • APPLICATIONS • SERVICESthat can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimalmanagement effort or service provider interaction. Cloud ComputingDefinition:Product your own electricity vs. Paid per consumeFrom Water-Wheel to Utility Power
Cloud Computing Cloud Service Characteristics• On-demand self service Possibility for end users to sign up an receive the service without delays• Broad network access Service can be accessed via standards platforms• Resource pooling Resources are pooled across multiple customers• Rapid elasticity Capacity can scale to cope with demand peaks• Measured service Billing is metered and delivered as a utility service
Cloud ComputingEnablers:I. Virtualization – The ability to increase computing efficiencyII. Democratization of computing – Bringing enterprise scale infrastructure to small and medium businessesIII. Scalability and fast provisioning – Bringing web scale IT at a rapid paceIV. Commoditization of infrastructure – Enabling IT to focus on the strategic aspects of its role Cloud Computing: Need all Enablers working together
Cloud ComputingI. Virtualization: The ability to increase computing efficiencyEnabling pseudo-servers to be run on one physical device. The division of a single physical server into Multiple “virtual” servers containing multiple sets of segregated data. Cloud Computer Backbone
Cloud ComputingI. Virtualization: The ability to increase computing efficiency Increase • Flexibility • Resource allocation • Efficiency gains in terms of processing power Decrease • Electric power • Space • Cooling
Cloud ComputingII. Democratization of computing: Bringing enterprise scale infrastructure to small and medium businessesEasy business development, enabling saving in: • Hardware • Software Licenses Ability for small and medium companies to rapidly scale infrastructure to levels only achieved by largest organizations. Cloud ComputingIII. Scalability and Fast Provisioning:Cloud Computing enables organizations to: 1. Maintain infrastructure at required levels at all times 2. Cost saving originated in the aggregated cost per unit. Paying only for what is required when is required Despite the cost per Unit from an Utility Service Provider, can be higher than an owned resource. Cloud ComputingIII. Scalability and Fast Provisioning: For Organizations where workload has processing picks. There are two situations: 1. Over provision of servers: Creating unused capacity and higher cost per process. 2. Under provision of servers: Creating impacts in terms of quality of service levels. Cloud ComputingIV. Commoditization of Infrastructure Enabling IT to focus on the strategic aspects of its roleCloud Computing offers:• The ability for IT departments to apply resources as, and where, they are needed. • To the organizations to focus in their core business. Business Agility is the main reason to migrate to Cloud Computing (over Cost savings)
Cloud ComputingCategories within Cloud Computing• SaaS: Software as a Service Applications are designed for end- users, delivered over the web. • PaaS: Platform as a Service Set of tools and services designed to make coding and deploying those applications quick and efficient. • IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service Hardware or Software that powers it all, includes: Servers, storage, networks and operating systems.
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004_6884163
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Iris, Messenger of the Gods
Auguste Rodin (1840-1917)
The origin of Iris can be traced to the enlargement of a study for the allegorical figure intended to crown the second project for the Monument to Victor Hugo (1897), in which the poet is portrayed standing, with the figure placed in a plunging position. It was then completed by a stretched right arm, a head and a pair of wings. Deprived of its head and one of its arms to concentrate better on the basic essentials, with legs spread apart and the sex opened in front of the viewer, Iris, Messenger of the Gods recalls to a certain extent The Origin of the World by Courbet (1866, Musée d'Orsay). Auguste Rodin may have had an opportunity to see it through Edmond de Goncourt who saw the painting himself on 29 June 1889, during a period when he used to frequent Rodin, who he mentioned on several occasions in the Journal. Rodin's decision to present Iris vertically, as if suspended in space, and in an almost frontal position, has turned this figure into a strong and triumphant image of femininity, a promise of pleasure and life but also of mystery. Cast in the same size as the originals
These reproductions are accompanied by a history of the work. The symbol and description "Reproduction - musée Rodin" guarantee the authenticity of the sculpture reproduction.
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009_1869293
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For students who can't get enough Audubon! Audubon's After-School Adventures allows intrepid explorers to diver deeper into science concepts, studying the flora and fauna of Patterson Park, and their connection to the greater Chesapeake Bay watershed. This small group of students meets weekly with an Audubon instructor after school to play educational games, learn to use scientific tools like binoculars and dip nets, explore the varied habitats of Patterson Park - from the native rain garden to the top of the Pagoda! - and lead their own action projects. These enthusiastic young leaders will dissect owl pellets, create their own nests, collect data as citizen scientists, and much, much, more. If you are interested in learning more about Audubon's After-School programs, please contact Erin Reed, Education Manager.
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003_3264974
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Environmental and soil conditions that create plant variability in a corn crop cause potential yield loss from the day it’s planted all the way through harvest. Making adjustments to account for the causes of plant variability — throughout the growing season — is critical, as some will result in yield loss when the combine runs this fall. “There are multiple factors that cause stalk and ear size variability within a field — and even within every acre — due to different microenvironments,” says Dragotec USA president and Fenton, Iowa, farmer Dennis Bollig.
Bollig lists five variability-causing factors that can cause potential yield loss at harvest. Soil type, including factors like organic matter, soil pH and water retention, is a major driver of inconsistent yields. “When you move across the field from one soil type to another, one type may grow bigger plants with stronger stalks than the next,” Bollig says. “Soil type variability doesn’t happen in straight lines, and I have fields that may have anywhere between five and 20 soil types. That can cause major plant variability. ”
Soil drainage is one of the most noticeable causes for plant variability. The ability for soil to drain excessive moisture goes a long way in determining how variability earlier in the growing season manifests itself as yield loss at harvest. Variability caused by inconsistent soil drainage across a field is also complicated by plant populations and hybrids. “You can drive down a road and see areas in some fields where the corn is taller and greener, and areas where it’s shorter and more yellow. That’s because of excess moisture,” Bollig says. “Drainage is not consistent across any field. ”
The amount of crop residue present in your fields in the spring depends largely on your crop management system. And there’s more than just the amount of actual residue contributing to potential yield loss. The location of crop residue in the field during and after planting can have a big effect on how much variability it can create. “If plant residue gets into the furrow, some seeds may have residue right next to them in the ground, while others may not. That will affect soil temperature and you will see greater variability in plant sizes,” Bollig says. “Planting multiple hybrids can also cause variability in the residue size and breakdown, and that can affect how different plants emerge and grow, too. ”
While precipitation, frost and wind are major drivers for in-season crop variability, don’t neglect how their effects on plant growth are influenced by topography, including slope and general surface. This is especially true when assessing specifically how these weather variables affect your crop potential. “Sometimes a frost isn’t uniform across a field, and topography can create huge amounts of variability among corn plants,” Bollig says. “With wind, some parts of the field have better protection than others, and you will have bigger plants in those areas that don’t fight wind as much. ”
Planting dates and plant populations are major factors when it comes to overall crop variability. Earlier planting makes seedlings more susceptible to early frost damage. “Farmers are also pushing plant populations higher, which magnifies environmental stressors and can result in smaller ears. Those small ears increase the potential for yield loss through the corn head,” Bollig says. “We’re growing more ears per acre, but as you move through fields with different soil types and weather-related issues, producers may encounter a significant amount of plant variability. ”
Though some variability is inevitable, farmers can take steps to minimize its influence on yield loss. Accounting for soil type and pH through soil testing and nutrient management can help create more consistent fertility. Soil drainage can be improved by adding tile. Yet, some variability will remain by fall, making it critical to best match harvest operations for the conditions you’ll face to minimize yield loss. Thinking about how equipment — especially the corn head — match crop conditions is important from planting until harvest. “Having a corn head with self-adjusting deck plates is critical,” Bollig says. “You can adjust the deck plates manually on every corn head out there, but with all the potential variability in every field, stalk and ear sizes can change numerous times in every acre, sometimes even within a few feet. “We know that the best place for your deck plates is up against the stalks, and that’s going to minimize your yield loss. ”
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003_3034663
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In 2010 SFMOMA initiated an advanced digital imaging effort aimed at learning more about the Willem de Kooning (1904–1997) drawing that Rauschenberg used as the basis for Erased de Kooning Drawing. This image began as an
infrared scan that was digitally enhanced to add weight to the traces of graphite and charcoal on the paper, making their shadowy forms visible to the naked eye. The enhanced image suggests that the de Kooning drawing included several figures worked from different angles. De Kooning himself used erasers as part of his drawing process, so it is possible that some of the lines revealed by this image were erased by him before the drawing entered Rauschenberg’s hands.
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008_4209977
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Welcome to the Stuart-Fox Lab
How do new species evolve? What are the processes that generate and maintain the remarkable diversity we see in nature? These are the questions that motivate the research in our group. We focus on colour and behaviour because they are fundamental to survival and reproduction. Within this theme, research in our group has addressed a range of topics including the adaptive significance and evolution of colour change; the evolution and maintenance of colour polymorphism and its role in speciation; how the environment affects the evolution of visual signals; the evolution of female ornamentation; the dynamics of contest behaviour; and the evolution of reproductive strategies and multiple mating. To address our research questions, we use a combination of field-based behavioural observations, lab-based experimental manipulation, models of animal colour vision, phylogenetic comparative methods and molecular techniques. Our research is interdisciplinary and we have many collaborators with expertise in other fields including genetics, endocrinology, eco-physiology and biophysics. We focus on reptiles, but have also dabbled in research on birds, insects, squid and fish. Click on the sliders above for examples of our research, or visit our Research page. All other images on this site are used with direct permission from the author.
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003_4008112
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A selection of experts answer a new question from Judy Dempsey on the foreign and security policy challenges shaping Europe’s role in the world. Federiga BindiSenior fellow at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, director of the Foreign Policy Initiative at the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, and D. German distinguished visiting chair at Appalachian State University
Absolutely, and the EU has the legal instruments to do so. When a state becomes an EU member, it commits to respect the union’s founding values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, the rule of law, and human rights—including for minorities—as well as pluralism, nondiscrimination, tolerance, solidarity, and equality between women and men. Should a country fail to respect these principles, as a number of EU member states are doing, it could—and should—be suspended from the EU. It undermines the EU’s moral standing and potential influence in international relations for the bloc to ask its nonmember partners, such as overseas aid recipients, to respect these basic principles if the EU’s own member states are the first to disrespect them. Nicolas BouchetNonresident fellow in the Europe Program of the German Marshall Fund of the United States
Yes, it should, but it is probably too late to develop a mechanism with teeth for doing so. When European leaders made norms of liberal democracy the fundamental grounds for EU membership, they showed a failure of political imagination by not conceiving of situations in which democratically elected governments could erode or ignore these norms not only in new democracies but also in older ones. Now, the situation is like needing to repair a plane in midair—and not all of the crew agrees there is a malfunction that needs fixing. Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union, which provides for the suspension of a member’s voting rights, has been of limited appeal or use. In theory, the EU could adopt graduated measures to react to the erosion of democracy in member states and—more difficult—a system to determine whether there is such erosion. But in practice, short of a more serious crisis than what has been seen in some countries so far, it is hard to see where the political will and unity can come from among members in today’s context. Too many will not want to give this kind of power over their politics to other members, the European Commission, or a new EU institution. Saskia BrechenmacherAssociate fellow in Carnegie’s Democracy and Rule of Law Program
The EU’s mechanisms for dealing with internal democratic backsliding remain lacking. The European Commission’s rule-of-law framework establishes a dialogue process with offending states to prevent systemic threats to the rule of law from escalating. However, this mechanism remains crisis driven and fails to address gaps in the enforcement system. The main enforcement tool, sanctions under Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union, is not sufficiently credible, as it requires unanimity in the European Council. This threshold is impossible to meet except in the most extreme cases. The Polish government has failed to respond to the commission’s recommendations. If the situation were to escalate to the European Council, Hungary would likely block any sanctioning efforts. A logical next step would be to implement the European Parliament’s recommendation for a new EU mechanism to set clear criteria for assessing member states’ records on the rule of law and bring together existing monitoring tools. In addition, to make the commission’s rule-of-law mechanism more dissuasive, it is crucial that Article 7 be triggered in cases of noncompliance. This will require political support from member states. In the long run, more ambitious reforms should include revising Article 7 to enable lower voting thresholds and set a wider range of possible penalties. Andrew ByrneFinancial Times correspondent for Hungary, Romania, and the Western Balkans
Yes. When countries join the EU, they sign up to the values laid out in the union’s treaties, including equality, the rule of law, human rights, and respect for minorities. The European Commission has a legal duty to defend these principles. The EU flags waved at Romania’s massive anticorruption demonstrations recently show that many citizens still look to the union as a value system they aspire to, and a check on illiberal government. If the EU wants to retain this moral authority, it needs to find a politically viable way to ensure members abide by common standards. The current procedures are impractical because they require unanimity and offer few sanctions beyond a complete denial of voting rights. Some illiberal European governments now openly attack common EU values, safe in the knowledge they have friends who will veto any sanctions. This should not stand. The European Commission should speak out when it sees these values trampled. Furthermore, a subset of like-minded EU member states should use the union’s enhanced cooperation procedures and commit jointly to a new mechanism for ensuring democratic values among themselves. At the least, such a measure would remind leaders and citizens that amid a crisis of Western liberalism, the EU still stands for something. Carl DolanDirector of Transparency International EU
The EU is first and foremost a community of values, but this is a fragile community that can be and has been eroded by systematic corruption and creeping illiberalism. Sadly, the European Commission, in the guise of being a political commission, is increasingly anxious not to offend member states on subjects that touch a raw nerve with voters—like corruption. In January 2017, the commission abandoned its monitoring of anticorruption progress in all EU countries. The commission’s spokesperson, Margaritas Schinas, defended the move as a conscious decision not to “interfere or offer value judgments within the political life in a member state. ”
And yet the backsliding by many countries on their anticorruption commitments—Romania is just the latest and most egregious example—demonstrates the need for strong supranational checks. All the more so when the corruption is a result of the capture of state institutions by the ruling party and its cronies, as in Hungary. These checks and sanctions should include the suspension of voting rights as a last resort, but it might be more effective to prevent EU funds from being used as a revenue stream for corrupt elites. That means enhanced monitoring of administrations in which there are proven systemic irregularities and, ultimately, suspension of structural and investment funds when these are attributable to corruption. Sophie GastonHead of international projects and external affairs and editor of Demos Quarterly at Demos
Authoritarian governments are calling into question the EU’s symbolic and strategic underpinnings through their contempt for social liberalism, equality, and democratic institutions. As far-right populism stirs across the continent, the EU cannot afford to appear toothless in the face of flagrant attempts to undermine core principles of membership. And yet, in a world that feels increasingly fragile, the union must navigate these issues while preserving solidarity. After all, citizens in Poland, one of the countries whose commitments to EU values have been questioned, remain some of the greatest supporters of the European project. Sanctions are not the only mechanism to clip the wings of defiant governments: there are other avenues the EU could explore that are less directly punitive and perhaps more effective. Beyond looking at funding allocations, the EU should encourage other national governments to band together in a show of moral resistance and foster political opposition through their respective parliamentary parties. Supporting civil society will also be critical to building stronger societies that can outlast democratic backsliding in the future. István HegedűsChairman of the Hungarian Europe Society
The EU institutions and liberal-minded member governments have lost momentum. The European Parliament has condemned the Hungarian government five times since Viktor Orbán grasped power in 2010, and the European Commission has introduced a rule-of-law mechanism against the Polish government, but a real breakthrough in how to discipline member states that systematically breach European values is unlikely. The two states’ mutual professions of allegiance would make the implementation of symbolic or financial EU sanctions institutionally impossible. For the European People’s Party (EPP), the pan-European center-right group, to expel Fidesz, the Hungarian member party to which Orbán belongs, would mean losing influence over Budapest’s political stance—at least, this was the dominant view in the EPP recently. Another argument against expelling Fidesz is that it might push Orbán to join the emerging band of international populists. As it is, the ongoing radicalization of the Orbán regime, both domestically and internationally, goes against the nonconfrontational strategy of other EPP politicians in Europe.
The shift toward populism both in Europe and globally has reoriented the focus of international players on their own domestic problems. There is a new zeitgeist. Still, the twofold task remains the same: to stop the Hungarian prime minister and his sympathizers in Poland as well as to overcome the broader populist challenge in Europe.
Paul IvanSenior policy analyst at the European Policy Centre
If EU member states fail to comply with EU law, the union can sanction them through infringement procedures that can lead to cases in the European Court of Justice and penalty payments. However, when it comes to violations of EU values or threats to the rule of law, it is clear that the EU institutions do not have all the necessary tools to deal with them. The nuclear option of suspending member states’ voting rights, as outlined in Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union, has proved too strong and too difficult to use, while member states have not really accepted the rule-of-law framework put forward by the European Commission in 2014. Violations of the rule of law not only affect the citizens of a particular member state but also have implications for the whole union. Such violations damage trust among EU countries—trust that supports the mutual recognition of judicial decisions. Thus, there is a clear necessity to deal with such situations and agree on new tools and procedures, which should also include penalties. This, however, cannot happen without the full cooperation of the EU member states, which in the current climate are quite unlikely to be willing to give the European Commission additional powers to look into and intervene in their rule-of-law matters. Grzegorz MakowskiHead of the Public Integrity Program at the Stefan Batory Foundation
At the end of the 1990s, the European Commission carefully assessed former Communist countries that were knocking to the EU’s door for the quality of their governance. The pre-accession period was a powerful impulse that forced these would-be members to tackle corruption more effectively. Unfortunately, the commission requires much less from those states that are already in the union. But scandals such as LuxLeaks or the Panama Papers prove that corruption remains a serious problem, including in mature Western democracies. Nowadays, the EU’s response to corruption is sluggish. A number of issues such as money laundering or the control of lobbying are not properly addressed. NGOs are not listened to when they advocate greater protection for whistle-blowers. The EU’s anticorruption reports, which were supposed to develop into a European anticorruption policy, smack of mockery. Meanwhile, a lack of transparency and poor governance form the perfect breeding ground for populist, nationalist politicians promising magic recipes to stamp out corruption. Of course, the EU should respond to corrupt practices in member states. But it can’t, because it doesn’t know how. As in the late 1990s, the EU must summon the political will of its member states and create new tools to fight corruption. Michael Meyer-ResendeExecutive director of Democracy Reporting International
Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union states that the EU is founded on democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. But once countries are in the club, the EU can’t keep its members in check. The EU doesn’t systematically monitor respect of these obligations and has few means of sanction, the most important being withdrawal of voting rights in the Council of Ministers—but only if all other member states agree. The European Commission pays attention to democracy problems through its rule-of-law mechanism, but this instrument does not have sanctions attached to it. More is needed. Governments, whether left or right wing, that flout fundamental obligations should not benefit from financial support. Some claim that the EU’s fundamental obligations are fuzzy and cannot be assessed, but they were assessed when states joined the bloc. Furthermore, international law clarifies what democratic governance means. The EU has respected expert bodies, like the Council of Europe’s Venice Commission, that have ample experience in applying these agreements to concrete cases. In 2016, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on a union pact for democracy, in which lawmakers called on the European Commission to find an impartial way to monitor and sanction members. The public in Europe should engage with this process. It could define the way forward. Alina Mungiu-PippidiProfessor of policy analysis and democracy at Hertie School of Governance
It may be tempting to call for sanctions on EU member states. But this is not the way forward. Given that more than 50 percent of former European commissioners and 30 percent of former members of the European Parliament who have quit politics now work for organizations on the EU’s so-called lobby register, according to a recent report by Transparency International EU, it’s not clear who has the objectivity and integrity to pass such judgments on others. The European Commission wisely abandoned its latest anticorruption report, in which Bulgaria and Romania were singled out with mostly redundant advice. The two countries’ corruption is correlated with their development, so it can be expected to continue for a while and should be treated as a development issue, not only a criminal problem. Meanwhile, the jailing of whistle-blowers in tax havens such as Luxembourg—not to mention nepotism and crooked party finances in France—receives insufficient attention. Bulgaria and Romania can be punished at any moment through the commission’s Cooperation and Verification Mechanism (CVM), which was set up to address shortcomings in the two countries’ judicial systems. As Bulgaria and Romania seem to be the only EU states politically weak enough to be punished, the EU should avoid creating another big mechanism that doesn’t amount to much. It would be both ineffective and hypocritical. Daniel SmilovProgram director at the Center for Liberal Strategies in Sofia
In times of crisis, the EU’s primary goal is to endure as a team. And team spirit has rarely been preserved by means of sanctions. Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union, which sets out the nuclear option of suspending members’ voting rights, could be counterproductive as it could trigger chain disintegration. Monitoring procedures such as those imposed on Bulgaria and Romania are an option, but their success depends on the willingness of governments to cooperate. The EU should not resort easily to administrative sanctions such as stopping funds. These affect everybody in a given country: both those who are the problem and those who are potentially a solution. If a specific government is a troublemaker, European party families—conservatives, socialists, and liberals—should be the first to raise the issue and try to exert peer pressure. Then the matter should become a focus of discussions in the European Council, with the aim of reaching a political agreement. This would help create a common European political space and public sphere. Today, EU sanctions do not come from other politicians but from administrators in Brussels. This is ineffective and encourages the populist thesis that the EU is a bureaucratic organization with no political content. Stephen SzaboExecutive director of the Transatlantic Academy
Sanctions are not in order, but the EU has an interest in setting and upholding high standards by other means. The last thing the EU needs now is to open more divisions in Europe and strengthen nationalist arguments about the EU’s interference in national sovereignty. Leaders in Eastern Europe in particular would welcome such an easy target. In addition, past experience is not encouraging if one considers the EU’s attempts in February 2000 to sanction Austria when Jörg Haider’s far-right Freedom Party of Austria joined the country’s governing coalition: the sanctions were lifted a few months later even though the makeup of the coalition had not changed. Questions of corruption and antidemocratic actions should be dealt with by the nations concerned. But the EU can use a number of tools other than direct sanctions to support groups that are working to fight corruption and the erosion of the liberal order. The EU has every right to see that the money it transfers to member states for regional development and other programs is strictly monitored—and withheld if corruption is involved. In the past, the EU has been rather lax in the oversight of these transfers. The European Court of Justice remains a venue for national groups to pursue legal action over rights violations. Membership in the European Commission has been denied in the past to candidates with questionable backgrounds, including due to national factors. Pierre VimontSenior fellow at Carnegie Europe
As a matter of principle, there is little doubt about how to answer this question. EU member states are bound by their mutual commitment to democratic principles. Regarding sanctions, the Treaty on European Union provides the EU with a clear legal process should a breach of these fundamental values occur. The issue then lies in the implementation of this rule, as recent violations of some of the EU’s basic principles have happened without much reaction from the union or its members. This indecision may indicate genuine hesitation over how to handle these highly sensitive challenges appropriately. Yet the EU must take some action—if not by applying direct sanctions then at least by deploying adequate leverage, political contacts, or, if need be, behind-the-scenes discussions. In the end, the credibility of the union is at stake: giving up on fundamental rights risks gradually eroding the essence of what the EU is all about.
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000_1073649
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NASA: Roving for the right wheel! 3D + MEA:
In this MEA, students will evaluate wheel designs from different companies to determine which wheel is appropriate for the mission. Further 3D printing is integrated by 3D printing different wheel models which can be directly tested using a LEGO Mindsorms Robot or Simple Rubber Band Powered Sled and different Regolith Simulants for the Moon and Titan.
Model Eliciting Activities, MEAs, are open-ended, interdisciplinary problem-solving activities that are meant to reveal students’ thinking about the concepts embedded in realistic situations. Click here to learn more about MEAs and how they can transform your classroom.
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012_6442656
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Lockout – Tagout is a safety lock and notice board or tag used in industry, which is considered a safety procedure to ensure proper closing, isolating the power source, and cannot be restarted first. upon completion of maintenance or repair work. The worker and/or related department holds the key, to ensure that only that person or all relevant personnel can remove the lock and start the machine. This prevents accidental starting of the machine when it is in a hazardous state or when workers are in direct contact with it. Lockout-tagout is used as a safe method for working with dangerous devices and is required by law in some countries.
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002_2601356
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All of the blood cells in your body start out as young (immature) cells called hematopoietic stem cells . (Hematopoietic means blood-forming, and is pronounced he-muh-toe-poi-ET -ick. ) Even though they may be called stem cells . By stem cell definition , these cells are not the same as stem cells from embryos that are studied in cloning and other types of research. Here, the words stem cells refer to blood- forming stem cells. Stem cells mostly live in the bone marrow (the spongy center of certain bones), where they divide to make new blood cells. Once blood cells are mature they leave the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream. A small number of stem cells also get into the bloodstream. These are called peripheral blood stem cells . Stem cell transplants are used to restore the stem cells when the bone marrow has been destroyed by disease, chemotherapy (chemo), or radiation. Depending on the source of the stem cells, this procedure may be called a bone marrow transplant , a peripheral blood stem cell transplant , or a cord blood transplant . We will give you more detail on each of these later. Any of these types may be called a hematopoietic stem cell transplant . The first successful bone marrow transplant was done in 1968. It was not until nearly 20 years later that stem cells taken from the bloodstream (peripheral blood) were transplanted with success. More recently, doctors have begun using cord blood from the placenta and umbilical cords of newborn babies as another source of stem cells. Today hundreds of thousands of patients have had stem cell transplants. This has led to better care for transplant patients and helped doctors know more about which patients are likely to have better results after transplant. What makes stem cells so important? Stem cells make the 3 main types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. We need all of these types of blood cells to keep us alive. And in order for these blood cells to do their jobs, you need to have enough of each type in your blood. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen from the lungs to all of the cells in the body, and then bring carbon dioxide back from the cells to the lungs to be exhaled. A blood test called a hematocrit shows how much of your blood is made up of RBCs. The normal range is about 35% to 50% for adults. People whose hematocrit is below this level have anemia . This can make them look pale and feel weak, tired, and short of breath. White blood cells (leukocytes)
White blood cells (WBCs) fight infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. There are different types of WBCs. The most important in fighting infections are called neutrophils . When your absolute neutrophil count (ANC) drops below 1,000 per cubic millimeter (1,000/mm3) you have neutropenia, and your risk of infection increases. The danger is greatest at levels below 500/mm3. Another type of white blood cell the stem cells make is called a lymphocyte . These are immune cells that can make antibodies and help fight infections, and includes the highly specialized T- lymphocytes (T-cells), B-lymphocytes (B-cells), and natural killer (NK) cells. Certain of these lymphocytes are responsible for the body’s ability to recognize its own cells and reject cells that are transplanted from someone else. Platelets are pieces of cells that seal damaged blood vessels and help blood clot, both of which are important in stopping bleeding. A normal platelet count is usually between 150,000/mm3 and 450,000/mm3. A person whose platelet count drops below 150,000/mm3 is said to have thrombocytopenia, and may bruise more easily, bleed longer, and have nosebleeds or bleeding gums. Spontaneous bleeding (bleeding with no known injury) can happen if a person’s platelet count drops lower than 20,000/mm3. This can be dangerous if bleeding occurs in the brain, or if blood begins to leak into the intestine or stomach. More information on blood counts and what the numbers mean is available in our document called Understanding Your Lab Test Results .
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011_782943
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Zombie infections: epidemiology, treatment, and preventionBMJ 2015; 351 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h6423 (Published 14 December 2015) Cite this as: BMJ 2015;351:h6423
- Tara C Smith, associate professor1
- 1Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
Zombies—also known as walkers, Zed, Zs, biters, geeks, stiffs, roamers, Zeke, ghouls, rotters, Zoms, and runners—have become a dominant part of the medical landscape. Zombie expert Matt Mogk defines a zombie with three criteria: it is a reanimated human corpse; it is relentlessly aggressive; and it is biologically infected and infectious. 1 But Mogk notes that this definition has been altered by the recognition of “rage” zombies, which are infected but still alive. They are more closely related to vampires infected with the contagious bacterium Bacillus vampiris. 2 Here, I review zombie biology and epidemiology. Descriptions of zombies date back to the 1500s. 3 Haitian zombies are probably the best described, often thought to be controlled by practitioners of voodoo. 4 They may have been created via a neurotoxin, typically described as tetrodotoxin, which puts the victim in a sleep-like state. 5 These voodoo or chemical zombies seem to be unrelated to the current wave of epidemics, which began with the first documented outbreak in 1968 (fig 1⇓). 6 The modern outbreaks are thought to be infectious in aetiology and transmissible by bite. The Solanum virus is the most extensively studied infectious cause of reanimated zombies. 7 8 9 It has caused outbreaks around the world but does not have an identified reservoir in nature. 8 It has a 100% mortality rate, and zombification is certain in anyone exposed to an infected person. Solanum infection is universally fatal in all animals tested or observed, indicating that zoonotic transfer to humans is an unlikely origin. 8 One anecdotal report linked infection to the looting of underwater settlements in the …
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008_4830377
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In 1990 I joined NASA at Kennedy Space Center as a bright-eyed engineer straight out of college, and the Hubble Space Telescope was inside the payload bay of the Space Shuttle orbiter Discovery at launch pad 39B. I stood and looked up at the amazing sight and was completely awed by it – the photo at left shows same view I had while I stood around, feeling like a fifth wheel as a young engineer in training. Since the iconic telescope launched, it has delivered amazing imagery from deep space, and far surpassed even the most optimistic assessments of what it could do. But move over, Hubble, Webb is almost here. The Hubble Space Telescope is a household name, but few people outside of the space industry have heard of the James Webb Space Telescope, now preparing for launch. Billed as the successor to Hubble, it is scheduled to launch in October of 2018. Yet, Webb is very different from its predecessor, and promises to deliver science that the designers of Hubble could have only dreamed about. This post will compare and contrast the two telescopes, highlighting both similarities and differences. Launch Vehicle and Deployment
Hubble launched on Space Shuttle Discovery in April 1990. Webb will launch on an Ariane 5. Hubble fit in its entirety, fully constructed, into the payload bay of the orbiter. Only its solar panels did not fit in its operational configuration – they had to be deployed in orbit. By contrast, the Ariane 5 rocket is capable of launching similarly sized payloads, but the Webb telescope is significantly broken down for launch, and must put itself into its final configuration on orbit. Hubble had loving hands of astronauts available to help it deploy. Interestingly, when it comes to launch mass of each, the larger Webb weighs in at about 6500 kg while Hubble was approaching twice that at 11,110 kg. Hubble has a 2. 4 meter diameter polished mirror. Webb has 18 gold-plated beryllium hexagons that get assembled into a 6. 5 meter diameter mirror. This equates to about 7 times the surface/collection area. The larger the area, the higher resolution. In a real world comparison, Hubble is about the size of a school bus. Webb is as long as the wingspan of a 737 jet. Hubble is in a near-Earth orbit of 570 kilometers. The Webb telescope will be much farther away – outside the moon’s orbit of 384,400 kilometers at a point 1. 5 million kilometers from Earth. That may seem like a big difference, but the biggest difference is that Hubble orbits the Earth. Webb will be in a position that actually orbits the Sun. It will be at what’s called a Lagrange point, or a point in space where the gravitational influence from celestial bodies essentially keeps its position the same relative to those bodies. Just like telescopes on Earth are located far away from human habitation to limit light pollution, Webb will be outside most of the heat pollution from Earth as a whole. Being at the Lagrange point will allow it to keep itself oriented in one primary direction relative to the Sun without performing any maneuvering. Why is this important? Read on. What Can They See? Hubble can “see” in wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to visual to a little into infrared. It’s limited in infrared because it heats up in the sun and that causes problem with that spectrum. On the visual side, it turns out that good old fashioned light is not a great thing explore the universe with. Cosmic dust and gas that the light travels through to reach the telescope has somewhat of a scattering effect on it. Infrared is far less affected by it, and that’s what Webb “sees” with. The big sail-looking thing on Webb is a sun shield. It will constantly be between the Earth/Sun and the telescope itself, and is very well insulated. On the sunny side, the temperature will be a balmy 185 degrees F (85 Celsius). On the shaded side it will be a frigid -388 degrees F (-233 C). Talk about keeping the hot side hot and the cold side cold… Since the telescope is kept so cool, it’s easier for it to pick up lower level infrared sources. Between the size of the mirrors and cool temperatures, Webb will be able to see much more distant objects and get better views of nearer objects. The image below shows the same image in visual and infrared. It might sound like Hubble is losing big time to Webb. It should, actually, since it was launched more than a quarter century ago. It’s like the little engine that could – it just keeps going. Webb is designed for a 5-10 year life. Who knows, it could outperform its expected longevity just like Hubble did. The big issue with Webb is that if something breaks down on it and it needs some mechanic work, you can’t send someone out to fix it (like was done with Hubble). If it breaks, it’s done. So, Hubble gets a big win over Webb in this category. Barring an incident that damages the telescope, Webb will win out against Hubble in the “researching the universe” contest. But that doesn’t mean Hubble is done. There are currently no plans to shut it down and it is believed it will continue operating until at least 2020. Frankly, I’d give it a decent shot of outliving Webb. Regardless, it is likely that both will operate concurrently, delivering revolutionary science on the origins of the universe. Photo credits: NASA and ESA (Ariane)
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Even though 2011 was the third-most active year for Atlantic hurricanes, nearly all of the giant storms missed the U.S. See where they went in this neat composite animation. - Despite being very active and causing 120 deaths and $11 billion in damages, 2011 was mostly a year of misses for Pacific and Atlantic hurricanes. The Atlantic hurricane season ends on Nov. 30. (NOAA/EVL)
Swingandamiss. That's the 2011 hurricane season in a nutshell, although there were a couple notable exceptions. The Atlantic portion of the season, which ends after Nov. 30, fit solidly within NOAA's forecast with an amazing 19 tropical storms and a near-average seven hurricanes and three major hurricanes. That's a whirlwind of oceanic activity: 2011 was the third-most active year for tropical storms on record, tying with 1887, 1995 and 2010. Yet most veered away from the United States before any harm could be done. You can see how they scattered over the hemisphere like startled elephants in the above composite map from NOAA, where the maximum intensities of the storms are color-coded. (Large version. ) The map was built on data from the meme-rific HURDAT tracking set. The Americas did not emerge unscathed from these monster storms. Flooding, wind and associated hurricane carnage caused a known 120 fatalities. Tropical Storm Arlene killed about two-dozen people when it mowed over Mexico in late June. The costs of Hurricane Irene are still being calculated, with the latest estimates hovering around $10 billion and human costs of 55 lives. Tropical Storm Lee caused about $1 billion in damages and spawned a bunch of tornadoes in the South, to boot. However, there's some good news in that the U.S. escaped a brush with a major hurricane for the sixth consecutive year since Hurricane Wilma hit in 2005. That's a record stretch of relative safety. Why was the season so feisty? Part of the blame lies with La Niña, the recurring climate pattern that puts dampers on Pacific storms while injecting the Atlantic with the weather equivalent of trailer meth. There's also a not-quite-understood trend in the climate that's been churning out active hurricane seasons since 1995. Surprisingly, none of the first eight tropical storms reached hurricane status, a record since reliable reports started in 1851. Hurricane Irene's effects in the Caribbean and the United States lead to 55 deaths and accounted for the bulk of this season's damage, more than $10 billion. Irene was the first landfalling hurricane in New Jersey in 108 years. Hurricane Katia had far-reaching effects causing severe weather in Northern Ireland and Scotland and power blackouts as far east as Saint Petersburg in Russia. Tropical Storm Lee caused major flooding in Pennsylvania, New York and into the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario. The strongest storm of the season was Ophelia, which reached category four strength in the Atlantic Ocean east of Bermuda.
You can see every 2011 tropical tempest form and move across the globe in the below time-lapse video. The animation is actually a series of shots taken by the GOES-13 satellite every 30 minutes from June 1 to Nov. 28. For the storm tracks of past seasons, the National Hurricane Center's got you covered all the way back to 1851.
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Year 2 have been writing questions about the Great Fire of London and we got the opportunity to ask these questions during a hotseating activity. ‘Samuel Pepys’ came to visit us and answered our questions about how the fire started, what it was like to witness the fire and what happened in the aftermath of the fire. He told us how he had witnessed how quickly the fire was spreading across London and realised action needed to be taken to stop the fire from destroying the whole city. We then worked in small groups to act out scenarios from the story of the Great Fire of London that we have been learning about. We acted out passing water in leather buckets to put the fire out. We acted out the maid seeing the fire from the window and waking up Samual Pepys to warn him. We acted out Samual Pepys visiting King Charles and the Duke of York to tell them that something needed to be done to stop the fire spreading further and the King ordering that gun powder should be used to create a fire break. We acted out Thomas Farynor and his family escaping from the bakery though an upstairs window on to the roof. We really enjoyed using drama to explore how these events would have impacted the lives of people living in London at that time.
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From achy joints and sore throats to puffy eyes and acne breakouts, inflammation is often the root cause of many health and beauty issues. This week, a new study revealed that it could also be the reason behind ‘brain fog’. Researchers at the University of Birmingham found that inflammation can essentially block the brain’s ability to reach and maintain a state of alertness. The study consisted of 20 young men, who were given a salmonella typhoid vaccine to cause temporary inflammation and then two hours later their concentration levels were measured as they looked at simple images on a computer screen. The men were injected with water on a different day and put through the same cognitive tests. On both days, their blood was taken to assess inflammation levels too. While our ability to prioritise and select when to pay attention and when not to was not impacted by inflammation, the results found that staying alert was. “These results show quite clearly that there’s a very specific part of the brain network that’s affected by inflammation,” says Dr Ali Mazaheri, a senior author of the study. “This could explain ‘brain fog’. ”
Co-author of the study, Professor Jane Raymond adds: “This research finding is a major step forward in understanding the links between physical, cognitive, and mental health and tells us that even the mildest of illnesses may reduce alertness. ” With around 12 million people in the UK suffering from a chronic medical condition and a lot of them reporting feeling mentally sluggish, this study could offer a new potential line of treatment. What about those who don’t necessarily suffer with a chronic medical condition, but do suffer with ‘brain fog’ from time to time? Well, taking steps to reduce any inflammation and support your cognitive functions could help. How can you reduce inflammation? Turmeric has been used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for centuries and is regularly championed today for its anti-inflammatory powers. It is the curcumin in turmeric that is particularly good. While it helps to reduce inflammation throughout your body, research has pinpointed curcumin as a particularly good compound to supporting brain functions too. “Curcumin’s potent anti-inflammatory properties are theorised to offer protection against cognitive decline which occurs with age,” explains Shabir Daya, co-founder of Victoria Health and registered pharmacist. “The incidences of cognitive decline are markedly lower in populations whose diet includes turmeric and although full blown clinical studies need to be carried out to confirm this, it does nevertheless appear that there is a link between the ingestion of turmeric and brain protection. ”
How can you boost your brain’s alertness? Omega 3 fatty acids have been linked to healthy brain function, including concentration and memory for years. Shabir recommends that taking Lion Heart Pure Omega 3 Fish Oil from your 20s onwards to help support your cognitive functions (just one of the many benefits of omega 3! ). If you’re vegan or vegetarian, try Echiomega as a great alternative. It goes without saying that getting a better night’s sleep will not only help your body reduce inflammation and relax, but it also ensures you’re more alert and focused during the day. It’s worth making sure your magnesium levels are topped up. Magnesium is a vital mineral for many functions across our body, yet a lot of us run of low levels without realising. Neuro-Mag by Life Extensions is worth the investment if you’re concerned about your levels. If your sleep patterns are regular ad sufficient and you just need something to help power you through the afternoons, try Limitless Plus by VH. This is Shabir’s natural nootropic formulation and utilises a patented extract derived from a special non-GMO tomato plant called Noomato™, which helps not only speed up the time it takes you to mentally process information, but also aids your recall. The supplement contains another patented complex, Neumentix™ which helps reduce oxidative stress. While more research needs to be done to fully understand the link between inflammation and our cognitive functions, trying to reduce any inflammation in your body is rarely a bad thing.
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I really enjoy teaching children how to weave. It is so personal and useful. Weaving is everywhere and it is one of the first artforms that we created, simply out of necessity. Not only are weavings beautiful, they are functional, and I’m all about that. At the beginning of the unit, I usually bring in baskets, some straw hats, and post pictures on the Promethean board for students to see. We also discuss rugs students may have at home. Most people here have a carpet, or four, because rug salesmen frequent our camp during camp events, and no matter how hard you try you end up carting a new rug home by days end. Or maybe that’s just me. I love teaching weaving also because of the amount of math. It involves a lot of spatial awareness and measuring. I start every weaving project with the same base. One piece of large construction paper folded in half and measured out. This is the warp. The students are given very specific instructions on how to use the ruler and I have students write “Do Not Cut” at the top of the line, which is created on the open end of the paper (not the folded end). Every first project involves strips of paper woven in. But after students understand how weaving works, they can get creative in how they cut the paper (the warp), how they decorate the warp, or how they decorate the strips. For this last weaving project, we did something super fun. We painted our warp paper first, then proceeded to weave as we had been taught to do in the two rounds before. I instructed students that we weren’t going to paint a picture or words because things were going to be covered, we simply wanted to add some design elements to the warp paper. After we painted, students could decide if they wanted to make straight cuts, or wavy cuts into their paper. Then they could weave away. I love how they came out. These students know how to weave. Now comes my favorite part: sewing. Yes, first graders rock at sewing. They first learned how to thread the yarn through the needle. Then they learned how to tie a knot at the end. Then came the lesson about the lake. The first part involved teaching students how to write their names on the burlap. They could not use curved lines, all the letters have to be made with straight lines, so we practiced on small whiteboards I have in the room until we got our written correctly. Then came the pretending part of our lesson. I want students to imagine that the burlap is a lake. From up high, you could see the name of the lake. That way students understand that the name has to face up. The burlap is the surface of the lake, underneath the burlap is the water, and up high is the sky. Then I wanted students to imagine that they are a fish. The fish jumps out of the water as high as it can go until the knot keeps it tied to the lake, then they jump back into the water really close to where they jumped. They go back and forth, stitching their name, going into and out of the lake. One of the concepts that is hard to understand is that you cannot go around the “lake”. Some students kept going around the burlap. They understood it more when I told them it was like the pool they swim in all the time. They can’t go out of the pool and then come back through the Earth and concrete. After they finished their first letter, they needed to know how to jump to the next. I explained that jumping happens only in the water, which now I started calling the “ugly side. ” They all know what the ugly side means from other projects, it’s the side no one sees. I tried to encourage small jumps to save on yarn. Some kids got so good that their pretty side and the ugly side look pretty similar. When you run out of yarn, you cut, tie off, reload, and start where you left off. If you make a mistake, you back up. The amount of learning in this is incredible. THEY LOVE IT! ! ! Once the name is mastered, we worked on different kinds of stitches and some designs. Some of the stitches include zig zag, Xs, castle line, and braid. Next year I want to create a weaving and sewing station. All of my students proved to be very responsible with the needles. Students love sewing and didn’t want to stop so the possibilities are really endless in where we go from here.
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For years, we’ve been warned about the danger sugar can have on our overall health—too much sugar can lead to diabetes, heart disease, and most other major health issues. Additionally, it can be disastrous for your oral health. The increased popularity of artificial sweeteners like Splenda has thrown a curve into what many people thought they knew—is natural sugar or artificial sweetener better overall? Which one promotes better dental health? Read on to find out. Sugar is often regarded as the worst food for your oral health, but it actually doesn’t hold the title—crackers and bread are the most cavity-causing foods; however, when bacteria in the mouth comes in contact with sugar, the bacteria produces acid for up to 20-minutes after the sugar is gone. Acid, not sugar, is what produces cavities and eats away at teeth. So while the sugar itself isn’t directly decaying teeth, it is helping the process along. One way to combat tooth damage from natural sugar is to eat less of it and eat it at once, instead of snacking throughout the day. Sticky sweet things like fruit snacks and raisins take longer to get off teeth. This means these kinds of sugary treats produce more acid and can harm teeth more. Teeth need the chance to re-mineralize between meals, which can be more difficult if you are constantly putting sugar and food in your mouth. Many artificial sweeteners are touted as being “healthier” because they don’t have as many calories as natural sugar. Artificial sweeteners aren’t a perfect item, but they don’t produce the same acid that sugar does when it is combined with mouth bacteria, which means artificial sweeteners don’t leave behind the same enamel-destroying acid. Therefore, artificial sweeteners don’t carry many of the same dental risks as natural sugar. There are many varieties of sugar alcohol, many of which are commonly combined in artificial sweeteners. Of these, Xylitol is the most recommended by dentists because it has been proven to kill the bacteria that destroy teeth, leading to preventing tooth decay. Xylitol is commonly found in sugar-free gum. That isn’t to say that artificial sweeteners are entirely healthy, as they have been linked to other health problems, like obesity and some forms of diabetes. When it comes to consuming natural or artificial sweeteners, it is best to use moderation for both your dental and overall health. When it comes to dental health, practicing restraint now can have benefits for years to come. If you still have questions about the risks of natural sugar and artificial sweeteners, we encourage you to contact a dentist. They will be able to help you understand this issue so you can make the best decision for your dental health.
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When the contractions set in, Mary Nakany weighed her options. She could walk to the closest maternity ward, where a midwife and medicines awaited, but the trek would take at least 45 minutes—without stopping for the pain of contractions. If she didn’t make it in time, she’d be giving birth along the way. The privacy and safety of her own home, a round, traditional house with dirt floor she had built just months earlier, seemed a better choice. In South Sudanese culture, women are to give birth in silence, so Mary didn’t even whimper. The first sound that pierced the night was the cry of her baby, a girl she would later name Monday Kadong, after the day she was born. For a moment, Mary rested against the cold brick wall. Then she cut the umbilical cord with her only knife, blade dull from use, and walked to the maternity ward in Pagirinya, a refugee resettlement camp in northern Uganda.
On her walk down the camp’s straight, red dirt roads, she passed boreholes that produce opaque water and latrines too few to accommodate the population of more than 30,000. Two years ago, she would have also passed a sea of white, makeshift tarpaulin tents emblematic of communities who have fled war and disaster. Now, however, they’ve been replaced with traditional South Sudanese houses. Built of mud bricks and spanning a diameter of about 13 feet, the new tukuls—conical homes with thatched roofs through which heat rises—have given Pagirinya an air of permanence. About 2. 5 million survivors of South Sudan’s civil war live as refugees in neighboring countries like Uganda. Another 2 million more remain in the country but were driven from their homes as rebels and government troops ransacked and razed villages. At age seven, South Sudan, the world’s newest country, has known more war than peace: When the nation was barely two years old, rival politicians plunged the infant country into civil war. Sometimes peace seemed within reach, but in 2016, fighting erupted once again. Peace negotiations are ongoing, but among experts and refugees, hope for a resolution has long faded. The UN expects a large portion of South Sudan’s first generation of natural citizens to grow up in displacement camps. In Pagirinya alone, about 40 babies are born each month. Turning the camp into a home is a task largely up to South Sudan’s women: Overall, 85 percent of refugees are estimated to be women and children, and in Pagirinya, there are about twice as many adult women as men, according to the UN. Their perseverance can be measured by the tukuls they’ve built. There’s Grace Ondoa, for example, who says she fetched firewood to sell at the market for 18 months to save enough money to build a house. It needed to be big enough for her three children and her nine orphaned nieces and nephews. “My husband left,” she says, “because he saw that there are too many children, and that it is too difficult. ”
A few houses over, Sharon Kide, whose husband left to find work elsewhere, estimates she sold 5 percent of her meager food rations for an entire year to afford the four poles that now carry her house. It’s a home for her little girl and boy, whom she saved, one in her arms and one tied to her back, when she ran from soldiers raiding her village. “This is our house, and I built it,” she says. In South Sudan’s deeply patriarchal society, houses were typically built by men. But now women are also taking charge, says Andrea Cullinan, coordinator on gender-based violence for the UN Population Fund in South Sudan. “It becomes an opportunity for women’s empowerment,” she says, explaining how the lack of support from men hasn’t been for the worse. “Sometimes out of some changes comes some good. And one of the things that can come out of it is that women can participate more in decisions over their lives. ”
That’s certainly true for Mary. Back from the maternity ward, where she was given painkillers and baby Monday’s umbilical cord was cleaned, she starts preparing porridge on an open fire inside the house. Thick smoke billows inside the narrow space, captured despite the small, triangle-shaped slits that serve as windows. “I did everything for this house,” she says, stirring. “I built it without any help. ”
She dug up soil and mixed it with water and grass, forming the muddy mixture into bricks that she baked in the sun. She cut swaths of grass in the forest, carried it in a bundle on her head. She laid the bricks and thatched the roof herself. She had to buy ropes to tie the roof to the walls. From each grain ration, she sold a handful. A month of bare subsistence earned her 5,000 Ugandan Shillings—about U.S. $1. 35. By carrying jerry cans of water from boreholes to the market, she made another 500 Ugandan Shillings per day. Three months later, she was able to start construction. The First Sudanese Civil War broke out in the 1950s and conflict continued to grow between the country’s northern and southern regions until the secession and creation of South Sudan in 2011. Juba, South Sudan’s new capital, lured Mary and her husband with the promise of a better future. Her now five-year-old son was born on the capital’s outskirts, in a cramped hut built by her husband, roof and walls made of straw. “It wasn’t nice… not like this one,” she says looking at her own brick house. But Juba offered opportunities the farmers’ daughter didn’t know existed. With a small investment from her husband, a soldier, she bought onions and tomatoes, displayed them on a paved road—which was still novel to her—and sold them for a profit. She dreamt about “all the things that could be,” she says. “My business, a school for the children, money that I could send to my parents. ”
In December 2013, the sound of gunfire jerked her out of sleep. Troops loyal to the president had clashed with those loyal to the opposition leader. In Juba alone, hundreds were killed. “Now, my dreams are nightmares,” Mary says. The family fled to the safety of their village, deep in the country’s southeastern mountains. There, Mary gave birth to a girl. In 2016, the violence spread. Soldiers attacked her village, torching the tukuls. Separated from her husband, Mary ran with her two children, her sandals falling off her feet. Nine days later, she reached Pagirinya. There she reunited with her husband, but he returned to South Sudan shortly after. Last year, she heard he had been killed. Just a few hours after Mary and Monday returned to her tukul, the sky darkens. Gusts whip around the camp’s cornerless houses. Her two children, who were playing outside, scream with excitement as they run back to their house. They arrive just before a monsoon sets in. The porridge is done, and the smoke dissipates. With a wooden spoon she carved herself, she feeds the children. From the thatched roof, small spiders descend on threads of silk. “Looking at this house, I am thinking a lot,” Mary says. “I am thinking about how my husband built our first house, and how I built this one on my own. ”
It’s not the life she dreamed of in Juba, and not the one she would have had in her own village. But as the family huddles together amidst the storm and she brushes dirt off Monday’s tiny face, it’s clear the house she built is more than just protection from rain and wind: it’s a home. This story was supported by the International Women’s Media Foundation’s African Great Lakes Reporting Initiative.
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Some young people are happy to stay with their families. Some parents want them to leave. Some parents do not. Often they want to be independent and stay with people their own age. Some young people want to leave home. If you are thinking about leaving home you can get advice and practical help from a Social Worker.
There are people who can help if you do not have a home. They can tell people that you want a home of your own and make a housing application. There are lots of things to think about like:
There are people who help you live in your own home. These are called Housing Support Providers.
Sometimes they can arrange the help you might need to live there.
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Self-Correcting Number Puzzles
Match these wooden puzzle pairs to make mastering numbers as easy as 1, 2, 3. Groups of objects illustrate numbers 1-20 , and the puzzles are self-correcting–each piece has only one match that fits–so children can play independently and learn at the same time. - Practice letter recognition and matching skills
- Elegantly detailed pictures
- Each piece fits with only the correct partner – ideal for independent play
- Wooden storage box with slide-in lid
- Promotes hand-eye coordination and early reading skills
Age: 4 – 10 years
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010_6968391
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The International English Language Testing System speaking test is set up to simulate real-life situations, so relax and speak as naturally as you can. Elaborate as much as possible when you answer questions, and express your true thoughts on topics, as the interviewers assess you on your ability to communicate, not your personal opinions. Do not give rote answers, as interviewers know how to spot these. Continue Reading
If you do not understand a question, ask for a clarification. Give lengthy answers, analyzing and justifying your ideas and opinions. The first part of the interview is an introduction, and the interviewer asks you questions about your family, studies, home, work and personal interests. Do not give brief answers, but rather use this opportunity to elaborate on subjects that are familiar to you. During the second part of the test, the interviewer gives you a prompt card with a topic and specific points that you need to develop. Use the brief time that the interviewer gives you before you begin to organize your thoughts and take some notes. Once you start your presentation, go over the topic points one by one in as much detail as you can, and do not stop talking until the interviewer indicates that your time is up. In the discussion that follows, be prepared to elaborate further by answering questions that the interviewer asks on the topic you have just presented. Learn more about Education
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Caux Round Table
a group of businesses, political leaders, and concerned interest groups that desire responsible behavior in the global community
Consumers' Bill of Rights
introduced in 1962, outlined four basic consumer rights: the right to safety, the right to be informed, the right to choose, and the right to be heard
Defense Industry Initiative on Business Ethics and Conduct (DII)
established a method for discussing best practices and working tactics to link organizational practice and policy to successful ethical compliance
the character or decision-making process that employees use to determine whether their responses to ethical issues are right or wrong
Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations (FSGO)
codified into law, incentives to reward organizations for taking action to prevent misconduct
law that made securities fraud a criminal offense and stiffened penalties for corporate fraud; created an accounting oversight board that requires corporations to establish codes of ethics for financial reporting and to develop greater transparency in financial reports to investors and other interested parties
an organization's obligation to maximize its positive impact on stakeholders and to minimize its negative impact
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act made it illegal for U.S. businesses to issue bribes to foreign government officials: true or false? The difference between an ordinary decision and an ethical one:
lies in the point where the accepted rules do not apply, and the decision maker is faced with the responsibility for weighing values and reaching a judgment in a situation that is not quite the same as any he/she has faced before. Business ethics relates to rules and principles that guide individual and work group decisions, whereas social responsibility:
concerns the effect of organizational decisions on society. Business ethics was institutionalized through the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations during which of the following periods? Using what you learned about business ethics in Chapter 1, which of the following is true? The values learned from family, religion, and school may not provide specific guidelines for complex business decisions. The Consumers' Bill of Rights decreed by President John F. Kennedy did NOT specify which of the following rights? The right to freedom
Employees' perception of their firm as having an ethical climate leads to:
A strong organizational ethical climate usually focuses on the core value of:
placing customers' interests first. holds that actions are the proper basis on which to judge morality or ethicalness; requires that a person use equity, fairness, and impartiality when making and enforcing decisions
individual who examines a specific action itself, rather than the general rules governing it, to assess whether it will result in the greatest utility
teleological theories that assess the moral worth of a behavior by looking at its consequences
moral philosophies that focus on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior rather than on its consequences
assumes that through observation of the different norms, customs, and values exhibited by different cultures one can arrive at a factual description of a culture
justice based on the evaluation of the outcomes or results of the business relationship
theory that defines right or acceptable behavior in terms of its consequences for the individual
theory that allows for the well being of others although the self-interest of the individual remains paramount
concept that defines right or acceptable behavior as that which maximizes personal pleasure
a moral philosophy that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind, in comparison with the world's view
rejects the idea that (1) ends can be separated from the means that produce them and (2) ends, purposes, or outcomes are intrinsically good in and of themselves
justice based on evaluating the communication processes used in the business relationship
as applied in business ethics, involves evaluations of fairness or the disposition to deal with perceived injustices of others
Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development
theory stating that people make different decisions in similar ethical situations because they are in different stages of six cognitive moral development stages
holds that one culture's moral philosophy cannot logically be preferred to another because there exists no meaningful basis for comparison
justice based on the processes and activities that produce the outcome or results
those who believe that it is possible to get too much of a good thing (such as pleasure)
holds that definitions of ethical behavior are derived subjectively from the experiences of individuals and groups
believes that conformity to general moral principles determines ethicalness; use reason and logic to formulate rules for behavior
individual who determines behavior on the basis of principles, or rules, designed to promote the greatest utility rather than on an examination of each particular situation
moral philosophies in which an act is considered morally right or acceptable if it produces some desired result such as pleasure, knowledge, career growth, the realization of self-interest, utility, wealth, or even fame
theory that seeks the greatest good for the greatest number of people by making decisions that result in the greatest total utility and that achieve the greatest benefit for all those affected
posits that what is moral in a given situation is not only what conventional morality or moral rules (current societal definitions) require but also what the mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate
an individual or group committing an illegal act in relation to his/her employment, who is highly educated (college), in a position of power, trust, respectability and responsibility, within a profit/nonprofit business or government organization and who abuses the trust and authority normally associated with the position for personal and/or organizational gains
Distributive justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship: true or false? People who face ethical issues often base their decisions on their own values and principles of right and wrong: true or false? Teleology is a philosophy that states that:
an act is morally right or acceptable if it produces a desired result. The types of moral philosophy discussed in the text include:
teleology, deontology, relativist perspective, virtue ethics, and justice. Deontology refers to moral philosophies that focus on:
the preservation of individual rights and the intentions associated with a particular behavior. Which statement is NOT correct? Utilitarianism defines right or acceptable actions as those that maximize total utility, or the greatest good for the most powerful people. Deontologists believe that individuals have certain absolute rights, including
freedom of conscience, freedom of consent, freedom of privacy, freedom of speech, and due process. According to Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development, different individuals make different decisions in similar ethical situations because:
they are in different stages of cognitive moral development. Which statement is correct? A moral virtue represents an acquired disposition that is valued as a part of an individual's character. Eighteenth-century British professor whose writings formed the basis of modern economics; observed and wrote about supply and demand, contractual efficiency, and division of labor; published The Theory of Moral Sentiments and the Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
Japanese for "descent from heaven"the practice of hiring retired bureaucrats to become auditors, directors, executives, and presidents
assumes that humans may not act rationally because of genetics, learned behavior, and heuristics or rules of thumb
bimodal wealth distribution
occurs when the middle class shrinks, resulting in highly concentrated wealth amongst the rich and large numbers of poor people with very few resources
Business for Social Responsibility
globally based resource system that tracks emerging issues and trends, provides information on corporate leadership and best practices, conducts educational workshops and training, and assists organizations in developing practical business ethics tools
the belief that consumers, rather than the interests of producers, should dictate the economic structure of a society; the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable and equates personal happiness with the purchase and consumption of material possessions
country common values
values that are specific to groups, sects, regions, or countries that express actions, behavior, and intent
the concept that morality varies from one culture to another and that business practices are therefore differentially defined as right or wrong by particular cultures
everything in our surroundings that is made by people—both tangible items and intangible things like concepts and values; includes language, law, politics, technology, education, social organizations, general values, and ethical standards
the practice of charging high prices for products in domestic markets while selling the same products in foreign markets at low prices, often below cost
concept of behavioral economics that the way something is presented to a consumer can affect choice
the concept of an inherent dignity with equal and inalienable rights as the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world
international monetary fund
organization dedicated to the concept that the primary responsibility for the regulation of monetary relationships among national economies should rest in an extra-national body
economist who argued that the state could stimulate economic growth and improve stability in the private sector through such means as controlling interest rates, taxation and public projects
theory that assumes the market, through its own inherent mechanisms, will keep commerce in equilibrium
economist whose ideas were guiding principles for government policy making in the U.S., and increasingly throughout the world, starting in the second half of the 20th century; believed in deregulation and that the system could reach equilibrium without government intervention
public companies that operate on a global scale without significant ties to any one nation or region
based upon the assumption that people are predictable and will maximize the utility of their choices relative to their needs and wants
situation where various profit centers within corporations become unaware of the overall consequences of their actions. an implied perspective of ethical superiority based on the idea that "we" differ from "them"
economic theories advocating the creation of a society in which wealth and power are shared and distributed evenly based on the amount of work expended in production
a systematic approach to achieving human development in such a way that the earth's resources are preserved for future generations
World Trade Organization
administers trade agreements, facilitates future trade negotiations, settles trade disputes, and monitors the trade policies of member nations; addresses economic and social issues involving agriculture, textiles and clothing, banking, telecommunications, government purchases, industrial standards, food sanitation regulations, services, and intellectual property; and provides legally binding ground rules for international commerce and trade policy. Based on revenues versus GDP, Walmart is larger than most of the countries in the world: true or false? According to the concept of cultural relativism, which of the following is correct? Morality varies from one culture to another. The belief that consumers, rather than the interests of producers, should dictate the economic structure of a society is:
Who argued that governments can stimulate economic growth and improve stability in the private center? John Maynard Keynes
________ is based on the assumption that people are predictable and will seek to maximize the utility of their choices relative to their needs and wants. ________ is the unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge. The self-reference criterion
Which of the following statements is correct about dumping? When companies charge high prices for products sold in their home markets while selling the same products in foreign markets at low prices that do not cover all the costs of exporting the products, the practice is known as dumping. The ________ prohibits U.S. corporations from offering or providing payments to officials of foreign governments for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business abroad. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
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A world-leading scientist is studying dolphins in Australia to find out if they are happy. Animal behaviour expert Dr Isabella Clegg is in Coffs Harbour, NSW for the Australian-first study into the welfare* of five dolphins at the Dolphin Marine Conservation Park.
The dolphins’ carers and park owners would like to know whether Bucky, Calamity, Zippy, Bella and Jet would be happier in their pool or in a sea-pen sanctuary in the nearby harbour. Zippy, Bella and Jet have never been in the ocean. Bucky and Calamity were both born in the wild but were later rescued. All five dolphins are Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins and are the only dolphins at the marine park. Dr Clegg will study the dolphins in their current home in the tourist park’s pools and the results can then be compared with future studies if the dolphins are moved to sea pens. Dr Clegg completed a major research project (called a PhD) in 2017 at the University of Paris in France on dolphin welfare and how to measure animal emotions. In this study, she will look at the personality of each of the five dolphins and their behaviour with each other and with humans. If they are moved to sea pens, the dolphins can be studied again to help everyone decide where the dolphins are happiest. If they are found to be happier in the pools, they can come back from the sea pens. “A lot of projects and places want to (create sea pens) because they assume it will be better for the animal’s welfare,” Dr Clegg told ABC. “But it’s really important to check by doing such a welfare study before and after they move just to ensure* that they are in a better situation than before. ”
Animal activists — people who work to improve the welfare of animals — have protested in the past about dolphins being kept in captivity* at Dolphin Marine Conservation Park.
Dr Clegg told ABC that so far, she had seen positive signs of the dolphins’ welfare at the park and “good social bonds*” between the animals. The marine park announced in March that it will no longer breed dolphins in captivity, making its current family the last generation in captivity. The decision means Sea World in Queensland is the last marine park in Australia to continue breeding dolphins in captivity. DR CLEGG’S FIRST STUDY
The three-year research project Dr Clegg carried out at a marine park in France involved watching dolphins in three different situations: alone in a pool, alone in a pool with toys and playing with a human trainer or carer in the pool. The dolphins showed their enthusiasm for playing with humans by actions such as being more active, swimming around the pool more, spending time at the side of the pool and “spy hopping”, which is peering above the water surface to look in the direction trainers usually come from. “All dolphins look forward most to interacting with a familiar human,” Dr Clegg told BBC. Neither the French study nor the Australian study can tell us whether dolphins prefer being in the wild over being in captivity, but the French study told researchers dolphins like interacting with people. VIDEO: Dolphins frolicking in the ocean around a surfer at Secret Harbour, Perth, WA
Video captures dolphins frolicking
THE DOLPHIN FAMILY
BUCKY: male born around 1970, named after Nambucca, NSW, the place from where he was rescued in 1970. He and his mother Sandy became stranded on an oyster bed and became badly sunburnt and dehydrated*. Father to Zippy, Bella and Jet.
CALAMITY: female born around 1981, rescued from the Tweed River, NSW, in 1992 after becoming tangled in discarded fishing line. She was released into the river but was rescued again 18 months later tangled in fishing line and plants and badly injured. Mother to Bella and Jet.
ZIPPY: male born June 26, 1988 at Dolphin Marine Conservation Park. Dad is Bucky and mum is another rescued dolphin named Buttons. The name Zipper is a play on his mother’s name. BELLA: female born July 11, 2005 at Dolphin Marine Conservation Park. Dad is Bucky and mum is Calamity.
JET: male born December 3, 2009 at Dolphin Marine Conservation Park. Dad is Bucky and mum is Calamity.
INDO-PACIFIC BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS
- Also called Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins or spotted bottlenose dolphins
- Scientific name Tursiops aduncus
- Grow to 2. 6m long and weigh up to 230kg
- Live around the entire coast of mainland Australia but not around Tasmania
- Also lives close to the coast of India, South China, the east coast of Africa and countries bordering the Red Sea
- Not listed as threatened or endangered
- welfare: health and happiness
- ensure: make certain something will happen
- captivity: opposite to in the wild
- social bonds: relationships with other animals, including humans
- dehydrated: dried out, as in not having had enough to drink
- Where was Bucky born? - What does an animal activist do? - What did the Dolphin Marine Conservation Park announce in March about breeding? - What can the studies tell us about dolphins in the wild? - Who is the oldest and who is the youngest of the dolphin family? LISTEN TO THIS STORY
1. Animal welfare
Work with a partner and list a range of possible indicators or tests that scientists could use to check if an animal was ‘happy’. It doesn’t have to be just aimed at dolphins, it could also include other animals and pets. Do you think your pets are happy if you have any? How do you tell? Record your answers in a table with two columns. Label the first column TYPE OF ANIMAL and the second column HAPPINESS INDICATOR OR TEST
Example: Dog/How many times per day tail wags
Time: allow 15 minutes to complete this activity
Curriculum Links: English, Personal and Social, Critical and Creative Thinking
Write the points For and Against dolphins living in a pool at a marine park versus a sea-pen sanctuary in the harbour. Time: allow 15 minutes to complete this activity
Curriculum Links: English, Ethical, Critical and Creative Thinking
Proper noun hunt
On a print out of the article, go through with your green highlighter in hand looking for all the proper nouns used. Highlight their capital letter in green to flag them. (If you are reading off a screen, list them in green down the left side of a blank page. )
When you have finished, write a definition for a proper noun for a younger student. Explain what they are, and also how we have to write them. HAVE YOUR SAY: Where do you think dolphins are happiest? Have you seen a dolphin in captivity? No one-word answers. Use full sentences to explain your thinking. No comments will be published until approved by editors.
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Preparation of NASA's next spacecraft to Mars, InSight, has ramped up this summer, on course for launch next May from Vandenberg Air Force Base in central California -- the first interplanetary launch in history from America's West Coast.
A.I. software on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover has helped it zap dozens of laser targets on the Red Planet this past year, becoming a frequent science tool when the ground team was out of contact with the spacecraft. This same software has proven useful enough that it's already scheduled for NASA's upcoming mission, Mars 2020. On June 17, NASA's MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission) will celebrate 1,000 Earth days in orbit around the Red Planet. Since its launch in November 2013 and its orbit insertion in September 2014, MAVEN has been exploring the upper atmosphere of Mars.
A long-lasting lake on ancient Mars provided stable environmental conditions that differed significantly from one part of the lake to another, according to a comprehensive look at findings from the first three-and-a-half years of NASA's Curiosity rover mission. A new observation from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) captures the landing platform that the rover Opportunity left behind in Eagle Crater more than 13 years and 27 miles (or 44 kilometers) ago. Solar wind and radiation are responsible for stripping the Martian atmosphere, transforming Mars from a planet that could have supported life billions of years ago into a frigid desert world, according to new results from NASA's MAVEN spacecraft. A routine check of the aluminum wheels on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover has found two small breaks on the rover's left middle wheel-the latest sign of wear and tear as the rover continues its journey, now approaching the 10-mile (16 kilometer) mark. As children, we learned about our solar system's planets by certain characteristics -- Jupiter is the largest, Saturn has rings, Mercury is closest to the sun. Mars is red, but it's possible that one of our closest neighbors also had rings at one point and may have them again someday. Many regions in the solar system beckon for exploration, but they are considered unreachable due to technology gaps in current landing systems. The CoOperative Blending of Autonomous Landing Technologies (COBALT) project, conducted by NASA's Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) and Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, could change that. A regional dust storm currently swelling on Mars follows unusually closely on one that blossomed less than two weeks earlier and is now dissipating, as seen in daily global weather monitoring by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
In celebration of International Women’s Day on Wednesday and Women’s History Month in March, NASA has unveiled an educational virtual tour that brings students into the exciting careers of seven women in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) fields at the agency. On Mars, wind rules. Wind has been shaping the Red Planet's landscapes for billions of years and continues to do so today. Studies using both a NASA orbiter and a rover reveal its effects on scales grand to tiny on the strangely structured landscapes within Gale Crater.
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Rice can be raised successfully in northern states, says farmer and author Ben Falk, who? s proving it on his small Vermont farm. "Our soil is very poor and can't be tilled due to boulders and heavy clay," explains Falk. "Rice is a staple we can grow here using paddies. "
Falk carved 5 paddies out of a hillside, located downstream from a larger retention pond. "You don't need a wet area to grow rice; you just need to be able to get water to it," explains Falk. "We flood our paddies every few weeks when the rice is putting on the most growth. "
It can be easier to make a paddy in dry soil that holds water than in muck land, he says, and easier to control the water levels. The 12-in. berms allow water levels as high as 8 in. for weed control, though the water level is normally kept at 1 to 4 in. deep. "Rice likes to be flooded, and it's a good weed control strategy," explains Falk. ? However, flooding isn't required. We are experimenting with growing rice in minimal standing water. "
Falk started with seed rice from the USDA Germ Plasm Center, enough to start 20 plants. The variety is grown in the mountains of northern Japan. The first year he grew it in buckets to get seed for the next year's crop. In succeeding years the seeds have been soaked, germinated and planted in flats like vegetable starters, transferred to a cold frame and then to a paddy. "
Timing is a matter of getting plants in the ground after the last expected frost with time to mature before frost in the fall. This past year, a late and cold spring slowed the crop too much to mature in the paddies. Even an attempt to transplant rice plants to a greenhouse failed. "We start our plants in the greenhouse. This adds a month to our growing season, and that is usually enough as the rice needs 120 days to mature," says Falk.
"The amazing thing about paddies is that they rarely lose their accumulated nutrients," he adds. "If they do overflow with heavy rains, the water and nutrients are distributed through a series of swales to trees, bushes and other vegetation down-hill. "
Rice hulls are hard to detach from the grain. Falk stumbled across an old dehulling machine that has made a difficult process much easier. He now offers custom dehulling to others in the area trying to grow rice. "It's a 2-man machine that hulls emmer, wheat and rice, as well as other grains and even oats," says Falk. "We can do 100 lbs. an hour with it, and winnowing the grain from the trash is easy. "
Even with the dehuller, Falk doesn't expect rice production to be competitive in areas like Vermont as long as transportation is cheap. For Falk, rice represents a good homestead survival crop. "I think we should be able to grow the equivalent of 3,500 lbs. per acre," says Falk. "It's nice to have several hundred pounds of rice for human and animal feed. "
In his book, The Resilient Farm And Homestead, Falk outlines a number of ways to create a food, energy and water secure homestead. His company works with clients to develop self-sustaining, resilient and regenerative farmsteads, food systems and other projects. He offers tours, workshops and special events at the farm. Falk asks that people contact the farm in advance to arrange visits.
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Female scientists, engineers, mathematicians and women in tech have come together to create ‘She Can STEM’ to inspire young women and girls ‘to feel confident stepping up and taking an interest in STEM’. STEM is an acronym for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. The campaign aims to ‘give visibility to women currently dominating the world of STEM so girls can see they have a future in it too’. They say that ‘outdated stereotypes’ affect young women’s interest and confidence in the subjects, so their hope is that She Can STEM will encourage young women aged 11-15 to nurture their interest in these areas and subsequently feel more confident pursuing careers in these fields. Successful women currently taking part include Lisa Seacat Deluca, Danielle Merfeld and Tiera Fletcher, all experts in their respective fields. Lisa Seacat Deluca is an engineer, author, speaker and inventor. Danielle Merfeld is the Chief Technology Officer at GE Renewable Energy and Tiera Fletcher is an Aerospace Engineer. According to recent studies, globally ‘women make up only 15-20% of the current STEM workforce’, so this initiative comes at a good time. It provides encouragement and support to young women who might want to enter these traditionally male dominated industries later on. She Can STEM is partnered with industry giants Google, IBM. , Microsoft, Verizon and GE. They are also supported by non-profit organisations Girls Who Code, girls Inc., the New York Academy of Sciences, Black Girls Code, Chick Tech and the National Center for Women & Information Technology.
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17 bills lawmakers have introduced this year to address the opioid epidemic
The country is in the midst of an opioid epidemic. Did the FDA play a role in how we got here? Ayrika Whitney/USA TODAY NETWORK - Tennessee
Here are 17 bills lawmakers have introduced to address the opioid epidemic as they appear on the state’s website. 1. HB 1831: "Makes various changes to the requirements for prescribing, dispensing, and reporting of opioids. "
2. HB 1832 : "Revises various provisions of law regarding the scheduling of controlled substances and their analogues and derivatives, including updated identifications of drugs categorized in Schedules I–V; authorizes sentence reduction credits for prisoners who successfully complete intensive substance use disorder treatment program. "
3. HB 1871: "Requires the commissioner of health to develop guidelines for testing for opioids for the treatment of chronic pain that are consistent with federal guidelines developed by the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) as those guidelines relate to baseline drug testing and periodic follow up testing. "
4. HB 2001: "Removes charges related to pain relief that decreases the use of opioids from the calculation of costs for episodes of care in the payment reform initiative of the bureau of TennCare. "
5. HB 2348: "Requires a prescriber who prescribes more than a five-day supply of opioids to a non-pregnant fertile woman to inform the patient about the risk of fetal injury and neonatal abstinence syndrome in the event of pregnancy; encourages prescribers to recommend and assist with the implementation of birth control methods for such patients. "
6. HB 2325: "Requires the district attorneys general conference to report to the general assembly in January of each year with recommendations on combating opiate abuse, including recommended legislation to address law enforcement concerns raised by opioid abuse. "
7. HB 2459: "Requires a prescriber to provide certain information about the risks of opioids and options for contraception prior to prescribing opioids to women of childbearing age. "
8. HB 2617: "Imposes a gross receipts tax on the sale of opioids. "
9. SJR 0554: "Encourages the bureau of TennCare to improve access to and quality of treatment for eligible Tennessee residents suffering from addiction to opiates and other substances by means of appropriate federal Section 1115 waiver for Medicaid services. "
10. HB 1531: "Requires the district attorney general of each judicial district to notify the commissioner of health of the name and other such identifying information, as may be designated by the commissioner, of any individual convicted in a court of competent jurisdiction within that judicial district of a violation of the Tennessee Drug Control Act of 1989 and adds those individuals to the controlled substance database. "
11. HB 1547: "Increases the penalty for certain distribution or transfer criminal offenses involving fentanyl, or an equipotent amount of carfentanil, sufentanil, or the analogues of fentanyl to B felony if amount between 0. 1 and 10 grams and to Class A felony if amount more than 10 grams. "
12. HB 1709: "Creates Class B felony of selling, possessing, or manufacturing 15 grams or more of any substance containing fentanyl and Class A felony if the substance contains 150 grams or more of fentanyl. "
13. HB 1959: "Creates Class B felony of selling, possessing, or manufacturing 15 grams or more of any substance containing fentanyl and Class A felony if the substance contains 150 grams or more of fentanyl. "
14. HB 1964: "Creates Class B felony of selling, possessing, or manufacturing 15 grams or more of any substance containing fentanyl and Class A felony if the substance contains 150 grams or more of fentanyl. "
15. HB 2190: "Elevates distribution or dispensation of any controlled substance to second degree murder if the user dies and the controlled substance is, at least, part of the proximate cause of death rather than limiting the enhancement to Schedule I or II drugs. "
16. HB 2004: "Establishes an opioid abuse and diversion hotline operated by the department of health; prohibits civil liability for or firing of a person who reports suspected abuse or diversion to the hotline. "
17. HB 2440: "Authorizes a partial fill of a prescription of an opioid. "
Reach Reporter Jordan Buie at 615-726-5970 or at email@example. com. Follow him on Twitter @jordanbuie.
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Top 25 Vitamin B Rich Foods
Vitamins occur naturally in food and are needed in very small amounts for various bodily functions such as energy production and making red blood cells. Vitamin B is a group of water soluble vitamins which play a very important role in cell metabolism. B vitamins were earlier thought to be just a single vitamin. Later research found that these are chemically distinct vitamins that co-exist in the same foods. All B Vitamins help the body to convert carbohydrates into fuel (glucose) which is required to produce energy. Vitamin B is needed for healthy hair, skin, eyes and liver. They also help the nervous system to work properly and are needed for proper functioning of the brain. Vitamin B is a compilation of 8 different Vitamins collectively known as Vitamin B complex. The eight Vitamins that make up the Vitamin B complex are:
- Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
- Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
- Vitamin B3 (niacin)
- Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
- Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine and pyridoxine)
- Vitamin B7 (biotin)
- Vitamin B9 (Folate or folic acid)
- Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
[ Read: Vitamin B12 Sources ]
Different types and Vitamin B rich foods
Below explained is each type of vitamin B and also the vitamin B sources. Vitamin B 1 or Thiamine:
Vitamin B 1, also called thiamine is sometimes called an “anti-stress” vitamin because it helps to strengthen the immune system and improves the body’s ability to withstand stressful conditions. It is named B1 because it was the first Vitamin to be discovered. Thiamine is found in both plants and animal sources and plays a crucial role in certain metabolic reactions. Deficiency in Vitamin B1 can lead to several health conditions like Beriberi, Cataracts, Alzheimer’s disease, and even heart failure in some cases. The recommended dietary allowance for thiamine is 1. 2 mg for men and 1 mg for women. Foods rich in Thiamine:
Fishes contain a good amount of healthy fats and are a good source of Vitamin B1. 100 grams of Pompano fish serving contains 0. 67mg of thiamine. Tuna fish contains the second highest amount of thiamine out of all the fishes with 0. 5 mg per 100 grams. Benefits of pistachios is that they make a great snack food and contain a good source of thiamine and other important minerals. 100 grams of pistachios contain 0. 87mg of thiamine. - Sesame butter:
Sesame butter, also known as Tahini is not just a good source of iron and zinc but also contains a good amount of thiamine. 100 Grams of sesame butter contains 1. 6mg of thiamine. Black beans, navy beans, pinto beans all have high levels of vitamin B1. They also contain heart healthy proteins which are needed to maintain energy and good health. A small bowl of beans will give majority of the recommended daily amount of Vitamin B1. Vitamin B 2:
Vitamin B 2 or Riboflavin is an essential vitamin required for proper energy metabolism and a wide variety of cellular processes. It helps to process nutrients in the cardiovascular system through aerobic energy production and keeps the cells in good health. It even improves vision and skin health. Deficiency in riboflavin can lead to cracking and reddening of skin and inflammation of mouth, mouth ulcer, sore throat and even anemia. The recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin B12 is 1. 3 mg for men and 1 mg for women. Foods rich in vitamin B2:
Carrots are one of the most popular vegetables and it best part of the carrot benefits is that just one cup of carrots will provide you with 5% of the daily recommended quantity of vitamin B2. Eat baby carrots as a snack or add them to your salad for extra taste as well as nutrients. While enjoying a sandwich for breakfast, add a slice of tasty cheese for an unexpected boost in several essential vitamins and minerals. Despite being a high cholesterol food, cheese is a good source of vitamin B2. Cheese provides the highest amount of Vitamin B2 with 0. 57 mg per 100 grams serving. Brie, limburger, romano, caraway cheese are other high Vitamin B2 foods. It is also a good source of calcium and Vitamin D.
Both cow and goat milk are significant sources of Vitamin B2 as well as other Vitamin B complex along with calcium and other minerals. Almonds are nuts that contain high amount of riboflavin. Almonds are also a great source of Vitamin E, calcium, potassium and copper. Health benefits of almonds comes from the fact that it provides 1. 01mmg of riboflavin per 100 grams or 00. 28grams per ounce. Vitamin B3 or niacin is an essential nutrient and is responsible for various body functions. Niacin addresses a number of health issues like heart attack, high cholesterol and other cardiovascular diseases. Deficiency in Niacin can lead to dermatitis, dementia, amnesia, fatigue, restlessness and depression. An overdose of niacin can lead to skin rashes, dry skin and various digestive maladies and overdose can also lead to liver damage. The RDA for niacin is 16 mg per day for men and 14 mg per day for women. Foods rich in Vitamin B3:
Eggs are not just a good source of proteins and minerals but also contain high level of niacin. A large egg contains 7 percent of daily amount of Vitamin b3 we need. Beets are a great source for antioxidants and detox support making them one of the best foods for liver. While that is a great reason to add beets to your diet, Beets are also known as one of the best vegan sources of niacin. 100 grams of beet contains 0. 334mg of niacin. [ Read: Antioxidants for Skin ]
Celery is commonly regarded as a food to ward off gall stones but little is known of its high Vitamin B 3 content. Just one cup of raw celery will gives approximately 34mcg of Vitamin B which accounts 2% of our daily Vitamin B need. Vitamin B 5, also known as pantothenic acid is necessary for individual health. Vitamin B5 turns carbohydrates into energy processing food. It supports adrenal glands helping humans to respond to high stress and continual stress factors. Vitamin B5 deficiency can lead to fatigue and weakness as well as tingling sensation in the limb. Vitamin B5 is found in different sources leading to nutritional experts naming it as “universal element”. The RDA of Vitamin B5 for men is 1. 3 mg and 1 mg for women. Foods rich in Vitamin B5:
This green vegetable contains a very high amount of pantothenic acid. Try to eat lightly steamed broccoli as they stand for a better chance in getting most of the nutrients originally packed in the food. Boiling broccoli causes most of the nutrient to leach out in the water. This naturally occurring food is a good source of Vitamin B5 and other important nutrients. Cooked mushrooms provide 3. 6 mg per 100 grams serving. Avoid eating wild mushrooms as they contain poisonous substances which can cause harm to health. - Whey powder:
Whey powder is a common addition to breads and smoothies are mostly used by gym goers and body builders for its high nutrient content. It is often used in baked goods and processed cheese. 100 grams of whey provide 5. 6mg of Vitamin B5 which account for 5% of our daily Vitamin B5 content. [ Read: Rich Foods of Vitamin E ]
Vitamin B6, known as pyridoxine is an essential nutrient for a number of reasons. It plays a vital role in a number of chemical reactions that take place in the body. It helps in the formation of red blood cells which carry oxygen around the body and is essential to metabolize foods into energy. Conversely too much consumption of Vitamin B6 can lead to nerve damage in the arms and legs. The RDA of Vitamin B6 is 400 mcg and 400 mcg for women. Foods rich in Vitamin B6:
Crude rice and wheat bran are foods with the highest amount of Vitamin B6. You can also eat bread or brown rice which contains moderate amount of bran in it. Rice bran contains the most Vitamin B6 with 4. 07 mg per 100 grams. Wheat bran contains 1. 3 mg per 100 grams. Raw garlic provides a host of health benefits and is a great source of vitamin B6. Raw garlic makes a good condiment and can also be used as a salad dressing. The garlic benefit is that in 100 grams of raw garlic provides 1. 235mg of Vitamin B6 and 0. 04 mg per clove. - Molasses and Sorghum syrup:
Molasses and sorghum syrup contains high levels of nutrients and is a good substitute for refined sugar syrup. Molasses are high in magnesium and provides 0. 67 mg per cup and 0. 14mg per teaspoon. Vitamin B7 also known as biotin helps the body to process fats and sugars and form a critical process in the fat production in the body. Since biotin is involved in the creation of building blocks for body function at a cellular level, it’s important to have a sufficient supply of this nutritional element. Biotin helps the body cells to interpret the chemical messages they receive so that they can act accordingly Biotin is particularly necessary for pregnant women. Adults over 18 years of age and pregnant women require 30 mcg of Vitamin B7 a day to meet the daily need. Lactating women need 35mcg of biotin per day. Major deficiency in Vitamin B7 can breakdown the cell division and can even lead to cancer in extreme cases. Vitamin B7 is found in several healthy foods and has a number of health benefits. Foods rich in Vitamin B7:
Brewer’s yeast contains a high level of vitamin b7 and is revealed to be the richest source of biotin. Available in powder and flakes forms, yeast can be added to cereals, milkshakes and baked dishes. Besides biotin, yeast also contains chromium which is essential for patients suffering from diabetes. - Egg yolk:
Egg yolks are the second richest source of biotin because Egg white interferes with the absorption of biotin. While preparing egg yolk, do not overcook as this can destroy the essential nutrients and vitamins in it. Do not consume uncooked egg yolks as they contain salmonella which can be harmful. Not just biotin, eggs also contain protein essential for the body but consuming a lot of egg is not advisable. - Swiss chard:
This green plant is one of the top producers of biotin. It can be used in a salad dressing and contains healthy antioxidants that help to maintain health and wellbeing. It contains 0. 406mg biotin per 100 grams. [ Read: Vitamin D Deficiency ]
Vitamin B 9:
Folate, also known as Vitamin B9 is necessary for proper health and metabolism of human body. Folate or folic acid is especially essential during pregnancy for proper growth and development of the foetus and prevents congenital birth defects. While folate is mostly taken as a dietary supplement, many foods serve as a healthy and natural source of folate. Folate occurs naturally in foods and can be synthesized by our body. Deficiency in Vitamin B9 can lead to a number of diseases like abnormal bleeding, anaemia, fatigue, diarrhoea, hair loss and so on. The recommended dietary Allowance for Vitamin B9 is 400 mcg for adult men and women. Foods rich in Vitamin B9:
- Green leafy vegetables:
It should be of no surprise to all of us that the planet’s healthiest foods are also high in folate! Green leafy vegetables are the best source of folic acid. And are also popular as foods rich in vitamin B of the other types too. Consume as much as green vegetables like spinach, collard greens, lettuce, turnip greens to get sufficient amount of vitamin B9. Just one plate of green leafy vegetable per day will provide you with your daily need of folic acid. This wonder vegetable is the most nutrient dense food and is the richest food containing folic acid. One cup of cooked asparagus will provide you with 262 mcg of folate which accounts for 62% of our daily folate requirement. Asparagus is also rich in other nutrients like Vitamin K. Vitamin A, Vitamin C and manganese. This tasty treat holds up to 90 mcg of folate per cup which provides 22% of our daily requirement. Avocado is also rich in fatty acids, dietary fiber and Vitamin K. Add them to your salad and sandwich for that extra healthy diet. Vitamin B12 or cobalamin is the largest and most complex vitamin currently known to a man. The main role of Vitamin B12 is to form red blood cells and aid in the blood circulation in the body. The daily requirement of Vitamin B12 varies from person to person. RDA recommends 2. 4 micrograms of Vitamin B12 per day for both adult men and women, though smokers, pregnant ladies, anemic and elderly people require more than the recommended amount. Vitamin B 12 is mainly found in animal sources which can be a complicating factor for vegetarian who are mainly at a risk for developing vitamin B12 deficiency. Foods rich in Vitamin B12:
A hundred grams of liver contains more than 30mcg of vitamin B12. Liver is not just beneficial for the amount of Vitamin B12 it yields, but is a store house of other nutrients too. It is packed with vitamins and minerals which increase energy, libido, muscle growth, brain function and power. Turkey is a super food which contains 1. 5 plus micrograms per 100 grams serving. This food is naturally low in fat and contain 1 gram of fat per ounce of flesh eaten. Turkey contains nutrients which controls cholesterol level and protects against cancer and heart disease. Poultry is often praised as a healthier alternative to red meat. Chicken is a good source of essential vitamins and minerals but lacks much of fat and calories that is often associated with red meat. 100 grams of cooked chicken provides the body with 8% of recommended amount of Vitamin B 12. Chicken also contains nutrients like protein, selenium and Vitamin B3. Each type has different vitamin B rich foods list! These foods will help you in adequate consumption of Vitamin B and will benefit your health in the long run. Share on Facebook Share on Pinterest
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large quantities of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plasma cells are specialized for antibody secretion and large quantities of these proteins are synthesized for export from the cells. In plasma cells, you would expect to find which of the following? A solution with a pH of 5 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of 7? phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen (CHONP)
The five elements found in the highest frequency in biological systems are
The protein has quaternary structure. Enzyme K has a total of 4 active sites. When you denature the molecule to study it's composition, you find that each active site occurs on a different polypeptide. Which of the following hypotheses does this observation support? Red blood cells carry very large amounts of hemoglobin, which carries iron in its heme group. Iron is transported throughout the body bound to a protein called transferrin. When the transferrin-iron complex binds to the transferrin receptor on red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow, this complex is brought into the cells in vesicles. The pH inside these vesicles falls and the iron ions are released from the transferrin. The delivery of iron into cells via this mechanism is a result of:
specificity of enzymes binding to their substrate(s)
The lock-and-key analogy for enzymes applies to ______. This cell likely manufactures large amounts of lipids, but not of proteins for export from the cell
You observe a cell under the microscope that exhibits very large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, but relatively small amounts or rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes this cell? It is hydrophobic
Suppose you discovered a new amino acid. Its R-group contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Predict the behavior of this amino acid. The characteristics of populations change through time. What does the term evolution mean? competitive inhibition; hydrophobic
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. In the mid-1900's, researchers discovered an enzyme called protease; in this enzyme the amino acid residues at the active sites are highly hydrophobic. Once the enzyme's structure was known, researchers began looking for drugs that would fit into the active site and block it. If this strategy for stopping HIV was successful, it would be an example of _____; in designing a drug that would bind to the active site and jam it, researchers should use a(n) _____ molecule. Physical conditions are identical for all groups tested. What does it mean to say that experimental conditions are controlled? Which one of the following would you fail to find in a prokaryote? internalizing the asbestos fibers by wrapping them with extensions of the cell and drawing the fibers
into the cell. Montana is home to the site of a former asbestos mining operation that has been in the news for years as a Superfund clean-up site. Individuals mining asbestos in Libby as well as their families have experienced unusually high incidences of certain lung diseases. Asbestos fibers enter the body by way of the lung. There, phagocytic cells attempt to deal with the fibers by
the complex formed as covalent bonds are being broken and re-formed during a reaction
What is a transition state? hydrogen bonds between sections of the polypeptide backbone
In a protein molecule, what type of interaction is directly responsible for the formation of secondary structure? Eukaryotes tend to have more extensive membrane systems than bacteria and archaea. Which of the following best describes members of the 3 domains of living things? a change in both the protein's tertiary structure and its function
Because of the R groups on amino acids, a protein can be seen as a string of chemical groups with varying
reactivities along the polypeptide backbone. These chemical groups participate in a variety of chemical
bonds and molecular interactions, and are important in determining the conformation and function of a
protein. One of these types of bonds is a covalent, disulfide (-S-S-) bond which forms between two cysteine
residues that may be some distance from each other. If such a protein is placed under reducing conditions, a
disulfide bond is often reduced so that each of the sulfur atoms is now bonded to hydrogen atom (-S-H and
H-S-) rather than to each other. When such reduction of a disulfide bond occurs, what is most likely to happen? D. C3H7OH and C2H5COOH are polar molecules. Which of the following molecules is/are polar? D) C3H7OH and C2H5COOH are polar molecules. the composition of their side chains, or R groups
Twenty different amino acids are found in the proteins of cells. What distinguishes these amino acids one from another? enzyme, substrate, product
You have isolated a protein, PFK, which acts as an enzyme in a reaction that adds a phosphate group to
fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). When ATP binds to a regulatory site
on the enzyme, the reaction rate slows dramatically. ATP and F6P are involved in the reaction at the active
site. You graph the results of an experiment comparing the concentration of F6P with the rate of formation of FBP
in the presence of PFK. You notice that this graph is steep at low F6P concentrations, but levels off at high
F6P concentrations. What are PFK, F6P, and FBP, respectively? The graph levels off when no more F6P can be bound to PFK because all of the active sites are
What is the most likely explanation for why the graph of F6P concentration vs. rate of FBP formation levels
One role of ATP in this reaction is to serve as one of the substrate molecules. What is another role of ATP in
The pH would be lowered because of the release of additional H+ into the solution. The following is an important set of reactions found in biological systems. First, there is the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid: CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3
Second, in aqueous solution, carbonic acid quickly dissociates to form a proton and the bicarbonate ion, as
follows: H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3
How would the second reaction affect the pH of the solution? The characteristic can be passed on to offspring. What does it mean to say that a characteristic of an organism is heritable? The pH of human blood averages 7. 4, and variation outside of the range 7. 35-7. 45 is considered abnormal. Because human blood typically remains at a quite stable pH, we would expect that the fluid portion of the
blood (the plasma)
primary, secondary, and tertiary
You are studying a protein that is shaped like a doughnut. This shape is a function of which level(s) of
acts as a base and gains a proton, giving it a positive charge; acts as an acid and loses a proton, giving it a negative charge
At the pH found in cells (about 7. 0), the amino group on an amino acid _____ and the carboxyl group on an
amino acid _____. in the cytoplasm; M-N-G
X-ray crystallographic analysis has been performed by Krzysztof Palczewski on the protein rhodopsin (depicted in
Figure 3. 1), which is a light-sensitive protein found in species ranging from ancient bacteria (archaea) to humans. The
structure, in which each letter represents an amino acid, is characterized by a single polypeptide chain with several
alpha-helical segments that loop back and forth across the cell membrane seven times. A disulfide bond (-S-S-) can be
seen at the bottom of the third transmembrane segment. [Figure adapted from K. Palczewski et al. ,Science 289 (2000):
In Figure 3. 1, the location of the C-terminus is _____; the first three amino acids of the protein are _____. may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic
The R groups of amino acids _____. They are both capable of reproducing themselves. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that chloroplasts and mitochondria share? The antibodies bind to cell adhesion proteins called cadherins
Treating dissociated cells with certain antibodies makes the cells unable to reaggregate. Why? The membrane phospholipids of cold-adapted organisms will have more unsaturated hydrocarbon tails. You have just discovered an organism that lives in extremely cold environments. Which of the following would you predict to be true about the phospholipids in its membranes, compared to phospholipids in the membranes of organisms that live in warmer environments? the amount of branching that occurs in the molecule
What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen? A gap junction is a channel that connects adjacent cells. From substances listed, which one cannot pass through a gap junction? The molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion differed between the two species of sponge. H. V. Wilson worked with sponges to gain insight into exactly what was responsible for holding adjacent cells together. He exposed two species of differently pigmented sponges to a chemical that disrupted the cell-cell interaction, and the cells of the sponges dissociated. Wilson then mixed the cells of the two species and removed the chemical that caused the cells to dissociate. Wilson observed that sponges reassembled into two separate species. The cells from one species did not
interact or form associations with the cells of the other species. How do you explain the results of Wilson's experiments? a peptide bond
A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins? Researchers tried to explain how vesicular transport occurs in cells by attempting to assemble the transport components. They set up microtubule tracks along which vesicles could be transported, and they added vesicles and ATP. Yet, when they put everything together, there was no movement or transport of vesicles. What were they missing? a sodium ion
Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the slowest? The 20 amino acids serve as a signal sequence that directs the forming polypeptide to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are cleaved off during processing. Scientists have found that polypeptides that are normally synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum are about 20 amino acids longer when they are synthesized by ribosomes not attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. What is/are possible explanations for the greater length of these polypeptides? cytoskeletal proteins and proteins in the extracellular matrix
Integrins are integral membrane proteins. Among their other function, they are often attached to _____. a transport protein that facilitates diffusion of a large molecule across cell membranes
GLUT-1 is an example of what? part of the extracellular matrix
Osteocytes are bone cells. Collagen fibers and calcium salts are found in abundance between and among the osteocytes. The collagen and calcium salts are _____. their phosphate groups
What feature of mononucleotides provides the energy needed for polymerization when nucleic acids are formed? It allows adjacent cells to adhere to one another. What is the function of the middle lamella in plant cells? The geometry of the bonds is different, and the shapes of enzyme active sites are highly specific. Enzymes that readily break starch apart cannot hydrolyze the glycosidic linkages found in cellulose. Why is this logical? Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ in their mechanism of movement and in the presence or absence of plasma membrane covering. Flagella are found in both eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Despite the functional similarities of all flagella, scientists suspect that eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella have evolved independently. Why don't they think there is a common evolutionary origin for prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella? They would be manufactured on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells manufacture cytoskeletal proteins that help to maintain the cells' shapes and functions. What would you predict about these proteins? They have polar heads and nonpolar tails; their polar heads are able to interact with water. Lipids that form membranes have what kind of structure? Ions cannot cross planar bilayers
In an experiment involving planar (flat) bilayers, a solution of table salt (sodium and chloride ions in water) is added on the left side of the membrane while pure water is added on the right side. After 30 minutes the researchers test for the presence of ions on each side of the membrane. The right side tests negative for ions. What can you conclude? It forms a channel in the membrane. Gramicidins are peptide antibiotics produced by certain species of bacteria and active against many other species of bacteria. These compounds increase the permeability to inorganic ions such as Na+. What is the most likely mode of action of a gramicidin? a loss in cell-cell adhesion
Pemphigus vulgaris is a disease of humans in which the immune system reacts against and damages normal constituents of the body. In this disease, antibodies are produced against the cadherins of desmosomes. The blistering of the skin and mucous membranes characteristic of this disorder is probably a result of _____. delivery of cargo vesicles to the lysosome from the Golgi apparatus
A particle circulating in the blood of a mammal comprises lipid associated with protein. The particle's protein binds to a receptor on the cell surface and, with the help of several other proteins, the particle and the receptor are brought into the cell enclosed in a membrane-bound vesicle. Through fusion of this structure with a lysosome, the vesicle delivers its contents to the lysosome. The receptor mentioned above is recycled back to the cell surface. The low pH environment of the
lysosome allows the lipid and protein particle to dissociate, with one of the lipid molecules, cholesterol, moving through a lipid bilayer into the cytosol. Which of the following are NOT
It lacks a nuclear localization signal (NLS)
What can you infer about a high molecular weight protein that cannot be transported into the nucleus? an information-containing structure
Which of the terms or phrases below apply to both DNA and RNA? 30%, 30%, and 20%, respectively
If, on a molar basis, human DNA contains 20% C, what are the mole percents of A, T, and G? Individual polysaccharide strands are joined by peptide bonds, a type of covalent bond
Peptidoglycan forms sheets that stiffen the cell walls of bacteria. How are these peptidoglycan sheets formed? a covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a second
When nucleotides polymerize to form a nucleic acid _____. the locations of their polar and nonpolar amino acids
Integral membrane proteins stay in membranes because of _____. Rhodopsins are light-sensitive molecules composed of a protein (opsin) and retinal (derivative of vitamin A). Opsin is a membrane protein with several α-helical segments that loop back and forth through the plasma membrane. There are two classes of rhodopsins. According to Oded Beje, one class has relatively slow dynamics and is well suited for light detection. The second class has faster dynamics and is well suited for chemiosmosis-pumping of protons or chloride ions across cell membranes. Oded Beje was the first to report
on a rhodopsin (proteorhodopsin) found in the domain Bacteria. Proteorhodopsin consists of a single polypeptide chain. What is the highest level of structure found in this protein? the Krebs cycle
Most of the CO2 from the catabolism of glucose is released during _____. in the S phase of the cell cycle
Scientists isolate cells in various phases of the cell cycle. They find a group of cells that have 1½ times more DNA than do G1 phase cells. The cells of this group are _____. it explains how ATP is synthesized by a proton motive force
The chemiosmotic hypothesis is an important concept in our understanding of cellular metabolism in general because _____. GDP is phosphorylated to produce GTP during formation of succinate
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when ATP or GTP is formed by the transfer of a phosphate group from a metabolic intermediate to ADP or GTP, respectively. A substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the Krebs cycle when _____. Protein function can change by binding of another molecule and some conformational changes to a
protein alter the protein's function but do not denature the protein. ABC is a G protein coupled receptor that acts in cell signaling. When D binds ABC, the latter changes conformation and transduces the signal to the inside of the cell, altering the activity of a G protein. What can you say about the structure and/or function of the protein ABC? Plant ECM is primarily carbohydrate in nature, whereas animal ECM contains large amounts of protein. What is a major difference between the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a plant cell and the ECM of an animal cell? carry information for the same traits
Homologous chromosomes _____. The cell underwent repeated mitosis, but cytokinesis did not occur. Some cells have several nuclei per cell. How could such multinucleated cells be explained? Quaking aspen can send out underground stems for asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is not as common but when it does happen the haploid gametes have 19 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems? If at each step in the process many enzymes for the next step are phosphorylated, then the initial signal will be greatly amplified. How does a phosphorylation cascade amplify a signal that binds to a cell surface receptor? abnormally shaped RBCs
Spherocytosis is a human blood disorder associated with a defective cytoskeletal protein in the red blood cells (RBCs). Which of the following would you expect to be the consequence of such a defect? is in its active or "on" state
A G-protein with GTP bound to it _____. Plant cells deposit vesicles containing cell-wall building blocks on the cell plate; animal cells form a
How is plant cell cytokinesis different from animal cell cytokinesis? Which of the following involves an increase in entropy? The following formula best describes what takes place during _____. 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy ---> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
water ions and small molecules can readily pass from one cardiac muscle cell to the next
Intercalated discs are cell-cell junctions found between cardiac muscle cells. One feature of these intercalated discs is that they contain a large number of gap junctions that help to coordinate the heartbeat by allowing _____. the portion of the molecule that binds to the microtubular track along which the vesicle is being
Motor proteins such as kinesin require energy in the form of ATP. ATP hydrolysis results in a conformational change that allows the protein to move along microtubular tracks (pathways). What structural component of kinesin contains the ATP binding site and, therefore, changes shape to enable movement? the parent cell must first replicate its entire genome
A parent cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells in the process of mitosis. For mitosis to take place _____. Based on structures present in Figure 11. 1, this cell is in which substage of interphase? degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase
Which of the following would not be an effect of the mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) that is involved in moving a cell into M phase? Homologous recombination, the exchange of segments of homologous chromosomes, takes place during which of the following processes? It is probably an enzyme that works through allosteric regulation. You have isolated a previously unstudied protein, identified its complete structure in detail, and determined that it catalyzes the breakdown of a large substrate. You notice it has two binding sites. One of these is large, apparently the bonding site for the large substrate; the other is small, possibly a binding site for a regulatory molecule. Based on this information, your best hypothesis for the function of this protein is that _____. Ribonucleotides have a hydroxyl group on the 2 carbon of their sugar subunit. What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide? Catabolic processes are activated that generate more ATP. A cell has enough available ATP to meet its needs for about 30 seconds. What is likely to happen when an athlete exhausts his or her ATP supply
Cross talk allows cells to coordinate and modulate their responses to multiple signals the cell receives
Which of the following best describes the advantage(s) of "cross talk" in signal transduction pathways? double parallel helical strands
Which of the following best describes DNA's secondary structure? Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; respiration releases the energy stored in
complex organic molecules. Which of the following statements most accurately compares photosynthesis and respiration? NAD+ and FAD
Which electron carrier(s) function in the Krebs cycle? Scientists have found that extracellular matrix components may induce specific gene expression in embryonic tissues such as the liver and testes. For this to happen there must be direct communication between the extracellular matrix and the developing cells. Which kind of transmembrane protein would most likely be involved in this kind of induction? 6, 3, 3
The diploid number for Insect J is 6. During meiosis, there would be ___ chromosomes in the Metaphase I cell, ___ chromosomes in the Metaphase II cell, and ___ chromosomes in one cell following Telophase II and Cytokinesis. Hint: how many centromeres are there at each point? They would contain large quantities of rough endoplasmic reticulum
The small intestine is the site of digestion and absorption of nutrients. A single layer of epithelial cells lines the small intestine. In the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine), these epithelial cells secrete large quantities of digestive enzymes. Which of the following features would you expect to find in these epithelial cells? methionine, glycine, phenylalanine
Refer to Figure 15. 5. If you had a mRNA for which the codons were read beginning from the start codon, which amino acids would be added (in order)? UCUGAUGGGCUUU. . . removal of introns
Post-translational modifications include all of the following except _____. The enzyme complex associated with DNA in the Figure 16. 1 is _____. concurrent transcription and translation
Which of the following occurs in prokaryotes, but not eukaryotes? Snapdragons are flowers that come in a variety of colors including red, pink, and white. A series of crosses
with snapdragons having flowers of different colors produced the following results:
pink × pink: 27 pink, 13 red, 14 white
red × red: all red
white × white: all white
pink × white: 29 pink, 26 white
pink × red: 28 pink, 27 red
white × red: all pink
Based on the results, what is the most reasonable explanation for the inheritance of these flower colors? has become known as the central dogma
The statement, DNA → RNA → Proteins, _____. It attaches to the amino acid. Refer to Figure 16. 3. What is the function of the ACC sequence at the 3' end? It base pairs with the codon of mRNA. Refer to Figure 16. 3. What is the function of the highlighted AGU on the loop of the tRNA? larger than; the same size as
A primary transcript in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is _____ the functional mRNA, while a primary transcript in a prokaryotic cell is _____ the functional mRNA. The microtubule-organizing center found in animal cells is an identifiable structure present during all phases of the cell cycle. Specifically, it is known as which of the following? A stop codon is reached. How does termination of translation take place? Codons, the three base sequences that code for specific amino acids, are part of _____. Telomerase ensures that the ends of the chromosomes are accurately replicated and eliminates telomere shortening. Bodnar et al. (1998) used telomerase experimentally to extend the life span of normal human cells. Telomere
shortening puts a limit on the number of times a cell can divide. How might adding telomerase affect cellular aging? All of the above minimize errors in DNA replication in E. coli - proofreading activity of the epsilon subunit of DNA polymerase III, mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair
Which of the following are important in reducing the errors in DNA replication in E. coli organisms? the number of ribosomes
There should be a strong positive correlation between the rate of protein synthesis and _____. Chromosomes and their homologues align at the equator of the cell during _____. missense mutation OR point mutation
The mutation resulting in sickle cell anemia changes one base pair of DNA and is an example of a _____. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
Put the following steps of DNA replication in chronological order. 1. Single-stranded binding proteins attach to DNA strands. 2. Hydrogen bonds between base pairs of antiparallel strands are broken. 3. Primase binds to the site of origin. 4. DNA polymerase binds to the template strand. 5. An RNA primer is created. A and B
In humans, ABO blood types refer to glycoproteins in the membranes of red blood cells. There are three alleles for this autosomal gene: IA, IB, and i. The IA allele codes for the A glycoprotein, The IB allele codes for the B glycoprotein, and the i allele doesn't code for any membrane glycoprotein. IA and IB are codominant, and i is recessive to both IA and IB. People with A type blood have the genotypes IAIA or IAi, people with type B blood are IBIB or IBi, people with type AB blood are IAIB, and people with O type blood are ii. If a woman with type AB blood marries a man with type O blood, which of the following blood types could their children possibly have? Assuming independent assortment for all gene pairs, what is the probability that the following parents, AABbCc × AaBbCc, will produce an AaBbCc offspring? are involved in active transport. Sodium-potassium pumps (sodium-potassium ATPases) _____. one with carbon and hydrogen atoms only
Which of the following molecules would you expect to have the most free energy per gram? DNA polymerase contains the template needed. Semiconservative replication involves a template. What is the template? the methyl-guanosine cap of a properly modified mRNA
What molecule or feature ensures that the correct amino acid is added with reading of a specific codon during translation? a section of DNA that encodes information for building one polypeptide chain (one gene, one
Over time, as more knowledge is acquired, scientific definitions are modified to fit the existing observations. This has certainly been true for the definition of a gene. Which of the following definitions most accurately reflects our current understanding of the gene? homologous chromosomes separate
Meiosis involves the creation of haploid cells from diploid cells. The haploid chromosome number is created when _____. pyrimidines on antiparallel DNA strands that form complementary base pairs
What are pyrimidine dimers?
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The 4 R’s
1. Rescue: We conduct a variety of activities to build relationships and rescue vulnerable children;
2. Rehabilitation: We offer temporary accommodation, food, catch-up education, medical care, counselling, and emotional and spiritual nourishment for each child;
3. Reconciliation: We seek to find any family member that the child might be able to live with, or find a loving foster home for them. 4. Resettlement: We help the child and the wider family settle into their new home environment, and provide any necessary support through training or sponsorship. After we have resettled the children we use our vision for family empowerment to work with those new families to be self sufficient and check in on how they are doing. This may look like counseling, helping the parents grow a business or begin an IGA (income generating activity) such as farming. We are constantly looking at new ways to grow awareness and funds, partnering with other NGOs and businesses with the same goals and also look to make sure what we do is sustainable. We do this by putting children back in families to open up spaces in our homes and also by running our own farm and market.
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Digital radiographic images in dental practice
Dental therapy diagnostics and planning largely rely on technological advances and the development of medical equipment. The aim of perfecting medical equipment in radiographic diagnostics is showing the so called anatomical reality, i. e. achieving an image of the anatomical structure that is as accurate as possible. Radiographic images of the teeth and jaws are the most frequent diagnostic tool that helps dentists of all branches and specialties identify anatomical and pathological occurrences, as well as measure the sizes of the structures of the craniofacial system and determining their form. Advantages of digital images
Radiographic images contain information and they can be made by means of conventional analogue procedures, or by means of more advanced digital procedures. Digital images simplify handling, they can be faithfully rendered on computer screens and later used on the computer for all necessary procedures. It is possible to make a software analysis of bone density, zoom in on individual details, change contrast and color desired structures. Digital storing is made easier by the fact that a large number of images can be stored on hard disks or portable media and sent online. But most importantly, biologically speaking, digital imaging technology has enabled a 30-98% decrease in radiation doses delivered to the patient. Means of storing information
During digital imaging, CCD sensors turn the electromagnetic energy of x-ray beams into an electric impulse. Electric impulses have different photosensory values and a digitalization board turns them into pixels, which are assembled into horizontal raster lines. The raster lines make up a pixel matrix called a map. Each pixel, i. e. each picture unit, has its dimension and intensity, which determines the surface area and degree on the grey-scale representing tissue structure on the radiographic image. Application of digital images
The advantage of digital radiography is seen in the fact that, by applying different algorithms, a digital image can be enlarged, sharpened, made more grainy, made less intense (“smoothed out”) and its specific parts can be isolated. However, the quantity of stored information does not increase when applying the processing procedures. This is why the image must be thoroughly prepared in a radiographic laboratory by means of specialized software which will make it possible to additionally process the image by increasing its total information count (its pixel diversity) before storing.
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James Abercrombie (British Army officer, born 1706)
General James Abercrombie, by Allan Ramsay
Glassaugh, Banffshire, Scotland
|Died||23 April 1781 (aged 74 or 75)
|Allegiance||Kingdom of Great Britain|
|Years of service||1717 - 1772|
|Commands held||North America|
|Battles/wars||Battle of Fort Ticonderoga|
General James Abercrombie or Abercromby (1706 – April 23, 1781) was a British Army general and commander-in-chief of forces in North America during the French and Indian War, best known for the disastrous British losses in the 1758 Battle of Carillon.
Abercrombie was born in Glassaugh, Banffshire, Scotland to a wealthy family, and was appointed an ensign in the 25th Regiment of Foot at age eleven. He was promoted to captain in 1736, and purchased a major's commission in 1742. He was promoted to colonel in 1746 and served in the Flemish Campaign of the War of Austrian Succession. With the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in 1756, he was promoted major general and ordered to America as second in command to Lord Loudoun for the upcoming campaigns against the French. Abercrombie commanded a brigade at Louisbourg in 1757 and became Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in North America after Loudoun's departure in December.
That summer, he was ordered to lead an expedition against Fort Carillon (later known as Fort Ticonderoga), to prepare to take Montreal. Abercrombie was a genius at organization but vacillated in his leadership to the point where, after his defeat, he was called Mrs. Nanny Cromby. He managed the remarkable feat of assembling fifteen thousand troops and moving them and their supplies through the wilderness. Then, after losing George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe, his second-in-command, in a skirmish had 7 July while reconnoitring, on 8 July he directed his troops into a frontal assault on a fortified French position, without the benefit of artillery support. More than two thousand men were killed or wounded. Eventually his force panicked and fled, and he retreated to his fortified camp south of Lake George.
This disaster caused in September 1758 his recall to Great Britain and his replacement by General Jeffery Amherst. Despite his failure, he was promoted to lieutenant general in 1759, and general in 1772. On his return to Britain, he sat as a member of Parliament, and supported the coercive policy toward the American colonies. He is virtually unknown in Britain today. A reference to "General Abercrombie" is almost certainly to be taken as a reference to the Scots soldier Sir Ralph Abercrombie.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abercrombie, James". Encyclopedia Britannica. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed. ). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8. - There is discrepancy on his exact date of death with sources vacillating between the 23rd and the 28th of April
- Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963. - Parkman, Francis: "Montcalm and Wolfe"
- DCB: "Abercrombie, James"
- Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, James Abercrombie
- ABERCROMBY, James (1706-81), of Glasshaugh, Banff. at The History of Parliament Online
|Parliament of Great Britain|
|Member of Parliament for Banffshire
The Earl of Loudoun
|Commander-in-Chief, North America
The Lord Amherst
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Locals are key to Namibia’s rhino success even in the midst of a poaching crisis
A desert adapted black rhino in north-west Namibia. Photo by: Dave Hamman Photograph.
Africa’s rhinos are in a state of crisis. Poaching for their horn, on the rise since 2008, has resulted in the deaths of thousands of animals and pushed the continent’s two species—the white and black rhino—against the wall. The crisis has become so bad that in South Africa rhino deaths may soon outnumber births, a gloomy statistic after more than a century of efforts geared toward the animals’ recovery. Yet, despite the crisis, there are pockets of rhino territory where poaching remains rare and rhinos live comparatively unmolested. Indeed, one of the brightest spots for rhinos is in Namibia, where desert-dwelling, Critically Endangered black rhinos (Diceros bicornis) are safeguarded on a daily basis by locals, who view the living megafauna as a community asset. “Ever since formal rhino conservation in northwest Namibia began in the early 1980s, innovative institutions, such as the conservancy model and Namibia’s Rhino Custodianship Programme, evolved to place local people, and their values, at the center of the solutions to address the poaching,” Jeff Muntifering, a conservation biologist with the Minnesota Zoo, told mongabay. com in a recent interview. “These strategies were more geared towards STOPPING POACHING rather than catching poachers. By investing energy and resources into strategies that make poaching a socially unacceptable act, we hope to compile evidence that demonstrates the various roles that local communities can play towards improving rhino security. ”
Although employed by the Minnesota Zoo, Muntifering spends most of his time in the harsh, dry landscapes of wild Namibia, working with local people and organizations like Save the Rhino Trust. Often touted as a conservation-friendly country, Namibia has the second largest population of black rhinos in the world, after South Africa. According to data from 2010, Namibia has about 1,750 black rhinos making up more than a third of the world’s global population. But the black rhinos of Namibia are unique, thriving even in a harsh, desert-like landscape. They have evolved to survive without water for several days and have even developed resistance to the toxic chemicals in plants that they depend on during long droughts. They also have much bigger ranges. “On average male and female black rhino in Kunene have home ranges that span nearly 200 square kilometers (about 50,000 acres) which is between 50 to two times larger when compared with other black rhinos persisting in Natal (South Africa) or the Serengeti, for example,” Muntifering explains, adding “I, personally, have tracked a rhino by donkey that passed our camp early one morning only to come up empty after a continuous 10 hours and over 20 miles of ground covered! ”
Save the Rhino Trust and Minnesota Zoo staff out on donkey patrol in Namibia. Munifering is on the far right. Photo by: Dave Hamman Photograph.
Rhino conservation in Namibia looks a little different than many other places. Here, local communities work with the government to set up programs, known as conservancies, to support wildlife, such as rhinos, on communal land. In return, communities have set-up exclusive deals with eco-tourism outfits and, in more remote places, sometimes work with safari hunting outfits for revenue. While the government is responsible for the rhino’s survival, it’s the local communities—including trained rangers—who keep them safe on a day-to-day basis. With jobs and revenue connected to rhinos, local communities have come to view these nearly two ton beasts as their own. According to Muntifering, this means locals are much more willing to report suspicious behavior or overheard conversations to authorities in an effort to protect their own. Muntifering says it’s this work with local communities that has made Namibia’s rhino conservation program one of the most successful in the world, even as poaching runs rampant elsewhere. “Catching poachers is certainly important but, in my opinion, does not address the underlying problems that drive poaching. Strategies that harness local values and institutions to promote pro-rhino behavior are likely to be more effective in the long-term since they seek to change the attitudes, intentions, and ultimately behavior of the people most likely to be exposed to and tempted towards engaging in poaching activity. A critical mass of committed local people working hand-in-hand with law enforcement would be a formidable barrier to would-be poachers and is likely the only measure that will stand up to the relatively huge financial rewards that poaching currently provides. ”
That doesn’t mean Namibia is wholly safe from the rhino poaching scourge. Last year the country lost at least 20 rhinos—a far cry from the over one thousand lost in South Africa—but an uptick that has officials worried enough to start de-horning some rhinos. “We all knew in Namibia that we were not immune to poaching and that sooner or later we would be targeted especially as poaching became more difficult in other countries,” Muntifering said. “Chinese mining companies are also moving closer into rhino and elephant areas and a number of Chinese have already been arrested under the possession of ivory and rhino horn. ”
Namibia has also come under heavy criticism from some conservationists and animal rights activists after it become known that the country had offered a few of its black rhinos for trophy hunting. Big game hunter, Corey Knowlton, triggered the debate after vigorously defending himself on social media and talk shows. The backlash spilled onto Save the Rhinos—which had to issue several responses—even though it had nothing to do with the decision, which was ultimately made by the Namibian government. For his part, Muntifering believes the debate over trophy hunting is one worth having, but could have been more respectful and productive. “Posting threatening and defaming statements on the internet and hacking emails helps neither break the political gridlock nor improves the situation on the ground for rhinos,” he said. “In fact, it has created significant distractions from the everyday challenges and realities rhinos face —that roughly three rhinos are still being poached daily across Africa. I would like to think that all this negative energy could be re-projected in a more positive way for rhinos and the people working tirelessly to save them. ”
Muntifering points to the fact that trophy hunting currently provides around a quarter of the income generated for rhino conservancies in Namibia. Moreover, some remote, local conservancies depend almost entirely on trophy hunting payouts—which can be substantial, for example Knowlton bid $350,000 for the right to kill a male rhino. The power in partnerships: the rhino conservation crew at Desert Rhino Camp. Muntifering is second from the right. Photo by: David John Weber.
“As with most industries, there are good and bad examples [of trophy hunting] and I think ethical and social problems do affect parts of the industry here in Namibia and do little in the way of improving trophy hunting’s image as a conservation tool or create conservation value for wildlife at the local level,” Muntfering said. To date, Knowlton has not gone ahead with his hunt as he awaits a decision from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on whether or not he could bring the rhino back home as a trophy. The service has received 15,000 comments on the issue. While Knowlton’s hunt has garnered a ton of attention, Namibia has actually decided to cull five rhinos this year, including one sold off to another American big game hunter. Muntifering work is not only notable for his efforts to protect rhinos in crisis time, but also—as a fulltime zoo employee—he represents how some zoos are moving towards more on-the-ground conservation work. “In the past, it was rare to hear or see a zoo logo or employee outside of the zoo doing ‘conservation. ’ Today that has certainly changed as zoos are contributing to field conservation in a variety of ways,” he said, adding that this has also translated into much-needed, additional fundraising for Namibia’s rhinos. “Since I became a Minnesota Zoo employee, over US$300,000 of new funding for rhino conservation was secured entirely from private contributions and distributed straight to the front lines in Namibia, helping more than double the number of trained, equipped, and motivated local rangers monitoring rhinos. ”
In a 2015 interview with mongabay. com, Jeff Muntifering talks about how Namibia’s rhino program include—rather than excludes—locals, how he helps train new local rangers, and the role of zoos in field conservation. An Interview with Jeff Muntifering
Black rhino and calf in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Photo by: Yathin S Krishnappa/Creative Commons 3. 0.
Mongabay: What first drew you to rhinos? How did you end up in Namibia? Jeff Muntifering: My ‘invitation’ to Namibia was actually a box of cheetah poop delivered to my Minnesota doorstep in November 1999. I had fallen in love with Africa a few years prior during a semester abroad in South Africa in 1997 while studying as an undergraduate at St. John’s University in Minnesota. I was bound and determined to return and, after gaining some field experience in Minnesota studying wolves, met Dr. Laurie Marker (a fellow American who had started a cheetah conservation program in Namibia—the Cheetah Conservation Fund) at a zoo conference in Minnesota. She was looking for someone to set up a study that examined what cheetahs were eating. Although I can’t say that picking through poop was on the top of my ‘things-I-would-love-to-do-in-Africa’ list, beggars can’t be choosers and I jumped at the chance. I landed in Namibia in January 2000, with my box of cheetah poop, and spent two years studying various aspects of cheetah conservation before being introduced to Namibia’s wild north-west during a two-week visit in 2002. The student research program that I was leading had been invited to assist a small local organization, Save the Rhino Trust, with a rhino census and explore other opportunities to collaborate on rhino-related research. Our first rhino tracking adventure was led by teams of local trackers whose skill and dedication to locate and observe the elusive and temperamental black rhino in this harsh, unforgiving landscape was, and still remains, one of the most remarkable and admirable feats that I have ever experienced. We partnered with Save the Rhino Trust in September 2003 and it was the combination of the inspiring people, the harsh yet beautiful landscape, and the courageous locally-grown project to save rhino in a rather unconventional way, by engaging and empowering local people to see value in keeping rhino alive, that got into my blood. That was more than 11 years ago and I have never really left. In 2009, I accepted a dream job working for the Minnesota Zoo but remain primarily based in Namibia acting as an adviser to Save the Rhino Trust and local communities to help secure this unique population of black rhino and the wild lands they need to survive. Mongabay: How have Namibia’s black rhinos adapted to the desert? What behavior differences do you see? Jeff Muntifering: Probably one of the most noticeable differences in behavior for the black rhino that persist here in Namibia’s northwestern Kunene Region is their movement patterns. On average male and female black rhino in Kunene have home ranges that span nearly 200 square kilometers (about 50,000 acres) which is between 50 to two times larger when compared with other black rhinos persisting in Natal (South Africa) or the Serengeti, for example. A few individuals are reported to have ranges over 700 square kilometers (173,000 acres). I, personally, have tracked a rhino by donkey that passed our camp early one morning only to come up empty after a continuous 10 hours and over 20 miles of ground covered! These rhino can cover some serious distances and this is even more impressive when you consider the rugged, resource-limited landscape in which they must survive. They can also go longer (two-three days) without water than most other black rhinos. They have also developed a unique tolerance to the toxic chemicals found in a suite of native Euphorbia plant species that occurs throughout their range which also constitute a major portion of their diet in the desert—especially in drought periods. NAMIBIA’S BLACK RHINO SUCCESS
Mongabay: Namibia has an incredible track record of safeguarding rhinos during the current poaching crisis. What’s their secret? Using GIS technology to improve local land-use planning. Munifering is second from right. Photo by: Minnesota Zoo/Save the Rhino Trust.
Jeff Muntifering: I think Namibia, especially the northwest Kunene region, has a few traits that are certainly in the rhino’s favor: very few people, rugged and remote terrain, low density of rhino and only black rhino—the vast majority of poached rhino are white rhino—and a long history of strong local support for conservation. The first three we can thank ‘Mother Nature’ for, but the last point I will elaborate on as a strength and unique aspect of Namibia’s approach in the Kunene.
Ever since formal rhino conservation in northwest Namibia began in the early 1980s, innovative institutions, such as the conservancy model and Namibia’s Rhino Custodianship Programme, evolved to place local people, and their values, at the center of the solutions to address the poaching. These strategies were more geared towards STOPPING POACHING rather than catching poachers. By investing energy and resources into strategies that make poaching a socially unacceptable act, we hope to compile evidence that demonstrates the various roles that local communities can play towards improving rhino security. Mongabay: Why are locals key to safeguarding rhinos, and not necessarily increasing, militarizing enforcement? Jeff Muntifering: I think it’s useful here to differentiate between strategies that seek to stop poaching versus catch poachers. Obviously there is some overlap but there are also many differences. Military enforcement primarily aims to catch poachers. This is evident in the training and equipment that conventional anti-poaching rangers receive and the field tactics they use to fulfill their missions. Catching poachers is certainly important but, in my opinion, does not address the underlying problems that drive poaching. Strategies that harness local values and institutions to promote pro-rhino behavior are likely to be more effective in the long-term since they seek to change the attitudes, intentions, and ultimately behavior of the people most likely to be exposed to and tempted towards engaging in poaching activity. A critical mass of committed local people working hand-in-hand with law enforcement would be a formidable barrier to would-be poachers and is likely the only measure that will stand up to the relatively huge financial rewards that poaching currently provides. Mongabay: Will you tell us about the partnerships between Save the Rhino, tourism companies, and local communities? How do these benefit all stakeholders? Jeff Muntifering: Nearly all of our strategies in Kunene involve some form of collaborative management and decision-making. We saw rhino-based tourism as a key mechanism that embodied many of the values being sought by local people and that could extend our monitoring reach. We have been piloting and evaluating this idea at Desert Rhino Camp, a joint venture tourism operation between Wilderness Safaris, the three neighboring communities and Save the Rhino Trust since 2003. Wilderness Safaris benefit by being granted exclusive user rights to a large pristine wilderness by the communities (who are rightful tourism concessionaires of the land through an agreement with the government) and a unique rhino tourism experience to sell for top dollar. The communities benefit through the provision of roughly 25 local jobs and a guaranteed 10 percent of turnover cash payout each month—which typically amounts to roughly US$100,000 each year. Save the Rhino Trust’s team based at the camp is fully funded and operates on a daily basis ensuring consistent monitoring coverage and that the activity is regulated with minimal negative impact. It is also a great opportunity to provide a rhino conservation message to the tourists that can help build a new global constituency of rhino ambassadors as the experience is very unique and, in most cases, inspiring. I don’t think we can rely entirely on tourism to save rhinos but in our case it certainly has proven to be a powerful tool. We hope to continue learning and expanding opportunities to other communities with rhino in the near future as a means to create a more sustainable and resilient locally-grown rhino conservation culture. Mongabay: How has the government supported these programs? Developing and delivering an unrivaled tourism experience that also serves as a rhino conservation tool. Photo by: Minnesota Zoo/Save the Rhino Trust.
Jeff Muntifering: Expanding the options for which local communities can benefit from protecting rhino on their land is a fundamental component and strength of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism’s innovative Rhino Custodianship Program. As the government assumes ultimate responsibility for protecting Namibia’s rhino, the program seeks to establish a win-win scenario for government and its citizens by providing an opportunity for both private commercial farmers and registered local communities on communal land to receive rhino back on their lands in exchange for assistance with regular monitoring. Namibia’s booming tourism industry has provided the catalyst that has led to the government approving and financing the capture and translocation of nearly 40 rhino into historical rangelands since 2005. These achievements at this scale on communal land in Africa are testimony to a great success story. We are working closely with the government to ensure that any expanding rhino tourism, especially in the face of the current poaching threat, is done in accordance with Namibia’s National Black Rhino Conservation Management Plan’s goals and serves to improve security by decreasing local tolerance to poaching. Mongabay: Once established, do local communities self-police their rhinos? Jeff Muntifering: I believe there are two distinct actions in which local communities in our area have demonstrated their willingness to self-police their rhinos. The first action is a willingness to report suspicious behavior or evidence of poaching to authorities. This has been evident on multiple occasions whereby herdsmen have reported rhino carcasses and community members have reported suspicious conversations overheard at social events. In each of these cases, investigations were more effective at producing arrests and convictions were eventually achieved. The second action is the physical monitoring of their rhinos which has been an area of strong focus over the past couple years. In response to requests from community leaders, Save the Rhino Trust with support from the Ministry of Environment and Tourism and the Minnesota Zoo, spearheaded a new initiative that offered an enhanced training curriculum, state-of-the-art rhino monitoring, field equipment, and performance-based cash bonuses to help re-vitalize a new truly community-based rhino monitoring force. We called this the Rhino Ranger Incentive Program and since the program’s inception in 2012 we have helped train, equip, and motivate 26 new ‘rhino rangers’ from 13 participating communities to conduct quality rhino patrols. The program currently provides coverage for 98 percent of the rhinos and has produced over 1,000 ranger rhino sightings. Our next phase will target the development of new skills and institutional arrangements for fully integrating the community rhino ranger teams into emerging rhino tourism activities in their areas. These new rhino enterprises will improve security and further promote self-policing by providing a more sustainable mechanism to finance regular patrols while also creating new revenue directly from rhino that, if properly distributed back to the broader community, will enhance the value local people place on keeping their rhino alive and further decrease their tolerance to poaching. Mongabay: Could the types of programs developed in Namibia be replicated elsewhere? Building relationships between local people and wild rhino: a local Rhino Ranger observes a rhino cow and calf. Photo by: Minnesota Zoo/Save the Rhino Trust.
Jeff Muntifering: It’s difficult to say precisely which programs or aspects would be replicable as I am not completely familiar with other rhino population contexts. However, I’m sure lessons can be learned from the Namibian experience, especially the fundamental importance of appreciating and understanding the local context in the development of solutions and the critical role that local communities can play when given the power, respect and skills to help save rhino. Since most rhinos persist in protected areas that promote tourism, I suspect that some of our work towards improving tourism’s contribution towards rhino conservation would be useful to others—in particular the ways in which we have engaged local people in both decision-making and developing the strategies such as linking local monitoring teams with tourism operators. Namibia has pioneered some of the most successful community-based conservation initiatives in the world including the design and implementation of a locally-based conservation management institution known as a conservancy. Whereas the conservancy institution in Namibia has been instrumental in harnessing and catering for local values that are positive for rhino, different countries might find other local institutions to be more effective. POACHING TRENDS AND RANGERS
Mongabay: Why is rhino poaching a good example of a ‘wicked problem’? Jeff Muntifering: I love the quote by Edward Game and colleagues (Game, Meijaard, Sheil, & Mcdonald-Madden, 2014), ‘Conservation is not rocket science; it is far more complex. ’ And I think the conservation challenges posed by the current rhino poaching situation highlights this complexity (which has been termed ‘wicked’) whereby each problem associated with poaching is linked to another problem at another scale in space and time. It is driven and influenced by beliefs, values, and decisions being made every minute every day from remote communities in Africa to bustling cities a world away in Asia and America all connected through an intricate web of players. For these problems, there are no clear solutions because the problems cannot be isolated. This also reduces our ability to make predictions and diagnose failures. In this case, simple solutions will unfortunately not make much difference. - Game, E. T., Meijaard, E., Sheil, D., & Mcdonald-Madden, E. (2014). Conservation in a Wicked Complex World: Challenges and Solutions. Conservation Letters, 7(June), 271–277. doi:10. 1111/conl. 12050
Mongabay: Both rhino and elephant poaching have risen in Namibia in the last few years, although still far below most other African countries with rhino. Why do you think poaching is on the rise? Jeff Muntifering: It’s difficult to say precisely but I suppose Namibia was not on the top of poaching syndicate’s lists since they could operate easier and more comfortably in other countries where corruption and instability created more suitable environments for their underground business. We all knew in Namibia that we were not immune to poaching and that sooner or later we would be targeted especially as poaching became more difficult in other countries. Chinese mining companies are also moving closer into rhino and elephant areas and a number of Chinese have already been arrested under the possession of ivory and rhino horn. Mongabay: Namibia has recently started using unmanned drones to combat poaching. What are the benefits or drawbacks of this system? Blending local knowledge with cutting edge technology a team of Rhino Rangers practice using their new rhino monitoring equipment. Photo by: Minnesota Zoo/Save the Rhino Trust.
Jeff Muntifering: New gadgets and technology often present attractive solutions to complex problems. I think drones certainly have a role to play in combating illegal hunting of wildlife but experts are still grappling with how best to use them. I have yet to see any rigorous evaluation and comparison with other forms of aerial or ground surveillance, in particular their cost-effectiveness. I think time will tell what their potential is and how we can best make use of this technology to combat poaching. Mongabay: You’ve also been involved in training wildlife rangers to protect rhinos. What does this training entail? Jeff Muntifering: We have developed our training programs in a way that integrates traditional knowledge (i. e. foot tracking) with cutting edge tools such as the latest global positioning systems (GPS) devices and Ultrazoom (40-60x optical zoom with image stabilizer) digital cameras, without getting too over-reliant on technology. We focus on getting the basics right; how to conduct effective patrols that produce good rhino sightings and quality data. We ensure that the training is an ongoing process and that the theory and skills we teach in the classroom get honed during extended on-the-job practical training during joint patrols we lead throughout the year with our partners. Most importantly, we promote the use of simple paper-based tools that help local communities keep track of their rhino. It’s really about trying to creatively build relationships between the local rangers and their rhino by providing targeted training that helps develop deeper understanding of their ecology, behavior, and ultimately what they need to survive. Mongabay: How do these rangers further strengthen the link between local communities and the rhino? Jeff Muntifering: The rangers are the direct link between the broader local community and the rhino in two ways. Firstly, since each rhino ranger was handpicked by their community leaders, they are entrusted to ensure that their rhino are alive and well on behalf of the broader community. They accomplish this primarily through their monitoring work. Second, their knowledge of rhino ecology and behavior and exceptional foot-tracking skills place them in a unique position to provide an unrivaled tourism experience that not only funds their monitoring but also has the potential to generate additional benefits (jobs, pride, cash income, etc. ) for the broader community. Without the knowledge, skills, and dedication the rangers provide, one of the best mechanisms to increase local value for rhino (rhino tracking tourism) would be highly marginalized. Mongabay: Namibia has recently come under fire for auctioning off one of its rhinos to be killed by a trophy hunter. The decision created a lot of controversy and sparked some very interesting debates. What do you think? Is the trade off of several hundred thousand in conservation funding worth the loss of an individual rhino, especially one that is Critically Endangered? Jeff Muntifering: Rather than frame the black rhino trophy hunting debate as money or the moral high ground choice, I prefer to revert to two basic questions: ‘how can we harness local values that foster pro-rhino behavior? ’ and ‘who gets to decide? ’ In this context, I would suggest that the pros and cons of trophy hunting to harness and create value locally for rhinos be described and evaluated next to the other policy options such as tourism. The stakeholders who understand their specific contexts best can then decide.
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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Colvin, John Russell
|←Colville, John||1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 6
Colvin, John Russell
|See also John Russell Colvin and Auckland Colvin on Wikipedia, and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer. |
COLVIN, JOHN RUSSELL (1807-1857), lieutenant-governor of the North-West Provinces of India during the mutiny of 1857, belonged to an Anglo-Indian family of Scottish descent, and was born in Calcutta on the 29th of May 1807. Passing through Haileybury he entered the service of the East India Company in 1826. In 1836 he became private secretary to Lord Auckland, and his influence over the viceroy has been held partly responsible for the first Afghan war of 1837; but it has since been shown that Lord Auckland's policy was dictated by the secret committee of the company at home. In 1853 Mr Colvin was appointed lieutenant-governor of the North-West Provinces by Lord Dalhousie. On the outbreak of the mutiny in 1857 he had with him at Agra only a weak British regiment and a native battery, too small a force to make head against the mutineers; and a proclamation which he issued to the natives was censured at the time for its clemency, but it followed the same lines as those adopted by Sir Henry Lawrence and subsequently followed by Lord Canning. Exhausted by anxiety and misrepresentation he died on the 9th of September, his death shortly preceding the fall of Delhi.
His son, Sir Auckland Colvin (1838-1908), followed him in a distinguished career in the same service, from 1858 to 1879. He was comptroller-general in Egypt (1880 to 1882), and financial adviser to the khedive (1883 to 1887), and from 1883 till 1892 was back again in India, first as financial member of council, and then, from 1887, as lieutenant-governor of the North-West Provinces and Oudh. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1881, and K.C.S.I. in 1892, when he retired. He published The Making of Modern Egypt in 1906, and a biography of his father, in the “Rulers of India” series, in 1895. He died at Surbiton on the 24th of March 1908.
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How to Avoid Food Waste with Kids: Part 2
As we discussed earlier this week, food waste is a major problem in the U.S. It’s financial and environmental burden takes its toll daily. Families with young children are more likely to waste food and therefore have a greater impact on the food waste epidemic. That’s why we’re offering solutions to help you avoid food waste with kids. Check out our previous blog on tips for babies and toddlers and see below for more good advice with older children. How to Avoid Food Waste with Preschoolers and Beyond
- Talk to your kids about food waste. Children are often eager to learn about their impact on the world. Read them statistics from the internet or show them short videos about food waste so they start to grasp the gravity of the problem. - Participate in a food waste challenge. You can find programs online or develop your own. Essentially, you will fill containers (such as empty lettuce or deli meat bins, or resealable bags) and record how much food is wasted each week. Seeing and measuring your own food waste can be an eye-opening experience for kids. - Encourage your kids to help you meal plan so you can shop efficiently for your weekly meals. - Play a game with your kids where you consider various uses of ingredients to ensure none of them go to waste. For instance, if you’re serving beans for taco night, what can you do with the leftovers? Perhaps make a bean dip or bean soup? You can also do this with parts of foods. Example: steam the broccoli florets and shred the stalk for salads. - Make a plan with your kids to eat the most perishable foods first so they don’t rot before you have a chance to enjoy them. This may mean refrigerated produce gets eaten first and other produce like melons, apples and pears can wait until the end of the week. - Just like babies and toddlers, serve small portions at a time. If your kids want more you can continue to dish out additional small portions. - Cut fruits and vegetables into small pieces for meals and snacks. An apple with a few bites out of it may become trash but if you give your child a few slices of an apple you can save the rest. - Take your kids to a farm to see how food is grown. The more they understand the process, the more likely they are to engage in the solution. - Grow your own food. Even small vegetable gardens or a few simple potted vegetable plants can teach your children to thoroughly enjoy the fruits of their labor. - Compost your waste as a family. There are great science and environmental lessons in composting. - Get your kids busy in the kitchen. Children who participate in cooking are more likely to eat their own masterpieces. - When fruits are about to expire, make food concoctions with them such as smoothies or baked goods. - Save one night a week to eat leftovers. Anything not finished from previous meals can become an eclectic smorgasbord for your family. - Give foods a funny name. When kids perceive foods as fun, they are more likely to eat them. - Always take a doggy bag home from restaurants if you have leftovers. Even just one slice of pizza can be a great snack for the following day. - Encourage your kids to not waste at school too. For school-bought lunches let them know it’s OK to only take what they think they can eat. If they bring a packed lunch, ask them to bring home whatever they don’t eat. - Set a good example by not wasting food yourself. - If you have too much food that you know will go to waste, invite a friend over for dinner or take food to neighbors before it goes bad. - Start an anti food waste campaign with your children. Get friends, schools and community groups involved so you can all make a difference together. Inspire your family to avoid food waste and let them inspire you too. Everyone can play a part in keeping food waste at a minimum to reduce the financial and environmental impact on our world. Sources: Feeding America, Bloomberg, Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, I Value Food, MSNBC, Super Kids Nutrition and USDA
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Recently, a series of copies of a single manuscript, scattered throughout Mesopotamia, was discovered. This manuscript spoke of a list of eight Sumerian kings who ruled the entire planet for a period of 244,000 years. The manuscript describes very clearly every king who ruled our planet in ancient times. It seems that they came from the stars and landed on our planet. Also known as the “List of Sumerian Kings”, this sensational manuscript gives us details about our distant past that has been forgotten. The first king is called Alulim and he ruled 28,800 years. The second king was called Alaljar and he ruled for about 36,000 years. And in total there were 8 kings who ruled in 5 different ancient cities for 244,000 years. It seems impossible to imagine how a king could live for tens of thousands of years, but if we consider that these kings “came from the stars,” then they could be extremely advanced extraterrestrial beings, with a technology that could it helps to become almost immortal. In the mysterious manuscript, there are details about the death of these beings. It seems that everyone died during the “Great Flood” that devastated the Earth.
Watch the following video and see for yourself:
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In 1999, a terrifying new form of stem rust - spotted in Uganda and dubbed "UG99" - quickly turned robust golden fields into dark, tangled ruins. For decades plant scientists had bred wheat varieties with rust-resistant genes, but these genes did not work against UG99. Since rust migrates high in the atmosphere, it could spread from country to country, continent to continent. Breeders worried that UG99 would soon reach India and Pakistan, where 50 million small farmers produced 20% of the global wheat supply. If that happened, China, the world's largest wheat producer, might be next, and it would be only a matter of time before it reached American wheat fields. Breeders everywhere began searching wheat germplasm collections for sources of resistance. The largest collection was at the Center for Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT) in Mexico, developed by the brilliant Danish scientist Bent Skovmand. For three decades, Skovmand amassed, multiplied, and documented thousands of wheat varieties. He served as an advisor on wheat genetic resources to dozens of countries, and hunted for seeds that would contain the genes to protect the harvest from plagues like UG99 and the stresses of global warming. From the mountains of Tibet to the jungles of Mexico, he trekked into fields to consult with farmers. In an era when corporations and governments often jealously guarded breeding information, Skovmand fought to keep his seed bank a center for free, open scientific exchange. By telling the story of Skovmand's work and that of his colleagues, The Viking in the Wheat Field sheds a welcome light on an agricultural sector - plant genetic resources - on which we are all crucially dependent. ©2009 Susan Dworkin (P)2012 Audible, Inc.
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007_6316683
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International X-ray Observatory
||This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Lack of cite templates (all references are inline links), requires rewriting to the past tense were appropriate, dead links (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
|Mission type||Space observatory|
|Operator||NASA / ESA / JAXA|
|Mission duration||5 years|
|Launch mass||4,375 kilograms (9,645 lb)|
|Power||3. 7 kilowatts (3,700 W)|
|Start of mission|
|Rocket||Atlas V or Ariane V|
|Reference system||L2 point|
|Hard X-ray Imager, High Timing Resolution Spectrometer, X-ray Grating Spectrometer, X-ray Microcalomiter Spectrometer, X-ray Polarimeter|
The International X-ray Observatory (IXO) is a cancelled X-ray telescope to be launched in 2021 as a joint effort by NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). In May 2008, ESA and NASA established a coordination group involving all three agencies, with the intent of exploring a joint mission merging the ongoing XEUS and Constellation-X projects. This proposed the start of a joint study for IXO. NASA was forced to cancel the observatory due to budget constrains in fiscal year 2012. ESA however decided to reboot the mission on its own developing Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics as a part of Cosmic Vision program. Science with IXO
X-ray observations are crucial for understanding the structure and evolution of the stars, galaxies, and the Universe as a whole. X-ray images reveal hot spots in the Universe—regions where particles have been energized or raised to very high temperatures by strong magnetic fields, violent explosions, and intense gravitational forces. X-ray sources in the sky are also associated with the different phases of stellar evolution such as the supernova remnants, neutron stars, and black holes. - What happens close to a black hole? - How did supermassive black holes grow? - How do large scale structures form? - What is the connection between these processes? To address these science questions, IXO will trace orbits close to the event horizon of black holes, measure black hole spin for several hundred active galactic nuclei (AGN), use spectroscopy to characterize outflows and the environment of AGN during their peak activity, search for supermassive black holes out to redshift z = 10, map bulk motions and turbulence in galaxy clusters, find the missing baryons in the cosmic web using background quasars, and observe the process of cosmic feedback where black holes inject energy on galactic and intergalactic scales. This will allow astronomers to understand better the history and evolution of matter and energy, visible and dark, as well as their interplay during the formation of the largest structures. Closer to home, IXO observations will constrain the equation of state in neutron stars, black holes spin demographics, when and how elements were created and dispersed into the intergalactic medium, and much more. To achieve these science goals, IXO requires extremely large collecting area combined with good angular resolution in order to offer unmatched sensitivities for the study of the high-z Universe and for high-precision spectroscopy of bright X-ray sources. The large collecting area required because, in astronomy, telescopes gather light and produce images by hunting and counting photons. The number of photons collected puts the limit to our knowledge about the size, energy, or mass of an object detected. More photons collected means better images and better spectra, and therefore offers better possibilities for understanding of cosmic processes. The heart of IXO mission is a single large X-ray mirror with up to 3 square meters of collecting area and 5 arcsec angular resolution, which is achieved with an extendable optical bench with a 20 m focal length. A key feature of the IXO mirror design is a single mirror assembly (Flight Mirror Assembly, FMA), which is optimized to minimize mass while maximizing the collecting area, and an extendible optical bench. Unlike visible light, X-rays cannot be focused at normal incidence, since the X-ray beams would be absorbed in the mirror. Instead, IXO's mirrors, like all prior X-ray telescopes, will use grazing incidences, scattering at a very shallow angle. As a result, X-ray telescopes consist of nested cylindrical shells, with their inner surface being the reflecting surface. However, as the goal is to collect as many photons as possible, IXO will have a bigger than 3m diameter mirror. As the grazing angle is a function inversely proportional to photon energy, the higher-energy X-rays require smaller (less than 2 degrees) grazing angles to be focused. This implies longer focal lengths as the photon energy increases, thus making X-ray telescopes difficult to build if focusing of photons with energies higher than a few keV is desired. For that reason IXO features an extendible optical bench that offers a focal length of 20 m. A focal length of 20 meters was selected for IXO as a reasonable balance between scientific needs for advanced photon collecting capability at the higher energy ranges and engineering constraints. Since no payload fairing is large enough to fit a 20-meter long observatory, thus IXO has a deployable metering structure between the spacecraft bus and the instrument module. IXO scientific goals require gathering many pieces of information using different techniques such as spectroscopy, timing, imaging, and polarimetry. Therefore, IXO will carry a range of detectors, which will provide complementary spectroscopy, imaging, timing, and polarimetry data on cosmic X-ray sources to help disentangle the physical processes occurring in them. Two high-resolution spectrometers, a microcalorimeter (XMS or cryogenic imaging spectrograph (CIS)) and a set of dispersive gratings (XGS) will provide high-quality spectra over the 0. 1–10 keV bandpass where most astrophysically abundant ions have X-ray lines. The detailed spectroscopy from these instruments will enable high-energy astronomers to learn about the temperature, composition, and velocity of plasmas in the Universe. Moreover, the study of specific X-ray spectral features probes the conditions of matter in extreme gravity field, such as around supermassive black holes. Flux variability adds a further dimension by linking the emission to the size of the emitting region and its evolution over time; the high timing resolution spectrometer (HTRS) on IXO will allow these types of studies in a broad energy range and with high sensitivity. To extend our view of the high-energy Universe to the hard X-rays and find the most obscured black holes, the wide field imaging & hard X-ray imaging detectors (WFI/HXI) together will image the sky up to 18 arcmin field of view (FOV) with a moderate resolution (<150 eV up to 6 keV and <1 keV (FWHM) at 40 keV). The detectors will be located on two instrument platforms—the Moveable Instrument Platform (MIP) and the Fixed Instrument Platform (FIP). The Moveable Instrument Platform is needed because an X-ray telescopes cannot be folded as it can be done with visible-spectrum telescopes. Therefore, IXO will use the MIP that holds the following detectors—a wide field imaging & hard X-ray imaging detector, a high-spectral-resolution imaging spectrometer, a high timing resolution spectrometer, and a polarimeter—and rotates them into the focus in turn. The X-ray Grating Spectrometer will be located on the Fixed Instrument Platform. This is a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer that will provide high spectral resolution in the soft X-ray band. It can be used to determine the properties of the warm-hot-intergalactic medium, outflows from active galactic nuclei, and plasma emissions from stellar coronae. A fraction of the beam from the mirror will be dispersed to a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, which will operate simultaneously with the observing MIP instrument and collect instrumental background data, which can occur when an instrument is not in the focal position. To avoid interfering the very faint astronomical signals with radiation from the telescope, the telescope itself and all its instruments must be kept cold. Therefore, the IXO Instrument Platform features a large shield that blocks the light from the Sun, Earth, and Moon, which otherwise would heat up the telescope, and interfere with the observations. IXO optics and instrumentation will provide up to 100-fold increase in effective area for high resolution spectroscopy, deep spectral, and microsecond spectroscopic timing with high count rate capability. The improvement of IXO relative to current X-ray missions is equivalent to a transition from the 200 inch Palomar telescope to a 22 m telescope while at the same time shifting from spectral band imaging to an integral field spectrograph. IXO Was designed to operate for a minimum of 5 years, with a goal of 10 years, so IXO science operations were anticipated to last from 2021 to 2030. - Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics
- Constellation-X Observatory
- Chandra X-ray Observatory
- Beyond Einstein program
- Great Observatories program
- Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
- Announcing the International X-ray Observatory (IXO) - NASA
- Announcing the International X-ray Observatory (IXO) - ESA
- The International X-ray Observatory Activity submission in response to the Astro2010 Program Prioritization Panel RFI#1
- IXO Science Performance Requirements on the ESA web site
- IXO - Payload Definition Document
- IXO Mission Concept
- IXO Project Leadership
- International X-Ray Observatory Mission News
- "ESA Science & Technology: Athena to study the hot and energetic Universe". ESA. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014. - IXO Science Performance Requirements
- "Stellar-Mass Black Holes and Their Progenitors", J. Miller et al. - "The Evolution of Galaxy Clusters Across Cosmic Time", M. Arnaud et al. - "The Missing Baryons in the Milky Way and Local Group", Joel N. Bregman et al. - "Cosmic Feedback from Supermassive Black Holes", Andrew C. Fabian et al. - "The Behavior of Matter Under Extreme Conditions", F. Paerels et al. - "Spin and Relativistic Phenomena Around Black Holes", L. Brenneman et al. - "Formation of the Elements", John P. Hughes et al. - The International X-ray Observatory Activity submission in response to the Astro2010 Program Prioritization Panel RFI#1, IXO performance requirements, p. 7
- IXO effective area plot and resolution plot
- "Mechanical Overview of the International X-Ray Observatory", David W. Robinson, IEEE Aerospace Conference, p. 3, 2009
- "Design Concept for the International X-Ray Observatory Flight Mirror Assembly", Ryan S. McClelland, David W. Robinson, IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2009
- "Uniform high spectral resolution demonstrated in arrays of TES x-ray microcalorimeters", Caroline Kilbourne et al. , SPIE 2007
- "Science with the XEUS High Time Resolution Spectrometer", D. Barret, 2008, Proc. SPIE Vol. 7011, 70110E
- Treis, J., et al. , 2008, Proc. SPIE Vol. 7021, 70210Z
- "XPOL: a photoelectric polarimeter onboard XEUS", Enrico Costa et al. , Proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Instrumentation 2008 Conference, 23–28 June 2008 Marseille, France, Vol. 7011–15
- Mechanical Overview of the International X-Ray Observatory, David W. Robinson, IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2009
- "Development of a critical-angle transmission grating spectrometer for the International X-Ray Observatory", Ralf K. Heilmann et al. , Proc. SPIE Vol. 7437 74370G-8, 2009
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to International X-ray Observatory.|
- NASA International X-Ray Observatory Mission Site
- ESA International X-Ray Observatory Mission Site
- Catherine Cesarsky, International Year of Astronomy 2009 The Universe: Yours to Discover
- ESA - XEUS overview
- ESA - Observations: Seeing in X-ray wavelengths
- Astro2010 Decadal Survey
- 2000-2010 Decadal Survey
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Common Core State Standards
College and Career Readiness Reading Anchor Standards for Grades 6-12 for Literature and Informational Text
- Reading 1: Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text. College and Career Readiness Writing Anchor Standards for Grades 6-12 in English Language Arts and Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science and Technical Subjects
- Writing 1: Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence. - Writing 2: Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content. - Writing 5: Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach. - Writing 7: Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects based on focused questions, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening for Grades 6-12
- Speaking and Listening 1: Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. - Speaking and Listening 2: Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally. Social Studies – National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS)
- Theme 1: Culture
- Theme 2: Time, Continuity, and Change
- Theme 5: Individuals, Groups, and Institutions
- Theme 6: Power, Authority, and Governance
- Theme 7: Production, Distribution, and Consumption
- Theme 10: Civic Ideals and Practices
National Standards for Music Education
Core Music Standard: Responding
- Select: Choose music appropriate for a specific purpose or context. - Analyze: Analyze how the structure and context of varied musical works inform the response. - Interpret: Support interpretations of musical works that reflect creators’ and/or performers’ expressive intent. - Evaluate: Support evaluations of musical works and performances based on analysis, interpretation, and established criteria. Core Music Standard: Connecting
- Connecting 11: Relate musical ideas and works to varied contexts and daily life to deepen understanding. National Core Arts Standards
- Anchor Standard 7: Perceive and analyze artistic work. - Anchor Standard 8: Interpret intent and meaning in artistic work. - Anchor Standard 9: Apply criteria to evaluate artistic work. - Anchor Standard 10: Synthesize and relate knowledge and personal experiences to make art. - Anchor Standards 11: Relate artistic ideas and work with societal, cultural and historical context to deepen understanding.
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Since publishing Dr. Suz Heals Blog less than four months ago, I have had several followers contact me in regards to oral health and hygiene. It has always been my belief and opinion that oral health is the window to your overall health. One topic that seems to come up frequently is how to overcome bad breath. Many people are embarrassed to discuss this with their family or friends. Dr. Justin Rashbaum is an expert in cosmetic and general dentistry in New York City. He has provided Dr. Suz Heals and our readers with expert advice on the causes of bad breath and tips on how to treat and cure it. Dr. Suz Heals: What are the most common causes of bad breath? Dr. Justin Rashbaum: The most common cause of bad breath is bacteria. When bacterial flora in the mouth favors the predominance of bad bacteria over good bacteria, those bacteria give off toxins that result in bad breath, also known as halitosis. Dr. Suz Heals: What are some great preventive measures to combat this unsavory bacteria? Dr. Justin Rashbaum: The oral cavity is equipped with a vast array of proteins to target this bacteria. How does it do that? Saliva! Saliva is not just a lubricant to help in eating but also protects the oral cavity from harmful bacteria in the form of combative proteins. Ever wonder why we have the term "morning breath"? Your saliva flow is markedly lower at night while you sleep, which allows bacteria to grow. However, saliva also acts as a pellicle to coat the teeth, for which other materials and organisms can adhere. If you ever wonder why the elderly have "old people breath", a part of it is that as we age, salivary flow diminishes (xerostomia). Those bad bacteria proliferate over the good bacteria. Common ways to combat these are salivary activating products like Biotene rinses and chewing gums. More apparent forms of bad breath such as tooth decay and tartar (bridged bacteria that adheres to the teeth, also known as calculus) can be treated by visiting the dentist routinely. Dr. Suz Heals: Besides the elderly, who may be predisposed to having bad breath? Dr. Justin Rashbaum: People that have GERD are prone to burping, whose emitted gas, is not necessarily an aphrodisiac! Also, people on low carbohydrate diets, although great for losing weight, cause ketosis, which causes the body to burn fat deposits and can produce bad breath. Also, people with highly exaggerated tonsillar formation can have folds that harbor bacterial deposits. Obviously, certain foods such as garlic and onions, and certain medications, can cause unsavory breath but follow your oral hygiene regimen and this will be of limited concern. Dr. Suz Heals: What is the most common place for tartar to form? Dr. Justin Rashbaum: The most common place for tartar to form is in the backs of the lower front teeth due to a salivary duct that opens up in that area. Anywhere a salivary duct opens up is most prone to calcifying and the ability for bacteria to bridge together. If you see tartar forming there, it is time to go to the dentist, as a toothbrush alone will not remove bridged tartar. Dr. Suz Heals: In your opinion, what is the BEST way to prevent bad breath? Dr. Justin Rashbaum: The best way to prevent bad breath is to see the dentist regularly. And I don’t mean every six months. It kills me that people have come to assume you should see the dentist every six months. You know why people have grown accustomed to believing that? Because that's the frequency insurance companies will pay for. For people in stable periodontal condition, I believe visiting the dentist three times a year is sufficient. However, for patients who have gingival recession, deeper gum pockets, a significant number of dental restorations, a history of poor plaque and tartar control, gingival bleeding and other dental issues, that frequency might need to be increased to four or five times a year. This is until the patient is in a more stable situation where three times a year may suffice. Dr. Suz Heals: When is it time for someone to seek care for their noticeable bad breath? Dr. Justin Rashbaum: Unfortunately, it is difficult to know when to seek care for chronic and noticeable bad breath. Most people will refrain from telling you for fear of your feelings being hurt. The best way to solve this problem is to visit the dentist routinely with no lapses in care. Period. The professional staff has nothing to lose by telling you the truth. You should know they are only there for your benefit. Hygienists, I can tell you, have a strong sense of pride when they see one of their patients improve their oral appearance from a hygienic standpoint. Dr. Suz Heals: Can you please give our audience some healthy and inexpensive at home tips to keep help cure their bad breath? Dr. Justin Rashbaum: I recommend chewing oral probiotics daily, such as EvoraPlus to favor the positive oral bacterial flora over the noxious kinds. I recommend using alcohol free mouth rinses because the presence of alcohol in rinses can actually contribute to an increase in harmful bacteria. Such is the case for Listerine which is now coming out with its alcohol free Listerine Zero! Even moderating your consumption of alcohol is a good start! Bad breath can be a combination of many factors and it takes a comprehensive approach to treat bad breath accordingly. The Super Smile System is a highly proven whitening toothpaste system developed by the Father of Aesthetic Dentistry, Dr. Irwin Smigel. This uses a proprietary ingredient called Calprox to non abrasively remove stains from teeth and prosthetic surfaces.
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Once each spring, not long after the ospreys return and the wetland grasses become tinged with green, Kingman and Heritage Islands come alive — with bluegrass music. The annual Kingman Island Bluegrass and Folk Festival draws up to 10,000 people to the oft-forgotten green oasis that sprawls between the two shores of the Anacostia River near Washington, District of Columbia’s RFK soccer stadium. Attendees bring lawn chairs and sunscreen, and sprawl in the sun for an afternoon of live music that is the biggest fund-raiser for the Living Classrooms Foundation, which maintains the islands. And many of those bluegrass fans, after tasting what these islands have to offer, return to experience their quieter sides. “For me, the island is such a hidden gem,” said Michael Macrina, director of development for Living Classrooms and organizer of the annual festival. “Using the resources we have and this festival has become a great platform for educating the community and getting them out there. ”
The islands weren’t always an inviting place to visit. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredged these islands out of mud flats in 1916 because the flats were thought to be a breeding ground for mosquitos. (The mosquitos, however, are still here. ) The idea was that the new islands would become a public park, a swath of green in the middle of a burgeoning capital city. The northern half of Kingman Island became Langston Golf Course, a National Park site that was important to African American golfers because it was open to them during the segregation era. But, without the funding to create an official park, the rest of the space languished and became the dumping grounds for not only trash but also a series of far-flung ideas for its development. Airports and amusement parks were proposed over the years to make better use of the city-owned land. Residents fought the proposals, but many still treated the islands like a trash heap, discarding old appliances in the overgrown brush. In 2007, the city selected Living Classrooms, a foundation that educates youth and young adults in the outdoor environment while improving it and the community, to head the islands’ restoration. Living Classroom’s Green Team, composed of at-risk youths in need of job skills, has been at work on the islands ever since. The team uses machetes to beat back the invasive plants that have overtaken parts of the island, and install native ones in their wake. Team members have cleared trails where there were none and removed hundreds of pounds of trash that had become woven into the landscape. As they’ve peeled back the layers of neglect, an oasis of wildlife has emerged in the heart of the city. Ospreys and bald eagles circle overhead and make nests on the islands. Egrets and blue herons wait amid the newly planted wetland grasses — fenced off to keep geese from destroying them — for their breakfast to swim by. The islands have become a favorite bird-watching haunt for former DC Mayor Anthony Williams, who took a special interest in the Anacostia during his term. More than 100 species of birds have been identified on and near the islands. Today, beavers build dams and foxes excavate holes here. Swamp flowers bloom and towering trees provide shade. A growing number of people also stop by to take the island in by bike, boat and on foot. “There’s a misconception that the Anacostia is so dirty and polluted and unhealthy that there aren’t things living in it. That’s not true,” said Matt Boyer, former managing director of Living Classrooms in the District.
For those who have that perception of the Anacostia River — or who have kayaked down its expanse after a heavy rain and seen the trash washed in with the storm — these islands are another place entirely. While much of the river has benefitted from work to restore its wetlands and wildlife, these islands have received special attention. They are an example of what restoration can accomplish, both for occasional visitors and to the residents that live nearby. A big part of Living Classrooms’ work is to use the restored spaces to educate local children about their impact on the environment. Bryant Curry, Green Team coordinator, uses the islands to explain to schoolchildren where their trash ends up when they throw it on the streets or into a gutter. “That’s something they don’t know and don’t understand, that literally something I put on the ground can end up in the river,” he said. The two islands, which are part of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network, offer more than 50 acres of natural habitats that can be explored via a growing, 1. 5-mile trail system or from the water. Unlike many access points to the Anacostia River, this one boasts plenty of parking on its southwest entrance in RFK Stadium Parking Lot 6. The park is also accessible by metro and bike. By car, visitors enter the park’s gates and can walk or bike across the footbridge that spans Kingman Lake to the islands. The first island from this entrance is the smaller Heritage Island. A trail that winds around the perimeter of Heritage Island is a good place to start, offering water and wildlife views along the way. The footbridge continues on to Kingman Island, where the trail continues to the north and south, but is not a loop. The trail connects to Benning Road to the north, not far from a BikeShare rental hub for those who didn’t bring their own set of wheels. For avid bicyclists, the Kingman Island trails are part of a growing network called the Anacostia Water Trail. Construction is under way to bridge gaps in the trail that will run the length of the Anacostia River in DC. For now, experienced bicyclists can make their way to and from the islands on wheels by winding through a mix of urban and wild landscapes. Visitors to the islands by boat can explore the park’s shore to the east on the Anacostia River and to the west on Kingman Lake. The boardwalk that sprawls across the islands features a dock access with stairs. Living Classrooms is working to add other access points to the water, including a soft boat launch, although some visitors have already found ways to launch their kayaks and canoes without one. The nearest official boat launch is at Bladensburg Waterfront Park to the north. While boating in or biking along the water is encouraged, swimming or eating fish from the Anacostia River is still considered unhealthy. Boaters should also be aware of the time of day and the tides while navigating the Anacostia’s tidal waters. The marshes around Kingman Island can change water levels up to 3 feet twice a day, so boaters could easily get stuck in the mud at low tides. Picnics are permitted on the islands, as are dogs on a leash — owners are asked to pick up after their dogs. Photography and wildlife viewing are encouraged. Visit the Kingman Island website, www. KingmanIsland. org, to learn more about the types of wildlife identified on the islands. Kingman & Heritage Islands
Kingman and Heritage Islands Park is open 9 a. m. to dusk April through October and 9 a. m. to 4:30 p. m. November through March. The park may be closed during normal operating hours in inclement weather or on national holidays. Check the park website for details on park closures. Admission to the park is free. The main entrance for Kingman and Heritage Islands Park is found on the west bank of the Anacostia River. This entrance is located at the back of RFK Stadium Parking Lot 6, approximately 0. 1 miles south of Benning Road NE. A second pedestrian entrance is located at Benning Road. The approximate address of the entrance to RFK Stadium Parking Lot 6 is: 575 Oklahoma Ave. NE, Washington DC, 20002. For details about Kingman & Heritage Islands Park, e-mail email@example. com, visit www. KingmanIsland. org or call 202-557-1925. For details about other sites in the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network, visit www. baygateways. net.
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Information Possibly Outdated
The information presented on this page was originally released on September 11, 2015. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding. Lack of rain has growers expecting average peanuts
STARKVILLE, Miss. -- Mississippi farmers planted more peanuts in response to economic factors that made the crop an attractive choice this year, but a lack of rain now has them expecting average yields. Mississippi has 42,000 acres of peanuts this year, up 45 percent from what was planted in 2014. The U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates 84 percent of the crop is in fair to good condition. Jason Sarver, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station researcher and Mississippi State University Extension Service peanut specialist, said two factors convinced producers to plant more peanuts. “The price of other commodities has gone down, so peanuts look better in comparison,” he said. “The second reason is that the new farm bill is positive for peanut farmers, and that was a real motivation to increase acreage. ”
MSU planning budgets estimated peanut profits at about $15 to $20 per acre, which is higher than expected returns for corn and cotton and slightly lower than returns for soybeans. There are several good reasons for farmers to rotate peanuts with cotton and corn. Peanuts do not host the diseases or nematodes that affect cotton or corn, so planting a field in the legumes for a year reduces these pest pressures. “Being a legume, peanuts fix their own nitrogen, so they leave a lot of nutrients in the soil for the following season,” Sarver said. “Peanuts are excellent scavengers of phosphorous and potassium, so often a producer can fertilize for cotton or corn one year and grow a peanut crop the next year with only residual fertilizer. In that respect, it’s a fairly cheap crop to grow. ”
Producers had difficulty getting the peanut crop planted because of frequent rain and cool weather. “Peanuts need a higher soil temperate to germinate and emerge than any other crop we grow in the state,” Sarver said. “We had some that stayed in the ground a month this year before they came up. ”
Because of the slow start, very few peanut acres had been dug and almost none harvested by the second week of September. Harvest should be underway by the end of the month. Many of the state’s peanuts are planted in a corridor from Greenwood to south of Tchula through the Delta. These fields have gotten very little rain since early July. Other fields are in northeast and southeast Mississippi.
“We’ve been pretty fortunate compared to the Delta and south Mississippi because we’ve had more favorable rainfall,” said Charlie Stokes, an Extension agronomic crops agent based in Monroe County. “We’ve got a pretty good-looking crop. ”
Stokes said peanuts in his area had no real problems with insects, and growers were able to control the disease problems that surfaced. Brian Williams, Extension agricultural economist, said peanut prices are about the same as last year and down just a bit from 2014. “As of Sept. 9, the national average for runner peanuts is $424. 51 per ton,” he said. “Right now, it appears as if there haven’t been any major movers in the peanut market. We have a large jump in planted acres, but that increase looks like it will be offset by lower projected yields. ”
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Cognition is a set of mental processes, which include getting attention, memorizing, acquisition and understanding of language, solving problems and making decisions. A number of disciplines like philosophy, psychology, linguistics, and computer study cognition. Nonetheless, the usage and meaning of the term cognition varies from one field to another. In psychology, as well as in cognitive science, cognition refers to how an individual processes information right from seeing, hearing, and understanding through to decision-making. In sociology, there is yet another field that defines cognition in terms of attitudes, attributes and dynamics within a group of people. In cognitive engineering, cognition is seen to be analogous to the processing unit in a computer that accepts input data and processes them to produce meaningful information. Cognition then entails how an individual receives a message (Peklaj & Vodopivec, 2009). Message can be received through hearing or by seeing. The received information is then processed through the brain until a meaningful interpretation is made. It is for these reasons that cognitive processes are important to scientists, psychologists and scientists all over the world. Cognition involves processing information, applying relevant knowledge and making preferences. These processes can be artificial or natural, conscious and unconscious. The mind is the greatest asset an individual has, and this aspect forms the major focus in this discussion. The mind, intelligence and mental processes (also called thoughts) will be the main objects under review in this paper. To understand perception, one should recall their first day in school, how they learned the basic things about the school life. How did one learn from sound and seeing? When one attends their first day in school, they learn more from sound and sight. This is a basic cognitive process that most psychologists use to clarify the processes or initial steps of learning. Perception involves engaging the mind and studying from the environment. During the first day at school, children do a lot of looking around the environment, studying objects and memorizing them so that the environment becomes part of their lives. People analyze their environment so that they can interpret them. Perception involves the following:
SE. Extraverted Sensing
This involves immediate-contexts; an individual is expected to take actions in the external environment; an individual is more aware of the environment where he lives. He notices any changes and takes actions. He scans the environment for any visible data, noticing what is available and working on what needs to be improved; thus, making the environment a better place than the found it (Cole, Yarkoni, Repovs%u030C, Anticevic & Braver, 2012). Here, learners review their experiences. How does their past affect their present? This stage involves the accumulation of data and connecting the past with the present. One could choose to remember the types of attire they wore and how they felt about them. IE. Extraverted Sensing
An individual seeks to find out the correlation between actions and events. An individual seeks to find interconnections that exist between events and actions. One explores all the options available. Instead of rushing to blame themselves on situations that were beyond their control, they sink back into their imaginations and come up with possible explanations (or solutions) to possible courses of events in life. II. Introverted Intuiting
An individual seeks to find out the correlation between actions and events. It helps foreseeing effects of various actions on the internal and external environment of an individual. Conceptualization helps in seeing and doing things differently. People tend to envision themselves as either successful or failures. TI . Introverted Thinking
This involves evaluating and analyzing of the present data and arranging them according to frame work models or particular inclination of an individual. People are rather concerned about what works for them. They avoid any inconsistencies. They define their preferences. FE. Extraverted Feeling
This involves observing other people as normal human beings with feelings, desires and tastes. One avoids hurting their feelings or bruising their egos. They maintain a calm and peaceful co-existence among members of a society or an organization. One adjusts and accommodates to views of others. There is mutual respect for every member of the family and the broader society. This advocates for the working together of people, being they depend on each other. FI. Introverted Feeling
This involves self-evaluation and consideration of a person's worth, reviewing and re-evaluation of one's strengths and weaknesses. People have dreams and clarify what they wish to achieve, and they work towards achieving the set goals. In case they are wrong or feel, there is an aspect of their lives they should improve upon, they take the first initiatives to consider an outfit or improve upon their lives. Learning involves a lot of concentration. There is need for students at all categories of learning to pay attention to what is being taught at school or class. This explains why the teacher always shouts at students or keeps reminding them about the need to keep quiet in class. Learning as process requires the mind to be free of any other engagement rather than the learning now. It involves a student staying flexible, being focused and ready to synchronize their minds and grasping the new concepts being propagated in class. Listening is part of attention. Students ought to keep quiet in class, and pay attention to their teachers. So the next time a professor or an instructor shouts: “pay attention”, they are just trying to engage the mind of students and listeners. The purpose of attention is to engage the learner sp that they understand what is being taught in class. Everyday life requires that people pay attention and become more aware of their surroundings. This is an important cognitive process. This involves synthesizing new information and expertise, connecting information and experiences of daily life. Interactions with others are an important learning process. One learns better when in a group than alone. Learning starts from seeing, then later evolving into other senses like hearing, feeling and conceptualizing. A baby, who is just born, uses more of their sense of smell, sight and hearing to keep track of the mother. With time, as they grow up, people acquire new skills. This is where the environment comes into play. In the overall, an individual development is a combination of genetics, intelligence and the environment learning involves a lot of memory. It requires a lot of mental juggling, and choosing what is wrong from what is right. A learner must make the right judgment to gauge what the teacher or instructor is teaching them. When the lecturer gives their point, students should repeat what they are being taught. It is important to take notes. These are forms of learning and attention that a learner is expected to be equipped to. Research Methodologies
Perhaps, understanding of the cognition and typologies today was made possible through contribution of a Swiss psychologist, Carl Jung. Isabel Myers later emphasized his work. She developed the famous “psychology types that have become common in the modern world. She gave a detailed description of the typologies that are used today. She developed self-reporting questionnaires that were commonly known as ‘Myers-Briggs Indicator Type'. She drafted different types of personalities, 16 in total. She categorized the personality types for ease of identification by using a four code name that is easy to memorize and reproduce, should there be a need to do this (Feldman, n. a). Jung noticed that there are two major types of people. There are the introverts derive motivation from within themselves. They are not outgoing. They make decisions without involving other people. They prefer to be alone and make independent decisions. This behavior stems from their genetic makeup, but social scientists believe that the environment, in which one grows, contributes a lot to a personal development. These will be expounded on in the later parts of this paper. The second type of person is the extrovert. These people are externally motivated. They are outgoing and easy in interaction. They are not afraid to make decisions. They believe in openness. They are confident and do not easily give in to external pressures. Again, much will be discussed in the later stages of this paper. According to Jung, the fundamental differences come about in explaining whether a person is oriented, extraverted or introverted. Are they more oriented to the world outside them in terms of their thoughts, feelings, reactions, ideas and memories? What each category of people does in their own ‘world' is a subject of their genetic and environmental makeup. Jung noted profound differences in the two worlds. He called the differences “functions,” or what are commonly known as cognitive thought processes (MacLaughlin, 1976). - Cole, M. W., Yarkoni, T., Repovs%u030C, G., Anticevic, A., & Braver, T. S. (January 01, 2012). Global connectivity of prefrontal cortex predicts cognitive control and intelligence. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 26, 8988-8999. - Feldman, J. M. (n. d.). Beyond attribution theory: cognitive processes in performance appraisal. Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 2 / Edited by Cary L. Cooper.
- MacLaughlin, S. D. (January 01, 1976). Cognitive processes and school learning: A review of research on cognition in Africa. African Studies Review: the Journal of the African Studies Association, 19, 1, 75-93. - Peklaj, C., & Vodopivec, B. (January 01, 1999). Effects of cooperative versus individualistic learning on cognitive, affective, metacognitive and social processes in students. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 14, 3, 359-373.
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First insect attacked our plants this season. After several research, I realized that it’s called Flea Beetles. They were supposed to be infecting during seedling but my case it was during the growing season. Unfortunately, any greens around it were not affected at all. Not sure why they picked only eggplants so far in my raised beds. There are various genera and species of flea beetles, all members of the Chrysomelidae family. The adults are active leaf-feeders that can, in large numbers, rapidly defoliate and kill plants. Symptoms of flea-beetle feeding are small, rounded, irregular holes; heavy feeding makes leaves look as if they had been peppered with fine shot. In organic systems, the preferred approaches to pest management are those that enhance the diversity of the farm system, such as cover cropping, rotation, and interplanting; those that use special knowledge of pest biology, such as delayed planting; and those that take advantage of existing on-farm resources. These approaches are typified by cultural and biological controls, which will be discussed first. Alternative pesticides, while frequently necessary for some crop pests and conditions, can be treated as “rescue chemistry”—to be used when and if other strategies fall short. Other homemade solutions:
Garlic and Onions
Garlic is effective at controlling flea beetles. It should be minced and mixed with water. Allow it to sit for a little and strain the fiber out of the solution. Spray the mixture on your plants
Dish soap is effective in getting rid of many common garden pests and diseases. It is important to never use anti-bacterial soap on your plants; so read the bottle before using it. A few teaspoons mixed with some water can be sprayed on plants to help get rid of flea beetles. Red Pepper flakes, cayenne pepper, chili powder, and hot pepper sauce all do a good job at keeping flea beetles and other pests away from your garden plants. Simply add a few tablespoons to some water and spray the plants with your natural concoction. If you have used pepper flakes or powder it is important to strain the liquid. Coffee filters work well and water can be boiled first for extra potency. Mint and Catnip
A natural method of flea beetle control is making teas using mint and catnip. These plants are unattractive to flea beetles and will help keep your garden plants safe. - 6 cloves of chopped fine garlic
- 1 small chopped fine onion
- 1 tablespoon cayenne pepper
- 1 tablespoon liquid dish soap
How to prepare:
- Mix all the above ingredients in 1 quart of warm water. - Allow mixture to sit overnight. - Strain; pour the liquid into a sprayer bottle. - Now, you are loaded for beetles!
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Herschel data links mysterious quasar winds to furious starbursts
Astronomers have used ESA's Herschel Space Observatory to solve a decades-old mystery about the origin of powerful cool gas winds in the hot environs of quasars. The evidence linking these powerful winds to star formation in the quasar host galaxies may also help resolve the mystery of why the size of galaxies in the Universe appears to be capped. Since their discovery in the 1960s quasars have provided a treasure trove of questions for astronomers to answer. These energetic sources – up to 10 000 times brighter than the Milky Way – are the nuclei of distant galaxies with supermassive black holes at their heart. As gas is pulled into an accretion disc towards the black hole it heats to very high temperatures and radiates energy across the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to X-rays – in this way the signature luminosity of the quasar is born. For five decades, astronomers have studied the spectra of quasars to uncover the origin of the electromagnetic radiation they emit and to trace the path the light has traversed to reach us. A valuable tool in understanding this journey are the absorption lines in the quasars' radiation spectra. These lines indicate the wavelength ranges which have been absorbed as the radiation travelled from source to observer, giving clues to the material it passed through. Over time, the study of these lines has traced the composition of galaxies and gas clouds that lie between us and these distant luminous objects, but one set of absorption lines has remained unexplained. Astronomers have observed absorption lines in many quasars that are indicative of absorption en route by cool gas with heavy metal elements like carbon, magnesium and silicon. The lines signal that the light has travelled through winds of cold gas travelling at speeds of thousands of kilometres per second within the quasars' host galaxies. Whilst knowledge that these winds exist is nothing new their origin, and why they are able to reach such impressive speeds, has remained an unknown. Now, astronomer Peter Barthel and his PhD student Pece Podigachoski, both from the Groningen University Kapteyn Institute, together with colleagues Belinda Wilkes from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (USA) and Martin Haas at Ruhr-Universität Bochum (Germany) have shed light on the cold winds' origins. Using data obtained with ESA's Herschel Space Observatory the astronomers have shown, for the first time, that the strength of the metal absorption lines associated with these mysterious gas winds is directly linked to the rate of star formation within the quasar host galaxies. In finding this trend the astronomers are able to say with some confidence that prodigious star formation within the host galaxy may be the mechanism driving these mysterious and powerful winds. "Identifying this tendency for prolific star formation to be closely related to powerful quasar winds is an exciting find for us," explains Pece Podigachoski. "A natural explanation for this is that the winds are starburst driven and produced by supernovas – which are known to occur with great frequency during periods of extreme star formation. "
This new connection not only solves one puzzle about quasars but may also contribute to unravelling an even bigger mystery: why does the size of galaxies observed in our Universe appear to be capped in practice, although not in theory. "Aside from the question of which processes are responsible for the gas winds, their net effect is a very important topic in today's astrophysics," explains Peter Barthel. "Although theories predict that galaxies can grow very large, ultra-massive galaxies have not been observed. It appears that there is a process which acts as a brake on the formation of such galaxies: internal gas winds for example could be responsible for this so-called negative feedback. "
Theory predicts that galaxies should be able to grow to masses a hundred times larger than any ever observed. The fact that there is a deficit of behemoths in the Universe implies that there is a process depleting galaxies' gas reserves before they are able to reach their full potential. There are two mechanisms likely to lead to this depletion of gas: the first is the supernova winds associated with starbursts, the second, the winds associated with the supermassive black hole at the heart of every quasar. Although both mechanisms are likely to play a role, the evidence of correlation between cold gas winds and star formation rate found by this team suggests that in the case of quasars, star formation, which requires a steady supply of cold gas, may be the key culprit in sapping the galaxy of gas and supressing its ability to grow the next generation of stars. "This is an important result for quasar science, and one that relied on the unique capabilities of Herschel," explains Göran Pilbratt, Herschel Project Scientist at ESA. "Herschel observes light in the far infrared and submillimetre enabling the detailed knowledge of the star formation rate in the galaxies observed that was needed to make this discovery. "
More information: Peter Barthel et al. Starburst-driven Superwinds in Quasar Host Galaxies, The Astrophysical Journal (2017). DOI: 10. 3847/2041-8213/aa7631
Provided by: European Space Agency
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Routine screening of scoliosis is a controversial subject and screening efforts vary greatly around the world. Consensus was sought among an international group of experts (seven spine surgeons and one clinical epidemiologist) using a modified Delphi approach. The consensus achieved was based on careful analysis of a recent critical review of the literature on scoliosis screening, performed using a conceptual framework of analysis focusing on five main dimensions: technical, clinical, program, cost and treatment effectiveness. A consensus was obtained in all five dimensions of analysis, resulting in 10 statements and recommendations. In summary, there is scientific evidence to support the value of scoliosis screening with respect to technical efficacy, clinical, program and treatment effectiveness, but there insufficient evidence to make a statement with respect to cost effectiveness. Scoliosis screening should be aimed at identifying suspected cases of scoliosis that will be referred for diagnostic evaluation and confirmed, or ruled out, with a clinically significant scoliosis. The scoliometer is currently the best tool available for scoliosis screening and there is moderate evidence to recommend referral with values between 5 degrees and 7 degrees. There is moderate evidence that scoliosis screening allows for detection and referral of patients at an earlier stage of the clinical course, and there is low evidence suggesting that scoliosis patients detected by screening are less likely to need surgery than those who did not have screening. There is strong evidence to support treatment by bracing. This information statement by an expert panel supports scoliosis screening in 4 of the 5 domains studied, using a framework of analysis which includes all of the World Health Organisation criteria for a valid screening procedure. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex 3-D deformation of the trunk, with a prevalence of 2-4%. Among patients with AIS, 8% to 9% will be treated by brace and 0. 1% will need surgery using spinal instrumentation and fusion. Routine screening of scoliosis is a controversial subject and screening efforts vary greatly around the world , with mandatory scoliosis school screening programs (SSSP’s) in some areas, voluntary SSSP’s in others, while some countries recommend against. Currently, less than half of the states in the United States have legislated school screening, while national SSSP’s in Canada have been discontinued . In 2008, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS), the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA), and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued an information statement on screening in AIS, indicating that in 1996, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concluded that there was insufficient evidence to make a recommendation for, or against, screening . However, in 2004, the USPSTF changed their position and recommended against the routine screening of asymptomatic adolescents for idiopathic scoliosis . The AAOS, SRS, POSNA, and AAP expressed concerns that this change in position by the USPSTF came in the absence of any significant change in the available literature, in the absence of any change in position statements by the AAOS, SRS, POSNA, and AAP, and in the absence of any significant input from specialists who commonly care for children with scoliosis. The AAOS, SRS, POSNA, and AAP did not support any formal recommendations against scoliosis screening, given the available literature. In 2010, the SRS Presidential line determined that it would be worth exploring scoliosis screening from a multi-national perspective by creating an International Task Force. The goal of this article is to summarize the activities of the Task Force over the past 2 years, leading to the current consensus information statement on the value of scoliosis screening based on the available scientific literature. Material & methods
Seven SRS members were nominated by the Presidential line to join the Task Force (TF). Their selection was based on their known expertise on scoliosis screening: two members from USA, one from Canada, two from Europe, and two from Asia. In addition, two clinical epidemiologists were added to provide methodological support and one research assistant to coordinate the team’s effort. As one epidemiologist had clinical expertise on the subject, he was invited to join the TF for input, so that eight members voted on each issue discussed. Two conference calls were first held to establish the proper strategy to evaluate scoliosis screening. The first decision was to take advantage of a recent systematic review on the effectiveness of scoliosis screening , in which four databases were searched: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, EBM Reviews and Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials. All relevant studies between 1950 and mid 2010 were selected and independently reviewed by two review authors (an epidemiologist and an orthopaedic surgeon). Key findings were summarized for each article in narrative format: study design, sample size, intervention (tools, personnel, setting, and population), main outcomes, key message, original author’s main conclusions, paper’s strengths and flaws, assessment of risk of bias, critical appraisal of the conclusions and clinical significance. Grading of the strength of evidence of individual studies was done using the Downs & Black 28-item tool . The conceptual framework of analysis used in this systematic review was adopted by the Task Force, as it was considered ideal to analyze scoliosis screening, focusing on five main dimensions (Figure 1). This model has been used in other screening programs with success, and includes all of the World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria for a valid screening procedure . Figure 1. The conceptual framework used to analyze scoliosis screening, focusing on five main dimensions: Technical Efficacy, which relates to the validity and reliability of the tests; Clinical Effectiveness, which describes the importance of the health problem and the consequences of screening on patient management and the health system; Program Effectiveness which refers to the benefits for the patients of adherence to the screening programs; Cost-Effectiveness where these benefits are balanced against costs for society and Treatment Effectiveness which concerns the benefits for patients of the available treatment modalities. Since treatment effectiveness was not included in the systematic review , and since a meta-analysis providing a summary of the available evidence on brace treatment up to 1993 was available, a Medline database search of the French and English literature on brace treatment in AIS was performed from 1993 to 2012, to identify publications with level I, II or III evidence . We therefore excluded all level IV (case series with no control group or with an historical control group) and all level V evidence (expert opinion). The search strategy copied the one used by Negrini et al , a Cochrane systematic review which analyzed 2 level I and II studies, one RCT and one prospective and controlled cohort. Due to the wide geographical dispersion of the TF members, the second decision was to use an interactive website, Wikispaces, as the main tool to conduct the work. A secured website was thus set-up, to which only members were granted access. Instructions on how to navigate through the site were provided. In each page, members were able to browse the available information, download and upload files, and post comments directly on the page through a simple editing feature. The online collaborative work began by answering two preliminary questions, the first on the goal for SSSP’s and the second on the analytical framework for screening program effectiveness (Figure 1). Each of the themes was sequentially opened for study by all members for a period of four to six weeks. The following information was extracted from the systematic review , and was made available for each on the website: a summary of evidence tables in PowerPoint format, each article studied in PDF format and the detailed critical evaluation of each article including the Downs & Black 28-item score. For each theme, members were invited to answer a series of statements derived from the critical review of the literature, with an agreement scale (Strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree), and designed to guide members through the literature review and make their own expert opinion based on the literature review. Each member was asked to individually respond to each statement, and return his answers confidentially to the website manager by e-mail. For each section, once all responses were returned and compiled, the results were presented on the website. A period of four weeks was then allowed in each section for members to freely discuss the results and expand on the areas of disagreement. Following this discussion, a wrap-up on the areas of consensus and disagreement was done by the lead author to conclude each website section. In addition, four face-to-face meetings of the TF were held in 2011 and 2012, allowing members to get training on use of the website, freely discuss areas of controversy revealed on the website and prepare the current consensus information statement. Additional file 1: Table S1 is a summary of each set of statements derived from the literature review conclusion for each of the five dimensions studied, with agreement results in each dimension. For the preliminary questions, all agreed that Scoliosis screening should be aimed at identifying suspected cases of scoliosis that will be referred for diagnostic evaluation and confirmed, or ruled out, with a clinically significant scoliosis (>10° Cobb angle ). Participants also agreed that conclusions on screening programs effectiveness should be provided by carefully examining the available literature according to the conceptual framework. For technical efficacy, 42 articles were reviewed (Additional file 2, A1-A42) and five questions asked. For clinical effectiveness, 58 articles were reviewed (Additional file 2, A43-A98) and 12 questions asked. This dimension is defined as the extent to which an intervention does what it is aimed to do, in the clinical setting . For program effectiveness, 11 comparative studies between participants and non participants to screening programs were reviewed (Additional file 2, A99-A109). Seven questions were asked for two separate outcomes. In outcome A, the characteristics of the patients at time of detection/diagnostic (in terms of age and Cobb angle) were compared in screened and unscreened samples of participants to determine if the goal of “early detection” is achieved by these screening programs. In outcome B, the reduction in the number of required surgeries was assessed, which is the “ultimate goal” of screening for scoliosis . For cost effectiveness, only 8 articles were available for review (Additional file 2, A110-A117) and seven questions were asked. Finally, for treatment effectiveness, our literature search revealed 24 articles (Additional file 2, A118-A141) on brace treatment in AIS with level I, II or III evidence , leading to 7 questions. This critical analysis of the current literature revealed many areas of agreement in all five dimensions which will be further discussed. Members agreed on the tools/techniques to be included in the review and on the scoliometer as the best tool (used alone with an Adams Forward bending test) in terms of reliability and validity to measure trunkal asymmetry (as proxy for spinal deformities). There is evidence that scoliometer measures in the sitting position may be useful, especially in patients presenting with important leg length discrepancy. Members agreed on the relevant reliability and validity values to evaluate the tools and techniques of trunkal asymmetry measures (as a proxy for spinal deformities). Work by Lee et al , (which is the first study providing graphs of sensitivity and PPV according to the threshold for positive cases) does not invalidate the general recommendation about the use of the scoliometer. It was noted that there is controversial evidence that using Moiré Topography in combination with the scoliometer may improve the sensitivity of the screening protocol. TF members agreed that the recommended threshold for the use of the scoliometer should be between 5° and 7° when used alone. The issue of the recommended age for screening needs further clarification. The literature is difficult to interpret but members agreed that screening should be conducted two years before onset of menses. Members also agreed on the availability of low to moderate quality evidence to support measurement estimates. Threshold determination for positive cases resulted in an interval of values and the lack of prospective studies was noted. Members agreed on the definition of Clinical Effectiveness, with the limitation that SSSP’s discover children with trunk asymmetry, of which a portion will have scoliosis. This discordance between spinal and surface asymmetry/deformity in younger children leads to over-referrals from SSSP’s and is the main cause of the ongoing controversy over its application. Therefore, future studies of screening programs should try to determine how many children with trunk asymmetry have scoliosis. There was also agreement on the retained measures (prevalence, referral rate, positive predictive value) for this dimension, but one member thought that Sensitivity should be added as another measures for clinical effectiveness. For question 3, there was consensus on the definition for prevalence of scoliosis, but one member disagreed since usually no treatment is offered for curves <25°, and one member thought that the percentage of curves >10° among those screened may over-estimate the true prevalence. On question four, a majority of members disagreed with the proposed definition of referral rates in orthopedics/specialized clinic, since patients who are referred and those who are actually seen represent two distinctly separate situations. As the direct output of screening programs, referral rate should be defined as the percentage of screened individuals with a positive test. For question 5 there was consensus on the proposed definition for positive predictive value, but one member questioned whether this value should be calculated for diagnosed cases of scoliosis > 10°, or for cases that need clinical follow-up or treatment (for example, >20°). To ease comparison, there was consensus that there are advantages to rely on the standard definition of scoliosis. There was consensus that Clinical Effectiveness is only one of the dimensions of Effectiveness and that any decision on the global value of screening programs should be taken by careful examination of all five dimensions. For question seven, looking at the strongest evidence on the studies providing estimates of clinical effectiveness measures, members supported that the large retrospective follow-up study from Luk et al . constitutes very strong evidence that should lead decisions related to clinical effectiveness of screening. Fong et al’s very rigorous meta-analysis provides estimates from 36 lower quality studies and illustrates the heterogeneity of the available studies. Age, gender, screening tests used, study size, publication date, screening setting and even latitude may be factors to investigate. Nevertheless, in these studies [16,17] as well as in 23/36 studies included in Fong’s meta-analysis, the authors considered these as «adequate values» and concluded on the Clinical Effectiveness of SSSP’s. According to WHO’s criteria, the condition should be an important health problem, both in terms of morbidity and disease frequency. Therefore, prevalence is one important aspect of the decision. In addition, facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be available, or by extension, the volume and characteristics of patients referred in orthopaedics for evaluation and diagnosis should be considered as “appropriate” or manageable by the health care system in order to provide adequate care. As for question 11, there was consensus that scoliosis is a condition amenable to screening, but members recognize that this is an expert opinion from spine caregivers is based on low to moderate evidence and that perspectives could be different if respondents were independent non-spine caregivers critically analyzing the same evidence. Members noted the paucity of comparative studies in the field of scoliosis screening. Based on the available literature, they agreed that screen detected scoliosis patients are younger and less severely affected at time of detection and diagnosis than otherwise detected patients. However, even if the reported results are highly consistent, members were not unanimous in grading the proposed level of evidence as moderate, since individual studies were low quality. TF members also agreed that reduction in the number of surgeries is a major goal of screening programs. There are no strong studies assessing this outcome, because of poor design and heterogeneity in results. All agreed that because this question could have considerable impact for the patient and health system, they should therefore put forth a conclusive statement on the issue. TF members did not unanimously agree on the proposed statement of the likelihood of an association between screening programs and reduction in surgery rate, thus a consensus on the following reformulated recommendation: there is some evidence, although low and questionable that screen detected scoliosis patients are less likely to be recommended for surgery than otherwise detected patients. Members recognized that few studies focused on cost analysis as their main objectives. Available studies need to be analyzed carefully since the reported “total costs” are based on different perspectives, making direct comparison of results difficult: program costs, program + diagnostic costs, program + diagnostic + follow-up costs, program + diagnostic + follow-up + treatment costs. To ease comparison, members were provided with cost-charts adjusted for mean inflation and converted to 2010 USD . Looking only at program costs, i. e. direct costs of the screening intervention, costs ranged from 50 cents to $12/per screened for FBT only or the scoliometer, $20 for the protocol including Moiré topography. In absolute terms, these costs were considered reasonably low. However, costs increase substantially when considered for each child brought to treatment. These numbers ought to be analyzed in correspondence with measures of effectiveness, i. e. with an evaluation of decreased overall expense because of avoided surgeries and major interventions. There were limited data exploring this question, with two studies reviewed on cost-effectiveness, which actually support cost-effectiveness of screening, but based on disputable assumptions on bracing effectiveness. Members supported further investigation by comparing two comparable settings, one with screening programs and one without (comparable cohorts from comparable health and economic systems) or by comparing those screened with those who had defaulted screening or who had sought alternative non-operative treatment, in the same health service area. The SRS could be a scientific and operation leader in such an endeavor. Finally, with respect to the controversial theme of brace treatment efficacy (Additional file 2, A118-A141), the Task Force consensus indicates that based on level II and III evidence, there is scientific literature supporting the short and long term efficacy of full-time brace wear to prevent progression of AIS. With the recently published results of the BrAIST multicenter NIH trial , there is now level I evidence to support the efficacy of brace treatment in AIS. After a critical review of the available evidence , the SRS International Task Force on Scoliosis screening, supported by the SRS Board of Directors, makes the following statements and recommendations regarding scoliosis screening:
1- Scoliosis screening is recommended as valuable in the following domains: technical efficacy, clinical, program and treatment effectiveness. The existing literature does not provide sufficient evidence to make a statement with respect to cost effectiveness. 2- Scoliosis screening should be aimed at identifying suspected cases of scoliosis (labeled as “positive cases” according to clearly defined criteria) that will be referred for diagnostic evaluation and confirmed, or ruled out, with a clinically significant scoliosis (>10 degrees of Cobb angle). Females should be screened twice, at age 10 and 12, and boys once, at age 13 or 14 . 3- The scoliometer is currently the best tool available for scoliosis screening. 4- There is moderate evidence to recommend referral with scoliometer values between 5° and 7°, or greater. The addition of Moire topography may improve sensitivity. 5- There is moderate evidence that the use of scoliosis screening allows for detection and referral of patients with AIS at an earlier stage of the clinical course, in terms of younger age and/or lower Cobb angle. 6- There is evidence that scoliosis patients detected by screening are less likely to need surgery than those patients who did not have screening. 7- Prevalence, Referral rates and Positive Predictive Value of current screening tools in screened children reach adequate values (expert opinion), so as to consider scoliosis a condition suitable for screening. 8- There is strong evidence to support the value of bracing for the treatment of AIS. 9- Continued work to determine minimum standards and targets (in terms of referral rates and Positive Predictive Value) is needed for screening programs. 10- Further investigation on cost-effectiveness of screening programs should be obtained by studying comparable settings: one with scoliosis screening, and one without. The authors of this article have no financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work, except for Hubert Labelle who has the following financial relationship to disclose: Stock ownership with Spinologics Inc.
HL initiated the idea for a review article on scoliosis screening and drafted the article. All other co-authors contributed their professional skills, reviewed the article and partially contributed in drafting of the manuscript adding certain references. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. This study was funded in part by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP864910). Screening for Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adolescents: Recommendation statement: United States Preventive Services Task Force. 2004. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/3rduspstf/scoliosis/scoliors.pdf webcite. Accessed October 30, 2013
Int J Child Adolesc Health 2014, 7(1):00-00. New Eng J Med 2013.
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S.A.D. Are you a Sufferer
Seasonal Affective Disorder - S.A.D. is a form of depression which occurs during the winter months. I suffer from this disorder and I managed to get myself out of this problem. This disorder seems to occur more in women than in men. Now that winter's upon us in Australia, I've noticed more people are suffering from this disorder. You seem to not want to socialise and feel absolutely fatigued and depressed. The causes of S.A.D is unknown, however, factors such as hormonal, lack of sunlight and your body temperature may play a part in this disorder. Symptoms of S.A.D
SAD symptoms can consists of :
- Weight gain and increase appetite, especially carbohydrates
- Increased sleep and afternoon tiredness
- Lack of energy and loss of interest in work or school
- Unhappy and very sad (wanting to cry) and irritability
- social withdrawal
- Slow and sluggish. There is help:
There are natural treatments to help with this disorder and it really does work. I will never take medications, however, if this disorder is quite severe, please go and see you medical practitioner. - Exercise! I can't stress enough the importance of exercising. Even if you go for a morning walk while the sun is out, you are absorbing vitamin D which is the natural source of sunlight. - Light therapy: using a special lamp with a very bright fluorescent light (10,000 lux) to mimic light from the sun may also be helpful. If you are taking medication, light therapy may be sensitive to your eyes and skin. Check with your doctor. The Light Therapy will improve your depression in 3-4 weeks. - Taking Vitamins B & D will improve this disorder if taken daily. - Go out a socialise as much as you can; even if you go for a walk to the corner store and start a conversation with the shop assistant. - Dance. Put the music on and start dancing. Any form of exercise will release endorphins to make you feel better. - Go on a tropical holiday. Sun sun, sun, and sun. Don't let Seasonal Affective Disorder control your life. Please seek help if it is severe. You have alot of living to do. Don't waste it on this disorder. - beyondblue: the national depression initiative
- How Can I Tell If I'm Depressed
Do you sometimes feel down, maybe for extended periods? Have you ever wondered if you're really depressed? Read on and see if your questions are answered. - Vitamin D and Breast Cancer
- Seasonal affective disorder - PubMed Health
PubMed Health offers up-to-date information on diseases, conditions, drugs, treatment options, and healthy living, with a special focus on comparative effectiveness research from institutions around the world. PubMed Health is produced by the Nationa
- Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) - MayoClinic. com
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Comprehensive overview covers symptoms, treatment of this seasonal depression.
|
011_5018539
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My daughter has a curious habit, though I don’t know whether it’s unusual. She frames much of the world in terms of “mama, dada, and baby"—a big rock will be “mama rock” and a little rock “baby rock. ” Or it could be a stick, or an illustrated animal, or any set of matched objects. At two years old, she understands the world around her in the structure of a heterosexual nuclear family. Which makes sense; she spends most of our time around us. My mother-in-law says it’s to our credit as parents, but perhaps it’s not uncommon. Either way, it’s moving. But it’s an intimidating reminder of how far the things she happens to be exposed to can reach in her attempt to understand everything around her. I was reminded of this when I recently came across an old piece by Noah Berlatsky, “The Answer to Implicit Racism Might Be in Children’s Literature":
If white people are going to stop being racist, they need more than just will—they need a culture that supports anti-racism. Diverse kids’ literature gives children of color a chance to see themselves as heroes, which is vital. But smart, thoughtful books with non-white protagonists can also give white children a chance to see black people and people of color as something other than anxiety-producing others or stereotypes. “The” answer? No, but an answer. It’s an old idea; one of my favorite unheralded Chicagoans of yore is Charlemae Rollins, a pioneering children’s librarian who pushed within the field for more diverse literature—with considerable success—over 60 years before it became a hashtag. The progress has been slow. NIU’s Melanie Koss reviewed a sample of 455 children’s books published in 2012, and the results weren’t much more encouraging than what Rollins found when she studied the subject back in 1941:
Her findings, reported in the latest Journal of Children’s Literature, show that the majority of that year’s picture books for children featured white as both the primary culture (45 percent) and the secondary culture (21 percent). Seventy-five percent of human main characters were white; blacks were protagonists in 15 percent of the books while other cultures combined for less than 6 percent of lead characters. The Cooperative Children’s Book Center does a larger sample every year of children’s and young-adult books, between 2,800 and 3,600. Since 2002, the total number of books about Africans and African-Americans published in a single year hasn’t exceeded 180; for Latinos, 94. They don’t habitually keep track of the prevalence of white characters, but their 2013 sample was about what you would assume from the yearly stats:
The really dismal numbers come with fiction, both middle grade and young adult. Anyone who is up on trends in children’s and young adult book publishing knows that fiction (a/k/a chapter books and novels) make up the bulk of what is currently being published. Our stats so far for 2013 bear this out. We have received 682 works of fiction to date this year, which makes up 45. 19% of our total. Just 32 of them are about non-human protagonists (Most of these were animals; I only counted paranormals if there was no interaction with mortals in the story. ) That means 95. 3% of all fiction titles are about human beings. Of the 650 books about human beings, 614 feature white characters, and just 36 feature people of color as main characters. That amounts to just 5. 27% of the total. It’s worth keeping this in mind when people resist, say, the casting of a black actor to play a comic book hero. The first fictional characters we’re ever introduced to are mostly white, today as much as 50 years ago. The findings of Koss and the CBCC aren’t much more heartening than Nancy Larrick’s famous 1965 study, in which she found that only 6. 7 percent out of 5,206 children’s trade books published over a three-year period had black characters. And only about 40 percent of those books depicted African-Americans, and still fewer contemporary African-Americans: “over the three-year period, only four-fifths of one percent of the children’s trade books of the children’s trade books from the sixty-three publishers tell a story about American Negroes today. ” The total: 44, 12 of which were picture books. Picture books are among the first representations of the broader world that we see. And they are introduced at a critical time. The University of Chicago’s Katherine Kinzler and others before her have identified the preschool years as the time when “race-based social preferences” begin to emerge, becoming explicit around ages four to five, much less so at three years old. At two, my daughter seems to be developing a deeper sense of what’s going on in simple books, like Blueberries for Sal, and emotionally reacting to it (she doesn’t like the pages where Sal is separated from her mother). It comes on very, very quickly. Why is this the case? Christopher Myers, a Caldecott winner and second-generation children’s book author—the son of the great Walter Dean Myers—did his best to figure it out, though the answer is frustratingly opaque:
“Who would stand in the way of such a thing? ” I’ve asked this question of industry folks, of booksellers, of my father, who’s been fighting this battle since before I picked up my first words. The closest I can get to the orchestrator of the plot — my villain with his ferret — is The Market. Which I think is what they all point to because The Market is so comfortably intangible that no one is worried I will go knocking down any doors. The Market, I am told, just doesn’t demand this kind of book, doesn’t want book covers to look this or that way, and so the representative from (insert major bookselling company here) has asked that we have only text on the book cover because white kids won’t buy a book with a black kid on the cover — or so The Market says, despite millions of music albums that are sold in just that way. The market moves slowly, but there’s an intermediary: the public library. It has to work with the books that exist, of course, but they’re oriented to serve their patrons and the broader community. As a result, they drive the market for multicultural books; it’s not surprising that librarians have been on the vanguard of that market, going all the way back to Charlemae Rollins. Their quiet, static shelves belie how librarians shape the great mass of books into meaning. Diverse children’s books may be few and far between, but not there.
|
011_6776600
|
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Restoration is a complex and highly skilled craft whereby the methods and procedure used are intricate and the knowledge required is great. Leather Repairs Cloth Repairs, Sewing, Finishing, Refurbishing, Paper Repairs, New Bindings. There are, of course, a great many more processes which are used during restoration work. Restoration: as defined by the Library of Congress: Washington is: The Conscious deliberate and planned supervision, care and preservation of the total resources of a library archives or similar institution from the injurious effect of age use (or misuse) as well as external or internal influences of all types. Conservation: as defined by the Library of Congress: Washington is: The process of returning a book, document or other archival material as nearly as possible to its original condition. The entire scope of restoration ranges from the repair of a torn leaf or removal of a simple stain to the complete rehabilitation of the material. Restoration, therefore, encompasses virtually the entire range of bookwork mending, repairing, rebinding and reconditionin
|
004_3991431
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Hey @whuaman welcome, I am sure someone else is better to explain this than me, but I am still going to try to make it
Whenever we perform ‘conventional’ CFD, we either conduct internal or external flow simulations or a combination. What this implies is the following:
Suppose we wish to simulate an internal flow simulation (as in your case), we import a certain geometry and first we will make a mesh of the volume trapped by that imported body. And in reality we do not consider the thickness of the tank wall, just the volume trapped inside the solid body that we imported. We need to specify ourselves what the walls of the body do, are they actual physical walls? Or inlets? Etc. Why do you need the thickness of the walls? Whenever we simulate external flow, the flow around an object is simulated and hence a mesh around that object is created. The combination is when we would for example have some propeller inside your tank/vessel, then the flow inside the tank is considered, however at the same time it is the flow around the propeller. If you could specify what you are trying to achieve, maybe I can help you better.
|
011_2219624
|
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Fair Trade Canmore
Canmore became the second community in Alberta to receive this designation. Since then several Canmore businesses are carrying Fair Trade products in their stores. What is Fair Trade? Fair Trade is really about making changes to conventional trade, which frequently fails to deliver on promises of sustainable livelihoods and opportunities for people in the poorest countries in the world. Poverty and hardship limit people’s choices while market forces tend to further marginalise and exclude them. This makes them vulnerable to exploitation, whether as farmers and artisans, or as hired workers within larger businesses. That two billion of our fellow citizens survive on less than $2 per day, despite working extremely hard, suggests that there is indeed a problem. Fair Trade seeks to change the terms of trade for the products we buy - to ensure the farmers and artisans behind those products get a better deal. Most often this is understood to mean ensuring better prices for producers, but it often also includes longer-term and more meaningful trading relationships. What is a Fair Trade Town? The Fair Trade Towns campaign is an exciting initiative that allows Canmore to support Fair Trade at the local level. The campaign increases availability and awareness of Fair Trade Certified.
Why did Canmore become a Fair Trade Town? - To distinguish your community as a leader and to confirm your commitment to supporting the principles of Fair Trade, including a fair price, respect for labour standards, environmental sustainability, and more direct and equitable trade
- To improve the livelihoods of the millions of farmers and workers in the developing world who benefit from the Fair Trade Certification system
- To create awareness and encourage local citizens to make ethical and sustainable choices
- To unite your community in a common cause
- To have fun and be creative
|
004_5388217
|
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MONEY talks. That makes it an obvious tool with which to tackle the dearth of women in senior science positions. Now, academic institutions that win awards for tackling gender inequality are front runners for funding – an incentive if there ever was one. But does this system address the deeper, cultural challenges faced by women in science? Women make up roughly half of the UK’s science, engineering and technology undergraduates, and just over 40 per cent of research postgraduates. At the senior level, however, the percentage falls dramatically. Just 16. 5 per cent of full-time university professors in scientific subjects are female. Women make up half of the UK’s science graduates, but 16. 5 per cent of professors
A lack of policies supporting equal opportunities and the nature of the academic working environment are held responsible for this “leaky pipeline“. The long hours put those who need to work flexibly or part-time at a disadvantage, making it difficult for female scientists to take career breaks to have children. At the same time, unconscious bias against women is rife in the scientific community. Even other female scientists unwittingly favour job applications from men. The loss of female scientists could be hampering research, says Helen Wollaston, director of WISE, a campaign to increase the proportion of women in science, technology, engineering and maths. “It’s about getting the best brains working in science,” she says. “If you’re only attracting half of the population, then obviously you’re missing out on potential talent. ”
If you’re only attracting half of the population then you are missing out on talent
This is the logic behind Athena SWAN – a charter launched by female academics in 2005 to tackle gender inequalities in science, technology, engineering, maths and medicine. So far, 97 universities and research institutes have signed up for the initiative. These members are eligible for bronze, silver and gold awards, depending on their progress. To be awarded bronze, for example, an institution must collect data on their workforce, identify barriers faced by women and formulate an action plan to overcome them. Silver awards are granted to those that implement such a plan, and provide evidence on its effectiveness. Gold awards are reserved for institutions that demonstrate sustained good practice, and which can be described as “champions for gender equality”. Individual departments within the universities can apply for their own awards. An award lasts for three years, after which it must be renewed. The promise of another accolade encouraged the slow and steady adoption of the charter. But things really kicked into gear when the Department of Health dropped a bombshell in 2011: to be eligible for a share of the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) funding pot, medical schools would need at least a silver Athena SWAN award. Frenzy ensued at Athena SWAN headquarters as the number of applications trebled. Other funding bodies are following suit. In October last year, the Department of Business, Innovation & Skills announced a £200 million fund open to science and engineering university departments that show “evidence of a commitment to equality and diversity”. And in January 2013, Research Councils UK issued a statement on equality, hinting that making funds available exclusively to Athena SWAN award holders was a possibility in the future. The resulting increase in the number of institutions signing up to the charter and gaining awards seems to be great news for boosting gender equality in science. The initiative provides universities with a clear framework for setting objectives, developing a strategy and monitoring its impact, says Wollaston. “It lays the foundations for cultural change,” she says. But is this cultural change actually taking effect? Katie Perry, chief executive of the Daphne Jackson Trust, which offers support to scientists returning to work after career breaks, thinks so. “I’ve seen a marked difference in the attitudes of senior management groups towards equality issues,” she says. “I don’t think they took them seriously four years ago, whereas now they all do. ”
There are certainly success stories out there. Cardiff University’s medical school, for example, was one of the departments spurred into action by the NIHR funding announcement. Last year, the department received a bronze award for researching equality in the workforce and finding, for instance, that only 37 per cent of applications for promotions came from women. In response, the school introduced professional development workshops and mentorships aimed at female staff members. “The Athena SWAN process has facilitated discussions about equality in a way that has not been possible before,” says Paul Brennan, who researches cancer and genetics at the school. However, the system isn’t perfect, and some people are concerned that the allure of funding could shift an institution’s focus onto getting an award rather than genuinely committing to gender equality. “The mentality is that you get an Athena SWAN award by saying X, Y and Z, but not necessarily doing it,” says an equality and diversity advocate working in higher education, who wishes to remain anonymous. It is also becoming more common for a department’s human resources team to handle the application process, rather than the academics themselves, she says. As a result, the academic staff can lose ownership of the process and fail to fully embrace the principles of the award. “The HR team can impose change on a department, but if the department doesn’t own those changes, then the cultural change won’t happen,” she says. Athena SWAN manager Sarah Dickinson disputes the claim. “When you look at the make-up of the teams that put the submissions together, it shows that the academic community is owning it,” she says. Brennan, who has helped assess award applications, believes that those made solely by HR teams are easy to spot. “HR tend to be generic in their approach,” he says. “So you have to look at how bespoke the action plan is to the department. ”
Perry, who also assesses applications, agrees. “It is clear if the applicants are treating it as a tick-box exercise,” she says, although she admits that her judgements are based on gut feeling. Maintaining a watertight process will be even more important as departments become reliant on an award for funding. “There may well be appeals to the awards and questions about the process,” says Brennan. With this in mind, the Equality Challenge Unit, which now manages the Athena SWAN charter, is developing an appeals process that will allow applicants to report procedural irregularities or contest a panel decision. Another challenge for Athena is keeping up the momentum it has now created. “It’s also absolutely vital that people don’t think ‘I’ve got my bronze award now I can sit back and do nothing’,” says Athene Donald, a physicist at the University of Cambridge who blogs about women in science. “The next challenge is to make sure that people go on aspiring, and keep raising the bar. ”
Perry believes that real change is on the horizon. “There were little pockets of good practice around the country,” she says. “But now we’re almost at the point where all the dots are being joined up. ”
This article appeared in print under the headline “Cheques and balances”
|
011_2312120
|
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Established in 1862, the Department of Agriculture serves all Americans through anti-hunger efforts, stewardship of nearly 200 million acres of national forest and rangelands, and through product safety and conservation efforts. The USDA opens markets for American farmers and ranchers and provides food for needy people around the world. Land owners enrolled in forest stewardship programs: 2001 actual 13,919; 2001 estimate 18,604,000; and 2003 estimate, 36,525,000. Acres of forest stewardship plans: 2001 actual 1,437,000; 2001 estimate 1,916,000; and 2003 estimate 3,914,000. Urban communities assisted: 2001 actual 10,785,00; 2002 estimate 10,785,000 and 2003 estimate 23,356,000. Acres protected from fire: 2000 estimate, 1,050,000; 2002 estimate 1,050,000; and 2003 estimate 1,050,000. Acres of forest insect and disease surveys: 2001 estimate, 575,000,000; 2002 estimate 575,000,000; and 2003 estimate 575,000,000. Acres of insect and disease suppression: 2001 estimate 1,500,000; 2002 estimate 1,500,000; and 2003 estimate 1,500,000. The number of applications received and funded is not available without an additional data gathering effort from among field line units. Grants are not competitive, but are of a continuing nature, annually renewable, and based on negotiated targets. The total percentage of applications received and funded was 100. Uses and Use Restrictions
To assist State Forester or equivalent agencies in forest stewardship programs on private, State, local, and other nonfederal forest and rural lands. Programs may include production of timber and efficient processing and use of wood products; developing genetically improved tree seeds; producing and distributing tree seeds and seedlings; reforestation; timber stand improvement; improving wildlife habitat; assisting private woodland owners in harvesting, processing, and marketing activities; conversion of wood to energy; protection and improvement of forest soil fertility; forest insect and disease management; urban and community forestry; Development and transfer of new and improved fire control technologies; organization of shared fire suppression resources, and achievement of more efficient State fire protection; provision of financial, technical and related assistance to local rural fire fighting forces; acquisition and loan of Federal excess property; organizational improvement; forestry resources planning; conservation of forest land; and technology transfer. State Forestry or equivalent State agencies, tribes, non-profits, and municipalities are eligible. All States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and the territories and possessions of the United States are eligible. Landowners of nonfederal lands; rural community fire fighting forces; urban and municipal governments, non-profit organizations, tribes and other State, local, and private agencies acting through State Foresters, equivalent State officials, or other official representatives. Costs will be determined in accordance with OMB Circular No. A-87 for State and local governments, as implemented by 7 CFR Part 3016. Aplication and Award Process
An environmental impact statement is required for this program whenever pesticides are to be used. This program is eligible for coverage under E.O.
12372, "Intergovernmental Review of Federal Programs." An applicant should consult the office or official designated as the single point of contact in his or her State for more information on the process the State requires to be followed in applying for assistance, if the State has selected the program for review. The standard application forms as furnished by the Federal agency and required by OMB Circular No.
A-102, as implemented by 7 CFR Part 3016, must be used for this program (i. e., SF-424). To participate in the Forest Legacy Program interested States must prepare an Assessment of need document for approval by the Secretary of Agriculture.
Not applicable. Contact Regional or Area Office listed in Appendix IV of the Catalog.
Established by the Regional Office.
States and eligible applicants are requested to submit Form SF-424(A) with SF 424 application and other required forms as advised by the Regional Office within 10 to 60 days. Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978, Public Law 95-313; Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, as amended, Public Law 101-624. Range of Approval/Disapproval Time
From 10 to 60 days. State single point of contact will have 30 days from notification of tentative allotments to comment. Amend SF-424(A) with SF 424 application is required to amend the allotment amount or length of commitment, other requirements may be established by the Regional Office.
Formula and Matching Requirements
Statistical factors for eligibility do not apply to this program. The amount reimbursed by the Federal Government shall not exceed the amount expended by a State grantee or grantee for all programs except those covered by Section 11 of Public Law 95-313. Cost-sharing ratios for Section 11(a) Management Assistance and Section 11(c), Technology Implementation programs shall be negotiated. Section 11(b), Forest Resource Planning program funds require 20 percent matching by the State. Amount of grant based on negotiated targets to be achieved. Length and Time Phasing of Assistance
Electronic transfers of payments are encouraged. Post Assistance Requirements
Periodic and annual accomplishment reports are required. In accordance with the provisions of OMB Circular No. A-133 (Revised, June 27, 2003), "Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations," nonfederal entities that expend financial assistance of $500,000 or more in Federal awards will have a single or a program-specific audit conducted for that year. Nonfederal entities that expend less than $500,000 a year in Federal awards are exempt from Federal audit requirements for that year, except as noted in Circular No. A-133. State and other generally accepted accounting systems are permissible, if acceptable to audit and reconciliation. All grantees need to maintain adequate systems for collecting and recording statistical data. (Grants) FY 07 $40,069,200; FY 08 est not available; and FY 09 est not reported. Range and Average of Financial Assistance
$25,000 to $6,000,000. Average: $1,000,000. Regulations, Guidelines, and Literature
Forest Service Manual- Titles 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, and 3900 available in all Forest Service offices, and State Forestry agency offices. OMB Circular Nos. A-102 and A-87, as implemented by 7 CFR Part 3016, are applicable to State and local government grantees. Regional or Local Office
Refer to Appendix IV of the Catalog for Regional and Area State and Private Forestry offices of the Forest Service and for addresses and telephone numbers of Regional Foresters and Area Director of the Forest Service.
Deputy Chief, State and Private Forestry, Forest Service, Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 96090, Washington, DC 20090-6090. Telephone: (202) 205-1657. Criteria for Selecting Proposals
Most grants are approved on the basis of negotiated targets or objectives to be achieved. However, grants to rural communities are based on regional and area criteria for meeting the needs and opportunities of the communities. UCF community grants are based on local needs and resources. A specific project focus may be developed by State Urban Forestry Councils.
|
000_83134
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